UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
___________________________
FORM 10-K
☑ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20212023
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _____ to _____
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| Commission File No. 001-35674 | Commission File No. 333-148153 |
REALOGY HOLDINGS CORP.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. | REALOGY GROUPAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC |
| (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) | (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) |
| 20-8050955 | 20-4381990 |
| (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) |
___________________________________________________________________________________________________Delaware
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
175 Park Avenue
Madison, NJ 07940
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(973) 407-2000
(Registrants' telephone number, including area code)
___________________________ | | | | | |
| Delaware | 175 Park Avenue |
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | Madison, New Jersey 07940 |
| (973) 407-2000 | (Address of principal executive offices, including zip code) |
| (Registrants' telephone number, including area code) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: |
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered |
Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. | Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | RLGYHOUS | New York Stock Exchange |
RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC | None | None | None |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
___________________________
Indicate by check mark if the Registrants are a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. Yes þ No ¨ RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC Yes ¨ No þ
Indicate by check mark if the Registrants are not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.
Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. Yes ¨ No þ RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrants (1) have filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrants were required to file such reports), and (2) have been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Realogy Holdings Corp. Anywhere Real Estate Inc. Yes þ No ¨ RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC Yes ¨ No þ
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrants have submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrants were required to submit such files).
Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. Yes þ No ¨ RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrants are large accelerated filers, accelerated filers, non-accelerated filers, smaller reporting companies, or emerging growth companies. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
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| Large accelerated filer | | Accelerated filer | | Non-accelerated filer | | Smaller reporting company | | Emerging growth company |
| | | | |
Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. | þ | | ¨ | | ¨ | | ☐ | | ☐ |
RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC | ¨ | | ¨ | | þ | | ☐ | | ☐ |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. þ
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b) ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrants are a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. Yes ☐ No þ RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC Yes ☐ No þ
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity of Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. held by non-affiliates as of the close of business on June 30, 20212023 was $2.1 billion.$722 million. There were 116,595,519110,488,581 shares of Common Stock, $0.01 par value, of Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. outstanding as of February 23, 2022.15, 2024.
RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC meets the conditions set forth in General Instruction I(1)(a) and (b) of Form 10-K and is therefore filing this Form with the reduced disclosure format applicable to RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the Proxy Statement prepared for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 4, 20222, 2024 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.
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| PART I | |
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| Item 1. | | |
| Item 1A. | | |
| Item 1C. | | |
| Item 2. | | |
| Item 3. | | |
| Item 4. | | |
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| PART II | |
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| Item 5. | | |
| Item 6. | | |
| Item 7. | | |
| Item 7A. | | |
| Item 8. | | |
| Item 9. | | |
| Item 9A. | | |
| Item 9B. | | |
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| PART III | |
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| Item 10. | | |
| Item 11. | | |
| Item 12. | | |
| Item 13. | | |
| Item 14. | | |
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| PART IV | |
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| Item 15. | | |
| Item 16. | | |
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "Annual Report") and our other public filings or other public statements that we make from time to time are based on various facts and derived utilizing numerous important assumptions and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include the information concerning our future financial performance, business strategy, projected plans and objectives, as well as projections of macroeconomic and industry trends, which are inherently unreliable due to the multiple factors that impact economic trends, and any such variations may be material. Statements preceded by, followed by or that otherwise include the words "believes," "expects," "anticipates," "intends," "projects," "estimates," "plans," and similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as "will," "should," "would," "may" and "could" are generally forward-looking in nature and not historical facts. You should understand that important factors could affect our future results and may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements, including those listed directly below under “Summary"Summary of Risk Factors”Factors" and as described in more detail under "Item 1A.—Risk Factors" and those described in "Item 7.—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Annual Report. Most of these factors are difficult to anticipate and are generally beyond our control. You should consider these factors in connection with any forward-looking statements that may be made by us and our businesses generally.
All forward-looking statements herein speak only as of the date of this report and are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements included in or incorporated by reference into this report. Except as is required by law, we expressly disclaim any obligation to publicly release any revisions to forward-looking statements to reflect events after the date of this report. For any forward-looking statement contained in this Annual Report, our public filings or other public statements, we claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.
SUMMARY OF RISK FACTORS
The following summary of risk factors is not exhaustive. We are subject to other risks discussed under "Item 1A.—Risk Factors," and that we may discuss under "Item 7.—Management's DiscussionsDiscussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," as well as risks that may be discussed in other reports filed with the SEC. As noted under "Forward-Looking Statements" above, these factors could affect our future results and may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements. Investors and other readers are urged to consider all of these risks, uncertainties and other factors carefully in evaluating our business.
•The residential real estate market is cyclical, and we are negatively impacted by adverse developments or the absence of sustained improvement in the U.S. residential real estate markets, either regionally or nationally, which could include, but are not limited to factors that impact homesale transaction volume (homesale sides times average homesale price), such as:
◦prolonged periods of a high mortgage rate environment;
◦high rates of inflation;
◦continued or accelerated reductions in housing affordability, including but not limited to rising or high mortgage rates, the impact of increasing home prices, and the failure of wages to keep pace with inflation;
◦continued or accelerated declines in consumer demand;
◦continued or accelerated declines in inventory or excessive inventory;
◦homeowners retaining their homes for longer periods of time, including as a declineresult of the high mortgage rate environment, resulting in inventory shortages in new and existing housing;
◦continued or accelerated declines, or the absence of significant increases, in the number of home sales;
◦increases in mortgage rates or tightened mortgage underwriting standards;
◦reductions in housing affordability, as a result of inflation, increases in average homesale price or otherwise;
◦changes in consumer preferences, including weakening in the consumer trends that have benefited us since the second half of 2020; and
◦stagnant or declining home prices;
•Likewise, weWe are negatively impacted by adverse developments or the absence of sustained improvement in macroeconomic conditions (such as business, economic or political conditions) on a global, domestic or local basis, which could include, but are not limited to:
◦contraction, stagnation or uncertainty in the U.S. economy;
◦economic instability, including as related to foreign conflicts;
◦continued or accelerated increases in inflation;
◦the potential or actual shutdown of the U.S. government due to a failure to enact debt ceiling legislation; and
◦fiscal and monetary policies of the federal government and its agencies, particularly those that may result in unfavorable changes to the interest rate environment and tax reform;;
•TheA failure to obtain final court approval of the seller antitrust litigation settlement as well as other adverse developments or outcomes in current or future litigation, in particular pending class action antitrust litigation and litigation related to the Telephone Consumer Protection Act ("TCPA"), that may materially harm our business, results of operations and financial condition;
•We are subject to risks related to industry structure changes that disrupt the functioning of the residential real estate market, including as a result of litigation, legislative or regulatory developments, such as a change in the manner in which broker commissions are communicated, negotiated or paid, including potentially significant restrictions or bans on offers of compensation by the seller or listing agent to the buy-side agent;
•Risks related to the impact of evolving competitive and consumer dynamics, whether driven by competitive or regulatory factors or other changes to industry rules, which could include, but are not limited to:
◦meaningful decreases in the Company'saverage broker commission rate (including the average buy-side commission rate);
◦continued erosion of our share of the commission income generated by homesale transactions may continue to shift to affiliated independent sales agents or otherwise erode due to market factors;transactions;
◦our ability to compete against traditional and non-traditional competitors, including but not limited to, virtual brokerages (and other brokerages that offer the sales agent fewer services, but a higher percentage of commission income), iBuying and home swap business models, or other providers of disruptive products and services, in particular those competitors that may prioritize market share over profitability;competitors;
◦decreased use of agentsour ability to adapt our business to changing consumer preferences; and brokers
◦further disruption in the residential real estate transaction;brokerage industry related to listing aggregator market power and
◦meaningful decreases in the average broker commission rate; concentration, including with respect to ancillary services;
•Our business and financial results may be materially and adversely impacted if we are unable to execute our business strategy, and achieve growth, including if we are not successful in our efforts to:
◦recruit and retain productive independent sales agents and/or independent sales agent teams;and teams, and other agent-facing talent;
◦attract and retain franchisees or renew existing franchise agreements without reducing contractual royalty rates or increasing the amount and prevalence of sales incentives;
◦develop or procure products, services and technology that support our strategic initiatives;
◦realize the expected benefits fromsuccessfully adopt and integrate artificial intelligence (AI) and other machine learning technology into our existing or future joint venturesproducts and strategic partnerships;services;
◦simplify and modernize our business and achieve or maintain a beneficial cost structure or savings and other benefits from our cost-saving initiatives;
◦generate a meaningful number of high-quality leads for independent sales agents and franchisees; and
◦complete, integrate or integraterealize the expected benefits of acquisitions and joint ventures or effectively manage divestitures;ventures;
•The COVID-19 crisis hasOur substantial indebtedness, alone or in the past, and may again (duecombination with other factors, particularly heightened during industry downturns or broader recessions, could (i) adversely limit our operations, including our ability to thegrow our business, (ii) adversely impact of virus mutations or otherwise), amplify risksour liquidity including, but not limited to, with respect to our businessinterest obligations and could again resultthe negative covenant restrictions contained in adverse macroeconomic conditions our debt agreements and/or the reinstatement(iii) adversely impact our ability, and any actions we may take, to refinance, restructure or repay our indebtedness or incur additional indebtedness;
•An event of significant limitations on normal business operations;default under our material debt agreements would adversely affect our operations and our ability to satisfy obligations under our indebtedness;
•Our financial condition and/or results of operations may be adversely impacted by risks related to our business structure, including, but not limited to:
◦our geographic and high-end market concentration;
◦the operating results of affiliated franchisees and their ability to pay franchise and related fees;
◦continued consolidation among our top 250 franchisees;
◦difficulties in the business or changes in the licensing strategy of, or disagreements or complications in our relationships with,challenges relating to the owners of the two brands we do not own;
◦the geographic and high-end market concentration of our company owned brokerages;
◦the loss of or significant reduction in volume from, our largest real estate benefit program client or multiple significant relocation clients;
◦the failure of third-party vendors or partners to perform as expected or our failure to adequately monitor them;
◦our reliance on information technology to operate our business and maintain our competitiveness; and
◦the negligence or intentional actions of affiliated franchisees and their independent sales agents or independent sales agents engaged by our company owned brokerages;
•We face risks related to further disruption in the residential real estate brokerage industry related to listing aggregator market power and concentration, including with respect to ancillary services;
•Webrokerages, which are subject to risks related to industry structure changes that disrupt the functioning of the residential real estate market, including as a result of legal or regulatory developments, revisions to the rules of multiple listing services ("MLSs") or the National Association of Realtors ("NAR") or otherwise;
•The planned saletraditionally outside of our title insurance underwriter business is subject to closing conditionscontrol, and even if the transaction is consummated, we may fail to achieve the anticipated benefitsany resulting direct claims against us based on theories of the transaction;
•Our substantial indebtedness could adversely limit ourvicarious liability, negligence, joint operations and/or adversely impact our liquidity, including but not limited to with respect to our interest obligations and the negative covenant restrictions contained in our debt agreements and our ability to refinance or repay our indebtedness or incur additional indebtedness;
•We are subject to risks related to the issuance of the Exchangeable Senior Notes and exchangeable note hedge and warrant transactions, including the potential impact on the value of our common stock and counterparty risk;joint employer liability;
•We are subject to risks related to legal and regulatory matters, which may cause us to incur increased costs (including in connection with compliance efforts) and any of which couldand/or result in adverse financial, operational or reputational consequences to us, including but not limited to, our failure or alleged failure to comply with laws, regulations and regulatory interpretations and any changes or stricter interpretations of any of the foregoing, (whether through private litigation or governmental action), including but not limited to: (1) antitrust laws and regulations, (2) the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act ("RESPA") or other federal or state consumer protection or similar laws, (3) state or federal employment laws or regulations that would require reclassification of independent contractor sales agents to employee status, (4) the TCPA and (4)any related laws limiting solicitation of business, and (5) privacy or data securitycybersecurity laws and regulations;
•We face reputational, business continuity and legal and financial risks associated with cybersecurity incidents;
•Our goodwill and other long-lived assets are subject to further impairment which could negatively impact our earnings;
•We could be subject to significant losses if banks do not honor our escrow and trust deposits;
•Changes in accounting standards and management assumptions and estimates could have a negative impact on us;
•We face risks related to the loss orpotential attrition among our senior executives or other key employees;employees and related to our ability to develop our existing workforce and to recruit talent in order to advance our business strategies;
•We face risks related to our Exchangeable Senior Notes and exchangeable note hedge and warrant transactions;
•We face risks related to severe weather events or natural disasters, including increasing severity or frequency of such events, orwhich may be exacerbated by climate change and may cause increased homeowners insurance costs, and other catastrophic events, including public health crises such as pandemics and epidemics;
•Increasing scrutiny and changing expectations related to corporate sustainability practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to reputational or other risks;
•Market forecasts and estimates, including our internal estimates, may prove to be inaccurateinaccurate; and even if achieved, our business could fail to grow at similar rates;
•Our tax rate is dependent upon a number of factors, changes in which could impactWe face risks related to our tax rates and net income;
•Thecommon stock, including that price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly;
•Share repurchase programs could affect the price of our common stock; and
•Delaware law and our organizational documents may impede or discourage a takeover.significantly.
TRADEMARKS AND SERVICE MARKS
We own or have rights to use the trademarks, service marks and trade names that we use in conjunction with the operation of our business. Some of the more important trademarks that we own or have rights to use that appear in this Annual Report include the CENTURY 21®, COLDWELL BANKER®, ERA®, CORCORAN®, COLDWELL BANKER COMMERCIAL®, SOTHEBY’S INTERNATIONAL REALTY®, BETTER HOMES AND GARDENS® Real Estate, and CARTUS® marks, which are registered in the United States and/or registered or pending registration in other jurisdictions, as appropriate to the needs of our relevant business. Each trademark, trade name or service mark of any other company appearing in this Annual Report is owned by such company.
MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA AND FORECASTS
This Annual Report includes data, forecasts and information obtained from independent trade associations, industry publications and surveys, and other information available to us. Some data is also based on our good faith estimates, which are derived from management’s knowledge of the industry and independent sources. As noted in this Annual Report, the National Association of Realtors ("NAR"), the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae") and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac") were the primary sources for third-party industry data and forecasts. While data provided by NAR and Fannie Mae are two indicators of the direction of the residential housing market, we believe that homesale statistics will continue to vary between us and NAR and Fannie Mae because:
•they use survey data and estimates in their historical reports and forecasting models, which are subject to sampling error, whereas we use data based on actual reported results;
•there are geographical differences and concentrations in the markets in which we operate versus the national market. For example, many of our company owned brokerage offices are geographically located where average homesale prices are generally higher than the national average and therefore NAR survey data will not correlate with Realogy Brokerage Group's results;
•NAR’s forecasts utilize seasonally adjusted annualized rates and median price;
•NAR historical data is subject to periodic review and revision and these revisions have been material in the past, and could be material in the future; and
•NAR and Fannie Mae generally update their forecasts on a quarterly or monthly basis and a subsequent forecast may change materially from a forecast that was previously issued.
In addition, we base our estimate of the gross commission income generated in the United States in part on data from Real Trends, a provider of residential brokerage industry analysis, and we also base certain estimates on data from various MLS systems and the U.S. Census Bureau. While we believe that the industry data presented herein is derived from the most widely recognized sources for reporting U.S. residential housing market statistical data, we do not endorse or suggest reliance on this data alone.
Forecasts regarding rates of home ownership, median sales price, volume of homesales, and other metrics included in this Annual Report to describe the housing industry are inherently uncertain or speculative in nature and actual results for any period could materially differ. Industry publications, surveys and forecasts generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but such information may not be accurate or complete. We have not independently verified any of the data from third-party sources nor have we ascertained the underlying economic assumptions relied upon therein. Statements as to our market position are based on market data currently available to us. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding industry data provided herein, our estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based upon various factors, including those discussed under the headings "Risk Factors" and "Forward-Looking Statements." Similarly, we believe our internal research is reliable, even though such research has not been verified by any independent sources.
PART I
Except as otherwise indicated or unless the context otherwise requires, the terms "we," "us," "our," "our company," "Realogy," "Realogy Holdings""Anywhere" and the "Company" refer to Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries, including RealogyAnywhere Intermediate Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("RealogyAnywhere Intermediate"), and RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("RealogyAnywhere Group"). Neither Realogy Holdings,Anywhere, the indirect parent of RealogyAnywhere Group, nor RealogyAnywhere Intermediate, the direct parent company of RealogyAnywhere Group, conducts any operations other than with respect to its respective direct or indirect ownership of RealogyAnywhere Group. As a result, the consolidated financial positions, results of operations and cash flows of Realogy Holdings, RealogyAnywhere, Anywhere Intermediate and RealogyAnywhere Group are the same.
As used in this Annual Report:
•"Senior Secured Credit Agreement" refers to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 5, 2013, as amended, amended and restated, modified or supplemented from time to time, that governs ourthe senior secured credit facility, or "Senior Secured Credit Facility;"
•"Non-extended Revolving Credit Commitment" and "Extended Revolving Credit Commitment" each refer to the applicable portion of the revolving credit facility under the Senior Secured Credit Facility and are referred to collectively asFacility", which includes the "Revolving Credit Facility;"
•"TermFacility" and the "Term Loan B Facility" (paid in full in September 2021) refers to the term loans under the Senior Secured Credit Facility;;
•"Term Loan A Agreement" refers to the Term Loan A Agreement dated as of October 23, 2015, as amended, amended and restated, modified or supplemented from time to time;
•"Non-extended Term Loan A" (paid in full in September 2021) andtime, which includes "Extended Term Loan A" each refer to the applicable portion of the Term Loan A facility under the Term Loan A Agreement and are, also referred to collectively as the "Term Loan A Facility;"Facility";
•"4.875%7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes", "9.375% refers to our 7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes due 2030 (issued in August 2023);
•"5.75% Senior Notes" and "5.75%"5.25% Senior Notes" refer to our 4.875% Senior Notes due 2023, 9.375% Senior Notes due 2027 (redeemed in full in February 2022) and 5.75% Senior Notes due 2029 and 5.25% Senior Notes due 2030, respectively, and are referred to collectively as the "Unsecured Notes;"
•"5.25%4.875% Senior Notes" referrefers to our 5.25%4.875% Senior Notes due 2030, issued2023 (redeemed in the first quarter of 2022 (see Note 19, "Subsequent Events"full in November 2022), "9.375% Senior Notes" refers to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information);
•"7.625%9.375% Senior Notes due 2027 (redeemed in full in February 2022) and "7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes" refers to our 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes due 2025 (redeemed in full in February 2022); and
•"Exchangeable Senior Notes" refers to our 0.25% Exchangeable Senior Notes due 2026.
Item 1. Business.
Our Company
As the leading and mostA leader of integrated provider of U.S. residential real estate services encompassingin the U.S., Anywhere includes franchise, brokerage, relocation, and title and settlement businesses, as well as mortgage and title insurance underwriter joint ventures, supporting approximately 1 million closed homesale sides (either the "buy" or "sell" side of a mortgage joint venture, Realogy supported approximately 1.5 million home transactionshomesale transaction) in 2021.2023. The Company’s diverse Anywhere brand portfolio includes some of the most recognized names in real estate: Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate, CENTURY 21®, Coldwell Banker®, Coldwell Banker Commercial®, Corcoran®, ERA®, and Sotheby’s International Realty®. Using innovative technology, data and marketing products, high-quality lead generation programs, and best-in-class learning and support services, RealogyAnywhere fuels the productivity of its approximately 196,700188,300 independent sales agents in the U.S. and approximately 136,700134,200 independent sales agents in 118 other countries and territories, helping them build stronger businesses and best serve today’s consumers.
Segment Overview
We report our operations in three segments, each of which receives fees based upon services performed for our customers:
•Realogy Anywhere Brands ("Franchise Group. Group")Franchises—franchises a portfolio of well-known, industry-leading franchise brokerage brands, including Better Homes and Gardens®Real Estate, Century 21®, Coldwell Banker®, Coldwell Banker Commercial®, Corcoran®, ERA®,and Sotheby's International Realty® and Better Homes and Gardens®Real Estate.. This segment also includes our lead generation activities via Realogy Leads Group and global relocation services operation viathrough Cartus® Relocation Services.Services ("Cartus") and lead generation activities through Anywhere Leads Inc. ("Leads Group").
•RealogyAnywhere Advisors ("Owned Brokerage Group. Group")Operates—operates a full-service real estate brokerage business principally under the Coldwell Banker®, Corcoran® and Sotheby's International Realty® brand names in many of the largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. This segment also includes our share of equity earnings or losses from our RealSure and Real Estate Auction minority-owned real estate auction joint ventures.venture.
•Realogy Anywhere Integrated Services ("Title Group.Group") Provides—provides full-service title, escrow and settlement services to consumers, real estate companies, corporations and financial institutions primarily in support of residential real estate transactions. Our title insurance underwriter, Title Resources Guaranty Company, provides title underwriting services relating to the closing of home purchases and refinancing of home loans, working with affiliated and unaffiliated agents. In the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company entered into a transaction pursuant to which it plans to sell the title insurance underwriter in exchange for cash and a 30% stake in the form of common units in a title insurance underwriter joint venture (which will indirectly own Title Resources Guaranty Company). The Company currently expects that this transaction will close in the first quarter of 2022, subject to the receipt of certain regulatory approvals as well as the satisfaction or waiver of other customary closing conditions. Following the closing of this transaction, the Company’s share of equity earnings and losses for its minority interest in the joint venture will be reported in Realogy Title Group. This segment also includes our share of equity earnings or losses forfrom Guaranteed Rate Affinity, our minority-owned mortgage origination joint venture.
Housing Marketventure, and Market Share
U.S. Gross Commission Income.Residential real estate brokerage companies typically realize revenues in the form of a sales commission earned from closed homesale sides (either the "buy" side and/or the "sell" side of a real estate transaction), which we refer to as gross commission income. We believe that the level of gross commission income generated in the U.S., which is generally estimated around $100 billion, represents a substantial addressable market. Our company owned brokerages and franchisees earned approximately $18 billion in gross commission income in 2021, as compared to $14 billion in gross commission income in 2020.
Market Share. As measured in a comparison to the volume of all existing homesale transactions in the U.S. as reported by NAR (regardless of whether an agent or broker was involved in the transaction), we estimate that our market share in 2021 increased to approximately 16.4% as compared to approximately 15.3% in 2020.
Our estimated share of all U.S. existing homesale unit transactions in 2021 decreased slightly to approximately 12.5% as compared to 12.6% in 2020.
Basis of Market Share Calculation. We measure our market share transaction volume by the ratio of (a) homesale transaction volume (sides times average price) in which we and our franchisees participate to (b) NAR's existing homesale transaction volume (regardless of whether an agent or broker was involved in the transaction)—calculated by doubling the number of existing homesale transactions reported by NAR to account for both the buy and sell sides of a transaction multiplied by NAR's average sales price. Homesale unit transaction market share is calculated similarly but without including average sales price in either the numerator or denominator.minority-owned title insurance underwriter joint venture.
* * *
Our headquarters is located at 175 Park Avenue, Madison, New Jersey 07940. Our general telephone number is (973) 407-2000. The Company files electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") required reports on Form 8-K, Form 10-Q and Form 10-K; proxy materials; registration statements and other forms or reports as required. Certain of the Company's officers and directors also file ownership reports for insiders as required by Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Such materials may be accessed electronically on the SEC's Internet site (www.sec.gov). We maintain an Internet website at http://www.realogy.comanywhere.re and make available free of charge on or through our website our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, Section 16 reports and any amendments to these reports in the Investor RelationsInvestors section of our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Our website address is provided as an inactive textual reference. The contents of our website are not incorporated by reference herein or otherwise a part of this Annual Report.
MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA AND FORECASTS
This Annual Report includes historical data, forecasts and information obtained from independent sources such as the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac"), the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the U.S. Federal Reserve Board, the National Association of Realtors ("NAR"), the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae"), trade associations, industry publications and surveys, and other information available to us. Some data is also based on our good faith estimates, which are derived from management’s knowledge of the industry and independent sources. While we believe that the industry data presented herein is derived from the most widely recognized sources for reporting U.S. residential housing market statistical data, we caution that such information is subject to change and do not endorse or suggest reliance on this data or information alone. For example, in 2022, NAR significantly revised its previously published average (mean) sales price (“ASP”) data for U.S. existing homes for prior periods, which resulted in discontinuing our usage of NAR ASP data in our SEC filings.
Forecasts regarding rates of home ownership, sales price, volume of homesales, and other metrics included in this Annual Report to describe the housing industry are inherently uncertain or speculative in nature and actual results for any period could materially differ. Industry Trendspublications, surveys and forecasts generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but such information may not be accurate or complete. We have not independently verified any of the data from third-party sources nor have we ascertained the underlying economic assumptions relied upon therein. Statements as to our market position are based on market data currently available to us. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding industry data provided herein, our estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based upon various factors, including those discussed under the headings "Risk Factors" and "Forward-Looking Statements." Similarly, we believe our internal research is reliable, even though such research has not been verified by any independent sources.
Industry Overview
Industry definition. We primarily operate in the U.S. residential real estate industry which is approximately a $2.6 trillion industry based on 2021 transaction volume (i.e., average homesale price times number of new and existing homesale transactions) and derive substantially all of our revenues from serving the needs of buyers and sellers of existing homes rather than new homes manufactured and sold by homebuilders. Residential real estate brokerage companies typically realize revenues in the form of a commission that is based on a percentage of the price of each home sold. As a result, the real estate industry generally benefits from rising home prices and increasing homesale transactions (and conversely is adversely impacted by falling prices and lower homesale transactions). We believe that existing homesale transactions and the services associated with these transactions, such as mortgage origination, title services and relocation services, represent one of the most attractive segments of the residential real estate industry for the following reasons:
•the existing homesales segment represents a significantly larger addressable market than new homesales. Of the approximately 6.94.8 million homesales in the U.S. in 2021,2023, NAR estimates that approximately 6.14.1 million were existing homesales, representing approximately 89%86% of the overall sales as measured in units;
•existing homesales afford us the opportunity to represent either the buyer or the seller and in some cases both the buyer and the seller; and
•we are able to generate revenues from ancillary services provided to our customers.
Our business model relies heavily on affiliated independent sales agents, who play a critical consumer-facing role in the home buying and selling experience for both our company owned and franchise brokerages. While substantially all homebuyers start their search for a home using the Internet, according to NAR, approximately 87%89% of home buyers and 90% of home sellers used an agent or broker in 2021.2023. We believe that agents or brokers will continue to be directly involved in most home purchases and sales, primarily because real estate transactions have certain characteristics that benefit from the service and value offered by an agent or broker, including the following:
•the average homesale transaction value is very high and generally is the largest transaction one does in a lifetime;
•homesale transactions occur infrequently;
•there is a compelling need for personal service as home preferences are unique to each buyer;
•a high level of support is required given the complexity associated with the process, including specific marketing and technology services;services as well as assistance with the inspection process;
•the consumer preference to visit properties for sale in person, notwithstanding the availability of online images and property tours; and
•there is a high variance in price, depending on neighborhood, floor plan, architecture, fixtures, and outdoor space.
Cyclical nature of industry, long-term demographics and seasonality. The U.S. residential real estate industry exhibits a cyclical nature, characterized by periods of downturns as observed since mid-2022 and from 2006 to 2011, followed by phases of recovery and growth, exemplified from 2012 to 2021. These cycles are typically affected by broader economic shifts and conditions within the residential real estate market, factors largely beyond our control.
We believe that long-term demand for housing and the growth of our industry is impacted by various factors. Chief among these are housing affordability, the overall economic well-being of the U.S., and pivotal demographic trends, including generational transitions, and the rise in U.S. household formations. Elements such as mortgage rates and mortgage availability, tax incentives, job market dynamics, the conversion of renters to homebuyers, and the intrinsic benefits associated with homeownership further contribute to the industry's trajectory.
While the U.S. residential real estate market experienced substantial declines in 2022 and 2023, with continued uncertainty in early 2024, we maintain an optimistic outlook on the growth of the residential real estate market over the mid to long term. Our optimism is rooted in the anticipation of enduring positive fundamentals, such as U.S. population over the last decade, and the expected growth in the number of U.S. households, particularly among the millennial generation, over the coming decade. Additionally, the perpetuation of trends that gained momentum during the COVID-19 crisis, like preferences for specific geographies and the increasing acceptance of hybrid and remote work, may positively influence homesale transactions.
Cyclical natureThe U.S. residential housing market is also seasonal. Typically, a heightened volume of industry.homesale transactions occurs in the second and third quarters of each year. Consequently, our historical data reveals stronger operating results and revenues during these periods.
Uncertainties Relating to Industry Structure and Brokerage Commissions. The U.S. residential real estate brokerage industry is cyclical but has historically shown strong growth over time. Accordingcurrently in the midst of significant uncertainty, particularly with respect to the manner in which broker commissions are communicated, negotiated or paid. In connection with pending litigation, and in particular, injunctive relief that may result from such litigation, there may be significant changes in current practices, such as significant restrictions or bans on offers of compensation by the seller or listing agent to the buy-side agent, could result in meaningful decreases in the average broker commission rate, in the average buy-side commission rate or in the share of commission income received by us and our franchisees. In general, we and other industry participants, including industry associations and trade groups, have seen an overall increase in significant litigation and regulatory scrutiny, with a particular focus on antitrust and competition. There is significant uncertainty as to whether there will be meaningful changes in the manner in which commissions are communicated, negotiated or paid including significant restrictions or bans on offers of compensation by the seller or listing agent to the buy-side agent (and if meaningful changes occur, how quickly such changes will develop) due to injunctive relief resulting from any antitrust litigation determination, actions by DOJ or FTC or other federal, state or local governmental body finding that industry practices or developments have an anti-competitive effect on the industry or are otherwise proscribed, changes to MLS and NAR rules and legal regulations that may benefit their competitive position to the existing homesale transaction volume (median homesale price times existing homesale transactions) grew at a CAGRdisadvantage of 6.5% over the past 30 years.
The U.S. residentialhistorical real estate industry was in a significantbrokerage models and lengthy downturn fromother changes to competitive dynamics or consumer preferences, including the second half of 2005 through 2011. Based upon data published by NAR from 2005 to 2011, the number of annual U.S. existing homesale transactions declined by 40% and the median existing homesale price declined by 24%. Beginning in 2012, the U.S. residential real estate industry began a recovery. Based upon data published by NAR from 2011 to 2021, the number of annual U.S. existing homesale units and the median existing homesale price improved by 44% and 109%, respectively.
In 2020, in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. residential real estate industry experienced significant volatility with a 16% decline in closed homesale transaction volume (existing homesale average price times existing homesale transactions) in the second quarter of 2020 followed by a 29% increase in closed homesale transaction volume in the second half of 2020, in each instance as compared to the prior year according to NAR. While the industry improved markedly from the COVID-19 related low seen in the second quarter of 2020, we cannot predict the durationintroduction or continued strength of housing demand.
Long-term demographics. We believe that long-term demand for housing and the growth of our industry is primarily driven by the affordability of housing, the economic health of the U.S. economy, demographic trends such as generational transitions, increases in U.S. household formation, mortgage rate levelscertain competitive models. For more information, see "Item 7.—Management's Discussion and mortgage availability, certain tax benefits, job growth, increases in renters that qualify as homebuyers, the inherent attributes of homeownership versus rentingAnalysis—Recent Developments" and the availability of inventory in the consumer's desired location"Item 1A.—Risk Factors—Regulatory and within the consumer's price range. We believe that the residential real estate market will benefit over the long-term from expected positive fundamentals, including expected growth in the number of U.S. households over the next decade, in particular among the millennial generation. A continuation of beneficial consumer and business trends that gained momentum during the COVID-19 crisis (such as preferences for certain geographies, demand in the high-end market and the increasing ease and acceptance of remote work) may also have a positive impact on homesale transactions.Legal Risks".
Participation in Multiple Aspects of Residential Real Estate
We participate in services associated with many aspects of the residential real estate market. Our complementary businesses and minority-held joint ventures, including our mortgage origination and title insurance underwriter joint venture,ventures, work together, allowing us to generate revenue at various points in a residential real estate transaction, including the purchase or sale of homes, corporate relocation, and lead generation services, settlement and title services, and franchising of our brands. The businesses each benefit from our deep understanding of the industry, strong relationships with real estate brokers, sales agents and other real estate professionals and expertise across the transactional process. Unlike other industry participants who offer only one or two services, we can offer homeowners, our franchisees and our corporate and real estate benefit program clients ready access to numerous associated services that facilitate and simplify the home purchase and sale process. These services provide further revenue opportunities for our owned businesses and those of our franchisees. All of our businesses and our minority-owned joint ventures can derive revenue from the same real estate transaction.
Our Brands
Our brands are among the most well-known and established real estate brokerage brands in the real estate industry.
Together with our strategic joint ventures, our brands allow us to leverage our strengths, while participating in multiple markets within the real estate industry. Specifically, while all of our brands compete to varying extents in the high-end markets, our Sotheby’s International Realty® and Corcoran® brands are particularly well-positioned to benefit from growth in the high-end.high-end markets. Likewise, while all of our brands utilize offerings through Realogy Title Group, our company owned Coldwell Banker® brand shares deep synergies with our title business as well as our mortgage origination and mortgagetitle insurance underwriter joint ventureventures that allow us to progress againsttowards our goal to integrate and streamline the residential real estate transaction. In addition, our global franchise brands including Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate, CENTURY 21®, and ERA®, as well as franchised and Sotheby’s International Realty® as well as franchised, Corcoran® and Coldwell Banker® brokerages, provide us with attractive scale and afford us the ability to offer versatility of choice to franchisees and consumers.
Our real estate brands are listed in the following chart, which includes information as of December 31, 20212023, for both our franchised and company owned offices: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Brands (1) | | | | | | | | | | | |
Worldwide Offices (2) | 14,200 | | 2,800 | | 1,000 | | 2,400 | | 400 | | 200 |
Worldwide Brokers and Sales Agents (2) | 147,800 | | 101,900 | | 25,300 | | 40,300 | | 12,600 | | 5,500 |
| U.S. Annual Sides | 377,898 | | 753,355 | | 173,108 | | 113,862 | | 88,980 | | 26,969 |
| # of Countries with Owned or Franchised Operations | 85 | | 41 | | 79 | | 33 | | 5 | | 4 |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Characteristics | A 50+ year leader in brand awareness and a top recognized and respected name in real estate
Significant international office footprint | | The only real estate brand that has been guiding people home for 116 years | | Synonymous with luxury
Strong ties to auction house established in 1744
Powerful global presence | | Driving performance through innovation, collaboration, diversity and growth
Unique opportunity for flexible branding | | Unique access to consumers, marketing channels and content through its brand licensing relationship with a leading media company | | Leading residential real estate brand for nearly 50 years
Commitment to white-glove service, customer-centric brand, and "Live Who You Are" philosophy
|
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Brands (1) | | | | | | | | | | | |
Worldwide Offices (2) | 12,000 | | 2,900 | | 1,100 | | 2,400 | | 400 | | 100 |
Worldwide Brokers and Sales Agents (2) | 135,000 | | 101,000 | | 26,600 | | 43,400 | | 12,000 | | 4,500 |
| U.S. Annual Sides | 233,374 | | 486,273 | | 112,582 | | 71,935 | | 59,782 | | 15,550 |
| # of Countries and Territories with Owned or Franchised Operations | 84 | | 40 | | 84 | | 39 | | 6 | | 7 |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Characteristics | A 50+ year leader in brand awareness and a top recognized and respected name in real estate
Significant international office footprint | | 118-year legacy in real estate Coldwell Banker Global Luxury® program to uniquely market top tier listings Long-time industry leader in effective advertising | | Synonymous with luxury
Strong ties to auction house established in 1744
Powerful global presence
Longstanding commitment to technology and innovation | | Driving performance through innovation, collaboration, diversity and growth
Unique opportunity for flexible branding | | Strong brand name recognition
Unique access to consumers, marketing channels and content through brand licensing relationship with a leading media company | | Leading residential real estate brand for 50 years Commitment to white-glove service, customer-centric brand, and "Live Who You Are" philosophy
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(1)Information presented for Coldwell Banker® includes Coldwell Banker Commercial®.
(2)Includes information reported to us by independently owned franchisees (including approximately 15,20013,300 offices and approximately 136,700134,200 related brokers and independent sales agents of non-U.S. franchisees and franchisors).
Realogy Anywhere Brands—Franchise Group
Overview—Franchise Business
Realogy Franchise Group is comprised of our franchise business as well as our leadslead generation and relocation services operation.operations.
As of December 31, 2021,2023, our real estate franchise systems and proprietary brands had approximately 333,400322,500 independent sales agents worldwide, including approximately 196,700188,300 independent sales agents operating in the U.S. (which included approximately 56,30056,700 company owned brokerage independent sales agents). As of December 31, 2021,2023, our real estate franchise systems and proprietary brands had approximately 21,00018,900 offices worldwide in 119 countries and territories in North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Australia, including approximately 5,8005,600 brokerage offices in the U.S. (which included approximately 680620 company owned brokerage offices).
As shown in the table above, as of December 31, 2021,2023, independent sales agents affiliated with our company owned brokerages grew by 6%declined 5% (based on the Company’s internal data) and independent sales agents affiliated with our franchised brokerages grew by 2%declined 3% (based on information provided by our affiliated franchisees), in each case as compared to December 31, 2020.2022. We believe these declines are consistent with a broader market trend of agents leaving the industry, driven in part by lower industry volume, and more than half of the decline in independent sales agents affiliated with our company owned brokerages was attributed to agents with at most one homesale transaction in 2023.
The average tenure among our U.S. franchisees is approximately 2322 years as of December 31, 2021.2023. Our franchisees pay us fees for the right to operate under one of our trademarks and to enjoy the benefits of the systems and business enhancing tools provided by our real estate franchise operations. In addition to highly competitive brands that provide unique offerings to our franchisees, we support our franchisees with servicing programs, technology, and learning and development as well as dedicated national marketing and servicing programs technology, training, education, learning and development to facilitate our franchisees in growingdeveloping their business and increasing their revenue and profitability.business.
Our primary objectives as a franchisor of residential real estate brokerages are to retain and expand existing franchises, sell new franchises, and most importantly, provide branding and support (including via proprietary and third-party products and services) to our franchisees and their independent sales agents.
Operations—Franchising
We derive substantially all of our real estate franchising revenues from royalties and marketing fees received under long-term franchise agreements with our domestic franchisees and RealogyOwned Brokerage Group for the right to operate under one of our trademarks and to utilize the benefits of the franchise systems. Royalties are based on a percentage of the franchisees’ sales commission earned from closed homesale sides, which we refer to as gross commission income.
Realogy Franchise Group's domestic annual net royalty revenues from franchisees (other than our company owned brokerages at Realogy Brokerage Group) can be represented by multiplying (1) that year's total number of closed homesale
Franchise Group's domestic annual net royalty revenues from franchisees (other than our company owned brokerages at Owned Brokerage Group) can be represented by multiplying (1) that year's total number of closed homesale sides (either the "buy" side and/or the "sell" side of a real estate transaction) in which those franchisees participated by (2) the average sale price of those homesales by (3) the average brokerage commission rate charged by these franchisees by (4) Realogy Franchise Group's net contractual royalty rate. Realogy Franchise Group's net contractual royalty rate represents the average percentage of our franchisees' commission revenues paid to us as a royalty, net of volume incentives achieved, (or, for certain franchisees, flat fee or capped royalties)if applicable, and net of other incentives granted to franchisees.
In addition to domestic royalty revenue, Realogy Franchise Group earns revenue from marketing fees, the strategic alliance program, international affiliates and upfront international fees.
During 2021,2023, none of our franchisees (other than RealogyOwned Brokerage Group) generated more than 2%3% of the total revenue of our real estate franchise business.
Our franchisees (other than our company owned brokerages at RealogyOwned Brokerage Group) are independent business operators and we do not exercise control over their day-to-day operations.
Domestic Franchisees. Franchise agreements set forth certain limited guidelines on the business and operations of the franchisees and require them to comply with the mandatory identity standards set forth in each brand's policy and procedures manuals. A franchisee's failure to comply with these restrictions and standards could result in a termination of the franchise agreement. The franchisees generally are not permitted to terminate the franchise agreements prior to their expiration, and in those cases where termination rights do exist, they are limited (e.g., if the franchisee retires, becomes disabled or dies). Generally, new domestic franchise agreements have a term of ten years, although we may negotiate shorter extension agreements with existing franchisees.years.
These franchisee agreements generally require the franchisee to pay us an initial franchise fee for the franchisee's principal office plus a royalty fee that is a percentage of gross commission income, if any, earned by the franchisee. Franchisee fees can be structured in numerous ways, and we have and may continue, from time to time, to introduce pilot programs or restructure or revise the model used at one or more franchised brands, including with respect to fee structures, minimum production requirements or other terms.
Certain of our brands utilize a volume-based incentive model with a royalty fee rate that is initially equal to 6% of the franchisee's gross commission income, but subject to reduction based upon volume incentives. Under this model, the franchisee is eligible to receive a refund of a portion of the royalties paid upon the satisfaction of certain conditions. The volume incentive is calculated for each eligible franchisee as a progressive percentage of each franchisee's annual gross revenue (paid timely) for each calendar year. The volume incentive varies for each franchise system, and generally results in a net or effective royalty rate of 6% to 3% for each individual franchisee (prior to taking into account other incentives that may be applicable to the franchisee).system. We provide a detailed table to each eligible franchisee that describes the gross revenue thresholds required to achieve a volume incentive and the corresponding incentive amounts. We reserve the right to increase or decrease the percentage and/or dollar amounts in the table on an annual basis, subject to certain limitations.
Certain franchisees (including some of our largest franchisees) have a flat percentage royalty fee model.fee. Under this model, franchisees pay a fixed percentage (generally less than 6%) of their commission income to us and the percentage does not change during the year or over the term of their franchise agreement. Franchisees on this model are generally not eligible for volume incentives.
Our Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate franchise business utilizes a capped fee model, which has applied to any new franchisee since 2019 as well as preexisting franchisees who elect to switch from their current royalty fee structure to the capped fee model. Under this model, franchisees pay a royalty fee (generally equal to 5% of their commission income) capped at a set amount per independent sales agent per year, subject to our right to annually modify or increase the independent sales agent cap. Franchisees on this model are generally not eligible for volume incentives.
Our Corcoran franchise business utilizes a tiered royalty fee model under which franchisees pay us a percentage of their gross commission income as a royalty fee. The royalty fee percentage is generally set at an initial rate of 6% and decreases in steps during each calendar year to a minimum of 4% as the franchisee’s gross commission income reaches certain levels to a minimum of 4%.levels. Similarly, our Coldwell Banker® residential franchise business began offering a tiered royalty fee model in 2021, under which the royalty fee percentage is generally set at an initial rate of 5.5% and decreases in steps during the calendar year to a minimum of 3% as the franchisee’s gross commission income reaches certain levels to a minimum of 3%.levels. Under this tiered royalty fee model, we reserve the right to annually modify or increase the gross commission income levels, subject to certain limitations. Franchisees on the tiered royalty fee model are generally not eligible for volume incentives.
Other incentives may be used as consideration to attract new franchisees, grow franchisees (including through independent sales agent recruitment) or extend existing franchise agreements. Under certain circumstances, we extend conversion notes or other note-backed funding which we provide to eligible franchisees for the purpose of providing an incentive to join the brand, to renew their franchise agreements, or to facilitate their growth opportunities. Growth opportunities include the expansion of franchisees' existing businesses by opening additional offices, through the consolidation of operations of other franchisees, as well as through the acquisition of independent sales agents and offices operated by independent brokerages. Franchisees may also use the proceeds from the conversion notesnote-backed funding to update marketing materials or upgrade technology and websites. The notes are not funded until appropriate credit checks and other due diligence matters are completed, and the business is opened and operating under one of our brands. Upon satisfaction of certain revenue performance-based thresholds, the notes are forgiven ratably generally over the term of the franchise agreement. If the revenue performance thresholds are not met or the franchise agreement terminates, franchisees may be required to repay a portion of the outstanding notes.
Each of our current franchise systems require franchisees and company owned brokerages to make monthly contributions to marketing funds maintained by each brand which may decrease as certain financial thresholds are achieved in accordance with the applicable franchise agreement (other than with respect to company owned brokerages).agreement. These contributions are used primarily for the development, implementation, production, placement and payment of national and regional advertising, marketing, promotions, public relations, broker and agent marketing tools and products and/or other marketing-related activities, such as lead generation, all to promote and further the recognition of each brand and its independent franchisees and their affiliated independent sales agents. In addition to the contributions from franchisees and company owned offices, in certain instances, Realogy Franchise Group may be required to make contributions to certain marketing funds and may make discretionary contributions (at its option) to any of the marketing funds.
In addition to offices owned and operated by our third-party franchisees, as of December 31, 2021,2023, we, through RealogyOwned Brokerage Group, own and operate approximately 680620 offices under the Coldwell Banker®, Coldwell Banker Commercial®, Sotheby's International Realty® and Corcoran® brand names. The domestic royalty revenue from RealogyOwned Brokerage Group is calculated by multiplying (i) homesale sides by (ii) average sale price by (iii) average brokerage commission rate by (iv) their contractual royalty rate. RealogyOwned Brokerage Group pays intercompany royalty fees of approximately 6% and marketing fees to Realogy Franchise Group in connection with its operation of these offices. These fees are recognized as income or expense by the applicable segment level and eliminated in the consolidation of our businesses. RealogyOwned Brokerage Group does not participate in volume incentive or other incentive programs.
International Third-Party Franchisees. In the U.S., we employ a direct franchising model whereby we contract with and provide services directly to independent owner-operators. We also utilize a direct franchising model outside of the U.S. for Sotheby's International Realty® and Corcoran® and, in some cases, Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate. For all other brands, we generally employ a master franchise model outside of the U.S., whereby we contract with a qualified third party to build a franchise network in the country or region in which franchising rights have been granted. Under both the direct and master franchise models outside of the U.S., we typically enter into long-term franchise agreements (often 25 years in duration) and receive an initial area development fee and ongoing royalties. Under the master franchise model, the ongoing royalties we receive are generally a percentage of the royalties received by the master franchisor from its franchisees with which it contracts. Under the direct franchise model, a royalty fee is paid to us on transactions conducted by our franchisees in the applicable country or region.
Intellectual Property
We own the trademarks Century 21®, Coldwell Banker®, Coldwell Banker Commercial®, Corcoran®, ERA® and related trademarks and logos, and such trademarks and logos are material to the businesses that are part of our real estate franchise segment. Our franchisees and our subsidiaries actively use these trademarks, and all of the material trademarks are registered (or have applications pending) with the United States Patent and Trademark Office as well as with corresponding trademark offices in major countries worldwide where these businesses have significant franchised operations.
We have an exclusive license to own, operate and franchise the Sotheby's International Realty® brand to qualified residential real estate brokerage offices and individuals operating in eligible markets pursuant to a license agreement with SPTC Delaware LLC, a subsidiary of Sotheby's ("Sotheby's"). Such license agreement has a 100-year term, which consists of an initial 50-year term ending February 16, 2054 and a 50-year renewal option. We pay a licensing fee to Sotheby's for the use of the Sotheby's International Realty® name equal to 9.5% of the net royalties earned by Realogy Franchise Group attributable to franchisees affiliated with the Sotheby's International Realty® brand, including our company owned offices. Our license agreement is terminable by Sotheby's prior to the end of the license term if certain conditions occur, including but not limited to the following: (1) we attempt to assign any of our rights under the license agreement in any manner not permitted
permitted under the license agreement, (2) we become bankrupt or insolvent, (3) a court issues a non-appealable, final judgment that we have committed certain breaches of the license agreement and we fail to cure such breaches within 60 days of the issuance of such judgment, or (4) we discontinue the use of all of the trademarks licensed under the license agreement for a period of twelve consecutive months.
In October 2007, we entered into a long-term license agreement to own, operate and franchise the Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate brand from Meredith Operations Corporation, successor in interest to Meredith Corporation ("Meredith Ops"). The license agreement between RealogyAnywhere and Meredith Ops is for a 50-year term, with a renewal option for another 50 years at our option. We pay a licensing fee to Meredith Ops for the use of the Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate brand name equal to 9.0% of the net royalties earned by Realogy Franchise Group attributable to franchisees affiliated with the Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate brand, subject to a minimum annual licensing fee. Our license agreement is terminable by Meredith Ops prior to the end of the license term if certain conditions occur, including but not limited to the following: (1) we attempt to assign any of our rights under the license agreement in any manner not permitted under the license agreement, (2) we become bankrupt or insolvent, or (3) a trial court issues a final judgment that we are in material breach of the license agreement or any representation or warranty we made was false or materially misleading when made.
Operations—Other
Lead Generation Programs. Through Realogy Leads Group, a part of Realogy Franchise Group, we seek to provide high-quality leads to affiliated agents, including through real estate benefit programs that provide home-buying and selling assistance to customers of lenders, members of organizations such as credit unions and interest groups that have established members who are buying or selling a home as well as to consumers and corporations who have expressed interest in a certain brand, product or service (such as relocation services), including those offered by Realogy. Where permitted by law, consumers participating in certain real estate benefit programs can receive a financial benefit for using these services (such as cash or a gift card, or real estate brokerage commission credit based on the home purchase/sale price pursuant to the applicable program). Realogy Leads Group also operates our broker-to-broker business, pursuant to which brokers affiliated with one of our customized agent and brokerage networks refer business to other in-network brokers.
Our real estate benefit program revenues are highly concentrated, with one client-directed real estate benefit program contributing a substantial majority of the high-quality leads generated through our lead generation programs, and our client-directed programs are non-exclusive and terminable at any time at the option of the client. We also maintain Realogy-driven real estate benefit programs, including: Realogy Military Rewards, a program for U.S. military personnel, veterans and their families and AARPCartus® Real Estate Benefits, the first-ever real estate benefits program designed for the nearly 38 million AARP members, which was launched in 2020. We expect that significant time and effort and meaningful investment will be required to increase awareness of and consumer participation in new real estate benefit programs.
To service the needs of consumers and clients participating in one of our real estate benefit programs (including our relocation program with Cartus Relocation Services) or engaged through a broker-to-broker lead, we manage customized agent and brokerage networks. Our networks consist of real estate brokers, including our company owned brokerage operations, as well as franchisees and independent real estate brokers who have been approved to become members of one or more networks. Member brokers of our networks receive leads from our real estate benefit programs (including via our relocation program with Cartus Relocation Services) and each other in exchange for a commission split paid to Realogy Leads Group.
Cartus Relocation Services. Cartus, Relocation Services, a provider of global relocation services, offers a broad range of world-class employee relocation services designed to manage all aspects of an employee's move to facilitate a smooth transition in what otherwise may be a complex and difficult process for employee and employer. The wide range of services we offer allow our clients to outsource their entire relocation programs to us. Our broad array of services include, but are not limited to, homesale assistance, relocation policy counseling and group move management services, expense processing and relocation-related accounting, and visa and immigration support. We also arrange household goods moving services and provide support for all aspects of moving a transferee's household goods.
We primarily offer corporate clients employee relocation services, including 42%38% of the Fortune 50 companies in 2021.2023. As of December 31, 2021,2023, the top 25 relocation clients had an average tenure of approximately 2322 years with us. Substantially all of our contracts with our relocation clients are terminable at any time at the option of the client and are non-exclusive. If a client ceases or reduces volume under its contract, we will be compensated for all services performed up to the time that volume ceases and reimbursed for all expenses incurred.
There are a number of different revenue streams associated with relocation services. We earn a commission split from real estate brokers and household goods moving companies that provide services to the transferee. Clients may also pay transactional fees for the services performed. Furthermore, Cartus Relocation Services continues to provide value through the generation of leads to real estate agent and brokerage participants in the networks maintained by Realogy Leads Group, which drives downstream revenue for our businesses.
Lead Generation. Through the Leads Group, a part of Franchise Group, we seek to provide high-quality leads to independent sales agents, through real estate benefit programs that provide home-buying and selling assistance to customers of lenders, organizations such as credit unions and interest groups that have established members who are buying or selling a home as well as to consumers and corporations who have expressed interest in a certain brand, product or service (such as relocation services), including those offered by Anywhere. Our real estate benefit program revenues are highly concentrated, with one client-directed real estate benefit program contributing a substantial majority of the high-quality leads generated through our lead generation programs, and our client-directed programs are non-exclusive and terminable at any time at the option of the client. We also maintain Company-driven real estate benefit programs and additional leads may be generated via other strategic initiatives, including through consumer-focused products and services we may develop or offer. We expect that significant time, effort and meaningful investment will be required to increase awareness of, and participation in, programs, partnerships or products and services that are intended to aid in lead generation.
Strategic Alliance Program. We offer third-party service providers an opportunity to market their products to our franchisees and their independent sales agents and customers through our strategic alliance program. To participate in this program, service providers generally agree to provide preferred pricing to our franchisees and/or their customers or independent sales agents and to pay us a combination of an initial licensing or access fee, subsequent marketing fees and/or commissions based upon our franchisees' or independent sales agents' usage of the strategic alliance vendors.
Anywhere Advisors—Owned Brokerage Group
Overview
Through RealogyOwned Brokerage Group we own and operate a full-service real estate brokerage business in many of the largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. Our brokerage offices are geographically diverse with a strong presence in the east and west coast areas, primarily around large metropolitan areas in the U.S., where home prices are generally higher. Our company owned real estate brokerage business operates under the Coldwell Banker®, Sotheby's International Realty® and Corcoran® franchised brands. This segment also includes our share of equity earnings or losses from our RealSure and Real Estate Auction joint ventures.
As of December 31, 2021,2023, we had approximately 680620 company owned brokerage offices and approximately 56,30056,700 independent sales agents working with these company owned offices. Of those offices, we operated approximately 90%88% of our offices under the Coldwell Banker® brand name, approximately 6%7% of our offices under the Sotheby's International Realty® brand name and 4%approximately 5% of our offices under the Corcoran® brand name.
We intend to grow our business both organicallycontinue to seek to increase the productivity of company owned brokerage offices, including by optimizing efficiencies, streamlining transactional processes and through strategic acquisitions. To grow organically, we focus on workingcentralizing back office operations. We will continue to work with office managers to attract and retain independent sales agents who can successfully engage and promote transactions from new and existing clients. From time to time, we may also execute strategic acquisitions. Following the completion of an acquisition, we tend to consolidate the newly acquired operations with our existing operations to reduce or eliminate duplicative costs and to leverage our existing infrastructure to support newly affiliated independent sales agents.
Operations—Brokerage
Our company owned real estate brokerage business derives revenue primarily from gross commission income received for serving as the broker at the closing of real estate transactions. For the year ended December 31, 2021,2023, our average homesale broker commission rate was 2.42%, which represents the average commission rate earned on either the "buy" side or the "sell" side of a homesale transaction. Gross commission income is also earned on non-sale transactions such as home rentals. RealogyOwned Brokerage Group, as a franchisee of Realogy Franchise Group, pays marketing fees and a royalty fee of approximately 6% of the gross commission income earned per real estate transaction to Realogy Franchise Group; however, such amounts are eliminated in consolidation. RealogyOwned Brokerage Group paid marketing fees and royalties to Realogy Franchise Group of $407$315 million and $316$373 million for the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, respectively.
The remainder of gross commission income is split between the broker (Realogy(Owned Brokerage Group) and the independent sales agent in accordance with their applicable independent contractor agreement (which specifies the portion of the broker commission to be paid to the agent), which varies by agent.
In addition, as a full-service real estate brokerage company, we promote the complementary services offered through our other segments, including title, escrow and settlement, mortgage origination, homeowners insurance and relocation services. We believe we provide integrated services that enhance the customer experience.
When we assist the seller in a real estate transaction, independent sales agents generally provide the seller with a full-service marketing program,an array of services, which may include developing a direct marketing plan for the property, assisting the seller in pricing the property and preparing it for sale, listing it on multiple listing services, advertising the property (including on websites), showing the property to prospective buyers, assisting the seller in sale negotiations, and assisting the seller in preparing for closing the transaction. When we assist the buyer in a real estate transaction, independent sales agents generally help the buyer in locating specific properties that meet the buyer's personal and financial specifications, show
properties to the buyer, and assist the buyer in negotiating (where permissible) and preparing for closing the transaction. In addition, RealogyOwned Brokerage Group has relationships with developers primarily in select major cities (in particular New York City) to provide marketing and brokerage services in new developments.
Operations—Other
RealSure Joint Venture. RealSure products and services are offered through RealSure LLC, or RealSure, our joint venture with Home Partners of America. RealSure was formed in 2020 following a pilot launch of similar products in 2018 by Realogy and Home Partners of America.
Under the Operating Agreement (the "RealSure Agreement") between Realogy Brokerage Group and an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Home Partners of America (the "HPA Member"), we own 49% of the joint venture and Home Partners of America indirectly owns the remaining 51%. While we have certain governance rights, we do not have a controlling financial or operating interest in the joint venture. Our share of equity earnings or losses are included in Realogy Brokerage Group.
RealSure offers RealSure® Sell in 24 U.S. cities as of December 31, 2021 and, in the fourth quarter of 2021, launched a pilot program for a new offering called RealSure® Buy in three U.S. cities, with plans to expand the offering in certain states in 2022. These offerings are designed to offer home buyers and sellers options that give them a competitive edge when buying or selling a home, while also keeping the expertise of an independent sales agent at the center of the transaction. RealSure highlights our continued investment in innovating and improving the experience of buying and selling homes and aims to provide affiliated agents and franchise owners the opportunity to win more listings and drive incremental business. RealSure expects to introduce additional products over time aimed at reducing stress and removing barriers to buying and selling. The Company expects to continue to invest in the RealSure joint venture as a strategic growth priority and competitive advantage.
Subject to certain exceptions, until the later of December 31, 2022 or 90 days after the date on which the applicable member no longer owns any membership interests, none of Realogy Brokerage Group, the HPA Member or any of their respective affiliates (other than RealSure) are permitted to offer products or services in the United States that are substantially similar to the RealSure programs. Similar exclusivity provisions applicable to RealSure expire on June 5, 2022.
Either Realogy Brokerage Group or the HPA Member can dissolve RealSure upon the occurrence of certain events, including upon bankruptcy, certain change in control events, or the material breach of the RealSure Agreement or certain related agreements between the parties. In addition, the joint venture would be dissolved upon agreement of the parties or in the event that the parties were unable, following good faith negotiations, to break a voting deadlock related to certain matters, and neither party elected to initiate buy/sell procedures. Such matters include without limitation the parties’ inability to approve an annual business plan.
Real Estate Auction Joint Venture. This segment also includes our 50% share of equity earnings or losses from our unconsolidated joint venture with Sotheby’s. The joint venture, formed in 2021, holds an 80% ownership stake in Concierge Auctions, a global luxury real estate auction marketplace that partners with real estate agents to host luxury online auctions for clients. This joint venture supports our strategic growth initiatives in the high-end real estate markets and serves as an additional tool for agents to market and sell unique luxury properties around the world. While we have certain governance rights, we do not have a controlling financial or operating interest in the joint venture.
Realogy Title Group
Overview
In 2021, Realogy Title Group consisted of three primary businesses: a title agency business that conducts title, escrow and settlement services, a title underwriting business and the Company's share of equity earnings and losses from its minority interest in a non-exclusive mortgage origination joint venture. In the fourth quarter of 2021, we entered into a transaction pursuant to which we plan to sell our title underwriting business, Title Resources Guaranty Company ("Title Resources"), in exchange for cash and a 30% equity interest in a title insurance underwriter joint venture (see "Title Underwriting" below for additional information).
Anywhere Integrated Services—Title Group
Overview
Title Group is comprised of our title agency business that conducts title, escrow and settlement services and also includes the Company' share of equity earnings and losses from certain non-exclusive joint ventures, including, among others, Guaranteed Rate Affinity (a mortgage origination joint venture) and the title insurance underwriter joint venture (see below under the header "Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture" for additional information). Our equity earnings or losses related to minority-owned joint ventures such as Guaranteed Rate Affinity and the title insurance underwriter joint venture are included in the financial results of Title Group but are not reported as revenue to Title Group.
Our title agency business provides title search, examination, clearance and policy issuance services and overseesconducts the closing process and funds disbursement for lenders, real estate agents, attorneys and homebuilders and their customers on purchase transactions and lenders and their customers on refinance transactions.
We intend to grow our title, escrow and settlement services business by attractingrecruiting successful title and escrow sales personnel in existing markets. We will also continue to seek to increase our capture rate of title business from RealogyOwned Brokerage Group homesale sides.
Operations
Title Agency orServices; Title, Escrow and Settlement Services. We are licensed as a title agent in 4443 states and Washington, D.C., and have physical locations in 2425 states and Washington, D.C. We operate mostly in major metropolitan areas. As of December 31, 2021,2023, we had approximately 392361 offices, approximately 166140 of which are co-located within one of our company owned brokerage offices. In addition to our own title, escrow and settlement services, we also coordinate a nationwide network of attorneys, title agents and notaries to service financial institution clients on a national basis.
Our title, escrow and settlement services business provides full-service title, escrow and settlement (i.e., closing and escrow) services to consumers, real estate companies, corporations and financial institutions with many of these services provided in connection with the Company's real estate brokerage and relocation services businesses. We provide closing and escrow services relating to the closing of home purchases and refinancing of home loans. For refinance transactions, we generate title and escrow revenues from financial institutions and loan officers throughout the mortgage lending industry.
Our company owned brokerage operations are the principal source of our title, escrow and settlement services business for homesale transactions. Many of our offices have subleased space from and are co-located within our company owned brokerage offices. In 2021,2023, our title, escrow and settlement services business was involved in approximately 220,00040,000 transactions of which approximately 59,000 related to RealogyOwned Brokerage Group. The capture rate of our title, escrow and settlement services business from buyers or sellers represented by our company owned brokerages was approximately 32%31% in 2021.2023. Other sources of our title, escrow and settlement services homesale business include Realogy Franchise Group, Realogy Leads Group, home builders and unaffiliated brokerage operations.
We provide our title, escrow and settlement services through a national network of escrow and closing agents (some of whom are our agencies, while others are attorneys in private practice and independent title companies) to provide full-service title, escrow and settlement services to a broad-based group that includes lenders, home buyers and sellers, developers and independent real estate sales agents. Our role is generally that of an intermediary managing the completion of all the necessary documentation and services required to complete a real estate transaction.
Virtually all lenders require their borrowers to obtain title insurance policies at the time mortgage loans are made on real property. The terms and conditions upon which the real property will be insured are determined in accordance with the standard policies and procedures of the title underwriter. When our title agencies sell title insurance, the title search (searching for and retrieving all public records concerning the property and its owners) may be performed by the title agent, an underwriter or contracted to a third party while the examination function (inspecting all such public records for any defects in the chain of title) is always performed by the agent. The title agent and underwriter split the premium. The amount of such premium "split" is generally determined by agreement between the agency and underwriter and, in some states, is promulgated by state law. We derive revenue through fees charged in real estate transactions for rendering the services described above, fees charged for escrow and closing services, and a percentage of the title premium on each title insurance policy sold.
We have entered into underwriting agreements with various underwriters, including Title Resources, which state the conditions under which we may issue a title insurance policy on their behalf. For policies issued through our agency operations, assuming no negligence on our part, we are not typically liable for losses under those policies; rather the title insurer is typically liable for such losses.
Title Insurance Underwriter. Title Resources is a title insurance underwriter licensed in 37 states and Washington, D.C. In 2021, Title Resources worked with both unaffiliated and affiliated title agencies to provide title underwriting services relating to the closing of home purchases and refinancing of home loans.
In the fourth quarter of 2021, we entered into a strategic transaction with Centerbridge Partners, L.P. ("Centerbridge") pursuant to which we plan to sell Title Resources in exchange for cash and a 30% equity stake in the form of common units in a title insurance underwriter joint venture (which will indirectly own Title Resources). Our joint venture partners will hold the remaining 70% equity stake in the joint venture in the form of preferred units that carry liquidation preference rights. Following close of the sale transaction, we will have certain governance rights, but we will not have a controlling
financial or operating interest in the joint venture. Our share of equity earnings and losses for our minority interest in the joint venture will be reported in Realogy Title Group. We currently expect that this transaction will close in the first quarter of 2022, subject to the receipt of certain regulatory approvals as well as the satisfaction or waiver of other customary closing conditions.
Other Revenue. Other revenue generated by our title agency business includes closing protection letters, title searches, survey business, tax search, wire fees, and other fees ancillary to their services.
Joint Ventures.
Mortgage Origination Joint VentureOrigination. . Guaranteed Rate Affinity, our non-exclusive mortgage origination joint venture with Guaranteed Rate, Inc. ("Guaranteed Rate"), began doing business in August 2017. Guaranteed Rate Affinity originates mortgage loans, including both purchase and refinancing transactions, to be sold in the secondary market to mortgage companies and the government-sponsored enterprises.market. Guaranteed Rate Affinity originates and markets its mortgage lending services to real estate agents across the country (including to independent sales agents affiliated with our company owned and franchised brokerages) and relocation companies (including our relocation operations) as well as a broad consumer audience. Our equity earnings or losses related to
Many of Guaranteed Rate Affinity are included in the financial results of Realogy Title Group, but are not reported as revenue to Realogy Title Group.
Many of Guaranteed Rate Affinity’sAffinity’s offices have subleased space from and are co-located within our company owned brokerage offices. Our company owned brokerage operations represented approximately half of Guaranteed Rate Affinity's purchase transactions, andas well as approximately one-thirdhalf of Guaranteed Rate Affinity’s mortgage origination business for the year-endedyear ended December 31, 2021.2023.
Under the Operating Agreement (the "GRA Agreement") between a subsidiary of Realogy Title Group and a subsidiary of Guaranteed Rate (the "GRA Member"), we own 49.9% of the home mortgage joint venture and Guaranteed Rate indirectly owns the remaining 50.1%. Under the GRA Agreement, Guaranteed Rate Affinity is to distribute to each of the Company and Guaranteed Rate the distributable net income based on each member's ownership interest percentage following the close of each quarter. While we have certain governance rights, we do not have a controlling financial or operating interest in the joint venture. Guaranteed Rate Affinity is licensed to conduct mortgage operations in 4950 states and Washington, D.C.
The GRA Agreement is for an initial 10-year term (ending August 2027) and automatically renews for additional 5 year5-year terms, unless either party provides advance notice to terminate, provided that if certain performance metrics are achieved after the fifth year of the agreement, the first 5-year extension is not subject to termination upon advance notice. Either party can terminate the GRA Agreement upon the occurrence of certain events including, but not limited to, a change in control of the other member, subject to certain exceptions, or upon material breach by the other member not remediated within the cure period. We have certain additional performance-based termination rights.
The GRA Agreement does not prohibit Guaranteed Rate, directly or indirectly through joint ventures with other parties, from operating its separate mortgage origination business in locations where Guaranteed Rate Affinity and its subsidiaries will have offices and does not limit the Company, Guaranteed Rate, or either of their subsidiaries from operating non-mortgage origination lines of business in locations where Guaranteed Rate Affinity operates. In addition, the Company is permitted to have ventures with other mortgage loan originators, but Guaranteed Rate has a 30-day right-of-first-refusal to acquire any mortgage origination business that we intend to acquire.
Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture. In March 2022, the Company sold its title insurance underwriter, Title Resources Guaranty Company (the "Title Underwriter") (previously reported in the Title Group reportable segment) in exchange for cash and a minority equity stake in the form of common units in a title insurance underwriter joint venture that owns the Title Underwriter (the "Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture"). The Company owns a 25% equity interest and other joint venture partners own a majority equity stake in the joint venture in the form of preferred units that carry liquidation preference rights. While we have certain governance rights, we do not have a controlling financial or operating interest in the joint venture.
Products, Technology and Marketing
OurProducts and Technology—Agents. Core to our integrated business strategy is our ability to provide independent sales agents at company owned and franchised brokerages with compelling data and technology-powered products and services to make them more productive and their businesses more profitable is core to our integrated business strategy.profitable.
The marketing and technology services and support provided by independent sales agents to their customers are an important element of the value offered by an agent in the home purchase and sale process. Our commitment to continuously develop and improve our marketing and technology-powered products and services is part of our value proposition to company owned and franchised real estate brokerages, affiliated independent sales agents and their customers as well as to our other businesses. Increasingly, these products and services are desired as an integrated set of tools, rather than stand-alone products and services.
Products and Technology
We continue to develop product and marketing capabilities against the backbone of an open ecosystem architecture approach, which is designed to support the continuous creation and delivery of both our proprietary tools and third-party products to affiliated independent sales agents in order to deliver a more comprehensive platform experience. Through this strategy, we are able to selectively enable qualified third-party vendors and products to access and interface with our products and services so that affiliated independent sales agents will be able to build their own configurableOur technology platform to drive their performance and productivity.
Our open ecosystem is designed to offer affiliated independent sales agents and brokers seamless access to both proprietary tools and third-party products, enabling choice among such agents and brokers
to leverage the mix of tools that best serve their needs. In 2021 we began rolling out the MoxiWorks® product suite to company owned and franchised brokerages and their affiliated independent sales agents. The MoxiWorks® product suite includes solutions for business productivity, marketing, recruiting and website creationagent and broker websites and leverages our open technology ecosystemplatform to provide an integrated experience including withleveraging our proprietary leads enginetools, including Leads Engine, a product that enables lead routing to affiliated independent sales agents.
We have invested, and expect to continue to invest, substantial time, capital, and other resources to identify the needs of company owned brokerages, franchisees, independent sales agents and their customers and to develop or procure marketing, technology and service offerings to meet the needs of affiliated independent sales agents. Examples of technology-driven products available to affiliated independent sales agents and designed to improve productivity and enhance the customer experience for home buyers and sellers include:
•RealSure® Sell is designed to provide consumers with a competitive cash offer for their home alongside the option to list their home with a trusted sales agent. Home sellers that accept the cash offer from RealSure have the flexibility to stay in their home for a limited period after closing. RealSure Sell is available in 24 U.S. cities as of December 31, 2021. In the fourth quarter of 2021, RealSure® Buy was launched in three pilot cities in the U.S. RealSure Buy is designed to provide home buyers a competitive edge and home sellers more certainty by providing qualified buyers the opportunity to work with a loan officer to remove the risk of mortgage-related financing and appraisal contingencies to make their offers equivalent to a cash offer.
•RealVitalize® enables home sellers to make their property ready for sale by providing resources to fund staging and home improvements with no up-front cost via a proprietary consumer program offered in partnership with Angi. RealVitalize is available nationally through participating Realogy company-owned and franchise brokerages, with the exception of Rhode Island, Delaware, Louisiana, North Dakota and South Dakota as of December 31, 2021.
•Listing ConciergeSM, a proprietary property marketing product, allows agents affiliated with Coldwell Banker company owned brokerages and certain franchisees to access a simple-to-use platform that delivers creative, consistent property marketing.
•Design ConciergeSM, a proprietary agent branding and custom design product, allows agents affiliated with Coldwell Banker to work with the Design Concierge team to create their own complementary personal brand.
Our Realogy-providedAnywhere-provided platform is designed to increase the value proposition to our independent sales agents, franchisees (and their independent sales agents) and consumers by:
•aiding in lead generation and obtaining additional homesale transactions;
•connecting affiliated agents and brokers to a CRM tool that allows for the cultivation of productive relationships with consumers at all stages of the transaction;
•enhancing access to listing distributions through mobile applications and websites;
•informing affiliated agents of valuable client insight to help those agents increase their productivity;
•providing consumers with a streamlined yet comprehensive user experience to facilitate the necessary steps for researching homes, communities and independent sales agents;
•providing key back officeback-office processes, including listing and transaction management, reporting, marketing, and agent profiles; and
•delivering business planning tools that enable our franchisees to track their progress against key business objectives in real time.
The COVID-19 crisis has accelerated the need for, and adoption of, digital and virtual products and services that facilitate a remote home buying and selling experience.experience continues to accelerate. Our brands and businesses have access to a range of tools to assist consumers with virtual staging, virtual open houses, and remote online notarization for title, escrow and settlement closings.
MarketingProducts and Technology—Consumers. In 2022, we announced our intention to focus on the consumer experience as well, seeking to improve the experience of buying and selling a home by creating an easier and integrated experience for all parts of a consumer's transaction. We expect to continue to invest in the development and/or procurement of products and technology designed to deliver valuable capabilities via digital channels throughout the lifecycle of home ownership.
Marketing. Each of our brands manages a comprehensive system of marketing tools and sales information and data that can be accessed through freestanding brand intranet sites to assist our company owned brokerages and affiliated franchisees and their respective independent sales agents in becoming the best marketer of their listings. Advertising is primarily used by the brands to drive leads to affiliated agents, increase brand awareness and perception, promote our network and offerings to the real estate industry and engage our customer base.
Each of our franchise brands operates a marketing fund that is funded principally by our franchisees (including company owned offices), although we may make discretionary contributions to any of the marketing funds and in certain instances are required to make contributions to certain marketing funds.
Likewise, our company owned brokerages sponsor a wide array of marketing programs, materials and opportunities to complement the sales work of our affiliated independent sales agents and increase brand awareness. The effectiveness and quality of marketing programs play a significant role in attracting and retaining independent sales agents.
Our marketing programs, tools and initiatives primarily focus on attracting potential new home buyers and sellers to our company owned brokerages and affiliated franchisees and their respective affiliated independent sales agents by:
•showcasing the inventory of our real estate listings and the affiliated independent sales agents who are the listing agents of these properties;
•building and maintaining brand awareness and preference for the brand; and
•increasing the local recognition of affiliated agents and brokerages.
Marketing programs are executed using a variety of media including, but not limited to, social media, advertising, direct marketing and internet advertising. We also offer the independent sales agents broad-based advertising, mailings and other campaigns to generate leads, interest and recognition.
Listings and Websites
Websites. The internet is the primary advertising channel in our industry and we have sought to become a leader among full-service residential real estate brokerage firms in the use and application of marketing technology. We transmit listings to various platforms and services, place our property listings on hundreds of real estate websites, and operate a variety of our own websites. We place significant emphasis on distributing our real estate listings with third-party websites to expand a homebuyer's access to such listings, at times enhancing the presentation of the listings on third-party websites to make the listings more attractive to consumers.
Our brand websites contain listing information on a regional and national market basis, independent sales agent information, community profiles, home buying and selling advice, relocation tips and mortgage financing information and unique property and neighborhood insights from local agents. Additionally, each brand website allows independent sales agents to market themselves to consumers.
Education
Each real estate brand provides learning and development materials andfranchisees access to learning, development, and continuing education to its franchisees to assist them materials for use in buildingconnection with their real estate sales businesses. Each brand's engagement program contains differentbusinesses. Use of such materials and delivery methods. The marketing materials include a detailed description of the services offered by our franchise systems (which will be available to theaffiliated brokers and independent sales agent). Engagement modules may be delivered at conventionsagents is voluntary and orientation seminars, including virtual conventionsdiscretionary. Independent sales agents affiliated with a company owned brokerage must complete onboarding training and seminars, or through virtual classrooms. Most of the programs and materials made available in electronic formcompliance training related to franchisees over the respective system's private intranet site. Many of the materials are customizablefair housing (in addition to allow franchisees to achieve a personalized look and feel and make modifications to certain content as appropriate for their business and marketplace.
state licensing fair housing obligations).
Human Capital Resources
Employees. Our employees are critical to the success of our business strategy. Our team includes a broad range of professionals, given the breadth of services offered by our three business segments and Corporate. The wide array of skills, experience and industry knowledge of our key employees significantly benefits our operations and performance.
At December 31, 20212023, we had approximately 9,6657,965 full-time employees and 165125 part-time employees. At December 31, 20212023, approximately 585600 of our employees were located outside of the U.S., almost all of whom were employed by Cartus Relocation Services (a part of Realogy Franchise Group)Anywhere Brands).
None of our employees are represented by a union. Employment relationshipsrelationships in Brazil (where we had lessfewer than 10 employees at December 31, 2021)2023) are governed by rules set forth under collective bargaining agreements.
Engagement. To assess and improve employee retention and engagement, we annually survey employees with the assistance of third-party consultants and implement actions to addressaddress areas of employee feedback. In 2021,2023, we achieved a 91%an 88% engagement score and an 89%84% response rate.
Training. All employees are required to participate in annual training programs designed to address subjects of key importance to our business, including the Company’s Code of Ethics. Ethics. Nearly 100% of active employees in each of the past three years have completed our annual Code of Ethics training. Code of Ethics training in 20212023 covered topics such as respect in the workplace, integrity and honesty,promoting an ethical culture, reporting conflicts of interest, and compliance with RESPA and anti-corruption laws.RESPA. Other mandatory training in 20212023 included Global Information Security and Information Management,Dignity and Respect in the Workplace. In 2022, employees were provided training on valuing diversity, given the critical nature of these topicsthis topic to our business. Biennially,business. In 2022, employees arewere also required to complete a training module focused on the U.S. Fair Housing Act and annually, a training module on unconscious bias is required for all people managers. In 2021, all employees were required to complete unconscious bias training.Act. The U.S. Fair Housing Act online module,, as well as in-person training sessions related to local fair housing laws, are also made available to independent sales agents affiliated with our company owned and franchise brokerages. In 2021, weWe have also made our Fair Housing training available on a customized basis to diversity industry partners, including the National Association of Hispanic Real Estate Professionals, Asian Real Estate Association of America, National Association of Minority Mortgage Professionals, and LGBTQ+ Real Estate Alliance. AdditionalBiennial anti-harassment training is delivered to all U.S.-based employees and more frequently based on position or where required by law.Select groups of employees also receive Preventing Global Modern Slavery training and Unfair, Deceptive, or Abusive Acts or Practices training, and additional mandatory training (such as sexual harassment training) iscourses are delivered based upon the employee position or local requirements. RealU, ourOur learning and development platform offers employees additional resources to continue to grow professionally, including access to on-demand training through LinkedIn learningLearning and tools for career management.
Health & Safety. The protection of the health and safety of our employees is a Company priority. Throughout the COVID-19 crisis we have worked to comply with state and local regulators to ensure safe working conditions for our employees. In 2020,2022, we began planningcompleted the transformation of our corporate headquarters to an open-plan innovation hub, which is slated for completion in 2022. We have streamlined our headquarters footprint to onea single floor that is designed to welcome approximately 200 transitional employees each day, instead of the approximately 1,000 employees designated to static spaces as in thea traditional office. At December 31, 2021,2023, approximately half of our employees worked remotely on a full-time basis,basis; other employees, in particular consumer-facing employees at our company ownedcompany-owned brokerages, were operating in an office-based environment,environment; while other employees remained on a hybrid model.We continue to monitor the COVID-19 crisis and are prepared to pivot as needed for the health and safety of our employees.
Diversity, Equity and InclusionCulture. Since our inception, RealogyAnywhere has hadfocused on creating a focus on diversity to improve representationworkplace that attracts and fosterretains diverse talent and fostering inclusion through employee and business resource groups across the enterprise. Employee ResourcesResource Groups (“ERGs”) promote an inclusive culture throughout the organization. At December 31, 2021,2023, we had eight active ERGs—Asian and Pacific Islander Alliance, ACE (African-American(African American and Caribbean), ONEVOZ (Hispanic & Latino), NextGen, REALDisabilities, RealPride, SERVICE (Veterans) and Women's—across the Company. Improving ethnic and racial representation remains a priority and a key performance objective for senior leadership.
Independent Sales Agents. As noted elsewhere in this Annual Report, the successful recruitment and retention of independent sales agents and independent sales agent teams are critical to the business and financial results of our company owned brokerage operations. Additional information about the base of independent sales agents affiliated with company owned brokerages as well as franchisees is located in this Item 1. under "Realogy "Anywhere Brands—Franchise Group—Overview.Overview—Franchise Business."
Seasonality
The residential housing market is seasonal, with a higher level of homesale transactions typically occurring in the second and third quarter of each year. As a result, historically, operating results and revenues for all of our businesses have been strongest in the second and third quarters of the calendar year. Although industry seasonality experienced volatility in 2020 and 2021, we believe that the industry will begin to realign with historical seasonality patterns in 2022.
Competition
Real Estate Brokerage Industry.The ability of our real estate brokerage franchisees and our company ownedcompany-owned brokerage businesses to successfully compete is important to our prospects for growth. Their ability to compete may be affected by the recruitment, retention and performance of independent sales agents, the economic relationship between the broker and the agent (including the share of commission income retained by the agent and fees charged to or paid by the agent for services provided by the broker), consumer preferences, the location of offices and target markets, the services provided to independent sales agents, affiliation with a recognized brand name, community reputation, technology and other factors, including macro-economic factors such as national, regional and local economic conditions. In addition, the legal and regulatory environment as well as the rules of NAR, industry associations and MLSs can impact competition. See "Government and Other Regulations" below.
We and affiliated franchisees compete for consumer business as well as for independent sales agents with national and regional independent real estate brokerages and franchisors, discount and limited service brokerages, non-traditional market participants, and with franchisees of our brands. Our largest national competitors in this industry include, but are not limited to, HomeServices of America (a Berkshire Hathaway affiliate), Howard Hanna Holdings, EXP Realty (a subsidiary of eXp World Holdings, Inc.), Compass, Inc., Redfin Corporation, and Weichert Realtors and @properties as well as several large franchisors:franchisors, including RE/MAX International, Inc., Keller Williams Realty, Inc., and HSF Affiliates LLC (operates Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices and Real Living Real Estate) and @properties.. We and affiliated franchisees also compete with leading listing aggregators, such as Zillow, Inc. and Realtor.com® (a listing aggregator held by News Corporation)Corp.) as well as Homes.com (a listing aggregator held by CoStar Group, Inc.). In addition, we and affiliated franchisees compete for consumer business with newer industry participants,several iBuyers, including iBuying models such as Opendoor and Offerpad.
Competition for Independent Sales Agents. The successful recruitment and retention of independent sales agents and independent sales agent teams is critical to the business and financial results of traditional brokerages—whether or not they are affiliated with a franchisor. Competition for productive independent sales agents in our industry is high.high and competition is most intense for highly productive independent sales agents with strong reputations in their respective communities.
Most of a brokerage's real estate listings are sourced through the sphere of influence of its independent sales agents, notwithstanding the growing influence of internet-generated and other company-generated leads. Many factors impact recruitment and retention efforts, including remuneration (such as sales commission percentage and other financial incentives paid to independent sales agents), other expenses borne by independent sales agents, leads or business opportunities generated for independent sales agents from the brokerage, independent sales agents' perception of the value of the broker's brand affiliation, technology and data offerings as well as marketing and advertising efforts by the brokerage or franchisor, the quality of the office manager, staff and fellow independent sales agents with whom they collaborate daily, the location and quality of office space, as well as continuing professional education, and other services provided by the brokerage or franchisor.
We believe that a variety of factors in recent years have negatively impacted the recruitment and retention of independent sales agents in the industry generally and have increasingly impacted our recruitment and retention of top producing agents and put upward pressure on the average share of commissions earned bypaid to affiliated independent sales agents. Such factors include increasing competition, increasing levels of commissions paid to agents (including up-front payments and equity), changes in the spending patterns of independent sales agents (as more agents purchase services from third parties outside of their affiliated broker), a heightening focus on leads or business opportunities generated for the independent sales agent from the brokerage, differentiation in the bundling of agent services or industry offerings (including virtual brokerages or other brokerages that offer the sales agent fewer services, but a higher percentage of commission income, or other compensation, such as marketing funds and sign-on or equity awards), and the growth in independent sales agent teams. Competition comes from newer models as well, including brokerages that provide certain services to agents and agent teams, but with branding focused on the name of the agent or agent team, rather than the brokerage brand.
Commission Plan Competition Among Real Estate Brokerages. Some of the firms competing for sales agents use different commission plans, which may be appealing to certain sales agents. There are several different commission plan variations that have been historically utilized by real estate brokerages to compensate their independent sales agents. One of the most common variations has been the traditional graduated commission model where the independent sales agent
receives a percentage of the brokerage commission that increases as the independent sales agent increases his or her volume of homesale transactions, and the brokerage frequently provides independent sales agents with a broad set of support offerings and promotion of properties. Other common plans include a desk rental (sometimes referred to as a 100% commission plan), a fixed transaction fee commission plan, and a capped commission plan. A capped commission plan generally blends aspects of the traditional graduated commission model with the 100% commission plan. Although less common, some real estate brokerages employ their sales agents, and in such instances, employee agents may earn smaller brokerage commissions in exchange for other employee benefits or bonuses. Most brokerages focus primarily on one type of commission plan, though some may offer one or more of commission plan variations to their sales agents.
In many of their markets, RealogyOwned Brokerage Group offers a traditional graduated commission model, which emphasizes our value proposition. The traditional graduated commission model has experienced declines in market share over the past several years. Increasingly, independent sales agents have affiliated with brokerages that offer a different mix of services to the agent, allowing the independent sales agent to select the services that they believe allow them to retain a greater percentage of the commission and purchase services from other vendors as needed.
Low Barriers to Entry.The real estate brokerage industry has minimal barriers to entry for new participants, including participants utilizing historical real estate brokerage models and those pursuing alternative variations of those models (including virtual brokerages and brokerages that offer the sales agent fewer services, but a higher percentage of commission income) as well as non-traditional methods of marketing real estate (such as iBuyers). There are also market participants who differentiate themselves by offering consumers flat fees, rebates or lower commission rates on transactions (often coupled with fewer services). The significant size of the U.S. real estate market has continued to attract outside capital investment in disruptive and traditional competitors that seek to access a portion of this market. These competitors and their investors may pursue increases in market share over profitability, further complicating the competitive landscape.
Non-Traditional Competition and Industry Disruption. While real estate brokers using historical real estate brokerage models typically compete for business primarily on the basis of services offered, brokerage commission, reputation, utilization of technology and personal contacts, participants pursuing non-traditional methods of marketing real estate may compete in other ways, including companies that employ technologies intended to disrupt historical real estate brokerage models or minimize or eliminate the role brokers and sales agents perform in the homesale transaction process and/or shift the nature of the residential real estate transaction from the historic consumer-to-consumer model to a corporate-to-consumer model.
A growing number of companies are competing in non-traditional ways for a portion of the gross commission income generated by homesale transactions. For example, virtual brokerage modelsand other brokerages that offer the sales agent fewer services, but a higher percentage of commission income, known in the industry as a higher "split" (or other compensation, such as sign-on or equity awards), directly compete with traditional brokerage models and may dilute the relationship between the brokerage and the agent. In addition, weagent and add additional competitive pressure for independent sales agent talent. We believe certain alternative transaction models, such as iBuying and home swap models (and related models that help buyers compete as cash buyers), charge significant fees to purchase homes and are less reliant on brokerages and sales agents, which could have a negative impact on such brokerages and agents as well as on the average homesale broker commission rate. These models also look to capture ancillary real estate services such as title and mortgage services and referral fees. RealSure offers consumers alternatives to such models through products and services designed to offer home buyers and sellers options that give them a competitive edge when buying or selling a home, while also keeping the expertise of an independent sales agent at the center of the transaction. Changes to
industry rules and/or the introduction of disruptive products and services may also result in an increase in the number of transactions that do not utilize the services of independent sales agents, including for sale by owner transactions.
In addition, the concentration and market power of the top listing aggregators allow them to monetize their platforms by a variety of actions including, but not limited to, setting up competing brokerages and/or expanding their offerings to include products (such as agent tools) and services that are a part of or ancillary to the real estate transaction, such as title, escrow and mortgage origination services, that compete with services offered by us, charging significant referral, listing and display fees, diluting the relationship between agents and brokers and between agents and the consumer, tying referrals to use of their products, consolidating and leveraging data, and engaging in preferential or exclusionary practices to favor or disfavor other industry participants. These actions divert and reduce the earnings of other industry participants, including our company owned and franchised brokerages. Aggregators could intensify their current business tactics or introduce new programs that could be materially disadvantageous to our business and other brokerage participants in the industry and suchindustry. Such tactics could further increase pressures on the profitability of our company owned and franchised brokerages and affiliated independent sales agents, reduce our franchisor service revenue and dilute our relationships with affiliated franchisees and such franchisees' relationships with affiliated independent sales agents and buyers and sellers of homes.
Franchise Competition. According to NAR, approximately 42%39% of individual brokers and independent sales agents are affiliated with a franchisor. Competition among the national real estate brokerage brand franchisors to grow their franchise systems is intense. We believe that competition for the sale of franchises in the real estate brokerage industry is based principally upon the perceived value that the franchisor provides to enhance the franchisee's ability to grow its business and improve the recruitment, retention and productivity of its independent sales agents. The value provided by a franchisor encompasses many different aspects including the quality of the brand, tools, technology, marketing and other services, the availability of financing provided to the franchisees, and the fees the franchisees must pay. Franchisee fees can be structured in numerous ways and can include volume and other incentives, flat royalty and marketing fees, capped royalty fees, and discounted royalty and marketing fees. In order to remain competitive, we may need to modify the traditional volume-based franchise model utilized by many of our brands. We launched a capped fee model at one of our brands in 2019 as we have faced increasing competition from franchisors utilizing alternative models. Taking into account competitive factors, we have and may continue, from time to time, to introduce pilot programs or restructure or revise the model used at one or more franchised brands, including with respect to fee structures, minimum production requirements or other terms.
LeadsRelocation Operations. Competition in our corporate relocation operations is based on capabilities, price and quality. We compete primarily with global outsourced and regional relocation service providers in the corporate relocation operations. The larger outsourced relocation service providers that we compete with include SIRVA BGRS Worldwide, Inc., Weichert Relocation Resources, Inc., Aires and Graebel Companies, Inc. Competition is expected to continue to intensify as an increasingly higher percentage of relocation clients reduce their global relocation benefits and related spend.
Lead Generation Business. The ability of a brokerage, whether company owned or franchised, to provide its independent sales agents with high-quality leads is increasingly important to the recruitment and retention of independent sales agents and salesales agent teams and the attraction and retention of franchisees. Numerous companies that market and sell residential real estate leads to independent sales agents, including listing aggregators, compete with our real estate benefit programs and other lead generation programs.
Relocation Operations. Competition in our corporate relocation operations is based on capabilities, price and quality. We compete primarily with global outsourced and regional relocation services providers in the corporate relocation operations. The larger outsourced relocation services providers that we compete with include SIRVA, Inc., BGRS, Weichert Relocation Resources, Inc., Aires and Graebel Companies, Inc. Competition is expected to continue to intensify as an increasingly higher percentage of relocation clients reduce their global relocation benefits and related spend.
Title Agency Business. The title, escrow and settlement services business is highly competitive and fragmented. The number and size of competing companies vary in the different areas in which we conduct business. In certain parts of the country our title agency business competes with small title agents and attorneys while in other parts of the country our competition is the larger title underwriters and national vendor management companies.
Integrated Services and Ancillary Services. Increasingly residential real estate market participants have sought to establish more integrated business models that include the provision of ancillary services to the consumer, such as title agency, mortgage origination and underwriting. Similarly, certain mortgage origination providers seek to broaden their access to the profit pools surrounding the residential real estate transaction, including real estate brokerage commissions. Some mortgage companies have created their own agent networks and may expand further into real estate. These factors have resulted in additional competitive pressure to our individual business units as well as the Company as a whole.
For additional information on the competitive risks facing our businesses, see "Item 1A.—Risk Factors—Strategic & Operational Risks", in particular under the caption "The businesses in which we, our joint ventures, and our franchisees operate are intensely competitive."
Government and Other Regulations
For a summary of certain legal proceedings in which SRealogy is a named defendant seeee Note 14,15, "Commitments and Contingencies", to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.Report for additional information on the Company's legal proceedings. For additional information with respect to related risks facing our business, see "Item 1A. Risk Factors," in particular under the heading "Regulatory and Legal Risks", in this Annual Report.
Legal and Regulatory Environment. All of our businesses, as well as the businesses of our joint ventures (such as mortgage origination, RealSuretitle insurance underwriting, and real estate auction) and the businesses of our franchisees are highly regulated and subject to shifts in public policy, statutory interpretation and enforcement priorities of regulators and other government authorities as well as amendments to existing regulations and regulatory guidance. Likewise, litigation, investigations, claims and regulatory proceedings against us or other participants in the residential real estate industry or relocation industry—or against companies in other industries—may impact the Company and its affiliated franchisees when the rulings or settlements in those cases cover practices common to the broader industry or business community and may generate litigation or investigations for the Company. In addition, through our subsidiaries, employees and/or affiliated agents, we are a participant in many multiple listing services ("MLSs"), and a member-owner of certain MLSs, and a membernon-NAR controlled MLSs. Our affiliated agents may be members of the National Association of Realtors ("NAR") and respective state realtor associations. The rules and policies for these organizations are also subject to change due to shifts in internal policy, regulatory developments,developments, litigation or other legal
action. Changes in the rules and policies of NAR and/or any MLSs can also be driven by changes in membership, including the entry of new industry participants, and other industry forces.
From time to time, certain industry practices have come under federal or state scrutiny or have been the subject of litigation. The industry is currently experiencing increased scrutiny by regulators and other government offices, both on a federal and state level. ThreeFour of the more active areas of in our industry have been antitrust and competition, compliance with RESPA (and similar state statutes), compliance with the Telephone Consumer Protection Act ("TCPA") (and similar state statutes) and worker classification. Other examples include, but are not limited to, consumer protection, mortgage lending and debt collection laws, federal and state fair housing laws, various broker fiduciary duties, false or fraudulent claims laws, and state laws limiting or prohibiting inducements, cash rebates, environmental regulation and gifts to consumers.
Antitrust, Competition and Bribery Laws. Our business is subject to antitrust and competition laws in the various jurisdictions where we operate, including the Sherman Antitrust Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Act and related federal and state antitrust and competition laws in the U.S. The penalties for violating antitrust and competition laws can be severe. These laws and regulations generally prohibit competitors from fixing prices, boycotting competitors, dividing markets, or engaging in other conduct that unreasonably restrains competition.
In July 2021, the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) filed a notice of withdrawal of consent to its November 2020 proposed consent decree with NAR to settle a civil lawsuit in which the DOJ alleged that NAR established and enforced illegal restraints on competition in the real estate industry. The DOJ also filed to voluntarily dismiss the civil lawsuit without prejudice in July 2021, stating in a concurrently filed press release that “[t]he department determined that the [November 2020] settlement will not adequately protect the department’s rights to investigate other conduct by NAR that could impact competition in the real estate market…” The DOJ further noted in its press release that it “is taking this action to permit a broader investigation of NAR’s rules and conduct to proceed without restriction.” Although we were notIn connection with the foregoing, the DOJ issued a partynew and comprehensive civil investigative demand, or CID, that renewed demands related to or a participantthe prior investigation, and also sought new categories of materials. In January 2023, the U.S. District Court for the D.C. District granted NAR's petition to set aside the new CID. DOJ appealed, and after the appeal was fully briefed by the parties, oral argument on the appeal was held before the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals in December 2023. On February 15, 2024, the DOJ filed, in the DOJ’s civil lawsuit against,Nosalek action described in Note 15, "Commitments and Contingencies—Litigation" to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report, a statement of interest with its position on the proposed amended settlement, including its potential continuing anti-competitive effects. To the extent that the courts permit DOJ to resume or settlement agreementcommence new investigations, we would expect DOJ would continue to focus on the manner in which broker commissions are communicated, negotiated and paid, including potentially significant restrictions or bans on offers of compensation by the seller or listing agent to the buy-side agent, and other rules, such as the clear cooperation policy, which is a NAR-mandated policy that requires a listing broker to submit a listing to the MLS for cooperation with NAR,other MLS participants within one business day of marketing a property to the public. Similarly, there have been and there may not agree with certain of the allegations asserted, we do believe the settlement provisions generally were reasonablebe other litigation and would modernize the practices at issue. In November 2021, NAR modified itsinvestigations concerning industry rules to implement most of the changes the DOJ settlement sought, and we (through our subsidiaries, employees and/or affiliated agents) will comply with all of the rule changes.practices.
In addition to the announcements by the DOJ, there have been recent statements and actions by the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) and the executive branch have been focused on increasing competition enforcement across industries. For example, an Executive
Order issued by the White House in July 2021 identified areas of interest for further investigation—including real estate brokerage and listings. Also, in July 2021,In January 2023, the FTC rescinded its generally applicable 2015 antitrust policy statement, noting inproposed a press releaserule that, such statement “has constrained the agency’s use of its authorityif enacted, would prohibit employers from entering into non-compete clauses with workers and require employers to stop anticompetitive business tactics under Section 5 of the FTC Act.”rescind existing non-complete clauses. Additional action has been taken by the FTC, including aits rescission of its generally applicable 2015 antitrust enforcement principles policy statement in July 2021 and its withdrawal of the 2020 Vertical Merger Guidelines in September 20212021. In December 2023, DOJ and hosting a workshop focused onFTC announced the welfare of workerssubstantially revised merger guidelines, which are much broader and restrictions on competition (such as non-compete and non-disclosure agreements)will result in December 2021.more potential transactions being subject to regulatory review.
In 2018, the DOJ and FTC held a joint public workshop to explore competition issues in the residential real estate services industry at which a variety of issues, beyond those alleged in the DOJ's November 2020 civil lawsuit against NAR, were raised that could be alleged or determined in the future to be anti-competitive in the future.anti-competitive.
Our international business activities, and in particular our relocation operations, must comply with applicable laws and regulations that impose sanctions on improper payments, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, U.K. Bribery Act and similar laws of other countries.
Multiple Listing Services Rules. MLSs, NAR and respective state realtor associations each maintain rules, policies, data licenses, and terms of service, that specify, among other things, how MLS data and listings may be accessed, used, and displayed on websites and mobile applications. The rules of each MLS can vary widely and are complex and also include provisions on the display, offer and negotiation of commissions. Changes in the rules and policies of NAR and the MLSs can also be driven by changes in membership, including the entry of new industry participants, as well as other industry forces including those discussed under the "Legal and Regulatory Environment" heading in this section.
RESPA. RESPA, state real estate brokerage laws, state title insurance laws, and similar laws in countries in which we do business restrict payments which real estate brokers, title agencies, mortgage bankers, mortgage brokers and other settlement service providers may receive or pay in connection with the sales of residences and referral of settlement services (e.g., mortgages, homeowners insurance, home warranty and title insurance). Such laws may to some extent impose limitations on arrangements involving our real estate franchise, real estate brokerage, title agency, and underwriting services, lead generation, and relocation operations or the businesses of our joint ventures (including mortgage origination, RealSure,title underwriting and real estate auction). In addition, with respect to many of our company owned real estate brokerage, lead generation, relocation and title, escrow and settlement and title underwriting services businesses as well as the businesses of certain of our joint ventures (including mortgage origination and RealSure), RESPA and similar state laws generally require timely disclosure of certain relationships or financial interests with providers of real estate settlement services. Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the "CFPB") administers RESPA. Some state authorities have also asserted enforcement rights.
RESPA and related regulations do, however, contain a number of provisions that allow for payments or fee splits between providers, including fee splits between title underwriters and their agents, among real estate brokers, real estate brokers and agents and market-based fees for the provision of goods or services, andincluding marketing arrangements.services. In addition, RESPA allows for referrals tothe operation of affiliated entities,business arrangements, including joint ventures, when specific requirements have been met. We rely on these provisions in conducting our business activities and believe our arrangements comply with RESPA. However, RESPA compliance may become a greater challenge under certain administrations, including the current administration, for most industry participants offering settlement services, including mortgage companies, title companies and brokerages, because of expansive interpretations of RESPA or similar state statutes by certain courts and regulators. Permissible activities under state statutes similar to RESPA may be interpreted more narrowly and enforcement proceedings of those statutes by state regulatory authorities may also be aggressively pursued. RESPA also has been invoked by plaintiffs in private litigation for various purposes. Some regulators and other parties have advanced novel and stringent interpretations of RESPA including assertions that any provision of a thing of value in a separate but contemporaneous transaction with a referral constitutes a breach of RESPA on the basis that all things of value exchanged should be deemed in exchange for the referral. Violations of RESPA or similar state statutes can lead to claims of substantial damages, which may include (but are not limited to) fines, treble damages and attorneys' fees.
We are also subject to state laws limiting or prohibiting inducements, cash rebates and gifts to consumers, which impacts our lead generation business.
Worker Classification. Although the legal relationship between residential real estate brokers and licensed sales agents throughout most of the real estate industry historically has been that of independent contractor, newer rules and interpretations of state and federal employment laws and regulations, including those governing employee classification and wage and hour regulations in our and other industries, may impact industry practices, our company owned brokerage operations and our affiliated franchisees.franchisees by seeking to reclassify licensed sales agents as employees.
Real estate laws generally permit brokers to engage sales agents as independent contractors. Federal and state agencies have their own rules and tests for classification of independent contractors as well as to determine whether employees meet exemptions from minimum wages and overtime laws. These tests consider many factors that also vary from state to state. The tests continue to evolve based on state case law decisions, regulations and legislative changes.
For example, in worker classification litigation involving real estate agents at a competing brokerage, the New Jersey Appellate DivisionSupreme Court recently remanded a case that had applied a strict classification test to a wage and hour case. The brokerage has appealed the case to the New Jersey Supreme Court. In its holding inCourt recognized that matter, thea 2022 New Jersey Appellate Division recognizedlegislative amendment clarified that legislative statutory amendments made inan earlier 2018 may affectamendment to the Brokerage Act affecting worker classification claims related to real estate agents in New Jersey on a go-forward basis. In January 2022,should be applied retroactively. On remand, the New Jersey legislature clarifiedAppellate Division held that the 2018 amendments explicitly providestrict test did not apply when determining classification of real estate agents, and that such determination applied retroactively based on the 2022 legislative amendment. The ruling notwithstanding, the Appellate Division did not dismiss the case due to remaining factual determinations to be made and declined to opine on the appropriate test to be applied when determining classification of real estate agents. Both parties filed appeals to the New Jersey Supreme Court on the grounds that the amendments applied retroactively, which may impactAppellate Division’s decision did not provide an answer as to how to determine the pending worker classification litigation againstof real estate agents.The plaintiff in that case argued that a strict ABC test applies, while the competing brokerage. brokerage argued that the 2022 New Jersey legislative amendment clarifying the earlier 2018 amendment is dispositive.The case was argued before the New Jersey Supreme Court in November 2023 and a decision is pending.Also, there have been several challenges to the constitutionality and enforceability of a California worker classification statute adopted in 2019 as it applies to other industries, which if found unconstitutional, could have the effect of eliminating that statute's less restrictive test applicable to real estate professionals in California. We continue to monitor these matters as well as related federal and state developments.developments.
Cybersecurity and Data Privacy Regulations. To run our business, it is essential for us to collect, store and transmit sensitive personal information about our customers, prospects, employees, independent agents, and relocation transferees in our systems and networks. At the same time, we are subject to numerous laws, regulations, and other requirements, domestically and globally, that require businesses like ours to protect the security of personal information, notify customers and other individuals about our privacy practices, and limit the use, disclosure, sale, or transfer of personal data. Regulators in the U.S. and abroad continue to enact comprehensive new laws or legislative reforms imposing significant privacy and cybersecurity restrictions. The result is that we are subject to increased regulatory scrutiny, additional contractual requirements from corporate customers, and heightened compliance costs. For example, in the U.S., we are required to comply with the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which governs the disclosure and safeguarding of consumer financial information, as well as state statutes governing privacy and cybersecurity matters like the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA") and the New York Department of Financial Services ("NYDFS") Cybersecurity Regulation.
The CCPA imposes comprehensive requirements on organizations that collect, sell and disclose personal information about California residents and employees. In November 2020, California passed Proposition 24, establishing the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), which will taketook effect January 1, 2023. The CPRA provides further requirements that will impact our businesses’ compliance efforts and operational risks as the CPRA differentiates “personal information” and “sensitive information,” expands the term “sale” to include sharing of personal information, and imposes data minimization
and data retention requirements. The CPRA also established a new California Privacy Protection Agency, which is intended to take a more active role in enforcement of the law. Virginia and Colorado both passed privacy legislation in 2021, bothIn 2023, a number of which will take effect in 2023, and which differ from the CPRA in how they will be implemented. Otheradditional states are likely to implementenacted their own privacy statutes inlegislation which will become effective over the near term.next 18-24 months, more than doubling the number of states requiring businesses to comply with privacy obligations and the number of individuals who will have privacy rights with respect to their personal information.
Under the NYDFS cybersecurity regulation, regulated financial institutions, including Realogy Title Group, are required to establish and attest to a detailed cybersecurity program. Other state regulatory agencies have or are expected to enact similar requirements following the adoption of the Insurance Data Security Model Law by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners that is consistent with the New York regulation.
Internationally, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") has conferred significant privacy rights on individuals (including employees and independent agents) and materially increased penalties for violations. In 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union invalidated the E.U.-U.S. Privacy Shield, one of the methods for transfers of personal data into the U.S. As a result, companies may have to rely on standard contractual clauses, or binding corporate rules for the transfer of personal data while awaiting further guidance or regulation. In 2021, the European Commission issued an implementing decision regarding the use of Standard Contractual Clauses. In 2023, the European Commission
adopted its adequacy decision for the EU-US Data Privacy Framework.Other countries have also recently expanded on their data privacy laws and regulations.
For additional information with respect to relatedour cybersecurity risk management strategy and governance framework, see "Item 1C.—Cybersecurity." for additional information with respect to the cybersecurity-related risks facing our business, see "Item 1A. Risk Factors" in this Annual Report, in particular under the caption "Cybersecurity incidents could disrupt business operations and result in the loss of critical and confidential information or litigation or claims arising from such incidents, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and results of operations."
The Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”)Act. The TCPA restricts certain types of telemarketing calls and text messaging, and the use of automatic telephone dialing systems and artificial or prerecorded voice messages. The TCPA also established a national Do-Not-Call registry. The TCPA defines autodialing broadly and requires express written consent for certain communications to cellphones. Florida recently updated its equivalentCertain states have also adopted, or may in the future adopt, state equivalents of the TCPA to expand it in certain respects. Our industry isTCPA. We are vulnerable to claims made by class action consumers alleging that we are liable for contacts made by franchisees and/or independent contractor real estate agents.
Franchise Regulation. In the U.S., the sale of franchises is regulated by various state laws, as well as by federal law under the jurisdiction of the Federal Trade Commission (the "FTC").FTC. The FTC requires that franchisors make extensive disclosure to prospective franchisees but does not require registration. A number of states require registration and/or disclosure in connection with franchise offers and sales. In addition, multiple states and U.S. territories have "franchise relationship laws" or "business opportunity laws" that limit the ability of franchisors to terminate franchise agreements (including mandated notice or cure periods), to discriminate unfairly among franchisees, or to withhold consent to the renewal or transfer of these agreements. Failure to comply with these laws could result in civil liability to the franchisors. While our franchising operations have not been materially adversely affected by such existing regulation, we cannot predict the effect of any future federal or state legislation or regulation. Internationally, many countries have similar laws affecting franchising.
State Brokerage Laws. Our company owned real estate brokerage business is also subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations that contain general standards for and limitations on the conduct of real estate brokers and sales agents, including those relating to the licensing of brokers and sales agents, fiduciary, and agency and statutory duties, consumer disclosure obligations, administration of trust funds, collection of commissions, restrictions on information sharing with affiliates, fair housing standards and advertising and consumer disclosures. Under state law, our company owned real estate brokers have certain duties to supervise and are responsible for the conduct of their brokerage businesses.
Our company owned and franchised brokerages (and independent sales agents affiliated with such brokerages) are also required to comply with state and local laws related to dual agency (such as where the same brokerage represents both the buyer and seller of a home), and increased regulation of dual agency representation may restrict or reduce the ability of impacted brokerages to participate in certain real estate transactions.
Multiple Listing Services Rules. MLSs, NAR and respective state realtor associations each maintain rules, policies, data licenses, and terms of service, which specify, among other things, how MLS data and listings may be accessed, used, and displayed on websites and mobile applications. The rules of each MLS can vary widely and are complex. Changes in the rules and policies of NAR and the MLSs can also be driven by changes in membership, including the entry of new industry participants, as well as other industry forces including those discussed under the "Legal and Regulatory Environment" heading in this section.
Anti-Discrimination Laws. Our company owned and franchised brokerages, and agents affiliated with such brokerages, as well as our other businesses are subject to federal and state housing laws that generally make it illegal to discriminate against protected classes of individuals in housing or brokerage services. For example, the Fair Housing Act, its state and local law counterparts, and the regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and various state agencies, all prohibit discrimination in housing on the basis of race or color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, disability, and, in some states or locales, financial capability, sexual orientation, gender identity, military status, or source of income. The DOJ, through the Fair Housing Testing Program, utilizes individuals who, without any bona fide intent to rent or purchase housing or enter into a mortgage loan, pose as prospective renters, buyers or borrower for the purpose of determining whether businesses are engaging in potentially unlawful housing discrimination under the Fair Housing Act. Certain states or locales, such as New York, have or are in the process of expanding their laws.
Regulation of Title Insurance and Settlement Services. Nearly all states license and regulate title agencies, escrow companies and underwriters through their Departments of Insurance or other regulatory body. In many states, title insurance rates are either promulgated by the state or are required to be filed with each state by the agent or underwriter, and some states promulgate the split of title insurance premiums between the agent and underwriter. States may periodically lower the insurance rates relative to loss experience and other relevant factors. States may also require title agencies, escrow companies and title underwriters to meet certain minimum financial requirements for net worth and working capital.
Title Resources is domiciled in Texas. In connection with the planned sale of Title Resources in exchange for cash and a 30% equity interest in a title insurance joint venture that owns Title Resources, we made filings with the Texas Department of Insurance required under the insurance laws and regulations of Texas. These laws and regulations generally provide that no person may acquire control, directly or indirectly, of a Texas domiciled insurer, unless the person has provided required information to, and the acquisition is approved or not disapproved by, the Texas Department of Insurance. Title Resources is also subject to the holding company act in its state of domicile, which regulates, among other matters, investment policies and the ability to pay dividends. Title Resources must also defer a portion of premiums as an unearned premium reserve for the protection of policyholders (in addition to their reserves for known claims) and must maintain qualified assets based on statutory requirements.
Certain states in which we operate have "controlled business" statutes which impose limitations on the level of business our title and escrow companies can receive from its affiliated real estate brokers, mortgage lenders and other real estate service providers. We are aware of the states imposing such limits and monitor the others to ensure that if they implement
such a limit, we will be prepared to comply with any such rule. "Controlled business" typically is defined as sources controlled by, or which control, directly or indirectly, or are under common control with, the title agent. Pursuant to regulations in New York, title agents with affiliated businesses must make a good faith effort to obtain and be open for title insurance business from all sources and not business only from affiliated persons, including actively competing in the marketplace. A company'sThe Company's failure to comply with such statutes could result in the payment of fines and penalties or the non-renewal of the Company's license to provide title, escrow and settlement services. We provide our services not only to our affiliates but also to third-party businesses in the geographic areas in which we operate. Accordingly, we manage our business in a manner to comply with any applicable "controlled business" statutes by ensuring that we generate sufficient business from sources we do not control.
Regulation of the Mortgage Industry. We participate in the mortgage origination business through our 49.9% ownership of Guaranteed Rate Affinity. Private mortgage lenders operating in the U.S. are subject to comprehensive state and federal regulation and to significant oversight by government sponsored entities.
Dodd-Frank endows the CFPB with rule making, examination and enforcement authority involving consumer financial products and services, including mortgage finance. The CFPB has issued a myriad of rules, including TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure rules,Environmental Regulation. which impose significant obligations onAs Guaranteed Rate Affinity. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)we do not own any real property of significance, we are not currently materially impacted by environmental regulations. However, in recent years, an increasing number of state and Department of Justice (DOJ) also regulatefederal laws and regulations have been enacted or proposed that require certain disclosures related to climate change, including, for example, the mortgage lending industry, specificallyClimate Corporate Data Accountability Act (CCDAA) and the Climate-Related Financial Risk Act (CRFRA)—together, the California Climate Accountability Package—enacted by California in the areasfourth quarter of fair lending2023, which would require us to disclose greenhouse gas emissions and unfair and deceptive business practices.climate-related risks by 2026.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
You should carefully consider each of the following risk factors and all of the other information set forth in this Annual Report. Based on the information currently known to us, we believe that the following information identifies the material risk factors affecting our Company and our common stock. The events and consequences discussed in these risk factors could, in circumstances we may not be able to accurately predict, recognize, or control, have a material adverse effect on our business, growth, reputation, prospects, financial condition, operating results, cash flows, liquidity, and stock price. Please be advised that past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in the future.
Risks Related to Macroeconomic Conditions
The residential real estate market is cyclical and we are negatively impacted by downturns and disruptions in this market.
The residential real estate market tends to be cyclical and typically is affected by changes in general economic and residential real estate conditions which are beyond our control. For example,The significant declines experienced in the U.S. residential real estate industry was in a significant and lengthy downturn from the second half of 2005 through 2011. In 2020, in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. residential real estate industry experienced significant volatility. While the industry improved markedly from the COVID-19 related low seen in the second quarter of 2020, we cannot predict the duration or continued strength of housing demand.market since mid-2022 have materially negatively impacted our financial results. If the residential real estate market were to materially slow or deteriorate, if the economy as a whole does not improve or if the broader real estate industry (including REITs, commercial and rental markets) were to experience a significant downtown,worsens, our business, financial condition and liquidity may be materially adversely affected, including our ability to access capital and grow our business, andinvest in strategic initiatives, reduce indebtedness, return capital to stockholders.stockholders and motivate, attract and retain our employees.
Any of the following factors related to the real estate industry could negatively impact the housing market and have a material adverse effect on our business by causing a lack of improvement or a decline in the number of homesales and/or stagnant or declining home prices, which in turn, could adversely affect our revenues and profitability:
•insufficient or excessive home inventory levels by market or price point;prolonged periods of a high mortgage rate environment;
•increases in mortgagehigh rates or inflation;of inflation;
•a reduction in the affordability of homes, including but not limited to rising or high mortgage rates, the impact of increasing home prices and wage increases not keeping pace with inflation;
•declines in connection with risingconsumer demand;
•homeowners retaining their homes for longer periods of time as a result of the high mortgage rate environment, resulting in inventory shortages in new and existing housing;
•insufficient or excessive home prices;inventory levels by market or price point;
•decreasing consumer confidence in the economy and/or the residential real estate market;
•an increase in potential homebuyers with low credit ratings or inability to afford down payments;
•stringent mortgage standards, reduced availability of mortgage financing or increasing down payment requirements or other mortgage challenges;
•an increase in foreclosure activity;
•legislative or regulatory changes (including changes in regulatory interpretations or enforcement practices) that would adversely impact the residential real estate market, including changes relating to the brokerage commission structure and RESPA;
•federal, state and/or local income tax changes and other tax reform affecting real estate and/or real estate transactions;
•decelerated or lack of building of new housing for homesales or increased building of new rental properties, or properties;
•irregular timing of new development closings leading to lower unit sales at RealogyOwned Brokerage Group;
•homeowners retaining their homes for longer periods of time, including as a result of inventory shortages in new and existing housing;
•a decline in home ownership levels in the U.S., including as a result of:
◦lack of affordability;
◦increased expenses associated with home ownership, including rising insurance costs that may result from more frequent and severe natural disasters and inclement weather;
◦changing attitudes towards home ownership, particularly among potential first-time homebuyers who may delay, or decide not to, purchase a home, home;
◦limits on the proclivity of home owners to purchase an alternative home due to constrained inventory,home; or
◦changes in preferences to rent versus purchase a home; andhome.
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other changes in consumer preferences, including weakening in the consumer trends that have benefited the Company since the second half of 2020.
Adverse developments in general business and economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and our results of operations.
Our business and operations and those of our franchisees are sensitive to general business and economic conditions in the U.S. and worldwide. Contraction in the U.S. economy, including the impact of recessions, slow economic growth, or a deterioration in other economic factors such as potential consumer, business or governmental defaults or delinquencies, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. A deterioration in economic factors that particularly impact the residential real estate market and
the business segments in which we operate, whether broadly or by geography and price segments, have and could continue to have a materialan adverse effect on our results of operations and financial results.results, which may be material. These factors include, but are not limited to: short-term and long-term interest rates, inflation, fluctuations in debt and equity capital markets, levels of unemployment, rate of wage growth, consumer confidence, rate of economic growth or contraction, U.S. fiscal policy (including government spending and tax reform) and related matters (such as debt ceiling negotiations), and the general condition of the U.S. and the world economy.
The residential real estate market also depends upon the strength of financial institutions, which are sensitive to changes in the general macroeconomic environment. Weak capital, credit and financial markets, instability of financial institutions, and/or the lack of available credit or lack of confidence in the financial sector could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
A host of factors beyond our control could cause fluctuations in these conditions, including pandemics and natural disasters, the political environment, U.S. immigration policies, disruptions in a major geoeconomic region or(such as Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the conflict in the Middle East), changes in equity or commodity markets, acts or threats of war or terrorism or sustained pervasive civil unrest, or other geopolitical or economic instability or pandemics and natural disasters (such as the COVID-19 crisis) which could result in market instability, supply chain disruptions and affect the global or US economy, and any of whichthe factors above could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
For example, the COVID-19 crisis has hadIncreasing mortgage rates have resulted, and is expected tomay continue to have a profound effect on the global economyresult, in declines in homesale transactions as well as declines in title, mortgage and financial markets, which materially impacted relocation volume and contributed to significant homesale transaction volume volatility in 2021. Contraction in the U.S. economy, including the impact of recessions, slow economic growth, or a deterioration in other economic factors such as potential consumer, business or governmental defaults or delinquencies due to the COVID-19 crisis or otherwise could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Monetary policies of the federal government and its agencies may have a material adverse impact on our operations.refinancing activity.
Our business is significantly affected by the monetary policies of the federal government and its agencies. We are particularly affected by the policies of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board. These policies regulate the supply of money and credit in the U.S. and impact the real estate market through their effect on interest rates (and mortgage rates) as well as the cost of our interest-bearing liabilities. In December 2021, theThe U.S. Federal Reserve Board announced its intentiontook aggressive action intended to accelerate the reduction of its purchases of mortgage-backed securities (which could result in this stimulus program concluding in March 2022) and released economic projections that showed officials expect to raise interest rates three timescontrol inflation in 2022 and could determine to taper2023, including raising the target federal funds rate and reducing its purchasesholdings of other securities as well - any of which could increase interest rates. Ifmortgage-backed securities. Rising interest rates weregenerally contribute to rise,rising mortgage rates, which can lead to declines in residential real estate homesale transaction volume (as evidenced by the significant volume declines in the past two years), or to homebuilders may determine to discontinuediscontinuing or delaydelaying new projects, which could further contribute to inventory constraints. Changes in thconstraints and to inventory shortages as homeowners retain their homes for longer periods due to high mortgage rates.
e Federal Reserve Board's policies,The rising interest rate environment has negatively impacted and, until the interest rate environment and the mortgage market are beyondimproves, is expected to continue to negatively impact multiple aspects of our control, are difficult to predict, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Increases in mortgage rates or tightened mortgage underwriting standards may result in declines in homesale transaction growth as well as mortgage and refinancing activity.
We have been and could again be negatively impacted by a rising interest rate environment as increases in mortgage rates (as well as prolonged periods of high mortgage rates) generally have a negativean adverse impact on mortgage unit, closing and refinancing volumes,homesale transaction volume, housing affordability, and homesale transaction volume.title, mortgage and refinancing volumes. We believe the high mortgage rate environment is a key contributor For example, a riseto declines in mortgage rates could result in decreasedresidential real estate homesale transaction volume if, as potential home sellers choose to stay with their lower mortgage rate rather than sell their home and pay a higher mortgage rate with the purchase of another home or, similarly, ifand potential home buyers choose to rent rather than pay higher mortgage rates. If the pace of existing homesale transactions slowscontinue to be at depressed levels or decline further (due to increases inthe high mortgage ratesrate environment or otherwise), we would also expect to continue to experience decreased title, services and mortgage origination and refinancing activity. Refinancing volumes are highly correlated with fluctuations in mortgage rates as well (although they are also inherently cyclical), as home owners are less likely to refinance their mortgage during periods of increasing rates.
In addition, theThe imposition of more stringent mortgage underwriting standards (due to changes in policy or otherwise) or a reduction in the availability of alternative mortgage products could also reduce homebuyers' ability to access the credit markets on reasonable terms and adversely affect the ability and willingness of prospective buyers to finance home purchases or to sell their existing homes. In addition, the combination of tightened mortgage underwriting standards with first-time homebuyers who have heavy debt and may be unable to satisfy down payment requirements may intensify first-time homebuyer concerns about investing in a home and impact their ability or willingness to enter into a homesale transaction.
Changes in policy can impact other home buyers as well. For example,the Federal Reserve Board's policies, the Federal Housing Finance Agency recently introduceinterest rate environment, and the mortgage market are beyond our control, are difficult to predict, and could have a new pricing framework that will increase fees for certain high-balancematerial adverse effect on our business, results of operations and second home loans, which could reduce demand by investors and consumers for homesale transactions with such financing. financial condition. A significant decline in the number of homesale transactions or title, mortgage title and refinancing activity due to any of the foregoing would adversely affect our financial and operating results.results, which may be material.
Meaningful decreases in the average homesale brokerage commission rate, including as a result of industry structure changes, have and could continue to negatively affect, or could increasingly negatively affect, our financial results.
Industry structure changes that disrupt the functioning of the residential real estate market, particularly with respect to the manner in which broker commissions are communicated, negotiated and paid, could materially adversely affect our operations and financial results. In connection with pending litigation, and in particular, injunctive relief that may result from such litigation, there may be significant changes in current practices, such as significant restrictions or bans on offers of compensation by the seller or listing agent to the buy-side agent, could result in meaningful decreases in the average broker commission rate, in the average buy-side commission rate or in the share of commission income received by us and our franchisees. Industry structure changes could also include a reduction in the percentage of home buyers or home sellers using an agent or broker in their homesale transactions. Such industry changes could materially adversely impact the financial results of the Company as well as other industry participants, including meaningful decreases in the average broker commission rate, the average buy-side commission rate or the share of commission income received by us and our franchisees. Such industry structure changes could arise from litigation and injunctive relief, regulatory or governmental actions, market forces, changing competitive dynamics or consumer preferences, locally or industry-wide. Other industry structure changes could include, among others, the manner in which listings are displayed, how homes for sale are shown to potential buyers, how leads are shared with independent sales agents, how homesale transactions are packaged or bundled with financing or other products or services, and a reduction in the reliance on traditional brokers and agents, for example, with homeowners increasingly listing and selling, or buyers increasingly buying searching and purchasing homes, without contracting with traditional real estate brokerages for services. In addition, through our subsidiaries, employees and/or affiliated agents, we are a participant in many MLSs and a member-owner of certain non-NAR controlled MLSs. Our affiliated agents may be members of NAR and respective state realtor associations. Changes to the rules and policies of these organizations may arise due to shifts in internal policy, including as a result of membership changes and the entry of new industry participants, regulatory developments, or litigation or other legal or governmental enforcement action, and such changes may also impact industry structure (see the risk factor captioned “—Industry structure changes that prohibit, restrict or adversely alter policies, practices, rules or regulations governing the functioning of the residential real estate market could materially adversely affect our operations and financial results”).
There are a variety of other factors that could contribute to declines in the average homesale broker commission rate, including regulation, the rise of certain other competitive brokerage or non-traditional competitor models, (including iBuying and home swap business models and related models that help buyers compete as cash buyers), an increase in the popularity of discount brokers or other utilization of flat fees, rebates or lower commission rates on transactions as well as other competitive factors. Average homesale price and geographic mix have and could continue to contribute to declines in the average homesale broker commission rate, as higher priced homes tend to have a lower broker commission rate.
The average homesale broker commission rate for a homesale transaction is a key driver for both Realogydeterminant of our profitability in our Brokerage Group and Realogy Franchise Groups.Group. Meaningful reductions in the average broker commission rate could materially adversely affect our revenues, earnings and financial results.
Continued erosion of our share of homesale brokerage commissions has and could continue to negatively affect, or could increasingly negatively affect, our financial results.
In addition to decreases in average homesale broker commission rates, continued erosion of our share of such homesale brokerage commission income (commonly referred to as our 'split' as homesale brokerage commissions are split between the broker (Owned Brokerage Group) and the independent sales agent in accordance with their applicable independent contractor agreement), as a result of industry structure changes or otherwise, could continue to negatively affect our profitability.
Intense industry competition for agents combined with our strategic emphasis on the recruitment and retention of independent sales agents has placed and is expected to continue to place upward pressure on our agent commission expense. This trend has negatively impacted and could continue to negatively impact our profitability. Other market factors, including, but not limited to, competitors with access to outside capital that pursue increases in market share over profitability, models that operate at lower margins, including virtual brokerages and brokerages that operate in a more virtual fashion or reduced cost platforms, and listing aggregator concentration, market power and expansion into new ancillary products and services and leveraging their market power to channel consumers into those products and services, are expected to further erode our share of homesale brokerage commission income.
If independent sales agents affiliated with our company owned brokerages are paid a higher proportion of the commissions earned on a homesale transaction or the level of commission income we receive from a homesale transaction is
otherwise reduced, the operating margins of our company owned residential brokerages could continue to be adversely affected.
Our franchisees face similar risks and continued downward pressure on the share of homesale brokerage commission income retained by our franchisees (and not split with the independent sales agents) could negatively impact our franchisees' view of our value proposition. As a result, we may fail to attract new franchisees, expiring franchisees may not renew their agreements with us, or we may be required to offer reduced royalty fee or increased incentive arrangements to new and existing franchisees, all of which have occurred from time to time, and any of which could result in a further reduction in royalty or other fees paid to us.
Continued or accelerated declines in inventory may result in insufficient supply, which could continue to have a negative impact on homesale transaction growthsides and ancillary homesale services, including title and mortgage.
InventoryOverall housing inventory levels for the existing home market have been declining over the past severala persistent industry-wide concern for years, due to strong demand, in particular in certain highly sought-after geographies and at lower price points and are significantly below historical average levels. Additional inventory pressure arises from periods of slow or decelerated new housing construction. In addition, real estate industry models that purchase homes for rental or corporate use (rather than immediate resale) can put additional pressure on available housing inventory, as may alternative competitors, such as iBuying models. While a continuation of low inventory levels may contribute to favorable demand conditions and improved homesale price growth, insufficientpoints. Insufficient inventory levels generally have a negative impact on homesale volume growthtransaction sides and can contribute to a reduction in housing affordability, which cancould result in some potential home buyers deferring entry into the residential real estate market. InDeclines in homesale sides have also had a negative impact on ancillary homesale services, including title and mortgage. Additional inventory pressure arises from periods of rapid inventory turnover there is an increased risk thatslow or decelerated new housing construction, real estate listings will not keep pace with demand, which could also negatively impact homesale transaction volume. Constraintsmodels that purchase homes for rental use (rather than resale), and alternative competitors.
We believe constraints in home inventory levels have typically hadcontributed to a decline in homesale transaction sides and this factor may continue to have an adverse impact on the number of homesale transactionstransaction sides closed by Realogy Franchise and Owned Brokerage Groups (and on ancillary homesale services, including title and mortgage), which could materially adversely affect our revenues, earnings and financial results.
The COVID-19 crisis has and may again amplify risks to our business and worsening economic consequences of the crisis or the reinstatement of significant limitations on normal business operations could have a material adverse effect on our business and the businesses of our joint ventures and franchisees.
The impact of the COVID-19 crisis and the corresponding economic and other consequences stemming from the pandemic on our business and financial results will depend largely on future developments, which we are unable to accurately predict, including, but not limited to: the extent, duration and severity of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic; the impact of vaccines and virus mutations; the extent of any related governmental regulation (including those that preclude or strictly limit in-person showings of properties); the extent of related government financial support for franchisees, independent sales agents, consumers and corporations, including federal and/or state monetary or fiscal programs meant to assist businesses and individuals navigate COVID-19 related financial challenges; evolving societal reactions to the pandemic; the duration and severity of the impact on the U.S. economy (including economic contraction) as well as capital, credit and financial markets (including with respect to increasing down payment requirements from mortgage lenders or other tighter mortgage standards or a reduction in the availability of mortgage financing as well as with respect to consumer, business and governmental credit defaults); the materiality of increases in mortgage delinquencies or foreclosure rates; the magnitude and duration of unemployment rates and adverse impact to wage growth; the related impact on consumer confidence, preferences and spending; and the magnitude of the financial and operational consequences to our franchisees, all of which are highly uncertain.
Our business could be negatively impacted if the crisis, including adverse economic consequences of the crisis, worsen, if directives and mandates requiring businesses to again curtail or cease normal operations are reinstated, if mortgage rates rise, if beneficial consumer trends weaken (including changes in consumer behavior in connection with wide-spread vaccination), if mortgage delinquencies or foreclosure rates materially increase, or if housing inventory constraints, across geographies and price point, limit homesale transaction growth. The impact on our business may be further amplified in the event that our affiliated franchisees experience adverse financial effects from the COVID-19 crisis or if the crisis is particularly acute in geographies or the high-end markets in which our company owned brokerages are concentrated.
In addition, we believe that certain trends related to the COVID-19 crisis, such a growing acceptance of work from home arrangements, have supported recent beneficial consumer trends in the residential real estate industry, including demand in certain geographies and in the high-end markets. A prolonged slowdown or end to the crisis could result in a
reversal of such trends or give rise to new trends, the impact of which are currently unknown to us, but could be adverse to our business or the businesses of our joint ventures and franchisees. Further, we have observed continued strength in certain beneficial consumer trends that we believe are largely driven by behavioral changes related to the COVID-19 crisis, including home buyer preferences for certain geographies (including attractive tax and weather destinations), which we believe has contributed to the sustained high levels of demand in the residential real estate market. We can provide no assurance as to whether these consumer trends may continue, whether at the same strength, or at all, or whether such trends will continue to have a positive effect on the residential real estate market recovery.
Negative impacts from the crisis or related changes in consumer behavior may be more pronounced in future periods and could have a material adverse effect on our profitability, results of operations, liquidity and financial position, notwithstanding any mitigation actions we may take, and may materially heighten the other risks described herein. In addition, we may determine that mitigating cost-saving initiatives, which may be material, are required and such actions may negatively impact our ability to advance our business strategy and our operations.
Strategic and Operational Risks
Our ability to generate revenue and grow earnings is significantly dependent upon our and our franchisees' ability to attract and retain productive independent sales agents and on our ability to attract and retain franchisees.
If we and our franchisees, as applicable, are unable to successfully maintain and grow the base of productive independent sales agents, independent sales agent teams, and other agent-facing talent at our company owned and franchisee brokerages (or if we or they fail to replace departing successful sales agents with similarly productive sales agents) or if we are unable to grow our base of franchisees, we may be unable to maintain or grow revenues or earnings and our results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
A variety of factors impact our ability to attract and retain independent sales agents and franchisees, including but not limited to, intense competition from other brokerages as well as companies employing technologies or alternative models intended to disrupt historical real estate brokerage models, such as iBuying and home swap models and other corporate-to-consumer models that minimize the role of agents; our ability to develop and deliver compelling products and services to independent sales agents and franchisees; our ability to generate high-quality leads to independent sales agents and franchisees; and our ability to adopt and implement commission plans (or pricing model structures) that are attractive to such agents (or such franchisees). Industry structure changes that reduce the percentage of home buyers or home sellers using an agent or broker in their homesale transactions or change the broker commission structure, which could arise from litigation and injunctive relief, regulatory or governmental actions, market forces, changing competitive dynamics or consumer preferences, locally or industry-wide, could also reduce the overall number of independent sales agents in the industry and further increase competition for productive independent sales agents.
Our franchisees face the same challenges with respect to productive sales agent recruitment and retention as well as other market pressures generally facing the industry (such as margin compression). IfWhen a franchisee is unable to maintain or grow their affiliated sales agent base, the homesale transaction volume generated by such franchisee may decline, and suchis more likely to decline. Such declines may be materialhave and could continue to result in a material decline in our royalty revenues.revenues, which could be material. In addition, franchisees have and may continue to seek lower royalty rates or higher incentives from us to moderate market pressures. Such pressures may also induce certain franchisees to exit our franchisee system.system from time to time. If franchisees, in particular multiple larger franchisees, fail to renew their franchise agreements (or otherwise leave our franchise system), or if we induce franchisees to renew these agreements through lower royalty rates or higher incentives (as we have done from time to time), then our royalty revenues may decrease, and profitability may be lower than in the past.
If we fail to successfully enhance our value proposition, we may fail to attract new or retain productive independent sales agents or franchisees, resulting in a reduction in commission income and royalty fees paid to us, which would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Even if we are successful in our recruitment and retention efforts, any additional revenue generated may not offset the related expenses we incur.
Continued erosion of our share of the commission income generated by homesale transactions due to shifts to affiliated independent sales agents or other market factors would further negatively affect our profitability.
Intense industry competition for agents combined with our strategic emphasis on the recruitment and retention of independent sales agents has and is expected to continue to put upward pressure on our commission expense, which has and could continue to negatively impact our profitability. Other market factors, including, but not limited to, competitors with access to outside capital that pursue increases in market share over profitability, models that operate at lower margins, including virtual brokerages and brokerages that operate in a more virtual fashion or reduced cost platforms, and listing aggregator concentration and market power is expected to further erode our share of commission income.
If independent sales agents affiliated with our company owned brokerages are paid a higher proportion of the commissions earned on a homesale transaction or the level of commission income we receive from a homesale transaction is
otherwise reduced, the operating margins of our company owned residential brokerages could continue to be adversely affected.
Our franchisees face similar risks and continued downward pressure on the commission income recognized by our franchisees could negatively impact their view of our value proposition and we may fail to attract new franchisees, expiring franchisees may not renew their agreements with us, or we may be required to offer reduced royalty fee or increased incentive arrangements to new and existing franchisees, any of which would result in a further reduction in royalty or other fees paid to us.
Our company owned brokerage operations are subject to geographic and high-end real estate market risks, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
Realogy Brokerage Group operates real estate brokerage offices located in and around large U.S. metropolitan areas where competition for independent sales agents and independent sales agent teams is particularly intense. Local and regional economic conditions in these locations could differ materially from prevailing conditions in other parts of the country. For the year ended December 31, 2021, Realogy Brokerage Group realized approximately 25% of its revenues from California, 21% from the New York metropolitan area and 13% from Florida, which in the aggregate totals approximately 59% of its revenues. A downturn in the residential real estate market or economic conditions that is concentrated in these regions, or in other geographic concentration areas for us, could result in a decline in Realogy Brokerage Group's total gross commission income and profitability disproportionate to the downturn experienced throughout the U.S. and could have a material adverse effect on our financial position. In addition, given the significant geographic overlap of our title, escrow and settlement services business with our company owned brokerage offices, such regional declines affecting our company owned brokerage operations could have a disproportionate adverse effect on our title, escrow and settlement services business and mortgage origination joint venture as well.
Realogy Brokerage Group also has a significant concentration of transactions at the higher end of the U.S. real estate market and in high-tax states. Accordingly, the effects of certain state and local tax reform, such as the 2017 Tax Act or the mansion tax in New York City, may have a deeper impact on our business. A shift in transactions from high-tax to low-tax states or in Realogy Brokerage Group's mix of property transactions from high range to lower and middle range homes would adversely affect the average price of Realogy Brokerage Group's closed homesales. Such a shift, absent an increase in transactions, would have an adverse effect on our operating results. Due to Realogy Brokerage Group's concentration in high-end real estate, its business may also be adversely impacted by capital controls imposed by foreign governments that restrict the amount of capital individual citizens may legally transfer out of their countries. In addition, Realogy Brokerage Group continues to face heightened competition for both homesale transactions and high performing independent sales agents because of its prominent position in the higher end housing markets.
Moreover, Realogy Brokerage Group also has relationships with developers, primarily in major cities, to provide marketing and brokerage services in new developments. The irregular volume and timing of new development closings may contribute to uneven financial results and deceleration in the building of new housing may result in lower unit sales in the new development market, which has had and could continue to have a material adverse effect on the revenue generated by Realogy Brokerage Group and our profitability.
We may not successfully develop or procure products, services and technology that support our strategic initiatives, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
Our future success depends in part on our ability to continuously develop and improve, or procure, products, services, and technologies that are compelling to independent sales agents, franchisees and consumers (including consumers of our ancillary services businesses). We have expended and expect to continue to expend substantial time, capital, and other resources to identify the needs of our company owned brokerages, franchisees, independent sales agents and their customers and to develop product, service and technology offerings to meet their needs as well as those that will further complement our businesses. We will continue to prioritize certain offerings over others and our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on opportunities that could later prove to have greater commercial potential.
We may incur unforeseen expenses in the development or procurement of, or enhancements to, products, services and technology, or may experience competitive delays in introducing new offerings as quickly as we would like. We also rely on third parties for the provision or development of certain key products that we offer to affiliated independent sales agents and brokers. Delays or other issues with such products could have a negative impact on our recruitment and retention efforts, which may be material. In addition, the increasingly competitive industry for technology talent may impact our ability to attract and retain employees involved in developing our technology products and services.
Furthermore, the investment and pace of technology development continue to accelerate across the industry, creating risk in the relative timing and attractiveness of our technology products and services, and there can be no assurance that affiliated franchisees, independent sales agents in our franchise system (including those affiliated with our company owned brokerages), or customersthe targeted end user will choose to use the products, services or technologies we may develop or that affiliated agents or franchiseesthey will find such products, services and technologies compelling. We may encounter delays or be unable to maintain and scale the technology underlying our offerings, due to operational interruptions or failures, which could negatively impact the security and availability of our services and technologies. In addition, our competitors may develop or make available products, services or technologies that are preferred by agents, franchisees and/or consumers, which could have a negative impact on our competitive position, financial results and stock price.consumers. Further, third parties utilizing our open architecture platform may not create tools that meet the needs of agents and franchisees in a timely or effective manner, or at all.
In addition, we have made and may continue to make strategic investments in companies and joint ventures developing products, services and technologies that we believe will support our strategy and we may not realize the anticipated benefits from these investments or be able to recover our investments in such companies and joint ventures and such offerings may not become available to us or may become available to our competitors. For example, our RealSure joint venture may not result in increased revenues or earnings if competitors provide more attractive offers or are perceived as providing a better transactional experience by agents or consumers.
Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our value proposition to affiliated agents and franchisees, the productivity of independent sales agents, our appeal to consumers, or our ability to capture increased economics associated with homesale transactions, which in turn could adversely affect our competitive position, business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may not be able to generate a meaningful number of high-quality leads for affiliated independent sales agents and franchisees, which could materially adversely impact our revenues and profitability.
A key component of our long-term strategy is focused on providing affiliated independent sales agents and franchisees with high-quality leads. We expect that significant time and effort and meaningful investment will be required to increase awareness of, and consumer participation in, partner programs or products and services that are intended to aid in lead generation. Even if we are successful in these efforts, such partner programs or products may not generate a meaningful number of high-quality leads, which could negatively impact our ability to recruit and retain independent sales agents and attract and retain new franchisees and could materially adversely affect our revenues and profitability, including as a result of the loss of downstream revenues at our franchise, brokerage and title businesses as well as our minority-owned mortgage origination and title insurance underwriter joint ventures. In addition, our lead generation business is highly regulated, subject to complex federal and state laws (including RESPA and similar state laws as well as state laws limiting or prohibiting inducements, cash rebates and gifts to consumers), and subject to changing economic and political influences as well as industry structure changes. A change in such laws, a more restrictive interpretations of such laws by administrative, legislative or other governmental bodies, or industry structure changes that may result in leads being less valuable could have a material adverse effect on this business.
We may be unable to achieve or maintain cost savings and other benefits from our cost-saving initiatives, including simplifying and modernizing our business.
We continue to engage in business optimization and cost-saving initiatives that focus on maximizing the efficiency and effectiveness of the cost structure of each of the Company's businesses. These actions are designed to improve client service levels across each of the business units while enhancing the Company's profitability and incremental margins. We may not be able to achieve these improvements in the efficiency and effectiveness of our operations or cost structure and, even if achieved, any cost-savings realized may not be sufficient to offset ongoing inflationary pressures, including those related to employees and leases, or to offset continued pressure from the increasing share of homesale brokerage commission income paid to affiliated independent sales agents or other changes in industry structure. In connection with our implementation of cost-savings, simplification and modernization initiatives we may experience disruptions in our business, including with respect to agent and franchisee recruitment and retention efforts and the diversion of a significant amount of management and employee time and focus. We also may incur greater costs than currently anticipated to achieve these savings and we may not be able to maintain these cost savings and other benefits in the future. Failure to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of our cost structure could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position (including with respect to the recruitment and retention of franchisees and production independent sales agents), business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our company-owned brokerage operations are subject to geographic and high-end real estate market risks, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
Owned Brokerage Group operates real estate brokerage offices located in and around large U.S. metropolitan areas where competition for independent sales agents and independent sales agent teams is particularly intense. Local and regional economic conditions in these locations at times differ materially from prevailing conditions in other parts of the country. For the year ended December 31, 2023, Owned Brokerage Group realized approximately 22% of its revenues from California, 21% from the New York metropolitan area and 14% from Florida, which in the aggregate totals approximately 57% of its revenues. Downturns in the residential real estate market or economic conditions that are concentrated in these regions, or in other geographic concentration areas for us, result in declines in Owned Brokerage Group's total gross commission income and profitability that are disproportionate to the downturn experienced throughout the U.S. In addition, given the significant geographic overlap of our title, escrow and settlement services business with our company owned brokerage offices, such regional declines affecting our company owned brokerage operations generally have a disproportionate adverse effect on our title, escrow and settlement services business and mortgage origination joint venture as well. These factors have negatively impacted, and could continue to negatively impact, our financial results and such impact could have a material adverse effect on our financial position.
Owned Brokerage Group also has a significant concentration of transactions at the higher end of the U.S. real estate market and in high-tax states. Accordingly, the effects of certain state and local tax reform may have a deeper impact on our business. A shift in transactions from high-tax to low-tax states or in Owned Brokerage Group's mix of property transactions from high range to lower and middle range homes would adversely affect the average price of Owned Brokerage Group's closed homesales. Such a shift, absent an increase in transactions, would have an adverse effect on our operating results. Due to Owned Brokerage Group's concentration in high-end real estate, its business may also be adversely impacted by capital controls imposed by foreign governments that restrict the amount of capital individual citizens may legally transfer out of their countries. In addition, Owned Brokerage Group continues to face heightened competition for both homesale transactions and high performing independent sales agents because of its prominent position in the higher end housing markets.
Moreover, Owned Brokerage Group also has relationships with developers in select major cities (in particular, New York City) to provide marketing and brokerage services in new developments. The irregular volume and timing of new development closings may contribute to uneven financial results and deceleration in the building of new housing may result in lower unit sales in the new development market, which has had and could continue to have a material adverse effect on the revenue generated by Owned Brokerage Group and our profitability.
The businesses in which we, our joint ventures, and our franchisees operate are intensely competitive.competitive and we may not be able to effectively compete.
We face intense competition in the residential real estate services business, in particular with respect to productive independent sales agent recruitment and retention. Aggressive competition for the affiliation of independent sales agents continues to make recruitment and retention efforts at both RealogyOwned Brokerage Group and Realogy Franchise Group challenging, in
particular with respect to more productive sales agents and in the densely populated metropolitan areas in which we operate. The competitive environment has had, and may continue to have, a negative impact on our market share in the past (and may have such an impact again in the future) and may continue to put pressure on our and our franchisees' operating margins.margins and financial results.
Competitive pressures for independent sales agents come from a variety of sources, including traditional brokerages as well as newer brokerage models, including discount brokerages, virtual brokerages (and other brokerages that offer the sales agent fewer services, but a higher percentage of commission income) as well as brokerages that provide certain services to agents and agent teams, but with branding focused on the name of the agent or agent team, rather than the brokerage brand.
Increasingly, independent sales agents have affiliated with brokerages that offer a different mix of services to the agent, allowing the independent sales agent to select the services that they believe allow them to retain a greater percentage of the commission and purchase services from other vendors as needed. In addition, certain types of compensation that may be appealing to independent sales agents, such as equity awards, may not be available to us at a reasonable cost or at all.
These competitive market factors also impact our franchisees and such franchisees have and may continue to seek reduced royalty fee arrangements or other incentives from us to offset the continued business pressures on such franchisees, which has and could continue to result in a reduction in royalty fees paid to us or other associated costs.
We expect this highly competitive environment to continue and, accordingly, we and our affiliated franchisees may fail to attract and retain independent sales agents if we are unable to compete in a profitable and effective manner with a combination of continuously improved value propositionpropositions and/or commission plans that appeal to a broad base of independent sales agents in a profitable and effective manner.agents.
If we or our franchisees fail to attract and retain successfulproductive independent sales agents or we or they fail to replace departing successful independent sales agents with similarly productive independent sales agents, the gross commission income generated by our company owned brokerages and franchises may decrease, which may have a material adverse impact on our business and financial results.
Our franchise business is also highly competitive. Upon the expiration of a franchise agreement, a franchisee may choose to franchise with one of our competitors or operate as an independent broker. Competitors may offer franchisees whose franchise agreements are expiring or prospective franchisees products and services similar to ours at rates that are
lower than we charge or a combination of products and services that are more attractive to the franchisee. We also face the risk that brokers may not enter into or renew franchise agreements with us for a variety of reasons, including because they believe they can compete effectively in the market without the need to license a brand of a franchisor and receive services offered by a franchisor, because competitive costs associated with agent recruitment makes affiliation with a brand economically challenging, or because they may believe that their business will be more attractive to a prospective purchaser without the existence of a franchise relationship. Additional competitive pressure is provided by regional and local franchisors as well as franchisors offering different franchise models or services.
ToWe expect that the trend of increasing incentives will continue in the future in order to attract, retain, and help grow certain franchisees. For example, to remain competitive in the sale of franchises and to retain our existing franchisees, we have taken and may continue to take actions that result in increased costs to us (such as increased sales incentives to franchisees) or decreased royalty payments to us (such as a reduction in or cap on the fees we charge our franchisees, including lower royalty rates), which. Taking into account competitive factors, from time to time, we have and may have a material adverse effect on our earnings and growth opportunities.continue to introduce pilot programs or restructure or revise the model used at one or more franchised brands, including with respect to fee structures, minimum production requirements or other terms. If we fail to successfully offer franchisees compelling value propositions, we may fail to attract new franchisees and expiring franchisees may not renew their agreements with us, resulting in a reduction in royalty fees paid to us.
In addition, Any of the foregoing may have a material adverse effect on our continued implementation of strategic initiatives intended to add new franchiseesearnings and grow our agent base through the introduction of new franchisee fee models and brands, while intended to capture additional market share with brokers unaffiliated with our brands, could result in greater intra-brand competition among our brands. In order to enhance our competitive profile, we may increase the amounts that we spend on marketing and the development of products and services that we believe will appeal to independent sales agents, franchisees and consumers.growth opportunities.
As noted in the following risk factor, we and our franchisees also face substantial competition from non-traditional market participants.
Competition in our related businesses and the businesses of our joint ventures is also acute.intense. See "Item 1.—Business—Competition" in this Annual Report for additional information.
Consumer preferences for the home buying and selling experience may change more quickly than we can adapt our businesses, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
The real estate brokerage industry has minimal barriers to entry for new participants and a growing number of companies are competing in non-traditional ways for a portion of the gross commission income generated by homesale transactions, including new entrants that employ technologies intended to disrupt historical real estate brokerage models, minimize or eliminate the role brokers and sales agents perform in the homesale transaction process, and/or shift the nature of the residential real estate transaction from the historic consumer-to-consumer model to a corporate-to-consumer model.
Some of these models such as traditional iBuying or home swap models, may have less exposure to risks related to the continued rise of the sales agent's share of commission income generated by homesale transactions, as they are less reliant on agent services.services, or may operate under a lower cost structure, such as virtual or discount brokerages. Changes to industry rules and/or the introduction of disruptive products and services may also result in an increase in the number of transactions that do not utilize the services of independent sales agents, including for sale by owner transactions.
The significant size of the U.S. real estate market has continued to attract outside capital investment in disruptive competitors that seek to access a portion of this market, which has and is likely to continue to contribute to the competitive environment. Meaningful gains in market share by these alternative models, including traditional iBuying or home swap models and/or the introduction of other industry-disruptive competitors may adversely impact our market share and reduce homesale and ancillary transaction volume if we are unable to introduce competing products and services that are more attractive to consumers in a timely manner. A loss of market share or reduction in such transaction volume may have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial performance.
Listing aggregator concentration and market power creates, and is expected to continue to create, disruption in the residential real estate brokerage industry, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
The concentration and market power of the top listing aggregators allow them to monetize their platforms by a variety of actions, including expanding into the brokerage business, charging significant referral fees, charging listing and display fees, diluting the relationship between agents and brokers and between agents and the consumer, tying referrals to use of their products, consolidating and leveraging data, and engaging in preferential or exclusionary practices to favor or disfavor
other industry participants. These actions divert and reduce the earnings of other industry participants, including our company owned and franchised brokerages.
Aggregators could intensifyexpand their current business tactics or introduce new programs that could be materially disadvantageous to our business and other brokerage participants in the industry including, but not limited to:
•broadening and/or increasing fees for their programs that charge brokerages and their affiliated sales agents fees including, referral, listing, display, advertising and related fees or introducing new fees for new or existing services;
•setting up competing brokerages and/or businesses, which could include the capture of property listings, directing referrals to agents and brokers that share revenue with them;them, or the recruitment of agents or franchisees;
•expandingcontinuing to expand their offerings to include products (including agent tools) and services that are a part of or ancillary to the real estate transaction, such as title, escrow and mortgage origination services, that compete with services offered by us;
•bundling their listing services with such ancillary offerings;
•broadening and/or increasing fees for their programs that charge brokerages and/or their affiliated sales agents fees including, referral, listing, display, advertising and related fees or introducing new fees for new or existing services;
•not including our or our franchisees' listings on their websites;
•controlling significant inventory and agent referrals, tying referrals to use of their products, and/or engaging in preferential or exclusionary practices to favor or disfavor other industry participants;
•leveraging their position to compel the use of their platforms exclusively, which may include requiring disclosure of competitively sensitive information;
•aggregating consumer data from their listing sites and ancillary services for competitive advantage;
•establishing oppressive contract terms, including with respect to data sharing requirements;
•disintermediating our relationship with affiliated franchisees and independent sales agents; and/or
•disintermediating the relationship between the sales agent and the buyers and sellers of homes, including through the promotion of products or services designed to replace the role of the sales agent in both buy side and sell side transactions.
Such tactics could further increase pressures on the profitability of our company owned and franchised brokerages and affiliated independent sales agents, reduce our market share, reduce our franchisor service revenue and dilute our relationships with our franchisees, independent sales agents and consumers and our franchisees' relationships with affiliated independent sales agents and buyers and sellers of homes.consumers.
We may not be able to generate a meaningful number of high-quality leads for affiliated independent sales agents and franchisees, which could materially adversely impact our revenues and profitability.
A key component of our growth strategy is focused on providing affiliated independent sales agents and franchisees with high-quality leads, including through company-directed real estate benefit programs. We expect that significant time and effort and meaningful investment will be required to increase awareness of and consumer participation in existing and new real estate benefit programs and other lead generation programs and partnerships. In addition, our leads generation business is highly regulated, subject to complex federal and state laws (including RESPA and similar state laws as well as state laws limiting or prohibiting inducements, cash rebates and gifts to consumers), and subject to changing economic and political influences. A change in such laws, or more restrictive interpretations of such laws by administrative, legislative or other governmental bodies, could have a material adverse effect on this business. Even if we are successful in our efforts to increase awareness of, and participation in, our lead generation programs, such programs may not generate a meaningful number of high-quality leads, which could negatively impact our ability to recruit and retain independent sales agents and attract and retain new franchisees and could materially adversely affect our revenues and profitability, including as a result of the loss of downstream revenues at our franchise, brokerage and title businesses as well as our minority-owned mortgage origination joint venture.
Our financial results are affected by the operating results of our franchisees.
Realogy Franchise Group receives revenue in the form of royalties, which are based on a percentage of gross commission income earned by our franchisees. Accordingly, the financial results of Realogy Franchise Group are dependent upon the operational and financial success of our franchisees, in particular with respect to our largest franchisees. Recent strength in the high-end real estate market, along with agent recruitment and business consolidation, has spurred above-industry market growth for certain franchisees, in particular at Sotheby’s International Realty (some of which are our top-performing franchisees). If industry trends or economic conditions worsen or do not improve if beneficial consumer trends slow or reverse, or if one or more of our top performing franchisees become less competitive or leavesleave our franchise
system, Realogy Franchise Group's financial results may worsen and our royalty revenues may decline, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and profitability. In addition, from time to time, we may have had to increase our bad debt and note reserves, including with respect to the conversion notes or other note-backed funding we extend to eligible franchisees, which are forgiven ratably generally over the term of the franchise agreement upon satisfaction of certain revenue performance-based thresholds. We may also have to terminate franchisees due to non-payment. Moreover, the ownership model for some larger franchisees has shifted to control by private investor groups that are more likely to have a higher proportion of debt and may have different priorities than historic franchisee owners, which increases franchisee liquidity, termination and non-renewal risks.risks and the risk that we may have to impair some or all of the conversion notes we have extended or may extend to these franchisees, which could materially adversely affect our financial results.
Consolidation among our top 250 franchisees may cause our royalty revenue to grow at a slower pace than homesale transaction volume.
A significant majority of revenue at Realogy Franchise Group is generated from our top 250 franchisees, which have grown faster than our other franchisees through organic growth and market consolidation in recent years. The growing concentration in our top 250 franchisees puts pressure on our ability to renew or negotiate franchise agreements with favorable terms, including with respect to contractual royalty rates, sales incentives and covered geographies. In addition, such concentration increases risks related to the financial health of our franchisees as well as with respect to franchisee non-renewal or termination. If the amount of gross commission income generated by our top 250 franchisees continues to grow at a quicker pace relative to our other franchisees, we would expect to experience pressure on our royalty revenue, which we would expect to continue to increase, but at a slower pace than homesale transaction volume due to increased volume incentives, lower negotiated rates, and other incentives earned by such franchisees, all of which directly impact our royalty revenue.
Negligence or intentional actions of our franchisees and their independent sales agents could harm our business.
Our franchisees (other than our company owned brokerages at Realogy Brokerage Group)brokerages) are independent business operators and we do not exercise control over their day-to-day operations. Our franchisees may not successfully operate a real estate brokerage business in a manner consistent with industry standards or may not affiliate with effective independent sales agents or employees. If our franchisees or their independent sales agents were to engage in negligent or intentional misconduct or provide diminished quality of service to customers, our image and reputation may suffer materially, which could adversely affect our results of operations. Negligent or improper actions involving our franchisees or master franchisees, including regarding their relationships with independent sales agents, clients and employees, have led, and may in the future also lead to direct claims against us based on theories of vicarious liability, negligence, joint operations and joint employer liability which, if determined adversely, could increase costs, negatively impact the business prospects of our franchisees and subject us to incremental liability for their actions.
Additionally, franchisees and their independent sales agents (including those handling properties for our relocation operations) may engage or be accused of engaging in unlawful or tortious acts such as violating the anti-discrimination requirements of the Fair Housing Act or failing to make necessary disclosures under federal and state law. Such acts or the accusation of such acts could harm our brands' image, reputation and goodwill or compromise our relocation operationsoperations' relationships with clients. In addition, for certain types of claims, such as claims under antitrust laws, the sales of our franchisees are included in the calculation of liability and can materially increase the magnitude of the potential liability we may face in such actions.
Negligence or intentional actions of independent sales agents engaged by our company owned brokerages could materially and adversely affect our reputation and subject us to liability.
Our company ownedcompany-owned brokerage operations rely on the performance of independent sales agents. If the independent sales agents were to provide lower quality services to our customers or engage in negligent or intentional misconduct, our image and reputation could be materially adversely affected. In addition, we could also be subject to litigation and regulatory claims arising out of their performance of brokerage or ancillary services, which if adversely determined, could materially and adversely affect us.
We do not own two of our brands and difficulties in the business or changes in the licensing strategy of, or disagreements or complications in our relationship with, the brand owners could disrupt our business and/or negatively reflect on the brand and the brand value.
The Sotheby's International Realty® and Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate brands are owned by the companies that founded these brands. Under separate long-term license agreements, we are the exclusive party licensed to run brokerage services in residential real estate under those brands, whether through our franchisees or our company owned operations. Our future operations and performance with respect to these brands requires the successful protection of those brands. In 2021, we formed a strategic joint venture with one of the brand owners that acquired a stake in an online
residential auction platform. Any disagreements or complications in our relationship with, or difficulties in the business or changes in the licensing strategy of, the brand owners could disrupt our business and/or negatively reflect on the brand and the brand value. For additional information see "Item 1.—Business—Realogy Franchise Group—Intellectual Property".
IfA reduction in the global spending on relocation services, including the amount that employers are willing to allocate for employee relocation, as well as a cessation or reduction in the volume of business generated from multiple significant relocation clients or a loss of our largest real estate benefit program client or multiple significant relocation clients cease or reduce volume under their contracts with us,could adversely affect our revenues and profitability would be materially adversely affected.profitability.
Many of the general residential housing trends impacting our businesses that derive revenue from homesales also impact our relocation services business. Additionally, global corporate spending on relocation services has continued to shift to lower cost relocation benefits as corporate clients engage in cost reduction initiatives and/or restructuring programs, and employment relocation trends shift, including an increasing trend of flat rate moving allowances. As a result of a shift in the mix of services and number of services being delivered per move as well as volume declines, our relocation operations have been subject to an increasingly competitive pricing environment and lower average revenue per relocation, which negatively impacts the operating results of our relocation operations. In addition, the greater acceptance of remote work arrangements and shifts toward flat rate moving allowances could negatively impact relocation volumes.
Contracts with our real estate benefit program and relocation clients are generally terminable at any time at the option of the client, do not require such client to maintain any level of business with us and are non-exclusive. Our real estate benefit program revenues are highly concentrated. If our largest real estate benefit program client or multiple significant relocation clients cease or reduce volume under their contracts with us, whether as a result of market shifts, public controversies which negatively impact such clients, or otherwise, our revenues (including downstream revenue at Realogy Franchise, Owned Brokerage and Title Groups) and profitability wouldhave been and may in the future be materially adversely affected.
Many of the general residential housing trends impacting our businesses that derive revenue from homesales also impact our relocation services business. Additionally, global corporate spending on relocation services has continued to shift to lower cost relocation benefits as corporate clients engage in cost reduction initiatives and/or restructuring programs, as well as changes in employment relocation trends. As a result of a shift in the mix of services and number of services being delivered per move as well as lower volume growth, our relocation operations have been subject to an increasingly competitive pricing environment and lower average revenue per relocation, which negatively impacts the operating results of our relocation operations. The COVID-19 crisis along with related ongoing travel restrictions in the U.S. and elsewhere, has exacerbated these trends and is expected to continue to put pressure on the financial results of Cartus Relocation Services. We are unable to determine when, or if, relocation volumes will return to levels consistent with those prior to the onset of the COVID-19 crisis. In addition, the greater acceptance of remote work arrangements has the potential to have a negative impact on relocation volumes in the long-term.
The failure of third-party vendors or partners to perform as we expect or appropriately manage risks, or our failure to adequately monitor third-party performance, could result in harm to our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
We engage with third-party vendors and partners in a variety of ways, ranging from strategic collaborations and joint ventures and product development to running key internal operational processes and critical client systems. In many instances, these third parties are in direct contact with our customers in order to deliver services on our behalf or to fulfill their role in the applicable collaboration. In some instances, these third parties may be in possession of personal information of our customers or employees. In other instances, these third parties may play a critical role in developing products and services central to our business strategy. For example, we have partnered with a strategic third party to provide its product suite to affiliated agents, brokerages and franchisees, and these products form an important part of our value proposition to such parties. In addition, we have engaged with other strategic third-party partners for other key software development projects. Our third-party partners may encounter difficulties in the provision of required deliverables or may fail to provide us with timely services, which may delay us, and also may make decisions that may harm us or that are contrary to our best interests, including by pursuing opportunities outside of the applicable Company project or program, to the detriment of such project or program.
If our third-party partners or vendors were to fail to perform as we expect, fail to appropriately manage risks, provide diminished or delayed services to our customers or face cybersecurity breaches of their information technology systems, or if we fail to adequately monitor their performance, our operations and reputation could be materially adversely affected, in particular with respect to any such failures related to the provision or development of key products. Depending on the function involved, vendor or third-party application failure or error may lead to increased costs, business disruption, distraction to management, processing inefficiencies, the loss of or damage to intellectual property or sensitive data through security breaches or otherwise, effects on financial reporting, loss of customers, damage to our reputation, or litigation, regulatory claims and/or remediation costs (including claims based on theories of breach of contract, vicarious liability, negligence or failure to comply with laws and regulations). Third-party vendors and partners may also fail to maintain or keep adequate levels of insurance, which could result in a loss to us or expose us to litigation. In addition, although we have a Vendor Code of Conduct, we may be subject to the consequences of fraud, bribery, or misconduct by employees of our vendors, which could result in significant financial or reputational harm. The actions of our third-party vendors and unaffiliated third-party developers are beyond our control. We face the same risks with respect to subcontractors that might be engaged by our third-party vendors and partners.
We are reliant upon information technology to operate our business and maintain our competitiveness.
Our ability to leverage our technology and data scale is critical to our long-term strategy. Our business, including our ability to attract employees and independent sales agents, increasingly depends upon the use of sophisticated information technologies and systems, including technology and systems (cloud solutions, mobile and otherwise) utilized for communications, marketing, productivity tools, training, lead generation, records of transactions, business records (employment, accounting, tax, etc.), procurement, call center operations and administrative systems. The operation of these technologies and systems is dependent upon third-party technologies, systems and services for which there are no assurances of continued or uninterrupted availability and support by the applicable third-party vendors on commercially reasonable terms. We also cannot assure that we will be able to continue to effectively operate and maintain our information technologies and systems. In addition, our information technologies and systems are expected to require refinements and enhancements on an ongoing basis, and we expect that advanced new technologies and systems will continue to be introduced. We may not be able to obtain such new technologies and systems, or to replace or introduce new technologies and systems as quickly as our competitors or in a cost-effective manner. Also, we may not achieve the benefits anticipated or required from any new technology or system, and we may not be able to devote financial resources to new technologies and systems in the future.
Cybersecurity incidents could disrupt business operations and result in the loss of critical and confidential information or litigation or claims arising from such incidents, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and results of operations.
We face growing risks and costs related to cybersecurity threats to our operations, our data and customer, franchisee, employee and independent sales agent data, including but not limited to:
•the failure or significant disruption of our operations from various causes, including human error, computer malware, ransomware, insecure software, zero-day threats, threats to or disruption of joint venture partners or of third-party vendors who provide critical services, or other events related to our critical information technologies and systems;
•the increasing level and sophistication of cybersecurity attacks, including distributed denial of service attacks, data theft, fraud or malicious or negligent acts on the part of trusted insiders, social engineering, or other unlawful tactics aimed at compromising the systems and data of our businesses, officers, employees, franchisees and company owned brokerage independent sales agents and their customers (including via systems not directly controlled by us, such as those maintained by our franchisees, affiliated independent sales agents, joint venture partners and third party service providers, including our third-party relocation service providers); and
•the reputational, business continuity and financial risks associated with a loss of data or material data breach (including unauthorized access to, or destruction or corruption of, our proprietary business information or personal information of our customers, employees and independent sales agents), the transmission of computer malware, cyberattacks, or the diversion of homesale transaction closing funds.
In the ordinary course of our business, we and our third-party service providers, our franchisee and company owned brokerage independent sales agents and our relocation operations collect, store and transmit sensitive data, including our proprietary business information and intellectual property and that of our clients as well as personal information, sensitive financial information and other confidential information of our employees, customers and the customers of our franchisee and company owned brokerage sales agents.
Third parties, including vendors or suppliers that provide essential services for our global operations, could also be a source of security risk to us if they experience a failure of their own security systems and infrastructure. We increasingly rely on third-party data processing, storage providers, and critical infrastructure services, including but not limited to cloud solution providers. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations and with respect to information collected and stored by our third-party service providers, we are reliant upon their security procedures, which may not be as robust as our own procedures. A breach or attack affecting one of our third-party service providers or partners could harm our business even if we do not control the service that is attacked.
Moreover, the real estate industry is actively targeted by cyber-attacker attempts to conduct electronic fraudulent activity directed at participants in real estate services transactions. These attacks, when successful, can result in fraud, including wire fraud related to the diversion of home sale transaction funds, or other harm, which could result in significant claims and reputational damage to us, our brands, our franchisees, and our independent sales agents and could also result in material increases in our operational costs. Further, these threats to our business may be wholly or partially beyond our
control as our franchisees as well as our customers, franchisee and company owned brokerage independent sales agents and their customers, joint venture partners and third-party service providers may use e-mail, computers, smartphones and other devices and systems that are outside of our security control environment. In addition, real estate transactions involve the transmission of funds by the buyers and sellers of real estate, and consumers or other service providers selected by the consumer may be the subject of direct cyber-attacks that result in the fraudulent diversion of funds, notwithstanding efforts we have taken to educate consumers with respect to these risks.
Cybersecurity incidents, depending on their nature and scope, could result in, among other things, the misappropriation, destruction, corruption or unavailability of critical systems, data and confidential or proprietary information (our own or that of third parties, including personal information and financial information) and the disruption of business operations. The potential consequences of a material cybersecurity incident include regulatory violations of applicable U.S. and international privacy and other laws, reputational damage, loss of market value, litigation with third parties (which could result in our exposure to material civil or criminal liability), diminution in the value of the services we provide to our customers, and increased cybersecurity protection and remediation costs (that may include liability for stolen assets or information), which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our competitiveness and results of operations.
Our security systems and IT infrastructure may not adequately protect against all potential security breaches, cyber-attacks, or other unauthorized access to personal information, including ransomware incidents. We, our third-party service providers, franchisees, franchisee and company owned brokerage independent sales agents, and joint venture partners have experienced and expect to continue to experience these types of threats and incidents. Cyberattacks have led and will likely continue to lead to increased costs to us with respect to preventing, investigating, mitigating, insuring against and remediating these incidents and risks, as well as any related attempted or actual fraud. Our corporate errors and omissions and cybersecurity breach insurance, or that of applicable third parties, may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur.
Moreover, we are required to comply with growing laws and regulations both in the United States and in other countries where we do business that regulate cybersecurity, privacy and related matters. With an increased percentage of our business occurring virtually, there is an increased risk of a potential violation of these expanding laws and regulations. Any significant violations of such laws and regulations could result in the loss of new or existing business, litigation, regulatory investigations, the payment of fines and/or penalties (which may not be covered by cybersecurity breach insurance) and damage to our reputation. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We may not realize the expected benefits from our existing or future joint ventures or strategic partnerships.
We have entered into several important strategic joint ventures with third party partners, including Guaranteed Rate Affinity (our non-exclusive mortgage origination joint venture) and RealSure as well as a real estate auction joint venture and several other joint ventures at Realogy Title Group. We also expect to form a title insurance underwriter joint venture in connection with the planned sale of Title Resources. We hold (or will hold, with respect to the title insurance underwriter joint venture) a minority stake in each of these joint ventures. While we have certain governance rights, we do not (or will not, with respect to the title insurance underwriter), have a controlling financial or operating interest in these joint ventures. Likewise, we do not realize the full economic benefit of profits from these businesses (nor do we bear the full losses from these ventures).
There are inherent risks to joint ventures, including execution risks that could arise if our strategic priorities do not align with those of our partners. Such risks may increase with particularly complex joint ventures that offer innovative products, such as our RealSure joint venture and there can be no assurance that such products will be successful or will operate as intended. Our current or future joint venture partners may make decisions which may harm the joint venture or are contrary to our best interests, including by pursuing opportunities outside of the joint venture. For example, our mortgage origination joint venture is not exclusive and our joint venture partner could continue to expand relationships with competitors or pursue relationships with other competitors to our detriment.
Additionally, even when we hold a minority interest in a joint venture, improper actions by our joint venture partners may also lead to direct claims against us based on theories of vicarious liability, negligence, joint operations and joint employer liability, which, if determined adversely, could increase costs, negatively impact our reputation and subject us to liability for their actions. Any of the foregoing may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or equity interest in the applicable joint venture.
EachThe failure of third-party vendors or partners could result in harm to our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
We engage with third-party vendors and partners in a variety of ways, ranging from strategic collaborations and joint ventures and product development to running key internal operational processes and critical client systems. In many instances, these third parties are in direct contact with our customers in order to deliver services on our behalf or to fulfill their role in the applicable collaboration. In some instances, these third parties may be in possession of personal information of our existing joint ventures faces risks specificcustomers or employees. In other instances, these third parties may play a critical role in developing products and services central to theirour business as well.strategy. For example, owe have partnered with a strategic third party to provide our product suite to affiliated agents, brokerages and franchisees, and these products form an important part of our value proposition to such parties. In addition, we have engaged with another strategic third-party partner on key software development projects and have other strategic projects in place with other third parties. Our third-party vendors and partners may encounter difficulties in the provision of required deliverables or may fail to provide us with timely services, which may delay our projects, and also may make decisions that may harm us or that are contrary to our best interests, including by pursuing opportunities outside of the applicable Company project or program, to the detriment of such project or program.
If our third-party partners or venur mortgage origination joint venture has beendors were to fail to perform as we expect, fail to appropriately manage risks, provide diminished or delayed services to our customers, experience operational or liquidity concerns (whether related to market downturns or other factors), or face cybersecurity breaches of their information technology systems, or if we fail to adequately monitor their performance, our operations and may againreputation could be materially adversely affected, by changes affecting the mortgage and mortgage refinancing industry, which is inherently cyclical in nature. Such changes may include, but are not limitedparticular with respect to regulatory changes, increases in mortgage interest rates or other changes in market conditions, consumer trends (including thoseany such failures related to refinancing transactions), highthe provision or development of key products. Depending on the function involved, vendor or third-party application failure or error may lead to increased costs, business disruption, distraction to management, processing inefficiencies, the loss of or damage to intellectual property or sensitive data through security breaches or otherwise, effects on financial reporting, loss of customers, damage to our reputation, or litigation, regulatory claims and/or remediation costs (including claims based on theories of breach of contract, vicarious liability, negligence or failure to comply with laws and regulations). Third-party vendors and partners may also fail to maintain or keep adequate levels of competition, decreasesinsurance, which could result in operating margins and gain-on-sale margins, and declines in the mark-to-market value of the mortgage loan pipeline.a loss to us or expose us to litigation. In addition, although we intendhave a Vendor Code of Conduct, we may be subject to the consequences of fraud, bribery, or misconduct by employees of our vendors, which could result in significant financial or reputational harm. The actions of our third-party vendors and unaffiliated third-party developers are beyond our control. We face the same risks with respect to subcontractors that might be engaged by our third-party vendors and partners.
We are reliant upon information technology to operate our business and maintain our competitiveness.
Our ability to leverage our technology and data scale is critical to our long-term strategy. Our business, including our ability to attract employees and independent sales agents, increasingly depends upon the use of sophisticated information technologies and systems, including technology and systems (cloud solutions, mobile and otherwise) utilized for communications, marketing, productivity tools, training, lead generation, records of transactions, business records (employment, accounting, tax, etc.), procurement, call center operations and administrative systems. The operation of these technologies and systems is dependent upon third-party technologies, systems and services for which there are no assurances of continued or uninterrupted availability and support by the applicable third-party vendors on commercially reasonable terms. We also cannot assure that we will be able to continue to invest meaningfully ineffectively operate and maintain our RealSure joint venture, such productsinformation technologies and systems. In addition, our information technologies and systems are expected to require refinements and enhancements on an ongoing basis, and we expect that advanced new technologies and systems will continue to be introduced. We may not be well-received by franchisees, brokerages, affiliated agentsable to obtain such new technologies and systems, or consumers.
In addition,to replace or introduce new technologies and systems as quickly as our joint venturescompetitors or our joint venture partners could face operational or liquidity risks, such as litigation or regulatory investigations that may arise. Any of the foregoing could have an adverse impact, which may be material, on our earnings and dividends from the applicable joint venture. Operational, liquidity, regulatory, macroeconomic and competitive risks would likely apply to any joint venture we may enter into in the future.
Consummation of the planned sale of our title underwriting business is subject to satisfaction of closing conditions, including the receipt of certain regulatory approvals, and, even if we successfully consummate the planned sale, we may fail to achieve the anticipated benefits of the transaction.
Completion of the planned sale of our title insurance underwriter (in exchange for cash and a 30% equity interest in a title insurance underwriter joint venture) is subject to certain closing conditions, including the receipt of certain required regulatory approvals, among others. There can be no assurance that any of such conditions will be satisfied or that the planned sale will be successfully completed on a timely basis or at all.
In addition, the transaction is subject to additional risks, including thatcost-effective manner. Also, we may not achieve the benefits anticipated benefits ofor required from any new technology or system, and we may not be able to devote financial resources to new technologies and systems in the transaction; the transactionfuture.
We may involve unexpected costs, liabilities or delays; the transaction may disrupt the title underwriter’s plans and operations ornot be successful in our artificial intelligence initiatives, which could adversely affect employee retention or otherwise adversely impact the business of the title underwriter; and the joint venture may be adversely affected by other economic, business and/or competitive factors as well as the ongoing COVID-19 crisis. We may also experience negative reactions from our clients, stockholders, creditors, vendors, and employees, among others. There can be no assurances as to whether the joint venture will successfully grow the underwriting business and its volumeoperating results.
In an effort to increase efficiency, improve quality, improve agent and customer experience and decrease risk, we are utilizing innovative technologies, processes and techniques, including AI, in internal business processes and in our products and services.
Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to develop products and services that anticipate and respond effectively to the threat and opportunity presented by developments in technology, including technologies based on AI,
machine learning, generative AI and large language models. If we are unable to effectively utilize these technologies in our products and services, it could be lower thanadversely affect our value proposition to affiliated agents and franchisees, the historical levelproductivity of activity generated under Realogy Title Group.
Any of these factorsindependent sales agents, our appeal to consumers, or our ability to capture increased economics associated with homesale transactions, which in turn could decrease or eliminate the anticipated benefits of the transaction and could negatively impactadversely affect our stock price and ourcompetitive position, business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be unable to simplifymust also develop and modernizeimplement technology solutions and technical expertise among our businessemployees that anticipate and keep pace with rapid and continuing changes in support of growthtechnology, industry standards, client preferences and strategic initiatives and achieve or maintain cost savings and other benefits from our cost-saving initiatives.
We continue to engage in business optimization and cost-saving initiatives that focus on maximizing the efficiency and effectiveness of the cost structure of each of the Company's businesses. These actions are designed to improve client service levels across each of the business units while enhancing the Company's profitability and incremental margins.internal control standards. We may not be ablesuccessful in anticipating or responding to achieve these improvements in the efficiencydevelopments on a timely and effectiveness ofcost-effective basis, which could negatively impact our operations or cost structuresaving initiatives, including streamlining and even if achieved, any cost-savings realized may not be sufficient to offset ongoing inflationary pressures, including those related to employees and leases, or to offset continued upward pressure on the share of commission income paid to affiliated independent sales agents. We also may incur greater costs than currently anticipated to achieve these savings and we may not be able to maintain these cost savings and other benefits in the future.modernizing our business. Failure to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of our cost structure could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position (including with respect to the recruitment and retention of production independent sales agents and franchisees), business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Finally, AI technologies are complex and rapidly evolving, and we face an evolving regulatory landscape. These initiatives may result in new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, litigation, ethical concerns, or other complications, including those associated with potential defects in the design and development of the technologies used to automate processes; misapplication of technologies; the reliance on data, rules or assumptions that may prove inadequate; information security vulnerabilities; and failure to meet customer expectations, among others. Moreover, AI may give rise to litigation risk, including potential intellectual property or privacy liability. Any of these factors may cause us to experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, legal liability, new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, and to incur additional costs to resolve such issues.
We may not realize the expected benefits from our existing or future joint ventures or strategic partnerships.
We have entered into several important strategic joint ventures with third party partners. In some of these joint ventures, such as Guaranteed Rate Affinity and our Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture, we hold a minority stake and, while we have certain governance rights, we do not have a controlling financial or operating interest.
There are inherent risks to joint ventures, including execution risks that could arise if our strategic priorities do not align with those of our partners. There can be no assurance that such ventures (or products offered by such ventures) will be successful or will operate as intended. Our current or future joint venture partners may make decisions which may harm the joint venture or are contrary to our best interests, including by pursuing opportunities outside of the joint venture. Our joint ventures generally are not exclusive and our joint venture partners could expand existing relationships with competitors or pursue relationships with other competitors to our detriment.
Additionally, even when we hold a minority interest in a joint venture, improper actions by the joint venture or our joint venture partners may also lead to direct claims against us based on theories of vicarious liability, negligence, joint operations and joint employer liability, which, if determined adversely, could increase costs, negatively impact our reputation and subject us to liability for their actions.
Each of our existing joint ventures faces risks specific to their business as well, including regulatory changes, litigation consumer trends and preferences and other market conditions. For example, our mortgage origination joint venture has been materially adversely affected by increases in mortgage interest rates, high levels of competition, decreases in operating margins and lower gain-on-sale margins.
In addition, our joint ventures or our joint venture partners could face operational or liquidity risks due to market downturns or other factors such as litigation or regulatory investigations that may arise. Any of the foregoing could have an adverse impact, which may be material, on our earnings and dividends from the applicable joint venture or our results of operations.
Failure to successfully complete or integrate acquisitions and joint ventures into our existing operations, or to complete or effectively manage divestitures or refranchisings, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
We regularly review our portfolio of businesses and evaluate potential acquisitions, joint ventures, divestitures, refranchisings and other strategic transactions. Potential issues associated with these activities could include, among other things: our ability to complete or effectively manage such transactions on terms commercially favorable to us or at all; our ability to realize the full extent of the expected returns, benefits, cost savings or synergies as a result of a transaction, within
the anticipated time frame, or at all; and diversion of management’s attention from day-to-day operations. In addition, the
success of any future acquisition strategy we may pursue will depend upon our ability to fund such acquisitions given our total outstanding indebtedness, find suitable acquisition candidates on favorable terms and for target companies to find our acquisition proposals more favorable than those made by other competitors. If an acquisition or majority-held joint venture is not successfully completed or integrated into our existing operations (including our internal controls and compliance environment), or if a divestiture or refranchising is not successfully completed or managed or does not result in the benefits or cost savings we expect, our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected.
Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
Our liquidity has been, and is expected to continue to be, negatively impacted by the substantial interest expense on our debt obligations.
We are significantly encumbered by our debt obligations. As of December 31, 2021,2023, our total debt, excluding our securitization obligations, was $3,042$2,567 million (without giving effect to outstanding letters of credit). As a result, a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations must be dedicated to the payment of interest on our indebtedness and as a result,mandatory debt amortization and is therefore not available for other purposes, including our operations, capital expenditures, technology, discretionary principal debt repayment or open market debt repurchases, share repurchases, dividends andor future business opportunities or principal repayment.opportunities. Our liquidity position has been, and is expected to continue to be, negatively impacted by the substantial interest expense on our debt obligations. In addition, a portion of our interest expense arises from variable interest rate debt, and such expenses may significantly increase if interest rates increase. Risks associated with our debt obligations are heightened during industry downturns or broader recessions that decrease our revenues, earnings and cash flows from operations.
Our significant indebtedness and interest obligations could prevent us from meeting our obligations under our debt instruments and could adversely affect our ability to fund our operations, invest in our business or pursue growth opportunities, react to changes in the economy or our industry, or incur additional borrowings under our existing facilities.
Our leverage could have important consequences, including the following:
•it could cause us to be unable to comply with the senior secured leverage ratio covenant under our Senior Secured Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility;
•it could cause us to be unable to meet our debt service requirements under our debt agreements or meet our other financial obligations;
•it may limit our ability to incur additional borrowings under our existing facilities, including our Revolving Credit Facility, to refinance or restructure our indebtedness, or to obtain additional debt or equity financing for working capital, capital expenditures, business development, debt service requirements, acquisitions or general corporate or other purposes;
•it may limit our ability to adjust to changing market conditions and place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have no or less debt;
•it may cause a downgrade of our debt and long-term corporate ratings;
•it may limit our ability to repurchase shares or declare dividends;
•it may limit our ability to attract acquisition candidates or to complete future acquisitions;
•it may cause us to be more vulnerable to periods of negative or slow growth in the general economy or in our business, or may cause us to be unable to carry out capital spendinginvest in strategic initiatives that isare important to our growth; and
•it may limit our ability to motivate, attract and retain key personnel.
A material decline in our ability to generate EBITDA calculated on a Pro Forma Basis, as defined in the Senior Secured Credit Agreement governing the Senior Secured Credit Facility, could result in our failure to comply with the senior secured leverage ratio covenant under our Senior Secured Credit Facility (including the Revolving Credit Facility) and Term Loan A Facility, which would result in an event of default if we fail to remedy or avoid a default as permitted under the applicable debt arrangement.
Our debt risk may also be increased as a result of competitive pressures or industry structure changes that reduce margins and free cash flow. If our EBITDA calculated on a Pro Forma Basis were to decline and/or we were to incur additional first lien senior secured debt (including borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility), our ability to borrow the
full capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility (without refinancing secured debt into unsecured debt) could be limited as we must maintain compliance with the senior secured leverage ratio under the Senior Secured Credit Agreement. Any inability to borrow sufficient funds to operate our business could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and liquidity.
Restrictive covenants under our Senior Secured Credit Facility, Term Loan A Facility, and indentures governing the Unsecured Notes and 7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes may limit the manner in which we operate.
Our Senior Secured Credit Facility, Term Loan A Facility, and the indentures governing the Unsecured Notes and 7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes contain, and any future indebtedness we may incur may contain, various negative covenants that restrict our ability to, among other things:
•incur or guarantee additional indebtedness, or issue disqualified stock or preferred stock;
•pay dividends or make distributions to our stockholders;
•repurchase or redeem capital stock;
•make investments or acquisitions;
•incur restrictions on the ability ofreceive dividends or other payment from certain of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments to us;subsidiaries;
•enter into transactions with affiliates;
•create liens;
•merge or consolidate with other companies or transfer all or substantially all of our assets;
•transfer or sell assets, including capital stock of subsidiaries; and
•prepay, redeem or repurchase certain indebtedness.
As a result of these covenants, we are limited in the manner in which we conduct our business and we may be unable to engage in favorable business activities or finance future operations or capital needs.
An event of default under our Senior Secured Credit Facility, the Term Loan A Facility or the indentures governing our other material indebtedness would adversely affect our operations and our ability to satisfy obligations under our indebtedness.
If we are unable to comply with the senior secured leverage ratio covenant under the Senior Secured Credit Facility or Term Loan A Facility due to a material decline in our ability to generate EBITDA calculated on a Pro Forma Basis (as defined in the Senior Secured Credit Agreement) or otherwise or if we are unable to comply with other restrictive covenants under those agreements or the indentures governing our Unsecured Notesand 7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes and we fail to remedy or avoid a default as permitted under the applicable debt arrangement, there would be an "event of default" under such arrangement.
Other events of default include, without limitation, nonpayment of principal or interest, material misrepresentations, insolvency, bankruptcy, certain material judgments, change of control, and cross-events of default on material indebtedness as well as, under the Senior Secured Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility, failure to obtain an unqualified audit opinion by 90 days after the end of any fiscal year. Upon the occurrence of any event of default under the Senior Secured Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility, the lenders:
•will not be required to lend any additional amounts to us;
•could elect to declare all borrowings outstanding, together with accrued interest and fees, to be immediately due and payable;
•could require us to apply all of our available cash to repay these borrowings; or
•could prevent us from making payments on the Unsecured Notes, any of which could result in an event of default under the indentures governing such notes or our Apple Ridge Funding LLC securitization program.
If we were unable to repay the amounts outstanding under our Senior Secured Credit Facility or Term Loan A Facility, the lenders and holders of such debt could proceed against the collateral granted to secure those debt arrangements. We have pledged a significant portion of our assets as collateral to secure such indebtedness. If the lenders under those debt arrangements accelerate the repayment of borrowings, we may not have sufficient assets to repay the Senior Secured Credit Facility or Term Loan A Facility and our other indebtedness or be able to borrow sufficient funds to refinance or restructure such indebtedness. Upon the occurrence of an event of default under the indentures governing our Unsecured Notes, the
trustee or holders of 25% of the outstanding applicable notes could elect to declare the principal of, premium, if any, and accrued but unpaid interest on such notes to be due and payable. Any of the foregoing would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The exchangeable note hedge and warrant transactions may affect the value of our common stock.
Concurrent with the offering of the Exchangeable Senior Notes, we entered into exchangeable note hedge transactions and warrant transactions with certain counterparties (the "Option Counterparties"). The exchangeable note hedge transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution upon exchange of the notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of exchanged notes, as the case may be. However, the warrant transactions could separately have a dilutive effect on our common stock to the extent that the market price per share of common stock exceeds the strike price of the warrants.
The Option Counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our common stock and/or purchasing or selling the common stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the Exchangeable Senior Notes (and are likely to do so during any observation period related to an exchange of the notes). This activity could cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our common stock.
We are subject to counterparty risk with respect to the exchangeable note hedge transactions.
The Option Counterparties are financial institutions or affiliates of financial institutions, and we are subject to the risk that one or more of such Option Counterparties may default under the exchangeable note hedge transactions. Our exposure to the credit risk of the Option Counterparties is not secured by any collateral. If any Option Counterparty becomes subject to insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings with a claim equal to our exposure at that time under the exchangeable note hedge transaction. Our exposure will depend on many factors but, generally, the increase in our exposure will be correlated to the increase in our common stock market price and in the volatility of the market price of our common stock. In addition, upon a default by the Option Counterparty, we may suffer adverse tax consequences and dilution with respect to our common stock. We can provide no assurance as to the financial stability or viability of any Option Counterparty.
We have substantial indebtedness and we may not be able to refinance or restructure any such debt on terms as favorable as those of currently outstanding debt.debt, or at all.
We consistently evaluate potential refinancing and financing transactions with respect to our debt, including restructuring our debt or repaying or refinancing certain tranches of our indebtedness and extending maturities, among other potential alternatives. There can be no assurance as to which, if any, of these alternatives we may pursue as the choice of any alternative will depend upon numerous factors such as market conditions, our financial performance and the limitations and 'most favored nation' provisions applicable to such transactions under our existing financing agreements and the consents we may need to obtain under the relevant documents. The high-yield market may not be accessible to companies with our debt profile, and such or other financing alternatives may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. Any future indebtedness may impose various additional restrictions and covenants on us which could limit our ability to respond to market conditions, to make capital investments or to take advantage of business opportunities. Refinancing or restructuring debt at a higher cost would affect our operating results. We could also issue public or private placements of our common stock or preferred stock or convertible notes, any of which could, among other things, dilute our current stockholders and materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
A downgrade, suspension or withdrawal of the rating assigned by a rating agency to us or our indebtedness could make it more difficult for us to refinance or restructure our debt or obtain additional debt financing in the future.
Our indebtedness has been rated by nationally recognized rating agencies and may in the future be rated by additional rating agencies. We cannot assure you that any rating assigned to us or our indebtedness will remain for any given period of time or that a rating will not be lowered or withdrawn entirely by a rating agency if, in that rating agency’s judgment, circumstances relating to the basis of the rating, such as adverse changes in our business, so warrant. Any downgrade (including downgrades in 2023), suspension or withdrawal of a rating by a rating agency (or any anticipated downgrade, suspension or withdrawal) as well as any actual or anticipated placement on negative outlook by a rating agency could make it more difficult or more expensive for us to refinance or restructure our debt or obtain additional debt financing in the future.
Variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.increase.
At December 31, 20212023, $232$491 million of our borrowings under our Senior SecuredRevolving Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility was at variable rates of interest thereby exposing us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service
obligations on the variable rate indebtedness would increase even if the amount borrowed remained the same, and our net income would decrease.
The phase-out of LIBOR, or the replacement of LIBOR with SOFR or a different reference rate or modification of the method used to calculate LIBOR, may adversely affect interest rates which may have an adverse impact on us.
Our primary interest rate exposure is interest rate fluctuations, specifically with respect to LIBOR, due to its impact on our variable rate borrowings under our Senior Secured Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility. Our interest rate swaps are also based on LIBOR.
LIBOR is the subject of recent national, international and other regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. As a result of concerns about the accuracy of the calculation of LIBOR, a number of British Bankers’ Association member banks entered into settlements with certain regulators and law enforcement agencies with respect to the alleged manipulation of LIBOR, and LIBOR and other “benchmark” rates are subject to ongoing national and international regulatory scrutiny and reform. The cessation date for submission and publication of rates for certain tenors of LIBOR has since been extended by the ICE Benchmark Administration until mid-2023. In response to concerns regarding the future of LIBOR, the United States Federal Reserve, in conjunction with the Alternative Reference Rates Committee, a steering committee comprised of large U.S. financial institutions, is considering replacing LIBOR with a new index calculated by short-term repurchase agreements, backed by U.S. Treasury securities: the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or ‘‘SOFR.’’ We are unable to predict whether SOFR will attain market traction as a LIBOR replacement or the impact of other reforms, whether currently enacted or enacted in the future. Any new benchmark rate, including SOFR, will likely not replicate LIBOR exactly and if future rates based upon a successor rate are higher than LIBOR rates as currently determined, it could result in an increase in the cost of our variable rate indebtedness and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We may be unable to continue to securitize certain of the relocation assets of Cartus, Relocation Services, which may adversely impact our liquidity.
At December 31, 20212023, $118$115 million of securitization obligations were outstanding through special purpose entities monetizing certain assets of Cartus Relocation Services under twoone lending facilities.facility. We have provided a performance guaranty which guarantees the obligations of Cartus Relocation Services and its subsidiaries, as originator and servicer under the Apple Ridge securitization program. Our significant debt obligations may limit our ability to incur additional borrowings under our existing securitization facilities. The securitization markets have experienced, and may again experience, significant disruptions, including in connection with the COVID-19 crisis, which may have the effect of increasing our cost of funding or reducing our access to these markets in the future.
In addition, the Apple Ridge securitization facility contains terms which if triggered may result in a termination or limitation of new or existing funding under the facility and/or may result in a requirement that all collections on the assets be used to pay down the amounts outstanding under such facility. If securitization financing is not available to us for any reason, we could be required to borrow under the Revolving Credit Facility, which would adversely impact our liquidity, or we may be required to find additional sources of funding which may be on less favorable terms or may not be available at all.
Regulatory and Legal Risks
Adverse developments or resolutions in litigation filed against us or against affiliated agents, franchisees or our joint ventures, may materially harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
As described in Note 15, "Commitments and Contingencies—Litigation" to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report ("Note 15"), we are a party to material litigation (including certified and putative class actions) in the areas of antitrust, TCPA and worker classification. We cannot provide any assurances that results in this litigation or other litigation in which we are or may be named will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition, either individually or in the aggregate.
Litigation and other disputes are inherently unpredictable and subject to substantial uncertainties, unfavorable developments and resolutions could occur and even cases brought by us can involve counterclaims asserted against us. In addition, litigation and other legal matters, including class action lawsuits and regulatory proceedings challenging practices that have broad impact, can be costly to defend and, depending on the class size and claims, could be costly to settle.
Insurance coverage may be unavailable for certain types of claims (including antitrust and TCPA litigation) and even where available, insurance carriers may dispute coverage for various reasons (including the cost of defense). Additionally, there is a deductible for each such case and such insurance may not be sufficient to cover the losses the Company incurs.
Likewise, we cannot predict with certainty the cost of defense, the cost of prosecution, insurance coverage or the ultimate outcome of other litigation and proceedings that have been or may be filed by or against us or against affiliated independent sales agents or franchisees or our joint ventures, and adverse developments and outcomes may materially harm our business and financial condition. Such litigation and other proceedings may include, but are not limited to:
•antitrust and anti-competition claims;
•TCPA claims;
•claims alleging violations of RESPA, state consumer fraud statutes, federal consumer protection statutes or other state real estate law violations;
•employment law claims, including claims challenging the classification of independent sales agents as independent contractors as well as joint employer, wage and hour claims, retaliation claims and claims regarding non-competition, non-solicitation and restrictive covenants;
•information security claims, including claims under new and emerging data privacy laws related to the protection of customer, employee or third-party information;
•cyber-crime claims, including claims related to the diversion of homesale transaction closing funds;
•vicarious or joint liability claims based upon the conduct of individuals or entities traditionally outside of our control, including franchisees and independent sales agents, under joint employer claims or other theories of actual or apparent agency;
•claims by current or former franchisees that franchise agreements were breached, including improper terminations;
•claims generally against the company owned brokerage operations for negligence, misrepresentation or breach of fiduciary duty in connection with the performance of real estate brokerage or other professional services as well as other brokerage claims associated with listing information and property history;
•claims related to intellectual property or copyright law, including infringement actions alleging improper use of copyrighted photographs on websites or in marketing materials without consent of the copyright holder or claims challenging our trademarks;
•claims concerning breach of obligations to make websites and other services accessible for consumers with disabilities;
•claims against the title agent contending that the agent knew or should have known that a transaction was fraudulent or that the agent was negligent in addressing title defects or conducting settlement;
•claims related to disclosure or securities law violations as well as derivative suits; and
•fraud, defalcation or misconduct claims.
As further described in Note 15, Anywhere and other industry participants are also currently named in class actions and other legal actions that challenge residential real estate industry rules and practices for seller payment of buyer-broker commissions. While we have entered into, and received preliminary court approval of, a nationwide settlement of sell-side antitrust class action litigation, there can be no assurance we will receive final approval of such settlement. In addition, the buy-side antitrust case filed against us remains outstanding and there can be no assurance we will reach a satisfactory outcome or settlement in that action.
Adverse decisions in litigation or regulatory actions against companies unrelated to us or the real estate industry at large could impact our business practices and those of our franchisees in a manner that adversely impacts our financial condition and results of operations.
In general, we and other industry participants have seen an overall increase in significant litigation and regulatory scrutiny, and adverse outcomes and injunctive relief against industry participants, including industry associations and trade groups, could have a material adverse impact on us. Litigation, investigations, claims and regulatory proceedings against other participants in the residential real estate or relocation industry may impact the Company and its affiliated franchisees when the rulings or settlements in those cases cover practices common to the broader industry or business community and may generate litigation or investigations for the Company. Examples may include RESPA, worker classification, or antitrust and anti-competition claims, among others. For example, as further described in Note 15, we have entered into a nationwide settlement in the Burnett antitrust class action litigation (which settlement remains subject to final court approval). While that action is currently stayed with respect to Anywhere, judgment was entered against the non-settling defendants on November 1, 2023, and, in addition to the significant monetary damages awarded to the plaintiffs from the non-settling defendants (including several corporate defendants and NAR), the judge may also order injunctive relief that is broader than the Anywhere Settlement, but which could adversely affect Anywhere to the extent the broader injunctive relief prohibits, restricts or alters existing industry policies, practices or conduct. There are also many other pending actions challenging the same practices, the outcomes of which could also adversely affect the manner in which the industry functions. Similarly, the Company may be impacted by litigation and other claims against companies in other industries, including litigation involving worker classification. To the extent plaintiffs are successful in these types of litigation matters, and we or our franchisees cannot distinguish our or their practices (or our industry’s practices), we and our franchisees could face significant liability and could be required to modify certain business relationships and/or practices, either of which could materially and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.
Industry structure changes that prohibit, restrict or adversely alter policies, practices, rules or regulations governing the functioning of the residential real estate market could materially adversely affect our operations and financial results.
As described more fully below and "Item 1.—Business—Government and Other Regulations", we operate in a highly regulated industry. In addition, from time to time, certain industry practices have come under federal or state scrutiny or have been the subject of litigation. We cannot assure you that changes in legislation, regulations, interpretations or
regulatory guidance, enforcement priorities, litigation or the rules and policies of NAR and/or any MLSs will not result in additional limitations or restrictions on our business or otherwise adversely affect us.
The industry is currently experiencing increased scrutiny by regulators and other government offices, both on a federal and state level, with particular focus on antitrust and competition. There can be no assurance that policy, regulatory or governmental actions, or any resulting changes to competitive dynamics or consumer preferences, either alone or in combination with pending litigation, will not materially adversely impact the structure of the industry, including by changing the broker commission structure including potentially significant restrictions on the offer, negotiation or payment of compensation by the seller or listing agents to buy-side agents, and further, there can be no assurance that such changes will not materially adversely impact the financial results of the Company and/or other industry participants, including through meaningful decreases in the average broker commission rate, the average buy-side commission rate or the share of commission income received by us and our franchisees.
There can be no assurances as to whether the DOJ or FTC, their state counterparts, state or federal courts, or other federal, state or local governmental body will determine that any industry practices or developments have an anti-competitive effect on the industry or are otherwise proscribed. Any such determination could result in industry investigations, enforcement actions, changes in legislation, regulations, interpretations or regulatory guidance or other legislative or regulatory action or other actions, any of which could have the potential to result in additional limitations or restrictions on our business, cause material disruption to our business, result in judgments, settlements, penalties or fines (which may be material), or otherwise adversely affect us.
Moreover, we believe certain industry participants, including listing aggregators and participants pursuing non-traditional methods of marketing real estate, are pursuing changes to MLS and NAR rules and legal regulations that are intended to benefit their competitive position to the disadvantage of traditional real estate brokerage models. Such changes to MLS or NAR rules and regulations could reduce the barriers to entry for alternative solutions available to homebuyers, home sellers, and real estate agents, which could increase the overall pace of innovation in homesale transactions (for example, home auctions which are more common in certain markets outside the U.S.).
Meaningful changes in industry operations or structure (including meaningful decreases in the average broker commission rate, the average buy-side commission rate or the share of commission income received by us and our franchisees or potentially significant restrictions on the offer, negotiation or payment of compensation by the seller or listing agents to buy-side agents) as a result of any of the foregoing or as the result of other governmental pressures, changes to competitive dynamics or consumer preferences (including changes that result in a reduction in the percentage of home buyers or home sellers using an agent or broker in their homesale transactions), the introduction or growth of certain competitive models, or otherwise could have a material adverse effect on our operations, revenues, earnings and financial results.
Our businesses and the businesses of our joint ventures and affiliated franchisees are highly regulated and any failure to comply with such regulations or any changes in such regulations or in the interpretations or enforcement of such regulations could adversely affect our business.
All of our businesses and the businesses of our joint ventures as well as the businesses of our franchisees are highly regulated and subject to shifts in public policy, statutory interpretation and enforcement priorities of regulators and other government authorities as well as amendments to existing regulations and regulatory guidance and change to MLS and/or NAR rules and policies. We must comply with numerous laws and regulations both domestically and abroad. See "Item 1.—Business—Government and Other Regulations" in this Annual Report for additional information concerning laws and regulations impacting our business, including antitrust, competition and bribery laws, RESPA, worker classification and the TCPA, among others.
Each of our businesses could be adversely affected by current laws, regulations or interpretations, and more restrictive laws, regulations or interpretations could increase responsibilities and duties to customers and franchisees and other parties and make compliance more difficult or expensive. A change in current laws could adversely affect our business. In addition, any adverse changes in regulatory interpretations, rules and laws that would place additional limitations or restrictions on affiliated transactions could have the effect of limiting or restricting collaboration among our businesses. We cannot assure you that future changes in legislation, regulations or interpretations will not adversely affect our business operations.
Regulatory authorities also have relatively broad discretion to grant, renew and revoke licenses and approvals and to implement regulations. Accordingly, such regulatory authorities could prevent or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or otherwise penalize us if our financial condition or our practices were found not to comply
with the then current regulatory or licensing requirements or any interpretation of such requirements by the regulatory authority. Our failure to comply with any of these requirements or interpretations could limit our ability to renew current franchisees or sign new franchisees or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our operations.
Our compliance efforts may result in increased expenses, diversion of management's time or changes to the manner in which we conduct our business. Our failure to comply with laws and regulations may subject us to fines, penalties, injunctions and/or potential criminal violations. Any changes to these laws, regulations or interpretations or any new laws or regulations may make it more difficult for us to operate our business. Likewise, all of the foregoing could adversely affect the businesses of our joint ventures or franchisees. Any of the foregoing may have a material adverse effect on our operations.
There may be adverse financial and operational consequences to us and our franchisees if independent sales agents are reclassified as employees.
Although the legal relationship between residential real estate brokers and licensed sales agents throughout most of the real estate industry historically has been that of independent contractor, newer rules and interpretations of state and federal employment laws and regulations, including those governing employee classification and wage and hour regulations in our and other industries, may impact industry practices, our company owned brokerage operations, and our affiliated franchisees.franchisees by seeking to reclassify licensed sales agents as employees. For example, in January 2024, the Department of Labor released its final rule revising its interpretation of who qualifies as an independent contractor under the Fair Labor Standards Act. Certain jurisdictions have adopted or are considering adopting standards that are significantly more restrictive than those historically used in wage and hour cases, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. See "Item 1.—Business—Government and Other Regulations" in this Annual Report for additional information.
Significant determinations to reclassify sales agent reclassification determinationsagents as employees in the absence of available exemptions from minimum wage or overtime laws, including damages and penalties for prior periods (if assessed), could be disruptive to our business, constrain
our operations in certain jurisdictions and could have a material adverse effect on the operational and financial performance of the Company.
If we fail to protect the privacy and personal information of our customers or employees, we may be subject to legal claims, government action and damage to our reputation.
Regulators in the U.S. and abroad continue to enact comprehensive new laws or legislative reforms imposing significant privacy and cybersecurity restrictions. The result is that we are subject to increased regulatory scrutiny, additional contractual requirements from corporate customers, and heightened compliance costs as a result of numerous laws, regulations, and other requirements, domestically and globally, that require businesses like ours to protect the security of personal information, notify customers and other individuals about our privacy practices, and limit the use, disclosure, sale, or transfer of personal data. These ongoing changes to privacy and cybersecurity laws also may make it more difficult for us to operate our business and may have a material adverse effect on our operations. For example, we are required to comply with the European Union's GDPR and in the U.S. we are required to comply with numerous federal and state statutes governing privacy and cybersecurity matters such as the CCPA, CPRA and the NYDFS Cybersecurity Regulation. States like Washington, Colorado and VirginiaAdditional states have also enacted their own privacy laws and many other states have draft proposals pending beforeare likely to implement their legislatures.own privacy statutes in the near term. See "Item 1.—Business—Government and Other Regulations—Cybersecurity and Data Privacy Regulations" in this Annual Report for additional information.
We could also be adversely affected if legislation or regulations are expanded to require changes in our business practices or if governing jurisdictions interpret or implement their legislation or regulations in ways that negatively affect our business, results of operations or financial condition. These ongoing changes to privacy and cybersecurity laws also may make it more difficult for us to operate our business and may have a material adverse effect on our operations.
Any significant violations of privacy and cybersecurity laws and regulations (including those involving joint ventures or our third-party vendors or partners) could result in the loss of new or existing business (including potential home buyers or sellers, our corporate relocation or real estate benefit program clients, their employees or members, franchisees, independent sales agents and lender channel clients), litigation, regulatory investigations, the payment of fines, damages, and penalties and damage to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. With an increased percentage of our business occurring virtually, there is an enhanced risk of a potential violation of the expanding privacy and cybersecurity laws and regulations.
In addition, while we disclose our information collection and dissemination practices in a published privacy statement on our websites, which we may modify from time to time, we may be subject to legal claims, government action and damage to our reputation if we act or are perceived to be acting inconsistently with the terms of our privacy statement, customer expectations or state, national and international regulations.
The occurrence of a significant claim in excess of our insurance coverage in any given period could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations during the period.
Industry structure changes that disrupt the functioning of the residential real estate market could materially adversely affect our operations and financial results.
All of our businesses and the businesses of our joint ventures and our franchisees are highly regulated and subject to shifts in public policy, statutory interpretation and enforcement priorities of regulators and other government authorities as well as amendments to existing regulations and regulatory guidance. In addition, through our subsidiaries, employees and/or affiliated agents, we are a participant in many MLSs, a member-owner of certain MLSs, and a member of NAR and respective state realtor associations. The rules and policies for these organizations are also subject to change due to shifts in internal policy, regulatory developments, litigation or other legal action. Changes in the rules and policies of NAR and/or any MLSs can also be driven by changes in membership, including the entry of new industry participants, and other industry forces. We cannot assure you that changes in legislation, regulations, interpretations or regulatory guidance, enforcement priorities, or the rules and policies of NAR and/or any MLSs will not result in additional limitations or restrictions on our business or otherwise adversely affect us.
From time to time, certain industry practices have come under federal or state scrutiny or have been the subject of litigation. Examples may include, but are not limited to, various NAR and MLS rules, compliance with RESPA or similar state statutes (including, but not limited to, those related to the broker-to-broker exception, marketing agreements or consumer rebates), sales agent classification and worker classification statutes, broker fiduciary duties, federal and state fair
housing laws, consumer lending and debt collection laws, false or fraudulent claims laws, and state laws limiting or prohibiting inducements, cash rebates and gifts to consumers.
Heightened scrutiny can follow changes in administration, and the industry is currently experiencing such increased interest by regulators and other government offices, both on a federal and state level. See "Item 1.—Business—Government and Other Regulations"" for additional information.
Realogy, NAR and other industry participants are also currently named in putative class action complaints under which the plaintiffs contend that certain NAR or MLS rules are anti-competitive under the Sherman Act. See Note 14, "Commitments and Contingencies—Litigation—Real Estate Litigation", to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information on these matters.
There can be no assurances as to whether the DOJ or FTC, their state counterparts, state or federal courts, or other governmental body will determine that any industry practices or developments have an anti-competitive effect on the industry or are otherwise proscribed. Any such determination could result in industry investigations, enforcement actions, changes in legislation, regulations, interpretations or regulatory guidance or other legislative or regulatory action or other actions, any of which could have the potential to result in additional limitations or restrictions on our business, cause material disruption to our business or otherwise adversely affect us.
Moreover, we believe certain industry participants, including listing aggregators and participants pursuing non-traditional methods of marketing real estate, are pursuing changes to MLS and NAR rules and legal regulations that are intended to benefit their competitive position to the disadvantage of historical real estate brokerage models.
Meaningful changes in industry operations or structure, as a result of any of the foregoing or as the result other governmental pressures or the introduction or growth of certain competitive models, or otherwise could have a material adverse effect on our operations, revenues, earnings and financial results.
Our businesses and the businesses of our joint ventures and affiliated franchisees are highly regulated and any failure to comply with such regulations or any changes in such regulations could adversely affect our business.
As noted in the prior risk factor, all of our businesses (including company owned brokerage, franchise, leads generation, relocation, title underwriting and title agency) and the businesses of our joint ventures (including mortgage origination, RealSure and real estate auction) as well as the businesses of our franchisees are highly regulated and subject to changing economic and political influences. We must comply with numerous laws and regulations both domestically and abroad.
For example, we must comply with RESPA, state real estate brokerage laws, state title insurance laws, and similar laws in countries in which we do business, which restrict payments that real estate brokers, title agencies, mortgage bankers, mortgage brokers and other settlement service providers may receive or pay in connection with the sales of residences and referral of settlement services (e.g., mortgages, homeowners insurance, home warranty and title insurance). Such laws may to some extent impose limitations on arrangements involving our real estate franchise, real estate brokerage, title agency and underwriting services, lead generation, and relocation operations or the business of our joint ventures (including mortgage origination, RealSure and real estate auction). RESPA compliance may become a greater challenge under certain administrations, including the current administration, for most industry participants offering settlement services, including mortgage companies, title companies and brokerages, because of expansive interpretations of RESPA or similar state statutes by certain courts and regulators. Permissible activities under state statutes similar to RESPA may be interpreted more narrowly and enforcement proceedings of those statutes by state regulatory authorities may also be aggressively pursued. RESPA also has been invoked by plaintiffs in private litigation for various purposes. Some regulators and other parties have advanced novel and stringent interpretations of RESPA including assertions that any provision of a thing of value in a separate, but contemporaneous transaction with a referral constitutes a breach of RESPA on the basis that all things of value exchanged should be deemed in exchange for the referral. Violations of RESPA or similar state statutes can lead to claims of substantial damages, which may include (but are not limited to) fines, treble damages and attorneys' fees.
Moreover, we are required to comply with growing regulations both in the United States and in other countries where we do business that regulate cybersecurity, privacy and related matters, some of which impose steep fines and penalties for noncompliance, which would likely not be covered by cybersecurity breach insurance. Certain additional laws and regulations impacting our business are described under "Item 1.—Business—Government and Other Regulations" in this Annual Report. In all of our businesses there is a risk that we could be adversely affected by current laws, regulations or interpretations or that more restrictive laws, regulations or interpretations could increase responsibilities and duties to customers and franchisees and other parties, the adoption of which could make compliance more difficult or expensive.
There is also a risk that a change in current laws could adversely affect our business. In addition, any adverse changes in regulatory interpretations, rules and laws that would place additional limitations or restrictions on affiliated transactions could have the effect of limiting or restricting collaboration among our businesses. We cannot assure you that future changes in legislation, regulations or interpretations will not adversely affect our business operations. Regulatory authorities also have relatively broad discretion to grant, renew and revoke licenses and approvals and to implement regulations. Accordingly, such regulatory authorities could prevent or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or otherwise penalize us if our financial condition or our practices were found not to comply with the then current regulatory or licensing requirements or any interpretation of such requirements by the regulatory authority. Our failure to comply with any of these requirements or interpretations could limit our ability to renew current franchisees or sign new franchisees or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our operations.
Our compliance efforts may result in increased expenses, diversion of management's time or changes to the manner in which we conduct our business. Our failure to comply with laws and regulations may subject us to fines, penalties, injunctions and/or potential criminal violations. Any changes to these laws, regulations or interpretations or any new laws or regulations may make it more difficult for us to operate our business. Likewise, all of the foregoing could adversely affect the businesses of our joint ventures or franchisees. Any of the foregoing may have a material adverse effect on our operations.
We are subject to certain risks related to litigation filed by or against us or against affiliated agents, franchisees or our joint ventures, and adverse results may harm our business and financial condition.
We cannot predict with certainty the cost of defense, the cost of prosecution, insurance coverage or the ultimate outcome of litigation and other proceedings filed by or against us or against affiliated agents or franchisees, including remedies or damage awards, and adverse results in such litigation and other proceedings, including treble damages and penalties. Adverse outcomes may materially harm our business and financial condition. Such litigation and other proceedings may include, but are not limited to:
•antitrust and anti-competition claims (including claims related to NAR or MLS rules regarding buyer broker commissions);
•actions relating to claims alleging violations of RESPA or state consumer fraud statutes, federal consumer protection statutes or other state real estate law violations;
•employment law claims, including claims challenging the classification of sales agents as independent contractors as well as joint employer, wage and hour and retaliation claims;
•information security, including claims under new and emerging data privacy laws related to the protection of customer, employee or third-party information;
•cyber-crime, including claims related to the diversion of homesale transaction closing funds;
•claims by current or former franchisees that franchise agreements were breached, including improper terminations;
•claims related to the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, including autodialer claims;
•claims generally against the company owned brokerage operations for negligence, misrepresentation or breach of fiduciary duty in connection with the performance of real estate brokerage or other professional services as well as other brokerage claims associated with listing information and property history;
•vicarious or joint liability based upon the conduct of individuals or entities traditionally outside of our control, including franchisees and independent sales agents, under joint employer claims or other theories of actual or apparent agency;
•claims related to intellectual property or copyright law, including infringement actions alleging improper use of copyrighted photographs on websites or in marketing materials without consent of the copyright holder or claims challenging our trademarks;
•actions against our title company for defalcations on closing payments or claims against the title agent contending that the agent knew or should have known that a transaction was fraudulent or that the agent was negligent in addressing title defects or conducting settlement;
•claims concerning breach of obligations to make websites and other services accessible for consumers with disabilities;
•claims related to disclosure or securities law violations as well as derivative suits; and
•general fraud claims.
Other ordinary court legal proceedings that may arise from time to time include those related to commercial arrangements, indemnification (under contract or common law), franchising arrangements, the fiduciary duties of brokers, standard brokerage disputes like the failure to disclose accurate square footage or hidden defects in the property such as mold, claims under the False Claims Act (or similar state laws), consumer lending and debt collection law claims, employment law claims related to business actions responsive to the COVID-19 outbreak and governmental and regulatory directives thereto, state auction law, and violations of similar laws in countries we operate in around the world with respect to any of the foregoing.
See Note 14, "Commitments and Contingencies—Litigation", to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information on our litigation matters, including class action litigation. Class action lawsuits can often be particularly burdensome litigation given the breadth of claims, the large potential damages claimed (in particular, if the courts grant partial or full certification of a large class) and the significant costs of defense. Insurance coverage may be unavailable for certain types of claims and even where available, insurance carriers may dispute coverage for various reasons, including the cost of defense, there is a deductible for each such case, and such insurance may not be sufficient to cover the losses we incur.
Adverse decisions in litigation or regulatory actions against companies unrelated to us could impact our business practices and those of our franchisees in a manner that adversely impacts our financial condition and results of operations.
Litigation, investigations, claims and regulatory proceedings against other participants in the residential real estate or relocation industry may impact the Company and its affiliated franchisees when the rulings or settlements in those cases cover practices common to the broader industry or business community and may generate litigation for the Company. Examples may include RESPA, worker classification, or antitrust and anti-competition claims, among others. Similarly, the Company may be impacted by litigation and other claims against companies in other industries. To the extent plaintiffs are successful in these types of litigation matters, and we or our franchisees cannot distinguish our or their practices (or our industry’s practices), we and our franchisees could face significant liability and could be required to modify certain business relationships, either of which could materially and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.
We may experience significant claims relating to our operations, and losses resulting from fraud, defalcation or misconduct.
We issue title insurance policies which provide coverage for real property to mortgage lenders and buyers of real property. When acting as a title agent issuing a policy on behalf of an underwriter, our insurance risk is typically limited to the first five thousand dollars for claims on any one policy, though our insurance risk is not limited if we are negligent. Our title underwriter assumes the risk of the first $1.5 million on each transaction it insures. However, we maintain a reinsurance arrangement under which we may reinsure amounts over $1.5 million on certain transactions. To date, our title underwriter has experienced claims losses that are significantly below the industry average; however, our claims experience could increase in the future, which could negatively impact the profitability of our underwriter. We may also be subject to legal claims or additional claims losses arising from the handling of escrow transactions and closings by our owned title agencies or our underwriter's independent title agents. We carry errors and omissions insurance for errors made by our title and escrow companies, by our company owned brokerage business during the real estate settlement process, and by us related to real estate services. Our franchise agreements also require our franchisees to name us as an additional insured on their errors and omissions and general liability insurance policies. The occurrence of a significant claim in excess of our insurance coverage (including any coverage under franchisee insurance policies) in any given period could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations during the period. In addition, insurance carriers may dispute coverage for various reasons and there can be no assurance that all claims will be covered by insurance.
Fraud, defalcation and misconduct by employees are also risks inherent in our business, particularly given the high transactional volumes and significant funds that flow though our company owned brokerage, title, escrow and settlement services and relocation operations. We may also from time to time be subject to liability claims based upon the fraud or misconduct of our franchisees. To the extent that any loss or theft of funds substantially exceeds our insurance coverage, our business could be materially adversely affected.
The weakening or unavailability of our intellectual property rights could adversely impact our business, including through the loss of intellectual property we license.
Our trademarks, trade names, domain names and other intellectual property rights are fundamental to our brands and our franchising business. The steps we take to obtain, maintain and protect our intellectual property rights may not be
adequate and, in particular, we may not own all necessary registrations for our intellectual property. Applications we have filed to register our intellectual property may not be approved by the appropriate regulatory authorities. Our intellectual property rights may not be successfully asserted in the future or may be invalidated, circumvented or challenged. We may be unable to prevent third parties from using our intellectual property rights without our authorization or independently developing technology that is similar to ours. Also, third parties may own rights in similar trademarks. Any unauthorized or improper use of our intellectual property by third parties, including current or formerly affiliated franchisees or independent sales agents, could reduce our competitive advantages or otherwise harm our business and brands. If we had to litigate to protect these rights, any proceedings could be costly, and we may not prevail. Our intellectual property rights, including our trademarks, may fail to provide us with significant competitive advantages in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions that do not have or do not enforce strong intellectual property rights. From time to time, we may update intellectual property used in our business (such as our name change to Anywhere Real Estate Inc. in 2022), which creates transition and increased expense.
We cannot be certain that our intellectual property does not and will not infringe issued intellectual property rights of others. We may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of our business, including claims of alleged infringement of the patents, trademarks and other intellectual property rights of third parties. Any such claims, whether or not meritorious, could result in costly litigation. Adverse outcomes in intellectual property litigation and proceedings could include the cancellation, invalidation or other loss of material intellectual property rights used in our business and injunctions prohibiting our use of intellectual property that is subject to third-party patents or other third-party intellectual property rights. We may be required to enter into licensing or consent agreements (if available on acceptable terms or at all), or to pay damages or royalties or cease using certain service marks, trademarks, technology or other intellectual property.
We franchise our brands to franchisees. While we try to ensure that the quality of our brands is maintained by all of our franchisees, we cannot assure that these franchisees will not take actions that hurt the value of our brands or our reputation. In addition, our license agreements for the use of the Sotheby's International Realty® and Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate brands are terminable by the respective licensor prior to the end of the license term if certain conditions occur and the loss of either of these licenses could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Other Business Risks
Our goodwill and other long-lived assets are subject to potential impairment which could negatively impact our earnings.
A significant portion of our assets consists of goodwill and other long-lived assets, the carrying value of which may be reduced if we determine that those assets are impaired. If actual results differ from the assumptions and estimates used in the goodwill and long-lived asset valuation calculations (due to the risks reflected in this Annual Report or otherwise), we could incur impairment charges in the past (including as related to management's estimates with respect to the potential impact of the ongoing housing market downturn on our business), which would negatively impact our earnings. We have recognized significant non-cash impairment charges in the past, including as related to management’s estimates with respect to the potential impact of the COVID-19 crisis on our business, and we may be required to take additional such charges in the future, which may be material.
We could be subject to significant losses if banks do not honor our escrow and trust deposits.
Our company owned brokerage business and our title, escrow and settlement services business act as escrow agents for numerous customers. As an escrow agent, we receive money from customers to hold until certain conditions are satisfied. Upon the satisfaction of those conditions, we release the money to the appropriate party. We deposit this money with various banks and while these deposits are not assets of the Company (and therefore excluded from our consolidated balance
sheet), we remain contingently liable for the disposition of these deposits. These escrow and trust deposits totaled $601$564 million at December 31, 2021.2023. The banks may hold a significant amount of these deposits in excess of the federal deposit insurance limit. If any of our depository banks were to become unable to honor any portion of our deposits, customers could seek to hold us responsible for such amounts and, if the customers prevailed in their claims, we could be subject to significant losses.
Potential reform of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac or certain federal agencies or a reduction in U.S. government support for the housing market could have a material impact on our operations.
Numerous pieces of legislation seeking various types of changes for government sponsored entities or GSEs have been introduced in Congress to reform the U.S. housing finance market including among other things, changes designed to reduce government support for housing finance and the winding down of the federal conservatorship of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac over a period of years. Legislation, if enacted, or additional regulation which curtails Fannie Mae's and/or Freddie Mac's activities and/or results in the wind down of the federal conservatorship of these entities could increase mortgage costs and could result in more stringent underwriting guidelines imposed by lenders or cause other disruptions in the mortgage
industry. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on the housing market in general and our operations in particular.
Changes in accounting standards, subjective assumptions and estimates used by management related to complex accounting matters could have an adverse effect on results of operations.
Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States and related accounting pronouncements, implementation guidance and interpretations with regard to a wide range of matters, such as revenue recognition, lease accounting, stock-based compensation, asset impairments, valuation reserves, income taxes and fair value accounting, are highly complex and involve many subjective assumptions, estimates and judgments made by management. Changes in these rules or their interpretations or changes in underlying assumptions, estimates or judgments made by management could significantly change our reported results.
Our international operations are subject to risks not generally experienced by our U.S. operations.
Our relocation services business operates worldwide and we have other international operations and relationships, including but not limited to international franchisees and master franchisees. Such operations and relationships are subject to risks that are not generally experienced by our U.S. operations and could result in losses against which we are not insured and have a negative impact on our profitability. Such risks include, but are not limited to, heightened exposure to local economic conditions and local laws and regulations (including those related to employees)employees, privacy and data storage, and other compliance issues, including sanction programs), fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, and potential adverse changes in the political stability of foreign countries or in their diplomatic relations with the U.S. In addition, the activities of franchisees and master franchisees outside of the U.S. are more difficult and more expensive to monitor and improper activities or mismanagement may be more difficult to detect.
Loss or attrition among our senior executives or other key employees and our inability to develop our existing workforce and to recruit top talent could adversely affect our financial performance.
Our success is largely dependent on the efforts and abilities of our executive officers and other key employees, our ability to develop the skills and talent of our workforce and our ability to recruit, retain and motivate top talent. Talent management has been and continues to be a strategic priority and our ability to recruit and retain our executive officers and key employees, including those with significant experience in the residential real estate market, is subject to numerous factors, including the compensation and benefits we pay. Our recruitment and retention efforts may be hindered by present or future restructurings or cost savings initiatives. The ongoing downturn in the real estate market and the uncertainties surrounding changes to industry structure due to litigation and/or regulatory action may restrict our ability to offer competitive compensation which, in addition to the broader uncertainty and potential downsides in the broader real estate market, could hinder our recruitment and retention efforts or make it more difficult to motivate our existing employees. The increasing prevalence of virtual and remote-work arrangements has accelerated in connection with the COVID-19 crisis, leading to the increased mobility of our employee base, which could result inadds additional competition for critical talent. Additionally, recent actions by various states as well as the FTC that, if enacted, would prohibit employers from entering into non-compete clauses with workers and require employers to rescind existing non-compete clauses, could have an adverse impact on our business. If we are unable to internally develop or hire skilled executives and other critical positions, successfully plan for succession of employees holding key management positions, or if we encounter challenges associated with change management or the competitiveness of compensation actually realized by our executive officers and other key employees, our ability to continue to execute or evolve our strategy may be impaired and our business may be adversely affected.
Severe weather events or natural or man-made disasters, including increasing severity or frequency of such events due to climate change or otherwise, or other catastrophic events (including public health crises) may disrupt our business and have an unfavorable impact on homesale activity.
RealogyOwned Brokerage Group has a significant concentration of offices and transactions in geographic regions where home prices are at the higher end of the U.S. real estate market, particularly the east and west coasts. Coastal areas, including California and Florida, are particularly subject to severe weather events (including hurricanes and flooding) and natural disasters. Increasingly, wildfires in the west have been difficult to contain and cover large areas.
The occurrence of a severe weather event or natural or man-made disaster can reduce the level and quality of home inventory and negatively impact the demand for homes in affected areas, which can disrupt local or regional real estate
markets, delay the closing of homesale transactions and have an unfavorable impact on home prices, homesale transaction volume, relocation transactions, and title closing units. These effects may be compounded when the taxes or insurance costs associated with homeownership in the affected area are higher than average. average or the cost of such insurance materially increases in connect with the increasing frequency and severity of weather events or other disasters.
In addition, we could incur damage, which may be significant, to our office locations as a result of severe weather events or natural disasters, and our insurance may not be adequate to cover such losses. The impact of climate change, such as more frequent and severe weather events and/or long-term shifts in climate patterns, exacerbates these risks. Likewise, our business and operating results could suffer as the result of other catastrophic events, including public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics.
For example, the COVID-19 crisis contributed to material reductions in relocation volume and significant homesale transaction volume volatility in 2021
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Increasing scrutinygovernmental regulation and changing expectationsscrutiny from investors, customers and customersregulators with respect to corporate sustainability practices and reporting may impose additional costs on us or expose us to reputational or other risks.
There is an increasing focus from certain investors, regulators and other stakeholders concerning corporate responsibility, specifically related to environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors. We publicly shareIn recent years, an increasing number of state and federal laws and regulations have been enacted or proposed that deal with the effect of climate change on the environment, including expanding mandatory and voluntary reporting, diligence, and disclosure on topics such as climate change, human capital, labor and risk oversight, which could expand the nature, scope, and complexity of matters that we are required to control, assess and report. For example, in the fourth quarter of 2023, California enacted the Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act (CCDAA), and the Climate-Related Financial Risk Act (CRFRA) – together, the California Climate Accountability Package, which is the first U.S. law to require certain companies with California operations to disclose greenhouse gas emissions and climate-related risks. Existing and proposed ESG-related regulations may increase the ongoing costs of compliance and adversely impact our results of operations and cash flows. If we are unable to adequately address such ESG matters or fail to comply with all laws, regulations, policies and related interpretations, it could negatively impact our reputation and our business results.
In addition, we publish certain information about our ESG initiatives and we may face increased scrutiny related to these activities, including if we fail to achieve progress in these areas on a timely basis, if at all. We could also be criticized for the scope of such initiatives or goals.
Some investors may use ESG factors to guide their investment strategies and, in some cases, may choose not to invest in us if they believe our related policies are inadequate. In addition, certain clients may require that we implement certain additional ESG procedures or standards in order to continue to do business with us. Meeting these evolving expectations could be costly and failure (or perceived failure) to satisfy investor, client, consumer or other stakeholder expectations and standards, could also cause reputational harm to our business and brands.
Market forecasts and estimates, including our internal estimates, may prove to be inaccurate and, even if achieved, our business could fail to grow at similar rates.
We use forecasts and data from a wide variety of industry sources (including NAR, Fannie Mae and other independent sources) in addition to good faith estimates derived from management's knowledge of the industry to inform our own forecasts and estimates for key market trends. Forecasts regarding rates of home ownership, median sales price, volume of homesales, and other housing industry metrics are inherently uncertain or speculative in nature and actual results for any period could materially differ. Even if the markets in which we compete achieve the growth forecasted by an industry source like NAR or Fannie Mae, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all. See "Item 1.—Business—Market and Industry Data and Forecasts" in this Annual Report for additional information.
Our tax rate is dependent upon a number of factors, a change in any of which could impact our future tax rates and net income.
If our effective tax rate increases, our net income and cash flow could be adversely affected. Our effective income tax rate can vary significantly between periods due to a number of complex factors including projected levels of taxable income; increases in expenses that are not deductible for tax purposes; changes in tax laws or the interpretation of such tax laws; tax audits conducted and settled by various tax authorities; changes to assessments of uncertain tax positions; adjustments to estimated taxes upon finalization of various tax returns; the ability to claim certain tax credits; increases or decreases to valuation allowances recorded against deferred tax assets; and fluctuations in our stock price, impacting deductions for equity grants.
We may incur substantial and unexpected liabilities arising out of our legacy pension plan.
We have a defined benefit pension plan for which participation was frozen as of July 1, 1997; however, the plan is subject to minimum funding requirements. Although the Company to date has met its minimum funding requirements, the pension plan represents a liability on our balance sheet and will continue to require cash contributions from us, which may increase beyond our expectations in future years based on changing market conditions. In addition, changes in interest rates, mortality rates, health care costs, early retirement rates, investment returns and the market value of plan assets can affect the funded status of our pension plan and cause volatility in the future funding requirements of the plan.
We are responsible for certain of Cendant's contingent and other corporate liabilities.
Although we have resolved various Cendant contingent and other corporate liabilities and have established reserves for most of the remaining unresolved claims of which we have knowledge, adverse outcomes from the unresolved Cendant liabilities for which RealogyAnywhere Group has assumed partial liability under the Separation and Distribution Agreement dated as of July 27, 2006 among Cendant, RealogyAnywhere Group, Wyndham Worldwide and Travelport could be material with respect to our earnings or cash flows in any given reporting period.
Risks Related to an Investment in Our Common Stock
The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly.
The market price for our common stock could fluctuate significantly for various reasons, many of which are outside our control, including, but not limited to, those described above and the following:
•our quarterly or annual earnings or those of other companies in our industry;
•our business and/or financial guidance, any revisions to such guidance and/or failure to achieve results consistent with such guidance;
•our operating and financial performance and prospects;
•future sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market;
•the incurrence of additional indebtedness or other adverse changes relating to our debt;
•changescommencement of new, or adverse resolution of or developments in, legal or regulatory proceedings against the Company or the elimination of, our stock repurchase program or stock repurchases, if any;industry;
•the public's reaction to announcements concerning our business or our competitors' businesses;
•changes in earnings estimates by securities analysts covering our stock;stock or if securities analysts cease publishing or publish unfavorable research about our business;
•ratings changes or commentary by rating agencies on our debt;
•press releases or other commentary by industry forecasters or other housing market participants;
•market and industry perception of our success, or lack thereof, in pursuing our growthbusiness strategy;
•actual or potential changes in laws, regulations and legal and regulatory interpretations;
•changes in housing or mortgage finance markets or other housing fundamentals;fundamentals, including changes in interest and mortgage rates;
•changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;
•arrival and departure of key personnel;
•commencement of new, or adverse resolution of, legal or regulatory proceedings against the Company;
•actions of current or prospective stockholders (including activists or several top stockholders acting alone or together) that may cause temporary or speculative market perceptions, including market rumors and short selling activity in our stock; and
•changes in general market, economic and political conditions in the United States and global economies or financial markets.
If any of the foregoing occurs, it could cause our stock price to fall or experience volatility and may expose us to litigation, including class action lawsuits that, even if unsuccessful, could be costly to defend and a distraction to management.
Share repurchase programs could affect the price of our common stock and could be suspended or terminated at any time.
Under the share repurchase program authorized by our Board of Directors in the first quarter of 2022, we are authorized to repurchase our common stock. Such program does not have an expiration date and we are not be obligated to repurchase a specified number or dollar value of shares. The actual timing, number and value of shares repurchased will be determined by us and may fluctuate based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our priorities for the use of cash, price, market and economic conditions, and legal requirements and contractual requirements (including compliance with the terms of our debt agreements). Any suchThe share repurchase program could alsomay be suspended or terminated at any time.
Repurchases pursuant to a share repurchase program could affect our stock price and increase its volatility. The existence of a share repurchase program could also cause our stock price to be higher than it would be in the absence of such a program and could diminish our cash reserves. Even if such a share repurchase program was to be fully implemented, it may not enhance long-term stockholder value. We can provide no assurance that we will repurchase shares at favorable prices, if at all.
Delaware law and our organizational documents may impede or discourage a takeover, which could deprive our investors of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares.
We are a Delaware corporation, and the anti-takeover provisions of Delaware law impose various impediments to the ability of a third party to acquire control of us, even if a change of control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may make
it more difficult for, or prevent a third party from, acquiring control of us without the approval of our Board of Directors. Among other things, these provisions:
•do not permit cumulative voting in the election of directors, which would otherwise allow less than a majority of stockholders to elect director candidates;
•delegate the sole power to a majority of the Board of Directors to fix the number of directors;
•provide the power to our Board of Directors to fill any vacancy on our Board of Directors, whether such vacancy occurs as a result of an increase in the number of directors or otherwise;
•authorize the issuance of "blank check" preferred stock without any need for action by stockholders;
•eliminate the ability of stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders;
•prohibit stockholders from acting by written consent; and
•establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our Board of Directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings.
The foregoing factors could impede a merger, takeover or other business combination or discourage a potential investor from making a tender offer for our common stock which, under certain circumstances, could reduce the market value of our common stock and our investors' ability to realize any potential change-in-control premium.
We may issue shares of preferred stock in the future, which could make it difficult for another company to acquire us or could otherwise adversely affect holders of our common stock, which could depress the price of our common stock.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue one or more series of preferred stock. Our Board of Directors will have the authority to determine the preferences, limitations and relative rights of shares of preferred stock and to fix the number of shares constituting any series and the designation of such series, without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Our preferred stock could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to the rights of our common stock. The potential issuance of preferred stock may delay or prevent a change in control of us, discouraging bids for our common stock at a premium to the market price, and materially and adversely affect the market price and the voting and other rights of the holders of our common stock.
Item 1C. Cybersecurity
The Board and management believe that cybersecurity is vital to protecting proprietary and confidential information, company operations and maintaining the trust of our customers, agents, franchisees, and employees. The Company has a cybersecurity risk management strategy and a governance framework to assess, identify and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats. As discussed below, the Company utilizes both internal and external resources as part of its cybersecurity program.
Risk Management and Strategy
Anywhere views its cybersecurity strategy through a multi-pronged lens encompassing prevention, detection and response to ensure holistic coverage of the program and our environments.
Prevention.Our cybersecurity program starts with prevention, which includes risk assessment and identification and utilizing that information to design an effective layer of controls as a baseline.
Our cybersecurity program includes robust risk assessment and identification processes that are aligned with our overall enterprise risk management (ERM) program. As part of the annual integrated risk assessment process, the cybersecurity team works with ERM, internal audit and our legal compliance function to assess and identify cybersecurity and related risks to our business. These risks are then included, as appropriate, in the updated ERM profile, and with top risks being addressed in the cybersecurity yearly plan. As part of that process, we utilize both internal and third-party resources to identify risks. In addition, Internal Audit regularly conducts operational audits of the cybersecurity processes.
In evaluating the risks posed by third parties, our cybersecurity program also includes a dedicated function for Third Party Risk Management, that oversees the identification and mitigation of risk associated with outsourcing to third party vendors and service providers, particularly focused on vendors who process personal information, intellectual property, or other sensitive information.
Finally, with regard to compliance risk, we utilize third party firms to help us determine compliance with industry standards and regulations. We also maintain a Data Privacy Steering Committee, which is a group of internal legal, risk and IT professionals, to assist management with fulfilling applicable data privacy regulations.
In order to protect our assets, we utilize a multi-layer defense strategy to control who logs on to our network and uses our computers and other devices. We have enforced multi-factor authentication, implemented firewalls, and deployed a VPN alternative solution that delivers a zero trust model for access to our network and resources. We also protect our data through our use of security software, which is regularly updated, encryption of sensitive data, both at rest and in transit, and by conducting regular data backups. We have formal policies for safely disposing of electronic files and old devices and we train all employees annually on cybersecurity and their crucial role in protecting the Company’s assets.
Detection. Our cybersecurity program includes robust tools and processes designed to detect breaches and other cybersecurity incidents as well as unauthorized access and unusual network activity. We utilize a security operations program with 24/7 monitoring by both internal and third parties that includes a variety of detection tools. We also utilize backstop detection and preventative measures, like malware detection.
Response. Our Cyber Security Incident Response Plan (the “Response Plan”) provides the methodology used by the Company to identify and respond to cyber security incidents. The Response Plan serves as a guide to facilitate a consistent and systematic response to cyber security incidents and is designed to (a) prevent or minimize disruption of critical information systems; (b) minimize loss or theft of sensitive information and/or funds; (c) quickly and efficiently remediate, report (including any public or internal company communications or required reporting) and recover from cyber security incidents; and (d) provide a centralized enterprise investigations process. The Response Plan also provides for incorporating lessons learned after an event to prevent future breaches of the same nature.
We utilize internal and external resources to evaluate the effectiveness and maturity of our cybersecurity program. We conduct regular penetration and vulnerability testing. We conduct annual tabletop exercises to test and iterate our Response Plan, while also providing training for the Response Plan working group. In addition, we conduct compliance training and regular phishing assessments for our employees.
To date, we have not experienced any cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. The cybersecurity risks that could materially affect Anywhere, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, are set forth in “Item 1A.—Risk Factors”.
Governance
Effective risk management is critical to Anywhere’s ability to achieve its strategy. The Board oversees management in exercising its responsibility for managing risk, considering our framework of policies, procedures, and processes to anticipate, identify, assess, prioritize, and mitigate risks across the Company.
Our Audit Committee shares oversight responsibility with the full Board for our information security and technology risks, including cybersecurity. Anywhere’s Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) reports to the Audit Committee on a quarterly basis and once a year to the full Board on the cybersecurity program, including the Company’s cyber risks and threats, the status of projects to strengthen the Company’s information security systems, assessments of the Company’s security program and the emerging threat landscape. Two Audit Committee members have significant business experience with respect to cybersecurity risks, namely the chair of the committee, who oversaw information security and data privacy as
an Enterprise Risk Officer of a Fortune 500 publicly-traded company and a member who is the Chief Product Data, Analytics and Technology Officer of a Fortune 500 publicly-traded company.
While the Board and the committees oversee our risk management, our CEO and other members of senior management (including the Risk Management Committee) are primarily responsible for day-to-day risk management analysis and mitigation and report to the full Board or the relevant committee regarding risk management. We believe this division of responsibility is the most effective approach for addressing our risk management.
Our CISO leads a dedicated internal Global Information Security (“GIS”) team that is responsible for leading enterprise-wide information cybersecurity strategy, policy, standards, architecture, and processes, all of which are designed to prevent, detect and respond to information security threats, as further described in “—Cybersecurity Strategy” above. The CISO’s experience includes more than 20 years in the security and fraud profession in multiple high-risk industries, including the critical infrastructure sector, and encompasses various cybersecurity leadership roles and almost seven years as a CISO. She is a Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) and has a Master’s Degree in Information Systems Management.
In support of the GIS team, the CISO leads the Information Security Steering Committee, a group of internal security leadership positions that ensure alignment between the company’s information security program and company objectives.
Overseeing enterprise-wide risk management is our Risk Management Committee, chaired by our General Counsel and comprised of key members of our executive management team, including the CISO. The Risk Management Committee meets regularly and plays a core role in the identification, monitoring, mitigation, and management of the risks the Company faces and oversees our enterprise risk management framework, including cybersecurity and data protection/privacy.
Through this dynamic risk assessment and governance process, the Risk Management Committee and Board consistently evaluate the risk environment and adjust the Company's risk profile, including cybersecurity and data privacy risks, and focus as needed to respond to industry and macroeconomic changes and to protect the Company.
Item 2. Properties.
Substantially all of our properties are leased commercial space; we do not own any real property of significance. From December 31, 20202022 to December 31, 2021,2023, we decreased our leased-office footprint from approximately 5.75 million square feet to approximately 5.24.3 million square feet, of which as of December 31, 2021,2023, approximately 0.80.5 million square feet are impaired or restructured.
Corporate headquarters; Realogy Franchise and Owned Brokerage Groups. Our corporate headquarters is located in Madison, New Jersey with a lease term expiring in December 2029. This office also serves as the main operating space for Realogy Franchise Group and as corporate headquarters (and one regional headquarters) for RealogyOwned Brokerage Group. The space consists of approximately 270,000 square feet, of which our businesses currently utilize approximately 56%30%.
Other RealogyOwned Brokerage Group. As of December 31, 2021, 2023, OwnedRealogy Brokerage Group leased approximately 3.73.4 million square feet of domestic office space under approximately 872835 leases. As of December 31, 2021, 2023, OwnedRealogy Brokerage Group leased one facility serving as regional headquarters, 4839 facilities serving as local administration, training facilities or storage, and approximately 680620 brokerage sales offices under 823796 leases. These sales offices are generally located in shopping centers and small office parks, typically with lease terms of one to five years. Included in the 3.73.4 million square feet is approximately 0.3 million square feet of vacant and/or subleased space, principally relating to brokerage sales office consolidations.
Realogy Title Group. Our title agency business conducts its main operations at a leased facility in Mount Laurel, New Jersey, pursuant to a lease expiring in December 2026. Our title underwriting business is headquartered in Dallas, Texas, with a lease expiring in JulyAugust 2026. As of December 31, 2021, these businesses2023, this business also havehad leased regional and branch offices in 2425 states and Washington, D.C.
We believe that all of our properties and facilities are well maintained.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
See Note 14,15, "Commitments and Contingencies—Litigation", to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report for additional information on the Company's legal proceedings.The Company disputes the allegations against it in each of the captioned matters set forth in Note 15, believes it has substantial defenses against plaintiffs’ claims and is vigorously defending these actions (though the courts have stayed its defense in the Burnett and Moehrl cases as part of the settlement of those cases described in Note 15).
See "Item 1.—Business—Government and Other Regulations" in this Annual Report for additional information on important legal and regulatory matters that impact our business, including a summary of the current legal and regulatory environment.
The Company believes that it has adequately accrued for legal matters as appropriate. The Company records litigation accruals for legal matters which are both probable and estimable.
Litigation, and other disputes are inherently unpredictable and subject to substantial uncertainties and unfavorable resolutions could occur and even cases brought by us can involve counterclaims asserted against us. In addition, litigation and other legal matters, including class action lawsuits investigations, claims and regulatory proceedings challenging practices that have broadagainst other participants in the residential real estate industry or relocation industry—or against companies in other industries—may impactcan be costly to defend and, depending on the class size and claims, could be costly to settle. As such, the Company could incur judgmentsand its affiliated franchisees when the rulings or enter into settlements in those cases cover practices common to the broader industry or business community (such as in the areas of claims with liability that are materially in excessworker classification and antitrust and competition, among others) and may generate litigation or investigations for the Company. See "Item 1A.—Risk Factors," and "Item 7.—Management's Discussion and Analysis of amounts accruedFinancial Condition and these settlements could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, resultsResults of operations or cash flows in any particular period.Operations" for additional disclosure regarding potential industry structure changes.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
None.
Information about our Executive Officers
The following provides information regarding individuals who served as executive officers of RealogyAnywhere Group and Realogy HoldingsAnywhere at February 23, 2022.15, 2024. Our executive officers also serve as officers or directors of certain of our other subsidiaries or minority-owned joint ventures. The age of each individual indicated below is as of February 23, 2022.15, 2024.
Ryan M. Schneider, 52,54, has served as our Chief Executive Officer and President since December 31, 2017 and as a director since October 20, 2017. From October 23, 2017 until his appointment as our CEO and President, Mr. Schneider served as the Company’s President and Chief Operating Officer. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Schneider served as
President, Card of Capital One Financial Corporation (“Capital One”), a financial holding company, from December 2007 to November 2016 where he was responsible for all of Capital One’s consumer and small business credit card lines of business in the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. Mr. Schneider held a variety of other positions within Capital One from December 2001 to December 2007, including Executive Vice President and President, Auto Finance and Executive Vice President, U.S. Card. From November 2016 until April 2017, he served as Senior Advisor to Capital One. Under the terms of his employment agreement, Mr. Schneider serves as a member of the Board of Realogy.Anywhere. He is also a member of the Board of Directors of Anthem,Elevance Health, Inc.
Rizwan Akhtar, 46, has served as our Executive Vice President, Chief Technology Officer—Business Technology since November 2020, having previously served as our Senior Vice President, Chief Information Officer at Cartus Corporation from August 2018. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Akhtar served as Managing Director, Personal & Business Banking U.S. at BMO Harris, a North American bank, from April 2017 to August 2018, where he was responsible for technology solutions and products supporting bank customers. From November 2007 to March 2017, he served as Group Vice President, M&T Bank, a financial holding company, where he was responsible for enterprise digital channels (online and mobile) across M&T Bank business lines. Mr. Akhtar has over 20 years of diverse experience in business-focused IT leadership, including support of business strategies enabling growth and transformation.
Donald J. Casey, 60,62, has served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Realogy Title GroupAnywhere Integrated Services LLC (formerly known as Title Resource Group LLC) since April 2002. In December 2022, he assumed responsibility for certain operational, agent service delivery and consumer experience aspects of the Company’s owned brokerage and title operations to the extent related to Coldwell Banker company owned brokerages and, in January 2023, he assumed leadership of Cartus. From 1995 until April 2002, he served as Senior Vice President, Brands of PHH Mortgage. From 1993 to 1995, Mr. Casey served as Vice President, Government Operations of Cendant Mortgage. From 1989 to 1993, Mr. Casey served as a secondary marketing analyst for PHH Mortgage Services (prior to its acquisition by Cendant).
M. Ryan Gorman, 43, has served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Realogy Brokerage Group LLC (formerly known as NRT LLC) since January 2018 and as CEO of Coldwell Banker (both company owned and franchised brokerages) since January 2020. Previously he served as the Chief Strategy & Operating Officer of NRT LLC from September 2016 to January 2018. From May 2012 to September 2016, Mr. Gorman served at NRT’s Senior Vice President, Strategic Operations and from November 2007 to May 2012 he served as the Company’s Head of Strategic Development. From October 2004 to November 2007, Mr. Gorman served as the Head of Strategic Development of TRG (formerly known as Cendant Settlement Services Group). Before joining the Company, he held advisory and principal investment roles with PricewaterhouseCoopers, Credit Suisse and The Blackstone Group.
Timothy B. Gustavson, 54,55, has served as our Chief Accounting Officer, Controller and Senior Vice President for Realogy since March 2015. In addition to this role, from November 2018 to March 2019, Mr. Gustavson served as our as Interim Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer. From 2008 until March 2015, he served as our Assistant Corporate Controller and Vice President of Finance. Mr. Gustavson joined Realogythe Company in 2006 as Vice President of External Reporting and prior to Realogy,joining the Company, Mr. Gustavson spent 16 years in public accounting with the KPMG audit practice. Mr. Gustavson is a certified public accountant.
Katrina Helmkamp,Melissa K. McSherry, 56, has served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Realogy Leads Group and Cartus Relocation Services since July 2018. Prior to Realogy, Ms. Helmkamp served as Chief Executive Officer of Lenox Corporation, a market leader in quality tabletop and giftware, from November 2016 to June 2018. From 2015 to 2016, she acted as a consultant, primarily working with private equity firms. From 2010 to 2014, she was Chief Executive Officer of SVP Worldwide, the global leader in consumer sewing machines. From 2007 to 2010, she led teams at Whirlpool Corporation as Vice President, Global Refrigeration, and then Senior Vice President, North America Product. From 2005 to 2007, Ms. Helmkamp held leadership roles at ServiceMaster, including as President of Terminix. In addition to her executive experience, she was a partner for six years at The Boston Consulting Group, from 1998 to 2004.
Nashira Layade, 42,51, has served as our Executive Vice President, Chief Technology Officer—Technology Services since November 2020, having previously served as our Senior Vice President, Chief Information Security Officer since July 2016. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Layade served as Executive Director at Time Warner, Inc., a multinational media and entertainment conglomerate, from August 2011 to June 2016, where she responsible to protect the digital assets of Time Warner Inc., and collaborated with Time Warner’s business, technology, and legal executives to effectively manage Time Warner’s risk and reputational profile. She has 20 years’ experience as a thought leader in information security, data privacy and risk managements, having previously served at Prudential Financial as Director, Information Security, Citigroup Inc. as Vice President, Senior Risk Control Officer and Bloomberg LP as Global Head.
Melissa K. McSherry, 49, has served as our Chief Operating Officer since February 22, 2022. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. McSherry served as Senior Vice President, Global Head of Risk and Identity Solutions at Visa, Inc., a multinational financial services corporation, from 2016 to February 2022. While at Visa, Ms. McSherry led a
cross functional team of approximately 500 persons that spanned product, engineering, sales, data science, client success, operations, and product marketing, among others. From 2014 to 2016, Ms. McSherry founded and served as the Chief Executive Officer of Firinne, advising CEOs, owners, and boards on strategy and execution. Ms. McSherry also served at Capital One Financial Corporation from 2002 until 2014, most recently in the role of Senior Vice President, Card Partnerships from 2010 until 2014. Ms. McSherry has announced her decision to step down from her role, effective February 26, 2024, and will serve as a strategic advisor to the Company until April 1, 2024.
Tanya Reu-Narvaez, 45,47, has served as our Executive Vice President, Chief People Officer since January 2021, having previously served as our Senior Vice President, Human Resources since 2018, where she oversaw the team responsible for supporting RealogyOwned Brokerage Group and the Realogy Franchise Group. From 2009 to 2018, she served as Senior Vice President of Human Resources for the Company’s corporate and franchise group divisions. In that role, she was responsible for implementing strategic talent initiatives aligned to business objectives including talent management and acquisition, employee engagement, retention and diversity and inclusion. Ms. Reu-Narvaez joined Cendant Corporation in 2002, where she last held the role of Vice President of Human Resources before joining Realogythe Company in 2006 at the time of its spin-off from Cendant in the same role. She is a member and former Chair of the Corporate Board of Governors of the National Association of Hispanic Real Estate Professionals (NAHREP).
Charlotte Simonelli, 50,52, has served as our Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer since March 2019. Immediately prior to joining Realogy,the Company, Ms. Simonelli was employed by Johnson & Johnson as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Medical Devices from September 2017 and, prior thereto, as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Enterprise Supply Chain from January 2016. Previously, she held various finance roles in large multi-brand global organizations, including Reckitt Benckiser Inc. (a multinational consumer goods company), Kraft Foods Inc. (now Mondelez International Inc.), and PepsiCo, Inc. Ms. Simonelli served at Reckitt Benckiser from 2011 to 2015, including in the roles of Vice President, Finance, North America (from July 2014 to September 2015), Senior Vice President, Finance, ENA (a territory that included Europe and North America) from January 2012 to July 2014 and Senior Vice President, Finance, NAA (a territory that included North America, Australia and New Zealand) from April 2011 to December 2011. Ms. Simonelli began her career at Unilever US, Inc., focused on financial planning and analysis. She is also a member of the board of directors of NielsenIQ and serves as their Audit Committee Chair.
Marilyn J. Wasser, 66,68, has served as our Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary since May 10, 2007. From May 2005 until May 2007, Ms. Wasser was Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary for Telcordia Technologies, a provider of telecommunications software and services. From 1983 until 2005, Ms. Wasser served in several positions of increasing responsibility with AT&T Corporation and AT&T Wireless Services, ultimately serving as Executive Vice President, Associate General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of AT&T Wireless Services from September 2002 to February 2005 and immediately prior thereto, from 1995 until 2002, as Executive Vice President, Law, Corporate Secretary and Chief Compliance Officer of AT&T.
Rudy Wolfs, 56, has been announced as our Chief Technology Officer, effective February 22, 2024. Most recently, Mr. Wolfs engaged in a short consulting agreement with the Company. Prior to that, he directed and supported a leading digital startup company. From February 2012 to October 2020, Mr. Wolfs served in senior transformational technology roles, including as SVP, Chief Information Officer for Credit Cards and Small Business at Capital One. From 2000 until 2012, he worked at ING Direct USA in technology and marketing leadership positions, serving in his last role as Chief Marking Officer and CIO. An avid technology innovator, Wolfs founded a business systems software company right out of school and over his career, has launched, invested in, and advised numerous start-ups.
Susan Yannaccone, 46,48, has served as our Executive Vice President, President and Chief Executive Officer of Realogy Franchise GroupAnywhere Brands LLC since November 30, 2020 havingand as President and Chief Executive Officer of Anywhere Advisors LLC since December 2022. She previously served as Regional Executive Vice President of Realogy Brokerage GroupAnywhere Advisors LLC, heading the Eastern Seaboard and Midwest regions for Coldwell Banker Realty, the brand’s owned brokerage operations sincefrom March 2018.2018 to November 2020. Ms. Yannaccone joined Realogythe Company in 2015, serving as Chief Operating Officer of ERA from July 2015 to September 2016 and as President and Chief Executive Officer of ERA from September 2016 to March 2018. Prior to that time, she served as Senior Vice President, Network Services for HSF Affiliates from 2013 to July 2015 and Vice President of Operations for Real Living from 2010 to 2012.
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "RLGY""HOUS". As of February 23, 2022,15, 2024, the number of stockholders of record was 47.49.
Share Repurchase Program
The Company maydid not repurchase shares of its common stock pursuant to authorizations made from its Board of Directors. during the quarter ended December 31, 2023.
Shares repurchased are retired and not displayed separately as treasury stock on the consolidated financial statements. The par value of the shares repurchased and retired is deducted from common stock and the excess of the purchase price over par value is first charged against any available additional paid-in-capital with the balance charged to retained earnings. Direct costs incurred to repurchase the shares are included in the total cost of the shares.
On February 16, 2022, ourThe Company's Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program of up to $300 million of the Company's common stock. Repurchasesstock in February 2022. Although, as of December 31, 2023, $203 million remained available for repurchase under the share repurchase program, the Company is prohibited from repurchasing shares under such programs under the indentures governing its Unsecured Notes and the 7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes until the Company's consolidated leverage ratio falls below 4.00 to 1.00 and then only to the extent of available cumulative credit, as defined under the applicable indentures.
The share repurchase program has no time limit and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. Repurchases may be made at management's discretion from time to time on the open market, pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans or through privately negotiated transactions. The actualsize and timing number and value of shares repurchasedany repurchases will be determined by us and may fluctuate baseddepend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our priorities for the use of cash, price, market and economic conditions, and legal and contractual requirements (including compliance with the terms of our debt agreements). The repurchase program has no time limit and may be suspended or discontinued at any time.
Dividends
In early November 2019, the Company's Board of Directors discontinued the Company's quarterly dividend. The Company does not anticipate paying any dividends on its common stock in the foreseeable future.other factors.
Stock Performance Graph
The stock performance graph set forth below is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any of our prior or future filings made with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
The following graph assumes a $100 investment on December 31, 2016,2018, and reinvestment of all dividends, in the S&P MidCap 400 index and the S&P Home Builders Select Industry index, or XHB Index (which includes a diversified group of holdings representing home building, building products, home furnishings and home appliances). A portion of our 2019, 20202021, 2022 and 20212023 long-term incentive compensation awards are tied to the relative performance of our total stockholder return as compared to the S&P MidCap 400 over the three-year periods ending December 31, 2021, 20222023, 2024 and 2023.2025.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Total Return |
| December 31, |
| 2016 | | 2017 | | 2018 | | 2019 | | 2020 | | 2021 |
| Realogy Holdings Corp. | $ | 100.00 | | | $ | 104.26 | | | $ | 58.72 | | | $ | 40.01 | | | $ | 54.23 | | | $ | 69.48 | |
| SPDR S&P Homebuilders ETF (XHB) index | $ | 100.00 | | | $ | 173.35 | | | $ | 117.44 | | | $ | 177.10 | | | $ | 220.46 | | | $ | 331.46 | |
| S&P MidCap 400 index | $ | 100.00 | | | $ | 116.24 | | | $ | 103.36 | | | $ | 130.44 | | | $ | 148.26 | | | $ | 184.97 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Total Return |
| December 31, |
| 2018 | | 2019 | | 2020 | | 2021 | | 2022 | | 2023 |
| Anywhere Real Estate Inc. | $ | 100.00 | | | $ | 68.14 | | | $ | 92.36 | | | $ | 118.33 | | | $ | 44.98 | | | $ | 57.08 | |
| SPDR S&P Homebuilders ETF (XHB) index | $ | 100.00 | | | $ | 150.80 | | | $ | 187.72 | | | $ | 282.25 | | | $ | 227.91 | | | $ | 396.71 | |
| S&P MidCap 400 index | $ | 100.00 | | | $ | 126.2 | | | $ | 143.44 | | | $ | 178.95 | | | $ | 155.58 | | | $ | 181.15 | |
Item 6. [Reserved]
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto included elsewhere herein. Unless otherwise noted, all dollar amounts in tables are in millions. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contain forward-looking statements. See "Forward-Looking Statements" and "Item 1A.—Risk Factors" for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements. Actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Senior Notes OfferingThe following section generally discusses our financial condition and Redemptionresults of 9.375% Senior Notes and 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes
We took steps in 2021 andoperations for the first quarter of 2022 to extend our debt maturity profile, reduce interest expense, and improve the mix of secured and unsecured debt, resulting in multiple credit rating upgrades.
On January 10, 2022, the Company issued $1,000 million of 5.25% Senior Notes due 2030. On February 4, 2022, we used the net proceeds from the issuance, together with cash on hand, to redeem in full both the $550 million of 9.375% Senior Notes and the $550 million of 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes, each at a redemption price of 100% plus the applicable "make whole" premium, together with accrued interestyear ended December 31, 2023 compared to the redemption date on both such notes.
Seeyear ended December 31, 2022. Discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for the pro forma debt table as ofyear ended December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021 after giving effect tois included in Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the foregoing refinancing transactions underyear ended December 31, 2022, filed with the header "Financial Obligations" below. See Note 9, "Short and Long-Term Debt", and Note 19, "Subsequent Events", to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.SEC on February 24, 2023.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Litigation Update
In general, we and other industry participants, including industry associations and trade groups, have seen an overall increase in significant litigation and regulatory scrutiny, with a particular focus on antitrust and competition and the broker commission structure and practices. For example, as further described in Note 15, "Commitments and Contingencies", to the Consolidated Financial Statements, we have entered into a nationwide settlement in the Burnett antitrust sell-side class action litigation (which settlement remains subject to final court approval with a court hearing scheduled for May 9, 2024). While that action is currently stayed with respect to Anywhere, judgment was entered against the non-settling defendants on November 1, 2023, and, in addition any potential injunctive relief to be ordered by the court, significant monetary damages were awarded to the plaintiffs from the non-settling defendants (including several corporate defendants and NAR) on a joint and several basis. Since late October 2023, approximately twenty additional sell side antitrust lawsuits have been filed against various real estate brokerages, NAR, MLSs, and/or state and local Realtor Associations, about half of which name Anywhere, its subsidiaries or franchisees; in those cases, plaintiffs have generally either agreed to dismiss or stay the actions against Anywhere, its subsidiaries or franchisees. In addition, the buy-side class action antitrust case filed against us remains outstanding and there can be no assurance we will reach a satisfactory outcome or settlement in that action.
CURRENT BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY TRENDS
TheIn 2022, the residential real estate market has seen robust growth since 2019. According to NAR, since 2019,saw a notable downturn, intensifying in the latter half of the year. The combined homesale transaction volume increased 37% dueof Franchise Group and Owned Brokerage Group, calculated by multiplying closed homesale transaction sides with the average homesale price, experienced a 14% decrease in 2022 compared to the previous year. The weak market persisted into 2023, with a year-over-year decline of 19% in homesale transaction volume for both Franchise and Owned Brokerage groups, driven by a reduction in homesale transactions.
According to data from NAR, homesale transactions in 2023 totaled 4.09 million compared to 5.03 million transactions in 2022, marking the lowest amount since 1995. For 2024, as of their most recently released forecast, Fannie Mae is forecasting existing homesale transactions to increase 3% to 4.24 million.
Several market factors contributed to the substantial declines in homesale transactions as well as reduced activity in purchase and refinancing units and mortgage origination volume. These factors include the rapid escalation of mortgage rates starting in March 2022, persistent high inflation over the past two years, reduced housing affordability, low housing inventory, and broader macroeconomic concerns. The low housing inventory environment not only led to a 19% increasedecrease in closed homesale sides but also contributed to an elevation in the average homesale price over the past two years.
The table below sets forth changes in homesale transaction volume, closed homesale sides (homesale transactions) and average homesale price at Franchise Group and Owned Brokerage Group, both on a combined and individual basis, for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022:
| | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2023 |
| Anywhere Combined | | |
| Homesale transaction volume* | | (19)% |
| Closed homesale sides | | (20)% |
| Average homesale price | | 1% |
| Anywhere Brands - Franchise Group | | |
| Homesale transaction volume* | | (20)% |
| Closed homesale sides | | (21)% |
| Average homesale price | | 2% |
| Anywhere Advisors - Owned Brokerage Group | | |
| Homesale transaction volume* | | (19)% |
| Closed homesale sides | | (19)% |
| Average homesale price | | —% |
_______________
* Homesale transaction volume is measured by multiplying closed homesale sides by average homesale price.
The graphic below shows the moderation in the decline of homesale transaction volume on a combined basis for the Company by quarter in 2022 and 2023 as compared with the same period in the prior year:
Furthermore, refinancing title and closing units declined 52% and purchase title and closing units declined 23% at Title Group during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 as a result of the high interest rate environment and a 15% increasereduction in homesale transactions. A strong recoveryvolume related to a pullback in the residential real estate market began late in the second quarter of 2020, followinghome purchasing by an institutional homebuyer with which we have a period of sharp decline in homesale transactions that started in the final weeks of the first quarter of 2020 due to the COVID-19 crisis.joint venture relationship.
During 2021, we believe sustained high levels of demand in the residential real estate market have been supported by the continuation of certain beneficial consumer trends such as home buyer preferences for certain geographies (including attractive taxCost Savings and weather destinations) and demand in the high-end market as well as a favorable mortgage rate environment, an increase in the prevalence of remote work arrangements, and home buying trends among millennials. Both our company owned and franchised businesses have benefited from increased volume in the high-end markets, in particular our Sotheby's International Realty, Corcoran and Coldwell Banker brands. Continued high demand and low inventory levels have driven increases in average homesale prices throughout the recovery and, startingOperational Efficiencies. Beginning in the third quarter of 2021,2022 and continuing throughout the end of 2023, we believe limited inventory contributedtook additional cost savings actions to the declineoffset, in existing homesale transactions.
On a combined basis for Realogy Franchise and Brokerage Groups, homesale transaction volume increased 29% during 2021 compared to 2020—exceeding the 20% increasepart, expected declines in homesale transaction volume, reported by NAR over the same period.
•Homesale transaction volume at Realogy Brokerage Group increased 32% during such period, primarily as a result of a 19% increase in average homesale price and an 11% increase in existing homesale transactions.
•Homesale transaction volume at Realogy Franchise Group increased 27% during such period, primarily as a result of a 19% increase in average homesale price and a 7% increase in existing homesale transactions.
The 20% increase in homesale transaction volume reported by NAR was attributed to an 11% increase in average homesale price and a 9% increase in existing homesale transactions.
The exceptional recovery from the COVID-19 crisis that we experienced startingincluding reductions in the thirdnear term on spending on certain variable and semi-variable expenses and streamlining our administrative support cost structure. During 2023, the Company realized cost savings of approximately $220 million of which approximately half related to specific restructuring activities.
We believe that industry dynamics and customer demands require simplified and more integrated and digitized offerings, systems and support. Delivering the Company’s business model more digitally is an increasing part of improving the consumer experience and our ongoing cost focus. The Company expects to continue to prioritize investments in efforts to support our independent sales agents, franchisees and consumers. This includes investments in technology and innovative products, lead generation and franchisee support.
Mortgage Rates. According to Freddie Mac, average mortgage rates on commitments for a 30-year, conventional, fixed-rate mortgage more than doubled in 2022 and in the fourth quarter of 2020 makes year-over-year comparisons2023 reached 7.79%, the highest level since 2000. Rates increased from an average of homesale transaction volume6.36% in December 2022 to 6.82% in December 2023, which is approximately 260 basis points higher than the second half10-year average of 2021 challenging. However,4.23%. In early 2024 mortgage rates have started to decline. For the strength of homesale transaction volume during 2021 can also be demonstrated by comparisonweek ending February 15, 2024, mortgage rates on a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage averaged 6.77%, according to 2019, as shown in the following charts.Freddie Mac.
NAR(a) Existing Homesale Transaction Volume
_______________
(a) Historical existing homesale data is asA wide variety of factors can contribute to mortgage rates, including federal interest rates, Treasury note yields, inflation, demand, consumer income, unemployment levels, foreclosure rates, and fiscal and monetary policies, to name a few. Since March 2022, the U.S. Federal Reserve Board (the "Federal Reserve") has taken aggressive action intended to try to control inflation, including raising the target federal funds rate by over 400 basis points during 2022 and by an additional 100 basis points during 2023. Although these actions have had mixed results on the economy, the Federal Reserve has maintained unchanged rates since July 2023. In their most recent NAR press release which is subject to sampling error.in January 2024, they conveyed their
Existing Homesales
For the year ended December 31, 2021, NAR existing homesale transactions increased to 6.1 million homes or up 9% compared to 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2021, homesale transactions onanticipation that inflation will gradually align with their target, prompting a combined basis for Realogy Franchise and Brokerage Groups increased 8% compared to 2020 due primarily to continued strong demand, particularly at the high-end of the market. Realogy Brokerage Group also benefited from its concentrated geographic footprintreduction in certain major metropolitan markets, including New York City. We believe that constrained inventory contributed to the year-over-year decline in homesale transactions in the second half of 2021. The annual and quarterly year-over-year trends in homesale transactions are as follows:
_______________
(a) Historical existing homesale data is as of the most recent NAR press release, which is subject to sampling error.
(b)Existing homesale data, on a seasonally adjusted basis, is as of the most recent Fannie Mae press release.
As of their most recent releases, NAR is forecasting existing homesale transactions to decrease 3% in 2022 and to increase 2% in 2023 while Fannie Mae is forecasting existing homesale transactions to decrease 5% in 2022 and 4% in 2023.
Existing Homesale Price
In 2021, NAR existing homesale average price increased 11% compared to 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2021, average homesale price on a combined basis for Realogy Franchise and Brokerage Groups increased 20% compared to 2020 with approximately equal contribution from each. Strong demand in the overall housing market benefited both Realogy Franchise Group and Realogy Brokerage Group. Low inventory also contributed to higher average homesale price, with both Realogy Franchise Group and Realogy Brokerage Group also benefiting from strength at the high-end of the housing market. Realogy Brokerage Group also benefited from its concentrated geographic footprint in certain major metropolitan markets, including New York City. The annual and quarterly year-over-year trends in the price of homes are as follows:
_______________
(a) Historical homesale price data is for existing homesale average price and is as of the most recent NAR press release.
(b) Existing homesale price data is for median price and is as of the most recent Fannie Mae press release.
As of their most recent releases, NAR is forecasting median existing homesale price to increase 5% in 2022 and 4% in 2023 while Fannie Mae is forecasting median existing homesale price to increase 11% in 2022 and 4% in 2023.
Given the cyclical nature of the industry, there remain significant uncertainties regarding whether the strong demand and other beneficial consumer trends discussed above will be maintained at the same strength or at all, and whether such trends will continue to have a positive effect on our financial results, as well as significant uncertainties related to the COVID-19 crisis, including the impact of vaccines and virus mutations on the severity, duration and extent of the pandemic.
2020 Temporary Cost-Saving Measures. Quarterly earnings comparisons were challenged in 2021 by the absence of the temporary cost-saving measures we took in the second and third quarters of 2020 in response to the COVID-19 crisis. Those temporary cost saving measures resulted in approximately $150 million of aggregate savings in the second and third quarter of 2020, with approximately two-thirds of such amount recognized inrates, likely no earlier than the second quarter of 2020. Substantially all of these measures were reversed during the third quarter of 2020 and we do not expect to realize comparable cost-savings from these prior temporary measures in future periods.
Realogy Title Group, including Mortgage Origination Joint Venture. We have been in an unusually prolonged period of low interest rates. Our financial results are typically favorably impacted by a low interest rate environment as a decline in mortgage rates generally drives increased refinancing activity as well as homesale transactions that in turn drives increased title services and mortgage origination activity. If the pace of existing homesale transactions slows (due to increases in mortgage rates, declines in affordability, or otherwise), we would also expect decreased title services and mortgage origination activity. For example, the number of purchase title and closing units declined 2% in the fourth quarter of 2021 compared to the prior period, as the number of homesale transactions declined.
However, while refinancing volumes are highly correlated with (and particularly sensitive to) increases in mortgage rates, they are also inherently cyclical. Refinancing volumes were exceptionally strong throughout 2020 and into the first quarter of 2021, but began to soften during the second and third quarters of 2021. In the fourth quarter of 2021, refinancing title and closing units at Realogy Title Group declined 44% compared to the prior period. Given the strength of refinancing volumes in the first quarter of 2021, we expect year-over-year comparisons to continue to be challenging in the first quarter of 2022.
Equity in earnings at Guaranteed Rate Affinity declined from $126 million in 2020 to $49 million in 2021, primarily driven by the impact of mark-to-market adjustments on the mortgage loan pipeline and gain-on-sale margin compression, partially offset by strong purchase volume growth. Operating margins and mark-to-market adjustments may continue to be compressed due to competitive factors related to decreased demand as well as any mortgage rate increases.
Mortgage Rates. As noted above, mortgage rate increases generally have a negative impact on multiple aspects of our business. A wide variety of factors can contribute to mortgage rates, including Treasury note yields, federal interest rates, inflation, demand, consumer income, unemployment levels and foreclosure rates.2024. Yields on the 10-year Treasury note hit all-time lows during the COVID-19 crisis, butwere 3.88% as of both December 31, 2021 were 1.52%2023 and 2022.
The rising interest rate environment has negatively impacted multiple aspects of our business. Increases in mortgage rates typically correlate with diminished homesale transaction volume, reduced housing affordability and lower activity in both purchase and refinancing units and mortgage origination. We expect that our business will continue to be adversely impacted by the current high mortgage rate environment until the interest rate environment improves. For example, we believe the high mortgage rate environment is contributing to decreased homesale transaction volume, as comparedpotential home sellers choose to 0.93% asstay with their lower mortgage rate rather than sell their home and pay a higher mortgage rate with the purchase of another home and potential home buyers choose to rent rather than pay higher mortgage rates.
Inflation. The prevailing inflationary environment has affected U.S. consumers and the repercussions may persist. As evidenced by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI), a gauge employed by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, there was a 3.4% (not seasonally adjusted) increase for the 12-month period ending December 31, 2020.
Fiscal2023. The CPI serves as a metric for capturing the average fluctuations in prices paid by urban consumers across a diverse array of consumer goods and monetary policiesservices. The macroeconomic landscape, including disruptions related to Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the federal government and its agencies can also adversely impact rates, including reductionsongoing conflict in the levelMiddle East, introduce an additional layer of its purchases of mortgage-backed securities. In December 2021, the Federal Reserve Board announced its intention to accelerate the reduction of its purchases of mortgage-backed securities (which could result in this stimulus program concluding in March 2022) and released economic projections that showed officials expect to raise interest rates three times in 2022.
Although mortgage rates began to increase during 2021 from the lows seen in late 2020, they continued during the year to be at low levels comparedcomplexity to the 10-year average of 3.79% on a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage, accordinginflationary dynamics. These geopolitical disruptions have the potential to Freddie Mac. On December 31, 2021, mortgage rates on a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage were 3.10%, or approximately 40 basis points higher than on December 31, 2020 and approximately 70 basis points lower thanintensify inflationary pressures, contributing to the 10-year average, according to Freddie Mac. For the week ending February 24, 2022, mortgage rates on a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage averaged 3.89%, according to Freddie Mac.
Banks may tighten mortgage standards, even if rates remain at low levels or decline, which could limit the availability of mortgage financing. In addition, many federal and/or state monetary or fiscal programs meant to assist individuals and businessesvolatility witnessed in the navigation of COVID-related financial challenges (including mortgage forbearance programs) have ended or are expected to end inbroader economic context. As consumers navigate this challenging landscape, the near term, which could have a negativepotential for continued impact on consumer financial health.their purchasing power remains a significant consideration.
InventoryAffordability. InsufficientThe higher mortgage rates and inflation rates highlighted above have negatively affected housing affordability. This impact is further compounded by the substantial escalation in home prices due to inventory levels generally have a negative impact onconstraints. Housing affordability may be further negatively impacted in future periods by persistent inflationary pressures, potential additional increases in mortgage rates, increased homesale transaction growthprices, the cost of homeowners and we believe this factor contributed to the declineflood insurance, further declines in homesale transactions in the second half of 2021. We have also seen an intensified pace ofhousing inventory, supply turnover since the second half of 2020. For example, at our company owned Coldwell
Banker brokerages, the speed at which a home that was listed for sale went under contract reduced to a median of 19 days on the market in the fourth quarter of 2021 from a median of 21 days on the market in the fourth quarter of 2020 and a median of 37 days on the market in the fourth quarter of 2019. Continued or accelerated declines in inventory have and may continue to result in insufficient supply to meet any increased demand driven by the lower interest rate environment and beneficial consumer trends. Additional inventory pressure arises from periods of slow or decelerated new housing construction, real estate models that purchase homes for rental or corporate use (rather than immediate resale), and alternative competitors, such as traditional iBuying models.
Lowdemand. Overall housing inventory levels have been a persistent industry-wide concern for years, in particular in certain highly sought-after geographies and at lower price points. AccordingAdditional inventory pressure arises from periods of slow or decelerated new housing construction, potential home sellers choosing to NAR, the inventory of existingstay with their lower mortgage rate rather than sell their home, real estate investment firms that purchase homes for salerental use (rather than resale), and alternative competitors, such as iBuying models. These pressures have resulted in average sales price increasing significantly over the U.S. decreased approximately 17% from 1.0 million aspast two years, which we believe has contributed to further deterioration of January 2021 to 0.9 million as of January 2022, representing a record-setting low since 1999, when NAR started tracking the data. As a result, inventory has decreased from 1.9 months of supply in January 2021 to 1.6 months as of January 2022. These levels continue to be significantly below the 10-year average of 4.2 months, the 15-year average of 5.8 months and the 25-year average of 5.5 months.
Affordability.The fixed housing affordability index, as reported by NAR, decreased from 173 for December 2020 to 147 for December 2021 which is the lowest it has been since 2018. A housing affordability index above 100 signifies that a family earning the median income has sufficient income to purchase a median-priced home, assuming a 20 percent down payment and ability to qualify for a mortgage. Housing affordability may be impacted in future periods by inflationary pressures, increases in mortgage rates and average homesaleat lower price further or accelerated declines in inventory, or a rise in unemployment or other economic challenges.points.
Recruitment and Retention of Independent Sales Agents; Commission Income. Recruitment and retention of independent sales agents and independent sales agent teams are critical to the business and financial results of a brokerage, including our company owned brokerages and those operated by our affiliated franchisees. In 2021,As of December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, independent sales agents affiliated with our company owned brokerages grew 6%declined 5% and, based on information from such franchisees, independent sales agents affiliated with our U.S. franchisees increased 2%,also declined 3%. We believe these declines are consistent with a broader market trend of agents leaving the industry and more than half of the decline in each case as comparedindependent sales agents affiliated with our company owned brokerages was attributed to 2020.agents with at most one homesale transaction in 2023.
Aggressive competition for the affiliation of independent sales agents in this industry continues to make recruitment and retention efforts at both Realogy Franchise Group and Owned Brokerage GroupsGroup challenging, in particular with respect to more productive sales agents, and has had in the past and may again in the futurecontinue to have a negative impact on our market share. These competitive market factors along with other trends (such as changes in the spending patterns of independent sales agents, as more agents purchase services from third parties outside of their affiliated broker) are expected to continue to put upward pressure on the average share of commissions earned by independent sales agents. If independent sales agents affiliated with our company owned brokerages are paid a higher proportion of the commissions earned on a homesale transaction or the level of commission income we receive from a homesale transaction is otherwise reduced, the operating margins of our company owned residential brokerages could continue to be adversely affected. Similarly, franchisees have and may continue to seek reduced royalty fee arrangements or other incentives from us to offset the continued business pressures on such franchisees, which would result in a reduction in royalty fees paid to us. For additional information, see "Item 1.—Business—Competition."
Non-Traditional Competition and Industry Disruption. The significant size of the U.S. real estate market has continued to attract outside capital investment in disruptive and traditional competitors that seek to access a portion of this market. These competitors and their investors may pursue increases in market share over profitability, further complicating the competitive landscape.
A growing number of companies are competing in non-traditional ways for a portion of the gross commission income generated by homesale transactions. For example, virtual brokerages and other brokerages that offer the sales agent fewer services, but a higher percentage of commission income (or other compensation, such as sign-on or equity awards), directly compete with traditional brokerage models and may dilute the relationship between the brokerage and the agent and add additional competitive pressure for independent sales agent talent.
We believe that certain alternative transaction models, such as iBuying and home swap models (and related models that help buyers compete as cash buyers), charge significant fees to purchase homes and are less reliant on brokerages and sales agents, which could have a negative impact on such brokerages and agents as well as on the average homesale broker commission rate. These models also look to capture ancillary real estate services such as title and mortgage services and referral fees. RealSure offers consumers alternatives to such models through products and services designed to offer home buyers and sellers options that give them a competitive edge when buying or selling a home, while also keeping the
expertiseCompetition and Industry Disruption.See Part I., "Item 1.—Business—Competition" of an independent sales agent at the centerthis Annual Report for a discussion of the transaction. RealSure® Sell is available in 24 U.S. cities as of December 31, 2021. We are investingcurrent competitive environment, including with respect to expand the scale of RealSure. In the fourth quarter of 2021, RealSure® Buy was launched in three pilot cities in the U.S.
In addition, the concentration and market power of the top listing aggregators allow them to monetize their platforms by a variety of actions, including but not limited to, setting up competing brokerages and/or expanding their offerings to include products (including agent tools) and services ancillary to the real estate transaction, such as title, escrow and mortgage origination services, that compete with services offered by us, charging significant referral, listing and display fees, diluting the relationship between agents and brokers and between agents and the consumer, tying referrals to use of their products, consolidating and leveraging data, and engaging in preferential or exclusionary practices to favor or disfavor other industry participants. These actions divert and reduce the earnings of other industry participants, including our company owned and franchised brokerages. Aggregators could intensify their current business tactics or introduce new programs that could be materially disadvantageous to our business and other brokerage participants in the industry and such tactics could further increase pressures on the profitability of our company owned and franchised brokerages and affiliated independent sales agents, reduce our franchisor service revenue and dilute our relationships with affiliated franchisees and such franchisees' relationships with affiliatedcompetition for independent sales agents and buyers and sellers of homes.
New Development. Realogy Brokerage Group has relationships with developers, primarily in major cities, in particular New York City, to provide marketing and brokerage services in new developments. New development closings can vary significantly from year to year due to timing matters that are outside of our control, including long cycle times and irregular project completion timing. In addition, the new development industry has also experienced significant disruption due to COVID-19. Accordingly, earnings attributable to this business can fluctuate meaningfully from year to year, impacting both homesale transaction volume and the share of gross commission income we realize on such transactions.
Relocation Spending.Global corporate spending on relocation services has continued to shift to lower cost relocation benefits as corporate clients engage in cost reduction initiatives and/or restructuring programs,franchisees as well as changes in employment relocation trends. As a result of a shift in the mix of servicesnon-traditional competition and number of services being delivered per move, as well as lower volume growth, our relocation operations have been increasingly subject to a competitive pricing environment and lower average revenue per relocation. The COVID-19 crisis, along with related ongoing travel restrictions in the U.S. and elsewhere, has exacerbated these trends and is expected to continue to put pressure on the financial results of Cartus Relocation Services (part of the Realogy Franchise Group segment). We are unable to determine when, or if, relocation volumes will return to levels consistent with those prior to the onset of the COVID-19 crisis. In addition, the greater acceptance of remote work arrangements during the COVID-19 crisis has the potential to have a negative impact on relocation volumes in the long-term.
Leads Generation.Through Realogy Leads Group, a part of Realogy Franchise Group, we seek to provide high-quality leads to affiliated agents, including through real estate benefit programs that provide home-buying and selling assistance to members of organizations such as credit unions and interest groups that have established members who are buying or selling a home as well as to consumers and corporations who have expressed interest in a certain brand, product or service (such as relocation services). We operate several real estate benefit programs, including a program with a large long-term client as well as other programs we have launched in the past two years, including AARP® Real Estate Benefits. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain or expand these programs, and even if we are successful in these efforts, such programs may not generate a meaningful number of high-quality leads.industry disruption.
Legal & Regulatory Environment. SeeFor a discussion of material litigation involving the Company see Part I., "Item 1.3.—Business—GovernmentLegal Proceedings" and Other Regulations" ofNote 15, "Commitments and Contingencies—Litigation", to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report forReport.
For a discussion of the current legal and regulatory environment and how such environment could potentially impact us.us, see Part I., "Item 1.—Business—Government and Other Regulations" and Part I., "Item 1A.—Risk Factors" in this Annual Report.
Pending Litigation. For a discussion of material litigation involving the Company see Part I., "Item 3.—Legal Proceedings" and Note 15, "Commitments and Contingencies—Litigation", to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Adverse outcomes in these matters, individually or in the aggregate, including delays or a failure to receive court approval of any related settlements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition, including with respect to our liquidity.
KEY DRIVERS OF OUR BUSINESSES
Within Realogy Franchise Group and Owned Brokerage Groups, we measureGroup, our assessment of operating performance usingrelies on the following key operating metrics: (i) closed homesale sides, which represents
•Closed Homesale Sides: This metric captures the number of transactions representing either the "buy" side or the "sell" side of a homesale transaction, (ii) average homesale price, which representstransaction.
•Average Homesale Price: This metric reflects the average selling price of closed homesale transactions, and (iii) average homesale broker commission rate, which representstransactions.
•Average Homesale Broker Commission Rate: This metric indicates the average commission rate earned on either the "buy" side or "sell" side of a homesale transaction.
For Realogy Franchise Group, we also use net royalty per side, whichan additional metric, Net Royalty Per Side, is utilized. This metric represents the royalty payment to Realogythe Franchise Group for each homesale transaction side taking into accountfactoring in royalty rates, homesale price,prices, average homesale broker commission rates, volume incentives achieved and other incentives. We utilize netNet royalty per side as it includes the impact ofis a comprehensive measure that accounts for changes in average homesale price as well asprices and all incentives and represents the royalty revenue impact of each incremental side.
For RealogyOwned Brokerage Group, we also usegauge performance using Gross Commission Income Per Side. This metric is derived by dividing gross commission income per side, which represents gross commission income divided(comprising commissions from homesale transactions and other activities, primarily leasing transactions) by closed homesale sides. Gross commission income includes commissions earned in homesale transactions and certain other activities, primarily leasing transactions. RealogyOwned Brokerage Group, as a franchisee of Realogy Franchise Group, pays a royalty fee of approximately 6% per transaction to Realogy Franchise Group from the commission earned on a real estate transaction.Group. The remainder ofremaining gross commission income is splitdistributed between the broker (Realogy(Owned Brokerage Group) and the independent sales agent in accordance withagents based on their applicablerespective independent contractor agreement (which specifiesagreements, specifying the portionagents share of the broker commission to be paid to the agent), which varies by agent agreement.commission.
For Realogy Title Group, our assessment of operating performance is evaluated using the followingcenters on key metrics: (i) purchasemetrics related to title and closing units which represent the number of titledifferentiating between Purchase Title and closing units we process as a result ofClosing Units (resulting from home purchases, (ii) refinance titlepurchases) and, closing units, which represent the number of titleRefinance Title and closing units we process as a result ofClosing Units (stemming from homeowners refinancing their home loans, and (iii) average fee per closing unit, whichloans). The Average Fee Per Closing Unit metric represents the average fee we earnearned on both purchase title and refinancing title sides.
The following table presents our drivers for the years ended December 31, 2021, 20202023, 2022 and 2019.2021. See "Results of Operations" below for a discussion as to how these drivers affected our business for the periods presented. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year Ended December 31, | | % Change | | Year Ended December 31, | | % Change |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | | 2020 | | 2019 | |
| Realogy Franchise Group (a) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Closed homesale sides | 1,163,036 | | | 1,090,345 | | | 7 | % | | 1,090,345 | | | 1,061,500 | | | 3 | % |
| Average homesale price | $ | 424,436 | | | $ | 355,214 | | | 19 | % | | $ | 355,214 | | | $ | 314,769 | | | 13 | % |
| Average homesale broker commission rate | 2.45 | % | | 2.48 | % | | (3) | bps | | 2.48 | % | | 2.47 | % | | 1 | bps |
| Net royalty per side | $ | 406 | | | $ | 353 | | | 15 | % | | $ | 353 | | | $ | 327 | | | 8 | % |
| Realogy Brokerage Group | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Closed homesale sides | 371,135 | | | 333,736 | | | 11 | % | | 333,736 | | | 325,652 | | | 2 | % |
| Average homesale price | $ | 657,307 | | | $ | 553,081 | | | 19 | % | | $ | 553,081 | | | $ | 522,282 | | | 6 | % |
| Average homesale broker commission rate | 2.42 | % | | 2.43 | % | | (1) | bps | | 2.43 | % | | 2.41 | % | | 2 | bps |
| Gross commission income per side | $ | 16,486 | | | $ | 13,990 | | | 18 | % | | $ | 13,990 | | | $ | 13,296 | | | 5 | % |
| Realogy Title Group | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Purchase title and closing units (b) | 163,187 | | | 144,271 | | | 13 | % | | 144,271 | | | 142,926 | | | 1 | % |
| Refinance title and closing units (c) | 56,675 | | | 62,887 | | | (10) | % | | 62,887 | | | 25,383 | | | 148 | % |
| Average fee per closing unit (d) | $ | 2,709 | | | $ | 2,291 | | | 18 | % | | $ | 2,291 | | | $ | 2,358 | | | (3) | % |
_______________
(a)Includes all franchisees except for Realogy Brokerage Group.
(b)Purchase title and closing units for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 were revised to reflect a decrease of 4,855 and 3,284 units, respectively. The change was for the number of units only and did not impact revenue.
(c)Refinance title and closing units for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 were revised to reflect a decrease of 2,437 and 1,206 units, respectively. The change was for the number of units only and did not impact revenue.
(d)With the change in units noted above, Average fee per closing unit for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was updated to reflect an increase of $78 and $61, respectively.
A decline | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year Ended December 31, | | % Change | | Year Ended December 31, | | % Change |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | | 2022 | | 2021 | |
| Anywhere Brands - Franchise Group (a) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Closed homesale sides | 720,853 | | | 911,077 | | | (21) | % | | 911,077 | | | 1,163,036 | | | (22) | % |
| Average homesale price | $ | 462,277 | | | $ | 454,864 | | | 2 | % | | $ | 454,864 | | | $ | 424,436 | | | 7 | % |
| Average homesale broker commission rate | 2.45 | % | | 2.43 | % | | 2 | bps | | 2.43 | % | | 2.45 | % | | (2) | bps |
| Net royalty per side | $ | 431 | | | $ | 425 | | | 1 | % | | $ | 425 | | | $ | 406 | | | 5 | % |
| Anywhere Advisors - Owned Brokerage Group | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Closed homesale sides | 258,643 | | | 317,600 | | | (19) | % | | 317,600 | | | 371,135 | | | (14) | % |
| Average homesale price | $ | 696,992 | | | $ | 699,016 | | | — | % | | $ | 699,016 | | | $ | 657,307 | | | 6 | % |
| Average homesale broker commission rate | 2.42 | % | | 2.40 | % | | 2 | bps | | 2.40 | % | | 2.42 | % | | (2) | bps |
| Gross commission income per side | $ | 17,668 | | | $ | 17,435 | | | 1 | % | | $ | 17,435 | | | $ | 16,486 | | | 6 | % |
| Anywhere Integrated Services - Title Group | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Purchase title and closing units | 102,967 | | | 133,055 | | | (23) | % | | 133,055 | | | 163,187 | | | (18) | % |
| Refinance title and closing units | 8,850 | | | 18,470 | | | (52) | % | | 18,470 | | | 56,675 | | | (67) | % |
| Average fee per closing unit | $ | 3,185 | | | $ | 3,146 | | | 1 | % | | $ | 3,146 | | | $ | 2,709 | | | 16 | % |
_______________
(a)Includes all franchisees except for Owned Brokerage Group.
Declines in the number of closed homesale transactionssides and/or declinedeclines in average homesale prices couldprice adversely affect our results of operations by: (i) reducing the royalties we receive from our franchisees, (ii) reducing the commissions our company owned brokerage operations earn, and (iii) reducing the demand for services offered through Realogy Title Group, including title, escrow and settlement services or the services of our mortgage origination, title underwriter insurance, or other joint ventures, and (iv) increasingventures. Additionally, declining closed homesale sides and/or declines in average homesale price increase the risk of franchisee default due to lower homesale volume. OurFurther, our results could alsohave been and may continue to be negatively affected by a decline in commission rates charged by brokers, greater commission payments to independent sales agents, lower royalty rates from franchisees or an increase in other incentives paid to franchisees, among other factors.
Over the past 10 years, we have experienced an average of approximately one basis point decline in the average homesale broker commission rate each year, which we believe has been largely attributable to increases in average homesale prices (as higher priced homes tend to have a lower broker commission) and, to a lesser extent, competitors providing fewer or similar services for a reduced fee.
Royalty fees are charged to all franchisees pursuant to the terms of the relevant franchise agreements and are includedfranchisees may receive volume incentives described in each of the real estate brands' franchise disclosure documents. Other incentives may also be used as consideration to attract new franchisees, grow franchisees (including through independent sales agent recruitment) or extend existing franchise agreements, although in contrast to volume incentives, the majority of other incentives are not homesale transaction based. See Part I., "Item 1.—Business—Realogy Anywhere Brands—Franchise Group—Operations—Franchising" for additional information.
Transaction volume growth has generally exceeded royalty revenue growth due primarily to the growth in gross commission income generated by our top 250 franchisees and our increased use of other sales incentives, both of which directly impact royalty revenue. Over the past several years, our top 250 franchisees have grown faster than our other franchisees through organic growth and market consolidation. If the amount of gross commission income generated byconsolidation, which has had, and may continue to, put pressure on our top 250 franchisees continuesability to grow at a quicker pace relativerenew or negotiate franchise agreements with favorable terms due to our other franchisees, we would expecttheir size and scale, and that has had, and could, adversely impact our royalty revenue to continue to increase, but at a slower pace than homesale transaction volume. Likewise, our royalty revenue would continue to increase, but at a slower pace than homesale transaction volume, if the gross commission income generated by all of our franchisees grows faster than the applicable annual volume incentive table increase or if we increase our use of standard volume or other incentives. However, in the event that the gross commission income generated by our franchisees increases as a result of increased transaction volume, we would expect to recognize an increase in overall royalty payments to us.revenue.
We face significant competition from other national real estate brokerage brand franchisors for franchisees and we expect that the trend of increasing incentives will continue in the future in order to attract, retain, and help grow certain franchisees. Taking into account competitive factors, we may, from time to time, we have and may continue to introduce pilot programs or restructure or revise the model used at one or more franchised brands, including with respect to fee structures, minimum production requirements or other terms.
We expect to experience pressures on net royalty per side, largely due to the impact of competitive market factors noted above and continued concentration among our top 250 franchisees, and the impact of affiliated franchisees of our Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate brand moving to the "capped fee model" we adopted in 2019; however, these pressures were more than offset by increases in homesale prices in the three and twelve-month periods ended December 31, 2021.franchisees.
RealogyOwned Brokerage Group has a significant concentration of real estate brokerage offices and transactions in geographic regions where home prices are at the higher end of the U.S. real estate market, particularly the east and west coasts, while Realogy Franchise Group has franchised offices that are more widely dispersed across the United States. Accordingly, operating results and homesale statistics may differ between RealogyOwned Brokerage Group and Realogy Franchise Group based upon geographic presence and the corresponding homesale activity in each geographic region. In addition, the share of commissions earned by independent sales agents directly impacts the margin earned by RealogyOwned Brokerage Group. Such share of commissions earned by independent sales agents varies by region and commission schedules are generally progressive to incentivize sales agents to achieve higher levels of production.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Discussed below are our consolidated results of operations and the results of operations for each of our reportable segments. The reportable segments presented below represent our segmentsthose for which we maintain separate financial information is available and which is utilized on a regular basisregularly employed by our chief operating decision maker to assessfor performance assessment and to allocate resources. In identifying ourresource allocation. The classification of reportable segments we also considerconsiders the distinctive nature of services providedoffered by our segments. Management evaluates the operating resultseach segment. Management's evaluation of each of ourindividual reportable segments based uponsegment performance centers on two key metrics: revenue and Operating EBITDA. Operating EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and is defined by us as net income (loss) beforeadjusted for depreciation and amortization, interest expense, net (other than(excluding relocation services interest for securitization assets and securitization obligations), income taxes, and othercertain non-core items. Non-core items that are not core to the operating activities of the Company such asinclude restructuring charges, former parent legacy items, gains or losses on the early extinguishment of debt, impairments, and gains or losses on discontinued operations and gains or losses on the sale of businesses, investments, or other assets. Our presentation of Operating EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titledalign with similar measures usedemployed by other companies.entities. Variations may arise due to differences in the inclusion or exclusion of specific items and the interpretation of non-core elements within the calculation. See below under the header "Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources—Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for additional information.
Year Ended December 31, 20212023 vs. Year Ended December 31, 20202022
Our consolidated results comprised the following: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | Change |
| Net revenues | $ | 7,983 | | | $ | 6,221 | | | $ | 1,762 | |
| Total expenses | 7,548 | | | 6,812 | | | 736 | |
| Income (loss) before income taxes, equity in earnings and noncontrolling interests | 435 | | | (591) | | | 1,026 | |
| Income tax expense (benefit) | 133 | | | (104) | | | 237 | |
| Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities | (48) | | | (131) | | | 83 | |
| Net income (loss) | 350 | | | (356) | | | 706 | |
| Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (7) | | | (4) | | | (3) | |
| Net income (loss) attributable to Realogy Holdings and Realogy Group | $ | 343 | | | $ | (360) | | | $ | 703 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 | | Change |
| Net revenues | $ | 5,636 | | | $ | 6,908 | | | $ | (1,272) | |
| Total expenses | 5,758 | | | 7,231 | | | (1,473) | |
| Loss before income taxes, equity in (earnings) losses and noncontrolling interests | (122) | | | (323) | | | 201 | |
| Income tax benefit | (15) | | | (68) | | | 53 | |
| Equity in (earnings) losses of unconsolidated entities | (9) | | | 28 | | | (37) | |
| Net loss | (98) | | | (283) | | | 185 | |
| Less: Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 1 | | | (4) | | | 5 | |
| Net loss attributable to Anywhere and Anywhere Group | $ | (97) | | | $ | (287) | | | $ | 190 | |
Net revenues increased $1,762decreased $1,272 million or 28%18% for the year ended December 31, 20212023 compared with the year ended December 31, 20202022 driven primarily by higherlower homesale transaction volume at RealogyOwned Brokerage Group and Franchise and Brokerage Groups and an increase in volume at Realogy Title Group in each caseprimarily due primarily to continued strong demand and higher prices in the residential real estate market, which we attribute to certain beneficial consumer trends supported by other factors, including a favorable mortgage rate environment and low inventory contributing to higher average homesale price. Year-over-year comparisons, on a Company-wide and individual segment basis, also benefited from comparison against the sharp decline in homesale transactions that occurredtransactions. In addition, net revenues decreased $80 million due to the absence of revenue at Title Group as a result of the sale of the Title Insurance Underwriter late in the secondfirst quarter of 2020 due to factors related to the COVID-19 crisis.2022.
Total expenses increased $736decreased $1,473 million or 11%20% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 20202022 primarily due to:
•a $1,226$751 million increasedecrease in commission and other sales agent-related costs primarily due to an increase inlower homesale transaction volume as well as a resultvolume;
•$65 million of higher agent commission costs primarily driven by a shift in miximpairment expense during 2023, which included impairment charges of $25 million at Franchise Group to more productive, higher compensated agents, the impactreduce goodwill related to Cartus, $25 million related to franchise trademarks and $15 million related to leases and other assets, compared to $483 million of recruitmentimpairment expense during 2022, which includedimpairment charges of $280 million and retention efforts,$114 million related to goodwill at Owned Brokerage Group and businessFranchise Group, respectively, $76 million related to franchise trademarks and geographic mix;$13 million related to leases and other assets including an investment;
•a $225$169 million increase in operating and general and administrative expenses, largely the result of the absence in 2021 of the benefit of the temporary cost savings measures that were taken in the second and third quarters of 2020 in response to the COVID-19 crisis and due to higher employee incentive accruals;
•a $48 million increase in marketing expense primarily due to higher advertising costs as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, during which such expenses were reduced due to the COVID-19 crisis, and
•a $21 million lossgain on the early extinguishment of debt primarily as a result of the refinancingdebt exchange transactions inand open market repurchases that occurred during the firstthird quarter of 20212023 compared to an $8a $96 million loss on the early extinguishment of debt as a result of the refinancing transactions in June 2020;during 2022;
partially offset by:
•non-cash impairmentsa $196 million decrease in operating and general and administrative expenses primarily attributable to a decrease in employee-related and other operating costs due to cost savings initiatives, partially offset by higher employee incentive accruals, and a $74 million decrease in underwriter costs as a result of $4the sale of the Title Underwriter late in the first quarter of 2022; and
•a $37 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to $682 million during the year ended December 31, 2020;decrease in marketing costs as a result of cost savings initiatives,
partially offset by:
•a $56$140 million decrease in other income primarily due to the absence in 2023 of the gain recorded at Title Group related to the sale of the Title Underwriter during 2022;
•a $38 million net decreaseincrease in interest expense primarily due to a $65the absence during 2023 of $40 million decrease in expenseof gains recognized during 2022 related to the fair value adjustment for mark-to-market adjustments for interest rate swaps that resulted(which expired during the fourth quarter of 2022);
•a $17 million increase in $14restructuring costs during 2023 compared to 2022 primarily related to additional cost savings initiatives; and
•an increase in former parent legacy cost of $17 million of gainsprimarily related to first quarter 2023 developments in a legacy tax matter.
Equity in earnings were $9 million for the year ended December 31, 20212023 compared to $51losses of $28 million during the same period of 2022. Equity in earnings for the year ended December 31, 2023 consisted of $4 million of earnings for the Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture, $3 million of earnings for the operations of our other title related equity method investments and $2 million of earnings for the operations of our brokerage related equity method investments. Equity in losses for the year ended December 31, 2020,2022 consisted of $22 million of losses for Guaranteed Rate Affinity and $17 million of losses for the operations of our brokerage related equity method investments, partially offset by an increase$6 million of earnings for the Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture and $5 million of earnings for the operations of our other title related equity method investments.
In 2022, we began to take additional cost savings actions to offset, in interest expense associated with the amortization of the debt discount on the Exchangeable Senior Notes since issuancepart, expected declines in homesale transaction volume, including reductions in the second quarternear term on spending on certain variable and semi-variable expenses and streamlining our administrative support cost structure. As a result, we implemented a restructure plan ("Operational Efficiencies Plan") under which we incurred $43 million of 2021;
•a $50costs including $22 million decrease in restructuring costs;of facility related costs and
•an $11 $21 million net gain on the sale of business.
Equity in earnings were $48 million forpersonnel related costs primarily at Owned Brokerage Group during the year ended December 31, 20212023, compared to earnings$20 million of $131costs during 2022. Total expected restructuring costs under the Operational Efficiencies Plan are currently anticipated to be $89 million forwith $63 million incurred to date through December 31, 2023. During 2023, the Company realized cost savings of approximately $220 million of which approximately half related to specific restructuring activities. Furthermore, in connection with prior restructuring programs, we incurred $6 million of costs during the year ended December 31, 2020. Equity in earnings primarily related to Guaranteed Rate Affinity which was $49 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, decreasing by $77 million from $126 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily driven by the impact of mark-to-market adjustments on the mortgage loan pipeline and gain-on-sale margin compression, partially offset by strong purchase volume growth.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, we incurred $17 million of restructuring costs2023 compared to $67$12 million for the year ended December 31, 2020during 2022 primarily related to the Company's restructuring program focused on office consolidation and instituting operational efficiencies to drive profitability. The Company expects the estimated total costtransformation of the program to be approximately $170 million, with $129 million incurred to date and $41 million remaining primarily related to future expenses as a result of reducing the leased-office footprints.our corporate headquarters. See Note 12,14, "Restructuring Costs", toin the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
The provision for income taxes was an expensea benefit of $133$15 million for the year ended December 31, 20212023 compared to a benefit of $104$68 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.2022. Our effective tax rate was 28%13% and 23%19% for the yearyears ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, respectively. See Note 11,12, "Income Taxes", to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information and a reconciliation of the Company’s effective income tax rate.
The following table reflects a reconciliation of Net loss attributable to Anywhere and Anywhere Group to Operating EBITDA and the results of each of our reportable segments during the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020:2022:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 |
| Net loss attributable to Anywhere and Anywhere Group | $ | (97) | | | $ | (287) | |
| Income tax benefit | (15) | | | (68) | |
| Loss before income taxes | (112) | | | (355) | |
| Add: Depreciation and amortization | 196 | | | 214 | |
| Interest expense, net | 151 | | | 113 | |
| Restructuring costs, net (a) | 49 | | | 32 | |
| Impairments (b) | 65 | | | 483 | |
| Former parent legacy cost, net (c) | 18 | | | 1 | |
| (Gain) loss on the early extinguishment of debt (c) | (169) | | | 96 | |
| Loss (gain) on the sale of businesses, investments or other assets, net (d) | 2 | | | (135) | |
| Operating EBITDA | $ | 200 | | | $ | 449 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Revenues (a) | | $ Change | | % Change | | Operating
EBITDA | | $ Change | | % Change | | Operating EBITDA Margin | | Change |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | | | 2021 | | 2020 | | | | 2021 | | 2020 | |
| Realogy Franchise Group | $ | 1,249 | | | $ | 1,059 | | | 190 | | | 18 | | | $ | 751 | | | $ | 594 | | | 157 | | | 26 | | | 60 | % | | 56 | % | | 4 | |
| Realogy Brokerage Group | 6,189 | | | 4,742 | | | 1,447 | | | 31 | | | 109 | | | 48 | | | 61 | | | 127 | | | 2 | | | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Realogy Title Group | 952 | | | 736 | | | 216 | | | 29 | | | 200 | | | 226 | | | (26) | | | (12) | | | 21 | | | 31 | | | (10) | |
| Corporate and Other | (407) | | | (316) | | | (91) | | | (a) | | (158) | | | (142) | | | (16) | | | (11) | | | | | | | |
| Total Company | $ | 7,983 | | | $ | 6,221 | | | 1,762 | | | 28 | | | $ | 902 | | | $ | 726 | | | 176 | | | 24 | | | 11 | % | | 12 | % | | (1) | |
| Less: Depreciation and amortization | | 204 | | | 186 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest expense, net | | 190 | | | 246 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Income tax expense (benefit) | | 133 | | | (104) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Restructuring costs, net (b) | | 17 | | | 67 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Impairments (c) | | 4 | | | 682 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Former parent legacy cost, net (d) | | 1 | | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss on the early extinguishment of debt (d) | | 21 | | | 8 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Gain on the sale of business, net (e) | | (11) | | | — | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income (loss) attributable to Realogy Holdings and Realogy Group | | $ | 343 | | | $ | (360) | | | | | | | | | | | |
64
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Revenues (e) | | $ Change | | %
Change | | Operating EBITDA | | $ Change | | % Change | | Operating EBITDA Margin | | Change |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | | | 2023 | | 2022 | | | | 2023 | | 2022 | |
| Franchise Group | $ | 983 | | | $ | 1,145 | | | $ | (162) | | | (14)% | | $ | 527 | | | $ | 670 | | | $ | (143) | | | (21)% | | 54 | % | | 59% | | (5) | |
| Owned Brokerage Group | 4,628 | | | 5,606 | | | (978) | | | (17) | | (144) | | | (86) | | | (58) | | | (67) | | (3) | | | (2) | | (1) | |
| Title Group | 340 | | | 530 | | | (190) | | | (36) | | (17) | | | 9 | | | (26) | | | (289) | | (5) | | | 2 | | (7) | |
| Corporate and Other | (315) | | | (373) | | | 58 | | | (e) | | (166) | | | (144) | | | (22) | | | (15) | | | | | | |
| Total Company | $ | 5,636 | | | $ | 6,908 | | | $ | (1,272) | | | (18)% | | $ | 200 | | | $ | 449 | | | $ | (249) | | | (55)% | | 4 | % | | 6% | | (2) | |
_______________
(a)Restructuring charges incurred for the year ended December 31, 2023 include $11 million at Franchise Group, $25 million at Owned Brokerage Group, $4 million at Title Group and $9 million at Corporate and Other. Restructuring charges incurred for the year ended December 31, 2022 include $1 million at Franchise Group, $19 million at Owned Brokerage Group and $12 million at Corporate and Other.
(b)Non-cash impairments for the year ended December 31, 2023 include $25 million at Franchise Group to reduce goodwill related to Cartus, $25 million related to franchise trademarks and $15 million related to leases and other assets. Non-cash impairments for the year ended December 31, 2022 include $280 million and $114 million related to goodwill at Owned Brokerage Group and Franchise Group, respectively, $76 million related to franchise trademarks and $13 million related to leases and other assets including an investment.
(c)Former parent legacy items and (Gain) loss on the early extinguishment of debt are recorded in Corporate and Other. Former parent legacy cost in 2023 relates to developments in a legacy tax matter in the first quarter of 2023. Gain on the early extinguishment of debt in 2023 relates to the debt exchange transactions and open market repurchases that occurred during the third quarter of 2023. Loss on the early extinguishment of debt in 2022 primarily relates to the refinancing transactions that occurred during the first quarter of 2022.
(d)Loss (gain) on the sale of businesses, investments or other assets, net in 2022 is recorded in Title Group and is related to the sale of the Title Underwriter and subsequent sales of a portion of the Company's ownership in the Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture.
(e)Revenues include the elimination of transactions between segments, which consists of intercompany royalties and marketing fees paid by RealogyOwned Brokerage Group of $407$315 million and $316$373 million during the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, respectively, and are eliminated through the Corporate and Other line.
(b)Restructuring charges incurred for the year ended December 31, 2021 include $5 million at Realogy Franchise Group, $7 million at Realogy Brokerage Group and $5 million at Corporate and Other. Restructuring charges incurred for the year ended December 31, 2020 include $15 million at Realogy Franchise Group, $37 million at Realogy Brokerage Group, $4 million at Realogy Title Group and $11 million at Corporate and Other.
(c)Non-cash impairments for the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily relate to software and lease asset impairments. Non-cash impairments for the year ended December 31, 2020 include:
•a goodwill impairment charge of $413 million related to Realogy Brokerage Group;
•an impairment charge of $30 million related to Realogy Franchise Group's trademarks;
•$133 million of impairment charges during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (while Cartus Relocation Services was held for sale) to reduce the net assets to the estimated proceeds;
•a goodwill impairment charge of $22 million related to Cartus Relocation Services;
•an impairment charge of $34 million related to Cartus Relocation Services' trademarks; and
•other asset impairments of $50 million primarily related to lease asset impairments.
(d)Former parent legacy items and Loss on the early extinguishment of debt are recorded in Corporate and Other.
(e)Gain on the sale of business, net is primarily recorded in Realogy Brokerage Group.
As described in the aforementioned table, Operating EBITDA margin for "Total Company" expressed as a percentage of revenues decreased 12 percentage point to 11% from 12%points for the year ended December 31, 20212023 compared to 2020. Operating EBITDA margin for "Total Company", as well as on a segment basis, was negatively impacted by the absencesame period in 2021 of the benefit of the temporary cost savings measures that were taken in the second and third quarters of 2020 in response to the COVID-19 crisis. Realogy2022. Franchise Group's margin increased 4decreased 5 percentage points to 60% from 56% primarily due to an increase in royalty revenue as a result of an increase in homesale transaction volume, partially offset by the result of the absence of the cost savings measures discussed above. Realogy Brokerage Group's margin increased 1 percentage point to 2% from 1% primarily due to higher transaction volume, partially offset by the result of the absence of the cost savings measures discussed above and higher agent commission costs driven by a shift in mix to more productive, higher compensated agents, the impact of recruiting and retention efforts, as well as business and geographic mix. Realogy Title Group's margin decreased 10 percentage points to 21% from 31% due to a decrease in equityroyalty revenue and higher employee incentive accruals, partially offset by cost saving initiatives. Owned Brokerage Group's margin decreased 1 percentage point primarily due to declines in earningsrevenue, higher employee incentive accruals and an increase in the portion of Guaranteed Rate Affinity, mostly the result of the impact of mark to market adjustments on the mortgage loan pipeline, as well as gain-on-sale margin compression. Realogysales commissions received by independent sales agents, partially offset by cost saving initiatives. Title Group's margin excluding equity in earnings of Guaranteed Rate Affinity, increased 2decreased 7 percentage points, with 10 percentage points related to 16% from 14% largely the result of an increasedecline in resalepurchase and underwriterrefinance revenue, partially offset by the absence of the cost savings measures discussed above, higher variablea decrease in employee-related and other operating costs as a result of higher volume and higher employee incentive accruals.cost savings initiatives.
Corporate and Other Operating EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 20212023 declined $16$22 million to negative $158a loss of $166 million largely the result of the absence in 2021 of the benefit of the temporary cost savings measures that were taken in the second and third quarters of 2020 in responseprimarily due to the COVID-19 crisis as well as higher employee incentive accruals.accruals, partially offset by less expense related to legal accruals and cost savings initiatives.
Realogy Anywhere Brands—Franchise Group
Revenues increased $190decreased $162 million to $1,249$983 million and Operating EBITDA increased $157decreased $143 million to $751$527 million for the year ended December 31, 20212023 compared with 2020.2022.
Revenues increased $190decreased $162 million primarily as a result of:
•of a $90$64 million increasedecrease in third-party domestic franchisee royalty revenue primarily due todriven by a 27% increase20% decrease in homesale transaction volume at Realogy Franchise Group which consisted of a 19%21% decrease in existing homesale transactions, partially offset by a 2% increase in average homesale price, and a 7% increase in existing homesale transactions;
•an $87$57 million increasedecrease in intercompany royalties received from RealogyOwned Brokerage Group;Group. Furthermore, revenue from our relocation operations and
• lead generation business decreased $34 million as a $24 million increase inresult of lower volume. In addition, brand marketing fund revenue and related expense decreased $7 million primarily due to higherlower advertising costs in 2021during 2023 as compared to 2020, when such expenses were reduced due to the COVID-19 crisis,
partially offset by:
•a $6 million decrease in revenue related to the early termination of third party listing fee agreements during 2020; and
•a $5 million decrease in service and other revenue as a result of a $16 million net decrease in revenue from our relocation and lead generation operations primarily in the first quarter of 2021, driven by lower volume largely related to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by an increase in international royalty revenue.
Realogy Franchise Group revenue includes intercompany royalties received from Realogy Brokerage Group of $393 million and $306 million during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which are eliminated in consolidation against the expense reflected in Realogy Brokerage Group's results.2022.
The $157Franchise Group's revenue includes intercompany royalties received from Owned Brokerage Group of $301 million increaseand $358 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are eliminated in consolidation against the expense reflected in Owned Brokerage Group's results.
Operating EBITDA wasdecreased $143 million primarily due to the $190$162 million increasedecrease in revenues discussed above, and $14 million of lower expense for bad debt and notes reserves. These Operating EBITDA increases were partially offset by the $24$7 million increasedecrease in brand marketing fund expense discussed above and a $23$6 million increasedecrease in employeeother marketing expense primarily a result of cost savings initiatives. In addition, employee-related and other operating costs largely the result of the absence in 2021 of the benefit of the temporarydecreased $6 million primarily due to cost savings measures that were taken in the second and third quarters of 2020 in response to the COVID-19 crisis and due toinitiatives, partially offset by higher employee incentive accruals.
RealogyAnywhere Advisors—Owned Brokerage Group
Revenues increased $1,447decreased $978 million to $6,189$4,628 million and Operating EBITDA increased $61decreased $58 million to $109a loss of $144 million for the year ended December 31, 20212023 compared with 2020.2022.
The revenue increasedecrease of $1,447$978 million was primarily driven by a 32% increase19% decrease in homesale transaction volume at RealogyOwned Brokerage Group which consisted ofwas primarily due to a 19% increase in average homesale price and an 11% increasedecrease in existing homesale transactions. Realogy Brokerage Group's revenue results during the year ended December 31, 2021 benefited from continued strong demandtransactions and higher prices in the residential real estate market which we attribute to certain beneficial consumer trends supported by other factors, including a favorable mortgage rate environment and low inventory contributing to higherflat average homesale price.
Operating EBITDA increased $61decreased $58 million primarily due to the $1,447$978 million increasedecrease in revenues discussed above, partially offset by:
•a $1,226$751 million increasedecrease in commission expenses paid to independent sales agents from $3,527 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 to $4,753 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Commission expense increased primarily as a result of the impact of higherlower homesale transaction volume as discussed above, as well as higher agent commission costs primarily driven by a shift in mix to more productive, higher compensated agents, the impact of recruiting and retention efforts, as well as business and geographic mix;
•an $87 million increase in royalties paid to Realogy Franchise Group from $306 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 to $393 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 associated with the homesale transaction volume increase as described above;volume;
•a $42$66 million increasedecrease in employee-related and other operating costs largely the result of the absence in 2021 of the benefit of the temporary cost savings measures that were taken in the second and third quarters of 2020 in response to the COVID-19 crisis and due to higher employee incentive accruals;
•a $24 million increase in marketing expense primarily due to higher advertising costs as compared to 2020, when such expenses were reduced due to the COVID-19 crisis; and
•$7 million of losses in equity in earnings related to the RealSure joint venture.
Realogy Franchise and Brokerage Groups on a Combined Basis
The following table reflects Realogy Franchise and Brokerage Groups' results before intercompany royalties and marketing fees as well as on a combined basis to show the Operating EBITDA contribution of these business segments to the overall Operating EBITDA of the Company. The Operating EBITDA margin for the combined segments remained flat at 12% during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to 2020 primarily due to higher homesale transaction volume, offset by the absence in 2021 of the benefit of the temporary cost savings measures that were taken in 2020 in response to COVID-19 crisis and higher agent commission costs driven by a shift in mix to more productive, higher compensated agents, the impact of recruiting and retention efforts, as well as business and geographic mix: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Revenues | | $ Change | | %
Change | | Operating EBITDA | | $ Change | | %
Change | | Operating EBITDA Margin | | Change |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | | | 2021 | | 2020 | | | | 2021 | | 2020 | |
| Realogy Franchise Group (a) | $ | 842 | | | $ | 743 | | | 99 | | | 13 | | | $ | 344 | | | $ | 278 | | | 66 | | | 24 | | | 41 | % | | 37 | % | | 4 | |
| Realogy Brokerage Group (a) | 6,189 | | | 4,742 | | | 1,447 | | | 31 | | | 516 | | | 364 | | | 152 | | | 42 | | | 8 | | | 8 | | | — | |
| Realogy Franchise and Brokerage Groups Combined | $ | 7,031 | | | $ | 5,485 | | | 1,546 | | | 28 | | | $ | 860 | | | $ | 642 | | | 218 | | | 34 | | | 12 | % | | 12 | % | | — | |
_______________(a)The segment numbers noted above do not reflect the impact of intercompany royalties and marketing fees paid by Realogy Brokerage Group to Realogy Franchise Group of $407 million and $316 million during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Realogy Title Group
Revenues increased $216 million to $952 million and Operating EBITDA decreased $26 million to $200 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared with 2020.
Revenues increased $216 million primarilylower employee headcount as a result of a $104 million increase in resale revenue due to increased purchase unit activity and increased homesale prices that benefited from continued strong demand in the residential real estate market, which we attribute to certain beneficial consumer trends supported by other factors, including a favorable mortgage rate environment and low inventory contributing to higher average homesale price. In addition, there was a $103 million increase in underwriter revenue (including a $101 million increase in underwriter revenue with unaffiliated agents, which had a $22 million net positive impact on Operating EBITDA due to the related expense increase of $79 million) and an $9 million increase in refinance and other revenue. Equity earnings or losses related to our minority interest in Guaranteed Rate Affinity are included in the financial results of Realogy Title Group, but are not reported as revenue to Realogy Title Group.
Operating EBITDA decreased $26 million primarily as a result of a $93 million increase in employee and other operating costs largely the result of the absence in 2021 of the benefit of the temporary cost savings measures that were taken in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 crisis and due to higher variable costs as a result of higher volume and higher employee incentive accruals, and a $79 million increase in variable operating costs related to the increase in underwriter revenue with unaffiliated agents discussed above where the revenue and expense are recorded on a gross basis. In addition, equity in earnings decreased $76 million from $131 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 to $55 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily related to Guaranteed Rate Affinity, mostly driven by the impact of mark-to-market adjustments on the mortgage loan pipeline and gain-on-sale margin compression, partially offset by strong purchase volume growth. These decreases were partially offset by the $216 million increase in revenues discussed above and a $6 million unrealized gain on an investment.
Year Ended December 31, 2020 vs. Year Ended December 31, 2019
Our consolidated results comprised the following: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2020 | | 2019 | | Change |
| Net revenues | $ | 6,221 | | | $ | 5,870 | | | $ | 351 | |
| Total expenses | 6,812 | | | 6,059 | | | 753 | |
| Loss before income taxes, equity in earnings and noncontrolling interests | (591) | | | (189) | | | (402) | |
| Income tax (benefit) expense | (104) | | | 14 | | | (118) | |
| Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities | (131) | | | (18) | | | (113) | |
| Net loss | (356) | | | (185) | | | (171) | |
| Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (4) | | | (3) | | | (1) | |
| Net loss attributable to Realogy Holdings and Realogy Group | $ | (360) | | | $ | (188) | | | $ | (172) | |
Net revenues increased $351 million or 6% for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared with the year ended December 31, 2019 driven by higher homesale transaction volume at Realogy Brokerage Group and Realogy Franchise Group and an increase in volume at Realogy Title Group due to a strong recovery in the residential real estate market which began late in the second quarter of 2020, following a period of sharp decline in homesale transactions starting in the final weeks of the first quarter of 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We attribute the recovery in 2020 to increased demand driven by a favorable mortgage rate environment and low inventory contributing to higher average homesale price. In addition, we have observed continued strength in certain trends that we believe are largely driven by behavioral changes related to the COVID-19 crisis, including home buyer preferences for certain geographies, including suburban locations and attractive tax and weather destinations and second home purchases.
Total expenses increased $753 million or 12% compared to 2019 primarily due to:
•non-cash impairments of $682 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $271 million during the year ended December 31, 2019. Non-cash impairments during the year ended December 31, 2020 include:
◦a goodwill impairment charge of $413 million related to Realogy Brokerage Group during the first quarter of 2020;
◦an impairment charge of $30 million related to Realogy Franchise Group's trademarks during the first quarter of 2020;
◦$133 million of reserves recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (while Cartus Relocation Services was held for sale) to reduce the net assets to the estimated proceeds which were included in Impairments in connection with the reclassification of Cartus Relocation Services as continuing operations during the fourth quarter of 2020;
◦a goodwill impairment charge of $22 million related to Cartus Relocation Services during the fourth quarter of 2020;
◦an impairment charge of $34 million related to Cartus Relocation Services' trademarks during the fourth quarter of 2020; and
◦other asset impairments of $50 million primarily related to lease asset impairments,
compared to a non-cash impairments during the year ended December 31, 2019, which includes a goodwill impairment charge of $237 million related to Realogy Brokerage Group, a $22 million reduction to record net assets held for sale at the lower of carrying value or fair value, less costs to sell, for Cartus Relocation Services which was presented as held for sale at December 31, 2019 and $12 million of other impairment charges primarily related to lease asset impairments.
•a $371 million increase in commission and other sales agent-related costs primarily due to an increase in homesale transaction volume as well as a result of higher agent commission costs primarily driven by a shift in mix to more productive, higher compensated agents, the impact of recruitment and retention efforts, and business and geographic mix;
•a $15 million increase in restructuring costs;
•an $8 million loss on the early extinguishment of debt during the year ended December 31, 2020 as a result of the refinancing transactions in June 2020 compared to a $5 million net gain on the early extinguishment of debt during the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily due to the repurchase of Senior Notes during the third quarter of 2019; and
•a $10 million increase in operating and general and administrative expenses primarily due to higher employee incentive accruals, partially offset by lower employee-related, occupancy and other operating costs as a result of temporary COVID-19 related cost savings initiatives in the second and third quarter of 2020,
partially offset by:
•a $49 million decrease in marketing expense primarily due to the absence of in person meetings and conferences and lower advertising costs due to the COVID-19 pandemic during 2020; and
•a $4 million net decrease in interest expense primarily due to LIBOR rate decreases and lower revolver borrowings, partially offset by a $12 million increase in expense related to mark-to-market adjustments for interest rate swaps that resulted in losses of $51 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to losses of $39 million during the same period of 2019.
Equity in earnings were $131 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to earnings of $18 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily due to an improvement in earnings of Guaranteed Rate Affinity at Realogy Title Group. Equity in earnings for Guaranteed Rate Affinity was $126 million, representing approximately 17% of the Company's Operating EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2020, increasing by $111 million from $15 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. This improvement was the result of the low mortgage rate environment, an increase in refinancing transactions and improved margins in the venture. Equity in earnings for Realogy Title Group's other equity method investments was $5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 which increased by $2 million from $3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, we incurred $67 million of restructuring costs primarily related to the Company's restructuring program focused on office consolidation and instituting operational efficiencies to drive profitability. The two most significant lease impairments recognized by the Company during 2020 were the corporate headquarters in Madison, New Jersey which has a lease term expiring in December 2029 for which approximately 44% of the space (approximately 120,000 square feet) was impaired and the relocation service's main corporate operations in Danbury, Connecticut which has a lease term expiring in November 2030 with an early termination date in November 2025.
The provision for income taxes was a benefit of $104 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to an expense of $14 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Our effective tax rate was 23% and negative 8% for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
The following table reflects the results of each of our reportable segments during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Revenues (a) | | $ Change | | % Change | | Operating EBITDA | | $ Change | | % Change | | Operating EBITDA Margin | | Change |
| | 2020 | | 2019 | | | | 2020 | | 2019 | | | | 2020 | | 2019 | |
| Realogy Franchise Group | $ | 1,059 | | | $ | 1,158 | | | (99) | | | (9) | | | $ | 594 | | | $ | 616 | | | (22) | | | (4) | | | 56 | % | | 53 | % | | 3 | |
| Realogy Brokerage Group | 4,742 | | | 4,409 | | | 333 | | | 8 | | | 48 | | | 4 | | | 44 | | | 1,100 | | | 1 | | | — | | | 1 | |
| Realogy Title Group | 736 | | | 596 | | | 140 | | | 23 | | | 226 | | | 68 | | | 158 | | | 232 | | | 31 | | | 11 | | | 20 | |
| Corporate and Other | (316) | | | (293) | | | (23) | | | (a) | | (142) | | | (98) | | | (44) | | | (45) | | | | | | | |
| Total Company | $ | 6,221 | | | $ | 5,870 | | | 351 | | | 6 | | | $ | 726 | | | $ | 590 | | | 136 | | | 23 | | | 12 | % | | 10 | % | | 2 | |
| Less: Depreciation and amortization | | 186 | | | 195 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest expense, net | | 246 | | | 250 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Income tax (benefit) expense | | (104) | | | 14 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Restructuring costs, net (b) | | 67 | | | 52 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Impairments (c) | | 682 | | | 271 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Former parent legacy cost, net (d) | | 1 | | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss (gain) on the early extinguishment of debt (e) | | 8 | | | (5) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net loss attributable to Realogy Holdings and Realogy Group | | $ | (360) | | | $ | (188) | | | | | | | | | | | |
_______________
(a)Revenues includes the elimination of transactions between segments, which consists of intercompany royalties and marketing fees paid by Realogy Brokerage Group of $316 million and $293 million during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and are eliminated through the Corporate and Other line.
(b)Restructuring charges incurred for the year ended December 31, 2020 include $15 million at Realogy Franchise Group, $37 million at Realogy Brokerage Group, $4 million at Realogy Title Group and $11 million at Corporate and Other. Restructuring charges incurred for the year ended December 31, 2019 include $14 million at Realogy Franchise Group, $25 million at Realogy Brokerage Group, $3 million at Realogy Title Group and $10 million at Corporate and Other.
(c)Non-cash impairments for the year ended December 31, 2020 include:
•a goodwill impairment charge of $413 million related to Realogy Brokerage Group during the first quarter of 2020;
•an impairment charge of $30 million related to Realogy Franchise Group's trademarks during the first quarter of 2020;
•$133 million of reserves recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (while Cartus Relocation Services was held for sale) to reduce the net assets to the estimated proceeds which were included in Impairments in connection with the reclassification of Cartus Relocation Services as continuing operations during the fourth quarter of 2020;
•a goodwill impairment charge of $22 million related to Cartus Relocation Services during the fourth quarter of 2020;
•an impairment charge of $34 million related to Cartus Relocation Services' trademarks during the fourth quarter of 2020; and
•other asset impairments of $50 million primarily related to lease asset impairments.
Non-cash impairments for the year ended December 31, 2019 include a goodwill impairment charge of $237 million related to Realogy Brokerage Group, a $22 million reduction to record net assets held for sale at the lower of carrying value or fair value, less costs to sell, for Cartus Relocation Services which was presented as held for sale at December 31, 2019 and $12 million of other impairment charges primarily related to lease asset impairments.
(d)Former parent legacy items are recorded in Corporate and Other.
(e)Loss (gain) on the early extinguishment of debt is recorded in Corporate and Other. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded a net gain on the early extinguishment of debt of $5 million which consisted of a $10 million gain as a result of the repurchase of Senior Notes completed in the third quarter of 2019, partially offset by a $5 million loss as a result of the refinancing transactions in the first quarter of 2019.
As described in the aforementioned table, Operating EBITDA margin for "Total Company" expressed as a percentage of revenues increased 2 percentage points to 12% from 10% for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 2019. On a segment basis, Realogy Franchise Group's margin increased 3 percentage points to 56% from 53% primarily due to an increase in royalty revenue as a result of an increase in homesale transaction volume, partially offset by a decrease in revenue related to the early termination of third party listing fee agreements. Realogy Brokerage Group's margin increased
1 percentage point to 1% from zero primarily due to lower operating expenses principally driven by temporary COVID-19 related cost savings initiatives, partially offset by higher agent commission costs driven by a shift in mix to more productive, higher compensated agents, the impact of recruiting and retention efforts, as well as business and geographic mix. Realogy Title Group's margin increased 20 percentage points to 31% from 11% for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 2019 primarily due to a $111 million increase in equity in earnings of Guaranteed Rate Affinity as a result of the low mortgage rate environment, an increase in refinancing transactions and improved margins in the venture, as well as an increase in underwriter, refinance and resale activity at Realogy Title Group.
Corporate and Other Operating EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2020 declined $44 million to negative $142 million primarily due to higher employee incentive accruals.
Realogy Franchise Group
Revenues decreased $99 million to $1,059 million and Operating EBITDA decreased $22 million to $594 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared with 2019.
Third-party domestic franchisee royalty revenue increased $35 million primarily due to a 16% increase in homesale transaction volume at Realogy Franchise Group, which consisted of a 13% increase in average homesale price and a 3% increase in existing homesale transactions, and a $24 million increase in intercompany royalties received from Realogy Brokerage Group.
Realogy Franchise Group revenue includes intercompany royalties received from Realogy Brokerage Group of $306 million and $282 million during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which are eliminated in consolidation against the expense reflected in Realogy Brokerage Group's results.
Royalty revenue increases were offset by:
•a $113 million decrease in service and other revenue primarily related to a $110 million decrease in relocation service revenue, driven by lower volume largely related to the COVID-19 pandemic, and a decrease in revenues from our lead generation and relocation operations, driven by lower volume and lead transactions primarily due to discontinuation of the USAA real estate benefit program that ceased new enrollments in the third quarter of 2019, which at the time was our largest real estate benefit program;
•a $28 million decrease in registration revenue and brand marketing fund revenue (associated with the waiver of marketing fees from affiliates in the second quarter of 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic), which had a related expense decrease of $37 million resulting in a net $9 million net positive impact on Operating EBITDA, due to the absence of in person meetings and conferences and lower advertising costs due to the COVID-19 pandemic; and
•a $17 million decrease in revenue related to the early termination of third party listing fee agreements.
The $22 million decrease in Operating EBITDA was primarily due to the $99 million decrease in revenues discussed above and $7 million of higher expense for bad debt primarily due to the early termination of third party listing fee agreements. These Operating EBITDA decreases were partially offset by a $47 million decrease in employee and other operating costs principally due to cost savings initiatives, including temporary COVID-19 related cost savings initiatives during the second and third quarters of 2020, partially offset by higher employee incentive accruals, and the $37 million decrease in marketing expense discussed above.
Realogy Brokerage Group
Revenues increased $333 million to $4,742 million and Operating EBITDA increased $44 million to $48 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared with 2019.
The revenue increase of $333 million was primarily driven by a 9% increase in homesale transaction volume at Realogy Brokerage Group which primarily consisted of a 6% increase in average homesale price and a 2% increase in existing homesale transactions. There was a strong recovery in the residential real estate market which began in the late second quarter of 2020 following a period of sharp decline in homesale transactions starting in the final weeks of the first quarter of 2020.
Operating EBITDA increased $44 million primarily due to:
•the $333 million increase in revenues discussed above;
•a $76 million decrease in employee-related, occupancy and other operating costs due primarily to temporary COVID-19 related cost savings initiatives, partially offset by higher employee incentive accruals;
•a $57 million decrease in royalties paid to Franchise Group associated with the homesale transaction volume declines described above;
•a $27 million decrease in marketing expense due to lower advertising costs as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic;cost savings initiatives; and
•a $3$19 million gain onimprovement in equity in earnings to earnings of $2 million during 2023 from losses of $17 million during the saleyear ended December 31, 2022 primarily related to a former investment.
Anywhere Integrated Services—Title Group
Revenues decreased $190 million to $340 million and Operating EBITDA decreased $26 million to a loss of assets,
partially offset by:
•a $371 million increase in commission expenses paid to independent sales agents from $3,156$17 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $3,527 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Commission expense increased primarily as a result of the impact of higher homesale transaction volume as discussed above, as well as higher agent commission costs primarily driven by a shift in mix to more productive, higher compensated agents, the impact of recruiting and retention efforts, as well as business and geographic mix; and2023 compared with 2022.
•a $24 million increase in royalties paid to Realogy Franchise Group from $282Revenues decreased $190 million during the year ended December 31, 20192023 compared with 2022 primarily due to $306decreases in purchase and refinance revenue and an $80 million decrease in underwriter revenue as a result of the sale of the Title Underwriter late in the first quarter of 2022. Purchase revenue decreased $88 million as a result of a decrease in transactions primarily due to the high interest rate environment and a reduction in volume related to a pullback in home purchasing by an institutional homebuyer with which we have a joint venture relationship. Furthermore, refinance revenue decreased $19 million due to a decrease in activity as average mortgage rates increased significantly over the past 18 months.
Operating EBITDA decreased $26 million primarily due to the $107 million decrease in purchase and refinance revenue discussed above and a $6 million net decline as a result of the sale of the Title Underwriter. The Operating EBITDA decreases discussed above were partially offset by a $72 million decrease in employee-related and other operating costs primarily as a result of cost savings initiatives and declines in variable operating costs due to lower volume and an $18 million improvement in equity in earnings from losses of $11 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 associated with the homesale transaction volume increase as described above.
Realogy Franchise and Brokerage Groups on a Combined Basis
The following table reflects Realogy Franchise and Brokerage Groups' results before the intercompany royalties and marketing fees as well as on a combined basis2022 to show the Operating EBITDA contributionearnings of these business segments to the overall Operating EBITDA of the Company. The Operating EBITDA margin for the combined segments remained flat at 12% during the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 2019: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Revenues | | $ Change | | %
Change | | Operating EBITDA | | $ Change | | %
Change | | Operating EBITDA Margin | | Change |
| | 2020 | | 2019 | | | | 2020 | | 2019 | | | | 2020 | | 2019 | |
| Realogy Franchise Group (a) | $ | 743 | | | $ | 865 | | | (122) | | | (14) | % | | $ | 278 | | | $ | 323 | | | (45) | | | (14) | % | | 37 | % | | 37 | % | | — | |
| Realogy Brokerage Group (a) | 4,742 | | | 4,409 | | | 333 | | | 8 | | | 364 | | | 297 | | | 67 | | | 23 | | | 8 | | | 7 | | | 1 | |
| Realogy Franchise and Brokerage Groups Combined | $ | 5,485 | | | $ | 5,274 | | | 211 | | | 4 | % | | $ | 642 | | | $ | 620 | | | 22 | | | 4 | % | | 12 | % | | 12 | % | | — | |
_______________
(a)The segment numbers noted above do not reflect the impact of intercompany royalties and marketing fees paid by Realogy Brokerage Group to Realogy Franchise Group of $316 million and $293$7 million during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Realogy Title Group
Revenues increased $140 million to $736 million and Operating EBITDA increased $158 million to $226 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared with 2019.
Revenues increased $140 million primarily as a result of a $68 million increase in underwriter revenue (including a $61 million increase in underwriter revenue with unaffiliated agents, which had a $10 million net positive impact on Operating EBITDA due to the related expense increase of $51 million) and a $50 million increase in refinance revenue due to an increase in activity in the refinance market driven by the favorable interest rate environment. In addition there was a $21 million increase in resale revenue attributable to increased purchase unit activity due to a strong recovery in the residential real estate market which began in the late second quarter of 2020 following a period of sharp decline in homesale transactions starting in the final weeks of the first quarter of 2020.
Operating EBITDA increased $158 million primarily as a result of the $140 million increase in revenues discussed above and a $113 million increase in equity in earnings mostly related to Guaranteed Rate Affinity due to the favorable mortgage rate environment and improved margins in the venture. These increases were partially offset by a $51 million increase in variable operating costs related to the increase in underwriter revenue with unaffiliated agents discussed above where the revenue and expense are recorded on a gross basis and a $44 million increase in employee and other operating costs due to higher variable costs as a result of higher volume and higher employee incentive accruals, partially offset by temporary COVID-19 related cost savings initiatives.2023.
FINANCIAL CONDITION, LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Financial Condition | | December 31, 2021 | | December 31, 2020 | | Change |
| December 31, 2023 | | | December 31, 2023 | | December 31, 2022 | | Change |
| Total assets | Total assets | $ | 7,210 | | | $ | 6,934 | | | $ | 276 | |
| Total liabilities | Total liabilities | 5,018 | | | 5,167 | | | (149) | |
| Total equity | Total equity | 2,192 | | | 1,767 | | | 425 | |
For the year ended December 31, 2021,2023, total assets increased $276decreased $544 million primarily due to:
•a $215$168 million increasenet decrease in trade and relocation receivables primarily due to timing;
•a $108 million decrease in cash and cash equivalents due to cash flows from operations, partially offset by debt repayments;as discussed below under the header "Cash Flows";
•a $134 million increase in other current and non-current assets primarily due to technology and agent incentives, as well as equity method investments;
•a $13 million increase in goodwill primarily due to acquisitions at Realogy Brokerage Group in the fourth quarter of 2021, partially offset by the sale of a business at Realogy Brokerage Group in the second quarter of 2021; and
•a $7 million increase in indefinite life intangible assets,
partially offset by:
•an $89$90 million net decrease in franchise agreements and other amortizable intangible assets primarily due to amortization;
•a $59 million net decrease in other current and non-current assets primarily due to independent sales agent incentives and prepaid contracts;
•a $42 million net decrease in operating lease assets;
•a $37 million net decrease in property and equipment;
•a $25 million decrease in trademarks as a result of the impairment recognized during fourth quarter of 2023 related to franchise tradenames; and
•a $7$24 million net decrease in property and equipment.goodwill primarily due to the $25 million impairment charge at Franchise Group to reduce goodwill related to Cartus recognized during fourth quarter of 2023.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, totalTotal liabilities decreased $149$458 million primarily due to:
•a $257$307 million net decrease in corporate debt primarily related to repaymentthe debt exchange transactions and open market repurchases that occurred during the third quarter of debt partially offset by2023 and lower borrowings under the issuanceRevolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2023 (see Note 9, "Short and Long-Term Debt", to the 5.75% Senior Notes and Exchangeable Senior Notes;Consolidated Financial Statements for further details);
•a $35$48 million decrease in securitization obligations;
•a $47 million decrease in operating lease liabilities;
•a $42 million decrease in other non-current liabilities primarily due to mark-to-market adjustments on the Company's interest rate swaps;payment of long-term contracts; and
•a $14$32 million decrease in operating leasedeferred tax liabilities,
partially offset by:
•a $77by an $18 million net increase in deferred tax liabilities;
•a $66 million increase inaccounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities primarilyliabilities.
Total equity decreased $86 million due to higher employee-related accruals and an increase in accrued interest due to timing,a net loss of $97 million, partially offset by a decline in advances from clients; and
•a $12 million increase in securitization obligations.
Total equity increased $425 million primarily due to net income of $343 million and a $71an $8 million increase in additional paid inpaid-in capital primarily related to the issuance ofCompany's stock-based compensation activity for the Exchangeable Senior Notes in the second quarter of 2021.year ended December 31, 2023.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash flows from operations and distributions from our unconsolidated joint ventures, supplemented by funds available under our Revolving Credit Facility and Apple Ridge securitization facilities,facility, are our primary sources of liquidity. We did not borrow under our Revolving Credit Facility during the year ended December 31, 2021.
Our primary uses of liquidity include working capital, business investment and capital expenditures, as well as debt service. We have used and may also use future cash flows to repurchase or redeem outstanding indebtedness and to acquire stock under our share repurchase program.
Business investments may include investments in strategic initiatives, including our existing or future joint ventures, products and services that are designed to simplify the home sale and purchase transaction, independent sales agent recruitment and retention, and franchisee system growth and acquisitions.
Debt service includes contractual amortization and interest payments on our long-term debt. As described below, we took steps in 2021 and the first quarter of 2022 to extend our debt maturity profile, reduce interest expense, and improve the mix of secured and unsecured debt, resulting in multiple credit rating upgrades. We intend to repay or refinance our 4.875% Senior Notes due 2023 at or prior to maturity. In addition, we may, frompayments.
From time to time, we seek to repay, refinance or refinance certainrestructure all or a portion of our other debt.debt or to repurchase our outstanding debt through, as applicable, tender offers, exchange offers, open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Such transactions, if any, will depend on a number of factors, including prevailing market
In the first quarter of 2021, we issued $900 million of 5.75% Senior Notes due in 2029 and in the second quarter of 2021, we issued $403 million of 0.25% Exchangeable Senior Notes due in 2026, which contributed to the debt reduction described in the table below. In the first quarter of 2022, we issued $1,000 million of 5.25% Senior Notes due in 2030. Since the beginning of 2021, we have repaid or redeemed the following debt, including all ofconditions, our Non-extended Term Loan A, Term Loan B Facility, 9.375% Senior Notes and 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Reporting Period | Amount Paid/Redeemed | Debt Instrument | Source of Funds |
Q1 2021 | $250 million | Term Loan A Facility | Issuance of $900 million of 5.75% Senior Notes |
$655 million
| Term Loan B Facility |
Q2 2021 | $150 million | Term Loan B Facility | Cash on hand |
Q3 2021 | $197 million | Term Loan A Facility | Cash on hand |
$238 million | Term Loan B Facility |
Q1 2022 | $596 million* | 9.375% Senior Notes | Issuance of $1,000 million of 5.25% Senior Notes, together with cash on hand |
$584 million* | 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes |
_______________* includes "make whole" premium, but excludes accrued interest paid.
On February 16, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program of up to $300 million of the Company's common stock. Repurchases under the program may be made at management's discretion from time to time on the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. The actual timing, number and value of shares repurchased will be determined by us and may fluctuate based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our priorities for the use of cash, price, market and economic conditions, and legalliquidity requirements and contractual requirements (including compliance with the terms of our debt agreements). The repurchase program has no time limit, among other factors.
Management continued to focus on improving the Company's debt profile in 2023, reducing the principal amount of debt by $308 million through the combination of debt exchange transactions, open market repurchases and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. In addition, we may seek to repurchasereduction in our outstanding revolver balance. The debt exchange transactions reduced the total principal amount of debt by approximately $160 million while incurring minimal incremental interest expense and retaining our flexibility and long-dated maturities. Our opportunistic open market repurchases of Senior Notes due 2029 and Senior Notes due 2030 allowed us to capture approximately $20 million of discount, further reducing the principal amount of our debt by approximately $70 million. We also reduced the amount outstanding under our revolving credit facility by $65 million. These achievements were in addition to our debt profile improvements between 2020 and 2022, when we reduced the principal amount of our debt by $600 million, extended our maturities, shifted our debt from timemostly secured debt to time through,unsecured debt and reduced our interest expense. See Note 9, "Short and Long-Term Debt", to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
On October 6, 2023, we announced the terms of a settlement agreement the Company has entered into to settle all claims asserted against it or that could have been asserted against it in the Burnett and Moehrl antitrust class action litigation. Under the terms of the proposed nationwide settlement, which is subject to final court approval, we agreed to provide monetary relief of $83.5 million, of which $10 million was paid in December 2023, as applicable, tender offers, open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Such repurchases, if any, will depend on similar factors, including prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements,well as injunctive relief. The settlement received preliminary court approval in November 2023, with final approval anticipated in mid-2024. See Note 15, "Commitments and contractual restrictions, among other factors.Contingencies", to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.
Our material cash requirements from known contractual and other obligations as of December 31, 2021,2023, were as follows:
Debt Obligations (including Interest Payments).. As of December 31, 2021, on a pro forma basis,2023, the principal amount of our total short-term and long-term debt was $2,942$2,567 million, after giving effect to the refinancing transactions that took place in the first quarter of 2022 (see below under the header "Financial Obligations—Pro Forma Indebtedness Table" for our borrowing arrangements as of December 31, 2021 on a pro forma basis). Taking into consideration the refinancing transactions in the first quarter of 2022, we expect to pay approximately $165 million in cash interest payments in 2022 to service our corporate indebtedness, assuming a constant interest rate of 1.85% for variable rate debt, including payments on our interest rate swaps and excluding the make-whole premium paid in connection with the redemption in full of the 9.375% Senior Notes and 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes.which includes:
After giving effect to the refinancing transactions that took place in the first quarter of 2022, we had $2,710•$2,076 million of fixed interest rate debt with a weighted average interest rate of 4.6%.4.96%;
At December 31, 2021, our•$206 million of variable interest rate debt includes amounts outstanding under our Term Loan A FacilityFacility; and
•$285 million of $232 million. Thevariable interest rate debt under our Revolving Credit Facility.
At December 31, 2023, the interest rate on the outstanding amounts under both our Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility at December 31, 2021 was 1.85% which7.21%. The interest rate with respect to the Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility is based on adjusted LIBORTerm SOFR plus a 10 basis point credit spread adjustment plus an additional margin subject to adjustment based on our current senior secured leverage ratio. From time to time, the Company may utilize interest rate swap arrangements to manage our exposure to changes in interest rates associated with our variable interest rate debt, but no such arrangements were in place as of December 31, 2023.
No principalBased on our debt profile as of December 31, 2023, we expect to pay approximately $140 million in cash interest payments within 2024 to service our fixed and variable rate debt which will fluctuate based on the exception of amortizationthen-applicable interest rate and amounts outstanding. Amortization payments on the Extended Term Loan A of $10$22 million are due in 2022.2024 with the balance of the Extended Term Loan A due at maturity on February 8, 2025 — the nearest term maturity of our outstanding indebtedness. The next debt maturity relatesdate of the Revolving Credit Facility is July 27, 2027 and may spring forward to our $407 million 4.875%an earlier date as follows: (i) if on or before March 16, 2026, the 0.25% Exchangeable Senior Notes whichhave not been extended, refinanced or replaced to have a maturity date after October 26, 2027 (or are not otherwise discharged, defeased or repaid by March 16, 2026), the maturity date of the Revolving Credit Facility will be March 16, 2026 and (ii) if on or before November 9, 2024, the "term A loans" under the Term Loan A Agreement have not been extended, refinanced or replaced to have a maturity date after October 26, 2027 (or are not otherwise repaid by November 9, 2024), the maturity date of the Revolving Credit Facility will be November 9, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, no principal payments on our debt are due in June 2023.2024 other than the Extended Term Loan A amortization payment described above. See Note 9, "Short and Long-Term Debt", and Note 19, "Subsequent Events", to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Taxes. While we have historically utilized net operating losses to offset the majority ofinformation regarding our federal and state income tax payments, we utilized substantially all of our remaining net operating losses during 2021 and therefore expect to be a full cash taxpayer in 2022 and future years.debt.
Leases. As of December 31, 2021,2023, we approximate $642had approximately $523 million of future lease payments with $157$135 million of payments due in 2022.2024. See Note 3,6, "Leases", to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our lease obligations.
Purchase Commitments.Commitments. As of December 31, 2021,2023, we had $82$55 million related to purchase commitments due in 20222024 and $298$238 million thereafter, approximately 75%90% of which relates to the minimum licensing fees we are required to pay to the
owners of the two brands we do not own under 50 year50-year license agreements. See Note 14,15, "Commitments and Contingencies", to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our purchase obligations.
Minority-Owned Joint Ventures. We have multiple unconsolidated joint ventures including Guaranteed Rate Affinity (our mortgage origination joint venture) as well as our RealSure and Real Estate Auction joint ventures. Equityequity in earnings or losses related to the financial results of unconsolidated joint ventures are recorded on the equityEquity in earnings(earnings) losses of unconsolidated entities line in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations (and accordingly impact Operating EBITDA), but are not reported as revenue. We have undertaken various commitments as a result of those arrangements, including the investment or advancement of additional funds in certain instances, if required. We also may, from time to time, elect or commit to make additional investments in existing and future unconsolidated joint ventures. See Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—4, "Equity Method Investments", to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our unconsolidated joint ventures.
UponOther material factors that may impact our liquidity, include, but are not limited to, the closefollowing:
Market and Macroeconomic Conditions. Our earnings have significantly decreased over the past twelve months. This decline has been driven by the rapid downturn in the residential real estate market and has resulted in a substantial increase in our net debt leverage ratio. If the residential real estate market or the economy as a whole does not improve or further weakens, our business, financial condition and liquidity are likely to continue to be adversely affected. In particular, we may experience higher leverage as a result of lower earnings and/or increased borrowing under our Revolving Credit Facility, and our ability to access capital, grow our business and return capital to stockholders may be adversely impacted.
Material Litigation. We are a party to certain material litigation as described in Note 15, "Commitments and Contingencies—Litigation", to the Consolidated Financial Statements. We dispute the allegations against the Company in each of these matters, believe we have substantial defenses against plaintiffs’ claims and are vigorously defending these actions, however it is not feasible to predict the ultimate outcome of litigation. Adverse outcomes in these matters, or the failure to obtain final approval of the title insurance underwriter transactions described herein, we will receive proceeds of $210 million (priorlegal settlement discussed in Note 15, "Commitments and Contingencies—Litigation", to tax and closing adjustments) and willthe Consolidated Financial Statements, could have a 30% non-controlling equity interestmaterial adverse affect, individually or in the resulting joint venture (which will indirectly own Title Resources). Accordingly, we will no longer consolidate theaggregate, on our business, results of the title insurance underwriteroperations and financial condition, in our financial statements and our share of earnings from the title insurance underwriter will be correspondingly reduced. Moreover, cash held as statutory reserves by the title insurance underwriter (approximately $150 million at December 31, 2021) will no longer be included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as cash and cash equivalents.particular with respect to liquidity.
Seasonality. Historically, operating results and revenues for all of our businesses have been strongest in the second and third quarters of the calendar year. Although industry seasonality experienced volatility in 2020 and 2021, we believe that the industry will begin to realign with historical seasonality patterns in 2022. A significant portion of the expenses we incur in our real estate brokerage operations are related to marketing activities and commissions and therefore, are variable. However, many of our other expenses, such as interest payments, facilities costs and certain personnel-related costs, are fixed and cannot be reduced during the seasonal fluctuations in the business. Consequently, our need to borrow under the Revolving Credit Facility and corresponding debt balances are generally at their highest levels at or around the end of the first quarter of every year.
If the recovery ofyear but a continued downturn in the residential real estate market wereor other factors impacting our liquidity could require us to materially slow or reverse itself, ifincur additional borrowings under the economy as a whole does not improve or if the broader real estate industry were to experience a significant downturn, our business, financial condition and liquidity may be materially adversely affected, including our ability to access capital, grow our business and return capital to stockholders.Revolving Credit Facility.
We believe that we will continue to meet our cash flow needs during the next twelve months through the sources outlined above. Additionally,In the event that our liquidity assumptions change, we may seekexplore additional financing to fund future growth or refinance our existing indebtedness through the debt capital markets, but we cannot be assured that such financing, will be available on favorable terms, or at all. Over the longer-term, to the extent these sources of liquidity are insufficient to meet our needs, we may also conduct additional private or public offerings of debt or our common stock or dispose of certain assets.consider asset disposals.
Cash Flows
Year ended December 31, 20212023 vs. Year ended December 31, 20202022
At December 31, 2021,2023, we had $743$119 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, an increasea decrease of $220$99 million compared to the balance of $523$218 million at December 31, 2020.2022. The following table summarizes our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020:2022:
| | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2021 | | 2020 | | Change | | 2023 | | 2022 | | Change |
| Cash provided by (used in): | Cash provided by (used in): | | | | | |
| Operating activities | Operating activities | $ | 643 | | | $ | 748 | | | $ | (105) | |
| Operating activities | |
| Operating activities | |
| Investing activities | Investing activities | (147) | | | (90) | | | (57) | |
| Financing activities | Financing activities | (275) | | | (402) | | | 127 | |
| Effects of change in exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | Effects of change in exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (1) | | | 1 | | | (2) | |
| Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 220 | | | $ | 257 | | | $ | (37) | |
For the year ended December 31, 2021, $1052023, $279 million lessmore cash was provided by operating activities compared to the same period in 20202022 principally due to:
•$203320 million more cash used for accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities;
•$56 million less cash provided by the net change in relocation and trade receivables;receivables due to timing;
•$50148 million less cash from dividends receivedused for accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities primarily from Guaranteed Rate Affinity;related to the payment of lower employee incentive compensation in the first quarter of 2023;
•$39118 million moreless cash used for other assets primarily due to payments to agentsindependent sales agent recruitment and other receivables, as well as salesretention and franchise system growth incentives to franchisees;in 2022 and the amortization of prepaid contracts; and
•$811 million moreless cash used for other operating activities,
partially offset by $251$323 million more cash provided byused in operating results.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, we used $572023, $4 million more cash forwas used in investing activities compared to the same period in 20202022 primarily due to:
•$3455 million more cash used for investments in unconsolidated entities;
•$25 million more cash used for acquisition related payments;
•$8 million less of cash proceeds from the sale of business;business primarily related to the sale of the Title Underwriter in the first quarter of 2022;
•$16 million less cash from other investing activities primarily related to the absence in 2023 of the $12 million dividend received from the Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture during the first quarter of 2022; and
•$67 million moreless cash proceeds received from investments,
partially offset by:
•$37 million less cash used for property and equipment additions,additions;
partially offset by $16•$21 million less cash used for other investing activities.investments; and
•$16 million less cash used for acquisitions.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, $2752023, $227 million of cash was used in financing activities compared to $402$376 million of cash used in financing activities during the same period in 2020.2022. For the year ended December 31, 2021, $2752023, $227 million of cash was used in financing activities as follows:
•$23465 million repayment of borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility;
•$63 million of net cash paid related to debt exchange transactions and open market purchases in the third quarter of 2023;
•$48 million net decrease in securitization borrowings;
•$31 million of other financing payments primarily related to finance leases and contracts; and
•$16 million of quarterly amortization payments on the term loan facilities.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, $376 million of cash was used in financing activities as follows:
•$261 million of net cash paid as a result of the pay downs of outstanding borrowings under the Term Loan B Facility and Non-extended Term Loan A in the second and third quarters of 2021 and the purchase of exchangeable note hedges in the second quarter of 2021 in connection with of:
◦the issuance of 5.25% Senior Notes and redemption of both the Exchangeable9.375% Senior Notes;Notes and 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes in the first quarter of 2022; and
◦redemption and repurchases of the 4.875% Senior Notes and increase in borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility as a result of the redemption during the fourth quarter of 2022;
•$3497 million for the repurchase of our common stock;
•$36 million of other financing payments primarily related to finance leases and contracts;
•$10 million of quarterly amortization payments on the term loan facilities; and
•$916 million of tax payments related to net share settlement for stock-based compensation,
partially offset by $12 million net increase in securitization borrowings.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, $402 million of cash was used in financing activities as follows:
•$190 million repayment of borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility;compensation; and
•$99 million net decrease in securitization borrowings;
•$4310 million of quarterly amortization payments on the term loan facilities;
•$43 million of other financing payments primarily related to finance leases;
•$22 million of cash paid primarily as a result of the refinancing transactions in the second quarter of 2020; and
•$5 million of tax payments related to net share settlement for stock-based compensation.
Year ended December 31, 2020 vs. Year ended December 31, 2019
At December 31, 2020, we had $523 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, an increase of $257 million compared to the balance of $266 million at December 31, 2019. The following table summarizes our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2020 | | 2019 | | Change |
| Cash provided by (used in): | | | | | |
| Operating activities | $ | 748 | | | $ | 371 | | | $ | 377 | |
| Investing activities | (90) | | | (128) | | | 38 | |
| Financing activities | (402) | | | (215) | | | (187) | |
| Effects of change in exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 1 | | | — | | | 1 | |
| Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 257 | | | $ | 28 | | | $ | 229 | |
For the year ended December 31, 2020, $377 million more cash was provided by operating activities compared to the same period in 2019 principally due to:
•$242 million less cash used for accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities;
•$98 million more cash from dividends received primarily from Guaranteed Rate Affinity;
•$35 million more cash provided by operating results;
•$25 million less cash used for other assets; and
•$9 million more cash provided by the net change in relocation and trade receivables,facilities,
partially offset by $32 million more cash used for other operating activities.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, we used $38 million less cash for investing activities compared to the same period in 2019 primarily due to:
•$24 million less cash used for property and equipment additions;
•$23 million more cash provided from the sale of business; and
•$7 million less cash used for investments in unconsolidated entities,
partially offset by $16 million more cash used for other investing activities primarily due to the reinvestment of certificates of deposit.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, $402 million of cash was used in financing activities compared to $215 million of cash used during the same period in 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2020, $402 million of cash was used as follows:
•$190 million repayment of borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility;
•$99a $44 million net decreaseincrease in securitization borrowings;
•$43 million of quarterly amortization payments on the term loan facilities;
•$43 million of other financing payments primarily related to finance leases;
•$22 million of cash paid primarily as a result of the refinancing transactions in the second quarter of 2020; and
•$5 million of tax payments related to net share settlement for stock-based compensation.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, $215 million of cash was used as follows:
•$80 million repayment of borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility;
•$31 million of dividend payments;
•$30 million of quarterly amortization payments on the term loan facilities;
•$26 million net decrease in securitization borrowings;
•$25 million of other financing payments primarily related to finance leases;
•$20 million for the repurchase of our common stock; and
•$6 million of tax payments related to net share settlement for stock-based compensation,
partially offset by $3 million of net cash received as a result of the refinancing transactions in 2019.
Financial Obligations
Pro Forma Indebtedness Table
The following table sets forth the Company's borrowing arrangements as of December 31, 2021 on a pro forma basis giving effect to the refinancing transactions that took place in the first quarter of 2022, including the issuance in the aggregate of $1,000 million of 5.25% Senior Notes due 2030 and the net proceeds of which, together with cash on hand, were used to pay down in full both the outstanding $550 million of 9.375% Senior Notes due 2027 and $550 million of 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes due 2025:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest Rate | | Expiration Date | | Principal Amount |
| Senior Secured Credit Facility (Revolving Credit Facility) | (1) | | (1) | | $ | — | |
| Term Loan A Facility | (1) | | (1) | | 232 | |
| Senior Notes (2) | 5.25% | | April 2030 | | 1,000 | |
| Senior Notes | 4.875% | | June 2023 | | 407 | |
| Senior Notes | 5.75% | | January 2029 | | 900 | |
| Exchangeable Senior Notes | 0.25% | | June 2026 | | 403 | |
| Senior Notes (3) | 9.375% | | April 2027 | | — | |
| Senior Secured Second Lien Notes (3) | 7.625% | | June 2025 | | — | |
| Total Short-Term & Long-Term Debt | $ | 2,942 | |
| Securitization obligations: | | | | | |
| Apple Ridge Funding LLC | | June 2022 | | 116 | |
| Cartus Financing Limited | | September 2022 | | 2 | |
| Total Securitization Obligations | $ | 118 | |
_______________
(1)See Note 9, "Short and Long-Term Debt", to the Consolidated Financial Statements, for additional information related to the Senior Secured Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility. These facilities were not impacted by the refinancing transactions that took place in the first quarter of 2022.
(2)On January 10, 2022, the Company issued $1,000 million aggregate principal amount of 5.25% Senior Notes due 2030. The 5.25% Senior Notes are unsecured senior obligations of Realogy Group that mature on April 15, 2030. Interest is payable semiannually on April 15 and October 15, commencing on April 15, 2022.
(3)The Company used the net proceeds from the issuance, together with cash on hand, to redeem in full both the outstanding $550 million of 9.375% Senior Notes due 2027 and $550 million of 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes due 2025, each at a redemption price of 100% plus the applicable "make whole" premium together with accrued interest to the redemption date on both such notes.
See Note 9, "Short and Long-Term Debt", to the Consolidated Financial Statements, for additional information on the Company's indebtedness as of December 31, 2021, and Note 19, "Subsequent Events", to the Consolidated Financial Statements, for additional information with respect to these refinancing transactions.2023.
LIBOR Transition
LIBOR is the subject of recent national, international and other regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. As a result of concerns about the accuracy of the calculation of LIBOR, a number of British Bankers’ Association member banks entered into settlements with certain regulators and law enforcement agencies with respect to the alleged manipulation of LIBOR, and LIBOR and other "benchmark" rates are subject to ongoing national and international regulatory scrutiny and reform. The cessation date for submission and publication of rates for certain tenors ofU.S. dollar London Interbank Offering Rate ("LIBOR") was mid-2023. LIBOR has since been extended bywas replaced in the ICE Benchmark Administration until mid-2023. In response to concerns regarding the future of LIBOR, the United States Federal Reserve, in conjunction with the Alternative Reference Rates Committee, a steering committee comprised of large U.S. financial institutions, is considering replacing LIBOR with a new index calculated by short-term repurchase agreements, backed by U.S. Treasury securities: the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or "SOFR." We are unable
Pursuant to predict whetherthe July 2022 Amendment to the Senior Secured Credit Facility and the May 2023 amendment to the Term Loan A Agreement, we replaced LIBOR with a Term SOFR will attain market tractionplus a 10 basis point credit spread adjustment as a LIBOR replacement or the impact of other reforms, whether currently enacted or enacted inapplicable benchmark for the future. Any new benchmark rate, includingRevolving Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility, respectively. SOFR will likely not replicate LIBOR exactly and if future rates based upon a successor rateSOFR are higher than LIBOR rates as currently determined, it could result in an increase in
the cost of our variable rate indebtedness and may have a materialan adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Our primary interest rate exposure is interest rate fluctuations specifically with respect to LIBOR, due to itsthe impact on our variable rate borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facility (for our Revolving Credit Facility) and the Term Loan A Facility. As of December 31, 2021, we had interest rate swaps based on LIBOR with a notional value of $1,000 million to manage a portion of our exposure to changes in interest rates associated with our variable rate borrowings.
Covenants under the Senior Secured Credit Facility, Term Loan A Facility and IndenturesIndentures; Events of Default
The Senior Secured Credit Agreement, Term Loan A Agreement, and the indentures governing the Unsecured Notes and 7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes contain various covenants that limit (subject to certain exceptions) RealogyAnywhere Group’s ability to, among other things:
•incur or guarantee additional debt or issue disqualified stock or preferred stock;
•pay dividends or make distributions to RealogyAnywhere Group’s stockholders, including Realogy Holdings;Anywhere;
•repurchase or redeem capital stock;
•make loans, investments or acquisitions;
•incur restrictions on the ability of certain of RealogyAnywhere Group's subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments to RealogyAnywhere Group;
•enter into transactions with affiliates;
•create liens;
•merge or consolidate with other companies or transfer all or substantially all of AnywhereRealogy Group's and its material subsidiaries' assets;
•transfer or sell assets, including capital stock of subsidiaries; and
•prepay, redeem or repurchase subordinated indebtedness.
As a result of the covenants to which we remain subject, we are limited in the manner in which we conduct our business and we may be unable to engage in favorable business activities or finance future operations or capital needs. In addition, the Senior Secured Credit Agreement and Term Loan A Agreement require us to maintain a senior secured leverage ratio.
Senior Secured Leverage Ratio applicable to our Senior Secured Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility
The senior secured leverage ratio is tested quarterly and may not exceed 4.75 to 1.00. The senior secured leverage ratio is measured by dividing RealogyAnywhere Group's total senior secured net debt by the trailing twelve-month EBITDA calculated on a Pro Forma Basis, as those terms are defined in the Senior Secured Credit Agreement. Total senior secured net debt does not include the 7.625%7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes, our unsecured indebtedness, including the Unsecured Notes and Exchangeable Senior Notes, or the securitization obligations. EBITDA calculated on a Pro Forma Basis, as defined in the Senior Secured Credit Agreement, includes adjustments to EBITDA for restructuring, retention and disposition costs, former parent legacy cost (benefit) items, net, loss (gain) on the early extinguishment of debt, stock-based compensation expense, non-cash charges, extraordinary, nonrecurring or unusual items and incremental securitization interest costs, as well as pro forma cost savings for restructuring initiatives, the pro forma effect of business optimization initiatives and the pro forma effect of acquisitions and new franchisees, in each case calculated as of the beginning of the twelve-month period. The Company was in compliance with the senior secured leverage ratio covenant at December 31, 2021.2023.
See Note 9, "Short and Long-Term Debt—Unsecured Notes" and "—Senior Secured Second Lien Notes", to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Events of Default
Certain events would constitute an event of default under the Senior Secured Credit Facility or Term Loan A Facility as well as the indentures governing the 7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes, Unsecured Notes and Exchangeable Senior Notes. Such events of default include, without limitation, nonpayment of principal or interest, insolvency, bankruptcy, nonpayment of certain material judgments, change of control, and cross-events of default on material indebtedness as well as, under the Senior Secured Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility, material misrepresentations, failure to comply with the senior secured leverage ratio covenant and failure to obtain an unqualified audit opinion by 90 days after the end of any fiscal year. If such an event of default were to occur and the Company failed to obtain a waiver from the applicable lenders or holders of the 7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes, Unsecured Notes or Exchangeable Senior Notes, our financial condition, results of operations and business would be materially adversely affected.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The SEC has adopted rules to regulate the use in filings with the SEC and in public disclosures of "non-GAAP financial measures," such as Operating EBITDA. These measures are derived on the basis of methodologies other than in accordance with GAAP.
Operating EBITDA is defined by us as net income (loss) beforeadjusted for depreciation and amortization, interest expense, net (other than(excluding relocation services interest for securitization assets and securitization obligations), income taxes, and othercertain non-core items. Non-core items that are not core to the operating activities of the Company such asinclude restructuring charges, former parent legacy items, gains
or losses on the early extinguishment of debt, impairments, and gains or losses on discontinued operations and gains or losses on the sale of businesses, investments or other assets. Operating EBITDA is our primary non-GAAP measure.
We present Operating EBITDA because we believe it is useful as a supplemental measure in evaluating the performance of our operating businesses and provides greater transparency into our results of operations. Our management, including our chief operating decision maker, uses Operating EBITDA as a factor in evaluating the performance of our business. Operating EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income or other statement of operations data prepared in accordance with GAAP.
We believe Operating EBITDA facilitates company-to-company operating performance comparisons by backing out potential differences caused by variations in capital structures (affecting net interest expense), taxation, the age and book depreciation of facilities (affecting relative depreciation expense) and the amortization of intangibles, as well as other items that are not core to the operating activities of the Company such as restructuring charges, gains or losses on the early extinguishment of debt, former parent legacy items, impairments, gains or losses on discontinued operations and gains or losses on the sale of businesses, investments or other assets, which may vary for different companies for reasons unrelated to operating performance. We further believe that Operating EBITDA is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in their evaluation of companies, many of which present an Operating EBITDA measure when reporting their results.
Operating EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider Operating EBITDA either in isolation or as a substitute for analyzing our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:
•this measure does not reflect changes in, or cash required for, our working capital needs;
•this measure does not reflect our interest expense (except for interest related to our securitization obligations), or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments on our debt;
•this measure does not reflect our income tax expense or the cash requirements to pay our taxes;
•this measure does not reflect historical cash expenditures or future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;
•although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often require replacement in the future, and this measure does not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements; and
•other companies may calculate this measure differently so they may not be comparable.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP") requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and related notes. Several of the estimates and assumptions we are required to make relate to matters that are inherently uncertain as they pertain to future events. We use our best judgment when measuring these estimates and routinely review our accounting policies and assumptions. However, actual results could differ from our estimates and assumptions and any such differences could be material to our consolidated financial statements. We consider the following critical accounting estimates to involve subjective and complex judgments that could potentially affect reported results. Refer to Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies", of the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of all our significant accounting policies.
Impairment of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets
Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets are subject to an impairment assessment annually as of October 1, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. The impairment assessment is performed at the reporting unit level which includes Realogy Brokerage Group, franchise services (reported within the Realogy Franchise Group reportable segment), Realogy Title Group and Realogy Leads Group (includes lead generation and Cartus Relocation Services and reported within the Realogy Franchise Group reportable segment). This assessment compares the carrying value of each reporting unit and the carrying value of each other indefinite lived intangible asset to their respective fair values and, when appropriate the carrying value is reduced to fair value and an impairment charge for the excess is recorded on a separate line in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the excess.Operations.
In testing goodwill, the fair value of each reporting unit is estimated using the income approach, a discounted cash flow method. For the other indefinite lived intangible assets, fair value is estimated using the relief from royalty method.
Management utilizes long-term cash flow forecasts and the Company's annual operating plans adjusted for terminal value assumptions. The fair value of the Company's reporting units and other indefinite lived intangible assets areis determined utilizing the best estimate of future revenues, operating expenses including commission expense, market and general economic conditions, trends in the industry, as well as assumptions that management believes marketplace participants would utilize. These assumptions include discount rates based on the Company's best estimate of the weighted average cost of capital, long-term growth rates based on the Company's best estimate of terminal growth rates, and trademark royalty rates which are determined by reviewing similar trademark agreements with third parties.
Although management believes that assumptions are reasonable, actual results may vary significantly. These impairment assessments involve the use of accounting estimates and assumptions, changes in which could materially impact our financial condition or operating performance if actual results differ from such estimates and assumptions. Furthermore, significant negative industry or economic trends, disruptions to our business, unexpected significant changes or planned changes in use of the assets, a decrease in our business results, growth rates that fall below our assumptions, divestitures, and a sustained decline in our stock price and market capitalization may have a negative effect on the fair values and key valuation assumptions. Such changes could result in changes to our estimates of our fair value and a material impairment of goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangible assets. To address this uncertainty, a sensitivity analysis is performed on key estimates and assumptions.
Based upon the impairment analysis performed inIn the fourth quarter of 2021, there2023, the Company conducted its annual impairment assessment of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets. Following the assessment, it was identified that goodwill related to the Cartus reporting unit was impaired by $25 million and franchise trademarks were impaired by $25 million. The annual impairment assessment indicated that impairment charges were not necessary for the Company's other reporting units or other indefinite-lived intangibles. See Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" under the header "Impairment of Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Other Long-lived Assets", to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company's annual impairment assessment.
In assessing the potential impact of reducing the estimated fair value by 10% for each of the passing reporting units and other indefinite-lived intangible assets, management concluded that, excluding the Company's trademarks, no impairment of goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2021. Management evaluated the effect of lowering the estimated fair value for each of the reporting units by 10% and determined that no impairment of goodwillintangibles would have been recognized under this evaluation for 2021.2023. The fair value of trademarks is determined using the relief from royalty method which exhibits sensitivity to variations in projected revenues. For the remaining tradenames that were not impaired, which include Title Group and Cartus, the fair value exceeded the carrying value by approximately 3%.
Income taxes
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Our provision for income taxes is based on domestic and international statutory income tax rates in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Significant judgment is required in determining income tax provisions as well as deferred tax asset and liability balances, including the estimation of valuation allowances and the evaluation of tax positions.
Net deferred tax assets and liabilities are primarily comprised of temporary differences, net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards that are available to reduce taxable income in future periods. The determination of the amount of valuation allowance to be provided on deferred tax assets involves estimates regarding (1) the timing and amount of the reversal of taxable temporary differences, (2) expected future taxable income, and (3) the impact of tax planning strategies.
Significant judgment is required in determining income tax provisions and in evaluating tax positions. We establish additional reserves for income taxes when, despite the belief that tax positions are fully supportable, there remain certain positions that do not meet the minimum recognition threshold. The approach for evaluating certain and uncertain tax positions is defined by the authoritative guidance and this guidance determines when a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authority. In the normal course of business, the Company and its subsidiaries are examined by various federal, state and foreign tax authorities. We regularly assess the potential outcomes of these examinations and any future examinations for the current or prior years in determining the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. We continually assess the likelihood and amount of potential adjustments and adjust the income tax provision, the current tax liability and deferred taxes in the period in which the facts that give rise to a revision become known.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies", to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of recently issued FASB accounting pronouncements.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks.
We are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates primarily through our senior secured debt. At December 31, 2021,2023, our primary interest rate exposure was to interest rate fluctuations, specifically LIBOR,SOFR, due to its impact on our variable rate borrowings of our Revolving Credit Facility under the Senior Secured Credit Facility and the Term Loan A Facility. Given that our borrowings under the Senior SecuredRevolving Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility are generally based upon LIBOR, this rate (or any replacement rate) will be the Company's primary market risk exposure for the
foreseeable futurFacility.e. We do not have significant exposure to foreign currency risk, nor do we expect to have significant exposure to foreign currency risk in the foreseeable future.
We assess our market risk based on changes in interest rates utilizing a sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity analysis measures the potential impact on earnings, fair values and cash flows based on a hypothetical change (increase and decrease) in interest rates. We exclude the fair values of relocation receivables and advances and securitization borrowings from our sensitivity analysis because we believe the interest rate risk on these assets and liabilities is mitigated as the rate we earn on relocation receivables and advances and the rate we incur on our securitization borrowings are based on similar variable indices.
In May 2023, we entered into an amendment to the Term Loan Agreement which replaced LIBOR with a Term SOFR plus a 10 basis point credit spread adjustment as the applicable benchmark for the Term Loan A Facility (the applicable margin for the Term Loan A Facility remained the same).
At December 31, 2021,2023, we had variable interest rate debt outstanding under our Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility of $232 million, which excludes $118 million of securitization obligations.$491 million. The interest rate onwith respect to the outstanding amounts under ourRevolving Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility, which was 7.21% at December 31, 2021 was 1.85% which2023, is based on adjusted LIBORTerm SOFR plus a 10 basis point credit spread adjustment plus an additional margin subject to adjustment based on the current senior secured leverage ratio. Based on the December 31, 20212023 senior secured leverage ratio, the LIBOR margin was 1.75%. At December 31, 2021,2023, the one-month LIBOR rateSOFR was 0.10%5.36%; therefore, we have estimated that a 0.25% increase in LIBORSOFR would have an approximately $1 million impact on our annual interest expense.
As of December 31, 2021, we had interest rate swaps with a notional value of $1,000 million to manage a portion of our exposure to changes in interest rates associated with our $232 million of variable rate borrowings. Our interest rate swaps were as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Notional Value (in millions) | | Commencement Date | | Expiration Date | |
$450 | | November 2017 | | November 2022 | |
$400 | | August 2020 | | August 2025 | |
$150 | | November 2022 | | November 2027 | |
The swaps help protect our outstanding variable rate borrowings from future interest rate volatility. The fixed interest rates on the swaps range from 2.07% to 3.11%. The Company had a liability of $46 million and $81 million for the fair value of the interest rate swaps at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The fair value of these interest rate swaps is subject to movements in LIBOR and will fluctuate in future periods. We have estimated that a 0.25% increase in the LIBOR yield curve would increase the fair value of our interest rate swaps by $6 million and would decrease interest expense. While these results may be used as a benchmark, they should not be viewed as a forecast of future results.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
See "Index to Financial Statements" on page F-1.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
Not applicable.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Controls and Procedures for Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc.
(a)Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. ("Realogy Holdings"Anywhere") maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in its filings under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission and that such information is accumulated and communicated to its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Realogy Holdings'Anywhere's management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, recognizes that any set of controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives.
(b)As of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, Realogy HoldingsAnywhere has carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that Realogy Holdings'Anywhere's disclosure controls and procedures are effective at the "reasonable assurance" level.
(c)There has not been any change in Realogy Holdings'Anywhere's internal control over financial reporting during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting for Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc.
Realogy Holdings'Anywhere's management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Realogy Holdings'Anywhere's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Realogy Holdings'Anywhere's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
i.pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of Realogy Holdings'Anywhere's assets;
ii.provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of Realogy Holdings'Anywhere's management and directors; and
iii.provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of Realogy Holdings'Anywhere's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of Realogy Holdings'Anywhere's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021.2023. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in its 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework. Based on this assessment, management determined that Realogy HoldingsAnywhere maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021.2023.
Auditor Report on the Effectiveness of Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc.’s Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the financial statements included in this Annual Report, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of Realogy Holdings'Anywhere's internal control over financial reporting, which is included within their audit opinion on page F-2.
* * *
Controls and Procedures for RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC
(a)RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC ("RealogyAnywhere Group") maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in its filings under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission and that such information is accumulated and communicated to its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. RealogyAnywhere Group's management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, recognizes that any set of controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives.
(b)As of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, RealogyAnywhere Group has carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that RealogyAnywhere Group's disclosure controls and procedures are effective at the "reasonable assurance" level.
(c)There has not been any change in RealogyAnywhere Group's internal control over financial reporting during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting for RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC
RealogyAnywhere Group’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. RealogyAnywhere Group’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. RealogyAnywhere Group’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
(i)pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of RealogyAnywhere Group’s assets;
(ii)provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of RealogyAnywhere Group’s management and directors; and
(iii)provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of RealogyAnywhere Group’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of RealogyAnywhere Group’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021.2023. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in its 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework. Based on this assessment, management determined that RealogyAnywhere Group maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021.2023.
Auditor Report on the Effectiveness of RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC's Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the financial statements included in this Annual Report, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of RealogyAnywhere Group's internal control over financial reporting, which is included within their audit opinion on page F-4.F-5.
Item 9B. Other Information.
On February 24, 2022,16, 2024, the Compensation and Talent Management Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Committee”) of the Company granted a discretionary cash-based bonusspecial $1 million exceptional achievements award to Ms. Wasser, EVP, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary, in recognition of her meaningful contributions totrailblazing leadership in the Company's strong performance in 2021, as described in more detail below. The payment of bonus awards is not partnationwide settlement of the regular executive compensation programsell side
antitrust industry litigation in recognition of extraordinary performance achievements.
In granting a bonus payment in the amount of $300,000 to Ms. Wasser, the Committee took into account her active role in substantially all critical aspects of our business, including, during 2021: execution against strategic initiatives and transactions such as our RealSure and Real Estate Auction joint ventures and the planned sale of our title insurance underwriter (and formation of a title insurance underwriting joint venture)2023, as well as the expansion of other key offerings like the RealVitalize® program; advancement of Realogy's strategic policy objectives and efforts to build collaborative and effective relationships with industry organizations; enhancements to the Company’s enterprise data governance program; and her continued leadership duringfocus on risk and liability management, including providing strategic counsel on contingent liability planning, managing the ongoing COVID-19 crisis with respectBoard of Directors ad hoc special committee and building a cross-functional team to employee, agentsupport the committee, and franchisee health and safety. In making this award,addressing potential risks related to industry structure change.
On February 16, 2024, the Committee also approved a special performance and retention award (the "Award") for Ms. Simonelli, EVP, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, comprised of two award vehicles under the Company's Second Amended and Restated 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan, a $275,000 cash-based award and $275,000 cash-settled restricted stock unit award, each of which will be granted on the third trading day following the filing of this Annual Report in accordance with the Committee's general practice. In granting the Award, the Committee considered the criticality of Ms. Wasser’s role at Realogy.Simonelli's continuing leadership in managing the Company’s balance sheet and capital structure and in achieving of the Company's 2024 cost savings goals.
The Award includes a service requirement pursuant to which Ms. Simonelli must remain employed with the Company through February 28, 2026 (the "Service Term") as well as a performance requirement to achieve (i) a pre-established level of realized cost savings for the year ending December 31, 2024; and (ii) the successful extension, refinancing, replacement or repayment of our Term A Loan Facility on or before November 9, 2024.
Upon successful achievement of the performance requirements, the Award will be payable in early 2025, but subject to repayment if Ms. Simonelli voluntarily leaves the Company (other than for Good Reason) prior to the end of the Service Term.
The Award contains customary termination and clawback provisions.
Securities Trading Plans of Directors and Executive Officers
During the three months ended December 31, 2023, there were no Rule 10b5-1 plans or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements adopted, modified or terminated by any director or officer of the Company.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
Identification of Directors
The information required by this item is included in the Proxy Statement under the caption "Proposal 1: Election of Directors" and is incorporated by reference to this report.Annual Report.
Identification of Executive Officers
The information relating to executive officers required by this item is included herein in Part I under the caption “Information about our Executive Officers.”
Code of Ethics
The information required by this item is included in the Proxy Statement under the caption "Code of Business Conduct and Ethics" and is incorporated by reference to this Annual Report.
Corporate Governance
The information required by this item is included in the Proxy Statement under the caption "Governance of the Company" and is incorporated by reference to this Annual Report.
Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports
The information required by this item is included in the Proxy Statement under the caption "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports""Corporate Governance" and is incorporated by reference to this Annual Report.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
The information required by this item is included in the Proxy Statement under the captions "Governance of the Company—"Corporate Governance—Compensation of Independent Directors," "Governance of the Company—"Corporate Governance—Committees of the Board" and "Executive Compensation" and is incorporated by reference to this Annual Report.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
The following table provides information about shares of our common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of options, that may vest pursuant to awards of restricted stock units, performance stock units or that may be issued under deferred stock units under all of our existing equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2021.2023.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Plan Category | | Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise or Vesting of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights | | Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights | | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans | |
| Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders | | 9,293,375 | (1) | $25.27 | (2) | 4,425,250 | (3) |
| Equity compensation plan not approved by stockholders | | 261,234 | (4) | $32.80 | | — | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Plan Category | | Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise or Vesting of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights | | Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights | | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans | |
| Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders | | 9,432,462 | (1) | $21.49 | (2) | 5,072,568 | (3) |
| Equity compensation plan not approved by stockholders | | 261,234 | (4) | $32.80 | | — | |
_______________
(1)Consists of 2,743,0491,437,665 outstanding options, 2,034,5022,407,288 stock-settled restricted stock units, 4,338,3325,225,788 performance stock units and 177,492361,721 deferred stock units issuable. The amount set forth in the table assumes maximum payout under the unvested performance share unit awards. The number of shares, if any, to be issued pursuant to unvested performance stock unit awards will be determined based upon the extent to which the performance goals are achieved.
(2)The weighted average remaining term of outstanding options is 3.73.5 years. The other outstanding awards do not have exercise prices and are accordingly excluded from this column.
(3)Consists of shares available for future grant.
(4)Consists of options granted to Mr. Schneider on October 23, 2017 as an inducement material to his entry into employment with us, which were approved by our Compensation and Talent Management Committee and disclosed in a press release. Under applicable NYSE Listing Rules, inducement grants are not subject to security holder approval. The terms of this award are materially consistent with the terms of awards made under the Second Amended and Restated 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan. The options
expire ten years from the grant date and vest over a four-year period, in equal annual installments on each anniversary date of the grant date.
See Note 13, "Stock-Based Compensation", in the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Second Amended and Restated 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan.
The remaining information required by this item is included in the Proxy Statement under the caption "Governance of the Company—"Corporate Governance—Ownership of Our Common Stock" and is incorporated by reference to this Annual Report.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
The information required by this item is included in the Proxy Statement under the captions "Governance of the Company—Director Independence Criteria and —Determination of "Corporate Governance—Director Independence and —Related Person Transactions" and is incorporated by reference to this Annual Report.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.
The information required by this item is included in the Proxy Statement under the captions "Disclosure About Fees" and "Pre-Approval of Audit and Non-Audit Services" under the section entitled "Proposal 3: Ratification of the Appointment of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" and is incorporated by reference to this Annual Report.
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules.
(A)(1) and (2) Financial Statements
The consolidated financial statements of the registrants listed in the "Index to Financial Statements" on page F-1 together with the reports of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PCAOB ID 238), independent auditors, are filed as part of this Annual Report.
(A)(3) Exhibits
See Index to Exhibits.
The agreements included or incorporated by reference as exhibits to this Annual Report contain representations and warranties by each of the parties to the applicable agreement. These representations and warranties were made solely for the benefit of the other parties to the applicable agreement and (i) were not intended to be treated as categorical statements of fact, but rather as a way of allocating the risk to one of the parties if those statements prove to be inaccurate; (ii) may have been qualified in such agreement by disclosures that were made to the other party in connection with the negotiation of the applicable agreement; (iii) may apply contract standards of "materiality" that are different from "materiality" under the applicable securities laws; and (iv) were made only as of the date of the applicable agreement or such other date or dates as may be specified in the agreement. We acknowledge that, notwithstanding the inclusion of the foregoing cautionary statements, we are responsible for considering whether additional specific disclosures of material information regarding material contractual provisions are required to make the statements in this Annual Report not misleading.
(A)(4) Consolidated Financial Statement Schedules
Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2021, 20202023, 2022 and 2019:2021: | | (in millions) | (in millions) | | | Additions | | | | | (in millions) | | | Additions | | |
| Description | Description | Balance at
Beginning of
Period | | Charged to
Costs and
Expenses | | Charged to
Other
Accounts | | Deductions | | Balance at
End of
Period | Description | Balance at
Beginning of
Period | | Charged to
Costs and
Expenses | | Charged to
Other
Accounts | | Deductions | | Balance at
End of
Period |
Allowance for doubtful accounts (a) | Allowance for doubtful accounts (a) | Allowance for doubtful accounts (a) |
| Year ended December 31, 2023 | |
| Year ended December 31, 2022 | |
| Year ended December 31, 2021 | Year ended December 31, 2021 | $ | 13 | | | $ | 2 | | | $ | — | | | $ | (4) | | | $ | 11 | |
| Year ended December 31, 2020 | 11 | | | 9 | | | — | | | (7) | | | 13 | |
| Year ended December 31, 2019 | 9 | | | 5 | | | — | | | (3) | | | 11 | |
| Deferred tax asset valuation allowance | | Deferred tax asset valuation allowance | |
| Deferred tax asset valuation allowance | |
| Year ended December 31, 2023 | |
| Year ended December 31, 2022 | |
| Year ended December 31, 2021 | Year ended December 31, 2021 | $ | 21 | | | $ | (1) | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 20 | |
| Year ended December 31, 2020 | 17 | | | 4 | | | — | | | — | | | 21 | |
| Year ended December 31, 2019 | 18 | | | (1) | | | — | | | — | | | 17 | |
_______________
(a)The deduction column represents uncollectible accounts written off, net of recoveries from Trade Receivables, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.
None.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrants have duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on their behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on February 25, 2022.20, 2024.
REALOGY HOLDINGS CORP.ANYWHERE REAL ESTATE INC.
and
REALOGYANYWHERE REAL ESTATE GROUP LLC
(Registrants)
By: /s/ RYAN M. SCHNEIDER
Name: Ryan M. Schneider
Title: Chief Executive Officer and President
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Ryan M. Schneider, Charlotte C. Simonelli and Marilyn J. Wasser, and each of them severally, his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact with power of substitution and resubstitution to sign in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to do any and all things and execute any and all instruments that such attorney may deem necessary or advisable under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and any rules, regulations and requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with this Annual Report on Form 10-K and any and all amendments hereto, as fully and for all intents and purposes as he or she might do or could do in person, and hereby ratifies and confirms all said attorneys-in-fact and agents, each acting alone, and his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated below on behalf of each of the Registrants.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Name | | Title | | Date |
| | | | |
| /s/ RYAN M. SCHNEIDER | | Chief Executive Officer, President and Director
(Principal Executive Officer) | | February 25, 202220, 2024 |
| Ryan M. Schneider | | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ CHARLOTTE C. SIMONELLI | | Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
and Treasurer
(Principal Financial Officer) | | February 25, 202220, 2024 |
| Charlotte C. Simonelli | | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ TIMOTHY B. GUSTAVSON | | Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer
and Controller
(Principal Accounting Officer) | | February 25, 202220, 2024 |
| Timothy B. Gustavson | | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ MICHAEL J. WILLIAMS | | Chairman of the Board of Directors of Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. and Manager of RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC | | February 25, 202220, 2024 |
| Michael J. Williams | | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ FIONA P. DIAS | | Director of Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. and
Manager of RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC | | February 25, 202220, 2024 |
| Fiona P. Dias | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| /s/ MATTHEW J. ESPE | | Director of Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. and
Manager of RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC | | February 25, 202220, 2024 |
| Matthew J. Espe | | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ V. ANN HAILEY | | Director of Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. and
Manager of RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC | | February 25, 202220, 2024 |
| V. Ann Hailey | | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ BRYSON KOEHLER | | Director of Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. and
Manager of RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC | | February 25, 202220, 2024 |
| Bryson Koehler | | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ JOSEPH LENZ | | Director of Anywhere Real Estate Inc. and
Manager of Anywhere Real Estate Group LLC | | February 20, 2024 |
| Joseph Lenz | | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ DUNCAN L. NIEDERAUER | | Director of Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. and
Manager of RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC | | February 25, 202220, 2024 |
| Duncan L. Niederauer | | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ EGBERT L.J. PERRY | | Director of Anywhere Real Estate Inc. and
Manager of Anywhere Real Estate Group LLC | | February 20, 2024 |
| Egbert L.J. Perry | | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ ENRIQUE SILVA | | Director of Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. and
Manager of RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC | | February 25, 202220, 2024 |
| Enrique Silva | | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ SHERRY M. SMITH | | Director of Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. and
Manager of RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC | | February 25, 202220, 2024 |
| Sherry M. Smith | | | | |
| | | | |
/s/ CHRISCHRISTOPHER S. TERRILL | | Director of Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. and
Manager of RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC | | February 25, 202220, 2024 |
ChrisChristopher S. Terrill | | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ FELICIA WILLIAMS | | Director of Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. and
Manager of RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC | | February 25, 202220, 2024 |
| Felicia Williams | | | | |
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Realogy Holdings Corp.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Realogy Holdings Corp. and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income (loss), of equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, including the related notes and schedule of valuation and qualifying accounts for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021 appearing under Item 15(A)(4) (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included inManagement's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting for Realogy Holdings Corp. appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company's consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Annual Goodwill Impairment Assessment – Realogy Leads Group Reporting Unit
As described in Notes 2 and 5 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $2,923 million as of December 31, 2021, of which the Realogy Leads Group reporting unit goodwill was a portion. Management conducts an impairment assessment annually as of October 1, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. This assessment compares the carrying values of the reporting units to their respective fair values. The fair value of each reporting unit is estimated using the income approach, a discounted cash flow method. The fair value of the Company’s reporting units are determined utilizing the best estimate of future revenues, operating expenses, including commission expense, market and general economic conditions, trends in the industry, as well as assumptions that management believes marketplace participants would utilize including discount rates, cost of capital, and long-term growth rates.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the annual goodwill impairment assessment of the Realogy Leads Group reporting unit is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value of the reporting unit; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence relating to management’s significant assumptions related to future revenues and the discount rate; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s annual goodwill impairment assessment, including controls over the valuation of the Realogy Leads Group reporting unit. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value of the Realogy Leads Group reporting unit; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow method; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the discounted cash flow method; and (iv) evaluating the significant assumptions used by management related to future revenues and the discount rate. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to future revenues involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were (i) reasonable considering the current and past performance of the reporting unit, (ii) consistent with external market and industry data, and (iii) consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of the Company’s discounted cash flow method and the discount rate assumption.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Florham Park, New Jersey
February 25, 2022
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2009.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and StockholderStockholders of Realogy Group LLCAnywhere Real Estate Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Realogy Group LLCAnywhere Real Estate Inc. and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive (loss) income, (loss)of equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021,2023, including the related notes and schedule of valuation and qualifying accounts for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20212023 appearing under Item 15(A)(4) (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021,2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20212023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021,2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included inManagement's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting for Anywhere Real Estate Inc. appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company's consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Annual Goodwill Impairment Assessments—Cartus Reporting Unit
As described in Notes 2 and 7 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $2,499 million as of December 31, 2023, a portion of which related to the Cartus reporting unit within the Franchise Group segment. Management conducts an impairment assessment annually as of October 1, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. This assessment compares the carrying value of each reporting unit to their respective fair values and, when appropriate, the carrying value is reduced to fair value. The fair value of each reporting unit is estimated using the discounted cash flow method under the income approach. The fair value of the Company’s reporting units is determined utilizing the best estimate of future revenues, operating expenses, market and general economic conditions, trends in the industry, as well as assumptions that management believes marketplace participants would utilize including discount rates, cost of capital, and long-term growth rates. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company reorganized its internal reporting structure within the Franchise Group segment. As a result of this reorganization, the Company reassigned assets and liabilities to the applicable reporting units and allocated goodwill using the relative fair value approach. Management performed its annual impairment assessment on the affected reporting units on both a pre- and post-reorganization basis. The post-reorganization assessment resulted in the recognition of an impairment of goodwill at the Franchise Group segment related to the Cartus reporting unit of $25 million.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the annual goodwill impairment assessments of the Cartus reporting unit is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimates of the reporting unit; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to future revenues, certain operating expenses, and discount rates; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s annual goodwill impairment assessments, including controls over the valuation of the Cartus reporting unit. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimates of the Cartus reporting unit; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow method used by management; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used by management in the discounted cash flow method; and (iv) evaluating the significant assumptions used by management related to future revenues, certain operating expenses, and discount rates. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to future revenues and certain operating expenses involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the reporting unit; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) the consistency with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow method and (ii) the reasonableness of the discount rates assumption.
Annual Indefinite-Lived Asset Impairment Assessment—Franchise Trademarks Intangible Asset
As described in Notes 2 and 7 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated indefinite-lived intangible assets balance was $614 million as of December 31, 2023, including trademark intangible assets of $586 million, a significant portion of which relates to the franchise trademarks intangible asset. Management conducts an impairment assessment annually as of October 1, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. This assessment compares the carrying values of each of the other indefinite lived intangible assets to their respective fair values and, when appropriate, the carrying value is reduced to fair value. The fair value of each
indefinite-lived intangible asset is estimated using the relief from royalty method. The fair value of the Company’s indefinite lived intangible assets are determined utilizing the best estimate of future revenues, market and general economic conditions, trends in the industry, as well as assumptions that management believes marketplace participants would utilize including discount rates, cost of capital, trademark royalty rates, and long-term growth rates. During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company performed its annual impairment assessment of indefinite-lived intangible assets. This assessment resulted in the recognition of an impairment of the franchise trademarks intangible asset of $25 million.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the impairment assessment of the franchise trademarks intangible asset is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimate of the franchise trademarks intangible asset; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to future revenues and discount rate; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s annual trademarks intangible asset impairment assessment, including controls over the valuation of the franchise trademarks intangible asset. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate of the franchise trademarks intangible asset; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the relief from royalty method used by management; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used by management in the relief from royalty method; and (iv) evaluating the significant assumptions used by management related to future revenues and discount rate. Evaluating management’s assumption related to future revenues involved evaluating whether the assumption used by management was reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the business associated with the trademark; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) the consistency with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the relief from royalty method and (ii) the reasonableness of the discount rate assumption.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Florham Park, New Jersey
February 20, 2024
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2009.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Stockholder of Anywhere Real Estate Group LLC
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Anywhere Real Estate Group LLC and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive (loss) income and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, including the related notes and schedule of valuation and qualifying accounts for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 appearing under Item 15(A)(4) (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting for RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company's consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB and in accordance with standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit mattermatters communicated below is a matterare matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that waswere communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relatesrelate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit mattermatters below, providing a separate opinionopinions on the critical audit mattermatters or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.they relate.
Annual Goodwill Impairment Assessment – Realogy Leads GroupAssessments—Cartus Reporting Unit
As described in Notes 2 and 57 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $2,923$2,499 million as of December 31, 2021,2023, a portion of which related to the Realogy Leads GroupCartus reporting unit within the Franchise Group segment. Management conducts an impairment assessment annually as of October 1, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. This assessment compares the carrying value of each reporting unit to their respective fair values and, when appropriate, the carrying value is reduced to fair value. The fair value of each reporting unit is estimated using the discounted cash flow method under the income approach. The fair value of the Company’s reporting units is determined utilizing the best estimate of future revenues, operating expenses, market and general economic conditions, trends in the industry, as well as assumptions that management believes marketplace participants would utilize including discount rates, cost of capital, and long-term growth rates. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company reorganized its internal reporting structure within the Franchise Group segment. As a result of this reorganization, the Company reassigned assets and liabilities to the applicable reporting units and allocated goodwill using the relative fair value approach. Management performed its annual impairment assessment on the affected reporting units on both a pre- and post-reorganization basis. The post-reorganization assessment resulted in the recognition of an impairment of goodwill at the Franchise Group segment related to the Cartus reporting unit of $25 million.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the annual goodwill impairment assessments of the Cartus reporting unit is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimates of the reporting unit; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to future revenues, certain operating expenses, and discount rates; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s annual goodwill impairment assessments, including controls over the valuation of the Cartus reporting unit. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimates of the Cartus reporting unit; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow method used by management; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used by management in the discounted cash flow method; and (iv) evaluating the significant assumptions used by management related to future revenues, certain operating expenses, and discount rates. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to future revenues and certain operating expenses involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the reporting unit; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) the consistency with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow method and (ii) the reasonableness of the discount rates assumption.
Annual Indefinite-Lived Asset Impairment Assessment—Franchise Trademarks Intangible Asset
As described in Notes 2 and 7 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated indefinite-lived intangible assets balance was $614 million as of December 31, 2023, including trademark intangible assets of $586 million, a portion.significant portion of which relates to the franchise trademarks intangible asset. Management conducts an impairment assessment annually as of October 1, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. This assessment compares the carrying values of each of the reporting unitsother indefinite lived intangible assets to their respective fair values.values and, when appropriate, the carrying value is reduced to fair value. The fair value of each reporting unit
indefinite-lived intangible asset is estimated using the income approach, a discounted cash flowrelief from royalty method. The fair value of the Company’s reporting unitsindefinite lived intangible assets are determined utilizing the best estimate of future revenues, operating expenses, including commission expense, market and general economic conditions, trends in the industry, as well as assumptions that management believes marketplace participants would utilize including discount rates, cost of capital, trademark royalty rates, and long-term growth rates. During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company performed its annual impairment assessment of indefinite-lived intangible assets. This assessment resulted in the recognition of an impairment of the franchise trademarks intangible asset of $25 million.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the annual goodwill impairment assessment of the Realogy Leads Group reporting unitfranchise trademarks intangible asset is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimate of the reporting unit;franchise trademarks intangible asset; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence relating to management’s significant assumptions related to future revenues and the discount rate; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s annual goodwilltrademarks intangible asset impairment assessment, including controls over the valuation of the Realogy Leads Group reporting unit.franchise trademarks intangible asset. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate of the Realogy Leads Group reporting unit;franchise trademarks intangible asset; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow method;relief from royalty method used by management; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used by management in the discounted cash flowrelief from royalty method; and (iv) evaluating the significant assumptions used by management related to future revenues and the discount rate. Evaluating management’s assumptionsassumption related to future revenues involved evaluating whether the assumptionsassumption used by management were (i)was reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the reporting unit,business associated with the trademark; (ii) consistentthe consistency with external market and industry data,data; and (iii) consistentthe consistency with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the evaluationappropriateness of the Company’s discounted cash flowrelief from royalty method and (ii) the reasonableness of the discount rate assumption.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Florham Park, New Jersey
February 25, 202220, 2024
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2009.
REALOGY HOLDINGS CORP.ANYWHERE REAL ESTATE INC. AND REALOGYANYWHERE REAL ESTATE GROUP LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In millions, except per share data) | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Revenues | Revenues | | | | | |
| Gross commission income | |
| Gross commission income | |
| Gross commission income | Gross commission income | $ | 6,118 | | | $ | 4,669 | | | $ | 4,330 | |
| Service revenue | Service revenue | 1,180 | | | 983 | | | 941 | |
| Franchise fees | Franchise fees | 521 | | | 419 | | | 386 | |
| Other | Other | 164 | | | 150 | | | 213 | |
| Net revenues | Net revenues | 7,983 | | | 6,221 | | | 5,870 | |
| Expenses | Expenses | | | | | |
| Commission and other agent-related costs | |
| Commission and other agent-related costs | |
| Commission and other agent-related costs | Commission and other agent-related costs | 4,753 | | | 3,527 | | | 3,156 | |
| Operating | Operating | 1,669 | | | 1,473 | | | 1,531 | |
| Marketing | Marketing | 263 | | | 215 | | | 264 | |
| General and administrative | General and administrative | 441 | | | 412 | | | 344 | |
| Former parent legacy cost, net | Former parent legacy cost, net | 1 | | | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Restructuring costs, net | Restructuring costs, net | 17 | | | 67 | | | 52 | |
| Impairments | Impairments | 4 | | | 682 | | | 271 | |
| Depreciation and amortization | Depreciation and amortization | 204 | | | 186 | | | 195 | |
| Interest expense, net | Interest expense, net | 190 | | | 246 | | | 250 | |
| Loss (gain) on the early extinguishment of debt | 21 | | | 8 | | | (5) | |
| (Gain) loss on the early extinguishment of debt | |
| Other income, net | Other income, net | (15) | | | (5) | | | — | |
| Total expenses | Total expenses | 7,548 | | | 6,812 | | | 6,059 | |
| Income (loss) before income taxes, equity in earnings and noncontrolling interests | 435 | | | (591) | | | (189) | |
| Income tax expense (benefit) | 133 | | | (104) | | | 14 | |
| Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities | (48) | | | (131) | | | (18) | |
| Net income (loss) | 350 | | | (356) | | | (185) | |
| Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (7) | | | (4) | | | (3) | |
| Net income (loss) attributable to Realogy Holdings and Realogy Group | $ | 343 | | | $ | (360) | | | $ | (188) | |
| (Loss) income before income taxes, equity in (earnings) losses and noncontrolling interests | |
| Income tax (benefit) expense | |
| Equity in (earnings) losses of unconsolidated entities | |
| Net (loss) income | |
| Less: Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests | |
| Net (loss) income attributable to Anywhere and Anywhere Group | |
| | Earnings (loss) per share attributable to Realogy Holdings shareholders: | |
| Basic earnings (loss) per share | $ | 2.95 | | | $ | (3.13) | | | $ | (1.65) | |
| Diluted earnings (loss) per share | $ | 2.85 | | | $ | (3.13) | | | $ | (1.65) | |
Weighted average common and common equivalent shares of Realogy Holdings outstanding: | | (Loss) earnings per share attributable to Anywhere shareholders: | |
| (Loss) earnings per share attributable to Anywhere shareholders: | |
| (Loss) earnings per share attributable to Anywhere shareholders: | |
| Basic (loss) earnings per share | |
| Basic (loss) earnings per share | |
| Basic (loss) earnings per share | |
| Diluted (loss) earnings per share | |
| Weighted average common and common equivalent shares of Anywhere outstanding: | | Weighted average common and common equivalent shares of Anywhere outstanding: |
| Basic | Basic | 116.4 | | | 115.2 | | | 114.2 | |
| Diluted | Diluted | 120.2 | | | 115.2 | | | 114.2 | |
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-6F-8
REALOGY HOLDINGS CORP.ANYWHERE REAL ESTATE INC. AND REALOGYANYWHERE REAL ESTATE GROUP LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME (LOSS)
(In millions) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Net income (loss) | $ | 350 | | | $ | (356) | | | $ | (185) | |
| Currency translation adjustment | (1) | | | — | | | — | |
| Defined Benefit Plans: | | | | | |
| Actuarial gain (loss) for the plans | 10 | | | (6) | | | (8) | |
| Less: amortization of actuarial loss to periodic pension cost | (3) | | | (2) | | | (2) | |
| Defined benefit plans | 13 | | | (4) | | | (6) | |
| Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax | 12 | | | (4) | | | (6) | |
| Income tax expense (benefit) related to items of other comprehensive income (loss) | 3 | | | (1) | | | (2) | |
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 9 | | | (3) | | | (4) | |
| Comprehensive income (loss) | 359 | | | (359) | | | (189) | |
| Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (7) | | | (4) | | | (3) | |
| Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Realogy Holdings and Realogy Group | $ | 352 | | | $ | (363) | | | $ | (192) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Net (loss) income | $ | (98) | | | $ | (283) | | | $ | 350 | |
| Currency translation adjustment | — | | | — | | | (1) | |
| Defined Benefit Plans: | | | | | |
| Actuarial gain for the plans | 2 | | | 1 | | | 10 | |
| Less: amortization of actuarial gain (loss) to periodic pension cost | (3) | | | (2) | | | (3) | |
| Defined benefit plans | 5 | | | 3 | | | 13 | |
| Other comprehensive income, before tax | 5 | | | 3 | | | 12 | |
| Income tax expense related to items of other comprehensive income | 1 | | | 1 | | | 3 | |
| Other comprehensive income, net of tax | 4 | | | 2 | | | 9 | |
| Comprehensive (loss) income | (94) | | | (281) | | | 359 | |
| Less: comprehensive loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 1 | | | (4) | | | (7) | |
| Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Anywhere and Anywhere Group | $ | (93) | | | $ | (285) | | | $ | 352 | |
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-7F-9
REALOGY HOLDINGS CORP.ANYWHERE REAL ESTATE INC. AND REALOGYANYWHERE REAL ESTATE GROUP LLC
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions, except share data) | | | | December 31, | | December 31, |
| | | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2023 | | 2022 |
| ASSETS | ASSETS | | | |
| Current assets: | Current assets: | |
| Current assets: | |
| Current assets: | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 735 | | | $ | 520 | |
| Restricted cash | Restricted cash | 8 | | | 3 | |
| Trade receivables (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $11 and $13) | 123 | | | 128 | |
| Trade receivables (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $18 and $12) | |
| Relocation receivables | Relocation receivables | 139 | | | 139 | |
| Other current assets | Other current assets | 183 | | | 154 | |
| Total current assets | Total current assets | 1,188 | | | 944 | |
| Property and equipment, net | Property and equipment, net | 310 | | | 317 | |
| Operating lease assets, net | Operating lease assets, net | 453 | | | 450 | |
| Goodwill | Goodwill | 2,923 | | | 2,910 | |
| Trademarks | Trademarks | 687 | | | 685 | |
| Franchise agreements, net | Franchise agreements, net | 1,021 | | | 1,088 | |
| Other intangibles, net | Other intangibles, net | 171 | | | 188 | |
| Other non-current assets | Other non-current assets | 457 | | | 352 | |
| Total assets | Total assets | $ | 7,210 | | | $ | 6,934 | |
| LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | | | |
| Current liabilities: | Current liabilities: | |
| Current liabilities: | |
| Current liabilities: | |
| Accounts payable | |
| Accounts payable | |
| Accounts payable | Accounts payable | $ | 130 | | | $ | 128 | |
| Securitization obligations | Securitization obligations | 118 | | | 106 | |
| Current portion of long-term debt | Current portion of long-term debt | 10 | | | 62 | |
| Current portion of operating lease liabilities | Current portion of operating lease liabilities | 128 | | | 129 | |
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 666 | | | 600 | |
| Total current liabilities | Total current liabilities | 1,052 | | | 1,025 | |
| Long-term debt | Long-term debt | 2,940 | | | 3,145 | |
| Long-term operating lease liabilities | Long-term operating lease liabilities | 417 | | | 430 | |
| Deferred income taxes | Deferred income taxes | 353 | | | 276 | |
| Other non-current liabilities | Other non-current liabilities | 256 | | | 291 | |
| Total liabilities | Total liabilities | 5,018 | | | 5,167 | |
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) | | | |
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 15) | |
| Equity: | Equity: | |
| Realogy Holdings preferred stock: $0.01 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 | — | | | — | |
| Realogy Holdings common stock: $0.01 par value; 400,000,000 shares authorized, 116,588,430 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 115,457,067 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Equity: | |
| Equity: | |
| Anywhere preferred stock: $0.01 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 | |
| Anywhere preferred stock: $0.01 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 | |
| Anywhere preferred stock: $0.01 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 | |
| Anywhere common stock: $0.01 par value; 400,000,000 shares authorized, 110,488,093 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 109,480,357 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 | |
| Additional paid-in capital | Additional paid-in capital | 4,947 | | | 4,876 | |
| Accumulated deficit | Accumulated deficit | (2,712) | | | (3,055) | |
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (50) | | | (59) | |
| Total stockholders' equity | Total stockholders' equity | 2,186 | | | 1,763 | |
| Noncontrolling interests | Noncontrolling interests | 6 | | | 4 | |
| Total equity | Total equity | 2,192 | | | 1,767 | |
| Total liabilities and equity | Total liabilities and equity | $ | 7,210 | | | $ | 6,934 | |
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-8F-10
REALOGY HOLDINGS CORP.ANYWHERE REAL ESTATE INC. AND REALOGYANYWHERE REAL ESTATE GROUP LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In millions) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Operating Activities | | | | | |
| Net income (loss) | $ | 350 | | | $ | (356) | | | $ | (185) | |
| Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |
| Depreciation and amortization | 204 | | | 186 | | | 195 | |
| Deferred income taxes | 72 | | | (114) | | | 3 | |
| Impairments | 4 | | | 682 | | | 271 | |
| Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discount (premium) | 18 | | | 11 | | | 10 | |
| Loss (gain) on the early extinguishment of debt | 21 | | | 8 | | | (5) | |
| Gain on the sale of business, net | (11) | | | — | | | — | |
| Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities | (48) | | | (131) | | | (18) | |
| Stock-based compensation | 29 | | | 39 | | | 30 | |
| Mark-to-market adjustments on derivatives | (14) | | | 51 | | | 39 | |
| Other adjustments to net income (loss) | (3) | | | (5) | | | (4) | |
| Net change in assets and liabilities, excluding the impact of acquisitions and dispositions: |
| Trade receivables | 4 | | | (4) | | | 22 | |
| Relocation receivables | — | | | 64 | | | 29 | |
| Other assets | (10) | | | 29 | | | 4 | |
| Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | 17 | | | 220 | | | (22) | |
| Dividends received from unconsolidated entities | 51 | | | 101 | | | 3 | |
| Other, net | (41) | | | (33) | | | (1) | |
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 643 | | | 748 | | | 371 | |
| Investing Activities | | | | | |
| Property and equipment additions | (101) | | | (95) | | | (119) | |
| Payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (26) | | | (1) | | | (1) | |
| Proceeds from the sale of business | 15 | | | 23 | | | — | |
| Investment in unconsolidated entities | (39) | | | (5) | | | (12) | |
| Other, net | 4 | | | (12) | | | 4 | |
| Net cash used in investing activities | (147) | | | (90) | | | (128) | |
| Financing Activities | | | | | |
| Net change in Revolving Credit Facility | — | | | (190) | | | (80) | |
| Repayments of Term Loan A Facility and Term Loan B Facility | (1,490) | | | — | | | — | |
| Proceeds from issuance of Senior Notes | 905 | | | — | | | 550 | |
| Proceeds from issuance of Senior Secured Lien Notes | — | | | 550 | | | — | |
| Redemption and repurchase of Senior Notes | — | | | (550) | | | (533) | |
| Proceeds from issuance of Exchangeable Senior Notes | 403 | | | — | | | — | |
| Payments for purchase of Exchangeable Senior Notes hedge transactions | (67) | | | — | | | — | |
| Proceeds from issuance of Exchangeable Senior Notes warrant transactions | 46 | | | — | | | — | |
| Amortization payments on term loan facilities | (10) | | | (43) | | | (30) | |
| Net change in securitization obligations | 12 | | | (99) | | | (26) | |
| Debt issuance costs | (20) | | | (15) | | | (9) | |
| Cash paid for fees associated with early extinguishment of debt | (11) | | | (7) | | | (5) | |
| Repurchase of common stock | — | | | — | | | (20) | |
| Dividends paid on common stock | — | | | — | | | (31) | |
| Taxes paid related to net share settlement for stock-based compensation | (9) | | | (5) | | | (6) | |
| Other, net | (34) | | | (43) | | | (25) | |
| Net cash used in financing activities | (275) | | | (402) | | | (215) | |
| Effect of changes in exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (1) | | | 1 | | | — | |
| Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 220 | | | 257 | | | 28 | |
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | 523 | | | 266 | | | 238 | |
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 743 | | | $ | 523 | | | $ | 266 | |
| | | | | |
| Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information | | | | | |
| Interest payments (including securitization interest of $4, $5 and $8 respectively) | $ | 188 | | | $ | 209 | | | $ | 210 | |
| Income tax payments (refunds), net | 64 | | | — | | | (3) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Operating Activities | | | | | |
| Net (loss) income | $ | (98) | | | $ | (283) | | | $ | 350 | |
| Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |
| Depreciation and amortization | 196 | | | 214 | | | 204 | |
| Deferred income taxes | (33) | | | (96) | | | 72 | |
| Impairments | 65 | | | 483 | | | 4 | |
| Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discount (premium) | 8 | | | 9 | | | 18 | |
| (Gain) loss on the early extinguishment of debt | (169) | | | 96 | | | 21 | |
| Loss (gain) on the sale of businesses, investments or other assets, net | 2 | | | (135) | | | (11) | |
| Equity in (earnings) losses of unconsolidated entities | (9) | | | 28 | | | (48) | |
| Stock-based compensation | 12 | | | 22 | | | 29 | |
| Mark-to-market adjustments on derivatives | — | | | (40) | | | (14) | |
| Other adjustments to net (loss) income | (6) | | | (7) | | | (3) | |
| Net change in assets and liabilities, excluding the impact of acquisitions and dispositions: |
| Trade receivables | 97 | | | (55) | | | 4 | |
| Relocation receivables | 72 | | | (96) | | | — | |
| Other assets | 105 | | | (13) | | | (10) | |
| Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | (47) | | | (195) | | | 17 | |
| Dividends received from unconsolidated entities | 8 | | | 3 | | | 51 | |
| Other, net | (16) | | | (27) | | | (41) | |
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 187 | | | (92) | | | 643 | |
| Investing Activities | | | | | |
| Property and equipment additions | (72) | | | (109) | | | (101) | |
| Payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (1) | | | (17) | | | (26) | |
| Net proceeds from the sale of businesses | 8 | | | 63 | | | 15 | |
| Investment in unconsolidated entities | (1) | | | (22) | | | (39) | |
| Proceeds from the sale of investments in unconsolidated entities | 6 | | | 13 | | | — | |
| Other, net | 1 | | | 17 | | | 4 | |
| Net cash used in investing activities | (59) | | | (55) | | | (147) | |
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-9F-11
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Financing Activities | | | | | |
| Net change in Revolving Credit Facility | (65) | | | 350 | | | — | |
| Repayments of Term Loan A Facility and Term Loan B Facility | — | | | — | | | (1,490) | |
| Proceeds from issuance of Senior Secured Second Lien Notes | 640 | | | — | | | — | |
| Proceeds from issuance of Senior Notes | — | | | 1,000 | | | 905 | |
| Redemption of Senior Secured Second Lien Notes | — | | | (550) | | | — | |
| Redemption and repurchases of Senior Notes | (688) | | | (956) | | | — | |
| Proceeds from issuance of Exchangeable Senior Notes | — | | | — | | | 403 | |
| Payments for purchase of Exchangeable Senior Notes hedge transactions | — | | | — | | | (67) | |
| Proceeds from issuance of Exchangeable Senior Notes warrant transactions | — | | | — | | | 46 | |
| Amortization payments on term loan facilities | (16) | | | (10) | | | (10) | |
| Net change in securitization obligations | (48) | | | 44 | | | 12 | |
| Debt issuance costs | (13) | | | (22) | | | (20) | |
| Cash paid for fees associated with early extinguishment of debt | (2) | | | (83) | | | (11) | |
| Repurchase of common stock | — | | | (97) | | | — | |
| Taxes paid related to net share settlement for stock-based compensation | (4) | | | (16) | | | (9) | |
| Other, net | (31) | | | (36) | | | (34) | |
| Net cash used in financing activities | (227) | | | (376) | | | (275) | |
| Effect of changes in exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | — | | | (2) | | | (1) | |
| Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (99) | | | (525) | | | 220 | |
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | 218 | | | 743 | | | 523 | |
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 119 | | | $ | 218 | | | $ | 743 | |
| | | | | |
| Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information | | | | | |
| Interest payments (including securitization interest of $12, $7 and $4 respectively) | $ | 168 | | | $ | 164 | | | $ | 188 | |
| Income tax payments, net | 14 | | | 62 | | | 64 | |
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-12
REALOGY HOLDINGS CORP.ANYWHERE REAL ESTATE INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(In millions) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Realogy Holdings Stockholders' Equity | | | | |
| | Common Stock | | Additional
Paid-In
Capital | | Accumulated
Deficit | | Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss | | Non-
controlling
Interests | | Total
Equity |
|
|
| Shares | | Amount | |
| Balance at January 1, 2019 | 114.6 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 4,869 | | | $ | (2,507) | | | $ | (52) | | | $ | 4 | | | $ | 2,315 | |
| Net (loss) income | — | | | — | | | — | | | (188) | | | — | | | 3 | | | (185) | |
| Other comprehensive loss | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (4) | | | — | | | (4) | |
| Repurchase of common stock | (1.2) | | | — | | | (20) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (20) | |
| Stock-based compensation | — | | | — | | | 30 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 30 | |
| Issuance of shares for vesting of equity awards | 1.4 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
| Shares withheld for taxes on equity awards | (0.4) | | | — | | | (6) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (6) | |
| Dividends ($0.27 per share) | — | | | — | | | (31) | | | — | | | — | | | (3) | | | (34) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2019 | 114.4 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 4,842 | | | $ | (2,695) | | | $ | (56) | | | $ | 4 | | | $ | 2,096 | |
| Net (loss) income | — | | | — | | | — | | | (360) | | | — | | | 4 | | | (356) | |
| Other comprehensive loss | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (3) | | | — | | | (3) | |
| Stock-based compensation | — | | | — | | | 39 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 39 | |
| Issuance of shares for vesting of equity awards | 1.7 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
| Shares withheld for taxes on equity awards | (0.6) | | | — | | | (5) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (5) | |
| Dividends | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (4) | | | (4) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2020 | 115.5 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 4,876 | | | $ | (3,055) | | | $ | (59) | | | $ | 4 | | | $ | 1,767 | |
| Net income | — | | | — | | | — | | | 343 | | | — | | | 7 | | | 350 | |
| Other comprehensive income | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 9 | | | — | | | 9 | |
| Equity component of Exchangeable Senior Notes issuance, net | — | | | — | | | 53 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 53 | |
| Purchase of Exchangeable Senior Notes note hedge transactions | — | | | — | | | (67) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (67) | |
| Tax benefit related to purchase of Exchangeable Senior Notes note hedge transactions | — | | | — | | | 18 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 18 | |
| Issuance of Exchangeable Senior Notes warrant transactions | — | | | — | | | 46 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 46 | |
| Exercise of stock options | 0.1 | | | — | | | 1 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1 | |
| Stock-based compensation | — | | | — | | | 29 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 29 | |
| Issuance of shares for vesting of equity awards | 1.5 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
| Shares withheld for taxes on equity awards | (0.5) | | | — | | | (9) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (9) | |
| Dividends | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (5) | | | (5) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2021 | 116.6 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 4,947 | | | $ | (2,712) | | | $ | (50) | | | $ | 6 | | | $ | 2,192 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Anywhere Stockholders' Equity | | | | |
| | Common Stock | | Additional
Paid-In
Capital | | Accumulated
Deficit | | Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss | | Non-
controlling
Interests | | Total
Equity |
|
|
| Shares | | Amount | |
| Balance at January 1, 2021 | 115.5 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 4,876 | | | $ | (3,055) | | | $ | (59) | | | $ | 4 | | | $ | 1,767 | |
| Net income | — | | | — | | | — | | | 343 | | | — | | | 7 | | | 350 | |
| Other comprehensive income | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 9 | | | — | | | 9 | |
| Equity component of Exchangeable Senior Notes issuance, net | — | | | — | | | 53 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 53 | |
| Purchase of Exchangeable Senior Notes note hedge transactions | — | | | — | | | (67) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (67) | |
| Tax benefit related to purchase of Exchangeable Senior Notes note hedge transactions | — | | | — | | | 18 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 18 | |
| Issuance of Exchangeable Senior Notes warrant transactions | — | | | — | | | 46 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 46 | |
| Exercise of stock options | 0.1 | | | — | | | 1 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1 | |
| Stock-based compensation | — | | | — | | | 29 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 29 | |
| Issuance of shares for vesting of equity awards | 1.5 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
| Shares withheld for taxes on equity awards | (0.5) | | | — | | | (9) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (9) | |
| Dividends | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (5) | | | (5) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2021 | 116.6 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 4,947 | | | $ | (2,712) | | | $ | (50) | | | $ | 6 | | | $ | 2,192 | |
| Cumulative effect adjustment due to the adoption of ASU 2020-06 | — | | | — | | | (53) | | | 5 | | | — | | | — | | | (48) | |
| Net (loss) income | — | | | — | | | — | | | (287) | | | — | | | 4 | | | (283) | |
| Other comprehensive income | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 2 | | | — | | | 2 | |
| Repurchase of common stock | (8.8) | | | — | | | (97) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (97) | |
| Exercise of stock options | 0.1 | | | — | | | 2 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 2 | |
| Stock-based compensation | — | | | — | | | 22 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 22 | |
| Issuance of shares for vesting of equity awards | 2.4 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
| Shares withheld for taxes on equity awards | (0.8) | | | — | | | (16) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (16) | |
| Dividends | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (8) | | | (8) | |
| Contributions from non-controlling interests | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Balance at December 31, 2022 | 109.5 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 4,805 | | | $ | (2,994) | | | $ | (48) | | | $ | 3 | | | $ | 1,767 | |
| Net loss | — | | | — | | | — | | | (97) | | | — | | | (1) | | | (98) | |
| Other comprehensive income | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 4 | | | — | | | 4 | |
| Stock-based compensation | — | | | — | | | 12 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 12 | |
| Issuance of shares for vesting of equity awards | 1.6 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
| Shares withheld for taxes on equity awards | (0.6) | | | — | | | (4) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (4) | |
| Dividends | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (1) | | | (1) | |
| Contributions from non-controlling interests | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Balance at December 31, 2023 | 110.5 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 4,813 | | | $ | (3,091) | | | $ | (44) | | | $ | 2 | | | $ | 1,681 | |
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-10F-13
REALOGY HOLDINGS CORP.ANYWHERE REAL ESTATE INC. AND REALOGYANYWHERE REAL ESTATE GROUP LLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unless otherwise noted, all amounts are in millions, except per share amounts)
1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. ("Realogy Holdings", "Realogy"Anywhere" or the "Company") is a holding company for its consolidated subsidiaries including RealogyAnywhere Intermediate Holdings LLC ("RealogyAnywhere Intermediate") and RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC ("RealogyAnywhere Group") and its consolidated subsidiaries. Realogy,Anywhere, through its subsidiaries, is a global provider of residential real estate services. Neither Realogy Holdings,Anywhere, the indirect parent of RealogyAnywhere Group, nor RealogyAnywhere Intermediate, the direct parent company of RealogyAnywhere Group, conducts any operations other than with respect to its respective direct or indirect ownership of RealogyAnywhere Group. As a result, the consolidated financial positions, results of operations, comprehensive (loss) income (loss) and cash flows of Realogy Holdings, RealogyAnywhere, Anywhere Intermediate and RealogyAnywhere Group are the same.
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the financial statements of Realogy HoldingsAnywhere and RealogyAnywhere Group. Realogy Holdings'Anywhere's only asset is its investment in the common stock of RealogyAnywhere Intermediate, and RealogyAnywhere Intermediate's only asset is its investment in RealogyAnywhere Group. Realogy Holdings'Anywhere's only obligations are its guarantees of certain borrowings and certain franchise obligations of RealogyAnywhere Group. All expenses incurred by Realogy HoldingsAnywhere and RealogyAnywhere Intermediate are for the benefit of RealogyAnywhere Group and have been reflected in RealogyAnywhere Group’s consolidated financial statements.Consolidated Financial Statements. The consolidated financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
Business Description
The Company reports its operations in the following three business segments (the number of offices and agents are unaudited):
•Realogy Anywhere Brands ("Franchise GroupGroup")—franchises thea portfolio of well-known, industry-leading franchise brokerage brands, including Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate, Century 21®, Coldwell Banker®, Coldwell Banker Commercial®, Corcoran®, ERA®, and Sotheby's International Realty® and Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate brand names.. As of December 31, 2021, our2023, the Company's real estate franchise systems and proprietary brands had approximately 333,400322,500 independent sales agents worldwide, including approximately 196,700188,300 independent sales agents operating in the U.S. (which included approximately 56,30056,700 company owned brokerage independent sales agents). As of December 31, 2021, our2023, the Company's real estate franchise systems and proprietary brands had approximately 21,00018,900 offices worldwide in 119 countries and territories, including approximately 5,8005,600 brokerage offices in the U.S. (which included approximately 680620 company owned brokerage offices). This segment also includes our lead generation activities through Realogy Leads Group andthe Company's global relocation services operation through Cartus® Relocation Services.Services ("Cartus") and lead generation activities through Anywhere Leads Inc. ("Leads Group").
•RealogyAnywhere Advisors("Owned Brokerage GroupGroup")—operates a full-service real estate brokerage business with approximately 680620 owned and operated brokerage offices with approximately 56,30056,700 independent sales agents principally under the Coldwell Banker®, Corcoran® and Sotheby’s International Realty® brand names in many of the largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. This segment also includes the Company's share of equity earnings or losses for its RealSure and Real Estate Auctionfrom the Company's minority-owned real estate auction joint ventures.venture.
•Realogy Anywhere Integrated Services ("Title GroupGroup")—provides full-service title, escrow and settlement services to consumers, real estate companies, corporations and financial institutions primarily in support of residential real estate transactions. The title insurance underwriter, Title Resources Guaranty Company, provides title underwriting services relating to the closing of home purchases and refinancing of home loans, working with affiliated and unaffiliated agents. This segment also includes the Company's share of equity earnings or losses forfrom Guaranteed Rate Affinity, itsthe Company's minority-owned mortgage origination joint venture, with Guaranteed Rate, Inc.and from the Company's minority-owned title insurance underwriter joint venture.
Sale of the Title Insurance Underwriter
On March 29, 2022, the Company sold its title insurance underwriter, Title Resources Guaranty Company (the "Title Underwriter") (previously reported in the Title Group reportable segment), to an affiliate of Centerbridge for $210 million (prior to expenses and tax) and a 30% equity interest in the form of common units in a title insurance underwriter joint venture that owns the Title Underwriter (the "Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture"). Upon closing of the transaction, the Company received $208 million of cash and recorded a $90 million investment related to its 30% equity interest in the Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture. As a result of the transaction, the Company disposed of $166 million of net assets, including $152 million of cash held as statutory reserves by the Title Underwriter and $32 million of goodwill, and recognized a gain of $131 million, net of fees, recorded in the Other income, net line on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
During the second quarter of 2022, the Company sold a portion of its interest in the Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture to a third party, reducing the Company's equity interest from 30% to 26% and resulting in a gain of $4 million. During the first quarter of 2023, the Company sold an additional portion of its interest in the Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture to a third party, reducing the Company's equity interest from 26% to 25% and resulting in a gain of $1 million. See Note 4, "Equity Method Investments", for additional information related to the Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture.
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
USE OF ESTIMATES
In presenting the consolidated financial statements, management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and related disclosures. Estimates, by their nature, are based on judgment and available information. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
CONSOLIDATION
The Company consolidates any variable interest entity ("VIE") for which it is the primary beneficiary with a controlling financial interest. Also, the Company consolidates an entity not deemed a VIE if its ownership, direct or indirect, exceeds 50% of the outstanding voting shares of an entity and/or it has the ability to control the financial or operating policies through its voting rights, board representation or other similar rights. For entities where the Company does not have a controlling financial or operating interest, the investments in such entities are accounted for using the equity method or at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income, as appropriate (see "Investments" below).appropriate. See Note 4, "Equity Method Investments" for discussion.
INVESTMENTSREVENUE RECOGNITION
The Company applies the equity method of accounting when it has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of an investee but does not a controlling financial or operating interest in the joint venture. The Company records its share of the net earnings or losses of its equity method investments on the “Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities” line in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Investments not accountedSee Note 3, "Revenue Recognition", for using the equity method are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income or in the case that an investment does not have readily determinable fair values, at cost minus impairment (if any) plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment.discussion.
At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had various equity method investments which are recorded within other non-current assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and the Company's share of equity earnings or losses related to these investments are included in the financial results of the Realogy Title Group and Realogy Brokerage Group segments.
Realogy Title Group's equity method investments include Guaranteed Rate Affinity, LLC ("Guaranteed Rate Affinity") and various other title related investments. Guaranteed Rate Affinity, the Company's 49.9% minority-owned mortgage origination joint venture with Guaranteed Rate, Inc., originates and markets its mortgage lending services to the Company's real estate brokerage as well as other real estate brokerage companies across the country. While the Company has certain governance rights, the Company does not have a controlling financial or operating interest in the joint venture. The Company's investment in Guaranteed Rate Affinity had balances of $94 million and $90 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company recorded equity earnings of $49 million, $126 million and $15 million related to its investment in Guaranteed Rate Affinity during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company received $44 million and $96 million in cash dividends from Guaranteed Rate Affinity during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and no cash dividends during the year ended December 31, 2019. The Company invested $2 million of cash into Guaranteed Rate Affinity during the year ended December 31, 2019.
Realogy Title Group's other equity method investments had investment balances totaling $8 million at both December 31, 2021 and 2020. The Company recorded equity earnings from the operations of these equity method investments of $6 million, $5 million and $3 million during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company received $7 million, $5 million and $3 million in cash dividends from these equity method investments during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Realogy Brokerage Group's equity method investments include RealSure and the Real Estate Auction Joint Venture. RealSure, the Company's 49% owned joint venture with Home Partners of America, was formed in 2020 and is designed to offer home buyers and sellers options that give them a competitive edge when buying or selling a home, while also keeping the expertise of an independent sales agent at the center of the transaction. The Company expects to continue to invest in RealSure as a strategic growth priority and competitive advantage as RealSure highlights the Company's continued investment in innovating and improving the experience of buying and selling homes and aims to provide affiliated agents and franchise owners the opportunity to win more listings and drive incremental business. While the Company has certain governance rights, the Company does not have a controlling financial or operating interest in the joint venture. The Real Estate Auction Joint Venture, the Company's 50% owned unconsolidated joint venture with Sotheby's, was formed in 2021
and holds an 80% ownership stake in Concierge Auctions, a global luxury real estate auction marketplace that partners with real estate agents to host luxury online auctions for clients. This joint venture supports the Company's strategic growth initiatives in the high-end real estate markets and serves as an additional tool for agents to market and sell unique luxury properties around the world. While the Company has certain governance rights, the Company does not have a controlling financial or operating interest in the joint venture. These equity method investments had investment balances totaling $29 million and $2 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company invested $34 million of cash into these equity method investments and recorded equity losses from the operations of $7 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company invested $2 million of cash during the year ended December 31, 2020.
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
The Company considers highly liquid investments with remaining maturities not exceeding three months at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents.
RESTRICTED CASH
Restricted cash primarily relates to amounts specifically designated as collateral for the repayment of outstanding borrowings under the Company’s securitization facilities. Such amounts approximated $8$13 million and $3$4 million at December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, respectively.
ALLOWANCE FOR DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS
The Company estimates the allowance necessary to provide for uncollectible accounts receivable. The estimate is based on historical experience, combined with a review of current conditions and forecasts of future losses, and includes specific accounts for which payment has become unlikely. The process by which the Company calculates the allowance begins in the individual business units where specific problem accounts are identified and reserved primarily based upon the age profile of the receivables and specific payment issues, combined with reasonable and supportable forecasts of future losses.
DEBT ISSUANCE COSTS
Debt issuance costs include costs incurred in connection with obtaining debt and extending existing debt. These financing costs are presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying value of the associated debt liability, consistent with the presentation of a debt discount, with the exception of the debt issuance costs related to the Revolving Credit Facility and securitization obligations which are classified as a deferred financing asset within other assets. The debt issuance costs are amortized via the effective interest method and the amortization period is the life of the related debt.
DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
The Company recordsrecorded derivatives and hedging activities on the balance sheet at their respective fair values. The Company useshistorically used interest rate swaps to manage its exposure to future interest rate volatility associated with its variable rate borrowings. Theborrowings, however the Company has not elected to utilize hedge accounting for these instruments; therefore, any change in fair value is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. However, the fluctuations in the value of these instruments generally offset the impact of changes in the value of the underlying risk that they are intended to economically hedge.had no outstanding interest rate swaps at December 31, 2023. See Note 17,18, "Risk Management and Fair Value of Financial Instruments", for further discussion.
LEASES
See Note 3, "Leases", for discussion.discussion of interest rate swaps held in prior years.
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
Property and equipment (including leasehold improvements) are initially recorded at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation, recorded as a component of depreciation and amortization on the Consolidated Statements of Operations, is computed utilizing the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Amortization of leasehold improvements, also recorded as a component of depreciation and amortization, is computed utilizing the straight-line method over the estimated benefit period of the related assets or the lease term, if shorter. Useful lives are 30 years for buildings, up to 20 years for leasehold improvements, and from 3 to 7 years for furniture, fixtures and equipment.
The Company capitalizes the costs of software developed for internal use which commences during the development phase of the project. The Company amortizes software developed or obtained for internal use on a straight-line basis, generally from 1 to 5 years, when such software is ready for use. The net carrying value of software developed or obtained for internal use was $126$134 million and $118$140 million at December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, respectively.
LEASES
See Note 6, "Leases", for discussion.
IMPAIRMENT OF GOODWILL, INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND OTHER LONG-LIVED ASSETS
Goodwill represents the excess of acquisition costs over the fair value of the net tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Other indefinite-lived intangible assets primarily consist of trademarks acquired in business combinations. Goodwill and other indefinite-lived assets are not amortized but are subject to impairment testing. The aggregate carrying values of our goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets were $2,923$2,499 million and $712$614 million, respectively, at December 31, 20212023 and are subject to an impairment assessment annually as of October 1, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. The impairment assessment is performed at the reporting unit level which includes Realogy Brokerage Group, franchise services (reported within the Realogy Franchise Group reportable segment), Realogy Title Group and Realogy Leads Group (includes lead generation and Cartus Relocation Services and reported within the Realogy Franchise Group reportable segment). This assessment compares the carrying value of each reporting unit and the carrying value of each other indefinite lived intangible asset to their respective fair values and, when appropriate the carrying value is reduced to fair value and an impairment charge for the excess is recorded on the "Impairments" line in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
In testing goodwill, the fair value of each reporting unit is estimated using the income approach, a discounted cash flow method. For the other indefinite lived intangible assets, fair value is estimated using the relief from royalty method. Management utilizes long-term cash flow forecasts and the Company's annual operating plans adjusted for terminal value assumptions. The fair value of the Company's reporting units and other indefinite lived intangible assets areis determined utilizing the best estimate of future revenues, operating expenses including commission expense, market and general economic conditions, trends in the industry, as well as assumptions that management believes marketplace participants would utilize including discount rates, cost of capital, trademark royalty rates, and long-term growth rates. The trademark royalty rate was determined by reviewing similar trademark agreements with third parties.
Although management believes that assumptions are reasonable, actual results may vary significantly. TheseThe impairment assessments involveassessment is performed at the usereporting unit level and compares the carrying value of accounting estimateseach reporting unit and assumptions, changes in which could materially impact our financial condition or operating performance if actual results differ from such estimates and assumptions. Furthermore, significant negative industry or economic trends, disruptionsthe carrying value of each other indefinite lived intangible asset to the business, unexpected significant changes or planned changes in use of the assets, a decrease in business results, growth rates that fall below management's assumptions, divestitures, and a sustained decline in the Company's stock price and market capitalization may have a negative effect on thetheir respective fair values and, key valuation assumptions. Such changes could result in changeswhen appropriate the carrying value is reduced to management's estimates of the Company's fair value and a materialan impairment of goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangible assets. To address this uncertainty, a sensitivity analysischarge for the excess is performedrecorded on key estimates and assumptions.
Based upon the impairment analysis performed"Impairments" line in the fourth quarteraccompanying Consolidated Statements of 2021, there was no impairment of goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2021. Management evaluated the effect of lowering the estimated fair value for each of the reporting units by 10% and determined that no impairment of goodwill would have been recognized under this evaluation for 2021.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded the following non-cash impairments related to goodwill and intangible assets:Operations.
•an impairment of Realogy Franchise Group trademarks of $30 million and a goodwill impairment of $413 million for Realogy Brokerage Group in the first quarter of 2020 driven by the impact on future earnings related to the COVID-19 pandemic primarily due to a significant increase in the weighted average cost of capital as a result of the volatility in the capital and debt markets due to COVID-19 and the related lower projected financial results;
•impairment charges of $105 million related to goodwill and $18 million related to customer relationships during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (while Cartus Relocation Services was held for sale) to reduce the net assets to the estimated proceeds; and
•an additional goodwill impairment charge of $22 million and a trademark impairment charge of $34 million related to Cartus Relocation Services in the fourth quarter of 2020 as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 crisis resulting in lower relocation activity which negatively impacted the operating results of relocation services.
Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company reorganized its internal reporting structure within the Franchise Group Segment. There were no changes to the Company's reportable segments, which continue to be identified and presented as Owned Brokerage Group, Franchise Group, and Title Group, as separate financial information is maintained and regularly employed by the Company's chief operating decision maker for each of these reportable segments as it relates to performance assessment and resource allocation.
However, the reorganization changed the composition of the existing reporting units within the Franchise Group reportable segment which included the franchise services reporting unit and the Cartus/Leads reporting unit. Subsequent to the reorganization, the lead generation business is included within the franchise services reporting unit resulting in the Owned Brokerage Group, franchise services, Title Group and Cartus reporting units.
As a result of this reorganization, the Company reassigned assets and liabilities to the applicable reporting units and allocated goodwill using the relative fair value approach. The Company performed its annual impairment assessment (or transition assessment) on the affected reporting units on both a pre- and post-reorganization basis.
As part of the pre-reorganization impairment assessment, the Company utilized the discounted cash flow method under the income approach to estimate the fair values as of October 1, 2023 for the pre-reorganization reporting units. This assessment did not result in an impairment. The Company then performed its impairment assessment as of October 1, 2023 for the post-reorganization reporting units again using the discounted cash flow method under the income approach to estimate the fair value of its reporting units. This assessment resulted in a goodwill impairment of $25 million at the Cartus reporting unit. In addition, as part of the Company's annual impairment assessment, it was identified that franchise trademarks were impaired by $25 million. The annual impairment assessment indicated that impairment charges were not necessary for the Company's other reporting units or other indefinite-lived intangibles.
In assessing the potential impact of reducing the estimated fair value by 10% for each of the passing reporting units and other indefinite-lived intangible assets, management concluded that, excluding the Company's trademarks, no impairment of goodwill or indefinite-lived intangibles would have been recognized for 2023. The fair value of trademarks is determined using the relief from royalty method which exhibits sensitivity to variations in projected revenues. For the remaining tradenames that were not impaired, which include Title Group and Cartus, the fair value exceeded the carrying value by approximately 3%.
During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company performed its annual impairment assessment of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets. The decline in transaction volume during 2022 largely due to rapidly rising mortgage rates, high inflation, reduced affordability, and broader macroeconomic concerns resulted in lower homesale transaction volume for the brokerage and franchise business and lower referral volume for the lead generation business. These market conditions as well as an increase in the weighted average cost of capital resulted in the recognition of an impairment of goodwill at the Owned Brokerage Group reporting unit of $280 million, an impairment of goodwill at the Franchise Group segment of $114 million related to the Cartus/Leads Group reporting unit and an impairment of franchise trademarks of $76 million. The results of the Company's annual impairment assessment indicated no other impairment charges were required for the other reporting units or other indefinite-lived intangibles. Management evaluated the effect of lowering the estimated fair value for each of the passing reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets by 10% and determined that no impairment of goodwill or indefinite-lived intangibles would have been recognized under this evaluation for 2022 with the exception of the title trademark. The fair value of trademarks is determined using the relief from royalty method which is sensitive to fluctuations in projected revenues.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, there was no impairment of goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangible assets. Management evaluated the effect of lowering the estimated fair value for each of the reporting units by 10% and determined that no impairment of goodwill would have been recognized under this evaluation for 2020. Due to the impairments during 2020 for the Realogy Franchise Group and Cartus Relocation Service trademarks, there was little to no excess fair value over carrying value as of December 31, 2020.2021.
During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded non-cash impairments which included a goodwill impairment charge of $237 million related to Realogy Brokerage Group and a $22 million reduction to record net assets held for sale at the lower of carrying value or fair value, less costs to sell (including $16 million related to goodwill), for Cartus Relocation Services which was presented as held for sale at December 31, 2019. The results of the Company's annual impairment assessment indicated no other impairment charges were required forare recorded on a separate line in the other reporting units or other indefinite-lived intangibles. Management evaluated the effectaccompanying Consolidated Statements of lowering the estimated fair value for each of the passing reporting units by 10%Operations and determined that no impairment of goodwill would have been recognized under this evaluation for 2019.are non-cash in nature.
The Company evaluates the recoverability of its other long-lived assets, including amortizable intangible assets, if circumstances indicate an impairment may have occurred. This assessment is performed by comparing the respective carrying values of the assets to the current and expected future cash flows, on an undiscounted basis, to be generated from such assets. If such assessment indicates that the carrying value of these assets is not recoverable, then the carrying value of such assets is reduced to fair value through a charge to the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.
ADVERTISING EXPENSES
Advertising costs are generally expensed in the period incurred. Advertising expenses, recorded within the "Marketing" expense line item on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations, were approximately $140 million, $175 million and $192 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
INCOME TAXES
The Company’s provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are calculated based upon the differences between the financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities using currently enacted tax rates. These differences are based upon estimated differences between the book and tax basis of the assets and liabilities for the Company. Certain tax assets and liabilities of the Company may be adjusted in connection with the finalization of income tax audits.
The Company’s deferred tax assets are recorded net of a valuation allowance when, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the recorded deferred tax balances will not be realized in future periods. Decreases to the valuation allowance are recorded as reductions to the Company’s provision for income taxes and increases to the valuation allowance result in additional provision for income taxes.
REVENUE RECOGNITION
See Note 4, "Revenue Recognition", for discussion.
ADVERTISING EXPENSES
Advertising costs are generally expensed in the period incurred. Advertising expenses, recorded within the marketing expense line item on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations, were approximately $192 million, $157 million and $197 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
The Company grants stock-based awards to certain senior management members, employees and directors including restricted stock units and performance share units. The fair value of restricted stock units and performance share units without a market condition is measured based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on the grant date and is recognized as expense over the service period of the award, or when requisite performance metrics or milestones are probable of being achieved. The fair value of awards with a market condition are estimated using the Monte Carlo simulation method and expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur.
ASSETS HELD FOR SALE AND DISCONTINUED OPERATIONSRECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
The Company reportssystematically reviews and evaluates the resultsrelevance and implications of operations of a business as discontinued operations if a disposal represents a strategic shift that hasall Accounting Standards Updates. While recently issued standards not expressly listed below were scrutinized, they were deemed either inapplicable or willanticipated to have a major effectminimal impact on the Company's operations andconsolidated financial position or results whenof operations.
The FASB issued a new standard on Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This standard does not alter the business is sold and classified as held for sale,methodology employed by the Company in accordance withidentifying its operating segments, aggregating those operating segments or applying the criteria of Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) Topic 205 Presentation of Financial Statementsquantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. Instead, the new standard adds required disclosures concerning significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to or easily computed from information regularly provided to by the chief operating decision maker ("ASC 205"CODM") and ASC Topic 360 Property, Plantincluded within the Company's reported measure of segment profit of loss, as well as certain other disclosures. The new standard also allows disclosure of multiple measures of segment profitability if those measures are used to allocate resources and Equipment (“ASC 360”)assess performance by the CODM. Furthermore, certain annual disclosures will be required on an interim basis. The new standard is effective for all calendar year end companies in 2024, and interim periods in 2025, with early adoption permitted. The new guidance should be adopted retrospectively unless impracticable. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its financial statement disclosures.
The FASB issued a new standard addressing Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. AssetsThis standard includes enhanced income tax disclosures primarily related to the effective tax rate reconciliation and liabilitiesincome taxes paid for annual periods. The new standard is effective for all calendar year end companies in 2025, and interim periods in 2026, with early adoption permitted. The new guidance should be adopted on a prospective basis with retrospective application permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of a business classified as held for sale are recorded at the lower ofnew guidance on its carrying amount or estimated fair value,financial statement disclosures.
less cost to sell, and depreciation ceases on the date that the held for sale criteria are met. If the carrying amount of the business exceeds its estimated fair value less cost to sell, a loss is recognized. Assets and liabilities related to a business classified as held for sale are segregated in the current and prior balance sheets in the period in which the business is classified as held for sale. The results of discontinued operations are reported in a separate line in the Consolidated Statements of Operations commencing in the period in which the business meets the criteria, and includes any gain or loss recognized on closing, or adjustment of the carrying amount to fair value less cost to sell. Transactions between the businesses held for sale and businesses held and used that are expected to continue to exist after the disposal are not eliminated to appropriately reflect the continuing operations and balances held for sale
RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
The Company adopted the new standard on Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes effective January 1, 2021. The new standard clarifies and simplifies aspects of the accounting for income taxes to help promote consistent application of GAAP by eliminating certain exceptions to the general principles of ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements upon adoption on January 1, 2021.
RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
The Company considers the applicability and impact of all Accounting Standards Updates. Recently issued standards not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
The FASB issued its new standard on Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity which simplifies the accounting for instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity, including convertible debt. The new standard reduces the number of accounting models for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred stock resulting in fewer embedded conversion features being separately recognized from the host contract and the interest rate of more convertible debt instruments being closer to the coupon interest rate, as compared with prior guidance. In addition, the standard changes the diluted earnings per share calculation for instruments that may be settled in cash or shares and for convertible instruments. The new standard is effective for reporting periods beginning on or after December 15, 2021 and permits the use of either the modified retrospective or fully retrospective method of transition.
The Company will adopt the new standard on January 1, 2022 using the modified retrospective method. Upon adoption, the Company expects to derecognize the unamortized debt discount and related equity component associated with its Exchangeable Senior Notes. This will result in an increase to Long-term debt of approximately $65 million, a reduction to Additional paid-in capital of approximately $53 million, net of taxes, and a reduction to Deferred tax liabilities of approximately $17 million. The Company expects to record a cumulative effect of adoption adjustment of approximately $5 million, net of taxes, as a reduction to Accumulated deficit on January 1, 2022 related to the reversal of cumulative interest expense recognized for the amortization of the debt discount on its Exchangeable Senior Notes since issuance. Upon adoption, the Company is required to use the "if converted" method when calculating the dilutive impact of convertible debt on earnings per share, however the Company's does not expect this change to have a financial impact upon adoption as the Company's Exchangeable Senior Notes have been antidilutive since issuance.
3. LEASES
The Company's lease portfolio consists primarily of office space and equipment. The Company has approximately 1,100 real estate leases with lease terms ranging from less than 1 year to 17 years and includes the Company's brokerage sales offices, regional and branch offices for title and relocation operations, corporate headquarters, regional headquarters, and facilities serving as local administration, training and storage. The Company's brokerage sales offices are generally located in shopping centers and small office parks, typically with lease terms of 1 year to 5 years. In addition, the Company has equipment leases which primarily consist of furniture, computers and other office equipment.
Right-of-use assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. At lease commencement, the Company records a liability for its lease obligation measured at the present value of future lease payments and a right-of-use asset equal to the lease liability adjusted for prepayments and lease incentives. The Company uses its collateralized incremental borrowing rate to calculate the present value of lease liabilities as most of its leases do not provide an implicit rate that is readily determinable. The Company does not recognize a lease obligation and right-of-use asset on its balance sheet for any leases with an initial term of 12 months or less. Some real estate leases include one or more options to renew or terminate a lease. The exercise of a lease renewal or termination option is assessed at commencement of the lease and only reflected in
the lease term if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise the option. The Company has lease agreements that contain both lease and non-lease components, such as common area maintenance fees, and has made a policy election to combine both fixed lease and non-lease components in total gross rent for all of its leases. Expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Finance lease assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the underlying asset or the lease term. The interest component of a finance lease is included in interest expense and recognized using the effective interest method over the lease term.
Supplemental balance sheet information related to the Company's leases was as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | December 31, |
| Lease Type | | Balance Sheet Classification | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Assets: | | | | | | |
| Operating lease assets | | Operating lease assets, net | | $ | 453 | | | $ | 450 | |
| Finance lease assets (a) | | Property and equipment, net | | 33 | | | 40 | |
| Total lease assets, net | | $ | 486 | | | $ | 490 | |
| Liabilities: | | | | | | |
| Current: | | | | | | |
| Operating lease liabilities | | Current portion of operating lease liabilities | | $ | 128 | | | $ | 129 | |
| Finance lease liabilities | | Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | | 11 | | | 13 | |
| Non-current: | | | | | | |
| Operating lease liabilities | | Long-term operating lease liabilities | | 417 | | | 430 | |
| Finance lease liabilities | | Other non-current liabilities | | 13 | | | 19 | |
| Total lease liabilities | | $ | 569 | | | $ | 591 | |
| | | | | | |
| Weighted Average Lease Term and Discount Rate | | | | |
| Weighted average remaining lease term (years): | | | | |
| Operating leases | | 5.6 | | 5.9 |
| Finance leases | | 2.7 | | 2.8 |
| | | | | | |
| Weighted average discount rate: | | | | |
| Operating leases | | 4.2 | % | | 4.6 | % |
| Finance leases | | 3.4 | % | | 3.7 | % |
_______________
(a)Finance lease assets are recorded net of accumulated amortization of $45 million and $40 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
As of December 31, 2021, maturities of lease liabilities by fiscal year were as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Maturity of Lease Liabilities | | Operating Leases | | Finance Leases | | Total |
| 2022 | | $ | 146 | | | $ | 11 | | | $ | 157 | |
| 2023 | | 129 | | | 8 | | | 137 | |
| 2024 | | 105 | | | 5 | | | 110 | |
| 2025 | | 75 | | | 1 | | | 76 | |
| 2026 | | 51 | | | — | | | 51 | |
| Thereafter | | 111 | | | — | | | 111 | |
| Total lease payments | | 617 | | | 25 | | | 642 | |
| Less: Interest | | 72 | | | 1 | | | 73 | |
| Present value of lease liabilities | | $ | 545 | | | $ | 24 | | | $ | 569 | |
Supplemental income statement information related to the Company's leases is as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| Lease Costs | | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Operating lease costs | | $ | 141 | | | $ | 150 | | | $ | 165 | |
| Finance lease costs: | | | | | | |
| Amortization of leased assets | | 12 | | | 12 | | | 13 | |
| Interest on lease liabilities | | 1 | | | 2 | | | 2 | |
| Other lease costs (a) | | 24 | | | 24 | | | 28 | |
| Impairment (b) | | 2 | | | 46 | | | 12 | |
| Less: Sublease income, gross | | 2 | | | 2 | | | 3 | |
| Net lease cost | | $ | 178 | | | $ | 232 | | | $ | 217 | |
_______________
(a)Primarily consists of variable lease costs.
(b)Impairment charges relate to the exit and sublease of certain real estate operating leases. In 2020, the Company impaired or restructured a portion of its corporate headquarters in Madison, New Jersey and the relocation operations' main corporate location in Danbury, Connecticut.
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Supplemental cash flow information: | | | | | | |
| Operating cash flows from operating leases | | $ | 162 | | | $ | 165 | | | $ | 162 | |
| Operating cash flows from finance leases | | 1 | | | 2 | | | 2 | |
| Financing cash flows from finance leases | | 13 | | | 14 | | | 15 | |
| | | | | | |
| Supplemental non-cash information: | | | | | | |
| Lease assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: | | | | | | |
| Operating leases | | $ | 134 | | | $ | 103 | | | $ | 153 | |
| Finance leases | | 6 | | | 11 | | | 18 | |
4. REVENUE RECOGNITION
Revenue is recognized upon the transfer of control of promised services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those services in accordance with the revenue accounting standard. The Company's revenue is disaggregated by major revenue categories on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and further disaggregated by business segment as follows: | | Years Ended December 31, 2023 vs December 31, 2022 | | | Years Ended December 31, 2023 vs December 31, 2022 |
| | Years Ended December 31, 2021 vs December 31, 2020 | |
Franchise Group | | Owned Brokerage
Group | |
Title Group | | Corporate and
Other | | Total
Company |
| | Realogy
Franchise
Group | | Realogy
Brokerage
Group | | Realogy
Title
Group | | Corporate
and
Other | | Total
Company |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| 2023 | | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2023 | | 2022 |
| Gross commission income (a) | Gross commission income (a) | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 6,118 | | | $ | 4,669 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 6,118 | | | $ | 4,669 | |
| Service revenue (b) | Service revenue (b) | 227 | | | 243 | | | 29 | | | 26 | | | 924 | | | 714 | | | — | | | — | | | 1,180 | | | 983 | |
| Franchise fees (c) | Franchise fees (c) | 914 | | | 725 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (393) | | | (306) | | | 521 | | | 419 | |
| Other (d) | Other (d) | 108 | | | 91 | | | 42 | | | 47 | | | 28 | | | 22 | | | (14) | | | (10) | | | 164 | | | 150 | |
| Net revenues | Net revenues | $ | 1,249 | | | $ | 1,059 | | | $ | 6,189 | | | $ | 4,742 | | | $ | 952 | | | $ | 736 | | | $ | (407) | | | $ | (316) | | | $ | 7,983 | | | $ | 6,221 | |
| | Years Ended December 31, 2022 vs December 31, 2021 | | | Years Ended December 31, 2022 vs December 31, 2021 |
| | Years Ended December 31, 2020 vs December 31, 2019 | |
Franchise Group | | Owned Brokerage
Group | |
Title Group | | Corporate and
Other | | Total
Company |
| | Realogy
Franchise
Group | | Realogy
Brokerage
Group | | Realogy
Title
Group | | Corporate
and
Other | | Total
Company |
| 2020 | | 2019 | | 2020 | | 2019 | | 2020 | | 2019 | | 2020 | | 2019 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| 2022 | | | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Gross commission income (a) | Gross commission income (a) | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 4,669 | | | $ | 4,330 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 4,669 | | | $ | 4,330 | |
| Service revenue (b) | Service revenue (b) | 243 | | | 351 | | | 26 | | | 11 | | | 714 | | | 579 | | | — | | | — | | | 983 | | | 941 | |
| Franchise fees (c) | Franchise fees (c) | 725 | | | 668 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (306) | | | (282) | | | 419 | | | 386 | |
| Other (d) | Other (d) | 91 | | | 139 | | | 47 | | | 68 | | | 22 | | | 17 | | | (10) | | | (11) | | | 150 | | | 213 | |
| Net revenues | Net revenues | $ | 1,059 | | | $ | 1,158 | | | $ | 4,742 | | | $ | 4,409 | | | $ | 736 | | | $ | 596 | | | $ | (316) | | | $ | (293) | | | $ | 6,221 | | | $ | 5,870 | |
_______________
(a)Gross commission income at RealogyOwned Brokerage Group is recognized at a point in time at the closing of a homesale transaction.
(b)Service revenue primarily consists of title and escrow fees at Realogy Title Group and are recognized at a point in time at the closing of a homesale transaction. Service revenue at Realogy Franchise Group includes relocation fees, which are recognized as revenue when or as the related performance obligation is satisfied dependent on the type of service performed, and fees related to leads and related services, which are recognized at a point in time at the closing of a homesale transaction or at the completion of the relatedservice.
(c)Franchise fees at Realogy Franchise Group primarily include domestic royalties which are recognized at a point in time when the underlying franchisee revenue is earned (upon close of the homesale transaction).
(d)Other revenue is comprised of brand marketing funds received from franchisees at Realogy Franchise Group from franchisees, third-party listing fees in 2019, and other miscellaneous revenues across all of the business segments.
The Company's revenue streams are discussed further below by business segment:
Realogy Franchise Group
Domestic Franchisees
In the U.S., the Company employs a direct franchising model whereby it franchises its real estate brands to real estate brokerage businesses that are independently owned and operated. Franchise revenue principally consists of royalty and marketing fees from the Company’s franchisees. The royalty received is primarily based on a gross percentage (generally 6%) of the franchisee’s gross commission income. Royalty fees are recorded as the underlying franchisee revenue is earned (upon close of the homesale transaction). Annual volume incentives given to certain franchisees on royalty fees are recorded as a reduction to revenue and are accrued for in relative proportion to the recognition of the underlying gross franchise revenue. Other sales incentives are generally recorded as a reduction to revenue ratably over the related performance period or from the date of issuance through the remaining life of the related franchise agreement. Franchise revenue also includes domestic initial franchise fees which are generally non-refundable and recognized by the Company as revenue upon the execution or opening of a new franchisee office to cover the upfront costs associated with opening the franchisee for business under one of Realogy’sAnywhere’s brands.
The Company also earns marketing fees from its franchisees and utilizes such fees to fund marketing campaigns on behalf of its franchisees. As such, brand marketing fund fees are recorded as deferred revenue when received and recognized
into revenue as earned when these funds are spent on marketing activities. The balance for deferred brand marketing fund fees increaseddecreased from $14$26 million at January 1, 20212023 to $25$19 million at December 31, 20212023 primarily due to additional fees received from franchisees, offset by amounts recognized into revenue matching expenses for marketing activities, offset by additional fees received from franchisees during the year ended December 31, 2021.2023.
International Franchisees
The Company utilizes a direct franchising model outside of the U.S. for Sotheby's International Realty® and Corcoran® and, in some cases, Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate. For all other brands, the Company generally employs a master franchise model outside of the U.S., whereby it contracts with a qualified third party to build a franchise network in the country or region in which franchising rights have been granted. Under both the direct and master franchise models outside of the U.S., the Company enters into long-term franchise agreements (generally 25 years in duration) and receivereceives an initial area development fee ("ADF") and ongoing royalties. Ongoing royalties are generally a percentage of the royalties received by the master franchisor from its franchisees with which it contracts and are recorded once the funds are received by the master franchisor. Under the direct franchise model, a royalty fee is paid to the Company on transactions conducted by its franchisees in the applicable country or region. The ADFs that the Company collects are recorded as deferred revenue when
received and are classified as current or non-current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets based on the expected timing of revenue recognition. ADFs are recognized into franchise revenue over the average 25 year life of the related franchise agreement as consideration for the right to access and benefit from Realogy’sAnywhere’s brands. In the event an ADF agreement is terminated prior to the end of its term, the unamortized deferred revenue balance will be recognized into revenue immediately upon termination. The balance for deferred ADFs decreased from $43$40 million at January 1, 20212023 to $41$39 million at December 31, 20212023 due to $5$4 million of revenues recognized during the year ended December 31, 20212023 that were included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the period, partially offset by $3 million of additional area development feesADFs received during the year ended December 31, 2021.2023.
In addition, the Company recognizes a deferred asset for commissions paid to RealogyAnywhere franchise sales employees upon the sale of a new franchise as these are considered costs of obtaining a contract with a customer that are expected to provide benefits to the Company for longer than one year. The Company classifies prepaid commissions as current or non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets based on the expected timing of expense recognition. The amount of commissions is calculated as a percentage of the anticipated gross commission income of the new franchisee or ADF and is amortized over 30 years for domestic franchise agreements or the agreement term for international franchise agreements (generally 25 years). The amount of prepaid commissions was $26$29 million and $25$28 million at December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, respectively.
Lead Generation Programs
Through Realogy Leads Group, a part of Realogy Franchise Group, the Company provides leads through real estate benefit programs that provide home-buying and selling assistance to members of organizations such as credit unions and interest groups that have established members who are buying or selling a home as well as to consumers and corporations who have expressed interest in a certain brand, product or service (such as relocation services), including those offered by Realogy. Realogy Leads Group also directs the Company's broker-to-broker business, which generates leads by brokers affiliated with one of its customized agent and brokerage networks, including the Realogy Advantage Brokerage Network. The networks consist of real estate brokers, including company owned brokerage operations, select franchisees and independent real estate brokers who have been approved to become members. Member brokers of the networks receive leads from the Company's real estate benefit programs (including via Cartus Relocation Services) and each other in exchange for a fee paid to Realogy Leads Group. Network fees are billed in advance and recognized into revenue on a straight-line basis each month during the membership period. The balance for deferred network fees remained flat at zero at January 1, 2021 and December 31, 2021 and consisted of $5 million of revenues recognized during the year that were included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the period offset by a $5 million increase related to new network fees.
Cartus Relocation ServicesOther
Through Cartus, Relocation Services, a part of Realogy Franchise Group, the Company offers a broad range of employee relocation services to clients designed to manage all aspects of transferring their employees ("transferees"). and provides value through the generation of leads to real estate agent and brokerage participants. These services include, but are not limited to, homesale assistance, relocation policy counseling and group move management services, expense processing and relocation-related accounting, and visa and immigration support. The Company also arranges household goods moving services and provides support for all aspects of moving a transferee's household goods. There are a number of different revenue streams associated with relocation services including fees earned from real estate brokers and household goods moving companies that provide services to the transferee which are recognized at a point in time at the completion of services. The Company earns revenues from outsourcing management fees charged to clients that may cover several of the relocation services listed above, according to the clients' specific needs. Outsourcing management fees are recorded as deferred revenue when billed (usually at the start of the relocation) and are recognized as revenue over the average time period required to complete the transferee's move, or a phase of the move that the fee covers, which is typically 3 to 6 months depending on the move type. The balance for deferred outsourcing management fees increaseddecreased from $4 million at January 1, 2023 to $3 million on January 1, 2021 to $4 million onat December 31, 20212023 due to $43 million of revenues recognized during the year as performance obligations were satisfied, offset by a $41$42 million increase primarily related to additions for management fees billed on new relocation files in advance of the Company satisfying its performance obligation, mostly offset by $40 million of revenues recognized duringobligation.
Through the year as performance obligations were satisfied. Furthermore, Cartus Relocation Services continues to provide value throughLeads Group, the generation ofCompany provides high-quality leads to independent sales agents, through real estate agentbenefit programs that provide home-buying and brokerage participantsselling assistance to customers of lenders, organizations such as credit unions and interest groups that have established members who are buying or selling a home as well as to consumers and corporations who have expressed interest in the networks maintaineda certain brand, product or service (such as relocation services), including those offered by RealogyAnywhere. The Leads Group also directs the Company's broker-to-broker business, which drives downstream revenue for our businesses. The Company also earns net interest income which represents interest earned from clients on the funds it advances on behalf of the transferring employee net of costs associated with the securitization obligations used to finance these payments, which is recorded within other revenue in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.generates leads by
Realogybrokers affiliated with one of its network brokerages, including the Anywhere Leads Network. The networks consist of real estate brokers, including company owned brokerage operations, as well as franchisees and independent real estate brokers who have been approved to become members of one or more networks. Member brokers of the networks receive leads from the Company's real estate benefit programs (including via Cartus) and each other in exchange for a fee paid to the Leads Group. Network fees are billed in advance and recognized into revenue on a straight-line basis each month during the membership period. The balance for deferred network fees increased from zero at January 1, 2023 to $2 million at December 31, 2023 due to a $6 million increase related to new network fees, offset by $4 million of revenues recognized during the year that were included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the period.
Owned Brokerage Group
As an owner-operator of real estate brokerages, the Company assists home buyers and sellers in listing, marketing, selling and finding homes. Real estate commissions earned by the Company’s real estate brokerage business are recorded as revenue at a point in time which is upon the closing of a real estate transaction (i.e., purchase or sale of a home). These revenues are referred to as gross commission income. The commissions the Company pays to real estate agents are recognized concurrently with associated revenues and presented as the commission"Commission and other agent-related costscosts" line item on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The Company has relationships with developers primarily in select major cities (in particular, New York City) to provide marketing and brokerage services in new developments. New development closings generally have a development period of between 18 and 24 months from contracted date to closing. In some cases, the Company receives advanced commissions which are recorded as deferred revenue when received and recognized as revenue when units within the new development close. The balance of advanced commissions related to developments increased from $9$11 million at January 1, 20212023 to $11$12 million at December 31, 20212023 due to a $2$6 million increase related to additional commissions received for new developments.developments, offset by a $5 million decrease as a result of revenues recognized on units closed.
Realogy Title Group
The Company provides title, and closing services, which include title search procedures for title insurance policies, homesale escrow and othersettlement services to consumers, real estate companies, corporations and financial institutions with many of these services provided in connection with the Company's real estate brokerage and relocation services businesses. These services relate to the closing services. Titleof home purchases and refinancing of home loans and therefore, title revenues and title and closing service fees are recorded at a point in time which occurs at the time a homesale transaction or refinancing closes. The Company also serves as an underwriter of title insurance policies in connection with residential and commercial real estate transactions under its title insurance business, insuring clear title and ownership for the lender and buyer in homesale transactions. The Company's clients include unaffiliated title agencies as well as title agencies that are a part of Realogy Title Group. For unaffiliated agents, policy premium revenue is recognized on a gross basis (before deduction of agent commission) upon notice of policy issuance from the agent. For affiliated title agents, the incremental policy premium revenue is recognized upon the effective date of the title policy as the agent commission revenue is already recognized by the affiliated title agent.
Contract Balances (Deferred Revenue)Deferred Revenue
The following table shows the total change in the Company's contract liabilities related to revenue contracts by reportable segment (as discussed in detail above) for the year ended December 31, 2021:2023: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year Ended December 31, 2021 |
| | Beginning Balance at January 1, 2021 | | Additions during the period | | Recognized as Revenue during the period | | Ending Balance at December 31, 2021 |
| Realogy Franchise Group (a) | $ | 70 | | | $ | 178 | | | $ | (169) | | | $ | 79 | |
| Realogy Brokerage Group | 12 | | | 5 | | | (3) | | | 14 | |
| Total | $ | 82 | | | $ | 183 | | | $ | (172) | | | $ | 93 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year Ended December 31, 2023 |
| | Beginning Balance at January 1, 2023 | | Additions during the period | | Recognized as Revenue during the period | | Ending Balance at December 31, 2023 |
| Franchise Group (a) | $ | 80 | | | $ | 154 | | | $ | (165) | | | $ | 69 | |
| Owned Brokerage Group | 14 | | | 9 | | | (8) | | | 15 | |
| Total | $ | 94 | | | $ | 163 | | | $ | (173) | | | $ | 84 | |
_______________
(a)Revenues recognized include intercompany marketing fees paid by RealogyOwned Brokerage Group.
The majority of the Company's contracts are transactional in nature or have a duration of one-year or less. Accordingly, the Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less.
4. EQUITY METHOD INVESTMENTS
The Company applies the equity method of accounting for investments in ventures when it possesses significant influence over operational and financial decisions but lacks controlling interests. The Company records its proportionate share of net earnings or losses from these equity method investments under the "Equity in (earnings) losses of unconsolidated entities" line in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Investments not subject to the equity method are valued at fair market value with adjustments recognized in net income. If the fair value is not readily determinable, these investments are measured at cost minus impairment (if any), plus or minus changes reflecting observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment.
The Company has various equity method investments classified within other non-current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Although the Company holds certain governance rights, it lacks controlling financial or operational interests in these investments. Equity earnings or losses attributable to these investments are included in the financial results of the Title Group and Owned Brokerage Group reportable segments. The Company's equity method investment balances at December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 |
| Guaranteed Rate Affinity (1) | $ | 67 | | | $ | 72 | |
| Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture (2) | 74 | | | 75 | |
| Other Title Group equity method investments (3) | 11 | | | 10 | |
| Total Title Group equity method investments | 152 | | | 157 | |
| Owned Brokerage Group equity method investments (4) | 26 | | | 27 | |
| Total equity method investments | $ | 178 | | | $ | 184 | |
_______________(1)Guaranteed Rate Affinity is the Company's 49.9% minority-owned mortgage origination joint venture with Guaranteed Rate, Inc which originates and markets its mortgage lending services to the Company's real estate brokerage as well as other real estate brokerage companies across the country. The Company received $5 million in cash dividends from Guaranteed Rate Affinity during the year ended December 31, 2023.
(2)Includes the Company's 25% equity interest in the Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture formed in March 2022 as a result of the sale of the Company's Title Underwriter. See Note 1, "Basis of Presentation—Sale of the Title Insurance Underwriter", for additional information related to the sale of the Title Underwriter and subsequent sales of a portion of the Company's ownership in the Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture.
(3)Includes Title Group's various other equity method investments. The Company invested an additional $1 million and received $3 million in cash dividends related to these investments during the year ended December 31, 2023.
(4)Includes the Company's 50% owned unconsolidated real estate auction joint venture with Sotheby's which holds an 80% ownership stake in Sotheby's Concierge Auctions, a global luxury real estate auction marketplace that partners with real estate agents to host luxury online auctions for clients, the Company's former 49% investment in RealSure (operations were ceased in the fourth quarter of 2022), and other brokerage related investments. The Company recorded a $3 million loss on the sale of a brokerage related investment during the year ended December 31, 2023.
The Company recorded equity in (earnings) losses from its equity method investments as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Guaranteed Rate Affinity | | $ | — | | | $ | 22 | | | $ | (49) | |
| Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture | | (4) | | | (6) | | | — | |
| Other Title Group equity method investments | | (3) | | | (5) | | | (6) | |
| Owned Brokerage Group equity method investments | | (2) | | | 17 | | | 7 | |
| Equity in (earnings) losses of unconsolidated entities | | $ | (9) | | | $ | 28 | | | $ | (48) | |
5. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET
Property and equipment, net consisted of: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 |
| Furniture, fixtures and equipment | $ | 146 | | | $ | 174 | |
| Capitalized software | 530 | | | 492 | |
| Finance lease assets | 81 | | | 85 | |
| Building and leasehold improvements | 285 | | | 290 | |
| Land | 2 | | | 3 | |
| Gross property and equipment | 1,044 | | | 1,044 | |
| Less: accumulated depreciation | (764) | | | (727) | |
| Property and equipment, net | $ | 280 | | | $ | 317 | |
The Company recorded depreciation expense related to property and equipment of $106 million, $118 million and $110 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
6. LEASES
The Company's lease portfolio consists primarily of office space and equipment. The Company has approximately 1,100 real estate leases with lease terms ranging from less than 1 year to 17 years and includes the Company's brokerage sales offices, regional and branch offices for title and relocation operations, corporate headquarters, regional headquarters, and facilities serving as local administration, training and storage. The Company's brokerage sales offices are generally located in shopping centers and small office parks, typically with lease terms of 1 year to 5 years. In addition, the Company has equipment leases which primarily consist of furniture, computers and other office equipment.
Right-of-use assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. At lease commencement, the Company records a liability for its lease obligation measured at the present value of future lease payments and a right-of-use asset equal to the lease liability adjusted for prepayments and lease incentives. The Company uses its collateralized incremental borrowing rate to calculate the present value of lease liabilities as most of its leases do not provide an implicit rate that is readily determinable. The Company does not recognize a lease obligation and right-of-use asset on its balance sheet for any leases with an initial term of 12 months or less. Some real estate leases include one or more options to renew or terminate a lease. The exercise of a lease renewal or termination option is assessed at commencement of the lease and only reflected in the lease term if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise the option. The Company has lease agreements that contain both lease and non-lease components, such as common area maintenance fees, and has made a policy election to combine both fixed lease and non-lease components in total gross rent for all of its leases. Expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Finance lease assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the underlying asset or the lease term. The interest component of a finance lease is included in interest expense and recognized using the effective interest method over the lease term.
The Company recognizes impairment charges related to the exit and sublease of certain real estate operating leases. As part of the Company's plan to reduce its office footprint costs and centralize certain aspects of its operational support structure as discussed in Note 14, "Restructuring Costs," the Company will incur right-of-use asset impairments.
Supplemental balance sheet information related to the Company's leases was as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | December 31, |
| Lease Type | | Balance Sheet Classification | | 2023 | | 2022 |
| Assets: | | | | | | |
| Operating lease assets | | Operating lease assets, net | | $ | 380 | | | $ | 422 | |
| Finance lease assets (a) | | Property and equipment, net | | 29 | | | 34 | |
| Total lease assets, net | | $ | 409 | | | $ | 456 | |
| Liabilities: | | | | | | |
| Current: | | | | | | |
| Operating lease liabilities | | Current portion of operating lease liabilities | | $ | 113 | | | $ | 122 | |
| Finance lease liabilities | | Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | | 9 | | | 11 | |
| Non-current: | | | | | | |
| Operating lease liabilities | | Long-term operating lease liabilities | | 333 | | | 371 | |
| Finance lease liabilities | | Other non-current liabilities | | 12 | | | 14 | |
| Total lease liabilities | | $ | 467 | | | $ | 518 | |
| | | | | | |
| Weighted Average Lease Term and Discount Rate | | | | |
| Weighted average remaining lease term (years): | | | | |
| Operating leases | | 5.0 | | 5.3 |
| Finance leases | | 3.0 | | 2.9 |
| | | | | | |
| Weighted average discount rate: | | | | |
| Operating leases | | 4.6 | % | | 4.3 | % |
| Finance leases | | 4.8 | % | | 3.9 | % |
_______________
(a)Finance lease assets are recorded net of accumulated amortization of $52 million and $50 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
As of December 31, 2023, maturities of lease liabilities by fiscal year were as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Maturity of Lease Liabilities | | Operating Leases | | Finance Leases | | Total |
| 2024 | | $ | 126 | | | $ | 9 | | | $ | 135 | |
| 2025 | | 113 | | | 6 | | | 119 | |
| 2026 | | 86 | | | 5 | | | 91 | |
| 2027 | | 62 | | | 2 | | | 64 | |
| 2028 | | 42 | | | — | | | 42 | |
| Thereafter | | 72 | | | — | | | 72 | |
| Total lease payments | | 501 | | | 22 | | | 523 | |
| Less: Interest | | 55 | | | 1 | | | 56 | |
| Present value of lease liabilities | | $ | 446 | | | $ | 21 | | | $ | 467 | |
Supplemental income statement information related to the Company's leases is as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| Lease Costs | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Operating lease costs | | $ | 132 | | | $ | 140 | | | $ | 141 | |
| Finance lease costs: | | | | | | |
| Amortization of leased assets | | 12 | | | 12 | | | 12 | |
| Interest on lease liabilities | | 1 | | | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Other lease costs (a) | | 23 | | | 23 | | | 24 | |
| Impairment (b) | | 11 | | | 6 | | | 2 | |
| Less: Sublease income, gross | | 2 | | | 2 | | | 2 | |
| Net lease cost | | $ | 177 | | | $ | 180 | | | $ | 178 | |
_______________
(a)Primarily consists of variable lease costs.
(b)Impairment charges relate to the exit and sublease of certain real estate operating leases.
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Supplemental cash flow information: | | | | | | |
| Operating cash flows from operating leases | | $ | 148 | | | $ | 162 | | | $ | 162 | |
| Operating cash flows from finance leases | | 1 | | | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Financing cash flows from finance leases | | 13 | | | 13 | | | 13 | |
| | | | | | |
| Supplemental non-cash information: | | | | | | |
| Lease assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: | | | | | | |
| Operating leases | | $ | 92 | | | $ | 92 | | | $ | 134 | |
| Finance leases | | 7 | | | 14 | | | 6 | |
7. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Impairment of Goodwill and Other Indefinite-lived Intangibles
During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company performed its impairment assessment of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets. As a result of the assessment, goodwill at Franchise Group related to the Cartus reporting unit was impaired by $25 million and franchise trademarks were impaired by $25 million. The results of the Company's annual impairment assessment indicated no impairment charges were required for the other reporting units or other indefinite-lived intangibles. See Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Impairment of Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Other Long-Lived Assets", for additional information.
Goodwill
Goodwill by reportable segment and changesChanges in the carrying amount areof Goodwill and Accumulated impairment losses by reportable segment is as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Realogy Franchise Group | | Realogy Brokerage Group | | Realogy
Title
Group | | Total Company |
| Balance at January 1, 2019 | $ | 2,652 | | | $ | 906 | | | $ | 154 | | | $ | 3,712 | |
| Goodwill acquired | — | | | — | | | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Impairment (a) | (16) | | | (237) | | | — | | | (253) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2019 | 2,636 | | | 669 | | | 155 | | | 3,460 | |
| Goodwill acquired | — | | | — | | | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Goodwill reduction for sale of a business | — | | | (11) | | | — | | | (11) | |
| Impairment (b) | (127) | | | (413) | | | — | | | (540) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2020 | 2,509 | | | 245 | | | 156 | | | 2,910 | |
| Goodwill acquired (c) | — | | | 24 | | | 2 | | | 26 | |
| Goodwill reduction for sale of business (d) | (3) | | | (10) | | | — | | | (13) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 2,506 | | | $ | 259 | | | $ | 158 | | | $ | 2,923 | |
| Goodwill and accumulated impairment summary: | | | | | | |
| Gross goodwill | $ | 3,953 | | | $ | 1,067 | | | $ | 482 | | | $ | 5,502 | |
| Accumulated impairments (e) | (1,447) | | | (808) | | | (324) | | | (2,579) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 2,506 | | | $ | 259 | | | $ | 158 | | | $ | 2,923 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Franchise Group | | Owned Brokerage Group | | Title Group | | Total Company |
| Goodwill (gross) at December 31, 2021 | $ | 3,953 | | | $ | 1,067 | | | $ | 482 | | | $ | 5,502 | |
| Goodwill acquired (a) | — | | | 21 | | | 5 | | | 26 | |
| Goodwill reduction (b) | — | | | — | | | (32) | | | (32) | |
| Goodwill (gross) at December 31, 2022 | 3,953 | | | 1,088 | | | 455 | | | 5,496 | |
| | | | | | | |
| Accumulated impairment losses at December 31, 2021 | (1,447) | | | (808) | | | (324) | | | (2,579) | |
| Goodwill impairment | (114) | | | (280) | | | — | | | (394) | |
| Accumulated impairment losses at December 31, 2022 | (1,561) | | | (1,088) | | | (324) | | | (2,973) | |
| | | | | | | |
| Goodwill (net) at December 31, 2022 | $ | 2,392 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 131 | | | $ | 2,523 | |
| | | | | | | |
| Goodwill (gross) at December 31, 2022 | $ | 3,953 | | | $ | 1,088 | | | $ | 455 | | | $ | 5,496 | |
| Goodwill acquired (c) | — | | | 1 | | | — | | | 1 | |
| Goodwill reduction | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
| Goodwill (gross) at December 31, 2023 | 3,953 | | | 1,089 | | | 455 | | | 5,497 | |
| | | | | | | |
| Accumulated impairment losses at December 31, 2022 | (1,561) | | | (1,088) | | | (324) | | | (2,973) | |
| Goodwill impairment | (25) | | | — | | | — | | | (25) | |
| Accumulated impairment losses at December 31, 2023 (d) | (1,586) | | | (1,088) | | | (324) | | | (2,998) | |
| | | | | | | |
| Goodwill (net) at December 31, 2023 | $ | 2,367 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 131 | | | $ | 2,499 | |
_______________
(a)DuringGoodwill acquired during the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized goodwill impairment charges of $237 million related to Realogy Brokerage Group and $16 million at Realogy Franchise Group which related2022 relates to the reduction to record net assets held for sale at the loweracquisition of carrying value or fair value, less costs to sell, for Cartus Relocation Services which was presented as held for sale at December 31, 2019.four real estate brokerage operations and two title and settlement operations.
(b)DuringGoodwill reduction during the year ended December 31, 2020,2022 relates to the Company recognized a goodwill impairment chargessale of $413 million related to Realogy Brokerage Group and $127 million at Realogy Franchise Group which related to $105 millionthe Title Underwriter during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (while Cartus Relocation Services was held for sale) to reduce the net assets to the estimated proceeds and an additional goodwill impairment charge of $22 million during the fourthfirst quarter of 2020 related to Cartus Relocation Services.2022 (see Note 1, "Basis of Presentation", for a description of the transaction).
(c)Goodwill acquired during the year ended December 31, 20212023 relates to the acquisition of 3one real estate brokerage operations and 1 title and settlement operations.operation.
(d)Goodwill reduction during the year ended December 31, 2021 relates to the sale of a relocation-related business during the first quarter of 2021 and the sale of a business at Realogy Brokerage Group during the second quarter of 2021.
(e)Includes impairment charges which reduced goodwill by $25 million during 2023, $394 million during 2022, $540 million during 2020, $253 million during 2019, $1,279 million during 2008 and $507 million during 2007.
Brokerage Acquisitions
None of the acquisitions were significant to the Company’s results of operations, financial position or cash flows individually or in the aggregate.
TheDuring the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company acquired 3four real estate brokerage operations through its wholly owned subsidiary, RealogyOwned Brokerage Group, for aggregate cash consideration of $26$16 million and established $6$11 million of contingent consideration. These acquisitions resulted in goodwill of $24 million, trademarks of $2$21 million, other intangibles of $4$6 million, other assets of $12$26 million and other liabilities of $10$26 million.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets are as follows:
| | | | As of December 31, 2021 | | As of December 31, 2020 | | As of December 31, 2023 | | As of December 31, 2022 |
| | | Gross
Carrying
Amount | | Accumulated
Amortization | | Net
Carrying
Amount | | Gross
Carrying
Amount | | Accumulated
Amortization | | Net
Carrying
Amount | | Gross
Carrying
Amount | | Accumulated
Amortization | | Net
Carrying
Amount | | Gross
Carrying
Amount | | Accumulated
Amortization | | Net
Carrying
Amount |
| Amortizable—Franchise agreements (a) | Amortizable—Franchise agreements (a) | $ | 2,010 | | | $ | 989 | | | $ | 1,021 | | | $ | 2,010 | | | $ | 922 | | | $ | 1,088 | |
| Indefinite life—Trademarks (b) | Indefinite life—Trademarks (b) | $ | 687 | | | | | $ | 687 | | | $ | 685 | | | | | $ | 685 | |
| Other Intangibles | Other Intangibles | | | | | | | |
| Amortizable—License agreements (c) | Amortizable—License agreements (c) | $ | 45 | | | $ | 14 | | | $ | 31 | | | $ | 45 | | | $ | 13 | | | $ | 32 | |
| Amortizable—License agreements (c) | |
| Amortizable—License agreements (c) | |
| Amortizable—Customer relationships (d) | Amortizable—Customer relationships (d) | 456 | | | 345 | | | 111 | | | 509 | | | 376 | | | 133 | |
| Indefinite life—Title plant shares (e) | Indefinite life—Title plant shares (e) | 25 | | | 25 | | | 20 | | | 20 | |
| Amortizable—Other (f) | Amortizable—Other (f) | 16 | | | 12 | | | 4 | | | 14 | | | 11 | | | 3 | |
| Total Other Intangibles | Total Other Intangibles | $ | 542 | | | $ | 371 | | | $ | 171 | | | $ | 588 | | | $ | 400 | | | $ | 188 | |
_______________
(a)Generally amortized over a period of 30 years.
(b)Primarily related to real estate franchise, brands, title and relocation tradenamestrademarks which are expected to generate future cash flows for an indefinite period of time. Franchise trademarks were impaired by $25 million during the fourth quarter of 2023 as a result of the Company's annual impairment assessment.
(c)Relates to the Sotheby’s International Realty® and Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate agreements which are being amortized over 50 years (the contractual term of the license agreements).
(d)Relates to the customer relationships at Realogy Franchise Group, Realogy Title Group and Realogy Brokerage Group. These relationshipswhich are being amortized over a period of 510 to 20 years.
(e)Ownership in a title plant is required to transact title insurance in certain states. The Company expects to generate future cash flows for an indefinite period of time.
(f)Consists of covenants not to compete which are amortized over their contract lives and other intangibles which are generally amortized over periods ranging from 53 to 105 years.
Intangible asset amortization expense is as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Franchise agreements | $ | 67 | | | $ | 67 | | | $ | 67 | |
| License agreements | 1 | | | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Customer relationships | 22 | | | 5 | | | 19 | |
| Other | 4 | | | 4 | | | 6 | |
| Total | $ | 94 | | | $ | 77 | | | $ | 93 | |
Based on the Company’s amortizable intangible assets as of December 31, 2021, the Company expects related amortization expense to be approximately $91 million, $89 million, $89 million, $89 million, $89 million and $720 million in 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 and thereafter, respectively.
6. FRANCHISING AND MARKETING ACTIVITIES
Franchise fee revenue includes domestic initial franchise fees and international area development fees of $5 million, $7 million and $9 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company’s real estate franchisees may receive volume incentives on their royalty payments. Such annual incentives are based upon the amount of the franchisees commission income earned and paid to the Company during the calendar year. Each brand has several different annual incentive schedules currently in effect. Franchise fee revenue is recorded net of annual volume incentives provided to real estate franchisees of $87 million, $63 million and $50 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
The Company’s wholly-owned real estate brokerage services segment, Realogy Brokerage Group, pays royalties to the Company’s franchise business; however, such amounts are eliminated in consolidation. Realogy Brokerage Group paid | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | For the Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Franchise agreements | $ | 67 | | | $ | 67 | | | $ | 67 | |
| License agreements | 1 | | | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Customer relationships | 21 | | | 21 | | | 22 | |
| Other | 1 | | | 7 | | | 4 | |
| Total | $ | 90 | | | $ | 96 | | | $ | 94 | |
royalties to Realogy Franchise Group of $393 million, $306 million and $282 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Marketing fees are generally paid byBased on the Company’s real estate franchisees and are generally calculated based on a specified percentage of gross closed commissions earned on real estate transactions, and may be subject to certain minimum and maximum payments. Brand marketing fund revenue was $92 million, $69 million and $90 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which included marketing fees paid to Realogy Franchise Group from Realogy Brokerage Group of $14 million, $10 million and $11 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As provided for in the franchise agreements and generally at the Company’s discretion, all of these fees are to be expended for marketing purposes.
The number of franchised and company owned offices in operation are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | (Unaudited) As of December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Franchised (domestic and international): | | | | | |
Century 21® | 14,246 | | | 13,222 | | | 11,640 | |
ERA® | 2,355 | | | 2,318 | | | 2,301 | |
Coldwell Banker® | 2,071 | | | 2,263 | | | 2,323 | |
Coldwell Banker Commercial® | 164 | | | 168 | | | 159 | |
Sotheby’s International Realty® | 986 | | | 952 | | | 962 | |
Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate | 411 | | | 389 | | | 391 | |
Corcoran® | 122 | | | 74 | | | — | |
| Total Franchised | 20,355 | | | 19,386 | | | 17,776 | |
| Company owned: | | | | | |
Coldwell Banker® | 605 | | | 605 | | | 634 | |
Sotheby’s International Realty® | 41 | | | 39 | | | 37 | |
Corcoran® | 29 | | | 29 | | | 42 | |
| Total Company Owned | 675 | | | 673 | | | 713 | |
The number of franchised and company owned offices (in the aggregate) changed as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | (Unaudited) For the Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Franchised (domestic and international): | | | | | |
| Beginning balance | 19,386 | | | 17,776 | | | 15,830 | |
| Additions | 1,583 | | | 2,109 | | | 2,399 | |
| Terminations | (614) | | | (499) | | | (453) | |
| Ending balance | 20,355 | | | 19,386 | | | 17,776 | |
| Company owned: | | | | | |
| Beginning balance | 673 | | | 713 | | | 755 | |
| Additions | 25 | | | 5 | | | 4 | |
| Closures | (23) | | | (45) | | | (46) | |
| Ending balance | 675 | | | 673 | | | 713 | |
As of December 31, 2021, there were an insignificant number of franchise agreements that were executed for which offices are not yet operating. Additionally,amortizable intangible assets as of December 31, 2021, there were an insignificant number of franchise agreements pending termination.
In order to assist franchisees in converting to one of the Company’s brands or as an incentive to renew their franchise agreement,2023, the Company may at its discretion, provide incentives, primarilyexpects related amortization expense to be approximately $89 million, $89 million, $89 million, $74 million, $68 million and $577 million in the form of conversion notes. Provided the franchisee meets certain minimum annual revenue thresholds during the term of the notes2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028 and thereafter, respectively.
8. OTHER CURRENT ASSETS AND ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES
Other current assets consisted of: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 |
| Prepaid contracts and other prepaid expenses | $ | 78 | | | $ | 81 | |
| Prepaid agent incentives | 49 | | | 55 | |
| Franchisee sales incentives | 30 | | | 30 | |
| Other | 61 | | | 39 | |
| Total other current assets | $ | 218 | | | $ | 205 | |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 |
| Accrued payroll and related employee costs | $ | 158 | | | $ | 110 | |
| Advances from clients | 29 | | | 15 | |
| Accrued volume incentives | 28 | | | 39 | |
| Accrued commissions | 34 | | | 44 | |
| Restructuring accruals | 14 | | | 14 | |
| Deferred income | 53 | | | 62 | |
| Accrued interest | 34 | | | 40 | |
| Current portion of finance lease liabilities | 9 | | | 11 | |
| Due to former parent | 38 | | | 20 | |
| Other | 176 | | | 115 | |
| Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $ | 573 | | | $ | 470 | |
9. SHORT AND LONG-TERM DEBT
Total indebtedness is in compliance with theas follows: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 |
| Revolving Credit Facility | $ | 285 | | | $ | 350 | |
| Term Loan A Facility | 206 | | | 221 | |
| 7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes | 627 | | | — | |
| 5.75% Senior Notes | 576 | | | 899 | |
| 5.25% Senior Notes | 451 | | | 985 | |
| 0.25% Exchangeable Senior Notes | 397 | | | 394 | |
| Total Short-Term & Long-Term Debt | $ | 2,542 | | | $ | 2,849 | |
| Securitization Obligations: | | | |
| Apple Ridge Funding LLC | $ | 115 | | | $ | 163 | |
terms of the franchise agreement, the amount of the note is forgiven annually in equal ratable amounts generally over the life of the franchise agreement. If the revenue performance thresholds are not met, franchisees may be required to repay a portion of the outstanding notes. The amount of such franchisee conversion notes were $164 million and $155 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. These notes are principally classified within other non-current assets in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recorded a contra-revenue in the statement of operations related to the forgiveness and impairment of these notes and other sales incentives of $32 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 and $29 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, respectively.
7. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET
Property and equipment, net consisted of: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Furniture, fixtures and equipment | $ | 166 | | | $ | 188 | |
| Capitalized software | 463 | | | 444 | |
| Finance lease assets | 78 | | | 80 | |
| Building and leasehold improvements | 295 | | | 300 | |
| Land | 3 | | | 3 | |
| Gross property and equipment | 1,005 | | | 1,015 | |
| Less: accumulated depreciation | (695) | | | (698) | |
| Property and equipment, net | $ | 310 | | | $ | 317 | |
The Company recorded depreciation expense related to property and equipment of $110 million, $109 million and $102 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
8. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Accrued payroll and related employee costs | $ | 284 | | | $ | 239 | |
| Advances from clients | 31 | | | 65 | |
| Accrued volume incentives | 60 | | | 46 | |
| Accrued commissions | 49 | | | 48 | |
| Restructuring accruals | 10 | | | 16 | |
| Deferred income | 59 | | | 46 | |
| Accrued interest | 42 | | | 18 | |
| Current portion of finance lease liabilities | 11 | | | 13 | |
| Due to former parent | 19 | | | 19 | |
| Other | 101 | | | 90 | |
| Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $ | 666 | | | $ | 600 | |
9. SHORT AND LONG-TERM DEBT
Total indebtedness is as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Senior Secured Credit Facility: | | | |
| Revolving Credit Facility | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
| Term Loan B Facility | — | | | 1,036 | |
| Term Loan A Facility | 231 | | | 681 | |
| 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes | 542 | | | 540 | |
| 4.875% Senior Notes | 406 | | | 406 | |
| 9.375% Senior Notes | 545 | | | 544 | |
| 5.75% Senior Notes | 898 | | | — | |
| 0.25% Exchangeable Senior Notes | 328 | | | — | |
| Total Short-Term & Long-Term Debt | $ | 2,950 | | | $ | 3,207 | |
| Securitization Obligations: | | | |
| Apple Ridge Funding LLC | $ | 116 | | | $ | 102 | |
| Cartus Financing Limited | 2 | | | 4 | |
| Total Securitization Obligations | $ | 118 | | | $ | 106 | |
Indebtedness Table
As of December 31, 2021,2023, the Company’s borrowing arrangements were as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest
Rate | | Expiration
Date | | Principal Amount | | Unamortized Discount (Premium) and Debt Issuance Costs | | Net Amount |
| Senior Secured Credit Facility (1) | (2) | | (2) | | $ | — | | | $ * | | $ | — | |
| Term Loan A Facility | (2) | | (2) | | 232 | | | 1 | | | 231 | |
| Senior Secured Second Lien Notes (3) (4) | 7.625% | | June 2025 | | 550 | | | 8 | | | 542 | |
| Senior Notes (3) | 4.875% | | June 2023 | | 407 | | | 1 | | | 406 | |
| Senior Notes (3) (4) | 9.375% | | April 2027 | | 550 | | | 5 | | | 545 | |
| Senior Notes (3) | 5.75% | | January 2029 | | 900 | | | 2 | | | 898 | |
| Exchangeable Senior Notes (5) | 0.25% | | June 2026 | | 403 | | | 75 | | | 328 | |
| Total Short-Term & Long-Term Debt | $ | 3,042 | | | $ | 92 | | | $ | 2,950 | |
| Securitization obligations: (6) | | | | | | | | | |
| Apple Ridge Funding LLC | | June 2022 | | $ | 116 | | | $ * | | $ | 116 | |
| Cartus Financing Limited | | September 2022 | | 2 | | | * | | 2 | |
| Total Securitization Obligations | $ | 118 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 118 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest
Rate | | Expiration
Date | | Principal Amount | | Unamortized Premium and Debt Issuance Costs | | Net Amount |
| Revolving Credit Facility (1) | (2) | | July 2027 (2) | | $ | 285 | | | $ * | | $ | 285 | |
| Term Loan A Facility | (2) | | February 2025 | | 206 | | | — | | | 206 | |
| Senior Secured Second Lien Notes (3) | 7.00% | | April 2030 | | 640 | | | 13 | | | 627 | |
| Senior Notes (3)(4) | 5.75% | | January 2029 | | 576 | | | — | | | 576 | |
| Senior Notes (3)(4) | 5.25% | | April 2030 | | 457 | | | 6 | | | 451 | |
| Exchangeable Senior Notes (5) | 0.25% | | June 2026 | | 403 | | | 6 | | | 397 | |
| Total Short-Term & Long-Term Debt | $ | 2,567 | | | $ | 25 | | | $ | 2,542 | |
| Securitization obligations: (6) | | | | | | | | | |
| Apple Ridge Funding LLC | | May 2024 | | $ | 115 | | | $ * | | $ | 115 | |
_______________
*The debt issuance costs related to our Revolving Credit Facility and securitization obligations are classified as a deferred financing asset within other assets.
(1)The Senior Secured Credit Facility includes a $1,425As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $1,100 million of borrowing capacity under its Revolving Credit Facility which includes a $125 million letter of credit sub-facility, and, until its repayment in full in September 2021, a Term Loan B Facility. As of December 31, 2021,2023, there were no$285 million outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility and $42$33 million of outstanding undrawn letters of credit. On February 23, 2022,14, 2024, the Company had no$383 million outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility and $42$33 million of outstanding undrawn letters of credit.
(2)See below under the header "Senior Secured Credit Agreement and Term Loan A Agreement" for additional information.
(3)See below under the header "Seniorheaders "Debt Exchange Transactions" and "7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes" for additional information with respect to the debt exchange transactions, as well as, under the header "Open Market Repurchases of 5.75% and 5.25% Senior Notes" for additional information with respect to open market repurchases in the third quarter of 2023.
(4)See below under the header "Unsecured Notes" for additional information.
(4)In the first quarter of 2022, the Company issued $1,000 million 5.25% Senior Notes due 2030 and used net proceeds, together with cash on hand, to redeem in full both the outstanding 9.375% Senior Notes due 2027 and the 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes due 2025. See Note 19, "Subsequent Events", for a description of these transactions.
(5)See below under the header "Exchangeable Senior Notes" for additional information.information.
(6)See below under the header "Securitization Obligations" for additional information.
Maturities Table
As of December 31, 2021,2023, the combined aggregate amount of maturities for long-term borrowings for each of the next five years is as follows:
| | Year | Year | | Amount | Year | | Amount |
| 2022 (a) | | $ | 10 | |
| 2023 | | 423 | |
| 2024 | | 22 | |
| 2024 (a) | |
| 2025 | 2025 | | 734 | |
| 2026 | 2026 | | 403 | |
| 2027 | |
| 2028 | |
_______________
(a)The current portion of long-term debt of $10$307 million shown on the Consolidated Balance Sheets consists of four quarters of 2022 amortization payments for the Extended Term Loan A. There were no$285 million outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2021, however any amounts outstanding would be2023 and four quarters of 2024 amortization payments totaling $22 million for the Term Loan A Facility. Outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility are classified on the balance sheet as current due to the revolving nature and terms and conditions of the facilities.
Senior Secured Credit Agreement and Term Loan A Agreement
The Company’s Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 5, 2013 (as amended, amended and restated, modified or supplemented from time to time, the "Senior Secured Credit Agreement") governs its senior secured revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility") and, until its repayment in full in September 2021, its term loan B facility (the "Term Loan B Facility", and collectively with the Revolving Credit Facility, the "Senior Secured Credit Facility") and the Company's Term Loan A Agreement dated as of October 23, 2015 (as amended, amended and restated,
modified or supplemented from time to time, the "Term Loan A Agreement") governs its senior secured term loan A credit facility (the "Term Loan A Facility").
In January 2021, Realogy Group entered into amendments to the Senior Secured Credit Agreement, referred to collectively herein as the "2021 Amendments", which among other things extended theThe maturity date of a portion of the outstanding loans under the Term Loan A Facility (the "Extended Term Loan A") and a portion of the commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility (the "Extended Revolving Credit Commitment"), in each case from February 2023is July 27, 2027 and may spring forward to February 2025, provided thatan earlier date as follows: (i) if on or before March 2, 2023,16, 2026, the 4.875%0.25% Exchangeable Senior Notes have not been extended, refinanced or replaced to have a maturity date after May 10, 2025,October 26, 2027 (or are not otherwise discharged, defeased or repaid by March 16, 2026), the maturity date of the ExtendedRevolving Credit Facility will be March 16, 2026 and (ii) if on or before November 9, 2024, the "term A loans" under the Term Loan A and ExtendedAgreement have not been extended, refinanced or replaced to have a maturity date after October 26, 2027 (or are not otherwise repaid by November 9, 2024), the maturity date of the Revolving Credit CommitmentFacility will be March 2, 2023.
In 2021, the Company repaid all of the remaining Non-extended Term Loan A and the Term Loan B Facility:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Reporting PeriodNovember 9, 2024. | Amount Paid | Debt Instrument | Source of Funds |
Q1 2021 | $250 million | Term Loan A Facility | Issuance in the aggregate of $900 million of 5.75% Senior Notes |
$655 million | Term Loan B Facility |
Q2 2021 | $150 million | Term Loan B Facility | Cash on hand |
Q3 2021 | $197 million | Term Loan A Facility | Cash on hand |
$238 million | Term Loan B Facility |
Senior Secured Credit Facility
The Senior Secured Credit Facility includes a $1,425$1,100 million Revolving Credit Facility which includes a $125$150 million letter of credit sub-facility. The Revolving Credit Facility includes available capacity under the Non-extended Revolving Credit Commitment of $477 million and available capacity under the Extended Revolving Credit Commitment of $948 million. The Non-extended Revolving Credit Commitment expires in February 2023 and, subject to the earlier springing maturity described above, the Extended Revolving Credit Commitment expires in February 2025.
The interest rate with respect to revolving loans under the Revolving Credit Facility is based on, at RealogyAnywhere Group's option, adjusted London Interbank Offering Rate ("LIBOR")Term SOFR plus a 10 basis point credit spread adjustment or JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.'s prime rate ("ABR"), plus (in each case) an additional margin subject to the following adjustments based on the Company’s then current senior secured leverage ratio:
| | Senior Secured Leverage Ratio | Senior Secured Leverage Ratio | | Applicable LIBOR Margin | | Applicable ABR Margin | Senior Secured Leverage Ratio | | Applicable SOFR Margin | | Applicable ABR Margin |
| Greater than 3.50 to 1.00 | Greater than 3.50 to 1.00 | | 2.50% | | 1.50% | Greater than 3.50 to 1.00 | | 2.50% | | 1.50% |
| Less than or equal to 3.50 to 1.00 but greater than or equal to 2.50 to 1.00 | Less than or equal to 3.50 to 1.00 but greater than or equal to 2.50 to 1.00 | | 2.25% | | 1.25% | Less than or equal to 3.50 to 1.00 but greater than or equal to 2.50 to 1.00 | | 2.25% | | 1.25% |
| Less than 2.50 to 1.00 but greater than or equal to 2.00 to 1.00 | Less than 2.50 to 1.00 but greater than or equal to 2.00 to 1.00 | | 2.00% | | 1.00% | Less than 2.50 to 1.00 but greater than or equal to 2.00 to 1.00 | | 2.00% | | 1.00% |
| Less than 2.00 to 1.00 | Less than 2.00 to 1.00 | | 1.75% | | 0.75% | Less than 2.00 to 1.00 | | 1.75% | | 0.75% |
Based on the previous quarter's senior secured leverage ratio, the LIBORSOFR margin was 1.75% and the ABR margin was 0.75% for the three months ended December 31, 2021.
Until its repayment in full in September 2021, the Senior Secured Credit Facility also included the Term Loan B Facility issued in the original aggregate principal amount of $1,080 million with a maturity date of February 2025. The Term Loan B Facility had quarterly amortization payments totaling 1% per annum of the initial aggregate principal amount. The interest rate with respect to term loans under the Term Loan B Facility was based on, at Realogy Group's option, adjusted LIBOR plus 2.25% (with a LIBOR floor of 0.75%) or ABR plus 1.25% (with an ABR floor of 1.75%).2023.
The obligations under the Senior Secured Credit Agreement are secured to the extent legally permissible by substantially all of the assets of RealogyAnywhere Group, RealogyAnywhere Intermediate and all of their domestic subsidiaries, other than certain excluded subsidiaries and subject to certain exceptions.
Realogy Group'sThe Senior Secured Credit Agreement contains financial, affirmative and negative covenants as well as a financial covenant that RealogyAnywhere Group maintain (so long as commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility are outstanding) a maximum permitted senior secured leverage ratio, not to exceed 4.75 to 1.00. The leverage ratio is tested quarterly regardless of the amount of borrowings outstanding and letters of credit issued under the Revolving Credit Facility at the testing date. Total senior secured net debt does not include the Apple Ridge securitization obligations or our unsecured indebtedness, including the Unsecured Notes and the Exchangeable Senior Notes. At December 31, 2021, Realogy2023, Anywhere Group was in compliance with the senior secured leverage ratio covenant.
Term Loan A Facility
The termTerm Loan A Facility includes the outstanding loans under the Term Loan A Facility were originally $750 million. In(the "Extended Term Loan A") due February 2025. Until its repayment in full in September 2021, the Company repaidTerm Loan A Facility also included the Non-extended Term Loan A due February 2023 in full.2023. The Extended Term Loan A due February 2025, subject to the earlier springing maturity described above, provides for quarterly amortization based on a percentage of the original principal amount of $237 million, which commenced on June 30, 2021, as follows: 0.625% per quarter from June 30, 2021 to March 31, 2022; 1.25% per quarter from June 30, 2022 to March 31, 2023; 1.875% per quarter from June 30, 2023 to March 31, 2024; and 2.50% per quarter for periods ending on or after June 30, 2024, with the balance of the Extended Term Loan A due at maturity on February 8, 2025. No amortization payments were required on
In May 2023, the Non-extendedCompany entered into an amendment to the Term Loan A.
The interest ratesAgreement which replaced London Interbank Offering Rate ("LIBOR") with respect toTerm SOFR plus a 10 basis point credit spread adjustment as the applicable benchmark for the Term Loan A Facility are determined in(the applicable margin for the same manner asTerm Loan A Facility remained the same). Interest rates with respect to outstanding borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Agreement.Extended Term Loan A is based on, at the Company's option, Term SOFR plus
a 10 basis point credit spread adjustment or ABR, plus (in each case) an additional margin subject to adjustment based on the Company’s then current senior secured leverage ratio:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Senior Secured Leverage Ratio | | Applicable SOFR Margin | | Applicable ABR Margin |
| Greater than 3.50 to 1.00 | | 2.50% | | 1.50% |
| Less than or equal to 3.50 to 1.00 but greater than or equal to 2.50 to 1.00 | | 2.25% | | 1.25% |
| Less than 2.50 to 1.00 but greater than or equal to 2.00 to 1.00 | | 2.00% | | 1.00% |
| Less than 2.00 to 1.00 | | 1.75% | | 0.75% |
Based on the previous quarter's senior secured leverage ratio, the SOFR margin was 1.75% and the ABR margin was 0.75% for the three months ended December 31, 2023.
The Term Loan A Agreement contains covenants that are substantially similar to those in the Senior Secured Credit Agreement.
Senior Secured Second Lien NotesDebt Exchange Transactions
In the first quarter of 2022,On August 24, 2023, the Company redeemed in fullcompleted debt exchange transactions under Section 4(a)(2) of the outstanding 7.625%Securities Act, pursuant to which the Company issued $640 million of 7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes due 2025 using net proceeds, together with cash on hand, from its issuance2030 in exchange for $298 million of the 5.75% Senior Notes due 2029 and $503 million of the 5.25% Senior Notes due 2030. The 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes were paid at a redemption price2030, which included:
•$218 million of 100% plus the applicable "make whole" premium (as determined pursuant to the indenture governing the 7.625%7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes due 2025)2030 issued to funds managed by Angelo, Gordon & Co., together with accrued interestL.P. ("Angelo Gordon"), a Delaware limited partnership (the "Significant Noteholder Exchange"), in exchange for $273 million of Senior Notes due 2029 and Senior Notes due 2030 (consisting of $55 million of the 5.75% Senior Notes due 2029 and $218 million of the 5.25% Senior Notes due 2030) pursuant to the redemption date. The 7.625%an exchange agreement dated July 25, 2023, between Anywhere and Angelo Gordon; and
•$422 million of 7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes were scheduleddue 2030 in exchange for $243 million of the 5.75% Senior Notes due 2029 and $285 million of the 5.25% Senior Notes due 2030, pursuant to matureexchange offers (the "Exchange Offers") on June 15, 2025substantially similar terms to the Significant Noteholder Exchange.
Open Market Repurchases of 5.75% and 5.25% Senior Notes
Following expiration of the Exchange Offers in late August 2023 and on September 1, 2023, the Company repurchased $26 million of the 5.75% Senior Notes and $40 million of the 5.25% Senior Notes in open market purchases at an aggregate purchase price of $48 million, plus accrued interest was payable semiannually on June 15 and December 15 of each year. See Note 19, "Subsequent Events", for a description of these transactions.to the respective repurchase dates.
The 7.625%7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes were
The 7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes mature on April 15, 2030 and interest is payable semiannually on April 15 and October 15 of each year which commenced October 15, 2023.
The 7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes are guaranteed on a senior secured second priority basis by RealogyAnywhere Intermediate and each domestic direct or indirect restricted subsidiary of Realogy Group,Anywhere, other than certain excluded entities, that is a guarantor under its Senior Secured Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility and certain of its outstanding debt securities. The 7.625%7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes wereare also guaranteed by Realogy HoldingsAnywhere on an unsecured senior subordinated basis. The 7.625%7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes wereare secured by substantially the same collateral as RealogyAnywhere Group's existing first lien obligations under its Senior Secured Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility on a second priority basis.
The indentures governing the 7.625%7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes containedcontain various covenants that limit the ability of RealogyAnywhere Intermediate, RealogyAnywhere Group and RealogyAnywhere Group's restricted subsidiaries to take certain actions, which covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications. These covenants wereare substantially similar to the covenants in the indenture governing the 9.375%5.75% Senior Notes due 2027,2029 and 5.25% Senior Notes due 2030, as described below under the header "Unsecured Notes".
Unsecured Notes
The 4.875% Senior Notes, 9.375%5.75% Senior Notes and 5.75%5.25% Senior Notes (collectively the "Unsecured Notes") are unsecured senior obligations of RealogyAnywhere Group.
In the first quarter of 2022, the Company redeemed in full the outstanding 9.375% Senior Notes using net proceeds, together with cash on hand, from its issuance of 5.25% Senior Notes due 2030. The 9.375% Senior Notes were paid at a redemption price of 100% plus the applicable "make whole" premium (as determined pursuant to the indenture governing the 9.375% Senior Notes due 2027), together with accrued interest to the redemption date. The 9.375% Senior Notes were scheduled to mature on April 1, 2027 and interest was payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1 of each year. See Note 19, "Subsequent Events", for a description of these transactions.
The 4.875% Senior Notes mature on June 1, 2023 and the 5.75% Senior Notes mature on January 15, 2029 with interest on such notes payable each year semiannually on June 1 and December 1 for the 4.875% Senior Notes and on January 15 and July 15. The 5.25% Senior Notes mature on April 15, for the 5.75% Senior Notes.2030 with interest on such notes payable each year semiannually on April 15 and October 15 which commenced April 15, 2022.
The Company may redeem all or a portion of the 4.875%5.75% Senior Notes or 5.75%5.25% Senior Notes, as applicable, at the redemption price set forth in the applicable indenture governing such notes, commencing on March 1, 2023 and January 15, 2024 and April 15, 2025, respectively. Prior to those dates, the Company may redeem the applicable notes at its option, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of such notes redeemed plus a "make-whole" premium as set forth in the applicable indenture governing such notes. In addition, with respect to the 5.75% Senior Notes, prior to the dates noted above, the Company may redeem up to 40% of the notes from the proceeds of certain equity offerings as set forth in the applicable indenture governing such notes.
The Unsecured Notes are guaranteed on an unsecured senior basis by each domestic subsidiary of RealogyAnywhere Group that is a guarantor under the Senior Secured Credit Facility, Term Loan A Facility and RealogyAnywhere Group's outstanding debt securities and are guaranteed by RealogyAnywhere Holdings on an unsecured senior subordinated basis.
The indentureindentures governing the Unsecured Notes contain various negative covenants that limit RealogyAnywhere Group's and its restricted subsidiaries' ability to take certain actions, which covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications. These covenants include limitations on RealogyAnywhere Group's and its restricted subsidiaries' ability to (a) incur or guarantee additional indebtedness, or issue disqualified stock or preferred stock, (b) pay dividends or make distributions to their stockholders, (c) repurchase or redeem capital stock, (d) make investments or acquisitions, (e) incur restrictions on the ability of certain of their subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments to RealogyAnywhere Group, (f) enter into transactions with affiliates, (g) create liens, (h) merge or consolidate with other companies or transfer all or substantially all of their assets, (i) transfer or sell assets, including capital stock of subsidiaries and (j) prepay, redeem or repurchase debt that is subordinated in right of payment to the Unsecured Notes.
The 5.75% Senior Notes andIn particular, under the 9.375% Notes generally contain tighter negative covenants compared to the 4.875% notes, including with respect to share repurchases and dividend payments. Specifically, with respect to these notes: (a) neither Unsecured Notes:
•the cumulative credit basket (nor any other basket) is not available to repurchase shares to the extent the consolidated leverage ratio is equal to or greater than 4.0 to 1.0 on a pro forma basis giving effect to such repurchase; (b) the cumulative credit basket for which restricted payments may otherwise be available is equal to 50% of Consolidated Net Income (as defined in such indenture) for the period (taken as one accounting period) from January 1, 2019 to the end of the most recently ended fiscal quarter for which internal financial statements are available at the time of any such restricted payment; provided however, that, to the extent the Consolidated Leverage Ratio is equal to or greater than 4.0 to 1.0, then 25% of the Consolidated Net Income for the aforementioned period will be included; (c)
•the consolidated leverage ratio must be less
than 3.0 to 1.0 to use the unlimited general restricted payment basket (which payments will reduce the cumulative credit basket, but not below zero); (d) the $100 million general restricted payment basket may be used only for Restricted Investments (as defined in such indenture);basket; and (e)
•a restricted payment basket is available for up to $45 million of dividends per calendar year (with any actual dividends deducted from the available cumulative credit basket).
The consolidated leverage ratio is measured by dividing RealogyAnywhere Group's total net debt (excluding securitizations) by the trailing twelve-month EBITDA. EBITDA, as defined in the applicable indentures governing the Unsecured Notes, is substantially similar to EBITDA calculated on a Pro Forma Basis, as those terms are defined in the Senior Secured Credit Agreement. Net debt under the indenture governing the 5.75% SeniorUnsecured Notes is RealogyAnywhere Group's total indebtedness (excluding securitizations) less (i) its cash and cash equivalents in excess of restricted cash and (ii) a $200 million seasonality adjustment permitted when measuring the ratio on a date during the period of March 1 to May 31.
Exchangeable Senior Notes
In June 2021, RealogyAnywhere Group issued an aggregate principal amount of $403 million of 0.25% Exchangeable Senior Notes due 2026. The Company used a portion of the net proceeds from thisthe offering were used to pay the cost of the exchangeable note hedge transactions described below (with such cost partially(partially offset by the proceeds to the Company from the sale of the warrants pursuant to the warrant transactions described below). The Company expects to use the remaining net proceeds for its working capital and other general corporate purposes.
The Exchangeable Senior Notes are unsecured senior obligations of Realogy Group that mature on June 15, 2026. Interest on the Exchangeable Senior Notes is payable each year2026 with semiannually interest payments on June 15 and December 15 (commencing on December 15, 2021).15.
The Exchangeable Senior Notes are guaranteed on an unsecured senior basis by each domestic subsidiary of RealogyAnywhere Group that is a guarantor under the Senior Secured Credit Facility, Term Loan A Facility and RealogyAnywhere Group's outstanding debt securities and are guaranteed by Realogy HoldingsAnywhere on an unsecured senior subordinated basis.
Before March 15, 2026, noteholders willNoteholders have the right to exchange their Exchangeable Senior Notes before March 15, 2026 upon the occurrence of certain events (as described in the indenture governing the notes. Onnotes) and on or after March 15, 2026 noteholders may exchange their Exchangeable Senior Notes at any time at their election until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date of the notes.
Upon exchange, RealogyAnywhere Group will pay cash up to the aggregate principal amount of the Exchangeable Senior Notes to bebeing exchanged and pay or deliver as the case may be, cash, shares of the
Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and sharesboth at the Company's election for the portion of the Company’s common stock, at Realogy Group's election, in respect of the remainder, if any, of its exchange obligation in excess of the aggregate principal amount of the Exchangeable Senior Notes being exchanged.
The initial exchange rate for Exchangeable Senior Notes is 40.8397 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes (which represents an initial exchange price of approximately $24.49 per share of the Company’s common stock)share). The exchange rate and exchange price of the Exchangeable Senior Notes are subject to customary adjustments upon the occurrence of certain events. In addition,events and may be increased for a specified period of time if a “Make-Whole Fundamental Change” (as defined in the indenture governing the Exchangeable Senior Notes) occurs, then the exchange rate of the Exchangeable Senior Notes will, in certain circumstances, be increased for a specified period of time.occurs. Initially, a maximum of approximately 23,013,139 shares of the Company’s common stock may be issued upon the exchange of the Exchangeable Senior Notes, based on the initial maximum exchange rate of 57.1755 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of notes, which is subject to customary anti-dilution adjustment provisions.
The Exchangeable Senior Notes will beare redeemable, in whole or in part, (subject to a partial redemption limitation described inat the indenture governing the notes), at Realogy Group'sCompany's option at any time, and from time to time, on or afterbetween June 20, 2024 and on or beforematurity, if the 30th scheduledCompany’s common stock exceeds 130% of the exchange price for at least 20 trading day immediately before the maturity date,days, at a cash redemption price equal to the principal amount of the Exchangeable Senior Notes to be redeemed plus accrued interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date, but only if the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock exceeds 130% of the exchange price on (1) each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date it sends the related redemption notice; and (2) the trading day immediately before the date it sends such notice.unpaid interest. In addition, calling any Exchangeable Senior Notes for redemption will constitute a Make-Whole Fundamental Change with respect to that note, in which casemay increase the exchange rate applicable to the exchange of that note will be increased in certain circumstancescircumstances. In addition, if it is exchanged with an exchange date
occurring during the period from, and including, the date Realogy Group sends the redemption notice to, and including, the second business day immediately before the related redemption date.
If certain corporate events that constitute a “Fundamental Change”"Fundamental Change" (as defined in the indenture governing the Exchangeable Senior Notes) of the Company occur,occurs, then noteholders may require Realogy Groupthe Company to repurchase their Exchangeable Senior Notes at a cash repurchase price equal to the principal amount of the notes to be repurchased, plus accrued interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. The definition of Fundamental Change includes, among other things, certain business combination transactions involving the Company and certain de-listing events with respect to the Company’s common stock.
unpaid interest. The indenture governing the Exchangeable Senior Notes also provides for events of default which, if any of them occurs, would permit or require the principal of and accrued interest on the Exchangeable Senior Notes to become or to be declared due and payable.
Exchangeable debt instruments that may be settledAt issuance in cash are required to be separated into liabilityJune 2021 and equity components. The allocation to the liability component is based on the fair value of a similar instrument that does not contain an equity conversion option. Based on this debt to equity ratio, debt issuance costs are then allocated to the liability and equity components in a similar manner. Accordingly, at issuance on June 2, 2021,under accounting guidance applicable, the Company allocated $319 million to the debt liability and $53 million to additional paid in capital.
The difference between the principal amount of the Exchangeable Senior Notes and the liability component, inclusive of issuance costs, representsrepresented the debt discount, which the Company amortizesamortized to interest expense over the term of the Exchangeable Senior Notes using an effective interest rate of 4.375%.The As a result, the Company recognized non-cash interest expense of $8 million related to the Exchangeable Senior Notes since issuance induring 2021. Upon the second quarteradoption of 2021.
TheASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2022, the Company derecognized the unamortized debt discount and related equity component associated with its Exchangeable Senior Notes consistedresulting in an increase to Long-term debt of the following components as of December 31, 2021:
| | | | | |
| December 31, 2021 |
Liability component: | |
Principal | $ | 403 | |
Less: debt discount and issuance costs, net of amortization | 75 |
Net carrying amount | $ | 328 | |
| |
Equity component: (*)
| $ | 53 | |
_______________(*) Included in additional$65 million, a reduction to Additional paid-in capital of $53 million, net of taxes, and a reduction to Deferred tax liabilities of $17 million. The Company recorded a cumulative effect of adoption adjustment of $5 million, net of taxes, as a reduction to Accumulated deficit on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. See header "Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements" in Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies",January 1, 2022 related to the January 1, 2022 adoptionreversal of cumulative interest expense recognized for the amortization of the new standarddebt discount on "Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity" which eliminates the equity component.its Exchangeable Senior Notes since issuance.
Exchangeable Note Hedge and Warrant Transactions
In connection withrelation to the pricing of the Exchangeable Senior Notes (and withand the exercise by the initial purchasers ofto buy more notes, the notes to purchase additional notes), Realogy Group entered intoCompany engaged in exchangeable note hedge transactions with certain counterparties (the "Option Counterparties"). The exchangeable note hedgeThese transactions, cover, subject to anti-dilutionwhich cost a total of $67 million, protect against potential dilution in the Company's common stock underlying the Notes, with adjustments substantially similar to those applicable to the Exchangeable Senior Notes, the numberNotes.
Simultaneously, as part of shares of the Company’s common stock underlying the Notes. The total cost of such exchangeable note hedge transactions was $67 million.
Concurrently with Realogy Group entering into the exchangeable note hedgethese transactions, the Company entered into warrant transactions with the Option Counterparties whereby the Company sold to the Option Counterpartiesselling warrants to purchase, subject to customary adjustments, up to the same number of shares of the Company’s common stock. The initial strike price offor the warrant transactions iswarrants was $30.6075 per share. Theshare, and the Company received $46 million in cash proceeds from the sale of these warrant transactions.
Taken together, the purchaseThe combined effect of suchacquiring exchangeable note hedges and the sale of suchselling warrants are intended to offset (in whole or in part) anyis aimed at mitigating potential dilution and/or cash payments upon the exchange of the Exchangeable Senior Notes, and to effectively increaseraising the overall exchange price from $24.49 to $30.6075 per share.
AtUpon issuance, the Company recorded a deferred tax liability of $20 million related to the Exchangeable Senior Notes debt discount and a deferred tax asset of $18 million related to the exchangeable note hedge transactions. The deferred tax liabilityThese were netted and deferred tax asset are recorded net within deferred income taxes in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The deferred tax liability related to the Exchangeable Senior Notes debt discount was reversed on January 1, 2022, following the adoption of ASU 2020-06 as discussed above.
Securitization Obligations
RealogyAnywhere Group has secured obligations through Apple Ridge Funding LLC under a securitization program which expires in June 2022.May 2024. The securitization program included a seasonal increase provision which allowed for a temporary increase to $215 million of borrowing capacity from July 17 to October 15 of 2023, at which time it reverted back to $200 million of borrowing capacity. As of December 31, 2021,2023, the Company had $200 million of borrowing capacity under the Apple Ridge Funding LLC securitization program with $116$115 million being utilized leaving $84$85 million of available capacity subject to maintaining sufficient relocation related assets to collateralize the securitization obligation.
As of December 31, 2021, Realogy Group has, through a special purpose entity known as Cartus Financing Limited, agreements providing for a £5 million revolving loan facility (with the ability to increase up to £10 million) and a £5 million working capital facility, which expire in September 2022. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $20 million of borrowing capacity under the Cartus Financing Limited securitization program with $2 million of outstanding borrowings under the facilities leaving $18 million of available capacity subject to maintaining sufficient relocation related assets to collateralize the securitization obligation. In January 2022, the program was amended and the revolving loan facility was reduced from £5 million to £2 million.
The Apple Ridge entities and the Cartus Financing Limited entity are consolidated special purpose entities that are utilized to securitize relocation receivables and related assets. These assets are generated from advancing funds on behalf of clients of RealogyAnywhere Group’s relocation operations in order to facilitate the relocation of their employees. Assets of these special purpose entities are not available to pay RealogyAnywhere Group’s general obligations. Under the Apple Ridge program, provided no termination or amortization event has occurred, any new receivables generated under the designated relocation management agreements are sold into the securitization program and as new eligible relocation management agreements are entered into, the new agreements are designated to the program.
The Apple Ridge program has restrictive covenants and trigger events, the occurrence of which could restrict our ability to access new or existing funding under this facility or result in termination of the facility, either of which would adversely affect the operation of the Company's relocation services.
Certain of the funds that RealogyAnywhere Group receives from relocation receivables and related assets are required to be utilized to repay securitization obligations. These obligations are collateralized by $132$146 million and $135$206 million of underlying relocation receivables and other related relocation assets at December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, respectively. Substantially all relocation related assets are realized in less than twelve months from the transaction date. Accordingly, all of RealogyAnywhere Group's securitization obligations are classified as current in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Interest incurred in connection with borrowings under these facilitiesthe facility amounted to $4$12 million and $5$7 million for the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, respectively. This interest is recorded within net revenues in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations as related borrowings are utilized to fund RealogyAnywhere Group's relocation operations where interest is generally earned on such assets. TheseThe securitization obligations represent floating rate debt for which the average weighted interest rate was 3.1%7.5% and 3.5%4.2% for the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, respectively.
Loss/GainGain/Loss on the Early Extinguishment of Debt and Write-Off of Financing Costs
AsDuring the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded gains on the early extinguishment of debt totaling $169 million which consisted of $151 million as a result of the debt exchange transactions and $18 million as a result of the open market repurchases occurring in the third quarter of 2023 as discussed above.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded a loss on the early extinguishment of debt of $96 million, as a result of the refinancing transactions during 2022, which included $80 million related to the make-whole premiums paid in connection with the early redemption of the 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes and 9.375% Senior Notes.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded losses on the early extinguishment of debt of $21 million and wrote off certain financing costs of $1 million to interest expense as a result of the refinancing transactions in January and February 2021, the pay down of $150 million of outstanding borrowings under the Term Loan B Facility in April 2021 and the pay downs of the Non-extended Term Loan A and the Term Loan B Facility in September 2021, the Company recorded losses on the early extinguishment of debt of $21 million and wrote off certain financing costs of $1 million to interest expense, during the year ended December 31, 2021.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded a loss on the early extinguishment of debt of $8 million as a result of the refinancing transactions in June 2020.
During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded a gain on the early extinguishment of debt of $5 million which consisted of a $10 million gain as a result of the repurchase of $93 million of its 4.875% Senior Notes during the third quarter of 2019, partially offset by a $5 million loss as a result of the refinancing transactions in the first quarter of 2019.
10. FRANCHISING AND MARKETING ACTIVITIES
Domestic franchisee agreements generally require the franchisee to pay the Company an initial franchise fee for the franchisee's principal office plus a royalty fee that is a percentage of gross commission income, if any, earned by the franchisee. Franchisee fees can be structured in numerous ways. The Company utilizes multiple franchise fee models, including: (i) volume-based incentive (under which royalty fee rate is subject to reduction based on volume incentives); (ii) flat percentage royalty fee (under which the franchisee pays a fixed percentage of their commission income); (iii) capped fee (under which the franchisee pays a royalty fee capped at a set amount per independent sales agents per year); and (iv) tiered royalty fee (under which the franchisee pays a percentage of their gross commission income as a royalty fee). The volume incentives currently in effect vary for each eligible franchisee for which the Company provides a detailed table that describes the gross revenue thresholds required to achieve a volume incentive and the corresponding incentive amounts and are subject to change.
Domestic initial franchise fees and international area development fees were $5 million, $4 million and $5 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Franchise royalty revenue is recorded net of annual volume incentives provided to real estate franchisees of $43 million, $61 million and $87 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The Company’s wholly-owned real estate brokerage services segment, Owned Brokerage Group, pays royalties to the Company’s franchise business; however, such amounts are eliminated in consolidation. Owned Brokerage Group paid royalties to Franchise Group of $301 million, $358 million and $393 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Marketing fees are generally paid by the Company’s real estate franchisees and are generally calculated based on a specified percentage of gross closed commissions earned on real estate transactions, and may be subject to certain minimum and maximum payments. Brand marketing fund revenue was $82 million, $89 million and $92 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which included marketing fees paid to Franchise Group from Owned Brokerage Group of $14 million, $15 million and $14 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As provided for in the franchise agreements and generally at the Company’s discretion, all of these fees are to be expended for marketing purposes.
The number of franchised and company owned offices in operation are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | (Unaudited) As of December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Franchised (domestic and international): | | | | | |
Century 21® | 11,972 | | | 13,611 | | | 14,246 | |
ERA® | 2,395 | | | 2,407 | | | 2,355 | |
Coldwell Banker® | 2,140 | | | 2,100 | | | 2,071 | |
Coldwell Banker Commercial® | 189 | | | 171 | | | 164 | |
Sotheby’s International Realty® | 1,071 | | | 1,035 | | | 986 | |
Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate | 440 | | | 418 | | | 411 | |
Corcoran® | 96 | | | 82 | | | 122 | |
| Total Franchised | 18,303 | | | 19,824 | | | 20,355 | |
| Company owned: | | | | | |
Coldwell Banker® | 551 | | | 606 | | | 605 | |
Sotheby’s International Realty® | 44 | | | 44 | | | 41 | |
Corcoran® | 28 | | | 29 | | | 29 | |
| Total Company Owned | 623 | | | 679 | | | 675 | |
The number of franchised and company owned offices (in the aggregate) changed as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | (Unaudited) For the Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Franchised (domestic and international): | | | | | |
| Beginning balance | 19,824 | | | 20,355 | | | 19,386 | |
| Additions | 571 | | | 548 | | | 1,583 | |
| Terminations | (2,092) | | | (1,079) | | | (614) | |
| Ending balance | 18,303 | | | 19,824 | | | 20,355 | |
| Company owned: | | | | | |
| Beginning balance | 679 | | | 675 | | | 673 | |
| Additions | 5 | | | 46 | | | 25 | |
| Closures | (61) | | | (42) | | | (23) | |
| Ending balance | 623 | | | 679 | | | 675 | |
As of December 31, 2023, there were an insignificant number of franchise agreements that were executed for which offices are not yet operating. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, there were an insignificant number of franchise agreements pending termination.
In order to assist franchisees in converting to one of the Company’s brands or as an incentive to renew their franchise agreement, the Company may at its discretion, provide incentives, primarily in the form of conversion notes or other note-backed funding. Provided the franchisee meets certain minimum annual revenue thresholds during the term of the notes and is in compliance with the terms of the franchise agreement, the amount of the note is forgiven annually in equal ratable amounts generally over the life of the franchise agreement. If the revenue performance thresholds are not met or the franchise agreement terminates, franchisees may be required to repay a portion of the outstanding notes. The amount of such franchisee conversion notes or other note-backed funding was $174 million and $182 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These notes are principally classified within other non-current assets in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recorded a contra-revenue in the statement of operations related to the forgiveness and impairment of these notes and other sales incentives of $34 million, $45 million and $32 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
11. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
DEFINED BENEFIT PENSION PLAN
The Company’s defined benefit pension plan was closed to new entrants as of July 1, 1997 and existing participants do not accrue any additional benefits. The net periodic pension cost for 20212023 was zero$3 million and was comprised of interest cost of approximately $3$5 million and the amortization of the actuarial net loss of $3 million, offset by a benefit of $6$5 million for the expected return on assets. The net periodic pension costbenefit for 20202022 was $1 million and was comprised of interest cost of approximately $4 million and the amortization of the actuarial net loss of $3$2 million, offset by a benefit of $6$7 million for the expected return on assets.
At December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, the accumulated benefit obligation of this plan was $137$100 million and $148$107 million, respectively, and the fair value of the plan assets were $116$86 million and $109$90 million, respectively, resulting in an unfunded accumulated benefit obligation of $21$14 million and $39$17 million, respectively, which is recorded in Other current and non-current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Estimated future benefit payments from the plan as of December 31, 20212023 are as follows:
| | Year | Year | | Amount | Year | | Amount |
| 2022 | | $ | 9 | |
| 2023 | | 9 | |
| 2024 | 2024 | | 9 | |
| 2025 | 2025 | | 9 | |
| 2026 | 2026 | | 9 | |
| 2027 through 2031 | | 43 | |
| 2027 | |
| 2028 | |
| 2029 through 2033 | |
The minimum funding required during 20222024 is estimated to be $2$3 million.
The following table presents the fair values of plan assets by category as of December 31, 2021:2023:
| | Asset Category | Asset Category | | Quoted Price in Active Market for Identical Assets
(Level I) | | Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level II) | | Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level III) | | Total | Asset Category | | Quoted Price in Active Market for Identical Assets
(Level I) | | Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level II) | | Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level III) | | Total |
| Cash and cash equivalents | Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 3 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 3 | |
| Equity securities | Equity securities | | — | | | 64 | | | — | | | 64 | |
| Fixed income securities | Fixed income securities | | — | | | 49 | | | — | | | 49 | |
| Total | Total | | $ | 3 | | | $ | 113 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 116 | |
| Plan assets measured at Net Asset Value ("NAV") (1) | |
| Total plan assets | |
(1)The fair values of these plan assets were determined using the NAV as a practical expedient and therefore have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.
The following table presents the fair values of plan assets by category as of December 31, 2020:2022:
| | Asset Category | Asset Category | | Quoted Price in Active Market for Identical Assets
(Level I) | | Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level II) | | Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level III) | | Total | Asset Category | | Quoted Price in Active Market for Identical Assets
(Level I) | | Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level II) | | Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level III) | | Total |
| Cash and cash equivalents | Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 2 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 2 | |
| Equity securities | Equity securities | | — | | | 56 | | | — | | | 56 | |
| Fixed income securities | Fixed income securities | | — | | | 51 | | | — | | | 51 | |
| Total | | $ | 2 | | | $ | 107 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 109 | |
| Total plan assets | |
OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
The Company also maintains post-retirement health and welfare plans for certain subsidiaries and a non-qualified pension plan for certain individuals. The related projected benefit obligation for these plans accrued on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets (primarily within other non-current liabilities) was $4 million and $5$3 million at both December 31, 20212023 and 2020, respectively.2022.
DEFINED CONTRIBUTION SAVINGS PLAN
The Company sponsors a defined contribution savings plan that provides certain of its eligible employees an opportunity to accumulate funds for retirement and has a Company match for a portion of the contributions made by participating employees. The Company’s cost for contributions to this plan was $20$21 million, $10$22 million and $17$20 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 20202023, 2022 and 2019,2021, respectively.
12. INCOME TAXES
The components of pretax (loss) income for domestic and foreign operations consisted of the following:
| | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Domestic | Domestic | $ | 486 | | | $ | (449) | | | $ | (171) | |
| Foreign | Foreign | (3) | | | (11) | | | — | |
| Pretax income (loss) | $ | 483 | | | $ | (460) | | | $ | (171) | |
| Pretax (loss) income | |
The components of income tax (benefit) expense (benefit) consisted of the following:
| | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Current: | Current: | | | | | |
| Federal | |
| Federal | |
| Federal | Federal | $ | 29 | | | $ | (5) | | | $ | 3 | |
| State | State | 30 | | | 13 | | | 7 | |
| Foreign | Foreign | 2 | | | 2 | | | 1 | |
| Total current | Total current | 61 | | | 10 | | | 11 | |
| Deferred: | Deferred: | |
| Federal | Federal | 70 | | | (66) | | | 4 | |
| Federal | |
| Federal | |
| State | State | 2 | | | (48) | | | (1) | |
| Foreign | Foreign | — | | | — | | | — | |
| Total deferred | Total deferred | 72 | | | (114) | | | 3 | |
| Income tax expense (benefit) | $ | 133 | | | $ | (104) | | | $ | 14 | |
| Income tax (benefit) expense | |
A reconciliation of the Company’s effective income tax rate at the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% to the actual expense was as follows:
| | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 | | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Federal statutory rate | Federal statutory rate | 21 | % | | 21 | % | | 21 | % | Federal statutory rate | 21 | % | | 21 | % | | 21 | % |
| State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefits | State and local income taxes, net of federal tax benefits | 6 | | | 3 | | | 6 | |
| Discontinued operations—establishment/reversal of deferred tax liability (a) | — | | | 10 | | | (26) | |
| | Non-deductible equity compensation | |
| Non-deductible equity compensation | |
| Non-deductible equity compensation | Non-deductible equity compensation | 1 | | | (2) | | | (4) | |
| Non-deductible executive compensation | Non-deductible executive compensation | 1 | | | (1) | | | (1) | |
| Goodwill impairment | Goodwill impairment | — | | | (7) | | | (3) | |
| Meals & entertainment | — | | | — | | | (1) | |
| | Uncertain tax positions | |
| Uncertain tax positions | |
| Uncertain tax positions | |
| Tax credits (a) | |
| Net change in valuation allowance | Net change in valuation allowance | — | | | (1) | | | — | |
| Other permanent differences | Other permanent differences | (1) | | | — | | | — | |
| Effective tax rate | Effective tax rate | 28 | % | | 23 | % | | (8) | % | Effective tax rate | 13 | % | | 19 | % | | 28 | % |
_______________
(a)This item reflectsin 2022 includes a benefit related to the completion of a research tax impact from the 2019 recognition of gain on the pending sale of Cartus Relocation Services (previously recorded in discontinued operations) and the 2020 de-recognition of that gain.credit study for tax years 2016 through 2022.
Deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the amount of assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting and tax purposes. The components of the deferred income tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 |
| Deferred income tax assets: | | | |
| Net operating loss carryforwards | $ | 45 | | | $ | 124 | |
| Tax credit carryforwards | 27 | | | 26 | |
| Accrued liabilities and deferred income | 91 | | | 88 | |
| Operating leases | 147 | | | 151 | |
| Minimum pension obligations | 15 | | | 19 | |
| Provision for doubtful accounts | 9 | | | 9 | |
| Liability for unrecognized tax benefits | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Interest rate swaps | 12 | | | 21 | |
| Other | 2 | | | — | |
| Total deferred tax assets | 349 | | | 439 | |
| Less: valuation allowance | (20) | | | (21) | |
| Total deferred income tax assets after valuation allowance | 329 | | | 418 | |
| Deferred income tax liabilities: | | | |
| Depreciation and amortization | 546 | | | 553 | |
| Operating leases | 119 | | | 119 | |
| Prepaid expenses | 9 | | | 9 | |
| Basis difference in investment in joint ventures | 7 | | | 11 | |
| Other | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Total deferred tax liabilities | 682 | | | 693 | |
| Net deferred income tax liabilities | $ | (353) | | | $ | (275) | |
The net deferred income tax liability of $353 million as of December 31, 2021 is included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets in deferred income taxes (non-current liabilities). The net deferred income tax liability of $275 million as of December 31, 2020 is included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets with $276 million in deferred income taxes (non-current liabilities) and $1 million in other non-current assets. | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 |
| Deferred income tax assets: | | | |
| Net operating loss carryforwards | $ | 36 | | | $ | 39 | |
| Tax credit carryforwards | 28 | | | 27 | |
| Accrued liabilities and deferred income | 117 | | | 86 | |
| Interest expense limitation carryforward | 5 | | | 41 | |
| Operating leases | 120 | | | 133 | |
| Minimum pension obligations | 13 | | | 14 | |
| Provision for doubtful accounts | 10 | | | 9 | |
| Liability for unrecognized tax benefits | 2 | | | 1 | |
| Other | — | | | 1 | |
| Total deferred tax assets | 331 | | | 351 | |
| Less: valuation allowance | (25) | | | (20) | |
| Total deferred income tax assets after valuation allowance | 306 | | | 331 | |
| Deferred income tax liabilities: | | | |
| Depreciation and amortization | 384 | | | 433 | |
| Operating leases | 99 | | | 111 | |
| Prepaid expenses | 9 | | | 9 | |
| Basis difference in investment in joint ventures | 21 | | | 17 | |
| | | |
| Total deferred tax liabilities | 513 | | | 570 | |
| Net deferred income tax liabilities | $ | (207) | | | $ | (239) | |
As of December 31, 2021,2023, the Company’s deferred tax asset for net operating loss carryforwards is primarily related to certain state net operating loss carryforwards thatwhich expire between 2025 and 2035.2034. The Company’s deferred tax asset for tax credits carryforwards is primarily related to foreign tax credits which expire between 2023 and 2033. The Company's interest expense limitation carryforward never expires.
Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes
The Company utilizes the FASB guidance for accounting for uncertainty in income taxes, which prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Company reflects changes in its liability for unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of December 31, 2021,2023, the Company’s gross liability for unrecognized tax benefits was $17$20 million, of which $16$18 million would affect the Company’s effective tax rate, if recognized. The Company does not expect that its unrecognized tax benefits will significantly change over the next twelve months.
The Company files U.S., state and foreign income tax returns in jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. Tax returns for the 2006 through 20212023 tax years remain subject to examination by federal and certain state tax authorities. In significant foreign jurisdictions, tax returns for the 20162017 through 20212023 tax years generally remain subject to examination by their respective tax authorities. The Company believes that it is reasonably possible that the total amount of its unrecognized tax benefits could decrease by $1 million in certain taxing jurisdictions where the statute of limitations is set to expire within the next twelve months.
The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and operating expenses, respectively. The Company did not recognize arecognized an increase of interest expense of $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of interest expense of $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and no change of interest expense for the yearsyear ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.2021.
The rollforward of unrecognized tax benefits are summarized in the table below:
| | | | | |
Unrecognized tax benefits—January 1, 20192021 | $ | 2019 | |
Gross increases—tax positions in prior periodsSettlements | 1 (1) | |
| Reduction due to lapse of statute of limitations | (1) | |
Unrecognized tax benefits—December 31, 2019 | 20 | |
Reduction due to lapse of statute of limitations | (1) | |
Unrecognized tax benefits—December 31, 2020 | 19 | |
Settlements | (1) | |
Reduction due to lapse of statute of limitations | (1) | |
| Unrecognized tax benefits—December 31, 2021 | 17 | |
| Gross increases - tax positions in prior periods | 3 | |
| Gross decreases - tax positions in prior periods | (1) | |
| Gross increases - tax positions in current period | 1 | |
| |
| |
| Unrecognized tax benefits—December 31, 2022 | 20 | |
| |
| Gross decreases - tax positions in prior periods | (1) | |
| Gross increases - tax positions in current period | 1 | |
| |
| |
| Unrecognized tax benefits—December 31, 2023 | $ | 1720 | |
The Company is subject to income taxes in the United States and several foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining the worldwide provision for income taxes and recording related assets and liabilities. In the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. The Company is regularly under audit by tax authorities whereby the outcome of the audits is uncertain. The Company believes there is appropriate support for positions taken on its tax returns. The liabilities that have been recorded represent the best estimates of the probable loss on certain positions and are adequate for all open years based on an assessment of many factors including past experience and interpretations of tax law applied to the facts of each matter. However, the outcomes of tax audits are inherently uncertain.
Tax Sharing Agreement
Under the Tax Sharing Agreement with Cendant, Wyndham Worldwide and Travelport, the Company is generally responsible for 62.5% of payments made to settle claims with respect to tax periods ending on or prior to December 31, 2006 that relate to income taxes imposed on Cendant and certain of its subsidiaries, the operations (or former operations) of which were determined by Cendant not to relate specifically to the respective businesses of Realogy,Anywhere, Wyndham Worldwide, Avis Budget or Travelport. With respect to any remaining residual legacy Cendant tax liabilities, the Company and its former parent believe there is appropriate support for the positions taken on Cendant’s tax returns. However, tax audits and any related litigation, including disputes or litigation on the allocation of tax liabilities between parties under the Tax Sharing Agreement, could result in outcomes for the Company that are different from those reflected in the Company’s historical financial statements.
12. RESTRUCTURING COSTS
Restructuring charges for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 were $17 million, $67 million and $52 million, respectively. The components of the restructuring charges for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 were as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Personnel-related costs (1) | $ | 6 | | | $ | 20 | | | $ | 33 | |
| Facility-related costs (2) | 11 | | | 47 | | | 18 | |
| Other restructuring costs (3) | — | | | — | | | 1 | |
| Total restructuring charges (4) | $ | 17 | | | $ | 67 | | | $ | 52 | |
_______________
(1)Personnel-related costs consist of severance costs provided to employees who have been terminated and duplicate payroll costs during transition.
(2)Facility-related costs consist of costs associated with planned facility closures such as contract termination costs, amortization of lease assets that will continue to be incurred under the contract for its remaining term without economic benefit to the Company, accelerated depreciation on asset disposals and other facility and employee relocation related costs.
(3)Other restructuring costs consist of costs related to professional fees, consulting fees and other costs associated with restructuring activities which are primarily included in the Corporate and Other business segment.
(4)Restructuring charges for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 include $65 million and $47 million, respectively, of expense related to the Facility and Operational Efficiencies Program and $2 million and $5 million, respectively, of expense related to prior restructuring programs.
Facility and Operational Efficiencies Program
During 2019, the Company took various strategic initiatives to reduce costs and institute operational and facility related efficiencies to drive profitability. These included office consolidation, workforce optimization, reduced headcount and the transformation and centralization of certain aspects of the operational support. Furthermore, the Company implemented changes in how it serves its affiliated independent sales agents from a marketing and technology perspective to help such agents be more productive and enable them to make their businesses more profitable.
During 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company transitioned substantially all of its employees to a remote-work environment and many of the Company's employees continue to work remotely on a full-time or hybrid basis. This transition to remote work has allowed the Company to reevaluate its office space needs. As a result, additional facility and operational efficiencies were identified and implemented in the second half of 2020 and beyond. In 2020, the Company began planning the transformation of its corporate headquarters in Madison, New Jersey to an open-plan innovation hub, which is slated for completion in 2022. As a result, the Company impaired approximately 44% of the space (approximately 120,000 square feet) in 2020 and expects to impair another 15% during 2022.
The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending reserve balances related to the Facility and Operational Efficiencies Program: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Personnel-related costs | | Facility-related costs | | Total |
| Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 5 | | | $ | 22 | | | $ | 27 | |
| Restructuring charges (1) | 6 | | | 11 | | | 17 | |
| Costs paid or otherwise settled | (10) | | | (16) | | | (26) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 1 | | | $ | 17 | | | $ | 18 | |
_______________
(1)In addition, the Company incurred an additional $2 million of facility-related costs for lease asset impairments in connection with the Facility and Operational Efficiencies Program during the year ended December 31, 2021.
The following table shows the total costs currently expected to be incurred by type of cost related to the Facility and Operational Efficiencies Program: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total amount expected to be incurred (1) | | Amount incurred
to date | | Total amount remaining to be incurred (1) |
| Personnel-related costs | $ | 59 | | | $ | 56 | | | $ | 3 | |
| Facility-related costs | 110 | | | 72 | | | 38 | |
| Other restructuring costs | 1 | | | 1 | | | — | |
| Total | $ | 170 | | | $ | 129 | | | $ | 41 | |
_______________
(1)Facility-related costs include potential lease asset impairments to be incurred under the Facility and Operational Efficiencies Program.
The following table shows the total costs currently expected to be incurred by reportable segment related to the Facility and Operational Efficiencies Program:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total amount expected to be incurred | | Amount incurred
to date | | Total amount remaining to be incurred |
| Realogy Franchise Group | $ | 33 | | | $ | 33 | | | $ | — | |
| Realogy Brokerage Group | 85 | | | 67 | | | 18 | |
| Realogy Title Group | 6 | | | 6 | | | — | |
| Corporate and Other | 46 | | | 23 | | | 23 | |
| Total | $ | 170 | | | $ | 129 | | | $ | 41 | |
13. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
The Company grants stock-based compensation awards to certain senior management members, employees and directors including non-qualified stock options, restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance share units ("PSUs").
The Company's stockholders approved the Second Amended and Restated 2018 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "2018 Plan") at the 20212023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on May 5, 2021 increasing the number of shares authorized for issuance under that plan by 3, million shares.2023. Under the 2018 Plan, a total of 914 million shares were authorized for issuance and as of December 31, 2021,2023, there are approximately 4.45.1 million shares available for future grants.
The form of equity award agreements includes a retirement provision for equity grants which provide for continued vesting of awards once an employee has attained the age of 65 years, or 55 years of age or older plus at least ten years of tenure with the Company, provided they have been employed or provided services to the Company for one year following the date of grant or start of the performance period.
Historically, equity awards granted annually generally included a mix of RSUs, PSUs and options. However, in 2020 the Company shifted away from granting options, limited equity awards to a small group of executives and granted other key employees cash-based awards, including cash-based RSUs.
RSUs granted vest over three years, with 33.33% vesting on each anniversary of the grant date. The fair value of RSUs is equal to the closing sale price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. During 2021,2023, the Company granted
restricted stock unit awards related to 11.8 million shares with a weighted average grant date fair value of $14.57$5.81 which includes shares granted to certain executives in February 20212023 and directors in May 2021.2023. There were 2.22.8 million shares underlying share-settled RSUs outstanding at December 31, 20212023 with a weighted average grant date fair value of $13.66.$9.36.
PSUs are incentives that reward grantees based upon the Company's financial performance over a three-year performance period which begins January 1st of the grant year and ends on December 31st of the third year following the grant year. These awards are measured according to 2two metrics: one is based upon the total stockholder return of Realogy'sAnywhere's common stock relative to the total stockholder return of the S&P MidCap 400 index (the "RTSR award"("RTSR"), and the other is based upon the achievement of cumulative free cash flow goals.goals ("CFCF"). The payout under each PSU award is variable and based upon the extent to which the performance goals are achieved over the performance period (with a range of payout from 0% to 175% of target for the RTSR award and 0% to 200% of target for the achievement of cumulative free cash flow award) and will be distributed during the first quarter after the end of the performance period. The fair value of PSU awards without a market condition is equal to the closing sale price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant and the fair value of the RTSR awards is estimated on the date of grant using the Monte Carlo Simulation method.
In February 2021,2023, the Company granted performance stock unit awards related to 0.61.5 million shares with a weighted average grant date fair value of $11.55$4.76 to certain executives. There were 2.32.8 million shares outstanding at December 31, 20212023 with a weighted average grant date fair value of $10.77.$9.24.
Stock options have a maximum term of ten years and vest over four years, with 25% vesting on each anniversary date of the grant date. The options have an exercise price equal to the closing sale price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of the options is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. There were 3.01.7 million options outstanding at December 31, 20212023 with a weighted average exercise price of $25.93, including 2.5$23.23, of which all 1.7 million are exercisable which havewith an intrinsic value of $1 millionzero and a weighted average remaining contractual life of 3.33.5 years. The Company has not granted options since 2019 and forfeiture and exercise activity was immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2021.2023.
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
As of December 31, 2021,2023, based on current performance achievement expectations, there was $21$15 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to incentive equity awards under the plans which would be recorded in future periods as compensation expense over a remaining weighted average period of approximately 1.61.7 years. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to the incentive equity awards of $29$12 million, $39$22 million and $30$29 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, 2020respectively.
14. RESTRUCTURING COSTS
Restructuring charges for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2019,2021 were $49 million, $32 million and $17 million, respectively. The components of the restructuring charges for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Personnel-related costs (1) | $ | 21 | | | $ | 16 | | | $ | 6 | |
| Facility-related costs (2) | 28 | | | 16 | | | 11 | |
| Total restructuring charges (3) | $ | 49 | | | $ | 32 | | | $ | 17 | |
_______________ (1)Personnel-related costs consist of severance costs provided to employees who have been terminated.
(2)Facility-related costs consist of costs associated with planned facility closures such as contract termination costs, amortization of lease assets that will continue to be incurred under the contract for its remaining term without economic benefit to the Company, accelerated depreciation on asset disposals and other facility and employee relocation related costs.
(3)Restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2023 include $43 million of expense related to the Operational Efficiencies Plan and $6 million of expense related to prior restructuring plans. Restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2022 include $20 million of expense related to the Operational Efficiencies Plan and $12 million of expense related to prior restructuring plans. Restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2021 related to prior restructuring plans.
Operational Efficiencies Plan
Beginning in the third quarter of 2022, the Company commenced a strategic plan ("the Plan") to optimize operational efficiency, reduce its office footprint costs, centralize certain aspects of its operational support structure and drive changes in how it serves its affiliated independent sales agents as well as consumers from a marketing and technology perspective. Furthermore, in January 2023, the Company executed a meaningful workforce reduction driven by worsening trends in the housing market beginning in 2022. The Company anticipates incurring additional costs in 2024, primarily associated with facility closures that are part of the continued execution of the Plan. These actions build on the multiple other cost reduction and spending reprioritization initiatives such as simplified and more integrated and digitized offerings, systems and support. Delivering the Company’s business model more digitally is an increasing part of improving the consumer experience and the Company's ongoing cost focus. The Company expects to continue to prioritize investments in efforts to support its independent sales agents, franchisees and consumers which includes investments in technology and innovative products, lead generation and franchisee support.
The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending reserve balances related to the Plan: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Personnel-related costs | | Facility-related costs | | Total |
| Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | 10 | | | $ | 2 | | | $ | 12 | |
| Restructuring charges (1) | 21 | | | 22 | | | 43 | |
| Costs paid or otherwise settled | (21) | | | (20) | | | (41) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 10 | | | $ | 4 | | | 14 | |
_______________ (1)In addition, the Company incurred $11 million of facility-related costs for lease asset impairments in connection with the Plan during the year ended December 31, 2023.
The following table shows the total costs currently expected to be incurred by type of cost related to the Plan: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total amount expected to be incurred | | Amount incurred
to date | | Total amount remaining to be incurred |
| Personnel-related costs | $ | 38 | | | $ | 35 | | | $ | 3 | |
| Facility-related costs | 51 | | | 28 | | | 23 | |
| Total | $ | 89 | | | $ | 63 | | | $ | 26 | |
The following table shows the total costs currently expected to be incurred by reportable segment related to the Plan:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total amount expected to be incurred | | Amount incurred
to date | | Total amount remaining to be incurred |
| Franchise Group | $ | 13 | | | $ | 13 | | | $ | — | |
| Owned Brokerage Group | 64 | | | 39 | | | 25 | |
| Title Group | 5 | | | 4 | | | 1 | |
| Corporate and Other | 7 | | | 7 | | | — | |
| Total | $ | 89 | | | $ | 63 | | | $ | 26 | |
Prior Restructuring Plans
During 2019, the Company took various strategic initiatives to reduce costs and institute operational and facility related efficiencies to drive profitability. During 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company transitioned substantially all of its employees to a remote-work environment which allowed the Company to reevaluate its office space needs. As a result, additional facility and operational efficiencies were identified and implemented which included the transformation of its corporate headquarters in Madison, New Jersey to an open-plan innovation hub. At December 31, 2022, the remaining liability related to these initiatives was $12 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company incurred $6 million of costs and paid or settled $9 million of costs resulting in a remaining accrual of $9 million at December 31, 2023. The remaining accrual of $9 million and total amount remaining to be incurred of $20 million primarily relate to the transformation of the Company's corporate headquarters.
14.15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Litigation
The Company is involved in claims, legal proceedings, alternative dispute resolution and governmental inquiries or regulatory actions related to alleged contract disputes, business practices, intellectual property and othermatters, commercial, employment, regulatory and tax matters. Examplesmatters and contract disputes, including the matters described below.
The Company believes that it has adequately accrued for legal matters as appropriate. The Company records litigation accruals for legal matters when it is both probable that a liability will be incurred, and the amount of such matters may include but are not limited to allegations:
•concerning anti-trust and anti-competition matters (including claims related to NAR or MLS rules regarding buyer broker commissions);
•concerning alleged violationsthe loss can be reasonably estimated. Where the reasonable estimate of RESPA, state consumer fraud statutes, federal consumer protection statutes or other state real estate law violations;
•that independent residential real estate sales agents engaged by Realogy Brokerage Group or by affiliated franchisees—under certain state or federal laws—are potentially employees instead of independent contractors, and they or regulators therefore may bring claims against Realogy Brokerage Group for breach of contract, wage and hour classification claims, wrongful discharge, unemployment and workers' compensation and could seek benefits, back wages, overtime, indemnification, penalties related to classification practices and expense reimbursement available to employees or make similar claims against Realogy Franchise Groupthe probable loss is a range, the Company records as an alleged joint employeraccrual in its financial statements the most likely estimate of an affiliated franchisee’s independent sales agents;
•concerningthe loss, or the low end of the range if there is no one best estimate. For other employment law matters, including other types of worker classification claims as well as wage and hour claims and retaliation claims;
•concerning information security, including claims under new and emerging data privacy laws related to the protection of customer, employee or third-party information;
•concerning cyber-crime, including claims related to the diversion of homesale transaction closing funds;
•thatlitigation for which a loss is reasonably possible, the Company is vicariously or jointly liableunable to estimate a range of reasonably possible losses.
Litigation and other disputes are inherently unpredictable and subject to substantial uncertainties and unfavorable developments and resolutions could occur and even cases brought by us can involve counterclaims asserted against us. Even in matters in which we are not a named party, regulatory investigations and other litigation can have significant implications for the conductCompany, particularly in litigation involving trade associations or MLSs, as changes to their rules and practices can directly impact us. In addition, litigation and other legal matters, including class action lawsuits, multi-party litigation and regulatory proceedings challenging practices that have broad impact, can be costly to defend and, depending on the class size and claims, could be costly to settle. Insurance coverage may be unavailable for certain types of individuals or entities traditionally outside of our control, including franchiseesclaims (including antitrust and independent sales agents, under joint employer claims or other theories of actual or apparent agency;
•by current or former franchisees that franchise agreements were breached including improper terminations;
•concerning claims related to the Telephone Consumer Protection Act ("TCPA") litigation) and even where available, insurance carriers may dispute coverage for various reasons, including autodialer claims;the cost of defense, there is a deductible for each such case, and such insurance may not be sufficient to cover the losses the Company incurs.
•concerning claims generally againstFrom time to time, even if the company owned brokerage operations for negligence, misrepresentation or breachCompany believes it has substantial defenses, it may consider litigation settlements based on a variety of fiduciary duty in connection withcircumstances.
Due to the performance of real estate brokerage or other professional servicesforegoing factors as well as other brokerage claims associated with listing information and property history;
•related to intellectual property or copyright law, including infringement actions alleging improper use of copyrighted photographs on websites or in marketing materials without consent of the copyright holder or claims challenging our trademarks;
•concerning breach of obligations to make websites and other services accessible for consumers with disabilities;
•concerning claims generally against the title agent contending that the agent knew or should have known that a transaction was fraudulent or that the agent was negligent in addressing title defects or conducting the settlement;
•claims related to disclosure or securities law violations as well as derivative suits; and
•those related to general fraud claims.
Other ordinary court legal proceedings that may arise from time to time include those related to commercial arrangements, indemnification (under contract or common law), franchising arrangements, the fiduciary duties of brokers, standard brokerage disputes like the failure to disclose accurate square footage or hidden defects in the property such as mold, claims under the False Claims Act (or similar state laws), consumer lending and debt collection law claims, employment law claims related to business actions responsive to the COVID-19 outbreak and governmental and regulatory directives thereto, state auction law, and violations of similar laws in countries where we operate around the world with respect to any of the foregoing.
While the results of such claims and legal actions cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe based on information currently available to us that the final outcome of current proceedings againstfactors set forth below, the Company willcould incur charges or judgments or enter into settlements of claims, based upon future events or developments, with liabilities that are materially in excess of amounts accrued and these judgments or settlements could have a material adverse effect on our consolidatedthe Company’s financial position,condition, results of operations or cash flows. In addition,flows in any particular period. As such, an increase in accruals for one or more of these matters in any reporting period may have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations and cash flows for that period.
The below captioned matters address certain current litigation involving the Company. The captioned matters described herein involve evolving, complex litigation and the Company assesses its accruals on an ongoing basis taking into account the procedural stage and developments in the litigation.
The Company disputes the allegations against it in each of these matters, believes it has substantial defenses against plaintiffs' claims and is vigorously defending these actions (though the courts have stayed its defense in the Burnett and Moehrl cases as part of the recent settlement of those cases described below).
All of these matters are presented as currently captioned, but as noted elsewhere in this Annual Report, Realogy Holdings Corp. has been renamed Anywhere Real Estate Inc.
Antitrust Litigation
The cases included under this header, Antitrust Litigation, are class actions that challenge residential real estate industry rules and practices for payment of buyer-broker commissions and certain alleged associated practices. The issues raised by these cases are pending in multiple jurisdictions, are at various stages of litigation, claim to cover lengthy periods, involve different assertions with the increasing requirements resulting from governmentrespect to liability and damages, include federal and certain state law claims, involve numerous and differing parties, and—given that antitrust laws generally provide for joint and regulations concerning data breach notificationsseveral liability and data privacytreble damages—could result in a broad range of outcomes, making it difficult to predict possible damages or how legal, factual and protection obligations, claims associated with these laws may become more common. While most litigation involves claimsdamages issues will be resolved.
Although the Company has settled certain of these cases (but such cases remain ongoing for non-settling defendants), because these cases are in various stages and will involve injunctive relief yet to be determined by the relevant courts (including against the industry trade association), we may be impacted by broader changes to industry practices and rules.
Since late October 2023, approximately twenty lawsuits have been filed against various real estate brokerages, NAR, MLSs, and/or state and local Realtor Associations, about half of which name Anywhere, its subsidiaries or franchisees; in those cases, plaintiffs have generally either agreed to dismiss or stay the actions against Anywhere, its subsidiaries or franchisees. On December 27, 2023, a motion to designate these various seller antitrust lawsuits as multidistrict litigation and consolidate them for administration purposes before a single court was filed by the plaintiffs' counsel in the Moerhl litigation, and the Nosalek litigation has been stayed pending the outcome of that motion. Oral argument has been set for March 28, 2024 and a ruling is expected in May 2024. The Company from timebelieves that additional antitrust litigation may be possible beyond what has already been filed.
Burnett, Hendrickson, Breit, Trupiano, and Keel v. The National Association of Realtors, Realogy Holdings Corp., Homeservices of America, Inc., BHH Affiliates LLC, HSF Affiliates, LLC, RE/MAX LLC, and Keller Williams Realty, Inc. (U.S. District Court for the Western District of Missouri). This is a now-certified class action complaint, which was filed on April 29, 2019 and amended on June 21, 2019, June 30, 2021 and May 6, 2022 and tried with a jury verdict on October 31, 2023 (formerly captioned as Sitzer).
The plaintiffs allege that the defendants engaged in a continuing contract, combination, or conspiracy to timeunreasonably restrain trade and commerce in violation of Section 1 of the Company commences litigation, including litigation against former employees, Sherman Act because defendant NAR allegedly established mandatory anticompetitive policies and rules for the multiple listing services and its members that require an offer of buyer-broker compensation when listing a property. The plaintiffs' experts argue that "but for" the challenged NAR policies and rules, these offers of buyer-broker compensation would not be made and plaintiffs seek the recovery of full commissions paid to buyers’ brokers as to both brokerage and franchised operations in the relevant geographic area.
The plaintiffs further allege that commission sharing, which provides for the broker representing the seller sharing or paying a portion of its commission to the broker representing the buyer, is anticompetitive and violates the Sherman Act, and that the brokerage/franchisor defendants conspired with NAR by requiring their respective brokerages/franchisees to comply with NAR’s policies, rules, and competitors when it alleges that such persons or entities have breached agreements orCode of Ethics, and engaged in other wrongful conduct.
Worker Classification Litigation
Whitlach v. Premier Valley, Inc. d/b/a Century 21 M&Mallegedly anticompetitive conduct including, but not limited to, steering and Century 21 Real Estate LLC (Superior Courtagent education that allegedly promotes the practice of California, Stanislaus County). This was filed as a putative class action complaintpaying buyer-broker compensation and discourages commission negotiation. Plaintiffs’ experts dispute defendants’ contention that the practice of offering and paying buyer-broker compensation is based on December 20, 2018 by plaintiff James Whitlach against Premier Valley Inc., a Century 21 Real Estate independently-owned franchisee doing business as Century 21 M&M (“Century 21 M&M”). The complaint also names Century 21 Real Estate LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiarynatural and legitimate economic incentives and benefits that exist irrespective of the Companychallenged NAR policies and rules and plaintiffs also contend that international practices are comparable benchmarks.
The antitrust claims in the franchisor of Century 21 Real Estate (“Century 21”), as an alleged joint employerBurnett litigation are limited both in allegations and relief sought to home sellers who from April 29, 2015, to the present used a listing broker affiliated with one of the franchisee’s independent sales agentsbrokerage/franchisor defendants in four multiple listing services ("MLSs") that primarily serve the State of Missouri, purportedly in violation of federal and seeksMissouri antitrust laws. The plaintiffs also seek injunctive relief enjoining the defendants from requiring home sellers to certifypay buyer-broker commissions or from otherwise restricting competition among brokers, an award of damages and/or restitution for the class period, attorneys' fees and costs of suit. Plaintiffs allege joint and several liability and seek treble damages.
In addition, the plaintiffs had included a class that could potentially include all agents of both Century 21 M&M and Century 21 in California. In February 2019, the plaintiff amended his complaint to assert claims pursuant to the California Private Attorneys General Act (“PAGA”). Following the Court's dismissal of the plaintiff's non-PAGA claims without prejudice in June 2019, the plaintiff filed a second amended complaint asserting one cause of action for alleged civil penalties under PAGAviolations of the Missouri Merchandising Practices Act, or MMPA, on behalf of Missouri residents only, with a class period that commences April 29, 2014, but in JuneOctober 2023, the court granted plaintiffs' motion to dismiss that cause of action and the Missouri antitrust claims.
In September 2019, the Department of Justice ("DOJ") filed a statement of interest and appearances for this matter and, in July 2020 and continuedJuly 2021, requested the Company provide it with all materials produced in this matter.
The Court granted class certification on April 22, 2022 and as certified, includes, according to pursue his PAGA claimsplaintiffs, over 250,000 transactions for which the plaintiffs are seeking a full refund of the buyer-broker commissions. The Company and the plaintiffs engaged in several mediation sessions, the most recent of which was held at the end of August 2023 and resulted in a settlement of the litigation as against Anywhere (with one other corporate defendant entering into a representativeseparate settlement in September 2023).
On September 5, 2023, the Company notified the court that it had entered into nationwide settlement with the Burnett and Moehrl plaintiffs and obtained a stay of purported "aggrieved employees"all proceedings as defined by PAGA. As such representative, the plaintiff seeks all non-individualized relief available to the purported aggrieved employees under PAGA,Company while the parties finalized a long form written settlement agreement ("Anywhere Settlement"). On October 5, 2023, Plaintiffs filed the motion for preliminary
approval of both the Anywhere Settlement and the settlement with another corporate defendant. The court granted preliminary approval of the Anywhere Settlement on November 21, 2023. Notice to the class was issued on February 1, 2024. On February 1, 2024, a third corporate dependent entered into a settlement agreement, which was preliminarily approved by the court on the same day. A hearing for final approval of all three settlements is scheduled for May 9, 2024.
Under the terms of the proposed nationwide Anywhere Settlement, which remains subject to final court approval, Anywhere has agreed to provide monetary relief of $83.5 million as well as attorneys’ fees. Under California law, PAGAinjunctive relief. The proposed settlement resolves, on a nationwide basis, all claims are generally not subject to arbitration and may result in exposureasserted or could have been asserted against Anywhere in the form of additional penalties.
InBurnett and Moehrl cases. Specifically, the second amended complaint,Anywhere Settlement releases the plaintiff continuesCompany, all subsidiaries, brands, affiliated agents, and franchisees from all claims that were or could have been asserted by all persons who sold a home that was listed on a multiple listing service anywhere in the United States where a commission was paid to allege that Century 21 M&M misclassified all of its independent real estate agents, salespeople, sales professionals, broker associates and other similar positions as independent contractors, failed to pay minimum wages, failed to provide meal and rest breaks, failed to pay timely wages, failed to keep proper records, failed to provide appropriate wage statements, made unlawful deductions from wages, and failed to reimburse plaintiff andany brokerage in connection with the putative class for business related expenses, resulting in violationssale of the California Labor Code.home in the relevant class period. The demurrer filedproposed settlement is not an admission of liability, nor does it concede or validate any of the claims asserted against Anywhere.
Under the terms of the proposed settlement, Anywhere has agreed to deposit into the settlement fund (i) $10 million within 14 business days after preliminary court approval is granted (which was paid in December 2023) ; (ii) $20 million within 14 business days after the court approval of fees and costs, which is typically granted with final approval; and (iii) the remaining balance within 21 business days after final court approval and all appellate rights are exhausted.
The proposed Anywhere Settlement includes injunctive relief for a period of five years following final court approval, requiring practice changes in the Company owned brokerage operations and that the Company recommend and encourage these same practice changes to its independently owned and operated franchise network. The injunctive relief, includes but is not limited to, reminding Company owned brokerages, franchisees and their respective agents that Anywhere has no rule requiring offers of compensation to buyer brokers; prohibiting Company-owned brokerages (and recommending to franchisees) and agents from using technology (or manually) to sort listings by Century 21 M&M (and joinedoffers of compensation, unless requested by Century 21) on August 3, 2020the client; eliminating any minimum client commission for Company-owned brokerages; and refraining from adopting any requirement that Company-owned brokerages, franchisees or their respective agents belong to NAR or follow NAR’s Code of Ethics or MLS handbook.
On November 1, 2023, following a several week trial, judgment was entered against the non-settling defendants and awarded damages to the plaintiff's amended complaint, was granted byplaintiffs from the Court on November 10, 2020, dismissingnon-settling defendants in the case without leave to replead. In January 2021,amount of $1.785 billion, before trebling. While the plaintiff filed a notice of appealjury found that all named defendants violated Section 1 of the Court’s order grantingSherman Act, the demurrer and filed its brief in supportjudgment does not alter the Anywhere Settlement or the settlement of the appeal on June 28, 2021. On October 28, 2021, Century 21 and Century 21 M&M filed their appellate briefother corporate defendant. The court has yet to determine injunctive relief in opposition to plaintiff’s appeal and on January 14, 2022, plaintiff filed its reply brief in support of the appeal. This case raises various previously unlitigated claims and the PAGA claim adds additional litigation, financial and operating uncertainties.
Real Estate Industry Litigationthis action.
Moehrl, Cole, Darnell, Nager, Ramey, Sawbill Strategic, Inc., Umpa and Ruh v. The National Association of Realtors, Realogy Holdings Corp., Homeservices of America, Inc., BHH Affiliates, LLC, The Long & Foster Companies, Inc., RE/MAX LLC, and Keller Williams Realty, Inc. (U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois). This amended putative class actionThe complaint, (the "amendedwhich was filed on March 6, 2019, contains allegations and requests relief substantially similar to the Burnett litigation. The Moehrl complaint"), filed on June 14, 2019, (i) consolidatesplaintiffs seek both damages and injunctive relief. In contrast to the Burnett plaintiffs, the Moehrl and Sawbill litigation reported in our Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2019, (ii) adds certain plaintiffs and defendants, and (iii) serves asacknowledge that there are economic reasons why a responseseller would offer buyer compensation (and accordingly, do not seek recovery of all commissions paid to buyers’ brokers), although plaintiffs allege that buyer brokers are overpaid due to the separate motionsmandatory nature of the applicable NAR policies and rules.
On March 29, 2023, the Court certified two classes in this litigation—a damages class and an injunctive class. The damages class covers sellers of residential real estate (with certain exceptions) who paid a commission to dismiss filed on May 17, 2019a brokerage affiliated with a corporate defendant beginning from March 6, 2015 through December 31, 2020 in 20 MLSs in various parts of the country that do not overlap with the Burnett MLSs and that include approximately five of the country's ten largest MLSs. The injunctive class covers current and future sellers of residential real estate (with certain exceptions) who are presently listing or will in the priorfuture list their home for sale in one of the 20 MLSs. The Moehrl litigation by each of NAR anddamages class covers an estimated 3.5 million transactions, substantially larger than the class certified in Burnett (which, as further described above, includes over 250,000 transactions), though as noted above, in contrast to the Burnett plaintiffs, the Moehrl plaintiffs do not seek to recover all commissions paid to buyers' brokers.
On April 12, 2023, the Company (along withand the other defendants named in the prior Moehrl complaint).
In the amended Moehrl complaint, the plaintiffs allege that the defendants engaged in a continuing contract, combination, or conspiracy to unreasonably restrain trade and commerce in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act because defendant NAR allegedly established mandatory anticompetitive policies for the multiple listing services and its member brokers that require brokers to make an offer of buyer broker compensation when listing a property. The plaintiffs further allege that commission sharing, which provides for the broker representing the seller sharing or paying a portion of its commission to the broker representing the buyer, is anticompetitive and violates the Sherman Act, and that the defendant franchisors conspired with NAR by requiring their respective franchisees to comply with NAR’s policies and Code of Ethics. The plaintiffs seek a permanent injunction enjoining the defendants from requiring home sellers to pay buyer broker commissions or to otherwise restrict competition among buyer brokers, an award of damages and/or restitution, attorneys fees and costs of suit. In October 2019, the Department of Justice ("DOJ") filed a statement of interest for this matter, in their words “to correct the inaccurate portrayal, by defendant The National Association of Realtors (‘NAR’), of a 2008 consent decree betweenpetition with the United States and NAR.” A motionCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (the "Seventh Circuit") to appoint lead counselpursue an interlocutory appeal of the decision on class certification; which the Seventh Circuit denied on May 24, 2023. Merit expert discovery in the case was granted on an interim basis by the Court in May 2020. In October 2020, the Court denied the separate motions to dismiss filed in August 2019 by each of NAR and the Company (together with the other defendants named in the amended Moehrl complaint). Plaintiffs filed their motion for class certification on February 23, 2022. Discovery between the plaintiffs and defendants is ongoing.
Sitzer and Winger v. The National Association of Realtors, Realogy Holdings Corp., Homeservices of America, Inc., RE/MAX Holdings, Inc., and Keller Williams Realty, Inc. As described above under the(U.S. District Court for the Western District of Missouri). This is a putative class action complaint filed on April 29, 2019 and amended on June 21, 2019 against NAR, Burnett matter, the Company Homeserviceshas entered into a settlement of America, Inc., RE/MAX Holdings, Inc.,the Moehrl litigation and Keller Williams Realty, Inc. The complaint contains substantially similar allegations, and seekson September 12, 2023, the same relief undercourt stayed all proceedings against the Sherman Act, asCompany. If final approval of the Anywhere Settlement is granted by the Burnett court, that will resolve the Moehrl litigation. The Sitzer litigation is limited both in allegations and relief soughtmatter with respect to the State of Missouri and includes an additional cause of action for alleged violation of the Missouri Merchandising Practices Act, or MMPA. On August 22, 2019, the Court denied defendants' motions to transfer the Sitzer matter to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois and on October 16, 2019, denied the motions to dismiss this litigation filed respectively by NAR and the Company (together with the other named brokerage/franchisor defendants). In September 2019, the DOJ filed a statement of interest and appearances for this matter for the same purpose stated in the Moehrl matter. In July 2020, the DOJ requested the Company provide it with all materials produced for Sitzer, with such request related to and preceding the subsequent civil lawsuit filed and related settlement agreement between the DOJ and NAR in November 2020. In July 2021, the DOJ filed a notice of withdrawal of consent to its November 2020 proposed consent decree with NAR and submitted an additional request to the Company for any supplemental materials produced in Sitzer. Plaintiffs filed their motion for class certification on May 24, 2021 and on June 30, 2021, filed a second amended complaint limiting the class definition to home sellers who used a listing broker affiliated with one of the defendants, among other things. Defendants filed their oppositions to the motion for class certification on November 12, 2021. Discovery between the plaintiffs and defendants is ongoing.Company.
LeederBatton, Bolton, Brace, Kim, James, Mullis, Bisbicos and Parsons v. The National Association of Realtors, Realogy Holdings Corp., Homeservices of America, Inc., BHH Affiliates, LLC, HSF Affiliates, LLC, The Long & Foster Companies, Inc., RE/MAX LLC, and Keller Williams Realty, Inc. (U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division). In this putative nationwide class action filed on January 25, 2021 (formerly captioned as Leeder), the plaintiff takesplaintiffs take issue with certain NAR policies, including those related to buyer brokerbuyer-broker compensation at issue in the Moehrl and SitzerBurnett matters, as well as those at issue in the 2020 settlement between the DOJ and NAR, but claimsclaim the alleged conspiracy has harmed buyers (instead of sellers). The plaintiff allegesplaintiffs allege that the defendants made agreements and engaged in a conspiracy in restraint of trade in violation of the Sherman Act and were unjustly enriched, and seek a permanent injunction enjoining NAR from establishing in the future the same or similar rules, policies, or practices as those challenged in the action as well as an award of damages and/or restitution, interest, and reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses.
On July 6, 2022, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint substituting in eight new named plaintiffs and containing allegations substantially similar to the original complaint but also adding certain claims under state antitrust statutes and consumer protection statutes. Motions to dismiss remain pending and discovery has not commenced.
The Company (together withdisputes the other companies namedallegations against it in the complaint) filed a motionthis case, believes it has substantial defenses to dismiss the complaint on April 20, 2021plaintiffs’ claims, and on June 4, 2021, the plaintiff filed his opposition to which the defendants replied on July 6, 2021.is vigorously defending this litigation.
Bauman, BaumanNosalek, Hirschorn and NosalekHirschorn v. MLS Property Information Network, Inc., Realogy Holdings Corp., Homeservices of America, Inc., BHH Affiliates, LLC, HSF Affiliates, LLC, RE/MAX LLC, and Keller Williams Realty, Inc. (U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts). This is a putative class action filed on December 17, 2020 (formerly captioned as Bauman), wherein the plaintiffs take issue with policies and rules similar to those at issue in the Moehrl, Sitzer and RubensteinBurnett matters, but rather than objecting to the national policies and rules published by NAR, this lawsuit specifically objects to the alleged policies and rules of a multiple listing service (MLS Property Information Network, Inc.) that is owned by realtors, including in part by one of Realogy’sthe Company's company-owned brokerages. The plaintiffs allege that the defendants made agreements and engaged in a conspiracy in restraint of trade in violation of the Sherman Act and seek a permanent injunction, enjoining the defendants from continuing conduct determined to be unlawful, as well as an award of damages and/or restitution, interest, and reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses. On December 10, 2021, the Court denied the motion to dismiss filed in March 2021 by the Company (together with the other defendants named in the complaint).
Company-Initiated Litigation and Related Counterclaims
Realogy Holdings Corp., NRT New York LLC (d/b/a The Corcoran Group), Sotheby’s International Realty, Inc., Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage Company, Coldwell Banker Residential Real Estate LLC, NRT West, Inc., Martha Turner Properties, L.P. And Better Homes and Gardens Real Estate LLC v. Urban Compass, Inc., and Compass, Inc. (Supreme Court New York, New York County). On July 10, 2019,in January 2022, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries,plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint against Urban Compass, Inc. and Compass, Inc. (together, "Compass"), which, was subsequently amended by the Company.The Company’s current complaint alleges misappropriation of trade secrets; tortious interference with contract; intentional and tortious interference with prospective economic advantage; unfair competition under New York common law; violations of the California Unfair Competition Law, Business and Professional Code Section 17200 et. seq. (unfair competition); violations of New York General Business Law Section 349 (deceptive acts or practices); violations of New York General Business Law Sections 350 and 350-a (false advertising); conversion; and defamation. The Company seeks, among other things, actualredefined the covered area as limited to home sales in Massachusetts (removing New Hampshire and compensatory damages, injunctive relief,Rhode Island). The lawsuit seeks to represent a class of sellers who paid a broker commission in connection with the sale of a property listed in the MLS Property Information Network, Inc. On January 23, 2023, MLS Property Information Network, Inc., HomeServices of America, Inc., BHH Affiliates, LLC, HSF Affiliates, LLC, RE/MAX LLC, and attorneys’ fees and costs. In January 2021, CompassKeller Williams Realty, Inc. filed itstheir answer to the Company’ssecond amended complaint. The Anywhere defendants filed their answer to the second amended complaint on February 21, 2023. Discovery in the case has commenced.
On September 5, 2023, following its initial motion seeking preliminary approval of a settlement that had been filed on June 30, 2023 and a court hearing held on August 9, 2023, the MLS Property Information Network, Inc. filed a motion for preliminary approval of an amended settlement covering sellers who paid, and/or on whose behalf sellers' brokers paid, buyer-broker commissions during the settlement class period in connection with the sale of residential real estate listed on the centralized listing database of MLS Property Information Network, Inc. The corporate defendants, including Anywhere, are not a party to the motion or settlement. The settlement, if finally approved by the Court, requires MLS Property Information Network, Inc to eliminate the requirement that a seller must offer compensation to a buyer-broker and to change various other rules to give sellers various notices and rules relating to negotiation of buyer-broker compensation. In addition to the foregoing injunctive relief, MLS Property Information Network, Inc. has agreed to pay $3 million into a settlement fund. On September 7, 2023, the court granted preliminary approval of the settlement and set a hearing date of January 4, 2024 for final approval, which the court subsequently moved to March 7, 2024, in response to a statement of interest and motion to extend filed by the DOJ so that it could evaluate the proposed settlement and its competitive effects. On February 14, 2024, the court stayed the case pending the outcome of a motion which was filed on December 27, 2023 by the plaintiffs' counsel in the Moerhl litigation to designate the various seller antitrust lawsuits that have been filed since the judgment was entered in the Burnett litigation as well as counterclaimsmultidistrict litigation and third-party claims against theconsolidate them for administration purposes before a single court.
Given that no class has yet been certified in the Nosalek litigation, it is expected that the purported class members of the Nosalek litigation will be included in the nationwide class certified by the court for settlement purposes under the Anywhere Settlement, and final approval of the Anywhere Settlement would accordingly resolve the Nosalek litigation as to the Company. Relatedly, on October 27, 2023, the Nosalek court granted the joint motion filed by the plaintiffs and Anywhere to stay the Nosalek litigation against the Company for 30 days (subject to extension as necessary).
Telephone Consumer Protection Act Litigation
Bumpus, et al. v. Realogy Holdings Corp., et al. (U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, San Francisco Division). In this class action filed on June 11, 2019, against Anywhere Real Estate Inc. (f/k/a Realogy Holdings Corp.), Anywhere Intermediate Holdings LLC (f/k/a Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC), Anywhere Real Estate Group LLC (f/k/a Realogy Group LLC ), Anywhere Real Estate Services Group LLC (f/k/a Realogy Services Group LLC), and certainAnywhere Advisors LLC (f/k/a Realogy Brokerage Group LLC and NRT LLC), and Mojo Dialing Solutions, LLC, plaintiffs allege that independent sales agents affiliated with Anywhere Advisors LLC violated the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of its subsidiaries, alleging unfair competition, tortious interference with prospective business relations, defamation, injurious falsehoods,1991 (TCPA) using dialers provided by Mojo and misappropriationothers. Plaintiffs seek relief on behalf of trade secrets. Compass seeks compensatorya National Do Not Call Registry class, an Internal Do Not Call class, and punitive damages, injunctive relief, disgorgement of profits, interest and attorneys’ fees. an Artificial or Prerecorded Message class.
In March 2021,2022, the CompanyCourt granted plaintiffs’ motion for class certification for the foregoing classes as to the Anywhere defendants but not as to co-defendant Mojo and dismissed Mojo from the case. Plaintiffs and the Anywhere defendants’ cross-motions for summary judgment were denied without prejudice on May 11, 2022. The Company's petition for permission to appeal the class certification filed with the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals was denied and the plaintiffs’ class notice plan was approved on May 26, 2022.
Plaintiffs had claimed that approximately 1.2 million Do Not Call calls and approximately 265,000 Pre-Recorded Messages qualified for inclusion in the classes, but on March 29, 2023, filed a motion to dismiss (with respectnarrow the classes to certain counterclaims)approximately 321,000 Do Not Call calls and approximately 165,000 Pre-Recorded Messages. On April 12, 2023, the Company opposed Plaintiffs' motion to modify the classes and sought to decertify them. The Court vacated the January 29, 2024 jury trial date (which had previously been rescheduled several times) and a reply (tostatus hearing is currently set for May 23, 2024. Plaintiffs' motion to narrow the remaining counts ofclasses, the counterclaims). On April 22, 2021, pursuantCompany’s opposition seeking to a stipulation ofdecertify the parties, the Court ordered the dismissal without prejudice of Compass’s third-party claims and those counterclaims against the Company related to unfair competition under New York common law, conspiracy and misappropriation of trade secrets. Discovery in the case is continuing.classes, as well as other pre-trial motions, are pending.
The Company disputes the allegations against it in eachthis case, believes it has substantial defenses to both plaintiffs’ liability claims and damage assertions, and is vigorously defending this action.
Other
Examples of other legal matters involving the Company may include but are not limited to:
•antitrust and anti-competition claims;
•TCPA claims;
•claims alleging violations of RESPA, state consumer fraud statutes, federal consumer protection statutes or other state real estate law violations;
•employment law claims, including claims that independent residential real estate sales agents engaged by our company owned brokerages or by affiliated franchisees—under certain state or federal laws—are potentially employees instead of independent contractors, and they or regulators therefore may bring claims against our Owned Brokerage Group for breach of contract, wage and hour classification claims, wrongful discharge, unemployment and workers' compensation and could seek benefits, back wages, overtime, indemnification, penalties related to classification practices and expense reimbursement available to employees or make similar claims against Franchise Group as an alleged joint employer of an affiliated franchisee’s independent sales agents;
•other employment law matters, including other types of worker classification claims as well as wage and hour claims and retaliation claims;
•claims regarding non-competition, non-solicitation and restrictive covenants together with claims of tortious interference and other improper recruiting conduct;
•information security claims, including claims under new and emerging data privacy laws related to the protection of customer, employee or third-party information;
•cyber-crime claims, including claims related to the diversion of homesale transaction closing funds;
•vicarious or joint liability claims based upon the conduct of individuals or entities traditionally outside of our control, including franchisees and independent sales agents, under joint employer claims or other theories of actual or apparent agency;
•claims by current or former franchisees that franchise agreements were breached, including improper terminations;
•claims generally against the company owned brokerage operations for negligence, misrepresentation or breach of fiduciary duty in connection with the performance of real estate brokerage or other professional services as well as other brokerage claims associated with listing information and property history;
•claims related to intellectual property or copyright law, including infringement actions alleging improper use of copyrighted photographs on websites or in marketing materials without consent of the captioned matters described above and will vigorously defend these actions. Given the early stagescopyright holder or claims challenging our trademarks;
•claims concerning breach of each of these cases, we cannot estimate a range of reasonably possible losses for this litigation.
The Company believes that it has adequately accrued for legal matters as appropriate. The Company records litigation accruals for legal matters which are both probable and estimable.
Litigationobligations to make websites and other services accessible for consumers with disabilities;
•claims against the title agent contending that the agent knew or should have known that a transaction was fraudulent or that the agent was negligent in addressing title defects or conducting the settlement;
•claims related to disclosure or securities law violations as well as derivative suits; and
•fraud, defalcation or misconduct claims.
Other ordinary course legal proceedings that may arise from time to time include those related to commercial arrangements, indemnification (under contract or common law), franchising arrangements, the fiduciary duties of brokers, standard brokerage disputes are inherently unpredictablelike the failure to disclose accurate square footage or hidden defects in the property such as mold, claims under the False Claims Act (or similar state laws), consumer lending and subjectdebt collection law claims, state auction law, and violations of similar laws in countries where we operate around the world with respect to substantial uncertainties and unfavorable resolutions could occur.any of the foregoing. In addition, class action lawsuits can be costly to defendwith the increasing requirements resulting from government laws and depending on the class sizeregulations concerning data breach notifications and data privacy and protection obligations, claims could be costly to settle. As such,associated with these laws may become more common. While most litigation involves claims against the Company, could incur judgmentsfrom time to time the Company commences litigation, including litigation against former employees, franchisees and competitors when it alleges that such persons or enter into settlements of claims with liability that are materiallyentities have breached agreements or engaged in excess of amounts accrued and these settlements could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows in any particular period.other wrongful conduct.
* * *
Cendant Corporate Liabilities and Guarantees to Cendant and Affiliates
RealogyAnywhere Group (then Realogy Corporation) separated from Cendant on July 31, 2006 (the "Separation"), pursuant to a plan by Cendant (now known as Avis Budget Group, Inc.) to separate into four independent companies—one for each of Cendant's business units—real estate services (Realogy(Anywhere Group, formerly referred to as Realogy Group), travel distribution services ("Travelport"), hospitality services, including timeshare resorts ("Wyndham Worldwide"), and vehicle rental ("Avis Budget Group"). Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement dated as of July 27, 2006 among Cendant, RealogyAnywhere Group, Wyndham Worldwide and Travelport (the "Separation and Distribution Agreement"), each of RealogyAnywhere Group, Wyndham Worldwide and Travelport have assumed certain contingent and other corporate liabilities (and related costs and expenses), which are primarily related to each of their respective businesses. In addition, RealogyAnywhere Group has assumed 62.5% and Wyndham Worldwide has assumed 37.5% of certain contingent and other corporate liabilities (and related costs and expenses) of Cendant.
The due to former parent balance was $19$38 million and $20 million at both December 31, 20212023 and 2020.2022, respectively. The due to former parent balance was comprised of the Company’s portion of the following: (i) Cendant’s remaining contingent tax liabilities, (ii) potential liabilities related to Cendant’s terminated or divested businesses, and (iii) potential liabilities related to the residual portion of accruals for Cendant operations.
In December 2022, a hearing was held with the California Office of Tax Appeals ("OTA") on a Cendant legacy tax matter involving Avis Budget Group that related to a 1999 transaction. The case presented two issues: (i) whether the notices of proposed assessment issued by the California Franchise Tax Board were barred by the statute of limitations; and (ii) whether a transaction undertaken by Avis Budget Group in tax year 1999 constituted a tax-free reorganization under the Internal Revenue Code. In March 2023, the OTA decided in favor of the California Franchise Tax Board on both issues. As a result, the Company increased its accrual for this legacy tax matter in the first quarter of 2023 and as of December 31, 2023 the accrual is $38 million. The OTA’s opinion is not final, and the Company has filed a petition for rehearing and continues to vigorously pursue this matter. If the rehearing is denied, the tax assessment will become payable, even if judicial relief is sought.
Tax Matters
The Company is subject to income taxes in the United States and several foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining the worldwide provision for income taxes and recording related assets and liabilities. In the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. The Company is regularly under audit by tax authorities whereby the outcome of the audits is uncertain. The Company believes there is appropriate support for positions taken on its tax returns. The liabilities that have been recorded represent the best estimates of the probable loss on certain positions and are adequate for all open years based on an assessment of many factors including past experience and interpretations of tax law applied to the facts of each matter. However, the outcomes of tax audits are inherently uncertain.
Escrow and Trust Deposits
As a service to its customers, the Company administers escrow and trust deposits which represent undisbursed amounts received for the settlement of real estate transactions. Deposits at FDIC-insured institutions are insured up to $250 thousand.$250,000. These escrow and trust deposits totaled $601 million and $585approximately $564 million at December 31, 20212023 and 2020, respectively. These escrow and trustwhile these deposits are not assets of the Company and,(and, therefore, are excluded from the
accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. However,Sheets), the Company remains contingently liable for the disposition of these deposits.
Purchase Commitments and Minimum Licensing Fees
In the normal course of business, the Company makes various commitments to purchase goods or services from specific suppliers, including those related to capital expenditures. The purchase commitments made by the Company as of December 31, 20212023 are approximately $153$76 million.
The Company is required to pay a minimum licensing fee to Sotheby’s which began in 2009 and continues through 2054. The annual minimum licensing fee is approximately $2 million per year. The Company is also required to pay a minimum licensing fee to Meredith Operations Corporation from 2009 through 2058 for the licensing of the Better Homes and Gardens® Real Estate brand. The annual minimum fee was approximately $4 million in 20212023 and will generally remain the same thereafter.
Future minimum payments for these purchase commitments and minimum licensing fees as of December 31, 20212023 are as follows:
| | Year | Year | | Amount | Year | | Amount |
| 2022 | | $ | 82 | |
| 2023 | | 35 | |
| 2024 | 2024 | | 31 | |
| 2025 | 2025 | | 20 | |
| 2026 | 2026 | | 10 | |
| 2027 | |
| 2028 | |
| Thereafter | Thereafter | | 202 | |
| Total | Total | | $ | 380 | |
Standard Guarantees/Indemnifications
In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into numerous agreements that contain standard guarantees and indemnities whereby the Company indemnifies another party for breaches of representations and warranties. In addition, many of these parties are also indemnified against any third-party claim resulting from the transaction that is contemplated in the underlying agreement. Such guarantees or indemnifications are granted under various agreements, including those governing: (i) purchases, sales or outsourcing of assets or businesses, (ii) leases and sales of real estate, (iii) licensing of trademarks, (iv) use of derivatives, and (v) issuances of debt securities. The guarantees or indemnifications issued are for the benefit of the: (i) buyers in sale agreements and sellers in purchase agreements, (ii) landlords in lease contracts, (iii) franchisees in licensing agreements, (iv) financial institutions in derivative contracts, and (v) underwriters in issuances of securities. While some of these guarantees extend only for the duration of the underlying agreement, many survive the expiration of the term of the agreement or extend into perpetuity (unless subject to a legal statute of limitations). There are no specific limitations on the maximum potential amount of future payments that the Company could be required to make under these guarantees, nor is the Company able to develop an estimate of the maximum potential amount of future
payments to be made under these guarantees as the triggering events are not subject to predictability. With respect to certain of the aforementioned guarantees, such as indemnifications of landlords against third-party claims for the use of real estate property leased by the Company, the Company maintains insurance coverage that mitigates any potential payments to be made.
Other Guarantees/Indemnifications
In the normal course of business, the Company coordinates numerous events for its franchisees and thus reserves a number of venues with certain minimum guarantees, such as room rentals at hotels local to the conference center. However, such room rentals are paid by each individual franchisee. If the franchisees do not meet the minimum guarantees, the Company is obligated to fulfill the minimum guaranteed fees. The maximum potential amount of future payments that the Company would be required to make under such guarantees is approximately $11$5 million. The Company would only be required to pay this maximum amount if none of the franchisees attended the planned events at the reserved venues. Historically, the Company has not been required to make material payments under these guarantees.
Insurance and Self-Insurance
At December 31, 2021 and 2020, theThe Consolidated Balance Sheets include approximately $41 million and $39 million, respectively, of liabilities relating to: (i) self-insured risks for errors and omissions and other legal matters incurred in the ordinary course of business within RealogyOwned Brokerage Group and (ii) premium and claim reserves for the Company’s title underwriting business. The Company may also be subject to legal claims arising from the handling of escrow transactions and closings. RealogyOwned Brokerage Group carries errors and omissions insurance for errors made during the real estate settlement process of $15 million in the aggregate, subject to a deductible of $1$1.5 million per occurrence. In addition, the Company carries an additional errors and omissions insurance policy for Realogy Holdings Corp.Anywhere Real Estate Inc. and its subsidiaries for errors made for real estate related services up to $45 million in the aggregate, subject to a deductible of $2.5 million per occurrence. This policy also provides excess coverage to RealogyOwned Brokerage Group creating an aggregate limit of $60 million, subject to RealogyOwned Brokerage Group's deductible of $1$1.5 million per occurrence.
The Company, through its appropriately licensed subsidiaries within Realogy Title Group, issuesacts as a title insurance policies whichagent in real estate transactions and helps to provide coverage for real property to mortgage lenders and buyers of real property. When a subsidiary within Realogy Title Group is acting as a title agent issuing a policy on behalf of an underwriter, assuming no negligence on the part of the title agent, such subsidiary is not liable for losses under those policies but rather the title insurer is typically liable for such losses. The Company's title insurance underwriter, Title Resources Guaranty Company, typically underwrites title insurance policies of up to $1.5 million. For policies in excess of $1.5 million, the title insurance underwriter may obtain a reinsurance policy to reinsure the excess amount. The Company, as an underwriter, manages our claims losses through strict agent vetting, clear underwriting guidelines, training and frequent communications with our agents.
Fraud, defalcation and misconduct by employees are also risks inherent in the business. The Company is the custodian of cash deposited by customers with specific instructions as to its disbursement from escrow, trust and account servicing files. The Company maintains fidelity insurance covering the loss or theft of funds of up to $30 million per occurrence, subject to a deductible of $1 million per occurrence.
The Company also maintains self-insurance arrangements relating to health and welfare, workers’ compensation, auto and general liability in addition to other benefits provided to the Company’s employees. The accruals for these self-insurance arrangements totaled approximately $13$12 million and $12$13 million for December 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, respectively.
15.16. EQUITY
Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The components of accumulated other comprehensive losses are as follows:
| | Currency Translation Adjustments (1) | | Minimum Pension Liability Adjustment | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (2) |
| Balance at January 1, 2019 | $ | (8) | | | $ | (44) | | | $ | (52) | |
| Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | — | | | (8) | | | (8) | |
| Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | — | | | 2 | | (3) | 2 | |
| Income tax benefit | — | | | 2 | | | 2 | |
| Current period change | — | | | (4) | | | (4) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2019 | (8) | | | (48) | | | (56) | |
| Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | — | | | (6) | | | (6) | |
| Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | — | | | 2 | | (3) | 2 | |
| Income tax benefit | — | | | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Current period change | — | | | (3) | | | (3) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2020 | (8) | | | (51) | | | (59) | |
| Currency Translation Adjustments (1) | | | Currency Translation Adjustments (1) | | Minimum Pension Liability Adjustment | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (2) |
| Balance at January 1, 2021 | |
| Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (1) | | | 10 | | | 9 | |
| Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | — | | | 3 | | (3) | 3 | |
| Income tax expense | Income tax expense | — | | | (3) | | | (3) | |
| Current period change | Current period change | (1) | | | 10 | | | 9 | |
| Balance at December 31, 2021 | Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | (9) | | | $ | (41) | | | $ | (50) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Currency Translation Adjustments (1) | | Minimum Pension Liability Adjustment | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (2) |
| Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | — | | | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | — | | | 2 | | (3) | 2 | |
| Income tax expense | — | | | (1) | | | (1) | |
| Current period change | — | | | 2 | | | 2 | |
| Balance at December 31, 2022 | (9) | | | (39) | | | (48) | |
| Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | — | | | 2 | | | 2 | |
| Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | — | | | 3 | | (3) | 3 | |
| Income tax expense | — | | | (1) | | | (1) | |
| Current period change | — | | | 4 | | | 4 | |
| Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | (9) | | | $ | (35) | | | $ | (44) | |
_______________
(1)Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries having non-U.S. dollar functional currencies are translated at exchange rates at the balance sheet dates and equity accounts are translated at historical spot rates. Revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the periods presented. The gains or losses resulting from translating foreign currency financial statements into U.S. dollars are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Gains or losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(2)As of December 31, 2021,2023, the Company does not have any after-tax components of accumulated other comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests.
(3)These amounts represent the amortization of actuarial lossgain (loss) to periodic pension cost and were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive incomeloss to the general and administrative expenses line on the statementConsolidated Statement of operations.Operations.
Dividend Policy
The Company paid quarterly cash dividends of $0.09 per share of its common stock from the third quarter of 2016 through the third quarter of 2019. In November 2019, the Company's Board of Directors determined that, effective immediately, it will no longer pay a dividend. The Company returned a total of $31 million to stockholders in cash dividends during the year ended December 31, 2019.
RealogyAnywhere Group Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2021, 20202023, 2022 and 20192021
Total equity for RealogyAnywhere Group equals that of Realogy Holdings,Anywhere, but the components, common stock and additional paid-in capital are different. The table below presents information regarding the balances and changes in common stock and additional paid-in capital of RealogyAnywhere Group for each of the three years ended December 31, 2021, 20202023, 2022 and 2019.2021.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Realogy Group Stockholder’s Equity | | | | |
| Common Stock | | Additional
Paid-In
Capital | | Accumulated
Deficit | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | | Non-
controlling
Interests | | Total
Equity |
| Shares | | Amount | |
| Balance at January 1, 2019 | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 4,870 | | | $ | (2,507) | | | $ | (52) | | | $ | 4 | | | $ | 2,315 | |
| Net (loss) income | — | | | — | | | — | | | (188) | | | — | | | 3 | | | (185) | |
| Other comprehensive loss | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (4) | | | — | | | (4) | |
| Repurchase of Common Stock | — | | | — | | | (20) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (20) | |
| Stock-based compensation | — | | | — | | | 24 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 24 | |
| Dividends | — | | | — | | | (31) | | | — | | | — | | | (3) | | | (34) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2019 | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 4,843 | | | $ | (2,695) | | | $ | (56) | | | $ | 4 | | | $ | 2,096 | |
| Net (loss) income | — | | | — | | | — | | | (360) | | | — | | | 4 | | | (356) | |
| Other comprehensive loss | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (3) | | | — | | | (3) | |
| Stock-based compensation | — | | | — | | | 34 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 34 | |
| Dividends | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (4) | | | (4) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2020 | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 4,877 | | | $ | (3,055) | | | $ | (59) | | | $ | 4 | | | $ | 1,767 | |
| Net income | — | | | — | | | — | | | 343 | | | — | | | 7 | | | 350 | |
| Other comprehensive income | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 9 | | | — | | | 9 | |
| Contributions from Realogy Holdings | — | | | — | | | 51 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 51 | |
| Stock-based compensation | — | | | — | | | 20 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 20 | |
| Dividends | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (5) | | | (5) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2021 | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 4,948 | | | $ | (2,712) | | | $ | (50) | | | $ | 6 | | | $ | 2,192 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Anywhere Group Stockholder’s Equity | | | | |
| Common Stock | | Additional
Paid-In
Capital | | Accumulated
Deficit | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | | Non-
controlling
Interests | | Total
Equity |
| Shares | | Amount | |
| Balance at January 1, 2021 | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 4,877 | | | $ | (3,055) | | | $ | (59) | | | $ | 4 | | | $ | 1,767 | |
| Net income | — | | | — | | | — | | | 343 | | | — | | | 7 | | | 350 | |
| Other comprehensive income | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 9 | | | — | | | 9 | |
| Contributions from Anywhere | — | | | — | | | 51 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 51 | |
| Stock-based compensation | — | | | — | | | 20 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 20 | |
| Dividends | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (5) | | | (5) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2021 | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 4,948 | | | $ | (2,712) | | | $ | (50) | | | $ | 6 | | | $ | 2,192 | |
| Cumulative effect adjustment due to the adoption of ASU 2020-06 | — | | | — | | | (53) | | | 5 | | | — | | | — | | | (48) | |
| Net (loss) income | — | | | — | | | — | | | (287) | | | — | | | 4 | | | (283) | |
| Other comprehensive income | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 2 | | | — | | | 2 | |
| Repurchase of common stock | — | | | — | | | (97) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (97) | |
| Contributions from Anywhere | — | | | — | | | 2 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 2 | |
| Stock-based compensation | — | | | — | | | 6 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 6 | |
| Dividends | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (8) | | | (8) | |
| Contributions from non-controlling interests | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Balance at December 31, 2022 | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 4,806 | | | $ | (2,994) | | | $ | (48) | | | $ | 3 | | | $ | 1,767 | |
16. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Anywhere Group Stockholder’s Equity | | | | |
| Common Stock | | Additional
Paid-In
Capital | | Accumulated
Deficit | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | | Non-
controlling
Interests | | Total
Equity |
| Shares | | Amount | |
| Net loss | — | | | — | | | — | | | (97) | | | — | | | (1) | | | (98) | |
| Other comprehensive income | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 4 | | | — | | | 4 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Stock-based compensation | — | | | — | | | 8 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 8 | |
| Dividends | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (1) | | | (1) | |
| Contributions from non-controlling interests | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Balance at December 31, 2023 | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 4,814 | | | $ | (3,091) | | | $ | (44) | | | $ | 2 | | | $ | 1,681 | |
17. EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE
Earnings (loss) per share attributable to Realogy HoldingsAnywhere
Basic earnings (loss) per common share is computed based on net income (loss) attributable to Realogy HoldingsAnywhere stockholders divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per common share is computed consistently with the basic computation plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method.period. Dilutive potential common shares includesinclude shares that the Company could be obligated to issue from its Exchangeable Senior Notes and warrants if dilutive (see Note 9, "Short and Long-Term Debt", for further discussion) and outstanding stock-based compensation awards (see Note 13, "Stock-Based Compensation", for further discussion). For purposes of computing diluted earnings (loss) per common share, weighted average common shares do not include potentially dilutive common shares if their effect is anti-dilutive. As such, the shares that the Company could be obligated to issue from its stock options, warrants and Exchangeable Senior Notes are excluded from the earnings (loss) per share calculation if the exercise or exchangeable price exceeds the average market price of common shares.
The Company uses the treasury stock method to calculate the dilutive effect of outstanding stock-based compensation. If dilutive, the Company uses the if converted method to calculate the dilutive effect of its Exchangeable Senior Notes. These notes will have a dilutive impact when the average market price of the Company’s common stock exceeds the initial exchange price of $24.49 per share. The Exchangeable Senior Notes were not dilutive as of December 31, 2023 as the closing price of the Company's common stock as of December 31, 2023 was less than the initial exchange price.
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted (loss) earnings (loss) per share:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year Ended December 31, |
| (in millions, except per share data) | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Numerator: | | | | | |
| Net income (loss) attributable to Realogy Holdings shareholders | $ | 343 | | | $ | (360) | | | $ | (188) | |
| Denominator: | | | | | |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding (denominator for basic earnings (loss) per share calculation) | 116.4 | | | 115.2 | | | 114.2 | |
| Dilutive effect of stock-based compensation awards (a) (b) | 3.8 | | | — | | | — | |
| Dilutive effect of Exchangeable Senior Notes and warrants (c) | — | | | | | |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding (denominator for diluted earnings (loss) per share calculation) | 120.2 | | | 115.2 | | | 114.2 | |
| Earnings (loss) per share attributable to Realogy Holdings shareholders: | | | | | |
| Basic earnings (loss) per share | $ | 2.95 | | | $ | (3.13) | | | $ | (1.65) | |
| Diluted earnings (loss) per share | $ | 2.85 | | | $ | (3.13) | | | $ | (1.65) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year Ended December 31, |
| (in millions, except per share data) | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Numerator: | | | | | |
| Net (loss) income attributable to Anywhere shareholders | $ | (97) | | | $ | (287) | | | $ | 343 | |
| Denominator: | | | | | |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding (denominator for basic (loss) earnings per share calculation) | 110.3 | | | 113.8 | | | 116.4 | |
| Dilutive effect of stock-based compensation awards (a) | — | | | — | | | 3.8 | |
| Dilutive effect of Exchangeable Senior Notes and warrants (b) | — | | | — | | | — | |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding (denominator for diluted (loss) earnings per share calculation) | 110.3 | | | 113.8 | | | 120.2 | |
| (Loss) earnings per share attributable to Anywhere shareholders: | | | | | |
| Basic (loss) earnings per share | $ | (0.88) | | | $ | (2.52) | | | $ | 2.95 | |
| Diluted (loss) earnings per share | $ | (0.88) | | | $ | (2.52) | | | $ | 2.85 | |
_______________
(a)The year ended December 31, 2021 excludes 3.7 million shares of common stock issuable for incentive equity awards which includes performance share units based on the achievement of target amounts, that are anti-dilutive to the diluted earnings per share computation.
(b)The Company was in a net loss position for the years ended December 31, 20202023 and December 31, 2019,2022, and therefore the impact of incentive equity awards werewas excluded from the computation of dilutive loss per share as the inclusion of such amounts would be anti-dilutive. The year ended December 31, 2021 excluded 3.7 million shares of common stock issuable for incentive equity awards, which
included performance share units based on the achievement of target amounts, that were anti-dilutive to the diluted earnings per share computation.
(b)Shares to be provided to the Company from the exchangeable note hedge transactions purchased concurrently with its issuance of Exchangeable Senior Notes in June 2021 are anti-dilutive and therefore they are not treated as a reduction to its dilutivediluted shares.
SharesThe Company may repurchase shares of Companyits common stock that have been repurchased pursuant to priorunder authorizations from the Company'sits Board of Directors have beenDirectors. Shares repurchased are retired and are not displayed separately as treasury stock on the consolidated financial statements. The par value of the shares repurchased and retired is deducted from common stock and the excess of the purchase price over par value is first charged against any available additional paid-in capital with the balance charged to retained earnings. Direct costs incurred to repurchase the shares are included in the total cost of the shares.
InThe Company's Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to $300 million of the first quarterCompany's common stock in February 2022. From the date of 2019,authorization through December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased and retired 1.28.8 million shares of common stock for $20 million at a weighted average market price of $17.21 per share, but$97 million. The Company has not repurchased any shares under athe share repurchase programprograms since such time.
2022. As of December 31, 2023, $203 million remained available for repurchase under the share repurchase program. The purchase of shares under this plan reduces the weighted-average number of shares outstanding in the basic earnings per share calculation. The Company is subject to limitations on share repurchases, which include compliance with the terms of our debt agreements.
17.18. RISK MANAGEMENT AND FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
RISK MANAGEMENT
The following is a description of the Company’s risk management policies.
Interest Rate Risk
The Company is exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates primarily through senior secured debt. At December 31, 2021,2023, the Company's primary interest rate exposure was to interest rate fluctuations, specifically LIBOR,SOFR, due to its impact on variable rateour borrowings ofunder the Revolving Credit Facility underand Term Loan A Facility. In connection with the Senior Secured Credit Facility andMay 2023 Amendment to the Term Loan Agreement, LIBOR was replaced with a Term SOFR plus a 10 basis point credit spread adjustment as the applicable benchmark for the Term Loan A Facility. AtFacility (the applicable margin for the Term Loan A Facility remained the same).
As of December 31, 2021,2023, the Company had variable interest rate long-term debt which was based on LIBOR, from outstanding amounts under the outstanding Term Loan A Facility of $232$206 million and Revolving Credit Facility of $285 million, both of which were based on Term SOFR, excluding $118$115 million of securitization obligations.
The Company has interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional value of $1,000 million to manage a portion of the Company's exposure to changes in interest rate associated with variable rate borrowings. The fixed interest rates on the swaps range from 2.07% to 3.11%. Although the Company has entered into these interest rate swaps, involving the exchange of floating for fixed rate interest payments, such interest rate swaps do not eliminate interest rate volatility for all of the Company's variable rate indebtedness at December 31, 2021. In addition, the fair value of the interest rate swaps is also subject to movements in LIBOR and will fluctuate in future periods. The Company has recognized a liability of $46 million for the fair value of the interest rate swaps at December 31, 2021. Therefore, an increase in the LIBOR yield curve could increase the fair value of the interest rate swaps and decrease interest expense.
Credit Risk and Exposure
The Company is exposed to counterparty credit risk in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to various agreements and sales transactions. The Company manages such risk by evaluating the financial position and creditworthiness of such counterparties and by requiring collateral in instances in which financing is provided. The Company mitigates counterparty credit risk associated with its derivative contracts by monitoring the amounts at risk with each counterparty to such contracts, periodically evaluating counterparty creditworthiness and financial position, and where possible, dispersing its risk among multiple counterparties.
As of December 31, 2021,2023, there were no significant concentrations of credit risk with any individual counterparty or a group of counterparties. The Company actively monitors the credit risk associated with the Company’s receivables.
Market Risk Exposure
RealogyOwned Brokerage Group operates real estate brokerage offices located in and around large metropolitan areas in the U.S. RealogyOwned Brokerage Group has more offices and realizes more of its revenues in California, Florida and the New York metropolitan area than any other regions of the country. For the year ended December 31, 2021, Realogy2023, Owned Brokerage Group generated approximately 25%22% of its revenues from California, 21% from the New York metropolitan area and 14% from Florida. For the year ended December 31, 2022, Owned Brokerage Group generated approximately 23% of its revenues from California, 21% from the New York metropolitan area and 13% from Florida. For the year ended December 31, 2020, Realogy Brokerage Group generated approximately 24% of its revenues from California, 20% from the New York metropolitan area and 11% from Florida. For the year ended December 31, 2019, Realogy2021, Owned Brokerage Group generated approximately 25% of its revenues from California, 22%21% from the New York metropolitan area and 10%13% from Florida.
Derivative Instruments
The Company records derivatives and hedging activities on the balance sheet at their respective fair values. The Company enters intoCompany's remaining interest rate swaps to manage its exposure to changesexpired in interest rates associated with its variable rate borrowings. As2022 and, as of December 31, 2021,2023, the Company had no interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional value of $1,000 million to offset the variability in cash flows resulting from the term loan facilities as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
Notional Value (in millions) | Commencement Date | Expiration Date |
$450 | November 2017 | November 2022 |
$400 | August 2020 | August 2025 |
$150 | November 2022 | November 2027 |
swaps. The swaps helphelped to protect ourthe Company's outstanding variable rate borrowings from future interest rate volatility. The Company hashad not elected to utilize hedge accounting for these interest rate swaps; therefore, any change in fair value iswas recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The fair valuegain recognized for interest rate swap contracts was $40 million and $14 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which was recorded in "Interest expense, net" line in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of derivative instruments was as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | | Balance Sheet Location | | December 31, 2021 | | December 31, 2020 |
| Interest rate swap contracts | | Other current and non-current liabilities | | 46 | | | 81 | |
The effect of derivative instruments on earnings was as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivative Instruments Not
Designated as Hedging Instruments | | Location of Loss or (Gain) Recognized for Derivative Instruments | | Loss or (Gain) Recognized on Derivatives |
| Year Ended December 31, |
| 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Interest rate swap contracts | | Interest expense | | $ | (14) | | | $ | 51 | | | $ | 39 | |
Fair Value Measurements
The following tables present the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy has three levels based on the reliability of the inputs used to determine fair value.
| | | | | | | | |
| Level Input: | | Input Definitions: |
| Level I | | Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets at the measurement date. |
| |
| Level II | | Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level I that are observable for the asset or liability through corroboration with market data at the measurement date. |
| |
| Level III | | Unobservable inputs that reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. |
The availability of observable inputs can vary from asset to asset and is affected by a wide variety of factors including, for example, the type of asset, whether the asset is new and not yet established in the marketplace, and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level III. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
The fair value of financial instruments is generally determined by reference to quoted market values. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques, as appropriate. The fair value of interest rate swaps is determined based upon a discounted cash flow approach.
The Company measures financial instruments at fair value on a recurring basis and recognizes transfers within the fair value hierarchy at the end of the fiscal quarter in which the change in circumstances that caused the transfer occurred.
The following table summarizes fair value measurements by level at December 31, 20212023 for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Level I | | Level II | | Level III | | Total |
| Deferred compensation plan assets (included in other non-current assets) | $ | 1 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 1 | |
| Interest rate swaps (included in other current and non-current liabilities) | — | | | 46 | | | — | | | 46 | |
| Contingent consideration for acquisitions (included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and other non-current liabilities) | — | | | — | | | 9 | | | 9 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Level I | | Level II | | Level III | | Total |
| Deferred compensation plan assets (included in other non-current assets) | $ | 1 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 1 | |
| Contingent consideration for acquisitions (included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and other non-current liabilities) | — | | | — | | | 4 | | | 4 | |
The following table summarizes fair value measurements by level at December 31, 20202022 for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
| | Level I | | Level II | | Level III | | Total |
| Level I | | | Level I | | Level II | | Level III | | Total |
| Deferred compensation plan assets (included in other non-current assets) | Deferred compensation plan assets (included in other non-current assets) | $ | 1 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 1 | |
| Interest rate swaps (included in other non-current liabilities) | — | | | 81 | | | — | | | 81 | |
| Contingent consideration for acquisitions (included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and other non-current liabilities) | Contingent consideration for acquisitions (included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and other non-current liabilities) | — | | | — | | | 3 | | | 3 | |
The fair value of the Company’s contingent consideration for acquisitions is measured using a probability weighted-average discount rate to estimate future cash flows based upon the likelihood of achieving future operating results for
individual acquisitions. These assumptions are deemed to be unobservable inputs and as such the Company’s contingent consideration is classified within Level III of the valuation hierarchy. The Company reassesses the fair value of the contingent consideration liabilities on a quarterly basis.
The following table presents changes in Level III financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
| | | | | | | | |
| | Level III |
Fair value of contingent consideration at December 31, 20202022 | | $ | 312 | |
| Additions: contingent consideration related to acquisitions completed during the period | | 7— | |
| Reductions: payments of contingent consideration | | (1)(4) | |
| Changes in fair value (reflected in general and administrative expenses) | | — (4) | |
Fair value of contingent consideration at December 31, 20212023 | | $ | 94 | |
The following table summarizes the principal amount of the Company’s indebtedness compared to the estimated fair value, primarily determined by quoted market values, at:
| | | | December 31, 2021 | | December 31, 2020 | | December 31, 2023 | | December 31, 2022 |
| Debt | Debt | Principal Amount | | Estimated
Fair Value (a) | | Principal Amount | | Estimated
Fair Value (a) | Debt | Principal Amount | | Estimated
Fair Value (a) | | Principal Amount | | Estimated
Fair Value (a) |
| Senior Secured Credit Facility: | | | | | | | |
| Revolving Credit Facility | Revolving Credit Facility | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
| Term Loan B Facility | — | | | — | | | 1,048 | | | 1,032 | |
| Term Loan A Facility | Term Loan A Facility | 232 | | | 231 | | | 684 | | | 671 | |
| 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes | 550 | | | 583 | | | 550 | | | 595 | |
| 4.875% Senior Notes | 407 | | | 418 | | | 407 | | | 415 | |
| 9.375% Senior Notes | 550 | | | 596 | | | 550 | | | 609 | |
| 7.00% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes | |
| 5.75% Senior Notes | 5.75% Senior Notes | 900 | | | 923 | | | — | | | — | |
| 5.25% Senior Notes | |
| 0.25% Exchangeable Senior Notes | 0.25% Exchangeable Senior Notes | 403 | | | 399 | | | — | | | — | |
_______________
(a)The fair value of the Company's indebtedness is categorized as Level II.
18.19. SEGMENT INFORMATION
The reportable segments presented below represent the Company’s segmentsthose for which the Company maintains separate financial information is available and which is utilized on a regular basisregularly employed by its chief operating decision maker to assessfor performance assessment and to allocate resources. In identifying itsresource allocation. The classification of reportable segments the Company also considers the distinctive nature of services providedoffered by its segments.each segment.
Management evaluates the operating resultsManagement's evaluation of each of itsindividual reportable segments based uponsegment performance centers on two key metrics: revenue and Operating EBITDA. Operating EBITDA is defined by us as net income (loss) beforeadjusted for depreciation and amortization, interest expense, net (other than(excluding relocation services interest for securitization assets and securitization obligations), income taxes, and othercertain non-core items. Non-core items that are not core to the operating activities of the Company such asinclude restructuring charges, former parent legacy items, gains or losses on the early extinguishment of debt, impairments, and gains or losses on discontinued operations and gains or losses on the sale of businesses, investments, or other assets.
The Company’s presentation of Operating EBITDA may not be comparable toalign with similar measures usedemployed by other companies.entities. Variations may arise due to differences in the inclusion or exclusion of specific items and the interpretation of non-core elements within the calculation. This disclosure provides insight into the Company's approach to segment reporting and the metrics pivotal to its strategic decision-making processes.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Revenues (a) |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Franchise Group | $ | 983 | | | $ | 1,145 | | | $ | 1,249 | |
| Owned Brokerage Group | 4,628 | | | 5,606 | | | 6,189 | |
| Title Group | 340 | | | 530 | | | 952 | |
| Corporate and Other (b) | (315) | | | (373) | | | (407) | |
| Total Company | $ | 5,636 | | | $ | 6,908 | | | $ | 7,983 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Revenues (a) |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Realogy Franchise Group | $ | 1,249 | | | $ | 1,059 | | | $ | 1,158 | |
| Realogy Brokerage Group | 6,189 | | | 4,742 | | | 4,409 | |
| Realogy Title Group | 952 | | | 736 | | | 596 | |
| Corporate and Other (b) | (407) | | | (316) | | | (293) | |
| Total Company | $ | 7,983 | | | $ | 6,221 | | | $ | 5,870 | |
_______________
(a)Transactions between segments are eliminated in consolidation. Revenues for Realogy Franchise Group include intercompany royalties and marketing fees paid by RealogyOwned Brokerage Group of $407$315 million, $316$373 million and $293$407 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 20202023, 2022 and 2019,2021, respectively. Such amounts are eliminated through the Corporate and Other line.
(b)Includes the elimination of transactions between segments.
Set forth in the tablestable below is a reconciliation of Net income (loss) to Operating EBITDA and Operating EBITDA presented by reportable segment and a reconciliation to Net (loss) income attributable to Anywhere and Anywhere Group for the years ended December 31, 2021, 20202023, 2022 and 2019:2021:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Net income (loss) attributable to Realogy Holdings and Realogy Group | $ | 343 | | | $ | (360) | | | $ | (188) | |
| Income tax expense (benefit) | 133 | | | (104) | | | 14 | |
| Income (loss) before income taxes | 476 | | | (464) | | | (174) | |
| Add: Depreciation and amortization | 204 | | | 186 | | | 195 | |
| Interest expense, net | 190 | | | 246 | | | 250 | |
| Restructuring costs, net (a) | 17 | | | 67 | | | 52 | |
| Impairments (b) | 4 | | | 682 | | | 271 | |
| Former parent legacy cost, net (c) | 1 | | | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Loss (gain) on the early extinguishment of debt (c) | 21 | | | 8 | | | (5) | |
| Gain on the sale of business, net (d) | (11) | | | — | | | — | |
| Operating EBITDA | $ | 902 | | | $ | 726 | | | $ | 590 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Operating EBITDA |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Realogy Franchise Group | $ | 751 | | | $ | 594 | | | $ | 616 | |
| Realogy Brokerage Group | 109 | | | 48 | | | 4 | |
| Realogy Title Group | 200 | | | 226 | | | 68 | |
| Corporate and Other (c)(e) | (158) | | | (142) | | | (98) | |
| Total Company | $ | 902 | | | $ | 726 | | | $ | 590 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Operating EBITDA |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Franchise Group | $ | 527 | | | $ | 670 | | | $ | 751 | |
| Owned Brokerage Group | (144) | | | (86) | | | 109 | |
| Title Group | (17) | | | 9 | | | 200 | |
| Corporate and Other (a)(d) | (166) | | | (144) | | | (158) | |
| Total Company | 200 | | | 449 | | | 902 | |
| Less: Depreciation and amortization | 196 | | | 214 | | | 204 | |
| Interest expense, net | 151 | | | 113 | | | 190 | |
| Income tax (benefit) expense | (15) | | | (68) | | | 133 | |
| Restructuring costs, net (b) | 49 | | | 32 | | | 17 | |
| Impairments (c) | 65 | | | 483 | | | 4 | |
| Former parent legacy cost, net (d) | 18 | | | 1 | | | 1 | |
| (Gain) loss on the early extinguishment of debt (d) | (169) | | | 96 | | | 21 | |
| Loss (gain) on the sale of businesses, investments or other assets, net (e) | 2 | | | (135) | | | (11) | |
| Net (loss) income attributable to Anywhere and Anywhere Group | $ | (97) | | | $ | (287) | | | $ | 343 | |
______________
(a)Includes the elimination of transactions between segments.
(b)The year ended December 31, 2023 includes restructuring charges of $11 million at Franchise Group, $25 million at Owned Brokerage Group, $4 million at Title Group and $9 million at Corporate and Other.
The year ended December 31, 2022 includes restructuring charges of $1 million at Franchise Group, $19 million at Owned Brokerage Group and $12 million at Corporate and Other.
The year ended December 31, 2021 includes restructuring charges of $5 million at Realogy Franchise Group, $7 million at RealogyOwned Brokerage Group and $5 million at Corporate and Other.
The(c)Non-cash impairments for the year ended December 31, 2020 includes restructuring charges of2023 include $25 million at Franchise Group to reduce goodwill related to Cartus, $25 million related to franchise trademarks and $15 million at Realogy Franchise Group, $37 million at Realogy Brokerage Group, $4 million at Realogy Title Grouprelated to leases and $11 million at Corporate and Other.other assets.
TheNon-cash impairments for the year ended December 31, 2019 includes restructuring charges of $142022 include $280 million and $114 million related to goodwill at RealogyOwned Brokerage Group and Franchise Group, $25respectively, $76 million at Realogy Brokerage Group, $3 related to franchise trademarks and $13 million at Realogy Title Grouprelated to leases and $10 million at Corporate and Other.other assets including an investment.
(b)Non-cash impairments for the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily relate to software and lease asset impairments.
Non-cash impairments for the year ended December 31, 2020 include:
•a goodwill impairment charge of $413 million related to Realogy Brokerage Group;leases and other assets.
(d)Former parent legacy items and (Gain) loss on the early extinguishment of debt are recorded in Corporate and Other. Former parent legacy cost in 2023 relates to developments in a legacy tax matter in the first quarter of 2023. Gain on the early extinguishment of debt in 2023 relates to the debt exchange transactions and open market repurchases that occurred during the third quarter of 2023. Loss on the early extinguishment of debt in 2022 primarily relates to the refinancing transactions that occurred during the first quarter of 2022.
•(e)an impairment chargeLoss (gain) on the sale of $30 millionbusinesses, investments or other assets, net in 2022 is recorded in Title Group and is related to Realogy Franchise Group's trademarks;
•$133 millionthe sale of impairment charges during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (while Cartus Relocation Services was held for sale) to reduceTitle Underwriter and subsequent sales of a portion of the net assets toCompany's ownership in the estimated proceeds;
•a goodwill impairment charge of $22 million related to Cartus Relocation Services;Title Insurance Underwriter Joint Venture.
•an impairment charge of $34 million related to Cartus Relocation Services' trademarks; and
•other asset impairments of $50 million primarily related to lease asset impairments.
Non-cash impairments for the year ended December 31, 2019 include a goodwill impairment charge of $237 million related to Realogy Brokerage Group, a $22 million reduction to record net assets held for sale at the lower of carrying value or fair value, less costs to sell, for Cartus Relocation Services which was presented as held for sale at December 31, 2019 and $12 million of other impairment charges primarily related to lease asset impairments.
(c)Former parent legacy items and Loss (gain) on the early extinguishment of debt are recorded in Corporate and Other.
(d)Gain on the sale of business, net is primarily recorded in Realogy Brokerage Group.
(e)Includes the elimination of transactions between segments.
Depreciation and Amortization | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Realogy Franchise Group | $ | 112 | | | $ | 87 | | | $ | 104 | |
| Realogy Brokerage Group | 56 | | | 59 | | | 54 | |
| Realogy Title Group | 11 | | | 11 | | | 13 | |
| Corporate and Other | 25 | | | 29 | | | 24 | |
| Total Company | $ | 204 | | | $ | 186 | | | $ | 195 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Franchise Group | $ | 114 | | | $ | 119 | | | $ | 112 | |
| Owned Brokerage Group | 52 | | | 63 | | | 56 | |
| Title Group | 12 | | | 11 | | | 11 | |
| Corporate and Other | 18 | | | 21 | | | 25 | |
| Total Company | $ | 196 | | | $ | 214 | | | $ | 204 | |
Segment Assets | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | As of December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Realogy Franchise Group | $ | 4,821 | | | $ | 4,896 | |
| Realogy Brokerage Group | 1,021 | | | 932 | |
| Realogy Title Group | 724 | | | 659 | |
| Corporate and Other | 644 | | | 447 | |
| Total Company | $ | 7,210 | | | $ | 6,934 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | As of December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 |
| Franchise Group | $ | 4,430 | | | $ | 4,730 | |
| Owned Brokerage Group | 630 | | | 741 | |
| Title Group | 531 | | | 562 | |
| Corporate and Other | 248 | | | 350 | |
| Total Company | $ | 5,839 | | | $ | 6,383 | |
Capital Expenditures | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2019 |
| Realogy Franchise Group | $ | 29 | | | $ | 27 | | | $ | 32 | |
| Realogy Brokerage Group | 43 | | | 39 | | | 56 | |
| Realogy Title Group | 13 | | | 9 | | | 10 | |
| Corporate and Other | 16 | | | 20 | | | 21 | |
| Total Company | $ | 101 | | | $ | 95 | | | $ | 119 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2023 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Franchise Group | $ | 28 | | | $ | 42 | | | $ | 29 | |
| Owned Brokerage Group | 24 | | | 40 | | | 43 | |
| Title Group | 7 | | | 11 | | | 13 | |
| Corporate and Other | 13 | | | 16 | | | 16 | |
| Total Company | $ | 72 | | | $ | 109 | | | $ | 101 | |
The geographic segment information provided below is classified based on the geographic location of the Company’s subsidiaries.
| | United
States | | All Other
Countries | | Total |
| On or for the year ended December 31, 2021 | | | | | |
| United
States | | | United
States | | All Other
Countries | | Total |
| On or for the year ended December 31, 2023 | |
| Net revenues | |
| Net revenues | |
| Net revenues | Net revenues | $ | 7,919 | | | $ | 64 | | | $ | 7,983 | |
| Total assets | Total assets | 7,157 | | | 53 | | | 7,210 | |
| Net property and equipment | Net property and equipment | 309 | | | 1 | | | 310 | |
| On or for the year ended December 31, 2020 | |
| On or for the year ended December 31, 2022 | |
| Net revenues | |
| Net revenues | |
| Net revenues | Net revenues | $ | 6,145 | | | $ | 76 | | | $ | 6,221 | |
| Total assets | Total assets | 6,878 | | | 56 | | | 6,934 | |
| Net property and equipment | Net property and equipment | 316 | | | 1 | | | 317 | |
| On or for the year ended December 31, 2019 | |
| On or for the year ended December 31, 2021 | |
| Net revenues | |
| Net revenues | |
| Net revenues | Net revenues | $ | 5,762 | | | $ | 108 | | | $ | 5,870 | |
| Total assets | Total assets | 7,470 | | | 73 | | | 7,543 | |
| Net property and equipment | Net property and equipment | 341 | | | 1 | | | 342 | |
19. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Senior Notes Offering and Redemption of 9.375% Senior Notes and 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes
On January 10, 2022, Realogy Group together with Realogy Co-Issuer Corp. (the "Co-Issuer") issued $1,000 million of 5.25% Senior Notes due 2030, under an indenture dated as of January 10, 2022. The 5.25% Senior Notes are unsecured senior obligations of Realogy Group, mature on April 15, 2030 and bear interest at a rate of 5.25% per annum. Interest on the 5.25% Senior Notes will be payable semiannually to holders of record at the close of business on April 1 or October 1, immediately preceding the interest payment date on April 15 and October 15 of each year, commencing April 15, 2022.
The 5.25% Senior Notes are jointly and severally guaranteed by each of Realogy Group's existing and future U.S.
subsidiaries that is a guarantor under its Senior Secured Credit Facility and Term Loan A Facility or that guarantees certain other indebtedness in the future (other than the Co-Issuer), subject to certain exceptions, and by Realogy Holdings on an
unsecured senior subordinated basis. The indenture governing the 5.25% Senior Notes contains various covenants that limit Realogy Group and its restricted subsidiaries’ ability to take certain actions and are materially consistent with the covenants included in the indenture governing the 5.75% Senior Notes.
The net proceeds from the issuance of the 5.25% Senior Notes, together with cash on hand, were used on February 4, 2022 to redeem in full both the outstanding $550 million of 9.375% Senior Notes and the $550 million of 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes, each at a redemption price of 100% plus the applicable "make whole" premium, together with accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date on both such notes. Realogy Group paid total consideration of approximately $613 million in connection with the redemption of the 9.375% Senior Notes and $589 million in connection with the redemption of the 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes. Immediately following such redemptions, Realogy Group cancelled the 9.375% Senior Notes and 7.625% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes and discharged the applicable indentures in accordance with their terms.
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit Description
4.13.4 Indenture, dated asAmended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of June 1, 2016, among RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC as Issuer, Realogy Co-Issuer Corp., as Co-Issuer, Realogy Holdings Corp., the Note Guarantors (as defined therein), and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, governing the 4.875% Senior Notes due 2023 (the "4.875% Senior Note Indenture") (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.13.4 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 3, 2016)9, 2022).4.9 Indenture, dated as of January 11, 2021, among Anywhere Real Estate Group LLC (f/k/a Realogy Group LLC,LLC), as Issuer, Anywhere Co-Issuer Corp. (f/k/a Realogy Co-Issuer Corp.), as Co-Issuer, Anywhere Real Estate Inc. (f/k/a Realogy Holdings Corp.), the Note Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, governing the 5.75% Senior Notes due 2029 (the "5.75% Senior Note Indenture") (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 11, 2021).
4.134.6 Indenture, dated as of June 2, 2021, among RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC (f/k/a Realogy Group LLC), as Issuer, Anywhere Co-Issuer Corp. (f/k/a Realogy Co-Issuer Corp.), as Co-Issuer, the Guarantors (as defined therein) and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, governing the 0.25% Exchangeable Senior Notes due 2026.2026 (the "0.25% Exchangeable Senior Notes Indenture") (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 3, 2021).4.10 Indenture, dated as of January 10, 2022, among Anywhere Real Estate Group LLC (f/k/a Realogy Group LLC,LLC), as Issuer, Anywhere Co-Issuer Corp. (f/k/a Realogy Co-IssuerCo-Issuer Corp.), the Co-Issuer),as Co-Issuer, Anywhere Real Estate Inc. (f/k/a Realogy Holdings Corp.), the Note GuarantorsGuarantors (as defined therein) and the Bank of NewNew York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, governing the 5.250% SeniorSenior Notes due 2030(the "5.250% (the "5.250% Senior Note Indenture") (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Registrants'to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 10, 2022).
4.14 Indenture, dated as of August 24, 2023, by and among the Anywhere Real Estate Group LLC, Anywhere Co-Issuer Corp., Anywhere Real Estate Inc., Anywhere Intermediate Holdings LLC, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee and collateral agent, governing the 7.000% Second Lien Senior Secured Notes due 2030(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 25, 2023). 10.3 Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of March 5, 2013, among Anywhere Intermediate Holdings LLC (f/k/a Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC), Anywhere Real Estate Group LLC (f/k/a Realogy Group LLC,LLC), the lenders party thereto from time to time, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders, and the other financial institutions parties thereto (the "Amended and Restated Credit Agreement") (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Registrants' Form 10-Q for the three month period ended March 31, 2013). 10.4 First Amendment, dated as of March 10, 2014, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 5, 2013, among Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC, Realogy Group LLC, the lenders from time to time party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the other agents parties thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2014). 10.5 Second Amendment, dated as of October 23, 2015, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 5, 2013, as amended, among Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC, Realogy Group LLC, the several lenders parties thereto from time to time, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders, and the other agents parties thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 28, 2015). 10.6 Third Amendment, dated as of July 20, 2016, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 5, 2013, as amended, among Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC, Realogy Group LLC, the several lenders parties thereto from time to time, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders, and the other agents parties thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 22, 2016). 10.7 Fourth Amendment, dated as of January 23, 2017, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 5, 2013, as amended, among Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC, Realogy Group LLC, the several lenders parties thereto from time to time, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders, and the other agents parties thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 23, 2017). 10.8 Fifth Amendment, dated as of February 8, 2018, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 5, 2013, as amended, among Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC, Realogy Group LLC, the several lenders parties thereto from time to time, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders, and the other agents parties thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 8, 2018).
10.9 Sixth Amendment, dated as of February 8, 2018, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 5, 2013, as amended, among Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC, Realogy Group LLC, the several lenders parties thereto from time to time, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders, and the other agents parties thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 8, 2018). 10.10 Eighth Amendment, dated as of August 2, 2019, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 5, 2013, as amended, among Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC, Realogy Group LLC, the several lenders parties thereto from time to time, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders, and the other agents parties thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrants' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three month period ended June 30, 2019). 10.11 Ninth Amendment, dated as of July 24, 2020, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 5, 2013, as amended, among Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC, Realogy Group LLC, the several lenders parties thereto from time to time and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 30, 2020). 10.12 Tenth Amendment, dated as of January 27, 2021, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of March 5, 2013, as amended, among Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC, Realogy Group LLC, the several lenders parties thereto from time to time and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 27, 2021). 10.14 Incremental Assumption Agreement, dated as of January 23, 2017, among Anywhere Intermediate Holdings LLC (f/k/a Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC), Anywhere Real Estate Group LLC (f/k/a Realogy Group LLC,LLC), the financial institutions party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 23, 2017).
10.1510.16 Amended and Restated Guaranty and Collateral Agreement, dated as of March 5, 2013, among Anywhere Intermediate Holdings LLC (f/k/a Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC), Anywhere Real Estate Group LLC(f/k/a Realogy Group LLC,LLC), the subsidiary loan parties thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative and collateral agent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 8, 2013).10.1610.17 Term Loan A Agreement, dated as of October 23, 2015, among Anywhere Intermediate Holdings LLC (f/k/a Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC), Anywhere Real Estate Group LLC (f/k/a Realogy Group LLC,LLC), the lenders party thereto from time to time and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders (the "Term Loan A Agreement") (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 28, 2015). Note: The Term Loan A Agreement reflecting the cumulative effect of all amendments through February 8, 2018 is attached as Exhibit A to Exhibit 10.18 in this Exhibit Index.10.1710.18 First Amendment, dated as of July 20, 2016, to the Term Loan A Agreement dated as of October 23, 2015, among Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC, Realogy Group LLC, the lenders party thereto from time to time and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 22, 2016).10.1810.19 Second Amendment, dated as of February 8, 2018, to the Term Loan A Agreement dated as of October 23, 2015, among Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC, Realogy Group LLC, the lenders party thereto from time to time and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 8, 2018). Note: The Term Loan A Agreement reflecting the cumulative effect of all amendments through February 8, 2018 is attached as Exhibit A to this Exhibit 10.18.10.1910.20 Third Amendment, dated as of July 24, 2020, to the Term Loan A Agreement dated as of October 23, 2015, among Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC, Realogy Group LLC, the lenders party thereto from time to time and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 30, 2020).
10.2010.21 Fourth Amendment, dated as of January 27, 2021, to the Term Loan A Agreement dated as of October 23, 2015, among Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC, Realogy Group LLC, the lenders party thereto from time to time and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 27, 2021).10.2110.22 Fifth Amendment, dated as of May 11, 2023, to the Term Loan Agreement, dated as of October 23, 2015 (as amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time), among Anywhere Intermediate Holdings LLC (f/k/a Realogy Intermediate Holdings LLC), Anywhere Real Estate Group LLC (f/k/a Realogy Group LLC), the several lenders parties thereto from time to time, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders, and the other agents parties thereto (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 12, 2023).10.2210.24 First Priority Intercreditor Agreement, dated as of February 2, 2012, among RealogyAnywhere Real Estate Group LLC (f/k/a Realogy Corporation), the other Grantors (as defined therein) from time to time party hereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as collateral agent for the Credit Agreement Secured Parties (as defined therein) and as Authorized Representative for the Credit Agreement Secured Parties, The Bank of New York, Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as the collateral agent and Authorized Representative for the Initial Additional First Lien Priority Note Secured Parties (as defined therein) (Incorporated by reference as Exhibit 10.13 to Registrants' Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011).10.27 First Lien / Lien/Second Lien Intercreditor Agreement, dated as of June 16, 2020,August 24, 2023, by and among Realogy Group LLC,the Issuer and each of the other Grantors (as defined therein)loan parties from time to time party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as the Initial First Lien Priority Representative, (as defined therein), The Bank of New York, Mellon Trust Company, N.A.,the Collateral Agent, as the Initial Second Lien Priority Representative, (as defined therein), and theeach additional authorized representativesFirst Lien Priority Representative and additional Second Lien Priority Representative from time to time party thereto (incorporated (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrants' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 17, 2020).August 25, 2023)
10.28 Joinder No. 1Collateral Agreement, dated as of August 28, 2020 to24, 2023, among the First Lien / Second Lien Intercreditor Agreement, datedIssuers, Intermediate Holdings, and the Subsidiary Guarantors, as of June 16, 2020, among Realogy Group LLC, the other Grantors, (as defined therein) party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as the Initial First Lien Priority Representative (as defined therein),and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as the Initial Second Lien Priority Representative (as defined therein), and the additional authorized representatives from time to time party thereto (IncorporatedCollateral Agent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.110.2 to the Registrants' QuarterlyCurrent Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended September 30, 2020)8-K filed on August 25, 2023).
101 The following information from Realogy'sAnywhere's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020,2023, formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 20202023 and 2019;2022; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 2018;2021; (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 2018;2021; (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 2018;2021; (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2020, 20192023, 2022 and 2018;2021; and (vi) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in iXBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
_______________
* Filed herewith.
** Compensatory plan or arrangement.
