UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20172023
ORor
☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the transition period from to Commission file number: 001-38999
Commission File Number 0-21419
BIOCARDIA, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
BIOCARDIA, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware | 23-2753988 |
(State or incorporation or | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) |
125 Shoreway Road, Suite B 320 Soquel Way
San Carlos,Sunnyvale, California 94070 94085
(Address of Principal Executive Offices, Including Zip Code)principal executive offices including zip code)
(650) 226-0120
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)’s telephone number, including area code)
N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities Registered Pursuantregistered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered |
Common Stock, par value $0.001 Warrant to Purchase Common Stock | BCDA BCDAW | The Nasdaq Capital Market The Nasdaq Capital Market |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Common StockNone
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.Yes ☐ No☒
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.Yes☐No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant:registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. days. Yes ☒No☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).Yes ☒ No☐
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” andfiler,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer |
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Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ☒ | |
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Emerging growth company | ☐ |
If aman emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2023, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $48.0 million, computed by reference to the average bid and askedlast sale price of $2.67 for the common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market reported for such common equity, on June 30, 2017 was approximately $147,668,470.date. Shares of the registrant’s common stock held by each executive officer, director and holder of 10% or more of the outstanding common stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This calculation does not reflect a determination that certain persons are affiliates of the registrant for any other purpose.
The number ofThere were 26,732,542 shares of the registrant’sregistrant’s Common Stock issued and outstanding as of March 12, 2018 was 38,241,592.27, 2024.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Any and all statements contained in this Annual Report that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed forward-looking statements. Terms such as “may,” “might,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “project,” “estimate,” “pro-forma,” “predict,” “potential,” “strategy,” “anticipate,” “attempt,” “develop,” “plan,” “help,” “believe,” “continue,” “intend,” “expect,” “future” and terms of similar import (including the negative of any of the foregoing) may be intended to identify forward-looking statements. However, not all forward-looking statements may contain one or more of these identifying terms. Those statements appear in this Annual Report, and include statements regarding the intent, belief or current expectations of the company and management that are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this Annual Report.
Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report may include, without limitation, statements regarding (i) the plans and objectives of management for future operations, including plans or objectives relating to the development of our cell therapy systems, (ii) a projection of income (including income/loss), earnings (including earnings/loss) per share, capital expenditures, dividends, capital structure or other financial items, (iii) our future financial performance, including any such statement contained in a discussion and analysis of financial condition by management or in the results of operations included pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC and (iv) the assumptions underlying or relating to any statement described in points (i), (ii) or (iii) above.
The forward-looking statements are not meant to predict or guarantee actual results, performance, events or circumstances and may not be realized because they are based upon our current projections, plans, objectives, beliefs, expectations, estimates and assumptions and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties and other influences, many of which we have no control over. Actual results and the timing of certain events and circumstances may differ materially from those described by the forward-looking statements as a result of these risks and uncertainties. Factors that may influence or contribute to the inaccuracy of the forward-looking statements or cause actual results to differ materially from expected or desired results may include, without limitation:regarding:
| expectations concerning our ability to raise additional funding from equity or debt financings and to continue as a going concern; | |
(ii) | our ability to | |
(iii) | the plans and objectives of management for future operations, including plans or objectives relating to the development of our cell therapy systems; | |
(iv) | the timing and conduct of the clinical trials for our products, including statements regarding the timing, progress and results of current and future preclinical studies and clinical trials as well as our research and development programs; | |
(v) | the timing or likelihood of regulatory |
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| our ability to |
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| our estimates regarding the market opportunity, clinical utility, potential advantages and market acceptance of our products; | |
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| our ability to recruit and retain qualified clinical, regulatory and research and development personnel; | |
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| uncertainty in industry demand; | |
(xiv) | general economic conditions and market conditions in our industry; | |
(xv) | the effects of pandemics, such as COVID-19, on our business, preclinical studies and clinical trials; | |
(xvi) | the depth of the trading market in our securities; | |
(xvii) | a projection of income (including income/loss), earnings (including earnings/loss) per share, capital expenditures, dividends, capital structure or other financial items; | |
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You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. Except as required by applicable law, we undertake nodo not assume any obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements forstatement. We disclaim any reason after the dateintention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, whether as a result of this Annual Report to conform these statements to actual resultsnew information, future events or to changes in our expectations.
You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents that we reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and have filed with the SEC as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.otherwise.
PART II. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Description of Business Overview
We are a clinical-stage regenerative medicine company developing novelcellular and cell-derived therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases with large unmet medical needs. Our lead therapeutic candidate is the investigational CardiAMP Cell Therapy System, which provides an autologous bone marrow derived cell therapy (using a patient’s own cells) for the treatment of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases with significant unmet medical needs. We are advancing two cell therapy platforms derived from the bone marrow in clinical trials today. Our CardiAMP® autologous mononuclear cell therapy platform is being advanced for two clinical indications: ischemic heart failure that develops after a heart attackwith reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and refractory angina resulting from chronic myocardial ischemia. The CardiAMP Cell Therapy Systemischemia (CMI). Our immunomodulatory allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy platform is being developed to provide a comprehensive biotherapeutic solution, incorporating a proprietary molecular diagnostic to characterize the potency of a patient’s own bone marrow cells and determine if they areadvanced as an optimal candidate for therapy, a proprietary point of care processing platform to prepare cells at the patient’s bedside, an optimized therapeutic formulation that builds on the total experience in the cardiac stem cell field to-date, and a proprietary interventional delivery system that easily navigates a patient’s vasculature to securely deliver cells in a routine cardiac catheterization procedure. Our second therapeutic candidate is the investigational CardiALLO Cell Therapy System, an allogenic “off the shelf” cell therapy derived from bone marrow cells from a donor that meets specified criteria,for two clinical indications: the treatment of ischemic HFrEF (CardiALLO™), which has potential to be advanced for many clinical indications including heart failure. We are committed to applying our expertise in the fields of autologousis actively enrolling, and allogeneic cell-based therapies to improve the lives of patients with cardiovascular conditions.acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Market OverviewOur autologous CardiAMP and our allogeneic CardiALLO cell therapies intended for cardiac indications of HFrEF and CMI are enabled by our Helix™ minimally invasive intramyocardial therapeutic delivery platform. We partner this therapeutic delivery platform and provide development services selectively with others seeking to develop biotherapeutic interventions for local delivery to the heart.
Adult bone marrow contains a large reservoir of stem and progenitor cells capable of differentiating into blood cells, blood vessel cells, and connective tissue cells. In addition, numerous pre-clinical cardiac studies have shown that cell-to-cell communication in which bone marrow-derived stem cells promotes microcirculatory adaptation, immune modulation and cell protection, facilitating cardiac recovery, in part via recruitment of other reparative cell types.
Bone marrow cell homing to the heart is believed to be part of the body’s natural repair process. After a heart attack or an acute injury to the heart, cells from bone marrow are known to home to the heart. For example, a population of bone marrow cells that express the surface marker CD34 has certain receptors, including CXC-4 and CXC-7 receptors, that home to the SDF-1 ligand in injured heart tissue. In heart failure, the heart may have fewer of these homing signals and a decreased ability to stimulate or recreate this signaling process, leading to a lower likelihood of heart tissue repair. A number of other bone marrow derived cells with unique cell surface markers have also been shown to have beneficial effects in animal models of heart failure and chronic myocardial ischemia disease when delivered directly to the heart.
Bone marrow derived cell-based therapy has been shown to have the potential to provide therapeutic benefit for patients with heart failure and chronic myocardial ischemia. In the past decade, intramyocardial delivery of bone marrow derived cell-based therapies in preclinical and clinical studies of heart failure and chronic myocardial ischemia has predominantly resulted in benefits, such as improvement in ventricular function, reduction in the area of dead heart tissue and increase in heart muscle blood flow, reduction in pain symptoms, reduced major adverse event rates, and reduced mortality.
Recent systematic review and meta-analysis of the scientific literature from 23 randomized controlled trials prior to 2013, covering more than 1,200 participants, was published by Fisher in Circulation Research in January 2015. The review found evidence that bone marrow cell treatment, including intramyocardial delivery of bone marrow cells, has improved left ventricle ejection fraction, or LVEF, and chronic ischemic heart disease. The authors of the review found evidence for a potential beneficial clinical effect in terms of mortality and performance status after at least one year post-treatment in people who suffer from chronic ischemic heart disease and heart failure. Results in heart failure trials indicate that bone marrow derived cell-based therapy leads to a reduction in deaths and readmission to hospital and improvements over standard treatment as measured by tests of heart function. This review concluded that further research is required to confirm the results. Published scientific papers provide clinical support for efficacy from randomized controlled clinical trials of intramyocardial delivery of bone marrow derived cells in closely related clinical conditions of chronic myocardial ischemia, diastolic heart failure, and subacute myocardial infarction.
Heart Failure
Heart failure is a clinical condition in which the output of blood from the heart is insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the body. In 2015,2022, the American Heart Association, or AHA, report on heart disease statistics estimated that there are 5.76.0 million Americans over the age ofAmerican adults ages 20 thatand older have heart failure. Heartfailure based on data from 2015 to 2018 and the prevalence of heart failure is increasingly prevalent dueexpected to increase by 46% from 2012 to 2030, affecting greater than 8 million people aged 18 and above. The total percentage of the aging population andwith HF is projected to rise from 2.4% in 2012 to 3.0% in 2030 with 47% of the increase in major cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity and diabetes.effective population estimated to have HFrEF. The AHA has also estimatesestimated that one in five adults will develop heart failure aftercost the agenation an estimated $30.7 billion in 2012, including the cost of 40. health care services, medicines for treatment and missed days of work. Projections by the AHA are that the total cost of heart failure will increase to $69.8 billion by 2030.
During heart failure progression, the heart steadily loses its ability to respond to increased metabolic demand, and mild exercise soon exceeds the heart’s ability to maintain adequate output. Towards the end stage of the disease, the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs at rest. At this stage, fluids accumulate in the extremities or in the lungs making the patient bedridden and unable to perform the activities of daily living. The long-term prognosis associated with heart failure is approximately 50% mortality at five years following the initial diagnosis.
Hospitalizations for heart failure are expensive, and the risk of death increases with each recurrent heart failure-related hospitalization. In 2014, the Journal of the American College of Cardiology reported that the one- and six-month readmission rates after heart failure-related hospitalization are close to 25% and 50%, respectively. In 2010, the AHA estimated that the direct and indirect cost of heart failure in the United States was $39 billion, half of which was related to repeated hospitalizations, and by 2030 the total cost of heart failure in the United States is projected to increase to $70 billion. There is growing pressure on hospitals to reduce readmissions for heart failure.
Heart failure is classified in relation to the severity of the symptoms experienced by the patient. The most commonly used classification system, established by the New York Heart Association, or NYHA, is as follows:
• | Class I (mild): patients experience no or very mild symptoms with ordinary physical activity; |
• | Class II (mild): patients experience fatigue and shortness of breath during moderate physical activity; |
• | Class III (moderate): patients experience shortness of breath during even light physical activity; and |
• | Class IV (severe): patients are exhausted even at rest. |
Despite guideline-directed therapies employing a wide range of pharmacologic, device, and surgical options, many patients deteriorate over time and develop advanced heart failure symptoms that cannot be effectively managed by existing medical therapies. At the end stageWe are not aware of heart failure,any current treatment options include heart transplant surgery or implantation of a left ventricular assist device, or LVAD, a battery operated mechanical circulatory device used to partially or completely replacemeaningfully reducing patient mortality rates for NYHA Class II and III patients.
We are focused initially on treating patients in the function of the left ventricle of the heart. LVADs are used for patients awaiting a heart transplant or as a destination therapy for patientsmiddle stages HFrEF with NYHA Class IV heart failure who may never receive a heart transplant. Both of these end-stage treatment options require invasive open-chest surgeryclasses II and can cost in excess of $150,000 per procedure, as reported byIII, where the Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation.
Theredisease has an ischemic cause. We estimate there are approximately 2.9more than 3 million NYHA Class II and Class III heart failure patients in the United States, of which we estimate approximately 60% are1.7 million patients with ischemic systolic heart failure.have HFrEF. Of this subset of 1.7 million patients, we estimate that approximately 70%, or over 1.2 million patients, will have a cell potencypopulation score sufficient to qualify for treatment with the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System.Therapy. Our CardiALLO allogeneic MSC investigational off the shelf therapy is designed to be suitable for all 1.7 million patients with this indication.
Chronic Myocardial Ischemia
RefractoryChronic myocardial ischemia (CMI) with refractory angina is a condition characterized by severe pain in the chest, often also spreading to the shoulders, arms, and neck, caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart. In the U.S. alone, it is estimated by that between 600,000 and 1.8 million patients suffer this condition, with approximately 75,000 new cases diagnosed each year. There is a growing population of patients with chronic angina that suffer with severely limiting symptoms and are not amenable to current therapies. These patients have significant impairments in quality of life, suffer from poor perceived health status and represent a significant burden to the health care system due to high use of health care resources. We believe the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System has the potential to provide a treatment for these patients not met by current therapeutic alternatives.
Product Pipeline and Development StatusAcute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs when fluid builds up in the tiny, elastic air sacs (alveoli) in a patient’s lungs. The fluid keeps the lungs from filling with enough air, which means less oxygen reaches the bloodstream. This deprives vital organs of the oxygen they need to function. ARDS typically occurs in people who are already critically ill or who have significant injuries. Many people who develop ARDS do not survive. The risk of death increases with age and the severity of illness. Of the people who do survive ARDS, some recover completely while others experience lasting damage to their lungs.
Efforts to modulate inflammation-mediated lung injury and thereby reduce progression to respiratory failure using mesenchymal stem cells have shown promising results in previous studies by other groups. Our own preclinical animal studies with venous infusion of our allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells have shown feasibility with no significant adverse events. We believe our immunomodulatory allogeneic MSC have the potential to provide a treatment for these patients not met by current therapeutic alternatives.
Our Product Candidates
CardiAMP Cell Therapy System
The CardiAMP Cell Therapy System or CardiAMP, is our lead therapeutic programcurrently being advanced for two clinical indications.indications: ischemic HFrEF and CMI. This investigational cell therapy system is comprised of (i) a cell potency screening test, (ii) a point of care cell processing platform, and (iii) a biotherapeutic delivery system. In the screening process, the physician extracts a small sample of the patient’spatient's bone marrow in an outpatient procedure performed under local anesthesia. The clinic sends the sample to a centralized diagnostic lab, which tests for identified biomarkers from which we generate a potency assaycell population score for the patient. During the treatment for patients who are assessed as meeting the indication specific CardiAMP cell potency assaypopulation analysis score, , a cliniciandoctor harvests and then prepares the patient’spatient's own bone marrow mononuclear cells, or autologous cells, using our point of care cell processing platform, which a cardiologist then delivers into the heart using our proprietary biotherapeutic delivery system. We designedBecause the entire procedure to be performed in approximately 60 to 90 minutes, whichCardiAMP cells do not become heart cells, we believe is substantially faster than alternative cell-basedthey have a low likelihood of becoming ectopic foci that could cause life threatening arrhythmias. Because CardiAMP cells are autologous, patients will not require chronic immunosuppression to prevent their immune system from attacking the donor cells. Unlike other investigational autologous cell therapies, in development.the CardiAMP autologous cell therapies are expected to have low manufacturing costs and utilize established distribution channels, significantly enhancing prospects for commercial success. The patient then leavesCardiAMP Cell Therapy System has the hospitalpotential to significantly benefit patients who have limited options and provide a cost-effective therapy to help reduce the same or next day.substantial heart failure hospitalization and care costs.
CardiAMP Cells Preclinical ExperienceAutologous Cell Therapy for Ischemic Heart Failure with HFrEF (BCDA-01)
Extensive preclinical data with bone marrow mononuclear cellsCardiAMP cell therapy in ischemic HFrEF has been evaluated in three clinical trials to date. We have completed and published results for a Phase I open label clinical study (TABMMI) and a Phase II randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study (TACHFT). In the mediafourth quarter of 2023, we completed enrollment in which they have been incubated have shown compellinga Phase III randomized double-blind sham-controlled study (CardiAMP HF) and presented interim results in animal modelsthe first quarter of 2024, with final data for all patients at a minimum of one year and a maximum of two years follow-up expected in the fourth quarter of 2024. A second confirmatory Phase III randomized double blinded sham-controlled trial (CardiAMP HF II) was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the fourth quarter of 2023 and activated in the first quarter of 2024 with the goal of confirming the results of CardiAMP HF and providing the primary support for marketing approval by the FDA.
The FDA granted Breakthrough Device Designation for the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System for the treatment of heart disease. Rats treated with media from cells showed reduced fibrotic scar at 28 days, increased microvascular densityfailure in central infarct and border zones, and demonstrated enhancedJanuary 2022. This Breakthrough Device Program is designed to expedite FDA approval of certain novel devices or device-led combination products (i.e., products that combine drugs, devices or biological products) that have the potential to provide more effective treatment or diagnosis of life-threatening or irreversibly debilitating diseases or conditions. We believe that the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System was the first cardiac function. Swine studies have shown that there is a dose response relationship, with higher dosescell therapy to receive an FDA Breakthrough designation.
CardiAMP Cells Phase I HeartTrial in Ischemic HFrEF Failure Study: Transendocardial Autologous Marrow Cells in Myocardial Infarction
The CardiAMP Phase I Transendocardial Autologous Marrow Cells in Myocardial Infarction, or TABMMI, trial enrolled 20 patients with ischemic systolic heart failureHFrEF in an open label safety trial of bone marrow cells delivered with the HelixHelix™ biotherapeutic delivery system at a dosage of 100 million cells. Results showed improvement relative to baseline measures in cardiac function as measured by left ventricular ejection fraction and improved exercise tolerance, andtolerance. Results also showed superior survival as compared to historical controls. The Phase I TABMMI study was submitted to the Argentine Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Technología Médica.
In our TABMMI Phase I trial of CardiAMP cells, we enrolled 20 patients with previous evidence of having had a heart attack and who presented with a low ejection fraction of less than or equal to 40% and greater than or equal to 20%. Baseline evaluations included informed consent, history and physical examination, electrocardiogram, 24-hour Holter monitoring, echocardiography, routine blood tests and exercise tolerance testing. Reduced regional heart wall motion was coincident with the diseased coronary vessel in each patient. A total of 20 patients with heart failure (NYHA Class I, II and III) each received three to ten transendocardial infusions of cells using our Helix biotherapeutic delivery system in an open-label dose-escalation two cohort trial. Dosage administration ranged from 30 million to 130 million autologous bone marrow derived mononuclear cells, with an average of 96 million cells.
Bone marrow cells delivered in TABMMI demonstrated an excellent safety profile in this heart failure population, with no treatment related toxicities observed. The 20 patients who received CardiAMP cells, demonstrated improvements from baseline to both six-month and 12-month follow-up across a number of parameters important in heart failure, including statistically and clinically significant improvements in left ventricular, or LV, function (ejection fraction). The difference of average ejection fraction was statistically significant over baseline at all follow-up time points of 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months. Average exercise tolerance time showed an increase at all follow-up time points, but was only statistically significant at 12 months and 24 months.
A total of 12 adverse events were observed in six patients, although none were related to the investigational delivery or cell transplantation procedure. The complete results of the 20 patients at two-year follow-up have been published in the journal Eurointervention in 2011.
CardiAMP Cells Phase II Heart Failure Trial:Trial in Ischemic HFrEF: Transendocardial Autologous Cells in Heart Failure Trial (TAC-HFT)
In our co-sponsoredThe CardiAMP Phase II Transendocardial Autologous Cells in Heart Failure Trial (TAC-HFT) included patients with ischemic systolic heart failureHFrEF who were randomized on a one to oneone-to-one basis into two double-blind, placebo-controlled trials: TACHFT-BMC and TACHFT-MSC. The IND for the TACHFT trial was filed with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research in 2008 by the University of Miami, the co-sponsor of the trial.
In the safety dose escalation roll-in cohort stage of the study, eight patients received treatment with either CardiAMP cells, or autologous bone marrow mesenchymal cells, or MSC, at dosages of 100 million or 200 million cells. In the randomized, placebo-controlled efficacy stage of the study, 29 patients received treatment with either CardiAMP cells or placebo and 30 patients received treatment with either MSCs or placebo. The mode of administration was 10 intramyocardial infusions per patient using our Helix biotherapeutic delivery system into the myocardium adjacent to and into the infarcted tissue. All subjects had ischemic systolic heart failure (NYHA Class I, II or III).
TACHFT-BMC met its primary safety endpoint at both dosages (100 million and 200 million cells) and treated patients had increased functional capacity, improved quality of life, symptoms and key markers of cardiac function predictive of survival, such as end systolic volume, or ESV. The TACHFT-BMC trial included a single dose of CardiAMP cells with a follow up observation period of 12 months. The Phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled study met its primary safety endpoint and demonstrated statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in secondary efficacy endpoints of functional capacity, as measured by the six minutesix-minute walk distance (6MW)(6MWD), and in quality of life, as measured by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire score. Most other endpoints were supportive of therapeutic benefit but were not statistically significant. Phase II results were published in the journalJournal of the American Medical Association in 2014 with selectively pooled controls and were presented at the World Congress of Regenerative Medicine in 2015.2015 relative to their dedicated controls.
CardiAMP Phase III Trial in Ischemic HFrEF: The CardiAMP Cell Therapy Heart Failure Phase III Trial
The FDA has approved the Investigational Device Exemption, or IDE, for the randomized controlled pivotal trial of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells using the CardiAMP Cell Therapy SystemHeart Failure Trial (CardiAMP HF) is a Phase III, multi-center, randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled study of up 125 patients, which includes a 10-patient roll-in cohort, at 18 centers in the United States and Canada. The primary endpoint is an outcomes composite score based on a three-tiered Finkelstein-Schoenfeld hierarchical analysis. The tiers, starting with the most serious events, would be (1) all-cause death, including cardiac death equivalents such as heart transplant or left ventricular assist device placement, ordered by time to event; (2) non-fatal Major Adverse Coronary and Cerebrovascular Events (MACCE), excluding those deemed procedure-related occurring within the first seven days post-procedure (heart failure hospitalization, stroke or myocardial infarction), ordered by time to event, and (3) change from baseline in 6MWD at 12 months. Additional prespecified secondary hierarchical and nonhierarchical endpoints are also being assessed.
The seventh independent Data Safety Monitoring Board meeting in July 2023 utilized an adaptive statistical analysis plan design approved by the FDA which had potential to stop the trial early for efficacy. The trial was determined to be unlikely to meet its primary efficacy endpoint at 12-month follow-up as patients in both groups improved on 6MWD, which had an overweight impact on the primary endpoint. Last patient randomizations were completed in October 2023. Results on all 125 patients enrolled with a minimum of one year follow-up are expected to be available in October 2024.
The July 2023 interim results from this study, with 110 of the 115 randomized patients, were presented at the Technology and Heart Failure Therapeutics meeting on March 4, 2024. Over a mean 20 months of follow-up, patients with advanced chronic heart failure who received a single endomyocardial dose of autologous CardiAMP cell therapy while on maximal medical therapy had a 37% relative risk reduction in all-cause heart death equivalents and a 9% relative risk reduction in non-fatal incidence of heart attacks, strokes and hospitalization due to heart failure. Patients treated with CardiAMP cell therapy saw an almost 5% lower rate of heart death equivalents at up to two years compared to control patients treated with heart failure developedmedication alone (8.3% vs. 13.2%, respectively). CardiAMP cell therapy was also associated with trends toward reduced ventricular tachyarrhythmias, enhanced heart function as measured by left ventricular ejection fraction, and improved NTproBNP.
In a subgroup analysis of patients with elevated NTproBNP at baseline – encompassing 59% of total enrolled randomized patients – patients treated with CardiAMP cell therapy experienced an 86.2% relative risk reduction in heart death equivalents and a 23.9% relative risk reduction in MACCE. These patients saw more than a 17% lower rate of heart death equivalents at up to two years compared to control patients treated with heart failure medication alone (2.9% vs. 21.1%, respectively).
We are completing follow-up in CardiAMP HF and preparing this dataset for final lock in the aftermathfourth quarter of a heart attack (CardiAMP2024, and potential submission to Japan Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Agency (PMDA) to support product approval in Japan.
CardiAMP Confirmatory Phase III Trial in Ischemic HFrEF: The CardiAMP Cell Therapy Heart Failure Trial) forII Trial
The CardiAMP Cell Therapy Heart Failure II Trial was approved by the FDA in the fourth quarter of 2023. The study is a Phase III, multi-center, randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled study of up to 260250 patients with NTproBNP levels >500 pg/ml at up to 40 centers in the United States. The primary endpoint is an outcomes composite score based on a three-tiered Finkelstein-Schoenfeld hierarchical analysis. The tiers, starting with the most serious events, would be (1) all-cause death, including cardiac death equivalents such as heart transplant or left ventricular assist device placement, ordered by time to event; (2) non-fatal Major Adverse Coronary and Cerebrovascular Events (MACCE), excluding those deemed procedure-related occurring within the first seven days post-procedure (heart failure hospitalization, stroke or myocardial infarction), ordered by time to event, and (3) change from baseline in quality of life at a minimum of 12 months and a maximum of 24 months. Additional prespecified secondary hierarchical and nonhierarchical endpoints are also being assessed.
The trial has greater than 90 percent power (statistical probability of success) to meet the primary endpoint based on the CardiAMP HF Trial interim results. The Study has been activated in the first quarter of 2024 with a goal of completing enrollment in two years.
CardiAMP Cell Therapy for Chronic Myocardial Ischemia (BCDA-02)
CardiAMP Cell Therapy system, under a second FDA approved investigational device exemption, is actively being studied in a second related clinical indication of chronic myocardial ischemia with refractory angina. This study is based on the strength of our Phase I and II ischemic heart failure trial data and previous clinical data on CD34+ mononuclear cells in this indication.
The CardiAMP Cell Therapy Chronic Myocardial Ischemia Trial is a Phase III, multi-center, randomized, double-blinded, controlled study of up to 343 patients at up to 40 clinical sites in the United States.
Our FDA acceptedsites. The Phase III pivotal trial is designed to provide the primary support for the safety and efficacy of the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System.System for patients with no option chronic myocardial ischemia with refractory angina (BCDA-02). These patients experience frequent angina (i.e., chest pain) attacks that are uncontrolled by optimal drug therapy, and these patients are not suitable candidates for stent placement or bypass surgery, leaving them few therapeutic options. Our therapeutic approach uses many of the same novel aspects used in the CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial and is expected to leverage our experience and investment in the heart failure trial. The Company intends to introduce an adaptive statistical analysis plan with an initial assessment for efficacy when 100 patients reach their primary endpoint, is a clinical composite of six minute walk distance and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events. Based on the results achieved in the Phase II trial, our Phase III pivotal trial is designed to have more than 95% probability of achieving a positive result with statistical significance. Statistical significance denotes the mathematical likelihood that the results observed are real and not due to chance.
Particularly novelalthough aspects of this statistical analysis plan remain the subject of study considerations with the FDA. The trial include a cell potency assay to screen subjects who are most likely to respond favorably to treatment, a point of care treatment method, use of a high target dose of 200 million cellshas been activated at two clinical sites and an efficient transcatheter delivery method that is associated with high cell retention. Success in the primary endpoint of the trial, may lead to a new treatment for those suffering from heart failure in the aftermath of a heart attack.randomized cohort will soon begin enrolling.
CardiAMP Cell Therapy Trials Have CMS Reimbursement
The Department of Health & Human Services Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, has designated thethat CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial as a qualifying trialHF, CardiAMP HF II and CardiAMP CMI qualify for Medicare national coverage determination that routinecoverage. The covered costs of care will be covered forunder Medicare beneficiaries. Private insurance plans covering 50 million insured Americans follow this CMS reimbursement policy, and are also anticipated to pay for these costs in the CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial. Covered costs today for both the treatment and control arms of the trial include patient screening, the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System and procedure at up to $20,000 for both treatment and control, and clinical follow-up at one and two years after the procedure. Private insurance plans covering 50 million insured Americans follow the CMS reimbursement policy and are similarly anticipated to cover these costs. This coverage significantly reduces our cost of conducting these trials.
The CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial was initiated in Q4 2016, and the first patient treated in Q1 2017. The Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) safety review of the 10 patient roll in cohort treated at three clinical sites was completed successfully in Q3 2017, and the trial is actively enrolling today at 10 clinical sites. Efficacy data from the primary endpoint in the open label roll in cohort are anticipated in second half of 2018. We anticipate that trial enrollment will be completed in the first half of 2019 and expect top line data will be available in the first half of 2020.
Although clinical trial results show support for safety and efficacy in both the Phase I TABMMI and Phase II TACHFT-BMC trials, the CardiAMPAllogeneic Cell Therapy System still remains investigational, and no claims regarding safety or efficacy can be made until the products are approved by the FDA.Platform
We believe the remaining clinical efficacy risk is modest in light of the Phase I and II data available, the successful Phase III DSMB review of the roll in patients, and broader literature which supports CardiAMP Cell Therapy System as a therapeutic candidate for heart failure secondary to having had a heart attack. The CardiAMP Cell Therapy System has the potential to significantly benefit patients who have limited options, and provide a cost-effective therapy to help reduce the substantial heart failure hospitalization and care costs. Unlike other autologous cell therapies, CardiAMP Cell Therapy System, is not expected to have any significant manufacturing or distribution complexities that would prevent it from being a commercial success.
By way of comparison, previous IDE clinical trials that led to FDA approval of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) devices for the treatment of heart failure followed the same IDE regulatory pathway and had similar endpoints to the proposed CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial. CRT is intended for patients that are NYHA III and IV versus the CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial indication of NYHA II and III. Results from 5 out of 6 randomized pivotal CRT trials showed both smaller improvements in functional capacity as measured by the six minute walk test and smaller improvement in quality of life than the CardiAMP Phase II results. Although the benefits with CRT were less than observed in CardiAMP placebo controlled Phase II trial, these results for the permanently implantable CRT devices were sufficient to obtain FDA approval.
CardiAMP Chronic Myocardial Ischemia Phase III Pivotal Trial
In 2017, we submitted for approval of an IDE for the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System in a second related clinical indication of chronic myocardial ischemia based on the strength of our Phase I and II heart failure trial data, and the strength of the clinical data showing support for the efficacy of one component of our cell therapy (the CD34+ cells) in chronic myocardial ischemia. In January 2018, the FDA approved the IDE for the randomized controlled pivotal trial of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells using the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System in patients with refractory chronic myocardial ischemia for up to 343 patients at up to 40 clinical sites in the United States. This therapeutic approach uses the same novel aspects as the CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial. An update to the statistical analysis plan to enable an adaptive trial design is anticipated. Success in the primary endpoint of the trial, which is exercise tolerance, may lead to a new treatment for those suffering from chronic myocardial ischemia and having refractory angina.
BioCardia has applied for CMS designation of the CardiAMP Chronic Myocardial Ischemia Trial as a qualifying trial for Medicare national coverage determination similar to the designation received for the CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial. If approved by CMS for coverage, it is anticipated that this second pivotal trial will build on and benefit from the experience and infrastructure from the CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial. With CMS reimbursement and additional funding to support this program, there is potential for this trial to be activated in 2018.
CardiAMP Cell Therapy System - Other Indications
In the future, we may also explore the continued development of CardiAMP for use immediately after a heart attack and for treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, a form of heart failure wherein the amount of blood pumped from the heart's left ventricle with each beat (ejection fraction) is greater than 50%.
CardiALLO Cell Therapy System
Our second therapeutic candidateplatform is our investigational culture expanded bone marrow derived MSC, for which the CardiALLO Cell Therapy System, or CardiALLO, which will use an allogeneicFDA approved two INDs. This “off the shelf” mesenchymal stem cell product candidatetherapy is being advanced for the treatment of ischemic systolic heart failure that may be an alternativeof HFrEF (BCDA-03) and acute respiratory distress (BCDA-04). This clinical stage allogeneic cell therapy platform has the potential for patients who are not optimal candidatesnumerous other therapeutic applications. BioCardia manufactures these cells for the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System. We anticipate preparation of an Investigational New Drug, or IND, applicationclinical studies at its manufacturing facility in Sunnyvale, which was certified for submission to the FDA for a Phase II trial for CardiALLO Cell Therapy System for the treatment of ischemic systolic heart failure.
The CardiALLO Cell Therapy System will use culture expanded allogeneic bone marrow derived MSCs for the treatment of ischemic systolic heart failure. We believe this therapy presents the advantages of an “off the shelf” therapy that does not require tissue harvesting or cell processing.manufacturing in 2022.
CardiALLO Preclinical Experience
Preclinical workAllogeneic MSC for Ischemic Heart Failure with expanded MSCs in swine has been performed with our collaborators at three universities. Early studies showed cells could be efficiently delivered and tracked in the heart using iron oxide incubation techniques with magnetic resonance imaging. Immunohistochemistry stains also detailed that cells could be identified in the hearts after delivery. Randomized swine studies demonstrated that bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells, could be safely injected by using our Helix biotherapeutic delivery system three days after myocardial infarction. Cellular transplantation resulted in long-term engraftment, reduction in scar formation and near-normalization of cardiac function. As an additional finding, transplanted cells derived from an allogeneic donor were not rejected by the recipient, a major practical advance for the potential widespread application of this therapy. Studies have also been performed evaluating a variety of delivery strategies. Together, these findings demonstrate the safety of directly injecting cellular grafts into damaged myocardium during the peri-infarct period and provided signals of efficacy.
CardiALLO related Phase I /II Studies: POSEIDON, TAC-HFT-MSC, and TRIDENTHFrEF (BCDA-03)
We have co-sponsored three completed clinical trials for MSCs for the treatment of ischemic systolic heart failure.HFrEF. In substantially similar trial designs, the POSEIDON Phase I/II trial compared autologous MSCs to allogeneic MSCs, the TACHFT-MSC Phase II trial compared autologous MSCs to placebo, and the TRIDENT Phase II compared allogenicallogeneic MSCs at different doses. The first two trials shared common arms of autologous MSCs, enabling a bridge to placebo, leading us to conclude that allogeneic MSC therapy has potential to be superior to placebo. The following chart summarizes the results from these three trials:
FDA approval of the IND application for a Phase I/II trial to deliver our allogeneic MSC for the treatment of HFrEF was secured in December 2022. This trial includes a 3+3 roll-in dose escalation cohort followed by a 60-patient randomized double-blind controlled study and utilizes the Finkelstein Schoenfeld three tier primary composite endpoint of mortality, MACCE, and functional capacity as measured by six-minute walk distance. The cohort receiving the lowest dose of 20 million cells has been initiated with no treatment-emergent adverse events, arrhythmias, rejection, or allergic response as presented at the Technology and Heart Failure Therapeutics meeting on March 4, 2024.
Allogeneic MSC for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (BCDA-04)
Allogeneic MSCs may have the potential to increase survival in patients with ARDS. Preclinical and clinical evidence from published studies indicate that intravenously delivered MSCs are localized within the lungs and respond to the pro-inflammatory lung environment by releasing anti-inflammatory factors reducing the proliferation of pro-inflammatory cytokines while modulating regulatory T cells and macrophages to promote resolution of inflammation.
The anti-inflammatory effects of MSC have been well-documented and MSC have been shown to reduce inflammation and injury in models of lung disease. In patients with ARDS, culture expanded MSC have been shown to have benefits across multiple endpoints and are a compelling therapeutic pathway to advance our allogeneic MSC therapy.
In April 2022, the FDA approved IND for the TACHFTa Phase I/II trial was filed with the FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research in 2008 by the University of Miami, our co-sponsor for the trial.use of its allogeneic cell therapy for ARDS caused by COVID-19. The POSEIDON trial and the TRIDENT trials were submitted by amendment under the same IND filed for the TACHFT study, and was co-sponsored by the University of Miami, the National Institutes of Health and us. The results from all three of these studies can be submittedCompany intends to submit a supplement to the FDA in supportto expand this indication as the level of an INDCOVID-19 induced ARDS has decreased. No milestones for the CardiALLO Cell Therapy System.this program have been set for 2024.
POSEIDON Phase I/II, TACHFT-MSC Phase II, and TRIDENT Phase I/II trials, inform and support our clinical efforts for the CardiALLO Cell Therapy System. We are developing an optimized formulation and dosage strategy of CardiALLO cells for a planned clinical trial which we intend to initiate after we complete enrollment in the CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial.
Helix™CardiALLO Development Biotherapeutic Delivery System
CardiALLO is being advanced with an anticipated improved cell production strategy to be detailed in the Chemistry Manufacturing and Controls (CMC) of the IND in development. We believe the new CMC will reduce the likelihood of immune response to transplanted allogenic cells further, may enhance efficacy, and will enable commercial scale up and global distribution. CardiALLO will require more extensive clinical development than the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System, beginning with a Phase II trial that follows previous work, to confirm the results with the modified cell culture and dosage strategy.
We are performing our own CMC development work in BioCardia laboratories to accelerate the effort and secure additional intellectual property, and in parallel are developing an agreement with an established institution to culture and supply the MSC cells for CardiALLO clinical development. We expect to demonstrate support for the safety and efficacy of MSCs in our target patient population in a Phase II randomized controlled study. We expect the CardiALLO Phase II Heart Failure Trial will enroll patients with control, low dose and high dose groups using the Helix biotherapeutic delivery system and a similar inclusion criteria as the CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial. We intend to begin enrolling the CardiALLO Heart Failure trial after the CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial completes enrollment. In the United States, CardiALLO Cell Therapy System is expected to be regulated by the FDA as a biologic combination product with our Helix biotherapeutic delivery system.
The completed clinical studies show support for the safety and efficacy of both the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System and CardiALLO Cell Therapy System development programs; however, both product candidates remain investigational, and no claims regarding safety or efficacy can be made until the constituent products are approved by the FDA. As we engage in clinical trials of our therapeutic candidates, we have compensated and intend to compensate all parties performing the trials or studies (including all the parties identified in this Annual Report on Form 10-K) only on terms that are standard and customary in clinical study arrangements.
These two therapeutic candidates provide compelling and synergistic approaches to replicating the natural response of bone marrow cells to cardiac injury. CardiAMP harnesses the potential of autologous minimally processed bone marrow cells, using an anticipated companion diagnostic to identify patients most likely to benefit from the therapy. CardiALLO utilizes mesenchymal stem cells from a donor that meets specified criteria and may be appropriate for patients who are not optimal candidates for the CardiAMP therapy.
Cell Processing and Cell Delivery Product Platforms
BioCardia has developed and secured exclusive rights to enabling cell processing and cell delivery products, which are used as part of our CardiAMP and CardiALLO therapies, and which we believe validate our approach and development expertise: (i) the CardiAMP cell processing platform, (ii) the Helix transendocardial biotherapeutic delivery system is a therapeutic-enabling platform for minimally invasive targeted delivery of biologic agents to the heart. Helix empowers a seamless transition from bench to commercialization for partners.
Morph Deflectable Guide and (iii) ourSheaths Products
BioCardia’s Morph vascular access products.catheter is designed to enable physicians to navigate through tortuous anatomy and customize the shape of the catheter to the patient's anatomy and their clinical needs during the procedure. Morph catheters enable all Helix procedures and have been commercially used to treat more than 10,000 patients. A number of Morph guides and sheaths are cleared for commercial sale in the United States.
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Business Strategy
We are committed to applying our expertise in the fields of autologous and allogeneic cell-based therapies to improve the lives of patients with cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions. We are pursuing the following business strategies:
| Complete the ongoing 125 patient CardiAMP HF and the 250 patient CardiAMP HF II IDE trials of our autologous CardiAMP Cell Therapy for patients with ischemic heart failure with HFrEF. |
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• | Obtain FDA and PMDA approval and commercialize CardiAMP Cell Therapy System using a |
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| Continue to develop and selectively partner our Helix™ biotherapeutic delivery system for use with other biotherapeutics. |
• | Continue to develop and commercialize Morph catheter |
Manufacturing
The CardiAMP cell processing platform is manufactured for us by our partner Zimmer Biomet. We currently produce CardiALLO cells for preclinical development in our San Carlos, California tissue culture facility. We currently manufacture our Helix biotherapeutic delivery system and Morph vascular access products in our San Carlos, California device manufacturing facility using components we source from third party suppliers.
Sales and Marketing
Our sales and marketing strategy is to market the CardiAMP and CardiALLO cell therapy systems, if approved by the FDA, for heart failure and chronic myocardial ischemia indications using a dedicated direct sales model focused on selected cardiologists. These physicians are typically affiliated with leading hospitals and medical centers and we believe that they tend to have well-established referral networks of interventional cardiologists and cardiac catheterization laboratories. We believe they represent a concentrated customer base suitable to a specialist care sales model. We believe that the CardiAMP and CardiALLO cell therapy systems will be adopted first by leading cardiologists at high-volume U.S. hospitals and medical centers, and progressively by a broader segment of the market. Cardiologists and interventional cardiologists, have a history of early adoption of innovative products and technologies, in part because the rate of innovation in this sector has been sustained, and in part because of the large unmet medical needs of heart failure patients.
Competition
The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries in which we operate are subject to rapid change and are characterized by intense competition to develop new technologies and proprietary products. We face potential competition from many different sources, including larger and better-funded companies. While we believe that the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System’s unique benefits provide us with competitive advantages, particularly given that CardiAMP is designed to be administered in a safe and short procedure, we have identified several companies which are active in the advancement of cell-based and gene-based therapeutic products in the heart failure and chronic myocardial ischemia indications. Not only must we compete with other companies that are focused on cell-based therapy treatments, any products that we may commercialize will have to compete with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future.
Some of the companies that have historically been developing cell-based and gene-based therapies for cardiac indications include Abbott Laboratories, Athersys, Astra Zeneca, Baxter/Baxalta, Caladrius Biosciences, Celixr, Cesca Therapeutics, CapriCor Therapeutics, Celyad, CellProthera, Cytori Therapeutics, Juventas Therapeutics, Mesoblast, Osiris Therapeutics, Tenaya Therapeutics, Vericel Corp, Vestion, and Uniqure, some of which are in the clinical stages of development with their product candidates. There are also academic programs at University of Wisconsin, Stanford University and University of Washington that are also developing cell-based and gene-based therapies for cardiac indications.
However, these competitors may require delivery platforms for their own therapeutic programs. Because the clinical need is so large and our biotherapeutic delivery products have potential to enable multiple biotherapeutics, we view these companies also as potential collaborators and partners. To date, we have entered into agreements to provide our biotherapeutic delivery system to thirteen of these entities for various pre-clinical and clinical studies. One is active in the clinic today. None of these relationships are believed to be material to our business at this time.
Intellectual Property
We strive to protect and enhance the proprietary technologies that we believe are important to our business and seek to obtain and maintain patents for any patentable aspects of our therapeutic candidates or products, including our anticipated companion diagnostic, their methods of use and any other inventions that are important to the development of our business. Our success will depend significantly on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other proprietary protection for commercially important technology, inventions and know-how related to our business, defend and enforce our patents, maintain our licenses to use intellectual property owned by third parties, preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets and operate without infringing the valid and enforceable patents and other proprietary rights of third parties. We also rely on know-how, continuing technological innovation and in-licensing opportunities to develop, strengthen, and maintain our proprietary position in the fields targeted by our therapeutic candidates.
We have a large patent portfolio of issued and pending claims covering the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System, the CardiALLO Cell Therapy System, the Helixour autologous and allogeneic cell therapies, our biotherapeutic delivery systemsystems and the Morphour enabling vascular access catheter products. As of December 31, 2017,2023, we hadhave developed or secured rights to over 7560 issued or pending U.S. and international patents or patent pending applications. We have sole ownership of the patents that we consider to be material, other than the patents that we license exclusively from Biomet Biologics, LLC. We have also pursued international protection for some of these U.S. patents where appropriate. Our issued U.S. patents expire between 20182024 and 2032, without taking into consideration patent term extension. Among these are five issued material US patents related to the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System and the CardiALLO Cell Therapy System, which expire between 2027 and 20292040, without taking into consideration patent term extension. We maintain trade secrets covering a significant body of know-how and proprietary information related to our core therapeutic candidates, biotherapeutic delivery systems and technologies. As a result, we believe our intellectual property position provides us with substantial competitive advantages for the commercial development of novel therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases.
U.S. Regulatory Protection for CardiAMP and CardiALLOProtections
In addition to patent and trade secret protection, we may receive a 12-year period of regulatory exclusivity from the FDA upon approval of CardiAMP Cell Therapy System and CardiALLO Cell Therapy Systemour cell therapies pursuant to the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act. The exclusivity period, if granted, will run from the time of FDA approval. This exclusivity period, if granted, will supplement the intellectual property protection discussed above, providing an additional barrier to entry for any competitor seeking approval for a bio-similar versionversions.
In addition, it is possible to extend the patent term of at least one patent covering CardiAMP and CardiALLO Cell Therapy Systemsour therapies following FDA approval. This patent term extension, or PTE, is intended to compensate a patent owner for the loss of patent term during the FDA approval process. If eligible, we may use a PTE to extend the term of one or more of theour patents discussed above beyond the expected expiration date. Because CardiAMP and CardiALLOour cell therapy systems may involve multiple simultaneous approvals under the IDE and IND applications, each pre-market approval, or PMA or biologics license application, or BLA, associated with the systeman approval is anticipated to have the ability to have an extended patent term.
Trademarks
We have registered or applied for registration of our name, logo and the trademarks “BioCardia,” “CardiAMP,” “CardiALLO,”"BioCardia," "CardiAMP," and “Morph”"Morph" in the United States. We have registered or applied for registration of the trademarks “CardiAMP”"CardiAMP" and “CardiALLO”"CardiALLO" for use in connection with a biological product, namely, a cell-based therapy product composed of bone marrow derived cells for medical use. We also have rights to use the “Helix” trademark in the United States. We have registered Morph for use in connection with steerable vascular access technology. We intend to pursue additional registrations in markets outside the United States where we plan to sell our therapies and products.
Patent Term
The term of individual patents and patent applications will depend upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries, the patent term is 20 years from the date of filing of the patent application (or parent application, if applicable). For example, if an international Patent Cooperation Treaty, or PCT, application is filed, any patent issuing from the PCT application in a specific country expires 20 years from the filing date of the PCT application. In the United States, however, if a patent was in force on June 8, 1995, or issued on an application that was filed before June 8, 1995, that patent will have a term that is the greater of 20 years from the filing date, or 17 years from the date of issue.
Under the Hatch-Waxman Act, the term of a patent that covers an FDA-approved drug, biological product may also be eligible for PTE. PTE permits restoration of a portion of the patent term of a U.S. patent as compensation for the patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process if approval of the application for the product is the first permitted commercial marketing of a drug or biological product containing the active ingredient. The patent term restoration period is generally one-half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date of a BLA plus the time between the submission date of a BLA and the approval of that application. The Hatch-Waxman Act permits a PTE for only one patent applicable to an approved drug, and the maximum period of restoration is five years beyond the expiration of the patent. A PTE cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, and a patent can only be extended once, and thus, even if a single patent is applicable to multiple products, it can only be extended based on one product. Similar provisions may be available in Europe and certain other foreign jurisdictions to extend the term of a patent that covers an approved drug. When possible, depending upon the length of clinical trials and other factors involved in the filing of a BLA, we expect to apply for PTEs for patents covering our therapeutic candidates and products and their methods of use. For additional information on PTE, see “Government"Government Regulation.”"
Proprietary Rights and Processes
We may rely, in some circumstances, on proprietary technology and processes (including trade secrets) to protect our technology. However, these can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with those who have access to our confidential information, including our employees, consultants, scientific advisors and contractors. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our proprietary technology and processes by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. While we have confidence in these individuals, organizations and systems, agreements or security measures may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our proprietary technology and processes may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our employees, consultants, scientific advisors, contractors, or any future collaborators use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. For this and more comprehensive risks related to our proprietary technology and processes, please see “Risk Factors—Risks"Risk Factors-Risks Related to our Intellectual Property.”"
Manufacturing
The CardiAMP autologous cell processing platform is manufactured for us by our partner Biomet Biologics, LLC. We currently produce our allogeneic MSC cells for clinical development in our Sunnyvale, California cell manufacturing facility. We also currently manufacture our Helix™ biotherapeutic delivery system and Morph vascular access products in our Sunnyvale, California device manufacturing facility using components we source from third-party suppliers.
Sales and Marketing
Our sales and marketing strategy is to market our cell therapies, if approved by the FDA, for ischemic heart failure and chronic myocardial ischemia indications using a dedicated direct sales model focused on selected cardiologists. These physicians are typically affiliated with leading hospitals and medical centers and we believe that they tend to have well-established referral networks of interventional cardiologists and cardiac catheterization laboratories. We believe they represent a concentrated customer base suitable to a specialist care sales model. We believe that the cell therapy systems will be adopted first by leading cardiologists at high-volume U.S. hospitals and medical centers, and progressively by a broader segment of the market. Cardiologists and interventional cardiologists have a history of early adoption of innovative products and technologies, in part because the rate of innovation in this sector has been sustained, and in part because of the large unmet medical needs of heart failure patients.
Competition
The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries in which we operate are subject to rapid change and are characterized by intense competition to develop new technologies and proprietary products. We face potential competition from many different sources, including larger and better-funded companies. While we believe that our programs unique benefits provide us with competitive advantages, we have identified several companies that are active in the advancement of cell-based and gene-based therapeutic products in the heart failure, chronic myocardial ischemia and acute respiratory distress syndrome indications. Not only must we compete with other companies that are focused on cell-based therapy treatments, but any products that we may commercialize will have to compete with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future.
However, potential competitors in the cardiovascular indications may require delivery platforms for their own therapeutic programs. Because the clinical need is so large and our biotherapeutic delivery products have potential to enable multiple biotherapeutics for multiple cardiac indications, we view these companies also as potential collaborators and partners. None of these relationships are believed to be material to our business at this time.
License Agreement with Biomet Biologics, LLC
In October 2012, we entered intoWe are a party to a license and distribution agreement with Biomet Biologics, LLC under which we obtained an exclusive, nontransferable, worldwide distribution right, patent license and trademark license to a point of care cell processing platform. Under the terms of the agreement, which was extended in September 2022, we are obligated to pay a royalty based on the price of the disposables in the CardiAMP cell processing platform for the duration of the agreement. We expect the royalty payments to Biomet Biologics, LLC for the licensed product to amount to a low or mid-single digit percentage of the expected price that we will charge for the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System. The agreement has a term of 1020 years or the time the last patent pursuant to the agreement expires, whichever is later. The agreement may be terminated by Biomet Biologics, LLC for a failure by us to meet any milestone requirements, including minimum purchase requirements, as well as by either party upon 30 days prior written notice in the event of a breach of any material term by the other party. We have the right to terminate the agreement upon 90 days prior written notice in the event the safety, efficacy or comparative effectiveness of the product is insufficient to meet our commercial needs.
Technology Access Program for Biotherapeutic Delivery Systems Partnering
Our preclinical work with partners and collaborators generally takes place under arrangements where we secure access to data, reports, and a non-exclusive license to delivery technology improvement inventions.
Clinical Research Agreements for Biotherapeutic Delivery Systems
Our clinical work with partners generally takes place under arrangements where we secure access toreceive payments for services and products and participate in milestones, and revenue sharing from commercialization, including when the biotherapeutic product candidate is not ultimately commercialized with BioCardia’s biotherapeutic delivery systems. We also obtain data, reports, and a non-exclusive licenserights to technology improvementbiotherapeutic delivery inventions. Financial terms of each agreement are anticipated to cover our costs and provide milestone payments. We hope to generate sales if any of our partners are successful with commercializing their products with our delivery platform.
Government Regulation
Biological products, including cell-based therapy products, and medical devices are subject to regulation under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FD&C Act, and the Public Health Service Act, or PHS Act, and other federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations. Both the FD&C Act and the PHS Act and their corresponding regulations govern, among other things, the testing, manufacturing, safety, identity, potency and purity, potency, efficacy, labeling, packaging, storage, record keeping, distribution, reporting, advertising and other promotional practices involving biological products. FDA acceptance must be obtained before clinical testing of an investigational biological and medical device begins, and each clinical trial protocol for a cell-based therapy product is submitted to and reviewed by the FDA. FDA approval must be obtained before marketing of a biological and/product. Unless an exception applies, FDA approval or clearance is required for medical devices. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with applicable federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources, and we may not be able to obtain the required regulatory approvals on a timely basis, or at all. To date, the FDA has never approved for commercial sale a cell-based therapy product intended to treat the heart.
Within the FDA, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, or CBER, regulates cell-based therapy products. For products that use medical devices, including diagnostics, to deliver cell therapies, CBER works closely with the FDA’sFDA’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health, or CDRH.
U.S. Biological Product Development and Regulatory Approval Process
Our CardiALLOallogeneic therapeutic candidatecandidates will be regulated in the United States as a biological product.products. The process required by the FDA before a biological product may be tested and marketed in the United States generally involves the following:
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| submission to the FDA of an IND application, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin and must be updated annually or when significant changes are made; |
• | approval by an independent Institutional Review Board, or IRB, or ethics committee at each clinical site before the trial begins; |
• | performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials according to the |
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| satisfactory completion of an FDA Advisory Committee review, if applicable; |
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| a determination by the FDA within 60 days of its receipt of a BLA to file the application for review; |
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| satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities where the biological product is produced to assess compliance with GMP, to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the biological |
| potential FDA audit of the nonclinical study and clinical trial sites that generated the data in support of the |
| FDA review and approval, or licensure, of the BLA for particular indications for use in the United States, which must be updated annually when significant changes are made. |
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The testing and approval process requiresrequire substantial time, effort and financial resources, and we cannot be certain that any approvals for our therapeutic candidates or product candidates will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. Before testing any biological product candidate, including a cell-based therapy product, in humans, the product candidate enters the preclinical testing stage. Preclinical tests, also referred to as nonclinical studies, include laboratory evaluations of product chemistry, toxicity and formulation, as well as animal studies to assess the potential safety and activity of the product candidate. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements including GLPs.
The clinical trial sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and a proposed clinical protocol, to the FDA as part of the IND. Some preclinical testing may continue even after the IND is submitted. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA places the trial on a clinical hold within that 30-day time period. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. The FDA may also impose clinical holds on a biological product candidate at any time before or during clinical trials due to safety concerns or non-compliance. If the FDA imposes a clinical hold, trials may not recommence without FDA authorization and then only under terms authorized by the FDA. Accordingly, we cannot be sure that submission of an IND will result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to begin, or that, once begun, issues will not arise that suspend or terminate such trials.
Clinical trials involve the administration of the biological product candidate to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of qualified investigators, generally physicians not employed by or under the trial sponsor’ssponsor’s control. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety, including stopping rules that assure a clinical trial will be stopped if certain adverse events should occur. Each protocol and any amendments to the protocol must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Clinical trials must be conducted and monitored in accordance with the FDA’s regulations comprising the GCP requirements, including the requirement that all research subjects provide informed consent. Further, each clinical trial must be reviewed and approved by an independent institutional review board, or IRB, at or servicing each institution at which the clinical trial will be conducted. An IRB is charged with protecting the welfare and rights of trial participants and considers such items as whether the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the form and content of the informed consent that must be signed by each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative and must monitor the clinical trial until completed. Clinical trials also must be reviewed by an institutional biosafety committee, or IBC, a local institutional committee that reviews and oversees basic and clinical research conducted at that institution. The IBC assesses the safety of the research and identifies any potential risk to public health or the environment.
For purposes of BLA approval, human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined:
• | Phase I. The biological product is initially introduced into healthy human subjects and tested for safety. In the case of some products for severe or life-threatening diseases, especially when the product may be too inherently toxic to ethically administer to healthy volunteers, the initial human testing is often conducted in patients with the disease or condition. These studies are designed to test the safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism and distribution of the investigational product in humans, the side effects associated with increasing doses and, if possible, to gain early evidence on effectiveness. |
• | Phase II. The biological product is evaluated in a limited patient population with a specified disease or condition to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage tolerance, optimal dosage and dosing schedule. Multiple Phase II clinical trials may be conducted to obtain information prior to beginning larger and more expensive Phase III clinical trials. |
• | Phase III. Clinical trials are undertaken to further evaluate dosage, clinical efficacy, potency, and safety in an expanded patient population at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, to provide statistically significant evidence of clinical efficacy and to further test for safety. These clinical trials are intended to establish the overall risk/benefit ratio of the product and provide an adequate basis for product approval and labeling. |
Post-approval clinical trials, sometimes referred to as Phase IV clinical trials, may be required by the FDA or voluntarily conducted after initial marketing approval to gain more information about the product, including long-term safety follow-up.
During all phases of clinical development, regulatory agencies require extensive monitoring and auditing of all clinical activities, clinical data, and clinical trial investigators. Annual progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted to the FDA. Written IND safety reports must be promptly submitted to the FDA, the NIH and the investigators for serious and unexpected adverse events, any findings from other studies, tests in laboratory animals or in vitro testing that suggest a significant risk for human subjects, or any clinically important increase in the rate of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure. The sponsor must submit an IND safety report within 15 calendar days after the sponsor determines that the information qualifies for reporting. The sponsor also must notify the FDA of any unexpected fatal or life-threatening suspected adverse reaction within seven calendar days after the sponsor’s initial receipt of the information. Phase I, Phase II and Phase III clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all. The FDA or the sponsor or its data safety monitoring board may suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk, including risks inferred from other unrelated trials. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the biological product has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients.
Human cell-based therapy products administered directly into heart tissue are a relatively new category of therapeutics. Because this is a relatively new and expanding area of novel therapeutic interventions, there can be no assurance as to the length of the trial period, the number of patients the FDA will require to be enrolled in the trials in order to establish the safety, efficacy, purity and potency of human cell-based therapy products, or that the data generated in these trials will be acceptable to the FDA to support marketing approval.
Concurrently with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional animal studies and must also develop additional information about the physical characteristics of the biological product as well as finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with GMP requirements. To help reduce the risk of the introduction of adventitious agents with use of biological products, the PHS Act emphasizes the importance of manufacturing control for products whose attributes cannot be precisely defined. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate and, among other things, the sponsor must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality, potency and purity of the final biological product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested, and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the biological product candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life.
U.S. Review and Approval Processes
After the successful completion of clinical trials of a biological product, FDA approval of a BLA must be obtained before commercial marketing of the biological product. The BLA must include results of product development, laboratory and animal studies, human trials, information on the manufacture and composition of the product, proposed labeling and other relevant information. The FDA may grant deferrals for submission of data or full or partial waivers. The testing and approval processes require substantial time and effort and there can be no assurance that the FDA will accept the BLA for filing and, even if filed, that any approval will be granted on a timely basis, if at all.
Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, as amended, each BLA must be accompanied by a significant user fee. The FDA adjusts the PDUFA user fees on an annual basis. PDUFA also imposes an annual product fee for biological products and an annual establishment fee on facilities used to manufacture prescription biological products. Fee waivers or reductions are available in certain circumstances, including a waiver of the application fee for the first application filed by a small business. Additionally, no user fees are assessed on BLAs for products designated as orphan drugs, unless the product also includes a non-orphan indication.
Within 60 days following submission of the application, the FDA reviews a BLA submitted to determine if it is substantially complete before the agency accepts it for filing. The FDA may refuse to file any BLA that it deems incomplete or not properly reviewable at the time of submission and may request additional information. In this event, the BLA must be resubmitted with the additional information. The resubmitted application also is subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review of the BLA. The FDA reviews the BLA to determine, among other things, whether the proposed product is safe, pure and potent, or effective, for its intended use, and has an acceptable purity profile, and whether the product is being manufactured in accordance with GMP to assure and preserve the product’sproduct’s identity, safety, strength, quality, potency and purity. The FDA may refer applications for novel biological products or biological products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions. During the biological product approval process, the FDA also will determine whether a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, is necessary to assure the safe use of the biological product. If the FDA concludes a REMS is needed, the sponsor of the BLA must submit a proposed REMS. The FDA will not approve a BLA without a REMS, if required.
Before approving a BLA, the FDA will inspect the facilities at which the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with GMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, before approving a BLA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure that the clinical trials were conducted in compliance with IND trial requirements and GCP requirements. To assure GMP and GCP compliance, an applicant must incur significant expenditure of time, money and effort in the areas of training, record keeping, production, and quality control.
Notwithstanding the submission of relevant data and information, the FDA may ultimately decide that the BLA does not satisfy its regulatory criteria for approval and deny approval. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than we interpret the same data. If the agency decides not to approve the BLA in its present form, the FDA will issue a complete response letter that describes all of the specific deficiencies in the BLA identified by the FDA. The deficiencies identified may be minor, for example, requiring labeling changes, or major, for example, requiring additional clinical trials. Additionally, the complete response letter may include recommended actions that the applicant might take to place the application in a condition for approval. If a complete response letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the BLA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, or withdraw the application.
If a product receives regulatory approval, the approval may be significantly limited to specific diseases and dosages or the indications for use may otherwise be limited, which could restrict the commercial value of the product. Further, the FDA may require that certain contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling. The FDA may impose restrictions and conditions on product distribution, prescribing, or dispensing in the form of a risk management plan, or otherwise limit the scope of any approval. In addition, the FDA may require post-marketing clinical trials, sometimes referred to as Phase IV clinical trials, designed to further assess a biological product’sproduct’s safety and effectiveness, and testing and surveillance programs to monitor the safety of approved therapies and products that have been commercialized.
The FDA has agreed to certain review goals under PDUFA and aims to complete its review of 90% of standard BLAs within ten months from filing and 90% of priority BLAs within six months from filing. The FDA does not always meet its PDUFA goal dates for standard and priority BLAs and its review goals are subject to change from time to time. The review process and the PDUFA goal date may be extended by three months if the FDA requests, or the BLA sponsor otherwise provides, additional information or clarification regarding information already provided in the submission within the last three months before the PDUFA goal date.
Fast Track Designation, Accelerated Approval, Priority Review and Breakthrough Therapy Programs
The FDA has a Fast TrackFast-Track program that is intended to expedite or facilitate the process for reviewing new drugs and biological products that meet certain criteria. Specifically, new drugs and biological products are eligible for Fast Track designation if they are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the condition. Fast Track designation applies to the combination of the product and the specific indication for which it is being studied. The sponsor of a new drug or biological product may request the FDA to designate the drug or biological product as a Fast TrackFast-Track product at any time during the clinical development of the product. Unique to a Fast TrackFast-Track product, the FDA may consider for review sections of the marketing application on a rolling basis before the complete application is submitted, if the sponsor provides a schedule for the submission of the sections of the application, the FDA agrees to accept sections of the application and determines that the schedule is acceptable, and the sponsor pays any required user fees upon submission of the first section of the application.
Other types of FDA programs intended to expedite development and review, such as priority review, accelerated approval and Breakthrough Therapy designation, also exist. A product is eligible for priority review if it has the potential to provide safe and effective therapy where no satisfactory alternative therapy exists or a significant improvement in the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of a disease compared to marketed products. The FDA will attempt to direct additional resources to the evaluation of an application for a new drug or biological product designated for priority review in an effort to facilitate the review. Additionally, a product may be eligible for accelerated approval. Drug or biological products studied for their safety and effectiveness in treating serious or life-threatening illnesses and that provide meaningful therapeutic benefit over existing treatments may receive accelerated approval, which means that they may be approved on the basis of adequate and well-controlled clinical trials establishing that the product has an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict a clinical benefit, or on the basis of an effect on a clinical endpoint other than survival or irreversible morbidity. As a condition of approval, the FDA may require that a sponsor of a drug or biological product receiving accelerated approval perform adequate and well-controlled post-marketing clinical trials. In addition, the FDA currently requires as a condition for accelerated approval pre-approval of promotional materials, which could adversely impact the timing of the commercial launch of the product.
A product may also be eligible for receipt of a Breakthrough Therapy designation. The Breakthrough Therapy designation is intended to expedite the FDA’sFDA’s review of a potential new drug for serious or life-threatening diseases where “preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development.” The designation of a drug as a Breakthrough Therapy provides the same benefits as are available under the Fast TrackFast-Track program, as well as intensive FDA guidance on the product’s development program. Where appropriate, we intend to utilize regulatory programs that can help expedite our product development and commercialization efforts. However, Fast Track designation, priority review, accelerated approval and Breakthrough Therapy designation do not change the standards for approval, but may expedite the development or approval process.
Post-Approval Requirements
Maintaining substantial compliance with applicable federal, state and local statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Rigorous and extensive FDA regulation of biological products continues after approval, particularly with respect to GMP. We will rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the production of clinical and commercial quantities of any products that we may commercialize. Manufacturers of our products are required to comply with applicable requirements in the GMP regulations, including quality control and quality assurance and maintenance of records and documentation. Other post-approval requirements applicable to biological products include reporting of GMP deviations that may affect the identity, potency, purity and overall safety of a distributed product, record-keeping requirements, reporting of adverse effects, reporting updated safety and efficacy information, and complying with electronic record and signature requirements. After a BLA is approved, the product also may be subject to official lot release. As part of the manufacturing process, the manufacturer is required to perform certain tests on each lot of the product before it is released for distribution. If the product is subject to official release by the FDA, the manufacturer submits samples of each lot of product to the FDA together with a release protocol showing a summary of the history of manufacture of the lot and the results of all of the manufacturer’smanufacturer’s tests performed on the lot. In addition, the FDA conducts laboratory research related to the regulatory standards on the safety, purity potency and effectivenesspotency of biological products.
We also must comply with the FDA’sFDA’s advertising and promotion requirements, such as those related to direct-to-consumer advertising, the prohibition on promoting products for uses or in patientin-patient populations that are not described in the product’s approved labeling (known as “off-label use”), industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities, and promotional activities involving the internet. Discovery of previously unknown problems or the failure to comply with the applicable regulatory requirements may result in restrictions on the marketing of a product or withdrawal of the product from the market as well as possible civil or criminal sanctions. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval may subject an applicant or manufacturer to administrative or judicial civil or criminal sanctions and adverse publicity. FDA sanctions could include refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, clinical hold, warning or untitled letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, mandated corrective advertising or communications with doctors, debarment, restitution, disgorgement of profits, or civil or criminal penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us.
Biological product manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved biological products are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with GMPs and other laws. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain GMP compliance. Discovery of problems with a product after approval may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer or holder of an approved BLA, including withdrawal of the product from the market. In addition, changes to the manufacturing process or facility generally require prior FDA approval before being implemented and other types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications and additional labeling claims, are also subject to further FDA review and approval.
Abbreviated Licensure Pathway of Biological Products as Biosimilar or Interchangeable
The Affordable Care Act includes a subtitle called the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (BPCIA), which created an abbreviated approval pathway for biological products shown to be highly similar to an FDA-licensed reference biological product. The BPCIA attempts to minimize duplicative testing, and thereby lower development costs and increase patient access to affordable treatments. If our allogeneic products are approved by the FDA, we could face competition from products regulated by the FDA as biosimilar products.
Biosimilarity means that the biological product is highly similar to the reference product notwithstanding minor differences in clinically inactive components; and that there are no clinically meaningful differences between the biological product and the reference product in terms of the safety, purity and potency of the product. In addition, the law provides for a designation of “interchangeability” between the reference and biosimilar products, whereby the biosimilar may be substituted for the reference product without the intervention of the health care provider who prescribed the reference product. The higher standard of interchangeability must be demonstrated by information sufficient to show that:
• | the proposed product is biosimilar to the reference product; |
• | the proposed product is expected to produce the same clinical result as the reference product in any given patient; and |
• | for a product that is administered more than once to an individual, the risk to the patient in terms of safety or diminished efficacy of alternating or switching between the biosimilar and the reference product is no greater than the risk of using the reference product without such alternation or switch. |
FDA approval is required before a biosimilar may be marketed in the United States. However, complexities associated with the large and intricate structures of biological products and the process by which such products are manufactured pose significant hurdles to the FDA’s implementation of the law that are still being worked out by the FDA. For example, the FDA has discretion over the kind and amount of scientific evidence—laboratory, preclinical and/or clinical—required to demonstrate biosimilarity to a licensed biological product.
The FDA intends to consider the totality of the evidence provided by a sponsor to support a demonstration of biosimilarity, and recommends that sponsors use a stepwise approach in the development of their biosimilar products. Biosimilar product applications thus may not be required to duplicate the entirety of preclinical and clinical testing used to establish the underlying safety and effectiveness of the reference product. However, the FDA may refuse to approve a biosimilar application if there is insufficient information to show that the active ingredients are the same or to demonstrate that any impurities or differences in active ingredients do not affect the safety, purity or potency of the biosimilar product. In addition, as with BLAs, biosimilar product applications will not be approved unless the product is manufactured in facilities designed to assure and preserve the biological product’s safety, purity and potency.
The submission of a biosimilar application does not guarantee that the FDA will accept the application for filing and review, as the FDA may refuse to accept applications that it finds are insufficiently complete. The FDA will treat a biosimilar application or supplement as incomplete if, among other reasons, any applicable user fees assessed under the Biosimilar User Fee Act of 2012 have not been paid. In addition, the FDA may accept an application for filing but deny approval on the basis that the sponsor has not demonstrated biosimilarity, in which case the sponsor may choose to conduct further analytical, preclinical or clinical studies and submit a BLA for licensure as a new biological product.
The timing of final FDA approval of a biosimilar for commercial distribution depends on a variety of factors, including whether the manufacturer of the branded product is entitled to one or more statutory exclusivity periods, during which time the FDA is prohibited from approving any products that are biosimilar to the branded product. The FDA cannot approve a biosimilar application for twelve years from the date of first licensure of the reference product. Additionally, a biosimilar product sponsor may not submit an application for four years from the date of first licensure of the reference product. A reference product may also be entitled to exclusivity under other statutory provisions. For example, a reference product designated for a rare disease or condition (an “orphan drug”) may be entitled to seven years of exclusivity, in which case no product that is biosimilar to the reference product may be approved until either the end of the twelve-year period provided under the biosimilarity statute or the end of the seven-year orphan drug exclusivity period, whichever occurs later. In certain circumstances, a regulatory exclusivity period can extend beyond the life of a patent, and thus block biosimilarity applications from being approved on or after the patent expiration date. In addition, the FDA may under certain circumstances extend the exclusivity period for the reference product by an additional six months if the FDA requests, and the manufacturer undertakes, studies on the effect of its product in children, a so-called pediatric extension.
The first biological product determined to be interchangeable with a branded product for any condition of use is also entitled to a period of exclusivity, during which time the FDA may not determine that another product is interchangeable with the reference product for any condition of use. This exclusivity period extends until the earlier of: (1) one year after the first commercial marketing of the first interchangeable product; (2) 18 months after resolution of a patent infringement against the applicant that submitted the application for the first interchangeable product, based on a final court decision regarding all of the patents in the litigation or dismissal of the litigation with or without prejudice; (3) 42 months after approval of the first interchangeable product, if a patent infringement suit against the applicant that submitted the application for the first interchangeable product is still ongoing; or (4) 18 months after approval of the first interchangeable product if the applicant that submitted the application for the first interchangeable product has not been sued.
U.S. Premarket Clearance and Approval Requirements for Medical Devices
Unless an exemption applies, each medical device we wish to distribute commercially in the United States will require either prior premarket notification, or 510(k) clearance, or prior approval of a PMA application from the FDA. The FDA classifies medical devices into one of three classes. Devices deemed to pose low to moderate risk are placed in either class I or II, which, absent an exemption, requires the manufacturer to file with the FDA a 510(k) submission requesting permission for commercial distribution. This process is known as 510(k) clearance. Some low-risk devices are exempt from this requirement. Devices deemed by the FDA to pose the greatest risk, such as life-sustaining, life-supporting or certain implantable devices, or devices deemed not substantially equivalent to a previously cleared 510(k) device, are placed in class III, requiring approval of a PMA application.
Regulation of CardiAMP through the PMA Pathway
Combination products are therapeutic and diagnostic products that combine drugs, devices, and/or biological products. Because combination products involve components that would normally be regulated under different types of regulatory authorities, and frequently by different centers of the FDA, they raise regulatory, policy, and review management challenges. Differences in regulatory pathways for each component of the product can impact the regulatory processes for all aspects of product development and management, including preclinical testing, clinical investigation, marketing applications, manufacturing and quality control, adverse event reporting, promotion and advertising, and post-approval modifications.
A combination product is assigned to an FDA Agency Center or alternative organizational component that will have primary jurisdiction for its premarket review and regulation. For cell-based therapy and related products, the FDA established the Office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies within CBER to consolidate the review of such products, and the Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies Advisory Committee to advise CBER on its review. In our case, the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System involves minimal manipulation of cells within the procedure room, enabling it to be the first cardiac cell-based therapy we are aware of that CBER has indicated it will regulate through the PMA pathway.
PMA applications must be supported by valid scientific evidence, which typically requires extensive data, including technical, preclinical, clinical and manufacturing data, to demonstrate to the FDA’sFDA’s satisfaction thereasonable safety and effectiveness of the cell-based therapy. After a PMA application is deemed complete, the FDA will accept the application for filing and begin an in-depth review of the submitted information. During this review period, the FDA may request additional information or clarification of information already provided. Also, during the review period, an advisory panel of experts from outside the FDA may be convened to review and evaluate the application and provide recommendations to the FDA as to the approvability of the device. As part of its review of the PMA, the FDA will conduct a pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities to ensure compliance with the Quality System Regulation, or QSR, which requires manufacturers to follow design, testing, control, documentation and other quality assurance procedures. The FDA recently issued a final rule replacing the QSR with a new regulation referred to as the Quality Management System Regulation, or QMSR, though this final rule is not scheduled to go into effect until February 2026. FDA review of an initial PMA application is required by statute to take between six to ten months, although the process typically takes longer, and may require several years to complete. If the FDA evaluations of both the PMA application and the manufacturing facilities are favorable, the FDA will either issue an approval letter or an approvable letter, which usually contains a number of conditions that must be met in order to secure the final approval of the PMA. If the FDA’s evaluation of the PMA or manufacturing facilities is not favorable, the FDA will deny approval of the PMA or issue a not approvable letter. A not approvable letter will outline the deficiencies in the application and, where practical, will identify what is necessary to make the PMA approvable. The FDA may also determine that additional clinical trials are necessary, in which case the PMA approval may be delayed for several months or years while the trials are conducted and then the data submitted in an amendment to the PMA. Once granted, PMA approval may be withdrawn by the FDA if compliance with post-approval requirements, conditions of approval or other regulatory standards is not maintained, or problems are identified following initial marketing.
The FDA may approve a PMA application with post-approval conditions intended to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the device including, among other things, restrictions on labeling, promotion, sale and distribution, collection of long-term follow-up data from patients in the clinical trial that supported approval, or new post-approval studies. Failure to comply with the conditions of approval can result in materially adverse enforcement action, including the loss or withdrawal of the approval. PMA supplements are required for modifications that could affect device safety or effectiveness, including, for example, certain types of modifications to the device’sdevice’s indication for use, manufacturing process, labeling and design. PMA supplements often require submission of the same type of information as an original PMA application, except that the supplement is limited to information needed to support any changes to the device covered by the original PMA application, and may not require as extensive clinical data or the convening of an advisory panel.
A clinical trial is almost always required to support a PMA application. We expect that the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System will require a singletwo pivotal trialtrials for PMA approval in the heart failure indication and one pivotal trial for the CardiAMP Heart Failure and CardiAMP Chronic Myocardial Ischemia trials.chronic myocardial ischemia indication. However, there is no guarantee that the FDA will grant us regulatory clearance or approval to market the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System on the basis of a single pivotal trial. Two well-controlled pivotal studies could be necessary to provide the FDA assurance of safety or effectiveness. In the United States, absent certain limited exceptions, human clinical trials intended to support product clearance or approval require an IDE application, which the FDA reviews. Some types of trials deemed to present “non-significant risk” are deemed to have an approved IDE once certain requirements are addressed, and IRB approval is obtained. If the device presents a “significant risk” to human health, as defined by FDA regulations, the sponsor must submit an IDE application to the FDA and obtain IDE approval prior to commencing the human clinical trials. The IDE application must be supported by appropriate data, such as animal and laboratory trial results, showing that it is safe to evaluate the device in humans and that the trial protocol is scientifically sound. The IDE application must be approved in advance by the FDA for a specified number of subjects, unless the product is deemed a non-significant risk device and eligible for more abbreviated IDE requirements. Clinical trials for a significant risk device may begin once the IDE application is approved by the FDA and the responsible institutional review boards at the clinical trial sites. There can be no assurance that submission of an IDE will result in the ability to commence clinical trials. Additionally, after a trial begins, the FDA may place it on hold or terminate it if, among other reasons, it concludes that the clinical subjects are exposed to unacceptable health risks that outweigh the benefits of participation in the trial. During a trial, we are required to comply with the FDA’s IDE requirements for investigator selection, trial monitoring, reporting, record keeping and prohibitions on the promotion or commercialization of investigational devices or making safety or efficacy claims for them, among other things. We are also responsible for the appropriate labeling and distribution of investigational devices. Our clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with FDA regulations and federal and state regulations concerning human subject protection, including informed consent and healthcare privacy.privacy, and the clinical trials must be conducted pursuant to GCPs. The investigators must also obtain patient informedpatient-informed consent, rigorously follow the investigational plan and trial protocol, control the disposition of investigational devices and comply with all reporting and record keeping requirements, among other things. The FDA’s grant of permission to proceed with clinical trials does not constitute a binding commitment that the FDA will consider the trial design adequate to support marketing clearance or approval. In addition, there can be no assurance that the data generated during a clinical trial will meet the chosen study endpoints or otherwise produce results that will lead the FDA to grant marketing clearance or approval. Similarly, in Europe, the clinical trial must be approved by the local ethics committee and in some cases, including trials of high-risk devices, by the Ministry of Health in the applicable country.
The FDA may grant Breakthrough Device designation for certain medical devices and device-led combination products that provide for more effective treatment or diagnosis of life-threatening or irreversibly debilitating diseases or conditions. In January 2021, the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System received this designation for its ischemic heart failure indication being pursued in the current clinical trial. The goal of the Breakthrough Devices Program is to provide patients and health care providers with timely access to these medical devices by speeding up their development, assessment, and review, while preserving the statutory standards for premarket approval, 510(k) clearance, and De Novo marketing authorization, consistent with the Agency's mission to protect and promote public health. The Breakthrough Devices Program replaces the Expedited Access Pathway and Priority Review for medical devices. The FDA considers devices granted designation under the Expedited Access Pathway to be part of the Breakthrough Devices Program. The Breakthrough Devices Program offers manufacturers an opportunity to interact with the FDA's experts through several different program options to efficiently address topics as they arise during the premarket review phase, which can help manufacturers receive feedback from the FDA and identify areas of agreement in a timely way. Manufacturers can also expect prioritized review of their submission. After a device is placed on the market, it remains subject to significant regulatory requirements. Medical devices may be marketed only for the uses and indications for which they are cleared or approved. Device manufacturers must also establish registration and device listings with the FDA. A medical device manufacturer’smanufacturer’s manufacturing processes and those of its suppliers are required to comply with the applicable portions of the QSR, which cover the methods and documentation of the design, testing, production, processes, controls, quality assurance, labeling, packaging and shipping of medical devices. Domestic facility records and manufacturing processes are subject to periodic unscheduled inspections by the FDA. The FDA also may inspect foreign facilities that export products to the United States.
Failure by us or our suppliers to comply with applicable regulatory requirements can result in enforcement action by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, which may result in sanctions and related consequences including, but not limited to:
adverse publicity, untitled letters or warning letters;
fines, injunctions, consent decrees and civil penalties;
• | adverse publicity, untitled letters or warning letters; |
• | fines, injunctions, consent decrees and civil penalties; |
• | recall, detention or seizure of our products; |
• | operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of production; |
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• | withdrawing 510(k) clearance or premarket approvals that are already granted; |
withdrawing 510(k) clearance or premarket approvals that are already granted;
• | refusal to grant export approval for our products; |
refusal to grant export approval for our products;
• | criminal prosecution; and |
criminal prosecution; and
unanticipated expenditures to address or defend such actions.
• | unanticipated expenditures to address or defend such actions. |
Because elements of the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System are already approved or cleared and manufactured for commercial use, we believe regulatory approval risks are primarily those of clinical safety and efficacy in each of the two indications being assessed under separate IDEs.
Regulation of Companion Diagnostics
Companion diagnostics are subject to regulation by the FDA, the EMA and other foreign regulatory authorities as medical devices and require separate regulatory clearance or approval prior to commercial use. WeWhile we anticipate that the CardiAMP potency assaydiagnostic cell population analysis for each indication will require approval under a PMA submitted to the CDRH prior to commercialization.commercialization, we are also exploring potential options to develop the CardiAMP cell population analysis as a laboratory- developed test (LDT). We and our third-party collaborators who may develop our companion diagnostics will work cooperatively to generate the data required for submission with the PMA application,to commercialize our CardiAMP cell population analysis and will remain in close contact with the CDRH to ensure that any changes in the regulatory requirements are incorporated into the development plans. We further anticipate that regulatory approval of the CardiAMP potency assaycell population analysis for each indication will be a prerequisite to our ability to market the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System. Representatives of CDRH have participated in our meetings with CBER regarding CardiAMP Cell Therapy System to discuss the potential use of the CardiAMP potency assay,cell population analysis, and we anticipate that future meetings will include representatives from both CBER and CDRH to ensure that the PMA submissions (for CardiAMP Cell Therapy System and the CardiAMP potency assay)population analysis) are coordinated and subject to parallel review by these respective FDA centers. Accordingly, our objective is to align the development programs such that the CardiAMP potency assaycell population analysis will be developed and approved contemporaneously with CardiAMP.
In the United States, companion diagnostic tests used in conjunction with drug or biological products are classified as medical devices under the FD&C Act. We anticipate that our CardiAMP potency assay we are developing in conjunction with our CardiAMP therapeutic candidate will be subject to the PMA approval process.
On July 31, 2014, the FDA issued "Guidance"Guidance for Industry: In Vitro Companion Diagnostic Devices," to help companies identify the need for companion diagnostics at an earlier stage in the drug development process and to plan for co-development of the drug and companion diagnostic test. The ultimate goal of the guidance is to stimulate early collaborations that will result in faster access to promising new treatments for patients living with serious and life-threatening diseases. According to the draft guidance, for novel products such as CardiAMP, the PMA for a companion diagnostic device should be developed and approved contemporaneously with the biological product. We believe our programs for the development of the CardiAMP potency assaycell population analysis are consistent with the draft guidance as proposed.
To the extent we elect to develop our diagnostic assay as an LDT, FDA may nonetheless regulate the LDT as a medical device. The FDA has historically exercised enforcement discretion in not enforcing the medical device regulations against LDTs and LDT manufacturers. However, on October 3, 2014, the FDA issued two draft guidance documents that set forth the FDA’s proposed risk-based framework for regulating LDTs, which are designed, manufactured, and used within a single laboratory. In January 2017, the FDA announced that it would not issue final guidance on the oversight of LDTs and LDT manufacturers but would seek further public discussion on an appropriate oversight approach and give Congress an opportunity to develop a legislative solution. In 2019, the FDA issued warning letters to genomics labs for illegally marketing genetic tests that claim to predict patients’ responses to specific medications, noting that the FDA has not created a legal “carve- out” for LDTs and retains discretion to take action when appropriate, such as when certain genomic tests raise significant public health concerns. As laboratories and manufacturers develop more complex genetic tests and diagnostic software, the FDA may increase its regulation of LDTs. If we elect to develop an LDT for our CardiAMP cell population analysis, any future legislative or administrative rule making or oversight of LDTs and LDT manufacturers if and when finalized, may significantly impact the sales of our products and how customers use our products, and may require us to change our business model in order to maintain compliance with these laws.
In August 2020, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) announced rescission of guidance and other informal issuances of the FDA regarding premarket review of LDTs absent notice-and-comment rulemaking, stating that, absent notice-and-comment rulemaking, those seeking approval or clearance of, or an emergency use authorization, for an LDT may nonetheless voluntarily submit a premarket approval application, premarket notification or an EUA request, respectively, but are not required to do so. In November 2021, HHS withdrew the August 2020 policy announcement, stating that HHS does not have a policy on LDTs that is separate from FDA’s longstanding approach.
On July 15, 2016,Further, in June 2021, legislative and administrative proposals to amend the FDA's oversight of LDTs have been introduced in recent years, including the Verifying Accurate Leading-edge IVCT Development Act of 2021 (VALID Act). In September 2022, Congress passed the FDA releaseduser fee reauthorization legislation without substantive FDA policy riders, including the draft guidance, "PrinciplesVALID Act, but Congress may revisit the policy riders and enact other FDA programmatic reforms in the future. It is unclear how future legislation by federal and state governments and FDA regulation will impact the industry, including our business and that of our customers. In October 2023, the FDA published a proposed rule that proposes to phase out its enforcement discretion for Codevelopmentmost LDTs and to amend the FDA’s regulations to make explicit that in vitro diagnostics are medical devices under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, including when the manufacturer of the diagnostic product is a laboratory. If our products become subject to FDA regulation as medical devices, we would need to invest significant time and resources to ensure ongoing compliance with FDA quality system regulations and other post-market regulatory requirements. In January 2024, FDA announced its plans to reclassify certain high-risk of in vitro diagnostics, including companion diagnostics, as Class II devices. It is unclear how future legislation by federal and state governments and FDA regulation will impact the industry, including our business and that of our customers.
To the extent the FDA determines that any LDT product we may develop in the future is subject to additional regulation as a medical device or disagrees with our LDT determination and asserts that such product is considered an in vitro diagnostic device, our ability to market and sell such LDT would be impeded and our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected. In Vitro Companion Diagnostic Device with a Therapeutic Product." This guidance document is intendedaddition, the FDA could consider our product to be a practical guidemisbranded or adulterated under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and subject to assist therapeutic product sponsorsrecall and/or other enforcement action. Such enforcement action may also delay or negatively impact FDA approval of our regulatory submissions. If the FDA disagrees without our LDT determination, we would not be able to commercialize our assay until we obtain PMA approval and IVD sponsors in developing a therapeutic product and an accompanying IVD companion diagnosticcomply with the applicable quality system requirements.
Coverage and Reimbursement
Sales of our products will depend, in part, on the extent to which our products will be covered by third-party payors, such as government healthcare programs, commercial insurance and managed healthcare organizations. These third-party payors are increasingly reducing reimbursements for medical products and services. In addition, the U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments have continued implementing cost containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit our net revenue and results. Decreases in third-party reimbursement for our therapeutic candidates or a decision by a third-party payor to not cover our therapeutic candidates could reduce physician usage of our products once approved and have a material adverse effect on our sales, results of operations and financial condition.
Affordable Care Act
In March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively, the Affordable Care Act, was enacted, which includes measures that have or will significantly change the way health care is financed by both governmental and private insurers. Among the provisions of the Affordable Care Act of greatest importance to the pharmaceutical industry are the following:
• | The Medicaid Drug Rebate Program requires pharmaceutical manufacturers to enter into and have in effect a national rebate agreement with the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services as a condition for states to receive federal matching funds for the |
In order for a pharmaceutical product to receive federal reimbursement under the Medicare Part B and Medicaid programs or to be sold directly to U.S. government agencies, the manufacturer must extend discounts to entities eligible to participate in the 340B drug pricing program. The required 340B discount on a given product is calculated based on the AMP and Medicaid rebate amounts reported by the manufacturer. Effective in 2010, the Affordable Care Act expanded the types
• | In order for a pharmaceutical product to receive federal reimbursement under the Medicare Part B and Medicaid programs or to be sold directly to U.S. government agencies, the manufacturer must extend discounts to entities eligible to participate in the 340B drug pricing program. The required 340B discount on a given product is calculated based on the AMP and Medicaid rebate amounts reported by the manufacturer. Effective in 2010, the Affordable Care Act expanded the types of entities eligible to receive discounted 340B pricing, although, under the current state of the law, with the exception of children’s hospitals, these newly eligible entities will not be eligible to receive discounted 340B pricing on orphan drugs when used for the orphan indication. In July 2013, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) issued a final rule allowing the newly eligible entities to access discounted orphan drugs if used for non-orphan indications. While the final rule was vacated by a federal court ruling, HRSA has stated it will continue to allow discounts for orphan drugs when used for any indication other than for orphan indications. In addition, as 340B drug pricing is determined based on AMP and Medicaid rebate data, the revisions to the Medicaid rebate formula and AMP definition described above could cause the required 340B discount to increase. |
• | Effective in 2011, the Affordable Care Act imposed a requirement on manufacturers of branded drugs and biologic agents to provide a 50% discount off the negotiated price of branded drugs dispensed to Medicare Part D patients in the coverage gap |
• | Effective in 2011, the Affordable Care Act imposed an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports certain branded prescription drugs and biologic agents, apportioned among these entities according to their market share in certain government healthcare programs, although this fee would not apply to sales of certain products approved exclusively for orphan indications. |
Effective in 2011, the Affordable Care Act imposed an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports certain branded prescription drugs and biologic agents, apportioned among these entities according to their market share in certain government healthcare programs, although this fee would not apply to sales of certain products approved exclusively for orphan indications.
The Affordable Care Act required pharmaceutical manufacturers to track certain financial arrangements with physicians and teaching hospitals, including any “transfer of value” made or distributed to such entities, as well as any ownership or investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Manufacturers were required to begin tracking this information in 2013 and to report this information to CMS by March 2014.
• | The Affordable Care Act required pharmaceutical manufacturers to track certain financial arrangements with physicians and teaching hospitals, including any “transfer of value” made or distributed to such entities, as well as any ownership or investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Manufacturers were required to begin tracking this information in 2013 and to report this information to CMS by March 2014. |
AsSince the enactment of 2010, a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute was established pursuant to the Affordable Care Act to oversee, identify priorities in, and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research. The research conducted by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute may affect the market for certain pharmaceutical products.
ThereACA, there have been judicial and Congressional challenges and amendments to certain aspects of the Affordable Care Act,ACA. In June 2021, the United States Supreme Court held that Texas and other challengers had no legal standing to challenge the ACA, dismissing the case without specifically ruling on the constitutionality of the ACA. Accordingly, the ACA remains in effect in its current form. It is unclear how future litigation or healthcare measures promulgated by the Biden administration will impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Complying with recent legislative activity we expect thereany new legislation or changes in healthcare regulation could be additional challenges, amendmentstime-intensive and attempts to repealexpensive, resulting in a material adverse effect on our business.
There has been heightened governmental scrutiny recently over the Affordable Care Act. New statemanner in which drug manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which has resulted in several Congressional inquiries and federal healthcare reform measures could limit the amounts thatproposed and enacted federal and state governments willlegislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. Under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, the statutory cap on Medicaid Drug Rebate Program rebates that manufacturers pay to state Medicaid programs was eliminated. Elimination of this cap may require pharmaceutical manufacturers to pay more in rebates than it receives on the sale of products, which could have a material impact on our business. Further, in July 2021, the Biden administration released an executive order, “Promoting Competition in the American Economy,” with multiple provisions aimed at increasing competition for prescription drugs. In response to this executive order, HHS released a Comprehensive Plan for Addressing High Drug Prices that outlines principles for drug pricing reform and potential legislative policies that Congress could pursue to advance these principles. In August 2022, Congress passed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which includes prescription drug provisions that have significant implications for the pharmaceutical industry and Medicare beneficiaries, including allowing the federal government to negotiate a maximum fair price for certain high-priced single source Medicare drugs, imposing penalties and excise tax for manufacturers that fail to comply with the drug price negotiation requirements, requiring inflation rebates for all Medicare Part B and Part D drugs, with limited exceptions, if their drug prices increase faster than inflation, and redesigning Medicare Part D to reduce out-of-pocket prescription drug costs for beneficiaries, among other changes. The impact of these regulations and any future healthcare measures and agency rules implemented by the Biden administration on us and the pharmaceutical industry as a whole is currently unknown. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability, or commercialize our product candidates if approved.
At the state level, individual states are increasingly passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures. For example, a number of states are considering or have recently enacted state drug price transparency and reporting laws that could substantially increase our compliance burdens and expose us to greater liability under such state laws once we obtainbegin commercialization after obtaining regulatory approval for them, andany of our products. The FDA recently authorized the state of Florida to import certain prescription drugs from Canada for a period of two years to help reduce drug costs, provided that Florida’s Agency for Health Care Administration meets the requirements set forth by the FDA. Other states may follow Florida. These measures could have other impactsreduce the demand for our products, if approved, or impose additional pricing pressures on consequences which cannot be reasonably predicted at this time.how much we can charge for our products if approved.
Other Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirements
If we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we may be subject to various federal and state laws targeting fraud and abuse in the healthcare industry. These laws may impact, among other things, our proposed sale, marketing and education programs. In addition, we may be subject to patient privacy regulations by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. The laws may affect our ability to operate include:
the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce, or in return for, the purchase or recommendation of an item or service reimbursable under a federal healthcare program, such as Medicare and Medicaid programs;
federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid, or other third-party payors that are false or fraudulent;
the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program and making false statements relating to healthcare matters;
• | the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce, or in return for, the purchase or recommendation of an item or service reimbursable under a federal healthcare program, such as Medicare and Medicaid programs; |
• | federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid, or other third-party payors that are false or fraudulent; |
• | the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program and making false statements relating to healthcare matters; |
• | the federal transparency laws, including the federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act, that requires drug manufacturers to disclose information related to payments and other transfers of value provided to covered recipients, including physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), certain non-physician healthcare professionals (such as physician assistants and nurse practitioners, among others) and teaching hospitals, |
• | HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, and its implementing regulations, which imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information; and | |
• | State law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers; state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical |
Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our future business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. In addition, the Affordable Care Act broadened the reach of the fraud and abuse laws by, among other things, amending the intent requirement of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and certain criminal healthcare fraud statutes. Pursuant to the statutory amendment, a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, the Affordable Care Act provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the false claims laws or the civil monetary penalties statute.
We are also subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, which prohibits improper payments or offers of payments to foreign governments and their officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business.
Safeguards we implement to discourage improper payments or offers of payments by our employees, consultants, and others may be ineffective, and violations of the FCPA and similar state laws may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, or other liabilities or proceedings against us, any of which would likely harm our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.
If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other government regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid and imprisonment, damages, fines and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operation.operations.
In addition to the foregoing, state and federal laws regarding environmental protection and hazardous substances, including the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Resource Conservancy and Recovery Act and the Toxic Substances Control Act, affect our business. These and other laws govern our use, handling and disposal of various biological, chemical and radioactive substances used in, and wastes generated by, our operations. If our operations result in contamination of the environment or expose individuals to hazardous substances, we could be liable for damages and governmental fines. We believe that we are in material compliance with applicable environmental laws and that continued compliance therewith will not have a material adverse effect on our business. We cannot predict, however, how changes in these laws may affect our future operations.
Government Regulation outside the United States
In addition to regulations in the United States, we will be subject to a variety of regulations in other jurisdictions governing, among other things, clinical trials and any commercial sales and distribution of our products. Because biologically sourcedbiologically-sourced raw materials are subject to unique contamination risks, their use may be restricted in some countries.
Whether or not we obtain FDA approval or clearance for a product, we must obtain the requisite approvals or clearances from regulatory authorities in foreign countries prior to the commencement of clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. Certain countries outside of the United States have a similar process that requires the submission of a clinical trial application much like the PMA or IND prior to the commencement of human clinical trials. In Europe, for example, a Clinical Trial Authorization, or CTA, must be submitted to each country’scountry’s national health authority and an independent ethics committee, much like the FDA and the IRB, respectively. Once the CTA is approved in accordance with a country’s requirements, clinical trial development may proceed.
The requirements and process governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country. In all cases, the clinical trials are conducted in accordance with GCP and the applicable regulatory requirements and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki.
To obtain regulatory approval of an investigational biological product under European regulatory systems, we must submit a marketing authorization application. The application used to file the PMAs for CardiAMP Cell Therapy System and BLA for CardiALLO Cell Therapy Systemallogeneic cells in the United States are similar to that required in Europe, with the exception of, among other things, country-specific document requirements. Europe also provides opportunities for market exclusivity. For example, in Europe, upon receiving marketing authorization, new chemical entities generally receive eight years of data exclusivity and an additional two years of market exclusivity. If granted, data exclusivity prevents regulatory authorities in Europe from referencing the innovator’sinnovator’s data to assess a generic application. During the additional two-year period of market exclusivity, a generic marketing authorization can be submitted, and the innovator’s data may be referenced, but no generic product can be marketed until the expiration of the market exclusivity. However, there is no guarantee that a product will be considered by Europe’s regulatory authorities to be a new chemical entity, and products may not qualify for data exclusivity.
The 10-year market exclusivity may be reduced to six years if, at the end of the fifth year, it is established that the product no longer meets the criteria for orphan designation, for example, if the product is sufficiently profitable not to justify maintenance of market exclusivity. Additionally, marketing authorization may be granted to a similar product for the same indication at any time if:
• | the second applicant can establish that its product, although similar, is safer, more effective or otherwise clinically superior; |
• | the applicant consents to a second orphan medicinal product application; or |
the applicant consents to a second orphan medicinal product application; or
the applicant cannot supply enough orphan medicinal product.
• | the applicant cannot supply enough orphan medicinal product. |
For other countries outside of Europe, such as countries in Eastern Europe, Latin America or Asia, the requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country. In all cases, again, the clinical trials are conducted in accordance with GCP and the applicable regulatory requirements and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki.
In Europe, we expect both CardiAMP and CardiALLO Cell Therapy Systemsour cell therapy systems to be regulated as advanced therapy medicinal products, or ATMPs. To provide for a common framework for the marketing of ATMPs, Regulation (EC) No 1394/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on advanced therapy medicinal products, or ATMP Regulation, was adopted in 2007. The ATMP Regulation was designed to ensure a high level of human health protection as well as the free movement of ATMPs in Europe. The cornerstone of the ATMP Regulation is that a marketing authorization must be obtained prior to the marketing of ATMPs. In turn, the marketing authorization can only be granted if, after a scientific assessment of the quality, efficacy and safety profile, it is demonstrated that the benefits outweigh the risks. The application for a marketing authorization must be submitted to the EMA and the final decision is taken by the European Commission. This procedure ensures that these products are assessed by a specialized body (the Committee for Advanced Therapies, or CAT) and that the marketing authorization is valid in all the European Union Member States.
The ATMP Regulation empowered the EMA to make scientific recommendations as to whether a given product should be considered an ATMP (hereinafter “classifications”). Additionally, it provided for a new instrument, the so-called certification procedure, designed as an incentive for small and medium sizedmedium-sized enterprises, or SMEs, that were involved in the first stages of the development of ATMPs but lacked the resources to conduct clinical trials. Specifically, the certification that the quality and preclinical aspects of the development are in conformity with the relevant regulatory requirements was expected to help SMEs attract capital and to facilitate the transfer of research activities to entities with the capacity to market medicinal products.
The ATMP Regulation builds on the procedures, concepts, and requirements designed for chemical-based medicinal products. However, ATMPs present very different characteristics. Additionally, in contrast to chemical-based medicinal products, research in advanced therapies is, –for the most part-part, conducted by academia, non-for-profit organizations, and SMEs, which only have limited financial resources and often lack exposure to the regulatory system that governs medicines.
If we fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, we may be subject to, among other things, fines, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution.
The advertising and promotion of our products in the EEA is subject to the provisions of the Medical Devices Directive, Directive 2006/114/EC concerning misleading and comparative advertising, and Directive 2005/29/EC on unfair commercial practices, as well as other national legislation in the EEA countries governing the advertising and promotion of medical devices. The European Commission has submitted a Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on medical devices, amending Directive 2001/83/EC, Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 and Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009, to replace, inter alia, Directive 93/42/EEC and to amend regulations regarding medical devices in the European Union, which could result in changes in the regulatory requirements for medical devices in Europe. The EU Medical Device Regulation entered into application in May 2021. In Germany, the advertising and promotion of our products can also be subject to restrictions provided by the German Act Against Unfair Competition (Gesetzgegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb) and the law on the advertising of medicines (Heilmittelwerbegesetz), criminal law, and some codices of conduct with regard to medical products and medical devices, among others. These laws may limit or restrict the advertising and promotion of our products to the general public and may impose limitations on our promotional activities with healthcare professionals.
Sales of medical devices are subject to foreign government regulations, which vary substantially from country to country. In order to market our products outside the United States, we must obtain regulatory approvals or CE Certificates of Conformity and comply with extensive safety and quality regulations. The time required to obtain approval by a foreign country or to obtain a CE Certificate of Conformity may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA clearance or approval, and the requirements may differ. In the EEA, we are required to obtain Certificates of Conformity before drawing up an EC Declaration of Conformity and affixing the CE Mark of conformity to our medical devices. Many other countries accept CE Certificates of Conformity or FDA clearance or approval although others, such as Brazil, Canada and Japan require separate regulatory filings.
Japan
It is expected that the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System will be regulated as a medical device system in Japan. Companies interested in offering medical device products in Japan must comply with Japan's Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Act (PMD Act). To obtain regulatory approval of a medical device under Japanese regulatory systems, we must submit a marketing authorization application. The application used to file the PMAs for CardiAMP Cell Therapy System in the United States are similar to that required in Japan, with the exception of, among other things, country-specific document requirements. As part of the approval process, medical device manufacturers must: Comply with Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare Ordinance No. 169 related to quality management systems, appoint an in-country representative, and register design and manufacturing facilities, among other requirements.
The Company has had three consultations with PMDA on the approval of CardiAMP for HFrEF, with the most recent occurring in November 2023. PMDA has suggested they may consider an application for approval based on data from outside Japan after we have completed the follow-up on the CardiAMP HF trial in October 2024. We anticipate that an additional clinical consultation with PMDA will be required to confirm this understanding.
Employees and Human Capital
As of December 31, 2017,2023, we had 2416 full-time and four part-time employees, consisting of clinical development, product development, regulatory, manufacturing, quality, finance, administration, sales, and marketing. We also regularly use independent contractors across the organization to augment our regular staff. None of our employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements and we consider relations with our employees to be good.
We believe that our future success will depend in part on our continued ability to attract, hire and retain qualified personnel. Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and new employees, advisors and consultants. The principal purposes of our equity and cash incentive plans are to attract, retain and reward personnel through the granting of stock-based and cash-based compensation awards, in order to increase stockholder value and the success of our company by motivating such individuals to perform to the best of their abilities and achieve our objectives.
Corporate Information
We were originally incorporated as NAM Corporation in Delaware on January 12, 1994 and subsequently1994. We changed our name to clickNsettle.com, Inc., then Cardo Medical, Inc., then Tiger X Medical, Inc., and finally BioCardia, Inc. on October 26, 2016 in connection with a reverse merger transaction (the “Merger”) in which our wholly-ownedwholly owned subsidiary, Icicle Acquisition Corp., merged with and into BioCardia Lifesciences, Inc. (which was named BioCardia, Inc. prior to the merger)Merger), with BioCardia Lifesciences continuing as the surviving company. Following the completion of the reverse merger transaction, we assumed the business and operations of BioCardia Lifesciences and changed our name to BioCardia, Inc.
We operate in only one business segment, which is a clinical-stage biotherapeutic company developing novel therapeutics for diseases with large unmet medical needs. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our principal executive offices are located at 125 Shoreway Road, Suite B, San Carlos,320 Soquel Way, Sunnyvale CA 94070.94085. Our telephone number is (650) 226-0120.
Our website address is www.biocardia.com.www.biocardia.com. Information contained in our website, or any other website referenced in this Annual Report, is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report and should not be considered to be a part of this Annual Report.
Our website is www.biocardia.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and you should not consider information on our website to be part of this report unless specifically incorporated herein by reference. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available free of charge on our investor relations website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. The SEC also maintains a website that contains these reports and our other electronic SEC filings. The address
SUMMARY OF RISK FACTORS
Below is a summary of the website is www.sec.gov. Further, a copyprincipal factors that make an investment in our common stock speculative or risky. This summary does not address all of the risks that we face. Additional discussion of the risks summarized in this risk factor summary, and other risks that we face, can be found below under the heading “Risk Factors” and should be carefully considered, together with other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is located atand our other filings with the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0300. before making an investment decision regarding our common stock.
Risks Related to Our Business, Financial Condition and Capital Requirements
● | We have a history of operating losses, and we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability. |
● | We will require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals, and our failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts. |
● | Our existing and any future contractual arrangement that we expect will provide us access to capital may provide less capital than expected and on a delayed basis. |
Risks Related to Development and Commercialization
● | Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain approval for, and successfully commercialize, the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System. Because the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System is, to our knowledge, the first cardiac cell-based therapy with an accepted pivotal trial that is to be regulated by the FDA via the premarket approval pathway, the approval process for the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System is uncertain. |
● | Our cell therapy systems and other therapeutic candidates are based on novel technology, which makes it difficult to accurately and reliably predict the time and cost of product development and subsequently obtaining regulatory approval. At the moment, no cell-based therapies have been approved in the United States for a cardiac indication. |
● | We have encountered, and may in the future encounter, substantial delays in our clinical studies. |
● | We may find it difficult to enroll patients in our clinical trials, which could delay or prevent development of our therapeutic candidates. |
● | We rely on third parties to conduct some or all aspects of our product manufacturing, diagnostic protocol development, research, and preclinical and clinical testing, and these third parties may not perform satisfactorily. |
● | We rely on third parties to conduct, supervise and monitor our clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed. |
● | We depend on third-party vendors to manufacture some of our components and sub-assemblies, which could make us vulnerable to supply shortages and price fluctuations that could harm our business. |
● | Our future commercial success depends upon attaining significant market acceptance of our therapeutic candidates, if approved, among physicians, patients and healthcare payors. |
● | Our ability to compete is highly dependent on demonstrating the benefits of CardiAMP to physicians, hospitals and patients. |
● | We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before, or more successfully, than we do. |
● | If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our therapeutic candidates, if approved, we may be unable to generate any revenues. |
● | We have limited experience manufacturing our therapeutic candidates or products in commercial quantities, which could harm our business. |
● | If we fail to obtain and sustain an adequate level of reimbursement for our products by third-party payors, sales and profitability would be adversely affected. |
Risks Relating to Government Regulation, Compliance and Litigation
● | Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, including our cell therapy systems and other therapeutic candidates, these products or therapies, along with our other regulated products, will be subject to ongoing regulatory scrutiny. |
● | We may fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory agencies. |
● | If we fail to obtain and maintain necessary regulatory clearances or approvals for our therapeutic candidates or products, or if clearances or approvals for our therapeutic candidates or products in additional indications are delayed or not issued, our commercial operations would be harmed. |
● | Serious adverse events or other safety risks could require us to abandon development and preclude, delay or limit approval of our therapeutic candidates or products or limit the scope of any approved indication or market acceptance. |
● | Our therapeutic candidates are intended to treat patients who are extremely ill, and patient deaths that occur in our clinical trials could negatively impact our business even if they are not shown to be related to our therapeutic candidates. |
● | If we or our suppliers fail to comply with the FDA’s QSRs, or QMSR, when it goes into effect in 2026, our manufacturing operations could be delayed or shut down and product sales could suffer. |
● | The requirements to obtain regulatory approval of the FDA and regulators in other jurisdictions can be costly, time-consuming, and unpredictable. If we are unable to obtain timely regulatory approval for our therapeutic candidates, our business may be substantially harmed. |
● | Even if we obtain and maintain approval for our therapeutic candidates or products from the FDA, we may never obtain approval for our therapeutic candidates or products outside of the United States, which would limit our market opportunities and adversely affect our business. |
● | We may face competition from biosimilars due to changes in the regulatory environment. |
● | A recall of any of our commercialized products, or the discovery of serious safety issues, could have a significant negative impact on us. |
● | Modifications to our products may require reclassifications, new regulatory approvals or clearances, or may require us to cease marketing or recall the modified products until new CE marking is obtained. |
● | Our employees, principal investigators, consultants and collaboration partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with laws and regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading. |
● | If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our therapeutic candidates or product. |
Risks Related to the Operation of Our Business
● | If we fail to attract and keep senior management and key scientific personnel, we may be unable to successfully develop our therapeutic candidates, conduct our clinical trials and commercialize our therapeutic candidates. |
● | We will need to expand our organization and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations. |
● | Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system failures. |
Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property
● | We may not be able to protect our proprietary technology in the marketplace. |
● | The patent protection of biotherapeutics is complex and uncertain. |
● | We may be unable to adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information. |
● | We may be forced to litigate to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights, and/or the intellectual property rights of our licensors. |
● | Intellectual property disputes could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities. |
● | Patent reform legislation and recent court decisions could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents. |
● | If third parties claim that our therapeutic candidates or other products infringe upon their intellectual property, commercialization of our therapeutic candidates or products and our operating profits could be adversely affected. |
● | If we do not obtain patent term extension in the United States under the Hatch-Waxman Act and in foreign countries under similar legislation, thereby potentially extending the term of our marketing exclusivity of our therapeutic candidates or products, our business may be materially harmed. |
Risks Related to Our Securities
● | If we do not regain compliance with or continue to satisfy the Nasdaq continued listing requirements, our securities could be delisted from the Nasdaq. |
● | We may be exposed to additional risks as a result of our reverse merger transaction. |
● | Our annual and quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly or may fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, each of which may cause our stock price to fluctuate or decline. |
● | Raising additional funds through debt or equity financing could be dilutive and may cause the market price of our common stock to decline. |
● | Future sales and issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase our common stock, including pursuant to the HCW Sales Agreement or under our equity incentive plans, could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall. |
General Risks
● | We are at risk of securities class action litigation. |
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Investing in our common stocksecurities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the section titled “Management’s“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before investing in our common stock.securities. If any of the followsfollowing risks occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially harmed. In that event, the market priceprices of our common stocksecurities could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.
Risks RelatedRelating to Our Business, Financial Condition and Capital Requirements
We have a history of operating losses, and we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability. In addition, we may be unable to continue as a going concern.
We are a clinical-stage regenerative medicine company and we have not yet generated a profit. We have incurred net losses during each of our fiscal years since our inception. Our net loss for the year ended December 31, 20172023 was $12.3$11.6 million and our accumulated deficit totaled $72.5$152.2 million as of December 31, 2017.2023. We do not know whether or when we will become profitable, if ever. We currently expect operating losses and negative cash flows to continue for at least the next several years.
To date, our only approved or cleared products are our Morph universal deflectable guide catheters and Morph AccessPro sheaths, or Morph, in the United States and EuropeEurope; our AVANCE™ steerable introducer and our Morph DNA deflectable guides in the United States only; and our Helix biotherapeutic delivery system or Helix, in Europe. Our limited commercialization experience and number of approved products makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and predict our future prospects. Our short commercialization experience and limited number of approved products also makes it difficult for us to forecast our future financial performance and growth and such forecasts are limited and subject to a number of uncertainties, including our ability to successfully complete our Phase III pivotal trials in heart failure and chronic myocardial ischemia and obtain FDA approval for, and then successfully commercialize, the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System.
Our ability to generate sufficient revenue to achieve profitability depends on our ability, either alone or with strategic collaboration partners, to successfully complete the development of, and obtain the regulatory approvals necessary to commercialize our therapeutic candidates. We do not anticipate generating revenues from sales of the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System, the CardiALLO Cell Therapy Systemour cell therapy systems or any other biotherapeutic candidates within the next few years, and we may never generate sales of these products.
We anticipate that our expenses will increase in the future as we continue to incur significant research and development and other expenses related to our ongoing operations, seek regulatory approvals for our therapeutic candidates, scale-up manufacturing capabilities and hire additional personnel to support the development of our therapeutic candidates and commercialization efforts. Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. To achieve and maintain profitability, we must successfully develop our therapeutic candidates, obtain regulatory approvals and manufacture, market and sell those products for which we obtain regulatory approvals. If we obtain regulatory approval to market a product candidate, our future revenue will depend upon the size of any markets in which our therapeutic candidates may receive approval, and our ability to achieve sufficient market acceptance, pricing, reimbursement from third-party payors and adequate market share for our therapeutic candidates in those markets. We may not succeed in these activities, and we may never generate revenue from product sales that is significant enough to achieve profitability. Our failure to become or remain profitable would depress our market value and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, discover or develop other product candidates or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could cause you to lose part or all of your investment.
Our audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 20172023 have been prepared on the basis that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. We have incurred significant losses since our inception and we expect that we will continue to incur losses as we aim to successfully execute our business plan and will be dependent on additional public or private financings, collaborations or licensing arrangements with strategic partners, or additional credit lines or other debt financing sources to fund continuing operations. Based on our cash balances, recurring losses since inception and our existing capital resources to fund our planned operations for a twelve monthtwelve-month period, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date these financial statements are issued.concern. As noted below, we willmay need to obtain additional funding from equity or debt financings, which may be highly dilutive to our existing stockholders and may require us to agree to burdensome covenants, grant security interests in our assets, enter into collaboration and licensing arrangements that require us to relinquish commercial rights, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable. No assurance can be given at this time as to whether we will be able to achieve our fundraising objectives, regardless of the terms. If adequate funds are not available, the Company may be required to reduce operating expenses, delay or reduce the scope of its product development programs, obtain funds through arrangements with others that may require the Company to relinquish rights to certain of its technologies or products that the Company would otherwise seek to develop or commercialize itself, or cease operations.
We will require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals, and our failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts.
Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future in connection with our planned research, development and product commercialization efforts, including our planned clinical trials for our cell therapy candidates. In addition, we will require additional financing in 2018to achieve our goals and our failure to do so could adversely affect our commercialization efforts. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:
• | continue the research and clinical development of our therapeutic candidates; |
• | initiate and advance our therapeutic candidates in expensive clinical studies, including the ongoing Phase III pivotal trial for our CardiAMP Cell Therapy System therapeutic candidate in heart failure, our approved Phase III pivotal trial for our CardiAMP Cell Therapy System therapeutic candidate in chronic myocardial ischemia and our two approved Phase I/II clinical trials for our allogeneic MSC therapy in for the treatment of cardiac and pulmonary disease; |
• | seek to identify, assess, acquire, and/or develop other product candidates and technologies; |
• | seek regulatory and marketing approvals in multiple jurisdictions for our therapeutic candidates that successfully complete clinical studies; |
• | build and maintain a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may obtain marketing approval, or otherwise establish collaborations with third parties for the development and commercialization of our therapeutic candidates; |
• | further develop and implement our manufacturing processes and expand our manufacturing capabilities and resources for commercial production; |
• | seek coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors, including government and private payors for future products; |
• | seek to maintain, protect and expand our intellectual property portfolio; and |
• | seek to attract and retain skilled personnel. |
We have experienced delays, and if we were to experience any future delays or encounter issues with any of the above, including clinical holds, failed studies, inconclusive or complex results, safety or efficacy issues, or other regulatory challenges that require longer follow-up of existing studies, additional major studies, or additional supportive studies in order to continuepursue marketing approval, it could further increase the trialcosts associated with the above. Further, the net operating losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to continueyear, such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations at the current level.may not be a good indication of our future performance.
As discussed belowOur existing and any future contractual arrangement that we expect will provide us access to capital may provide less capital than expected and on a delayed basis.
We have, and may in “Management Discussion and Analysis – Future Funding Requirements,”the future enter into, contractual arrangements that are designed to facilitate our access to capital. In December 2023, we entered into a sales agreement (HCW Sales Agreement) with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (HCW) pursuant to which we may sell shares of our common stock through HCW as the sales agent at current cash resourcesmarket prices (HCW ATM Offering). However, there are not sufficient to fund operations at the expected level of activity beyond the fourth quarter of 2018. We will need additional capital to continue operations at the current level and to continue the Phase III trial. While we plan to raise additional capital to fund operations, including the trials, there can be no assurances aslimitations to the availability of capital or the terms on which capital will be available.HCW ATM Offering.
Specifically, the HCW ATM Offering is limited by the terms and conditions in the HCW Sales Agreement. Under the terms of the HCW Sales Agreement, the obligations of HCW are only to use reasonable efforts to sell shares of our common stock, but there is no actual obligation to sell or guarantee that we will be able to place any shares. We are also limited in the amount we may sell under the HCW Sales Agreement to the amount that is covered by an effective registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the current amount of which is approximately $2.2 million. Therefore, we currently do not, and may not in the future, have access to the full amount otherwise available to us under the HCW ATM Offering or any similar contractual arrangement we may enter into in the future. In addition, any amounts we sell under the HCW ATM Offering will not satisfy all of our funding needs or may not fund them on a timely basis, even if we are able and choose to sell and issue all of our common stock otherwise issuable pursuant to the HCW Sales Agreement.
Our cash and cash equivalents could be adversely affected if the financial institutions in which we hold our cash and cash equivalents fail.
We regularly maintain cash balances at third-party financial institutions in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limit. A failure of a depository institution to return these deposits, or if a depository institution is subject to other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets, could impact access to our invested cash or cash equivalents and could adversely impact our operating liquidity and financial performance.
Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
We have incurred substantial losses during our history and do not expect to become profitable in the near future and we may never achieve profitability. To the extent that we continue to generate taxable losses, unused losses will carry forward to offset future taxable income, if any, until such unused losses expire. Losses generated after 2017 do not have an expiration date. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its post-change income or taxes may be limited. None of our pre-Merger tax attributes remain available after the Merger as a result of limitations under Section 382 of the Code. Further, our prior equity offerings and other changes in our stock ownership may have resulted in ownership changes. We have not performed an analysis to assess whether an ownership change has occurred. If we have experienced an ownership change at any time since our formation, utilization of our net operating loss carryforwards would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 and 383 of the Code. In addition, we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards to offset U.S. federal taxable income and tax credits may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of NOLs is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed. Use of these NOLs will depend on future income in relationship to expiration dates of these carryforwards.
Recent U.S. tax legislation and future changes to applicable U.S. or foreign tax laws and regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to income and other taxes in the U.S. Changes in laws and policy relating to taxes or trade may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, the U.S. government recently enacted significant tax reform, and certain provisions of the new law may adversely affect us. For example, beginning in 2022, the legislation commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated the option to deduct research and development expenditures currently and requires taxpayers to capitalize and amortize them over five or fifteen years pursuant to Section 174 of the Code. If the requirement to capitalize Section 174 expenditures is not modified, it may impact our effective tax rate and our cash tax liability in future years. The legislation is unclear in many respects and could be subject to potential amendments and technical corrections and will be subject to interpretations and implementing regulations by the Treasury and Internal Revenue Service, any of which could mitigate or increase certain adverse effects of the legislation. In addition, it is unclear how these U.S. federal income tax changes will affect state and local taxation. Generally, future changes in applicable U.S. or foreign tax laws and regulations, or their interpretation and application could have an adverse effect on our business, financial conditions and results of operations. Changes with respect to the transition to a territorial tax system are generally expected to have little impact given our lack of foreign operations.
Risks Relating to Development and Commercialization
Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain approval for, and successfully commercialize, the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System.
The long-term viability of our company is largely dependent on the successful development and commercialization of the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System. We are currently enrolling patients in a Phase III pivotal trial that will be used to support regulatory approval, and we do not have significant long termlong-term data on the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System’sSystem’s safety and efficacy in either heart failure or chronic myocardial ischemia. While we expect to successfully complete our ongoing Phase III pivotal trialtrials of the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System in heart failure, there can be no guarantee that the studystudies will be completed, that the primary endpoints will be achieved, as they were not in the CardiAMP HF Trial, or that we will receive regulatory approval for the sale and marketing in the United States. Additionally, while we monitor and audit our and our CROs’ activities and data during clinical development, there can be no guarantee that the data we obtain in such activities will be accurate and complete. Our success depends on the accuracy and completeness of such data, and our prospects may be adversely affected if we apply inaccurate or incomplete data in making future decisions. A number of companies in similar fields have suffered significant setbacks during clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or unacceptable safety issues, notwithstanding promising preliminary results. Because we are depending heavily on sales of the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System to achieve our revenue goals, failure to successfully complete the study and receive U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA approval, in a timely manner or at all, will harm our financial results and ability to become profitable. Even if we obtain regulatory approval, our ability to successfully market this product will be limited due to a number of factors, including regulatory restrictions in our labeling or requirements to obtain additional post-approval data, if any. In addition, there can be no guarantee that the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System will be accepted by the medical community as a valid alternative to currently available products. If we cannot sell the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System as planned, our financial results will be harmed.
Although we have obtained FDA acceptance of Phase III pivotal trials of the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System for the treatment of ischemic systolic heart failure and chronic myocardial ischemia, this does not guarantee any particular outcome from regulatory review. To the best of our knowledge, the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System is the first cardiac cell-based therapy with an accepted pivotal trial that is to be regulated by the FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, or CBER, via the pre-market approval, or PMA, pathway requiring a single pivotal trial. The CardiAMP Cell Therapy System for the treatment of chronic myocardial ischemia is also to be regulated in the same fashion. All other cardiac cell-based therapies in clinical trials are believed to be regulated by the same agency, but as biologics which generally require two separate pivotal trials. There is no guarantee that the FDA will grant us regulatory clearance or approval to market the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System on the basis of a single pivotal trial, or that the FDA will continue to allow us to develop the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System via the PMA pathway. Two well-controlled pivotal studies could be necessary to provide FDA assurance of safety or effectiveness.
FDA acceptance of a Phase III pivotal trial is not a guarantee of an approval of a product candidate or any permissible claims about the product candidate. Failure to successfully complete our ongoing Phase III trial of CardiAMP in heart failure would significantly impair our financial results. Such a failure could (i) delay or prevent the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System from obtaining regulatory approval, (ii) require us to perform another clinical trial, which will be expensive, may not be successful and will significantly delay our ability to commercialize the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System and (iii) impair our ability to convince hospitals and physicians of the benefits of our CardiAMP Cell Therapy System product. Furthermore, even if we are granted regulatory clearances or approvals, they may include significant limitations on the indicated uses for CardiAMP, which may limit the market for this product.
Because the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System is, to our knowledge, the first cardiac cell-based therapy with an accepted pivotal trial that is to be regulated by the FDA via the premarket approval pathway, the approval process for the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System is uncertain.
Although we have obtained FDA acceptance of Phase III pivotal trials of the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System for the treatment of HFrEF and chronic myocardial ischemia, this does not guarantee any particular outcome from regulatory review. To the best of our knowledge, the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System for the treatment of HFrEF is the first cardiac cell-based therapy with an accepted pivotal trial that is to be regulated by the FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, or CBER, via the premarket approval, or PMA, pathway requiring a single trial. The CardiAMP Cell Therapy System for the treatment of chronic myocardial ischemia is also to be regulated under the same IDE/PMA pathway. All other cardiac cell-based therapies in clinical trials are believed to be regulated by the same agency, but as biologics which generally require two separate pivotal trials. There is no guarantee that the FDA will grant us regulatory clearance or approval to market the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System on the basis of the two clinical trials in heart failure or the single pivotal trial in chronic myocardial ischemia, or that the FDA will continue to allow us to develop the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System via the PMA pathway. Two well-controlled pivotal studies could be necessary to provide FDA assurance of safety or effectiveness. If the FDA approval process does not occur as we anticipate, including, for example, if we are required to conduct more than the currently anticipated number of pivotal studies to obtain approval, we may incur substantial additional costs and delays to obtain approval, if at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.
Our CardiAMPautologous and CardiALLO cell therapy systemallogeneic therapies, delivery systems and other therapeutic candidates are based on novel technology, which makes it difficult to accurately and reliably predict the time and cost of product development and subsequently obtaining regulatory approval. At the moment, no cell-based therapies have been approved in the United States for a cardiac indication.
The success of our business depends on our ability to develop and commercialize our therapeutic candidates, including CardiAMP. We have concentrated our product research and development efforts on our CardiAMP therapeutic candidate, a novel type of cell-based therapy. Our future success depends on the successful development of this therapeutic approach. There can be no assurance that any development problems we experience in the future related to our therapeutic candidates and products, that we have experienced or that we may experience in the future, will not cause significant delays or unanticipated costs, or that such development problems can be solved. WeFor example, in 2020, our effort to lift a clinical hold on our allogeneic cell therapy product candidate was not successful when reviewed by the FDA due to issues they identified with respect to our chemistry, manufacturing and controls for the approach we had taken. Each element of an IND submission has technical, regulatory, commercial, and other risks and there is no guarantee we will be successful in advancing our therapeutic programs. Also, we may be unable to maintain and further develop sustainable, reproducible and scalable manufacturing processes, or transfer these processes to collaborators, which may prevent us from completing our clinical studies or commercializing our products on a timely or profitable basis, if at all.
In addition, the clinical study requirements of the FDA, the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, and other regulatory agencies and the criteria these regulators use to determine the safety and efficacy of a product candidate vary substantially according to the type, complexity, novelty, intended use and market of the potential product candidates. The regulatory approval process for novel product candidates such as our CardiAMP and CardiALLO Cell Therapy SystemsSystem and allogeneic cell therapies may be more expensive and take longer than other, better known or extensively studied pharmaceutical or other product candidates to develop. In addition, adverse developments in clinical trials of cell-based products or therapies conducted by others may cause the FDA or other regulatory bodies to change the requirements for approval of any of our therapeutic candidates. At the moment, no other cell-based therapies have been approved in the United States for a cardiac indication, which makes it difficult to determine how long it will take or how much it will cost to obtain regulatory approvals for our therapeutic candidates in either the United States or elsewhere.
Regulatory requirements governing cell-based therapy products have changed frequently and may continue to change in the future. For example, the FDA established the Office of Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies within CBER to consolidate the review of gene therapy and related products, and the Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies Advisory Committee to advise CBER on its review. These regulatory authorities and advisory groups and the new requirements or guidelines they promulgate may lengthen the regulatory review process, require us to perform additional studies, increase our development costs, lead to changes in regulatory positions and interpretations, delay or prevent approval and commercialization of our product candidates or lead to significant post-approval limitations or restrictions. As we advance our product candidates, we will be required to consult with the FDA and other regulatory authorities, and our products could be reviewed by the FDA’sFDA’s advisory committee. We also must comply with applicable requirements, and if we fail to do so, we may be required to delay or discontinue development of our product candidates.
We will require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals,have encountered, and our failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts.
Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses formay in the foreseeable future in connection with our planned research, development and product commercialization efforts, including our planned clinical trials for our CardiAMP and CardiALLO Cell Therapy System therapeutic candidates. In addition, we will require additional financing to achieve our goals and our failure to do so could adversely affect our commercialization efforts. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:
continue the research and clinical development of our CardiAMP and CardiALLO Cell Therapy System therapeutic candidates;
initiate and advance our CardiAMP and CardiALLO Cell Therapy System therapeutic candidates into larger and more expensive clinical studies, including the ongoing Phase III pivotal trial for our CardiAMP Cell Therapy System therapeutic candidate in heart failure and our recently approved Phase III pivotal trial for our CardiAMP Cell Therapy System therapeutic candidate in chronic myocardial ischemia;
seek to identify, assess, acquire, and/or develop other product candidates and technologies;
seek regulatory and marketing approvals in multiple jurisdictions for our therapeutic candidates that successfully complete clinical studies;
build and maintain a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may obtain marketing approval, or otherwise establish collaborations with third parties for the development and commercialization of our therapeutic candidates;
further develop and implement our manufacturing processes and expand our manufacturing capabilities and resources for commercial production;
seek coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors, including government and private payors for future products;
seek to maintain, protect and expand our intellectual property portfolio; and
seek to attract and retain skilled personnel.
If we were to experience any delays or encounter issues with any of the above, including clinical holds, failed studies, inconclusive or complex results, safety or efficacy issues, or other regulatory challenges that require longer follow-up of existing studies, additional major studies, or additional supportive studies in order to pursue marketing approval, it could further increase the costs associated with the above. Further, the net operating losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year, such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our future performance.
We may encounter, substantial delays in our clinical studies.
We have encountered, and may in the future encounter, substantial delays in our clinical studies. We cannot guarantee that any preclinical testing or clinical trials will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. As a result, we may not achieve theour expected clinical milestones outlined in this Report.milestones. A failure can occur at any stage of testing. Events that may prevent successful or timely commencement, enrollment or completion of clinical development include:
delays in raising, or inability to raise, sufficient capital to fund the planned trials;
delays in reaching a consensus with regulatory agencies on trial design;
changes in trial design;
inability to identify, recruit and train suitable clinical investigators;
inability to add new clinical trial sites;
delays in reaching agreement on acceptable terms for the performance of the trials with prospective clinical research organizations, or CROs, and clinical trial sites;
delays in obtaining required Institutional Review Board, or IRB, approval at each clinical trial site;
• | delays in raising, or inability to raise, sufficient capital to fund the planned trials; |
• | delays in reaching a consensus with regulatory agencies on trial design; |
• | changes in trial design; |
• | inability to identify, recruit and train suitable clinical investigators; |
• | inability to add new clinical trial sites; |
• | delays in reaching agreement on acceptable terms for the performance of the trials with prospective clinical research organizations, or CROs, and clinical trial sites; |
• | delays in obtaining required Institutional Review Board, or IRB, approval at each clinical trial site; |
• | delays in recruiting suitable clinical sites and patients |
imposition of a clinical hold by regulatory agencies for any reason, including negative clinical results, safety concerns or as a result of an inspection of manufacturing or clinical operations or trial sites;
failure by us, CROs or other third parties to adhere to clinical trial requirements;
failure to perform in accordance with the FDA’s current Good Clinical Practices, or GCP, or applicable regulatory guidelines in other countries;
delays in the testing, validation, manufacturing and delivery to the clinical sites;
• | imposition of a clinical hold by regulatory agencies for any reason, including negative clinical results, safety concerns or as a result of an inspection of manufacturing or clinical operations or trial sites; |
• | failure by us, CROs or other third parties to adhere to clinical trial requirements; |
• | failure to perform in accordance with the FDA’s current Good Clinical Practices, or GCP, or applicable regulatory guidelines in other countries; |
• | delays in the testing, validation, manufacturing and delivery to the clinical sites; |
• | delays caused by patients not completing participation in a trial or not returning for post-treatment follow-up; |
• | delays caused by |
delays caused by clinical trial sites not completing a trial;
• | failure to demonstrate adequate efficacy; |
failure to demonstrate adequate efficacy;
• | occurrence of serious adverse events in clinical trials that are associated with the therapeutic candidates or products that are viewed to outweigh its potential benefits; |
occurrence of serious adverse events in clinical trials that are associated with the therapeutic candidates or products that are viewed to outweigh its potential benefits;
• | changes in regulatory requirements and guidance that require amending or submitting new clinical protocols; or |
changes in regulatory requirements and guidance that require amending or submitting new clinical protocols; or
disagreements between us and the FDA or other regulatory agencies interpreting the data from our clinical trials.
• | disagreements between us and the FDA or other regulatory agencies interpreting the data from our clinical trials, including the determination from the DSMB to recommend pausing our Phase III pivotal CardiAMP Cell Therapy Trial pending the one-year follow-up outcomes analysis. |
Delays, including those caused by the above factors, can be costly and could negatively affect our ability to complete clinical trials for our therapeutic candidates. If we are not able to successfully complete clinical trials or are not able to do so in a timely and cost-effective manner, we will not be able to obtain regulatory approval and/or will not be able to commercialize our therapeutic candidates or products, which would have an adverse effect on our business. Clinical trial delays could also shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our therapeutic candidates or products or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, which could impair our ability to successfully commercialize our therapeutic candidates or products and may harm our business and results of operations.
We may find it difficult to enroll patients in our clinical trials, which could delay or prevent development of our therapeutic candidates.
Identifying and qualifying patients to participate in clinical trials of our therapeutic candidates is critical to our success. The timing of our clinical trials depends on the speed at which we can recruit patients to participate in testing our therapeutic candidates as well as completion of required follow-up periods. In general, if patients are unwilling to participate in our cell-based therapy trials because of negative publicity from adverse events in the biotechnology or cell-based industries or for other reasons, including competitive clinical trials for similar patient populations, the timeline for recruiting patients, conducting trials and obtaining regulatory approval for our therapeutic candidates may be delayed. These delays could result in increased costs, delays in advancing our product development, delays in testing the effectiveness of our therapeutic candidates or termination of the clinical trials altogether.
Patient enrollment and completion of clinical trials are affected by factors including:
• | size of the patient population; |
• | severity of the disease under investigation; |
• | design of the trial protocol; |
• | eligibility criteria for the particular trial; |
• | perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate being tested; |
• | proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients; |
• | availability of competing therapies and clinical trials; |
severity of the disease under investigation;
• | efforts to facilitate timely enrollment in clinical trials; |
design of the trial protocol;
• | patient referral practices of physicians; |
eligibility criteria for the particular trial;
• | ability to monitor patients adequately during and after treatment; and |
perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate being tested;
proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients;
availability of competing therapies and clinical trials;
efforts to facilitate timely enrollment in clinical trials;
patient referral practices of physicians;
ability to monitor patients adequately during and after treatment; and
the degree of treatment effect in event-driven trials.
• | the degree of treatment effect in event-driven trials. |
Once enrolled, patients may choose to discontinue their participation at any time during the trial, for any reason. Participants also may be terminated from the study at the initiative of the investigator, for example if they experience serious adverse clinical events or do not follow the study directions. If we are unable to maintain an adequate number of patients in our clinical trials, we may be required to delay or terminate an ongoing clinical trial, which would have an adverse effect on our business.
We depend on our license and distribution agreement with Biomet Biologics, LLC, and if we fail to comply with our obligations under this agreement, or if our rights under this agreement are otherwise reduced or terminated, we could lose intellectual property rights that are important to our business.
In October 2012, we entered intoWe are a party to a license and distribution agreement with Biomet Biologics, LLC under which we obtained an exclusive, nontransferable, worldwide distribution right, patent license and trademark license to Biomet Biologic, LLC’sLLC’s point of care cell processing platform. Under the terms of the agreement, we are obligated to pay Biomet Biologics, LLC a royalty based on the price of the disposables in the CardiAMP cell processing platform. A breach or termination of this agreement would materially adversely affect the clinical development or commercialization strategy of our CardiAMP therapeutic candidate as currently planned. A reduction or elimination of our rights under this agreement may result in our having to negotiate new or reinstated arrangements on less favorable terms, or our not having sufficient intellectual property rights to operate our business as currently planned. The occurrence of such events could materially harm our business and financial condition.
We rely on third parties to conduct some or all aspects of our product manufacturing, diagnostic protocol development, research, and preclinical and clinical testing, and these third parties may not perform satisfactorily.
We do not currently, and do not expect to in the future, independently conduct all aspects of our product manufacturing, anticipated companion diagnostic testing, protocol development, research and monitoring and management of our ongoing preclinical and clinical programs. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties with respect to these items, and control only certain aspects of their activities.
Any of these third parties may terminate their engagements with us at any time. If we need to enter into alternative arrangements, our commercialization activities or our therapeutic candidate or companion diagnostic development activities may be delayed or suspended. Our reliance on these third parties for research and development activities, including the conduct of any IDE and IND-enabling studies, reduces our control over these activities but does not relieve us of our responsibility to ensure compliance with all required legal, regulatory and scientific standards and any applicable trial protocols. For example, for therapeutic candidates that we develop and commercialize on our own, we will remain responsible for ensuring that each of our IDE and IND-enabling studies and clinical trials are conducted in accordance with the trial plan and protocols.
If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our studies in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated study plans and protocols, we may be delayed in completing, or unable to complete, the preclinical studies and clinical trials required to support future IDE and IND submissions and approval of our therapeutic candidates.
Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails exposure to risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured the therapeutic candidates or companion diagnostic ourselves, including:
• | we may be unable to negotiate manufacturing agreements with third parties under commercially reasonable terms; |
• | reduced control over the manufacturing process for our therapeutic candidates and companion diagnostic as a result of using third-party manufacturers for many aspects of manufacturing activities; |
reduced control over the manufacturing process for our therapeutic candidates and companion diagnostic as a result of using third-party manufacturers for many aspects of manufacturing activities;
• | termination or nonrenewal of manufacturing agreements with third parties in a manner or at a time that may be costly or damaging to us or result in delays in the development or commercialization of our therapeutic candidates or companion diagnostic; and |
termination or nonrenewal of manufacturing agreements with third parties in a manner or at a time that may be costly or damaging to us or result in delays in the development or commercialization of our therapeutic candidates or companion diagnostic; and
disruptions to the operations of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers caused by conditions unrelated to our business or operations, including the bankruptcy of the manufacturer or supplier.
• | disruptions to the operations of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers caused by conditions unrelated to our business or operations, including the bankruptcy of the manufacturer or supplier. |
Any of these events could lead to delays in the development of our therapeutic candidates, including delays in our clinical trials, or failure to obtain regulatory approval for our therapeutic candidates, or it could impact our ability to successfully commercialize our current therapeutic candidates, companion diagnostic or any future products. Some of these events could be the basis for FDA or other regulatory action, including injunction, recall, seizure or total or partial suspension of production.
We rely on third parties to conduct, supervise and monitor our clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.
We rely on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure our clinical trials are conducted properly and on time. While we will have agreements governing their activities, we will have limited influence over their actual performance. We will control only certain aspects of our CROs’CROs’ activities. Nevertheless, we will be responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities.
We and our CROs are required to comply with the FDA’sFDA’s GCPs for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that the data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of clinical trial participants are protected. The FDA, the Competent Authorities of the Member States of the EEA, and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, enforce these GCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites. If we or our CROs fail to comply with applicable GCPs, the clinical data generated in our future clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA, the EMA, or other foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving any marketing applications. Upon inspection, the FDA may determine that our clinical trials did not comply with GCPs. In addition, our future clinical trials will require a sufficient number of test subjects to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of our therapeutic candidates. Accordingly, if our CROs fail to comply with these regulations or fail to recruit a sufficient number of patients, we may be required to repeat such clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.
Our CROs are not our employees, and we are therefore unable to directly monitor whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our clinical and nonclinical programs. These CROs may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials or other product development activities that could harm our competitive position. If our CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations, fail to meet expected deadlines, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements, or for any other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, our therapeutic candidates. If any such event were to occur, our financial results and the commercial prospects for our therapeutic candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.
If any of our relationships with these third-party CROs terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs or to do so on commercially reasonable terms. Further, switching or adding additional CROs involves additional costs and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work. As a result, delays occur, which could materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Though we carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.
We may also rely on other third parties to store and distribute our products for the clinical trials that we conduct. Any performance failure on the part of our distributors could delay clinical development or marketing approval of our therapeutic candidates or commercialization of our products, if approved, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenue.
We depend on third partythird-party vendors to manufacture some of our components and sub-assemblies, which could make us vulnerable to supply shortages and price fluctuations that could harm our business.
We currently manufacture some of our components and sub-assemblies internally and rely on third partythird-party vendors for other components and sub-assemblies used in our products and therapeutic candidates. Our reliance on third partythird-party vendors subjects us to a number of risks that could impact our ability to manufacture our products and therapeutic candidates and harm our business, including:
interruption of supply resulting from modifications to, or discontinuation of, a supplier’s operations;
• | interruption of supply resulting from modifications to, or discontinuation of, a supplier’s operations; |
delays in product shipments resulting from uncorrected defects, reliability issues or a supplier’s failure to consistently produce quality components;
• | delays in product shipments resulting from uncorrected defects, reliability issues or a supplier’s failure to consistently produce quality components; |
price fluctuations due to a lack of long-term supply arrangements with our suppliers for key components;
• | price fluctuations due to a lack of long-term supply arrangements with our suppliers for key components; |
inability to obtain adequate supply in a timely manner or on commercially reasonable terms;
• | inability to obtain adequate supply in a timely manner or on commercially reasonable terms; |
difficulty identifying and qualifying alternative suppliers for components in a timely manner;
• | difficulty identifying and qualifying alternative suppliers for components in a timely manner; |
inability of the manufacturer or supplier to comply with Quality System Regulations, or QSRs, enforced by the FDA and state regulatory authorities;
• | inability of the manufacturer or supplier to comply with Quality System Regulations, or QSRs, enforced by the FDA and state regulatory authorities; |
inability to control the quality of products manufactured by third parties;
• | inability to control the quality of products manufactured by third parties; |
• | production delays related to the evaluation and testing of products from alternative suppliers and corresponding regulatory qualifications; and |
production delays related to the evaluation and testing of products from alternative suppliers and corresponding regulatory qualifications; and
delays in delivery by our suppliers due to changes in demand from us or their other customers.
• | delays in delivery by our suppliers due to changes in demand from us or their other customers. |
Any significant delay or interruption in the supply of components or sub-assemblies, or our inability to obtain substitute components, sub-assemblies or materials from alternate sources at acceptable prices in a timely manner, could impair our ability to meet the demand of our customers and harm our business.
Our future commercial success depends upon attaining significant market acceptance of our therapeutic candidates, if approved, among physicians, patients and healthcare payors.
Even when product development is successful and regulatory approval has been obtained, our ability to generate significant revenue depends on the acceptance of our products by physicians, payors and patients. Many potential market participants have limited knowledge of, or experience with, cell-based products and therapies, so gaining market acceptance and overcoming any safety or efficacy concerns may be more challenging than for more traditional therapies. Our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of our therapeutic candidates may require significant resources and may never be successful. Such efforts to educate the marketplace may require more resources than are required by conventional therapies marketed by our competitors. We cannot assure you that our products will achieve the expected market acceptance and revenue if and when they obtain the requisite regulatory approvals. Alternatively, even if we obtain regulatory approval, that approval may be for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired or may require labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or safety warnings. The market acceptance of each of our therapeutic candidates will depend on a number of factors, including:
• | the efficacy and safety of the therapeutic candidate, as demonstrated in clinical trials; |
• | the clinical indications for which the product is approved, and the label approved by regulatory authorities for use with the product, including any warnings that may be required on the label; |
• | acceptance by physicians and patients of the product as a safe and effective treatment; |
• | the cost, safety and efficacy of treatment in relation to alternative treatments; |
• | the continued projected growth of markets for our various indications; |
the clinical indications for which the product is approved and the label approved by regulatory authorities for use with the product, including any warnings that may be required on the label;
• | relative convenience and ease of administration; |
acceptance by physicians and patients of the product as a safe and effective treatment;
• | the prevalence and severity of adverse side effects; and |
the cost, safety and efficacy of treatment in relation to alternative treatments;
the continued projected growth of markets for our various indications;
relative convenience and ease of administration;
the prevalence and severity of adverse side effects; and
the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts.
• | the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts. |
Market acceptance is critical to our ability to generate significant revenue. Any therapeutic candidate, if approved and commercialized, may be accepted in only limited capacities or not at all. If any approved products are not accepted by the market to the extent that we expect, we may not be able to generate significant revenue and our business would suffer.
If we failOur ability to attract and keep senior management and key scientific personnel, we may be unable to successfully develop our therapeutic candidates, conduct our clinical trials and commercialize our therapeutic candidates.
We arecompete is highly dependent on demonstrating the membersbenefits of our executive team, the loss of whose services may adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. Any of our executive officers could leave our employment at any time, as all of our employees are “at will” employees. RecruitingCardiAMP to physicians, hospitals and retaining other qualified employees, consultants and advisors for our business, including scientific and technical personnel, will also be critical to our success.patients.
Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, clinical, manufacturing,In order to generate sales, and marketing personnel will also be critical to our success. We may notwe must be able to attractclearly demonstrate that CardiAMP is both a more effective treatment system and retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceuticalless costly than alternative products and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiringtreatments offered by our competitors. If we are unable to convince physicians that CardiAMP leads to significant improvement in functional capacity, improved quality of scientificlife and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulatingreduced hospitalization, our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us.business will suffer.
We will need to expand our organization and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.
As of December 31, 2017, we had 24 full-time employees. As we mature and expand our research and development and other pre-commercialization activities, we expect to expand our full-time employee base and to hire more consultants and contractors. In addition, we currently plan to commercialize the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System, if approved, using an internal sales force to selected cardiologists, interventional cardiologists and third-party payors in the United States. Our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of additional product candidates. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and/or grow revenues could be reduced, and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize product candidates and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth.
We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before, or more successfully, than we do.
Our industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid change. The industry continues to expand and evolve as an increasing number of competitors and potential competitors enter the market. Some of the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device companies we expect to potentially compete with include Astra Zeneca,market, including AstraZeneca, Bayer, Blue Rock Therapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lisata Therapeutics, Capricor Therapeutics, Caladrius Biosciences, Celixr, CellProthera, CescaCelixir, Celyad, Daiichi Sankyo, Fuji Film, Mesoblast, Moderna, Orizuru Therapeutics, Celyad, Juventas Therapeutics, Mesoblast,Sana Biotechnology, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Tenaya Therapeutics, Terumo, Vericel Corp, and Uniqure,uniQure, among others. Many of our competitors, potentially including the aforementioned, have significantly greater development, financial, manufacturing, marketing, technical and human resources than we do. Large pharmaceutical and medical device companies, in particular, have extensive experience in clinical testing, obtaining regulatory approvals, recruiting patients and in manufacturing pharmaceutical and medical device products. Recent and potential future merger and acquisition activity in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Established companies may also invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel products that could make our therapeutic candidates obsolete. As a result of all of these factors, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection and/or FDA approval or discovering, developing and commercializing our therapeutic candidates or competitors to our therapeutic candidates before we do. Specialized, smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly those with a focus and expertise in the stem cell industry and/or those with collaboration arrangements and other third partythird-party payors. In addition, any new product that competes with an approved product must demonstrate compelling advantages in efficacy, convenience, tolerability and safety in order to overcome price competition and to be commercially successful. If we are not able to compete effectively against potential competitors, our business will not grow, and our financial condition and results of operations will suffer.
If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our therapeutic candidates, if approved, we may be unable to generate any revenues.
We currently have a limited organization for the sales, marketing and distribution of products and the cost of establishing and maintaining such an organization may exceed the cost-effectiveness of doing so. In order to market any products that may be approved, including the autologous CardiAMP Cell Therapy System and our allogeneic MSC therapies, we must build our sales, distribution, marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services. We have limited prior experience in the marketing, sale or distribution of approved products and there are significant risks involved in building and managing a sales organization, including our ability to hire, retain, and incentivize qualified individuals, generate sufficient sales leads, provide adequate training to sales and marketing personnel, and effectively manage a geographically dispersed sales and marketing team. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of our therapeutic candidates.
Our strategy is to obtain FDA approval and market the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System for potential heart failure and chronic myocardial ischemia indications using a dedicated direct sales model focused on selected cardiologists and interventional cardiologists. We may in the future, choose to align ourselves with collaborators as part of our commercialization strategy, particularly outside of the United States, and our future collaboration partners, if any, may not dedicate sufficient resources to the commercialization of our therapeutic candidates or companion diagnostic or may otherwise fail in their commercialization due to factors beyond our control. If we are unable to establish effective collaborations to enable the sale of our therapeutic candidates and companion diagnostic to healthcare professionals and in geographical regions, including the United States, that will not be covered by our own marketing and sales force, or if our potential future collaboration partners do not successfully commercialize our therapeutic candidates or companion diagnostic, our ability to generate revenues from product sales, including sales of the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System and other therapies, will be adversely affected.
Building an internal sales force involves many challenges, including:
• | recruiting and retaining talented people; |
• | training employees that we recruit; |
• | setting the appropriate system of incentives; |
• | managing additional headcount; and |
• | integrating a new business unit into an existing corporate architecture. |
If we are unable to build our own sales force or negotiate a strategic partnership for the commercialization of our autologous or allogeneic cell therapies in the United States, we may be forced to delay the potential commercialization of these therapies or reduce the scope of our sales and marketing. To fund commercialization activities, we will need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we will not be able to bring our therapies to market or generate product revenue.
If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, whether independently or with third parties, we may not be able to generate sufficient product revenue and may not become profitable. We will be competing with many companies that currently have extensive and well-funded marketing and sales operations. Without an internal team or the support of a third-party to perform marketing and sales functions, we may be unable to compete successfully against these more established companies.
In addition, there are risks involved with both establishing our own sales and marketing capabilities and entering into arrangements with third parties to perform these services. For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time-consuming and could delay any launch. If the commercial launch of a therapeutic candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing capabilities is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred these commercialization expenses. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel.
We have limited experience manufacturing our therapeutic candidates or products in commercial quantities, which could harm our business.
Because we have only limited experience in manufacturing therapeutic candidates or products in commercial quantities, we may encounter production delays or shortfalls. Such production delays or shortfalls may be caused by many factors, including the following:
• | we intend to significantly expand our manufacturing capacity, and our production processes may have to change to accommodate this growth; |
• | key components and sub-assemblies of our products and therapeutic candidates are currently provided by a single supplier or limited number of suppliers, and we do not maintain large inventory levels of these components and sub-assemblies; if we experience a shortage in any of these components or sub-assemblies, we will need to identify and qualify new supply sources, which could increase our expenses and result in manufacturing delays; |
• | we may experience a delay in completing validation and verification testing for new controlled-environment rooms at our manufacturing facilities; |
• | we have limited experience in complying with FDA’s QSRs, which applies to the manufacture of our products and therapeutic candidates; and |
• | to increase our manufacturing output significantly, we will have to attract and retain qualified employees, who are in short supply, for our manufacturing operations. |
If we fail to obtain and sustain an adequate level of reimbursement for our products by third-party payors, sales and profitability would be adversely affected.
Our ability to commercialize any therapeutic candidates or products successfully will depend, in part, on the extent to which coverage and reimbursement for our therapeutic candidates or products and related treatments will be available from government healthcare programs, private health insurers, managed care plans, and other organizations. Additionally, even if there is a commercially viable market, if the level of third-party reimbursement is below our expectations, our revenue and profitability could be materially and adversely affected.
Third-party payors, such as government programs, including Medicare in the United States, or private healthcare insurers, carefully review and increasingly question the coverage of, and challenge the prices charged for medical products and services, and many third-party payors limit coverage of or reimbursement for newly approved therapies or products. Reimbursement rates and coverage from private health insurance companies vary depending on the company, the insurance plan and other factors. As a result, the coverage determination process will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our therapeutic candidates to each private health insurance company separately, with no assurance that adequate coverage and reimbursement will be obtained.
A current trend in the U.S. healthcare industry as well as in other countries around the world is toward cost containment, including a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the health care system that could impact our ability to sell our approved therapies or products profitably. In particular, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 revised the payment methodology for many products under Medicare in the United States, which has resulted in lower rates of reimbursement. In 2010, the Affordable Care Act was enacted. This expansion in the government’s role in the U.S. healthcare industry may further lower rates of reimbursement.
Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the Affordable Care Act was enacted. These changes included aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year, effective April 1, 2013, which, due to subsequent legislative amendments, will stay in effect through 2032 unless additional Congressional action is taken. In January 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several providers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. These laws may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effect on customers for our products, if approved, and accordingly, on our financial operations.
In 2017, the European Union released new regulations to ensure patient safety with the use of pharmaceuticals, medical devices and in-vitro diagnostics that were to go into effect over a three-year period from 2020 to 2022. The new regulations replace predecessor directives and emphasize a global convergence of regulations. Marketing authorization timelines will become more protracted and the costs of operating in Europe will increase. A significantly more costly path to regulatory compliance is anticipated. Adjusting to the new Medical Device Regulation may prove to be costly and disruptive to our business. In February 2023, the European Parliament voted to extend the Medical Devices Regulation transition periods to avoid a shortage of life-saving products in the economic region. It is expected that conformity assessment process for MDR needs to be completed by the end of 2027 for high-risk devices and the end of 2028 for lower-risk devices. For business reasons, we may forgo our CE Mark in the future to focus our resources in the U.S. market.
Large public and private payors, managed care organizations, group purchasing organizations and similar organizations are exerting increasing influence on decisions regarding the use of, and reimbursement levels for, particular treatments. In particular, third-party payors may limit the covered indications. Cost-control initiatives could decrease the price we might establish, which could result in revenue and profitability being lower than anticipated.
There may be significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved therapies or products, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the therapy or product is approved by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Moreover, eligibility for coverage and reimbursement does not imply that a therapy or product will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution expenses. Interim reimbursement levels, if applicable, may also be insufficient to cover our and any partner’s costs and may not be made permanent. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government-funded and private payors for any approved therapies or products that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize therapies or products and our overall financial condition.
Furthermore, reimbursement systems in international markets vary significantly by country and by region, and reimbursement approvals must be obtained on a country-by-country basis. In many countries, therapies or products cannot be commercially launched until reimbursement is approved and the negotiation process in some countries can exceed 12 months. In addition, pricing and reimbursement decisions in certain countries can be affected by decisions taken in other countries, which can lead to mandatory price reductions and/or additional reimbursement restrictions across a number of other countries, which may thereby adversely affect our sales and profitability. In the event that countries impose prices which are not sufficient to allow us to generate a profit, this would adversely affect sales and profitability.
We work with outside scientists and their institutions in developing therapeutic candidates and products. These scientists may have other commitments or conflicts of interest, which could limit our access to their expertise.
We work with scientific advisors and collaborators at academic research institutions in connection with our development programs. These scientific advisors serve as our link to the specific pools of trial participants we are targeting in that these advisors may:
• | identify individuals as potential candidates for study; |
• | obtain their consent to participate in our research; |
• | perform medical examinations and gather medical histories; |
• | conduct the initial analysis of suitability of the individuals to participate in our research based on the foregoing; and |
• | collect data and biological samples from trial participants periodically in accordance with our study protocols. |
These scientists and collaborators are not our employees, rather they serve as either independent contractors or the primary investigators under research collaboration agreements that we have with their sponsoring academic or research institution. Such scientists and collaborators may have other commitments that would limit their availability to us. Although our scientific advisors generally agree not to do competing work, if an actual or potential conflict of interest between their work for us and their work for another entity arises, we may lose their services. It is also possible that some of our valuable proprietary knowledge may become publicly known through these scientific advisors if they breach their confidentiality agreements with us, which would cause competitive harm to our business.
If the market opportunities for our therapeutic candidates or products are smaller than we believe they are, our revenues may be adversely affected, and our business may suffer.
It is very difficult to estimate the future commercial potential of the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System, the allogeneic MSC therapies and our commercialized products due to factors such as safety and efficacy compared to other available treatments, changing standards of care, third-party payor reimbursement standards, patient and physician preferences, and the availability of competitive alternatives that may emerge. We believe that approximately 70% of the NYHA Class II and Class III HFrEF patients in the United States will be eligible for CardiAMP due to a sufficient CardiAMP cell population score and a sufficient NTproBNP score. However, if considerably less than approximately 70% of NYHA Class II and Class III ischemic heart failure patients are eligible for CardiAMP due to an insufficient CardiAMP cell population analysis or due to lower NTproBNP levels, it could significantly and negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Relating to Government Regulation, Compliance and Litigation
Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, including our autologous CardiAMP and CardiALLO Cell Therapy System, CardiALLO allogeneic MSC therapy and other therapeutic candidates, these products or therapies, along with our other regulated products, will be subject to ongoing regulatory scrutiny.
Even if we obtain regulatory approval or clearance in a jurisdiction, regulatory authorities may still impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses or marketing of our therapeutic candidates or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies or post-market surveillance. For example, once a product receives regulatory approval or clearance for sale, we are obligated to monitor and report adverse events and any failure of a product to meet the specifications in the applicable regulatory approval or clearance. We must also submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval or clearance for certain changes to the approved or cleared product, product labeling or manufacturing process. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules and are subject to FDA review, in addition to other potentially applicable federal and state laws.
In addition, product manufacturers and their facilities are subject to payment of user fees and continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with good manufacturing practices or QSRs and adherence to commitments made in the applicable regulatory approval. If we or a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions relative to that product or the manufacturing facility, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing.
If we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements following approval of any of our therapeutic candidates, a regulatory agency may impose the following:
restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of our products, withdrawal of our products from the market, or voluntary or mandatory product recalls;
• | restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of our products, withdrawal of our products from the market, or voluntary or mandatory product recalls; |
costly regulatory inspections;
• | costly regulatory inspections; |
fines, warning letters, or holds on clinical trials;
• | fines, warning letters, or holds on clinical trials; |
• | refusal by the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us or our collaborators, or suspension or revocation of applicable regulatory approvals; |
refusal by the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us or our collaborators, or suspension or revocation of applicable regulatory approvals;
• | product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; and |
product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; and
injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties by FDA or other regulatory bodies.
• | injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties by FDA or other regulatory bodies. |
Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize our therapeutic candidates and generate revenues.
Our ability to compete is highly dependent on demonstrating the benefits of CardiAMP to physicians, hospitals and patients.
In order to generate sales, we must be able to clearly demonstrate that CardiAMP is both a more effective treatment system and less costly than alternative products and treatments offered by our competitors. If we are unable to convince physicians that CardiAMP leads to significant improvement in functional capacity, improved quality of life and reduced hospitalization, our business will suffer.
We may fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory agencies.
We have not obtained regulatory approval for either our CardiAMP or CardiALLO Cell Therapy System, CardiALLO allogeneic MSC therapies or other therapeutic candidates. We must conduct extensive testing of our therapeutic candidates to demonstrate their safety and efficacy, including human clinical trials and, if applicable, preclinical animal testing, before we can obtain regulatory approval to market and sell them. Conducting such testing is a lengthy, time-consuming, and expensive process and there is a high rate of failure. Our current and completed preclinical and clinical results for our therapeutic candidates are not necessarily predictive of the results of our ongoing or future clinical trials. Promising results in preclinical studies of a therapeutic candidate may not be predictive of similar results in humans during clinical trials, and successful results from early human clinical trials of a therapeutic candidate may not be replicated in later and larger human clinical trials or in clinical trials for different indications. If the results of our ongoing or future clinical trials are negative or inconclusive with respect to the efficacy of our therapeutic candidates or if we or they do not meet the clinical endpoints with statistical significance or if there are safety concerns or adverse events associated with our therapeutic candidates, we may be prevented or delayed in obtaining marketing approval for our therapeutic candidates.
If we fail to obtain and maintain necessary regulatory clearances or approvals for our therapeutic candidates or products, or if clearances or approvals for our therapeutic candidates or products in additional indications are delayed or not issued, our commercial operations would be harmed.
We are required to timely file various reports with the FDA, require that we report to the regulatory authorities if our therapeutic candidates or products may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or malfunctioned in a way that would likely cause or contribute to a death or serious injury if the malfunction were to recur. If these reports are not filed timely, regulators may impose sanctions and sales may suffer, and we may be subject to product liability or regulatory enforcement actions, all of which could harm our business.
If we initiate a correction or removal to reduce a risk to health posed, we would be required to submit a publicly available Correction and Removal report to the FDA and in many cases, similar reports to other regulatory agencies. This report could be classified by the FDA as a product recall which could lead to increased scrutiny by the FDA, other international regulatory agencies and our customers regarding the quality and safety of our therapeutic candidates or products. Furthermore, the submission of these reports has been and could be used by competitors against us in competitive situations and cause customers to delay purchase decisions or cancel orders and would harm our reputation.
The FDA and the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, also regulate the advertising and promotion of our therapeutic candidates or products to ensure that the claims we make are consistent with our regulatory approvals, that there are adequate and reasonable data to substantiate the claims and that our promotional labeling and advertising is neither false nor misleading in any respect. If the FDA or FTC determines that any of our advertising or promotional claims are misleading, not substantiated or not permissible, we may be subject to enforcement actions, including warning letters, and we may be required to revise our promotional claims and make other corrections or restitutions.
The FDA and state authorities have broad enforcement powers. Our failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements could result in enforcement action by the FDA or state agencies, which may include any of the following sanctions:
adverse publicity, warning letters, fines, injunctions, consent decrees and civil penalties;
• | adverse publicity, warning letters, fines, injunctions, consent decrees and civil penalties; |
repair, replacement, refunds, recall or seizure of our products;
• | repair, replacement, refunds, recall or seizure of our products; |
operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of production;
• | operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of production; |
refusing our requests for premarket approval of new products, new intended uses or modifications to existing products;
• | refusing our requests for premarket approval of new products, new intended uses or modifications to existing products; |
withdrawing premarket approvals that have already been granted; and
• | withdrawing premarket approvals that have already been granted; and |
criminal prosecution.
• | criminal prosecution. |
If any of these events were to occur, our business and financial condition would be harmed.
Serious adverse events or other safety risks could require us to abandon development and preclude, delay or limit approval of our therapeutic candidates or products or limit the scope of any approved indication or market acceptance.
Participants in clinical trials of our investigational cell-based therapies and products may experience adverse reactions or other undesirable side effects. While some of these can be anticipated, others may be unexpected. We cannot predict the frequency, duration, or severity of adverse reactions or undesirable side effects that may occur during clinical investigation. If any of our therapeutic candidates or products, prior to or after any approval for commercial sale, cause adverse events or are associated with other safety risks, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:
• | regulatory authorities may suspend |
• | regulatory authorities may deny regulatory approval of our therapeutic candidates or products; |
• | regulatory authorities may restrict the indications or patient populations for which a therapeutic candidate or products is approved; |
• | regulatory authorities may require certain labeling statements, such as warnings or contraindications or limitations on the indications for use, and/or impose restrictions on distribution in the form of a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, in connection with approval, if any; |
• | regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval, require more onerous labeling statements or impose a more restrictive REMS than any therapeutic candidate or product that is approved; |
regulatory authorities may deny regulatory approval
regulatory authorities may restrict the indications or patient populations for which a therapeutic candidate or products is approved;
regulatory authorities may require certain labeling statements, such as warnings or contraindications or limitations on the indications for use, and/or impose restrictions on distribution in the form of a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, in connection with approval, if any;
regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval, require more onerous labeling statements or impose a more restrictive REMS than any therapeutic candidate or product that is approved;
we may be required to change the way the therapy or therapeutic candidate or product is administered or conduct additional clinical trials;
patient recruitment into our clinical trials may suffer;
• | we may be required to change the way the therapy or therapeutic candidate or product is administered or conduct additional clinical trials; |
• | patient recruitment into our clinical trials may suffer; |
• | we could be required to provide compensation to subjects for their injuries, e.g., if we are sued and found to be liable or if required by the laws of the relevant jurisdiction or by the policies of the clinical site; or |
our reputation may suffer.
• | our reputation may suffer. |
There can be no assurance that adverse events associated with our therapeutic candidates or products will not be observed, even where no prior adverse events have occurred. We may voluntarily suspend or terminate our clinical trials if at any time we believe that they present an unacceptable risk to participants or if preliminary data demonstrate that our therapeutic candidates or products are unlikely to receive regulatory approval or are unlikely to be successfully commercialized. Regulatory agencies, IRBs or data safety monitoring boards may at any time recommend the temporary or permanent discontinuation of our clinical trials or request that we cease using investigators in the clinical trials if they believe that the clinical trials are not being conducted in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements, or that they present an unacceptable safety risk to participants. If we elect or are forced to suspend or terminate a clinical trial for any reason this would have an adverse effect on our business.
Our therapeutic candidates are intended to treat patients who are extremely ill, and patient deaths that occur in our clinical trials could negatively impact our business even if they are not shown to be related to our therapeutic candidates.
Generally, patients remain at high risk following their treatment with our CardiAMPautologous and CardiALLOallogeneic therapeutic candidates. As a result, it is likely that we will observe severe adverse outcomes during our clinical trials for these therapeutic candidates, including patient death. If a significant number of study subject deaths were to occur, regardless of whether such deaths are attributable to our therapeutic candidates, our ability to obtain regulatory approval for the applicable therapeutic candidate may be adversely impacted and our business could be materially harmed.
If we or our suppliers fail to comply with the FDA’s’s QSRs, our manufacturing operations could be delayed or shut down and product sales could suffer.
Our manufacturing processes and those of our third partythird-party suppliers are required to comply with the FDA’s QSRs, which covers the procedures and documentation of the design, testing, production, control, quality assurance, labeling, packaging, storage and shipping. We are also subject to similar state requirements and licenses. In addition, we must engage in extensive record keeping and reporting and must make available our manufacturing facilities and records for periodic unannounced inspections by governmental agencies, including the FDA, state authorities and comparable agencies in other countries. If we fail a Quality System inspection, our operations could be disrupted and our manufacturing interrupted. Further, the FDA recently issued a final rule replacing the QSR with QMSR, which goes into effect in February 2026. Failure to take adequate corrective action in response to an adverse Quality System inspection or failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements could result in, among other things, a shut-down of our manufacturing operations, significant fines, suspension of marketing clearances and approvals, seizures or recalls, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which would cause our business to suffer. Furthermore, our key component suppliers may not currently be or may not continue to be in compliance with applicable regulatory requirements, which may result in manufacturing delays and cause our revenues to decline.
We have registered with the FDA as a medical device manufacturer and have obtained a manufacturing license from the California Department of Health Services, or CDHS. The FDA has broad post-market and regulatory enforcement powers. We are subject to unannounced inspections by the FDA and the Food and Drug Branch of CDHS to determine our compliance with the QSR and other regulations, and these inspections may include the manufacturing facilities of our suppliers. If the FDA or CDHS inspect our facility and discover compliance problems, we may have to shut down our facility and cease manufacturing until we can take the appropriate remedial steps to correct the audit findings. Taking corrective action may be expensive, time consuming and a distraction for management and if we experience a shutdown or delay at our manufacturing facility, we may be unable to produce our products, which may have an adverse impact on our business.
The requirements to obtain regulatory approval of the FDA and regulators in other jurisdictions can be costly, time-consuming, and unpredictable. If we are unable to obtain timely regulatory approval for our therapeutic candidates, our business may be substantially harmed.
The regulatory approval process is expensive, and the time and resources required to obtain approval from the FDA or other regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions to sell any therapeutic candidate or product is uncertain and approval may take years. Whether regulatory approval will be granted is unpredictable and depends upon numerous factors, including the discretion of the regulatory authorities. For example, governing legislation, approval policies, regulations, regulatory policies, or the type and amount of preclinical and clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a therapeutic candidate’scandidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. It is possible that none of our existing or future therapeutic candidates will ever obtain regulatory approval, even if we expend substantial time and resources seeking such approval.
Further, regulatory requirements governing cell-based therapy products in particular have changed frequently and may continue to change in the future. For example, in November 2014, Japan’s parliament enacted new legislation to promote the safe and accelerated development of treatments using stem cells. The new Pharmaceuticals, Medical Devices and Other Therapeutic Products Act, or PMD Act, establishes a framework for expedited approval in Japan for regenerative medical products. As this is a new regulation, it is not clear yet what impact it will have on the operation of our business. Any regulatory review committees and advisory groups and any contemplated new guidelines may lengthen the regulatory review process, require us to perform additional studies, increase our development costs, lead to changes in regulatory positions and interpretations, delay or prevent approval and commercialization of our therapeutic candidates or products or lead to significant post-approval limitations or restrictions. As we advance our therapeutic candidates or products, we will be required to consult with these regulatory and advisory groups and comply with applicable guidelines. If we fail to do so, we may be required to delay or discontinue development of our therapeutic candidates or products. Delay or failure to obtain, or unexpected costs in obtaining, the regulatory approval necessary to bring a therapeutic candidate or product to market could decrease our ability to generate sufficient revenue to maintain our business.
Our therapeutic candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval for many reasons, including the following:
we may be unable to successfully complete our ongoing and future clinical trials of therapeutic candidates;
• | we may be unable to successfully complete our ongoing and future clinical trials of therapeutic candidates; |
we may be unable to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or other regulatory authorities that a therapeutic candidate is safe, pure, and potent for any or all of a therapeutic candidate’s proposed indications;
• | we may be unable to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or other regulatory authorities that a therapeutic candidate is safe, pure, and potent for any or all of a therapeutic candidate’s proposed indications; |
we may be unable to demonstrate that a therapeutic candidate’s benefits outweigh the risk associated with the therapeutic candidate;
• | we may be unable to demonstrate that a therapeutic candidate’s benefits outweigh the risk associated with the therapeutic candidate; |
the FDA or other regulatory authorities may disagree with the design or implementation of our clinical trials;
• | the FDA or other regulatory authorities may disagree with the design or implementation of our clinical trials; |
the results of clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the FDA or other regulatory authorities for approval;
• | the results of clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the FDA or other regulatory authorities for approval; |
the FDA or other regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;
• | the FDA or other regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials; |
a decision by the FDA, other regulatory authorities or us to suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time;
• | a decision by the FDA, other regulatory authorities or us to suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time; |
the data collected from clinical trials of our therapeutic candidates may be inconclusive or may not be sufficient to obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere;
• | the data collected from clinical trials of our therapeutic candidates may be inconclusive or may not be sufficient to obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere; |
the inability to obtain sufficient quantities of the therapeutic candidates for use in clinical trials;
• | the inability to obtain sufficient quantities of the therapeutic candidates for use in clinical trials; |
our third party manufacturers of supplies needed for manufacturing therapeutic candidates may fail to satisfy FDA or other regulatory requirements and may not pass inspections that may be required by FDA or other regulatory authorities;
• | our third-party manufacturers of supplies needed for manufacturing therapeutic candidates may fail to satisfy FDA or other regulatory requirements and may not pass inspections that may be required by FDA or other regulatory authorities; |
the failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements following approval of any of our therapeutic candidates may result in the refusal by the FDA or similar foreign regulatory agency to approve a pending PMA or a biologics license application, or BLA, or supplement to a PMA or BLA submitted by us for other indications or new therapeutic candidates or products; and
• | the failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements following approval of any of our therapeutic candidates may result in the refusal by the FDA or similar foreign regulatory agency to approve a pending PMA or BLA, or supplement to a PMA or BLA submitted by us for other indications or new therapeutic candidates or products; and |
• | the approval policies or regulations of the FDA or other regulatory authorities outside of the United States may significantly change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval. |
We may gain regulatory approval for any of our therapeutic candidates in some but not all of the territories available and any future approvals may be for some but not all of the target indications, limiting their commercial potential. Regulatory requirements and timing of product approvals vary from country to country and some jurisdictions may require additional testing beyond what is required to obtain FDA approval. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one foreign regulatory authority does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or by the FDA. The foreign regulatory approval process may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. In addition, regulatory approval does not specify pricing or reimbursement which may not match our expectations based on the results of our clinical data.
Even if we obtain and maintain approval for our therapeutic candidates or products from the FDA, we may never obtain approval for our therapeutic candidates or products outside of the United States, which would limit our market opportunities and adversely affect our business.
Approval in the United States by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one regulatory authority does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries or by the FDA. Sales of our therapeutic candidates or products, if approved, outside of the United States will be subject to foreign regulatory requirements governing clinical trials and marketing approval.
Even if the FDA grants marketing approval, comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries must also approve the manufacturing and marketing in those countries. Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from, and greater than, those in the United States, including additional preclinical studies or clinical trials. In many countries outside the United States, a therapeutic candidate or product must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that country. In some cases, the price that we intend to charge, if approved, is also subject to approval. While we may decide to submit a request to the EMA for approval of our therapeutic candidates, including CardiAMP, as Advanced Therapeutic Medicinal Products, or ATMPs, in Europe, obtaining such approval is a lengthy and expensive process and the EMA has its own procedures for approval. Even if a therapeutic candidate or product is approved, the FDA or the EMA, as the case may be, may limit the indications for which it may be marketed, require extensive warnings on the product labeling or require expensive and time-consuming clinical trials or reporting as conditions of approval. Regulatory authorities in countries outside of the United States and Europe also have requirements for approval of therapeutic candidates or products with which we must comply prior to marketing in those countries. Obtaining foreign regulatory approvals and compliance with foreign regulatory requirements could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and could delay or prevent the introduction in certain countries. Further, clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries and regulatory approval in one country does not ensure approval in any other country, while a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory approval process in others. Also, regulatory approval may be withdrawn. If we fail to comply with the regulatory requirements in international markets and/or receive applicable marketing approvals, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our therapeutic candidates or products will be harmed and our business will be adversely affected.
We may face competition from biosimilars due to changes in the regulatory environment.
We may face competition for the CardiALLO Cell Therapy Systemour allogeneic therapies from biosimilars due to the changing regulatory environment. In the United States, the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 created an abbreviated approval pathway for biologicalbiological products that are demonstrated to be “highly similar,” or biosimilar to, or “interchangeable” with an FDA-approved innovator (original) biological product. This new pathway could allow competitors to reference data from innovator biological products already approved after 12 years from the time of approval. In Europe, a competitor may reference data from biological products already approved but will not be able to get on the market until 10 years after the time of approval. This 10-year period will be extended to 11 years if, during the first eight of those 10 years, the marketing authorization holder obtains an approval for one or more new therapeutic indications that bring significant clinical benefits compared with existing therapies. In addition, companies may be developing biosimilars in other countries that could compete with CardiALLO,our allogeneic therapies, if approved. Additionally, the FDA may approve our competitors’ products through a PMA pathway, similar to CardiAMP. If competitors are able to obtain marketing approval for biosimilars referencing our CardiALLO allogeneic cell therapy, if approved, it may become subject to competition from such biosimilars with the attendant competitive pressure and consequences.
If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success
We are subject to numerous environmental, healthsignificant regulation and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures andoversight in the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes.United States. Our operations may involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials. Our operations may also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials, which could cause an interruption of our commercialization efforts, research and development efforts and business operations, environmental damage resulting in costly clean-up and liabilities under applicable laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and specified waste products. Although we believe that the safety procedures utilized by our third-party manufacturers for handling and disposing of these materials generally comply with the standards prescribed by these laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee that this is the case or eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. In such an event, we may be held liable for any resulting damages and such liability could exceed our resources and state or federal or other applicable authorities may curtail our use of certain materials and/or interrupt our business operations. Furthermore, environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent. We cannot predict the impact of such changes and cannot be certain of our future compliance. In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failurefailure to comply with these laws could harm our results of operations and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions. We do not currently carry biological or hazardous waste insurance coverage.
Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials or other work-related injuries, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities.
We are subject to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the federal False Claims Act.financial condition.
Even though we do not and will not control referrals of healthcare services or bill directly to Medicare, Medicaid or other third partythird-party payors, certain federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse will be applicable to our business. Healthcare fraud and abuse regulations are complex and can be subject to varying interpretations as to whether or not a statute has been violated. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include:
• | the federal Anti-Kickback Statute which prohibits, among other things, the knowing and willful payment of remuneration to induce or reward patient referrals or the generation of business involving any item or service which may be payable by the federal health care programs |
• | the federal False Claims Act which prohibits, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment for government funds |
the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, and its implementing regulations, imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information. Among other things, HIPAA imposes civil and criminal liability for the wrongful access or disclosure of protected health information;
• | HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, and its implementing regulations, imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information. Among other things, HIPAA imposes civil and criminal liability for the wrongful access or disclosure of protected health information; |
the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, created under Section 6002 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended, the ACA, requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report information related to certain payments or other transfers of value made or distributed to physicians and teaching hospitals, or to entities or individuals at the request of, or designated on behalf of, those physicians and teaching hospitals and to report annually certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members;
• | the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, created under Section 6002 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended, the ACA, requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report information related to certain payments or other transfers of value made or distributed to physicians and teaching hospitals, or to entities or individuals at the request of, or designated on behalf of, those physicians and teaching hospitals and to report annually certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members; |
the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act which prohibits, among other things, the adulteration or misbranding of drugs and devices;
• | the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act which prohibits, among other things, the adulteration or misbranding of drugs and devices; |
the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act which prohibits corrupt payments, gifts or transfers of value to non-U.S. officials; and
• | the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act which prohibits corrupt payments, gifts or transfers of value to non-U.S. officials; and |
non-U.S. and U.S. state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers.
• | non-U.S. and U.S. state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers. |
The federal fraud and abuse laws have been interpreted to apply to arrangements between medical device and pharmaceutical manufacturers and a variety of health care professional. Although the federal Anti-Kickback Statute has several statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution, all elements of the potentially applicable exemption or safe harbor must be met in order for the arrangement to be protected, and prosecutors have interpreted the federal healthcare fraud statutes to attack a wide range of conduct by medical device and pharmaceutical companies. In addition, most states have statutes or regulations similar to the federal anti-kickback and federal false claims laws, which apply to items and services covered by Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor. Administrative, civil and criminal sanctions may be imposed under these federal and state laws.
Further, the ACA, among other things, amended the intent standard under the Anti-Kickback Statute such that a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, the ACA makes clear that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim under the federal False Claims Act. Any violations of these laws, or any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could result in a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition.
Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements will comply with applicable healthcare laws may involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental and enforcement authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law interpreting applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, disgorgement, monetary fines, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and curtailment of our operations, any of which could harm our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. In addition, the clearance or approval and commercialization of any of our products outside the United States will also likely subject us to foreign equivalents of the healthcare laws mentioned above, among other foreign laws.
A failure to adequately protect private health information could result in severe harm to our reputation and subject us to significant liabilities, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Throughout the clinical trial process, we may obtain the private health information of our trial subjects. There are a number of state, federal and international laws protecting the privacy and security of health information and personal data. As part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, or ARRA, Congress amended the privacy and security provisions of HIPAA. HIPAA imposes limitations on the use and disclosure of an individual’sindividual’s healthcare information by healthcare providers conducting certain electronic transactions, healthcare clearinghouses, and health insurance plans, collectively referred to as covered entities. The HIPAA amendments also impose compliance obligations and corresponding penalties for non-compliance on certain individuals and entities that provide services to or perform certain functions on behalf of healthcare providers and other covered entities involving the use or disclosure of individually identifiable health information, collectively referred to as business associates. ARRA also made significant increases in the penalties for improper use or disclosure of an individual’s health information under HIPAA and extended enforcement authority to state attorneys general. The amendments also create notification requirements to federal regulators, and in some cases local and national media, for individuals whose health information has been inappropriately accessed or disclosed. Notification is not required under HIPAA if the health information that is improperly used or disclosed is deemed secured in accordance with certain encryption or other standards developed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS. Most states have laws requiring notification of affected individuals and state regulators in the event of a breach of personal information, which is a broader class of information than the health information protected by HIPAA. Many state laws impose significant data security requirements, such as encryption or mandatory contractual terms to ensure ongoing protection of personal information. Activities outside of the United States implicate local and national data protection standards, impose additional compliance requirements and generate additional risks of enforcement for noncompliance. The European Union’s Data Protection Directive, Canada’s Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act and other data protection, privacy and similar national, state/provincial and local laws may also restrict the access, use and disclosure of patient health information abroad. We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to ensure ongoing compliance with applicable privacy and data security laws, to protect against security breaches and hackers or to alleviate problems caused by such breaches.
A recall of any of our commercialized products, or the discovery of serious safety issues, could have a significant negative impact on us.
The FDA and other relevant regulatory agencies have the authority to require or request the recall in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture or in the event an unacceptable risk to health. Manufacturers may, under their own initiative, also initiate a recall. A government-mandated or voluntary recall could occur as a result of an unacceptable risk to health, component failures, manufacturing errors, design or labeling defects or other deficiencies and issues. Recalls would divert managerial and financial resources and have an adverse effect on our reputation, financial condition and operating results.
Further, under the FDA’sFDA’s reporting regulations, we are required to report to the FDA any event that reasonably suggests that our products may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or in which our product malfunctioned and, if the malfunction of the same or similar product marketed by us were to recur, would likely cause or contribute to death or serious injury. The FDA also requires reporting of serious, life-threatening, unexpected and other adverse experiences and the submission of periodic safety reports and other information. Malfunctions or other adverse event reports may result in a voluntary or involuntary recall and other adverse actions, which could divert managerial and financial resources, impair our ability to manufacture in a cost-effective and timely manner and have an adverse effect on our reputation, financial condition and operating results. Similar reporting requirements exist in Europe and other jurisdictions.
Any adverse event involving our products could result in future voluntary corrective actions, such as recalls or customer notifications, or regulatory agency action, which could include inspection, mandatory recall or other enforcement action. Any corrective action, whether voluntary or involuntary, will require the dedication of our time and capital, distract management from operating our business and may harm our reputation and financial results. For example, in 2014 we notified the FDA that we were going to initiate a voluntary recall of our Morph AccessPro product based on a manufacturing observation, which was completed to the FDA’sFDA’s satisfaction in the same year, and in 2017 we updated our instructions for use for the HelixHelix™ and Morph catheter products to provide guidance on known potential risks. There can be no guarantee that we will not experience similar product recalls or changes in the future with these products or our other products or therapeutic candidates, if approved.
Modifications to our products may require reclassifications, new regulatory approvals or clearances, or may require us to cease marketing or recall the modified products until new CE marking is obtained.
Currently there are sixa number of Morph product family model numbers that have been approved for commercial use in the United States via a 510(k) clearance and three in Europe under CE Mark.clearance. A modification to these products could lead to a reclassification and could result in further requirements (including additional clinical trials) to maintain each respective clearance or approval. If we fail to comply with such further requirements, we may be required to cease marketing or to recall the modified product until we obtain clearance or approval, and we may be subject to significant regulatory fines or penalties.
The financial performance of our enabling and delivery products may be adversely affected by medical device tax provisions in the healthcare reform laws in the United States.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively, the Affordable Care Act, imposes, among other things, an annual excise tax of 2.3% on any entity that manufactures or imports medical devices offered for sale in the United States beginning with tax year 2013. Under these provisions, the Congressional Research Service predicts that the total cost to the medical device industry may be up to $20 billion over the next decade. On December 18, 2015, President Obama signed into law the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (H.R. 2029), which includes a two-year moratorium on the medical device excise tax. It amended section 4191 of the Internal Revenue Code to exempt medical device sales during the period of January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017. On January 22, 2018, President Trump signed legislation that suspended the medical device excise tax through December 31, 2021. Absent further legislative action, the tax will be automatically reinstated for medical device sales starting on January 1, 2022. The financial impact this tax may have on our business is unclear and there can be no assurance that our business will not be materially adversely affected by it.
We work with outside scientists and their institutions in developing therapeutic candidates and products. These scientists may have other commitments or conflicts of interest, which could limit our access to their expertise.
We work with scientific advisors and collaborators at academic research institutions in connection with our development programs. These scientific advisors serve as our link to the specific pools of trial participants we are targeting in that these advisors may:
identify individuals as potential candidates for study;
obtain their consent to participate in our research;
perform medical examinations and gather medical histories;
conduct the initial analysis of suitability of the individuals to participate in our research based on the foregoing; and
collect data and biological samples from trial participants periodically in accordance with our study protocols.
These scientists and collaborators are not our employees, rather they serve as either independent contractors or the primary investigators under research collaboration agreements that we have with their sponsoring academic or research institution. Such scientists and collaborators may have other commitments that would limit their availability to us. Although our scientific advisors generally agree not to do competing work, if an actual or potential conflict of interest between their work for us and their work for another entity arises, we may lose their services. It is also possible that some of our valuable proprietary knowledge may become publicly known through these scientific advisors if they breach their confidentiality agreements with us, which would cause competitive harm to our business.
The use, misuse or off-label use of our products or therapies, if approved, may result in injuries that lead to product liability suits, which could be costly to our business.
We are not permitted to make claims about the use of our marketed products and will not be permitted to make claims about the use of our therapeutic candidates, if approved, outside of their approved indications. Further, we are not and will not be able to proactively discuss or provide information on off-label uses of such products, with very specific and limited exceptions. However, we cannot prevent a physician from using our products or therapeutic candidates, if approved, for off-label applications. Off-label use of our products or therapies, if approved, is more likely to result in complications that have serious consequences. Product liability claims are especially prevalent in our industry and could harm our reputation, divert management’smanagement’s attention from our core business, be expensive to defend and may result in sizable damage awards against us. Although we maintain product liability insurance, the amount or breadth of our coverage may not be adequate for the claims that may be made against us. In addition, failure to follow FDA rules and guidelines relating to promotion and advertising can result in, among other things, the FDA’s refusal to approve a product or therapeutic candidate, the suspension or withdrawal of an approved product or therapy from the market, product recalls, fines, disgorgement of money, operating restrictions, injunctions or criminal prosecutions.
Our employees, principal investigators, consultants and collaboration partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with laws and regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.
We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include failures to comply with FDA regulations, to provide accurate information to the FDA, to comply with manufacturing standards we have established, to comply with federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, to report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations restrict or prohibit a wide range of activity relating to pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commissions, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation, or a breach of insider trading laws. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.
If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our therapeutic candidates, if approved, we may be unable to generate any revenues.
We currently have a limited organization for the sales, marketing and distribution of products and the cost of establishing and maintaining such an organization may exceed the cost-effectiveness of doing so. In order to market any products that may be approved, including CardiAMP and CardiALLO Cell Therapy Systems, we must build our sales, distribution, marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services. We have limited prior experience in the marketing, sale or distribution of approved products and there are significant risks involved in building and managing a sales organization, including our ability to hire, retain, and incentivize qualified individuals, generate sufficient sales leads, provide adequate training to sales and marketing personnel, and effectively manage a geographically dispersed sales and marketing team. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of our therapeutic candidates.
Our strategy is to obtain FDA approval and market the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System for potential heart failure and chronic myocardial ischemia indications using a dedicated direct sales model focused on selected cardiologists and interventional cardiologists. We may in the future, choose to align ourselves with collaborators as part of our commercialization strategy, particularly outside of the United States, and our future collaboration partners, if any, may not dedicate sufficient resources to the commercialization of our therapeutic candidates or companion diagnostic or may otherwise fail in their commercialization due to factors beyond our control. If we are unable to establish effective collaborations to enable the sale of our therapeutic candidates and companion diagnostic to healthcare professionals and in geographical regions, including the United States, that will not be covered by our own marketing and sales force, or if our potential future collaboration partners do not successfully commercialize our therapeutic candidates or companion diagnostic, our ability to generate revenues from product sales, including sales of CardiAMP and CardiALLO Cell Therapy Systems, will be adversely affected.
Building an internal sales force involves many challenges, including:
recruiting and retaining talented people;
training employees that we recruit;
setting the appropriate system of incentives;
managing additional headcount; and
integrating a new business unit into an existing corporate architecture.
If we are unable to build our own sales force or negotiate a strategic partnership for the commercialization of CardiAMP or CardiALLO Cell Therapy Systems in the United States, we may be forced to delay the potential commercialization of these therapies or reduce the scope of our sales and marketing activities for CardiAMP or CardiALLO Cell Therapy Systems. To fund commercialization activities we will need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we will not be able to bring CardiAMP or CardiALLO Cell Therapy Systems to market or generate product revenue.
If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, whether independently or with third parties, we may not be able to generate sufficient product revenue and may not become profitable. We will be competing with many companies that currently have extensive and well-funded marketing and sales operations. Without an internal team or the support of a third party to perform marketing and sales functions, we may be unable to compete successfully against these more established companies.
In addition, there are risks involved with both establishing our own sales and marketing capabilities and entering into arrangements with third parties to perform these services. For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time-consuming and could delay any launch. If the commercial launch of a therapeutic candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing capabilities is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred these commercialization expenses. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel.
We have limited experience manufacturing our therapeutic candidates or products in commercial quantities, which could harm our business.
Because we have only limited experience in manufacturing therapeutic candidates or products in commercial quantities, we may encounter production delays or shortfalls. Such production delays or shortfalls may be caused by many factors, including the following:
we intend to significantly expand our manufacturing capacity, and our production processes may have to change to accommodate this growth;
key components and sub-assemblies of our products and therapeutic candidates are currently provided by a single supplier or limited number of suppliers, and we do not maintain large inventory levels of these components and sub-assemblies; if we experience a shortage in any of these components or sub-assemblies, we would need to identify and qualify new supply sources, which could increase our expenses and result in manufacturing delays;
we may experience a delay in completing validation and verification testing for new controlled-environment rooms at our manufacturing facilities;
we have limited experience in complying with FDA’s QSRs, which applies to the manufacture of our products and therapeutic candidates; and
to increase our manufacturing output significantly, we will have to attract and retain qualified employees, who are in short supply, for our manufacturing operations.
If we are unable to keep up with demand for our products, our revenues could be impaired, market acceptance for our products could be harmed and our customers might instead purchase our competitors’ products. Our inability to successfully manufacture our products would materially harm our business.
If we fail to obtain and sustain an adequate level of reimbursement for our products by third-party payors, sales and profitability would be adversely affected.
Our ability to commercialize any therapeutic candidates or products successfully will depend, in part, on the extent to which coverage and reimbursement for our therapeutic candidates or products and related treatments will be available from government healthcare programs, private health insurers, managed care plans, and other organizations. Additionally, even if there is a commercially viable market, if the level of third-party reimbursement is below our expectations, our revenue and profitability could be materially and adversely affected.
Third-party payors, such as government programs, including Medicare in the United States, or private healthcare insurers, carefully review and increasingly question the coverage of, and challenge the prices charged for medical products and services, and many third-party payors limit coverage of or reimbursement for newly approved therapies or products. Reimbursement rates and coverage from private health insurance companies vary depending on the company, the insurance plan and other factors. As a result, the coverage determination process will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our therapeutic candidates to each private health insurance company separately, with no assurance that adequate coverage and reimbursement will be obtained.
A current trend in the U.S. healthcare industry as well as in other countries around the world is toward cost containment, including a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the health care system that could impact our ability to sell our approved therapies or products profitably. In particular, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 revised the payment methodology for many products under Medicare in the United States, which has resulted in lower rates of reimbursement. In 2010, the Affordable Care Act was enacted. This expansion in the government’s role in the U.S. healthcare industry may further lower rates of reimbursement.
Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the Affordable Care Act was enacted. On August 2, 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2012 through 2021, was unable to reach required goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includes aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers up to 2% per fiscal year. On January 2, 2013, President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, or the ATRA, which delayed for another two months the budget cuts mandated by these sequestration provisions of the Budget Control Act of 2011. On March 1, 2013, the President signed an executive order implementing sequestration, and on April 1, 2013, the 2% Medicare payment reductions went into effect. The ATRA also, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years.
In Europe, the European Commission has submitted a Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on medical devices, amending Directive 2001/83/EC, Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 and Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009, to replace, inter alia, Directive 93/42/EEC and to amend regulations regarding medical devices in the European Union, which could result in changes in the regulatory requirements for medical devices in Europe.
Large public and private payors, managed care organizations, group purchasing organizations and similar organizations are exerting increasing influence on decisions regarding the use of, and reimbursement levels for, particular treatments. In particular, third-party payors may limit the covered indications. Cost-control initiatives could decrease the price we might establish, which could result in revenue and profitability being lower than anticipated.
There may be significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved therapies or products, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the therapy or product is approved by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Moreover, eligibility for coverage and reimbursement does not imply that a therapy or product will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution expenses. Interim reimbursement levels, if applicable, may also be insufficient to cover our and any partner’s costs and may not be made permanent. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government-funded and private payors for any approved therapies or products that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize therapies or products and our overall financial condition.
Furthermore, reimbursement systems in international markets vary significantly by country and by region, and reimbursement approvals must be obtained on a country-by-country basis. In many countries, therapies or products cannot be commercially launched until reimbursement is approved and the negotiation process in some countries can exceed 12 months. In addition, pricing and reimbursement decisions in certain countries can be affected by decisions taken in other countries, which can lead to mandatory price reductions and/or additional reimbursement restrictions across a number of other countries, which may thereby adversely affect our sales and profitability. In the event that countries impose prices which are not sufficient to allow us to generate a profit, this would adversely affect sales and profitability.
Price controls may be imposed in foreign markets, which may adversely affect our future profitability.
In some countries, particularly European Union member states, Japan, Australia and Canada, the pricing of therapies and products is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after receipt of marketing approval for a therapy or product. In addition, there can be considerable pressure by governments and other stakeholders on prices and reimbursement levels, including as part of cost containment measures. Political, economic and regulatory developments may further complicate pricing negotiations, and pricing negotiations may continue after reimbursement has been obtained. Reference pricing used by various European Union member states and parallel distribution, or arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member states, can further reduce prices. In some countries, we or our partners may be required to conduct a clinical trial or other studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of our therapeutic candidates to other available therapies in order to obtain or maintain reimbursement or pricing approval. Publication of discounts by third-party payors or authorities may lead to further pressure on the prices or reimbursement levels within the country of publication and other countries. If reimbursement of our therapies or products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business, revenues or profitability could be adversely affected.
If the market opportunities for our therapeutic candidates or products are smaller than we believe they are, our revenues may be adversely affected and our business may suffer.
It is very difficult to estimate the future commercial potential of the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System, the CardiALLO Cell Therapy System, and our commercialized products due to factors such as safety and efficacy compared to other available treatments, changing standards of care, third-party payor reimbursement standards, patient and physician preferences, and the availability of competitive alternatives that may emerge. We believe that approximately 70% of the NYHA Class II and Class III ischemic systolic heart failure patients in the United States will be eligible for CardiAMP due to a sufficient CardiAMP potency assay score. However, if considerably less than approximately 70% of NYHA Class II and Class III ischemic heart failure patients are eligible for CardiAMP due to an insufficient CardiAMP potency assay score, it would significantly and negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our therapeutic candidates or products.
We face an inherent risk of product liability as a result of the human clinical use of our therapeutic candidates and products and will face an even greater risk if we continue to commercialize our therapeutic candidates and products. For example, we may be sued if any therapy or product we develop allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of inherent dangers, negligence, strict liability, and a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization. Even a successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:
decreased demand, even if such products or therapies are approved;
• | decreased demand, even if such products or therapies are approved; |
injury to our reputation;
• | injury to our reputation; |
withdrawal of clinical trial participants;
• | withdrawal of clinical trial participants; |
costs to defend the related litigations;
• | costs to defend the related litigations; |
a diversion of management’s time and our resources;
• | a diversion of management’s time and our resources; |
substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;
• | substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients; |
recalls, withdrawals, or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions;
• | recalls, withdrawals, or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions; |
increased cost of liability insurance;
• | increased cost of liability insurance; |
• | loss of revenue; |
loss of revenue;
• | the inability to receive regulatory approvals or commercialize our approved products or therapies; and |
the inability to receive regulatory approvals or commercialize our approved products or therapies; and
a decline in our share price.
• | a decline in our share price. |
Although we maintain product liability insurance with coverage that we believe is consistent with industry norms for companies at our stage of development, the amount or breadth of our coverage may not be adequate for the claims that may be made against us. Failure to obtain and retain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of products or therapies we develop. Additionally, our insurance policies have various exclusions, and we may be subject to a product liability claim for which we have no coverage or reduced coverage. Any claim that may be brought against us could result in a court judgment or settlement in an amount that is not covered, in whole or in part, by our insurance or that is in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage. We will have to pay any amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay such amounts.
Risks Related to the Operation of Our Business
If we fail to attract and keep senior management and key scientific personnel, we may be unable to successfully develop our therapeutic candidates, conduct our clinical trials and commercialize our therapeutic candidates.
We are highly dependent on the members of our executive team, the loss of whose services may adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. Any of our executive officers could leave our employment at any time, as all of our employees are “at will” employees. Recruiting and retaining other qualified employees, consultants and advisors for our business, including scientific and technical personnel, will also be critical to our success.
Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, clinical, manufacturing, sales and marketing personnel will also be critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us.
We will need to expand our organization and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.
As we mature and expand our research and development and other pre-commercialization activities, we expect to expand our existing full-time employee base and to hire more consultants and contractors. In addition, we currently plan to commercialize the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System, if approved, using an internal sales force to selected cardiologists, interventional cardiologists and third-party payors in the United States. Our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of additional product candidates. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and/or grow revenues could be reduced, and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize product candidates and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth.
Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system failures.
Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our current and any future CROs and other contractors, consultants and potential collaborators are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. For example, our systems have been impacted by computer viruses in the past, and while we have not experienced any material system failure, accident or security breach that has resulted in lasting impacts to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Likewise, we rely on third parties for manufacturing our therapeutic candidates and conducting clinical trials, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development and commercialization of our therapeutic candidates could be delayed.
Any cybersecurity breaches or our actual or perceived failure to comply with such legal obligations by us, or by our third-party service providers or partners, could harm our business.
We collect, store, process and use our customers’ personally identifiable information and other data, and we rely on third parties that are not directly under our control to do so as well. While we take measures intended to protect the security, integrity and confidentiality of the personal information and other sensitive information we collect, store or transmit, we cannot guarantee that inadvertent or unauthorized use or disclosure will not occur, or that third parties will not, gain unauthorized access to this information. There have been a number of recent reported incidents where third parties have used software to access the personal data of their partners’ customers for marketing and other purposes.
If we or our third-party service providers were to experience a breach, disruption or failure of systems compromising our customers’ data, or if one of our third-party service providers or partners were to access our customers’ personal data without our authorization, our brand and reputation could be adversely affected, use of our products could decrease and we could be exposed to a risk of loss, litigation and regulatory proceedings. In addition, a breach could require expending significant additional resources related to the security of information systems and disrupt our operations.
The use of data by our business and our business associates is highly regulated in all our operating countries. Privacy and information-security laws and regulations change, and compliance with them may result in cost increases due to, among other things, systems changes and the development of new processes. If we or those with whom we share information fail to comply with laws and regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), our reputation could be damaged, possibly resulting in lost business, and we could be subjected to additional legal risk or financial losses as a result of non-compliance. Complying with such laws may also require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and incur substantial expenditures. See Item 1C “Cybersecurity” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information about our cybersecurity processes.
Interruptions in supply or inventory loss may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
Our therapeutic candidates and products are manufactured and distributed using technically complex processes requiring specialized facilities, highly specific raw materials and other production constraints. The complexity of these processes, as well as strict company and government standards for manufacture and storage, subjects us to production risks. While batches released for use in clinical trials or for commercialization undergo sample testing, some defects may only be identified following release. In addition, process deviations or unanticipated effects of approved process changes may result in these intermediate products not complying with stability requirements or specifications. The investigation and remediation of any identified problems can cause production delays, substantial expense, lost sales and delays of new product or therapy launches. Any supply interruption or the loss thereof could hinder our ability to timely distribute our approved products and satisfy demand. Any unforeseen storage failure or loss in supply could delay our clinical trials and, if our therapeutic candidates are approved, result in a loss of our market share and negatively affect our revenues and operations.
We or the third parties upon whom we depend may be adversely affected by earthquakes or other natural disasters and our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious disaster.
Earthquakes or other natural disasters could severely disrupt our operations, and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. A majority of our management operates in our principal executive offices located in San Carlos,Sunnyvale, California and we currently manufacture our HelixHelix™ and Morph products at this facility and use it for storage of our clinical trial materials.materials and biobanking. If our San CarlosSunnyvale offices were affected by a natural or man-made disaster, particularly those that are characteristic of the region, such as wildfires and earthquakes, or other business interruption, our ability to manage our domestic and foreign operations could be impaired, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. If a natural disaster, power outage or other event occurred that prevented us from using all or a significant portion of our headquarters, that damaged critical infrastructure, such as the manufacturing facilities of our third-party contract manufacturers, or that otherwise disrupted operations, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time. The disaster recovery and business continuity plans we have in place currently are limited and are unlikely to prove adequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans, which, particularly when taken together with our lack of earthquake insurance, could have a material adverse effect on our business. The ultimate impact of any such events on us, our significant suppliers and our general infrastructure is unknown.
Our financial controls and procedures may not be sufficient to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our Common Stock.
As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal controls. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and provide a management report on internal control over financial reporting.
The effectiveness of our controls and procedures may in the future be limited by a variety of factors, including:
• | faulty human judgements and simple errors, omissions or mistakes; |
• | fraudulent actions of an individual or collusion of two or more people; |
• | inappropriate management override of procedures; and |
• | the possibility that any enhancements to controls and procedures may still not be adequate to assure timely and accurate financial information. |
If we identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, or if we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected, and we could become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.
Risks RelatedRelating to ourOur Intellectual Property
We may not be able to protect our proprietary technology in the marketplace.
Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain patents, protect our trade secrets and operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others. We rely upon a combination of patents, trade secret protection, and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property of our therapeutic candidates and products. Patents might not be issued or granted with respect to our patent applications that are currently pending, and issued or granted patents might later be found to be invalid or unenforceable, be interpreted in a manner that does not adequately protect our current therapeutic candidates or products or any future therapeutic candidates or products, or fail to otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. As such, we do not know the degree of future protection that we will have on our therapeutic candidates or products and technology, if any, and a failure to obtain adequate intellectual property protection with respect to our therapeutic candidates or products could have a material adverse impact on our business.
Filing, prosecuting and defending patents throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, so our policy is to patent technology in jurisdictions with significant or otherwise relevant commercial opportunities or activities. However, patent protection may not be available for some of the therapeutic candidates or products we are developing. If we must spend significant time and money protecting or enforcing our patents, designing around patents held by others or licensing, potentially for large fees, patents or other proprietary rights held by others, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be harmed.
The patent protection of biotherapeutics is complex and uncertain.
The scope and extent of patent protection for our therapeutic candidates and products are particularly uncertain. To date, our principal therapeutic candidates have been based on specific subpopulations of known and naturally occurring adult stem cells. We anticipate that the therapeutic candidates or products we develop in the future will continue to include or be based on the same or other naturally occurring stem cells or derivatives or products thereof. Although we have sought and expect to continue to seek patent protection for our therapeutic candidates and products, their methods of use, methods of manufacture, and methods of delivery, any or all of them may not be subject to effective patent protection. Publication of information related to our therapeutic candidates and products by us or others may prevent us from obtaining or enforcing patents relating to these products and therapeutic candidates. Furthermore, others may independently develop similar therapeutic candidates or products, may duplicate our therapeutic candidates or products, or may design around our patent rights. In addition, any of our issued patents may be declared invalid. If we fail to adequately protect our intellectual property, we may face competition from companies who attempt to create a generic therapeutic candidate or product to compete with our therapeutic candidates or products.
Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on therapeutic candidates or products in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own therapeutic candidates or products and further, may export otherwise infringing therapeutic candidates or products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These therapeutic candidates or products may compete with our current or future therapeutic candidates or products, if any, and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.
Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing therapeutic candidates or products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.
We may be unable to adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information.
We maintain certain of our proprietary know-how and technological advances as trade secrets, especially where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable, including, but not exclusively, with respect to certain aspects of the manufacturing of our therapeutic candidates or products. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We take a number of measures to protect our trade secrets including, limiting disclosure, physical security and confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements. We enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, contract manufacturing partners, sponsored researchers and other advisors and third parties to protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets and proprietary information. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights. Failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection, or failure to adequately protect our intellectual property could enable competitors to develop generic products or use our proprietary information to develop other therapeutic candidates or products that compete with our therapeutic candidates or products or cause additional, material adverse effects upon our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We may be forced to litigate to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights, and/or the intellectual property rights of our licensors.
We may be forced to litigate to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights against infringement by competitors, and to protect our trade secrets against unauthorized use. In so doing, we may place our intellectual property at risk of being invalidated, unenforceable, or limited or narrowed in scope and may no longer be used to prevent the manufacture and sale of competitive product. Further, an adverse result in any litigation or other proceedings before government agencies such as the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO, may place pending applications at risk of non-issuance. Further, interference proceedings, derivation proceedings, entitlement proceedings, ex parte reexamination, inter partes reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review, and opposition proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by the USPTO or any foreign patent authority may be used to challenge inventorship, ownership, claim scope, or validity of our patent applications. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential and proprietary information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.
Intellectual property disputes could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities.
Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses and could distract our technical and/or management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the market price of our shares. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of litigation proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and personnel. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to conduct our clinical trials, continue our internal research programs, in-license needed technology or enter into strategic collaborations that would help us bring our therapeutic candidates to market. As a result, uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.
Patent reform legislation and recent court decisions could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents.
On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, was signed into law. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law, including provisions that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. The USPTO has and continues to develop and implement regulations and procedures to govern administration of the Leahy-Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act. The full effect of these changes areis currently unclear as the USPTO has not yet adopted all pertinent final rules and regulations, the courts have yet to address these provisions and the applicability of the Leahy-Smith Act and new regulations on specific patents, including our patents discussed herein, have not been determined and would need to be reviewed.
Accordingly, it is not yet clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the operation of our business. As a result, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
On June 13, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., held that isolated DNA sequences are not patentable because they constitute a product of nature. The Supreme Court did not address stem cells in particular, and as a result, it is not yet clear what, if any, impact this Supreme Court decision or future decisions will have on the operation of our business.
If third parties claim that our therapeutic candidates or other products infringe upon their intellectual property, commercialization of our therapeutic candidates or products and our operating profits could be adversely affected.
There is a substantial amount of litigation, both within and outside the United States, involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biopharmaceutical industry. We may, from time to time, be notified of claims that we are infringing upon patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights owned by third parties, and we cannot provide assurances that other companies will not, in the future, pursue such infringement claims against us or any third-party proprietary technologies we have licensed. Any such claims could also be expensive and time consuming to defend and divert management’smanagement’s attention and resources and could delay or prevent us from commercializing our therapeutic candidates or products. Our competitive position could suffer as a result. Although we have reviewed certain third-party patents and patent filings that we believe may be relevant to our therapeutic candidates or products, we have not conducted a freedom-to-operate search or analysis for our therapeutic candidates or products, and we may not be aware of patents or pending or future patent applications that, if issued, would block us from commercializing our therapeutic candidates or products. Thus, we cannot guarantee that our therapeutic candidates or products, or our commercialization thereof, do not and will not infringe any third party’sthird-party’s intellectual property.
From time to time, we have reviewed the claims of specific patents owned by third parties. While we have concluded that no claims of any of these patents would be infringed by our products, that all relevant claims would expire before our products would be commercialized, or both, we cannot guarantee that the patent owners would not disagree and conclude that our products would infringe these claims.
If we do not obtain patent term extension in the United States under the Hatch-Waxman Act and in foreign countries under similar legislation, thereby potentially extending the term of our marketing exclusivity of our therapeutic candidates or products, our business may be materially harmed.
Depending on the timing, duration and specifics of FDA marketing approval of our therapeutic candidates or products, if any, one of the U.S. patents covering each of such approved therapeutic candidate or product or the use thereof may be eligible for up to five years of patent term restoration under the Hatch-Waxman Act. The Hatch-Waxman Act allows a maximum of one patent to be extended per FDA approved product. Patent term extension also may be available in certain foreign countries upon regulatory approval of our therapeutic candidates, including by the EMA in the European Union or the Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency in Japan. Nevertheless, we may not be granted patent term extension either in the United States or in any foreign country because of, for example, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the term of extension, as well as the scope of patent protection during any such extension, afforded by the governmental authority could be less than we request. In addition, if a patent we wish to extend is owned by another party and licensed to us, we may need to obtain approval and cooperation from our licensor to request the extension.
If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or restoration, or the term of any such extension is less than we request, the period during which we will have the right to exclusively market our therapeutic candidates or products will be shortened and our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our revenue could be reduced, possibly materially.
Our reliance on third parties requires us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor will discover them or that our trade secrets will be misappropriated or disclosed.
Because we rely on third parties for manufacturing, and because we collaborate with various organizations and academic institutions on the advancement of our clinical trials, we must, at times, share trade secrets with them. We seek to protect our proprietary technology in part by entering into confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, material transfer agreements, consulting agreements or other similar agreements with our advisors, employees, third-party contractors and consultants prior to beginning research or disclosing proprietary information. These agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our confidential information, including our trade secrets. Despite the contractual provisions employed when working with third parties, the need to share trade secrets and other confidential information increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by our competitors, are inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others, or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. Given that our proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how and trade secrets, a competitor’scompetitor’s discovery of our trade secrets or other unauthorized use or disclosure would impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business.
In addition, these agreements typically restrict the ability of our advisors, employees, third-party contractors and consultants to publish data potentially relating to our trade secrets, although our agreements may contain certain limited publication rights. For example, any academic institution that we may collaborate with in the future will usually expect to be granted rights to publish data arising out of such collaboration, provided that we are notified in advance and given the opportunity to delay publication for a limited time period in order for us to secure patent protection of intellectual property rights arising from the collaboration, in addition to the opportunity to remove confidential or trade secret information from any such publication. In the future we may also conduct joint research and development programs that may require us to share trade secrets under the terms of our research and development partnerships or similar agreements. Despite our efforts to protect our trade secrets, our competitors may discover our trade secrets, either through breach of our agreements with third parties, independent development or publication of information by any of our third-party collaborators. A competitor’scompetitor’s discovery of our trade secrets would impair our competitive position and have an adverse impact on our business.
Risks Related to Our Common StockSecurities
ThereIf we do not regain compliance with or continue to satisfy the Nasdaq continued listing requirements, our securities could be delisted from the Nasdaq.
The listing of our securities on the Nasdaq Capital Market (Nasdaq) is contingent on our compliance with the Nasdaq’s conditions for continued listing. We are currently not now,in compliance with Nasdaq listing requirements, specifically those that require us to maintain a minimum market value of listed securities of at least $35.0 million (MVLS Requirements) and there may never be, an active, liquid and orderly trading marketa minimum $1.00 per share closing bid price for our Common Stock, which may make it difficult to sell shares of our Common Stock.
Our Common Stock is quoted oncommon stock (Minimum Bid Price Requirement). On March 6, 2024 and March 12, 2024, we received delisting determination letters from the OTC Markets Group Inc.'s over-the-counter inter-dealer quotation system, known as OTC Markets,Nasdaq advising us that we did not regain compliance with the MVLS Requirement and there is not any significant trading activity in our Common Stock or a market for shares of our Common Stock, and an active trading market for our shares may never develop or be sustained.the Minimum Bid Price Requirement, respectively, by the initial compliance dates afforded by the Nasdaq. As a result, investors intrading of our Common Stock must bear the economic risk of holding those shares for an indefinite period of time. Before this filing, we do not, and may not in the future, meet the initial listing standards of any national securities exchange, and our Common Stock may be quoted on the OTC Market's or another over-the-counter quotation system forNasdaq was subject to suspension at the foreseeable future. Inopening of business on March 15, 2024 and a Form 25-NSE would have been filed with the SEC to remove our securities from listing and registration on the Nasdaq unless we requested an appeal of these marketplaces, our stockholders may find it difficultdeterminations to obtain accurate quotations asa Nasdaq Hearings Panel (Panel). On March 12, 2024, we submitted a hearing request to the market value of their sharesPanel to appeal the delisting determinations. Our request for a hearing has stayed the suspension of our Common Stock,securities and the filing of a Form 25-NSE pending the Panel’s decision. At the hearing, we intend to present a plan to regain compliance with the MVLS Requirement and the Minimum Bid Price Requirement.
If the Panel does not grant our request for continued listing, or otherwise provide a further extension for us to regain compliance with the MVLS Requirement and the Minimum Bid Price Requirement, our securities will be subject to delisting by the Nasdaq. In the event our securities are no longer listed for trading on Nasdaq, our trading volume and share price may find few buyers to purchase their stockdecrease and few market makers to support its price. As a resultwe may experience further difficulties in raising capital, which could materially affect our operations and financial results. Further, delisting from the Nasdaq could also have other negative effects, including potential loss of theseconfidence by partners, lenders, suppliers and employees and could also trigger various defaults under our financing arrangements and other factors, investors may be unable to resell shares of our Common Stock at or above the price for which they purchased them, at or near quoted bid prices, or at all. Further, an inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling additional equity in the future, and may impair our ability to enter into strategic partnerships or acquire companies or products by using shares of our Common Stock as consideration.outstanding agreements.
The market price and trading volume of our Common Stocksecurities may be volatile and may be affected by economic conditions beyond our control.
The market price of our Common Stocksecurities is likely to be volatile. Some specific factors that could negatively affect the price of our Common Stocksecurities or result in fluctuations in its price and trading volume include:
results of clinical trials of our therapeutic candidates;
results of clinical trials of our competitors’ products;
regulatory actions with respect to our therapeutic candidates or products or our competitors’ products;
actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly operating results or those of our competitors;
• | results of clinical trials of our therapeutic candidates; |
publication of research reports by securities analysts about us or our competitors in the industry;
• | results of clinical trials of our competitors’ products; |
our failure or the failure of our competitors to meet analysts’ projections or guidance that we or our competitors may give to the market;
• | regulatory actions with respect to our therapeutic candidates or products or our competitors’ products; |
issuances by us of debt or equity securities;
• | actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly operating results or those of our competitors; |
litigation involving our company, including: stockholder litigation; investigations or audits by regulators into the operations of our company; or proceedings initiated by our competitors or clients;
• | publication of research reports by securities analysts about us or our competitors in the industry; |
strategic decisions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions, divestitures, spin-offs, joint ventures, strategic investments or changes in business strategy;
• | our failure or the failure of our competitors to meet analysts’ projections or guidance that we or our competitors may give to the market; |
the passage of legislation or other regulatory developments affecting us or our industry; fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;
• | our liquidity positions; |
trading volume of our Common Stock;
• | issuances by us of debt or equity securities; |
sales or perceived potential sales of our Common Stock by us, our directors, senior management or our stockholders in the future;
• | litigation involving our company, including stockholder litigation, investigations or audits by regulators into the operations of our company, or proceedings initiated by our competitors or clients; |
short selling or other market manipulation activities;
• | strategic decisions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions, divestitures, spin-offs, joint ventures, strategic investments or changes in business strategy; |
announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts;
• | the passage of legislation or other regulatory developments affecting us or our industry, fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us; |
terrorist acts, acts of war or periods of widespread civil unrest;
• | trading volume of our common stock and warrants; |
natural disasters and other calamities;
• | sales or perceived potential sales of our common stock and/or warrants by us, our directors, senior management or our stockholders in the future; |
changes in market conditions for biopharmaceutical stocks; and
• | short selling or other market manipulation activities; |
• | announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts; |
conditions in the U.S. financial markets or changes in general economic conditions.
• | terrorist acts, acts of war or periods of widespread civil unrest; |
• | natural disasters, pandemics, such as COVID-19, and other calamities; |
• | changes in market conditions for biopharmaceutical stocks; and |
• | conditions in the U.S. financial markets or changes in general economic conditions, including as a result of inflation and changes in interest rates. |
Our Common Stock may be subject to the “penny stock” rules of the SEC, and the trading market in our Common Stock is limited, which makes transactions cumbersome and may reduce the value of an investment in the stock.
Rule 15g-9 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, establishes the definition of a “penny stock,” for the purposes relevant to us, as any equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share or with an exercise price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions. For any transaction involving a penny stock, unless exempt, the rules require: (i) that a broker or dealer approve a person’s account for transactions in penny stocks in accordance with the provisions of Rule 15g-9; and (ii) the broker or dealer receive from the investor a written agreement to the transaction, setting forth the identity and quantity of the penny stock to be purchased, provided that any such purchase shall not be effected less than two business days after the broker or dealer sends such written agreement to the investor.
In order to approve a person’s account for transactions in penny stocks, the broker or dealer must: (i) obtain financial information, investment experience and investment objectives of the person; and (ii) make a reasonable determination that the transactions in penny stocks are suitable for that person and the person has sufficient knowledge and experience in financial matters to be reasonably expected to be capable of evaluating the risks of transactions in penny stocks.
The broker or dealer must also deliver, prior to any transaction in a penny stock, a disclosure schedule prescribed by the SEC relating to the penny stock market, which: (i) sets forth the basis on which the broker or dealer made the suitability determination; and (ii) in highlight form, confirms that the broker or dealer received a signed, written agreement from the investor prior to the transaction. Generally, brokers may be less willing to execute transactions in securities subject to the “penny stock” rules. This may make it more difficult for investors to dispose of our Common Stock and cause a decline in the market value of our Common Stock.
Disclosure also has to be made about the risks of investing in penny stocks in both public offerings and in secondary trading, the commissions payable to both the broker or dealer and the registered representative, current quotations for the securities and the rights and remedies available to an investor in cases of fraud in penny stock transactions. Finally, monthly statements must be sent disclosing recent price information for the penny stock held in the account and information regarding the limited market in penny stocks. As a result, it may be more difficult to execute trades of our Common Stock which may have an adverse effect on the liquidity of our Common Stock.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our stock, our stockthe price and trading volume of our securities could decline.
The trading market for our Common Stocksecurities will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. We do not currently have and may never obtain research coverage by securities and industry analysts. If no or few securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, the trading price for our stocksecurities would be negatively impacted. In the event we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, if any of the analysts who cover us issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding us, our business model, our intellectual property or our stock performance, or if our clinical trials and operating results fail to meet the expectations of analysts, the price of our stock pricesecurities would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stockthe price or trading volume of our securities to decline.
Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.
OurAs of March 27, 2024, our executive officers, directors, 5% stockholders and their affiliates beneficially ownowned approximately 59.5%20.1% of our voting stock. Therefore, these stockholders will have the ability to influence us through this ownership position. These stockholders may be able to determine all matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders, acting together, may be able to control elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our Common Stockcommon stock that you may believe are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.
We previously identifiedAs a material weaknesssmaller reporting company, we are subject to scaled disclosure requirements that may make it more challenging for investors to analyze our results of operations and financial prospects.
Currently, we are a “smaller reporting company,” as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. As a “smaller reporting company,” we are able to provide simplified executive compensation disclosures in our filings and have certain other decreased disclosure obligations in our filings with the SEC, including being required to provide only two years of audited financial statements in annual reports. Consequently, it may be more challenging for investors to analyze our results of operations and financial prospects.
Furthermore, we are a non-accelerated filer as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, and, as such, are not required to provide an auditor attestation of management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting, at December 31, 2015which is generally required for SEC reporting companies under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Because we are not required to, and December 31, 2016 and we may identify additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintainhave not, had our auditors provide an effective system of internal control in the future. If we experience additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the valueattestation of our Common Stock.
Prior to our reverse merger transaction, BioCardia Lifesciences, the accounting acquirer, was a private company with limited accounting personnel and systems to adequately execute accounting processes and other supervisory resources with which to address internal control over financial reporting. As a resultmanagement’s assessment of the reverse merger transaction, the accounting personnel and systems of BioCardia Lifesciences became our accounting personnel and systems. In connection with the audit of our financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected onweakness in internal controls may remain undetected for a timely basis. The material weakness related to an insufficient number of qualified personnel and inadequate processes within our accounting function impacting our ability to appropriately segregate duties and to perform timely and effective review over general ledger account reconciliations and non-routine transactions.longer period.
We have implemented measures designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting to remediate this material weakness, including the following:
we have formalized our processes and internal control documentation and strengthened supervisory reviews by our management; and
we have added additional qualified accounting personnel and have improved the segregation of duties amongst the accounting personnel.
We cannot provide assurance that the measures we have taken to date, and are continuing to implement, will be sufficient to prevent future material weaknesses or significant deficiencies form occurring. Accordingly, there could continue to be a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal controls. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and provide a management report on internal control over financial reporting. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act also requires that our management report on internal control over financial reporting be attested to by our independent registered public accounting firm.
If we identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, if we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our Common Stock could be adversely affected, and we could become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.
We may be exposed to additional risks as a result of our reverse merger transaction.
We may be exposed to additional risks as a result of our “reverse merger” transaction and rules and regulations relating to shell companies or former shell companies. There has been increased focus in recent years by government agencies on transactions such as the reverse merger transaction, and we may be subject to increased scrutiny and/or restrictions by the SEC and other government agencies and holders of our securities as a result of the completion of that transaction. This may make it more difficult for us to obtain coverage from securities analysts of major brokerage firms. The occurrence of any such event could cause our business or stock price to suffer.
Our annual and quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly or may fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, each of which may cause our stock price to fluctuate or decline.
We expect our operating results to be subject to annual and quarterly fluctuations. Our net loss and other operating results will be affected by numerous factors, including:
• | variations in the level of expenses related to our therapeutic candidates, products or future development programs; |
• | if any of our therapeutic candidates receives regulatory approval, the level of underlying demand for these therapeutic candidates and wholesalers’ buying patterns; |
• | addition or termination of clinical trials or funding support; |
• | our execution of any collaborative, licensing or similar arrangements, and the timing of payments we may make or receive under these arrangements; |
• | any intellectual property infringement lawsuit in which we may become involved; |
• | regulatory developments affecting our therapeutic candidates or products or those of our competitors; |
• | the timing and cost of, and level of investment in, research and development activities relating to our therapeutic candidates, which may change from time to time; |
• | our ability to attract, hire and retain qualified personnel; |
• | expenditures that we will or may incur to acquire or develop additional therapeutic candidates and technologies; |
if any of our therapeutic candidates receives regulatory approval, the level of underlying demand for these therapeutic candidates and wholesalers’ buying patterns;
• | future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies; |
addition or termination of clinical trials or funding support;
• | the timing and success or failure of clinical studies for our therapeutic candidates or competing product candidates, or any other change in the competitive landscape of our industry, including consolidation among our competitors or partners; |
our execution of any collaborative, licensing or similar arrangements, and the timing of payments we may make or receive under these arrangements;
• | the risk/benefit profile, cost and reimbursement policies with respect to our therapeutic candidates, if approved, and existing and potential future therapies or biologics that compete with our products or therapeutic candidates; and |
any intellectual property infringement lawsuit in which we may become involved;
regulatory developments affecting our therapeutic candidates or products or those of our competitors;
the timing and cost of, and level of investment in, research and development activities relating to our therapeutic candidates, which may change from time to time;
our ability to attract, hire and retain qualified personnel;
expenditures that we will or may incur to acquire or develop additional therapeutic candidates and technologies;
future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies;
the timing and success or failure of clinical studies for our therapeutic candidates or competing product candidates, or any other change in the competitive landscape of our industry, including consolidation among our competitors or partners;
the risk/benefit profile, cost and reimbursement policies with respect to our therapeutic candidates, if approved, and existing and potential future therapies or biologics that compete with our products or therapeutic candidates; and
the changing and volatile U.S., European and global economic environments.
• | the changing and volatile U.S., European and global economic environments, including inflationary pressures and increased federal interest rates. |
If our annual or quarterly operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our Common Stocksecurities could decline substantially. Furthermore, any annual or quarterly fluctuations in our operating results may, in turn, cause the price of our stock to fluctuate substantially. We believe that annual and quarterly comparisons of our financial results are not necessarily meaningful and should not be relied upon as an indication of our future performance.
Raising additional funds through debt or equity financing could be highly dilutive and may cause the market price of our Common Stockcommon stock to decline.
To the extent that weWe will attempt to raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interestincluding through the HCW Sales Agreement, which may be diluted,highly dilutive to our existing stockholders, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect yourthe rights as a stockholder.of our existing stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take certain actions, such as incurring debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic collaborations or partnerships, or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may be required to limit valuable rights to our intellectual property, technologies, therapeutic candidates or future revenue streams, or grant licenses or other rights on terms that are not favorable to us. Furthermore, any additional fundraising efforts maywill divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our therapeutic candidates.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Common Stock in the public marketcommon stock or rights to purchase our common stock could cause our stock price to fall.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Common Stock in the public marketcommon stock or rights to purchase our common stock, or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our Common Stockcommon stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that sales may have on the prevailing market price of our Common Stock.common stock.
Future sales and issuances of our Common Stockcommon stock or rights to purchase our Common Stock,common stock, including pursuant to the HCW Sales Agreement or under our equity incentive plans, could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our existing stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall.
We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our stockholders maywould likely experience substantial dilution. We may sell our Common Stock,common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell our Common Stock,common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in more than one transaction, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. These sales maywould likely also result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could gain rights superior to our existing stockholders.
Furthermore, we filed a prospectus supplement related to the offer and sale of up to $2.75 million of our common stock under the HCW Sales Agreement. Any such HCW Sales Agreement sales would be made by HCW on a reasonable efforts basis. Any sales under the HCW Sales Agreement must be in compliance with the terms of such agreement and applicable law and the purchase price for such sales will fluctuate based on the price of our common stock. Depending on market liquidity at the time, sales of such shares may cause the trading price of our common stock to fall and any such issuances would be dilutive to our existing stockholders.
We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock so any returns will be limited to the value of our stock.
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation of their stock.
General Risks
If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.
We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations may involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials. Our operations may also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials, which could cause an interruption of our commercialization efforts, research and development efforts and business operations, environmental damage resulting in costly clean-up and liabilities under applicable laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and specified waste products. Although we believe that the safety procedures utilized by our third-party manufacturers for handling and disposing of these materials generally comply with the standards prescribed by these laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee that this is the case or eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. In such an event, we may be held liable for any resulting damages and such liability could exceed our resources and state or federal or other applicable authorities may curtail our use of certain materials and/or interrupt our business operations. Furthermore, environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent. We cannot predict the impact of such changes and cannot be certain of our future compliance. In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions. We do not currently carry biological or hazardous waste insurance coverage.
Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses, we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials or other work-related injuries, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities.
We are at risk of securities class action litigation.
In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because biotechnology companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’smanagement’s attention and resources, which could harm our business.
Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
We have incurred substantial losses during our history and do not expect to become profitable in the near future and we may never achieve profitability. To the extent that we continue to generate taxable losses, unused losses will carry forward to offset future taxable income, if any, until such unused losses expire. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its post-change income or taxes may be limited. The Merger, our prior equity offerings and other changes in our stock ownership may have resulted in ownership changes. We have not performed an analysis to assess whether an ownership change has occurred. If we have experienced an ownership change at any time since our formation, utilization of our net operating loss carryforwards would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Code. In addition, we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards to offset U.S. federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of NOLs is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed.
Recent U.S. tax legislation and future changes to applicable U.S. or foreign tax laws and regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to income and other taxes in the U.S. Changes in laws and policy relating to taxes or trade may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, the U.S. government recently enacted significant tax reform, and certain provisions of the new law may adversely affect us. Changes include, but are not limited to, a federal corporate tax rate decrease from 34% to 21% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, the transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a more generally territorial system, and a one-time transition tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of foreign earnings. The legislation is unclear in many respects and could be subject to potential amendments and technical corrections, and will be subject to interpretations and implementing regulations by the Treasury and Internal Revenue Service, any of which could mitigate or increase certain adverse effects of the legislation. In addition, it is unclear how these U.S. federal income tax changes will affect state and local taxation. Generally, future changes in applicable U.S. or foreign tax laws and regulations, or their interpretation and application could have an adverse effect on our business, financial conditions and results of operations. Changes with respect to the transition to a territorial tax system are generally expected to have little impact given our lack of foreign operations.
We do not intend to pay dividends on our Common Stock so any returns will be limited to the value of our stock.
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our Common Stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation of their stock.
ITEM1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
We maintain a process for identifying, assessing, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats as part of our broader risk management system and processes. We routinely assess risks from cybersecurity threats, including any potential unauthorized occurrence on or conducted through our information systems that may result in adverse effects on the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of our information systems or any information residing therein.
We conduct periodic risk assessments to identify cybersecurity threats, as well as assessments in the event of a material change in our business practices that may affect information systems that are vulnerable to such cybersecurity threats. These risk assessments include identification of reasonably foreseeable internal and external risks, the likelihood and potential damage that could result from such risks, and the sufficiency of existing policies, procedures, systems, and safeguards in place to manage such risks.
Our information technology team consists of professionals with deep cybersecurity expertise across multiple industries. Our executive leadership team, along with input from the above professionals, are responsible for our overall enterprise risk management process and regularly consider cybersecurity risks in the context of other material risks to the Company.
As part of our risk management system, we track and log privacy and security incidents to remediate and resolve any such incidents. Any significant incidents are reviewed regularly with our Chief Financial Officer to determine whether further escalation is appropriate. Any incident assessed as potentially being or potentially becoming material is immediately escalated for further assessment, and then reported to our executive leadership team. We consult with outside counsel as appropriate, including on materiality analysis and disclosure matters, and our executive leadership team makes the final materiality determinations and disclosure and other compliance decisions.
The Board of Directors has oversight responsibility for risks and incidents relating to cybersecurity threats, including compliance with disclosure requirements, cooperation with law enforcement, and related effects on financial and other risks. Senior management regularly discusses cyber risks and trends and, should they arise, any material incidents with the Board of Directors.
To date, our business strategy, results of operations and financial condition have not been materially affected by risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of previously identified cybersecurity incidents, but we cannot provide assurance that they will not be materially affected in the future by such risks or any future material incidents. For more information on our cybersecurity related risks, see Item 1A Risk Factors of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our principal executive office is located at 125 Shoreway Road, Suite B, San Carlos,320 Soquel Way, Sunnyvale, CA 9407094085 in a facility we lease encompassing 13,7189,369 square feet of office, lab, and manufacturing space. The lease for this facility expires in 2021.January 2027. We believe that our leasedexisting facilities are adequate to meetfor our current needs. If we determine that additional or new facilities are needed in the future, we believe that sufficient options would be available to us on commercially reasonable terms.
The Company may be subject to various claims, complaints, and legal actions that arise from time to time in the normal course of business. Management does not believe that the Company is party to any currentlycurrent pending legal proceedings. There can be no assurance that existing or future legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business or otherwise will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’sCompany’s business, financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
ITEM4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’SREGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Informationfor our Common Stock
Our common stock trades on the OTCQB tier of OTC Markets Group, Inc.Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “BCDA.” The following table sets forth the quarterly high and low sales prices of our common stock for the fiscal years 2017 and 2016, as quoted on OTC Markets. This information represents prices between dealers and does not include retail mark-ups, markdowns or commissions and may not represent actual transactions.
Fiscal Year 2017 | High | Low | ||||||
First Quarter | $ | 14.88 | $ | 4.08 | ||||
Second Quarter | $ | 8.40 | $ | 3.96 | ||||
Third Quarter | $ | 8.40 | $ | 4.56 | ||||
Fourth Quarter | $ | 6.24 | $ | 2.22 |
Fiscal Year 2016 | High | Low | ||||||
First Quarter | $ | 1.32 | $ | 0.84 | ||||
Second Quarter | $ | 1.92 | $ | 0.84 | ||||
Third Quarter | $ | 2.16 | $ | 1.32 | ||||
Fourth Quarter | $ | 15.36 | $ | 1.20 |
On November 2, 2017, we executed a one-for-twelve reverse stock split of our common stock. All per share amounts included in the above table are presented as if the one-for-twelve reverse stock split had been effective at the beginning of the earliest period presented.Holders
As of March 1, 2018,December 31, 2023, there were approximately 253183 holders of record of our common stock. Because manyThe number of record holders was determined from the records of our sharestransfer agent and does not include beneficial owners of our common stock whose shares are held byin the names of various security brokers, dealers, and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders.registered clearing agencies.
Dividend Policy
We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Any determination to declare or pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.
Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.Except as previously reported by the Company on its current reports on Form 8-K, we did not sell any securities during the period covered by this Annual Report that were not registered under the Securities Act.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to Item 12, “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
None.
ITEM6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATARESERVED
Not applicable.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains certain forward-looking statements that involve risk and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those set forth under the Section entitled “Risk Factors”“Risk Factors” in Item 1A, and other documents we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of future results.
Special Note Regarding Smaller Reporting Company Status
As a result of having beenbeing a “smaller reporting company” (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), we are allowed and have elected to omit certain information, including three years of year-to-year comparisons, and tabular disclosure of contractual obligations, from this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations; however, we have provided all information for the periods presented that we believe to be appropriate and necessary.
Overview
On August 22, 2016, the Company, Icicle Acquisition Corp., a Delaware corporation and our direct wholly-owned subsidiary, and BioCardia Lifesciences, Inc. (at the time, named BioCardia, Inc.) entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, or the Merger Agreement. On October 24, 2016, pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Icicle Acquisition Corp. merged with and into BioCardia Lifesciences, with BioCardia Lifesciences continuing as the surviving company. BioCardia Lifesciences was determined to be the accounting acquirer, and following the completion of the Merger, we assumed the business and operations of BioCardia Lifesciences and changed our name to BioCardia, Inc.
We are a clinical-stage regenerative medicine company developing novelcellular and cell-derived therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases with large unmet medical needs. Our lead therapeutic candidate is the investigational CardiAMP Cell Therapy System, or CardiAMP, which provides an autologous bone marrow derived cell therapy (using a patient’s own cells) for the treatment of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases with significant unmet medical needs. We are advancing two cell therapy platforms derived from the bone marrow in clinical trials today. Our CardiAMP® autologous mononuclear cell therapy platform is being advanced for two clinical indications: ischemic heart failure that develops after a heart attackwith reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and chronic myocardial ischemia.
We initiated our U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, accepted Phase III pivotal trial for CardiAMP Cell Therapy in ischemic systolic heart failure, in December 2016. The CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial is a Phase III, multi-center, randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled study of up to 260 patients at 40 centers nationwide, which includes a 10-patient roll-in cohort. The trial’s primary endpoint is a clinical composite of six minute walk distance and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events. In September 2017, the independent Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) completed the pre-specified interim analysis of safety outcomes for the first 10 patients treated in the Phase III trial of its investigational CardiAMP cell therapy product. The DSMB indicated there were no significant safety concerns with the CardiAMP study results and recommended that the trial continue, as planned. Currently ten world class medical centers are actively enrolling in the study. Efficacy resultsrefractory angina resulting from the primary endpoint in the open label roll in cohort are anticipated in the second half of 2018. We anticipate that trial enrollment will be completed in the first half of 2019.
In January 2018, the FDA approved a second IDE for the randomized controlled pivotal trial of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells using the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System in patients with refractory chronic myocardial ischemia (CMI). Our immunomodulatory allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy platform is being advanced as an “off the shelf” cell therapy for up to 343 patients at up to 40two clinical sites in the United States. This therapeutic approach uses many of the same novel aspects as the CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial, and leverages our experience and investment in the heart failure trial.
Our second therapeutic candidate is the CardiALLO Cell Therapy System, which utilizes bone marrow derived mesenchymal cells from a donor to treat heart failure. We anticipate submitting an Investigational New Drug (IND) application for submission to the FDA for a Phase II trial for CardiALLO Cell Therapy System forindications: the treatment of ischemic systolic heart failure in 2018. This INDHFrEF (CardiALLO™), which is expected to have improved Chemistry Manufacturing Controls relative to our previous co-sponsored investigations utilizing culture expanded bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells.actively enrolling, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Our autologous CardiAMP and our allogeneic CardiALLO cell therapies intended for cardiac indications of HFrEF and CMI are enabled by our Helix™ minimally invasive intramyocardial therapeutic delivery platform. We are committedpartner this therapeutic delivery platform and provide development services selectively with others seeking to applying our expertise indevelop biotherapeutic interventions for local delivery to the fields of autologous and allogeneic cell-based therapies to improve the lives of patients with cardiovascular conditions. As we engage in clinical trials of our therapeutic candidates, we have compensated and intend to compensate all parties performing the trials or studies (including all the parties identified in our Annual Report on Form 10-K) only on terms that are standard and customary in clinical study arrangements.heart.
To date, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to research and development efforts relating to our therapeutic candidates and biotherapeutic delivery systems, including conducting clinical trials, developing manufacturing and sales capabilities, in-licensing related intellectual property, providing general and administrative support for these operations and protecting our intellectual property. We have also generated modest revenues from sales of our approved products. We have funded our operations primarily through the sales of equity and convertible debt securities, and certain government and private grants.
CardiAMP Autologous Cell Therapy for Ischemic Heart Failure (BCDA-01)
The CardiAMP Cell Therapy Heart Failure Trial
The CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial is an ongoing randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial in the United States that was approved for up to 125 patients at 18 clinical centers in the United States and Canada. The seventh independent Data Safety Monitoring Board meeting in July 2023 utilized an adaptive statistical analysis plan design approved by the FDA which had potential to stop the trial early for efficacy. The trial was determined to be unlikely to meet its primary efficacy endpoint at 12-month follow-up as patients in both groups improved on 6MWD, which had an overweight impact on the primary endpoint. Accordingly, the last patient randomizations were completed in October 2023.
The July 2023 interim results from this study, with 110 of the 115 randomized patients, were presented at the Technology and Heart Failure Therapeutics meeting on March 4, 2024. Over a mean 20 months of follow-up, patients with advanced chronic heart failure who received a single endomyocardial dose of autologous CardiAMP cell therapy while on maximal medical therapy had a 37% relative risk reduction in all-cause heart death equivalents and a 9% relative risk reduction in non-fatal incidence of heart attacks, strokes and hospitalization due to heart failure (MACCE). Patients treated with CardiAMP cell therapy saw an almost 5% lower rate of heart death equivalents at up to two years compared to control patients treated with heart failure medication alone (8.3% vs. 13.2%, respectively). CardiAMP cell therapy was also associated with trends toward reduced ventricular tachyarrhythmias, enhanced heart function as measured by left ventricular ejection fraction, and improved NTproBNP.
In a subgroup analysis of patients with elevated NTproBNP at baseline – encompassing 59% of total enrolled randomized patients – patients treated with CardiAMP cell therapy experienced an 86.2% relative risk reduction in heart death equivalents and a 23.9% relative risk reduction in MACCE. These patients saw more than a 17% lower rate of heart death equivalents at up to two years compared to control patients treated with heart failure medication alone (2.9% vs. 21.1%, respectively).
We have incurred net lossesare completing follow-up in eachCardiAMP HF and preparing this dataset for final lock in the fourth quarter of 2024, and for potential submission to Japan PMDA to support product approval in Japan. Results on all 125 patients enrolled with a minimum of one year sincefollow-up are expected to be available in October 2024.
CardiAMP Confirmatory Phase III Trial in Ischemic HFrEF: The CardiAMP Cell Therapy Heart Failure II Trial
The CardiAMP Cell Therapy Heart Failure II Trial was approved by the FDA in the fourth quarter of 2023. The study is a Phase III, multi-center, randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled study of up to 250 patients with NTproBNP levels >500 pg/ml at up to 40 centers in the United States. The primary endpoint is an outcomes composite score based on a three-tiered Finkelstein-Schoenfeld hierarchical analysis. The tiers, starting with the most serious events, would be (1) all-cause death, including cardiac death equivalents such as heart transplant or left ventricular assist device placement, ordered by time to event; (2) non-fatal Major Adverse Coronary and Cerebrovascular Events (MACCE), excluding those deemed procedure-related occurring within the first seven days post-procedure (heart failure hospitalization, stroke or myocardial infarction), ordered by time to event, and (3) change from baseline in quality of life at a minimum of 12 months and a maximum of 24 months. Additional prespecified secondary hierarchical and nonhierarchical endpoints are also being assessed.
The trial has greater than 90 percent power (statistical probability of success) to meet the primary endpoint based on the CardiAMP HF Trial interim results. The Study was activated in the first quarter of 2024 with a goal of completing enrollment in two years.
CardiAMP Autologous Cell Therapy for Chronic Myocardial Ischemia (BCDA-02)
CardiAMP Cell Therapy system, under a second FDA approved investigational device exemption, is actively being studied in a second related clinical indication of chronic myocardial ischemia with refractory angina. This study is based on the strength of our inception. Our net losses were approximately $12.3 million, $10.3 millionPhase I and $6.7 millionII ischemic heart failure trial data and previous clinical data on CD34+ mononuclear cells in this indication.
The CardiAMP Cell Therapy Chronic Myocardial Ischemia Trial is a Phase III, multi-center, randomized, double-blinded, controlled study of up to 343 patients at up to 40 clinical sites. The Phase III pivotal trial is designed to provide the primary support for the years endedsafety and efficacy of the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System for patients with no option chronic myocardial ischemia with refractory angina (BCDA-02). These patients experience frequent angina (i.e., chest pain) attacks that are uncontrolled by optimal drug therapy, and these patients are not suitable candidates for stent placement or bypass surgery, leaving them few therapeutic options. Our therapeutic approach uses many of the same novel aspects used in the CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial and is expected to leverage our experience and investment in the heart failure trial. The Company intends to introduce an adaptive statistical analysis plan with an initial assessment for efficacy when 100 patients reach their primary endpoint, although aspects of this statistical analysis plan remain the subject of study considerations with the FDA. The trial has been activated at two clinical sites, and the randomized cohort will soon begin enrolling.
CardiALLO Allogeneic MSC for Ischemic Heart Failure with HFrEF (BCDA-03)
The FDA approved of the IND application for a Phase I/II trial to deliver our allogeneic MSC for the treatment of HFrEF was secured in December 31, 2017, 20162022. This trial includes a 3+3 roll-in dose escalation cohort followed by a 60-patient randomized double-blind controlled study and 2015, respectively. Asutilizes the Finkelstein Schoenfeld three tier primary composite endpoint of mortality, MACCE, and functional capacity as measured by six-minute walk distance. The cohort receiving the lowest dose of 20 million cells was initiated in December 31, 2017, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $72.5 million. Substantially all of our net losses2023. There have resulted from costs incurred in connectionbeen no treatment-emergent adverse events, arrhythmias, rejection, or allergic response, consistent with our researchpresentation at the Technology and development programs, clinical trials, intellectual property matters, building our manufacturing and sales capabilities, and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. As discussed in more detail under “Liquidity and Capital Resources”, we plan to raise additional capital, potentially including debt and equity arrangements, to finance our future operations. Heart Failure Therapeutics meeting on March 4, 2024.
Financial OverviewWe intend to fund later development through nondilutive grant applications and partnering. With such funding, it is possible to complete enrollment in the Phase I as early as the end of 2024. Phase II development is anticipated to be advanced in both the United States and Japan and would also enroll in approximately one year.
Allogeneic MSC for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (BCDA-04)
Allogeneic MSCs may have the potential to increase survival in patients with ARDS. Preclinical and clinical evidence from published studies indicate that intravenously delivered MSCs are localized within the lungs and respond to the pro-inflammatory lung environment by releasing anti-inflammatory factors reducing the proliferation of pro-inflammatory cytokines while modulating regulatory T cells and macrophages to promote resolution of inflammation.
The anti-inflammatory effects of MSC have been well-documented and MSC have been shown to reduce inflammation and injury in models of lung disease. In patients with ARDS, culture expanded MSC have been shown to have benefits across multiple endpoints and are a compelling therapeutic pathway to advance our allogeneic MSC therapy.
In April 2022, the FDA approved IND for a Phase I/II trial for the use of its allogeneic cell therapy for ARDS caused by COVID-19. The Company intends to submit a supplement to the FDA to expand this indication as the level of COVID-19 induced ARDS has decreased. No milestones for this program have been set for 2024.
Helix™ Biotherapeutic Delivery System
The Helix transendocardial biotherapeutic delivery system is a therapeutic-enabling platform for minimally invasive targeted delivery of biologic agents to the heart. Helix empowers a seamless transition from bench to commercialization for partners. Our biotherapeutic delivery partnerships are expected to enhance future treatment options for millions of people suffering from heart disease, offset the costs of biotherapeutic delivery for our own programs, and provide our investors with meaningful revenue sharing should our partnering efforts contribute successful therapeutic development.
In September 2023, our partner CellProthera announced completion of enrollment in their Phase I/II cell therapy study in post-myocardial infarction and that results are expected soon. In March 2023, we announced a biotherapeutic delivery partnership with StemCardia through a Phase I/II Clinical Study. Under the partnership, BioCardia is the exclusive biotherapeutic delivery partner for StemCardia’s cell therapy candidate through studies expected to result in FDA approval of an investigational new drug application (IND) and the anticipated Phase I/II clinical development to follow.
Financial Overview
Revenue
We currently have a portfolio of enabling and delivery products, from which we have generated modest revenue. Net product revenues include commercial sales of our AVANCE steerable introducer and collaboration agreement revenues include revenue from partnering agreements with corporate and academic institutions. Under these partnering agreements, we provide our Helix biotherapeutic delivery system and customer training and support for use in preclinical and clinical studies.
Cost
Cost of goods sold includes the costs of raw materials and components, manufacturing personnel and facility costs and other indirect and overhead costs associated with manufacturing our enabling and delivery products.
Research and Development Expenses
Our research and development expenses consist primarily of:
| salaries and related overhead expenses, which include share-based compensation and benefits for personnel in research and development functions; |
| fees paid to consultants and contract research organizations, or CROs, including in connection with our preclinical studies and clinical trials and other related clinical trial fees, such as for investigator grants, patient screening, laboratory work, clinical trial |
| costs related to acquiring and manufacturing clinical trial materials; |
• | costs related to |
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| payments related to licensed products and technologies. |
We expense all research and development costs in the periods in which they are incurred. Costs for certain development activities are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress of completion of specific tasks using information and data provided to us by our vendors and clinical sites. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in future periods for use in research and development activities are deferred and capitalized. The capitalized amounts are then expensed as the related goods are delivered and the services are performed.received.
We plan to increase our research and development expenses for the foreseeable future as we continue the Pivotalpivotal CardiAMP Heart Failure Trialautologous cell therapy trials in heart failure and the Pivotal CardiAMP Chronic Myocardial Ischemia Trial, further develop CardiAMPchronic myocardial ischemia, and CardiALLO Cell Therapy Systems,begin our allogeneic cell therapy trials in heart failure and subject to the availability of additional funding, further advance the development of other therapeutic candidates for additional indications.acute respiratory distress syndrome. We typically use our employee and infrastructure resources across multiple research and development programs, and accordingly, we have not historically allocated resources specifically to our individual programs. There are also significant synergies between these programs.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs for employees in executive, finance and administration, sales, corporate development and administrative support functions, including share-based compensation expenses and benefits. Other selling, general and administrative expenses include sales commissions, rent, accounting and legal services, obtaining and maintaining patents, the cost of consultants, occupancy costs, insurance premiums and information systems costs.
Other Income (Expense)
Other income and expense consistsconsist primarily of interest income we earn on our cash and cash equivalents and investments, interest charges we incurred in periods when we have convertible debt outstanding, and changes in the fair value of our warrant and convertible shareholder note derivative liabilities in periods when we have warrants or convertible debt outstanding. Subsequent to the Merger, we have no interest charges related to the convertible debt and changes in the fair value of our warrant and convertible shareholder note derivative liabilities as such instruments were converted, cancelled or exchanged as part of the Merger.equivalents.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our management’smanagement’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities. We evaluate these estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various judgements that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparentclear from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
We define our critical accounting policies as those that require us to make subjective estimates and judgments about matters that are uncertain and are likely to have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations as well as the specific manner in which we apply those principles. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The following discussion addresses what we believe to be the critical accounting policies used in the preparation of our financial statements that require significant estimates and judgments.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the price to the buyer is fixed or determinable and collection from the customer is reasonably assured.
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Factors considered in this determination include, among other things, whether any other vendors sell the items separately and if the customer could use the delivered item for its intended purpose without receipt of the remaining deliverables. A change in these assumptions could impact our reported revenue, which could have a material impact to our financial statements.
If multiple deliverables included in an arrangement are separable into different units of accounting, we allocate the arrangement consideration to those units of accounting based on their relative selling prices and recognize the associated revenue when the appropriate recognition criteria are met for those deliverables. The amount of allocable arrangement consideration is limited to the amounts that are fixed and determinable.
Research and Development—Clinical Trial Accruals
As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate our expenses resulting from our obligations under contracts with vendors and consultants and clinical site agreements in connection with conducting clinical trials. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiations which vary from contract to contract and may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided to us under such contracts. Our clinical trial accrual is dependent upon the timely and accurate reporting of expenses of our CROs and other third-party vendors.
Our objective is to reflect the appropriate clinical trial expenses in our financial statements by matching those expenses with the period in which services and efforts are expended. We account for these expenses according to the progress of the trial as measured by patient progression and the timing of various aspects of the trial. We determine accrual estimates through discussion with applicable personnel and outside service providers as to the progress or state of completion of clinical trials, or the services completed. During the course of a clinical trial, we adjust the rate of clinical trial expense recognition if actual results differ from the estimates. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements based on facts and circumstances known at that time. Although we do not expect that our estimates will be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in our reporting amounts that are too high or too low for any particular period. Through December 31, 2017,2023, there had been no material adjustments to our prior period estimates of accrued expenses for clinical trials. However, due to the nature of estimates, we cannot provide assurance that we will not make changes to our estimates in the future as we become aware of additional information about the status or conduct of our clinical trials.
Share-Based Compensation
We measure and recognize share-based compensation expense for equity awards to employees, directors and consultants based on fair value at the grant date. We use the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model, or BSM, to calculate the fair value of stock options.options, which includes subjective assumptions such as the risk-free interest rate, the expected volatility in the value of the Company’s common stock, and the expected term of the option. Restricted stock units (RSUs) are measured based on the fair market values of the underlying stock on the dates of grant. Share-based compensation expense recognized in the statements of operations is based on awards at the time of grant and is reduced for actual forfeitures at the time that the forfeitures occur. Compensation cost for employee share-based awards will be recognized over the vesting period of the applicable award on a straight-line basis.
For options granted to nonemployees, we revalue the unearned portion of the share-based compensation and the resulting change in fair value is recognized in the statements of operations over the period the related services are rendered.
Results of Operations
The following table set forth below summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 20172023 and 20162022 (in thousands):. The results of operations from 2022 compared to 2021 and related discussion can be found in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March 29, 2023, and such results and related discussion are incorporated herein by reference.
Years ended December 31, | Years ended | |||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||
Revenue: | ||||||||||||||||
Net product revenue | $ | 389 | $ | 517 | ||||||||||||
Collaboration agreement revenue | 90 | 59 | ||||||||||||||
Total revenue | 479 | 576 | ||||||||||||||
Costs and expenses: | ||||||||||||||||
Cost of goods sold | 690 | 746 | ||||||||||||||
Research and development | 5,799 | 3,330 | ||||||||||||||
Selling, general and administrative | 6,395 | 4,108 | ||||||||||||||
Total costs and expenses | 12,884 | 8,184 | ||||||||||||||
Operating loss | (12,405 | ) | (7,608 | ) | ||||||||||||
Other income (expense): | ||||||||||||||||
Interest income | 95 | — | ||||||||||||||
Interest expense | — | (1,736 | ) | |||||||||||||
Other income (expense) | 2 | (966 | ) | |||||||||||||
Total other income (expense), net | 97 | (2,702 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net loss | $ | (12,308 | ) | $ | (10,310 | ) | ||||||||||
Revenue: | ||||||||||||||||
Net product revenue | $ | — | $ | 3 | ||||||||||||
Collaboration agreement revenue | 477 | 1,349 | ||||||||||||||
Total revenue | 477 | 1,352 | ||||||||||||||
Costs and expenses: | ||||||||||||||||
Research and development | 7,726 | 8,834 | ||||||||||||||
Selling, general and administrative | 4,395 | 4,419 | ||||||||||||||
Total costs and expenses | 12,121 | 13,253 | ||||||||||||||
Operating loss | (11,644 | ) | (11,901 | ) | ||||||||||||
Other income (expense): | ||||||||||||||||
Total other income (expense), net | 73 | (6 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net loss | $ | (11,571 | ) | $ | (11,907 | ) |
Revenue. Revenue decreased by approximately $97,000to $477,000 in 2017the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2016 primarily due to a reduction$1,352,000 in Morph sales volumes. We expect sales volumes to increase modestly in 2018, resulting in moderate growth in net product revenue.
Cost of Goods Sold. Cost of goods sold decreased by approximately $56,000 in 2017 compared to 2016,the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the decreasetiming of revenue from new and existing collaborative partners coupled with the fulfilment of deliverables and completion of collaborative agreements. The amount and timing of collaboration revenues is largely dependent on our partners’ development activities and may be inconsistent and create significant variation in revenues, partially offset by increased stock compensation cost for manufacturing personnel. We expect cost of goods sold to increase moderately in 2018 due to growth in net productour revenues.
Research and Development Expenses.Research and development expenses increased bydecreased to approximately $2.5$7.7 million in 2017the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to 2016approximately $8.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to expenses incurred in the planning, preparation and inceptionrecent pause of the pivotal CardiAMP Cell Therapy Heart Failure Trial and developmentits subsequent completion of the CardiALLO Cell Therapy System, including fees paid to consultantsenrollment coupled with reduced personnel expenses in clinical and contract research organizations (CRO), additional personnel costs and increased stock compensation expense. We expect research and development expenses to increase as we continue enrolling and treating patients in the CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial and further develop the CardiAMP and CardiALLO cell processing and delivery platforms. related supporting functions.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses.Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by approximately $2.3 milliondecreased to $4,395,000 in 2017 compared to 2016, primarily due to additional costs for the organizational structure needed to support the pivotal CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial and operations as a public company after October 2016. These costs include additional salary expenses, stock compensation and legal, accounting, tax, and other corporate expenses. We expect selling, general and administrative expenses for 2018 to increase moderately from 2017, as we continue to enhance and strengthen the supporting staff and infrastructure needed to support the CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial and development of our therapeutic programs.
Interest Income. Interest income for the year ended December 31, 2017 consisted primarily of interest income earned on cash equivalents and short-term investments.
Interest Expense. Interest expense for2023 as compared to $4,419,000 in the year ended December 31, 2016 consisted primarily of interest expense related to convertible notes which were converted into shares in October 2016 following the reverse merger.2022.
Other Income (Expense). Other income (expense) for 2016 consisted primarily of the changes in value of the convertible preferred stock warrant liabilities and the change in value of the convertible shareholder note derivative liability, both of which were converted into shares in October 2016 following the reverse merger.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We have incurred net losses each year since our inception and as of December 31, 2017,2023, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $72.5$152.2 million. We anticipate that we will continue to incur net losses for at least the next several years.
We have funded our operations principally through the sales of equity and convertible debt securities as well as the cash acquired through the Merger.securities. As of December 31, 2017,2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $12.7$1.1 million.
The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Years ended December 31, | Years ended | |||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in): | ||||||||||||||||
Operating activities | $ | (8,671 | ) | (5,522 | ) | |||||||||||
Investing activities | (136 | ) | 18,921 | |||||||||||||
Financing activities | 144 | 4,396 | ||||||||||||||
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (8,663 | ) | $ | 17,795 | |||||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in): | ||||||||||||||||
Operating activities | $ | (9,974 | ) | $ | (10,561 | ) | ||||||||||
Investing activities | (12 | ) | (70 | ) | ||||||||||||
Financing activities | 3,726 | 5,122 | ||||||||||||||
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (6,260 | ) | $ | (5,509 | ) |
Cash Flows from Operating Activities. The increase in overall spending forCash flow from operating activities for any period is subject to many variables including the timing of $3.1 millioncash receipts, payments to suppliers, and vendor payment terms, and increased by $587,000 mainly due to reductions in 2017 compared to 2016 related primarily to increased cash outflows to conductresearch and development expenditures during the pivotal CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial, further develop the CardiAMP and CardiALLO programs and to build the supporting infrastructure to sustain these efforts and support operations as a public company. We expect spending to increase as we continue enrolling and treating patients in the CardiAMP Heart Failure Trial, further develop the CardiAMP and CardiALLO cell processing and delivery platforms and continue to strengthen and enhance the supporting organization. year ended December 31, 2023.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities of $136,000$12,000 and $70,000 during the yearyears ended December 31, 2017 consists2023 and 2022, respectively, consisted of the purchases of property and equipment. Net cash provided by investing activities of $18.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2016equipment, primarily consists of $19.0 million acquired from an accounting perspective as part of the reverse merger transaction.lab and office equipment.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities. Net cash provided by financing activities of $144,000approximately $3.7 million and $5.1 million during the yearyears ended December 31, 2017 consists of the2023 and 2022, respectively, related to net proceeds from the exercisesale of common stock options. Net cash provided by financing activitiesless issuance costs.
February 2024 Financing
On February 9, 2024, we sold to certain qualified institutional buyers and institutional accredited investors, as well as Peter Altman, our President and Chief Executive Officer, (i) an aggregate of $4.42,012,978 shares of our common stock at an offering price of $0.4331 per share and (ii) warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,006,488 shares of common stock in a private placement (the February 2024 Private Placement). Of such securities, Dr. Altman agreed to purchase (i) 108,108 shares of our common stock and (ii) warrants to purchase 54,054 shares of our common stock. The gross proceeds of the February 2024 Private Placement were approximately $875,000 million, before deducting transaction expenses.
November 2023 Financing
On November 16, 2023, we sold to a single healthcare-focused institutional investor 2,000,000 shares of our common stock in a registered direct offering (the November 2023 RDO Offering) at a price of $0.65 per share. The gross proceeds of the November 2023 RDO Offering were $1.3 million, with associated issuance costs of $312,000.
June 2023 Financing
On June 21, 2023, we sold to certain existing investors and other institutional investors, as well as certain of our directors and executive officers, 1,133,141 shares of our common stock in a registered direct offering (the June 2023 Offering) at an offering price of $2.336 per share. Certain of our directors and executive officers purchased an aggregate of 203,337 of such shares. The gross proceeds of the June 2023 Offering were approximately $2.6 million, with associated issuance costs of $194,000.
December 2022 Financing
On December 16, 2022, we sold to certain qualified institutional buyers and institutional accredited investors an aggregate of 2,122,017 shares of our common stock at an offering price of $1.68 per share in a private placement (December 2022 Private Placement). Certain of the Company’s directors and executive officers purchased an aggregate of 499,997 of such shares. The net proceeds of the December 2022 Private Placement were approximately $3.4 million, including associated issuance costs of $162,000.
ATM Offerings
On April 12, 2022, we entered into a Controlled Equity Offering agreement (the Cantor Sales Agreement) with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (Cantor) as the sales agent, pursuant to which we sold, from time to time, through Cantor, shares of common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $10.5 million (the Cantor ATM Offering). We were not obligated to sell any common stock shares pursuant to the Cantor Sales Agreement. Under the terms of the Cantor Sales Agreement, we were obligated to pay Cantor a commission of 3% of the aggregate proceeds from the sale of shares and reimburse certain legal fees. On November 14, 2023, we agreed to terminate the Cantor Sales Agreement.
On December 6, 2023, we entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement (the HCW Sales Agreement) with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (HCW). Under the HCW Sales Agreement, we may offer and sell our common stock, from time to time having an aggregate offering price of up to $2.75 million during the yearterm of the HCW Sales Agreement through or to HCW as sales agent or principal (the HCW ATM Offering and, together with the Cantor ATM Offering, the ATM Offerings). Pursuant to the terms of the HCW Sales Agreement, we have agreed to pay HCW a commission equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sales of shares.
During the years ended December 31, 2016 is primarily2023 and 2022, we sold an aggregate of 215,224 and 711,511 shares of common stock under the resultATM Offerings at then-market prices for total gross proceeds of proceeds from the$441,000 and $1,803,000, with associated issuance costs of convertible notes$179,000 and warrants.$256,000, respectively.
Future Funding Requirements
To date, we have generated modest revenue from sales of our approved products.revenues. We do not know when, or if, we will generate any revenue from our development stage biotherapeutic programs. We do not expect to generate any revenue from sales of our CardiAMP or CardiALLO therapeuticautologous and allogeneic cell therapy candidates unless and until we obtain regulatory approval. At the same time, we expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing development activities, particularly as we continue the research, development and clinical trials of, and seek regulatory approval for, our therapeutic candidates. In addition, subject to obtaining regulatory approval for any of our therapeutic candidates and companion diagnostic, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses for product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution. We anticipate that we will need additional funding in connection with our continuing operations.
Based upon our current operating plan, we believe that the cash and cash equivalents of $12.7$1.0 million as of December 31, 2017March 27, 2024 are not sufficient to fund our operationsplanned expenditures and meet our obligations beyond the fourthsecond quarter of 2018.2024. In order to continue to further the development of our leadour therapeutic candidates the CardiAMP Cell Therapy System, and our second therapeutic candidate, the CardiALLO Cell Therapy System, through and beyond the fourthsecond quarter of 2018,2024, we will be required to raise additional capital. We plan to raise additional capital, potentially including non-dilutive collaboration and licensing arrangements, debt or equity financing, or a combination from these sources. We may be unsuccessful in raising funds from any or all such sources, and equity arrangements, to finance our future operations.the extent we raise any funds, they may be on highly dilutive terms. We have based our estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we may use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development and commercialization of our therapeutic candidates, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenditures necessary to complete the development of our therapeutic candidates.
Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:
the progress, costs, results and timing of our CardiAMP and CardiALLO clinical trials and related development programs;
• | the progress, costs, results and timing of our autologous CardiAMP Cell Therapy System and allogeneic MSC clinical trials and related development programs; |
FDA acceptance of our CardiAMP and CardiALLO therapies for heart failure and for other potential indications;
• | FDA acceptance of our autologous CardiAMP Cell Therapy System and allogeneic MSC therapies for heart failure and for other potential indications; |
the outcome, costs and timing of seeking and obtaining FDA and any other regulatory approvals;
• | the outcome, costs and timing of seeking and obtaining FDA and any other regulatory approvals; |
the costs associated with securing, establishing and maintaining commercialization and manufacturing capabilities;
• | the costs associated with securing, establishing and maintaining commercialization and manufacturing capabilities; |
the number and characteristics of product candidates that we pursue, including our product candidates in preclinical development;
• | the number and characteristics of product candidates that we pursue, including our product candidates in preclinical development; |
the ability of our product candidates to progress through clinical development successfully;
• | the ability of our product candidates to progress through clinical development successfully; |
our need to expand our research and development activities;
• | our need to expand our research and development activities; |
the costs of acquiring, licensing or investing in businesses, products, product candidates and technologies;
• | the costs of acquiring, licensing or investing in businesses, products, product candidates and technologies; |
our ability to maintain, expand and defend the scope of our intellectual property portfolio, including the amount and timing of any payments we may be required to make, or that we may receive, in connection with the licensing, filing, prosecution, defense and enforcement of any patents or other intellectual property rights;
• | our ability to maintain, expand and defend the scope of our intellectual property portfolio, including the amount and timing of any payments we may be required to make, or that we may receive, in connection with the licensing, filing, prosecution, defense and enforcement of any patents or other intellectual property rights; |
the general and administrative expenses related to being a public company;
• | the general and administrative expenses related to being a public company; |
our need and ability to hire additional management and scientific, medical and sales personnel;
• | our need and ability to hire additional management and scientific, medical and sales personnel; |
the effect of competing technological and market developments; and
• | the effect of competing technological and market developments; and |
our need to implement additional internal systems and infrastructure, including financial and reporting systems.
• | our need to implement additional internal systems and infrastructure, including financial and reporting systems. |
Until such time that we can generate meaningful revenue from the sales of approved therapies and products, if ever, we expect to finance our operating activities through public or private equity or debt financings, government or other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements, and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements or a combination of these approaches. To the extent that we are able to raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of our Common Stock holders willexisting common stockholders may be highly diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our Common Stock holders.existing common stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include conversion discounts or covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through government or other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements or other collaborations, or strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs, products, or therapeutic candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us.
OurWe have prepared our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2017 have been prepared2023 on the basis that the Companywe will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business.business. Due to the factors described above, there is substantial doubt about the Company’sour ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date these financial statements are issued. Our ability to continue as a going concern will depend, in a large part, on our ability to raise additional capital. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to further reduce operating expenses, delay or reduce the scope of our product development programs, obtain funds through arrangements with others that may require us to relinquish rights to certain of our technologies or products that we would otherwise seek to develop or commercialize ourselves, or cease operations. While we believe in the viability of our strategy to raise additional funds, there can be no assurances that we will be able to obtain additional capital on acceptable terms and in the amounts necessary to fully fund our operating needs.
The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. If we are unable to continue as a going concern, we may be forced to liquidate assets. In such a scenario, the values received for assets in liquidation or dissolution could be significantly lower than the values reflected in our consolidated financial statements.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
During the periodsyears presented, we did not have, nor do we currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined under the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 of our notes to the consolidated financial statements for information regarding recent accounting pronouncements that are of significance or potential significance to us.
ITEM7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
As of December 31, 2017,2023, we would not expect our operating results or cash flows to be affected to any significant degree by the effect of a sudden change in market interest rates or credit conditions on our investment portfolio.conditions.
We believe that the interest rate risk related to our accounts receivable is not significant. We manage the risk associated with these accounts through periodic reviews of the carrying value for non-collectability and establishment of appropriate allowances.
We operate primarily in the United States and are not exposed to foreign exchange risk with respect to recognized assets and liabilities. We do not enter into hedging transactions and do not purchase derivative instruments.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID #27) |
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
BioCardia, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of BioCardia, Inc. and subsidiaries Subsidiary (the Company)“Company”) as of December 31, 20172023 and 2016,2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the years in the three-yeartwo-year period ended December 31, 2017,2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the consolidated“consolidated financial statements)statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20172023 and 2016,2022, and the results of itstheir operations and itstheir cash flows for each of the years in the three-yeartwo-year period ended December 31, 2017,2023, in conformity with U.S.accounting principles generally accepted accounting principles.in the United States of America.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated March 16, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Going Concern
The accompanyingaccompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has suffered recurringincurred net losses and negative cashflows from operations since its inception, and has a net capital deficiency thatan accumulated deficit. The Company requires additional funds to meet its obligations and the costs of its operations. These factors raise substantial doubt about itsthe Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’sCompany’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on thesethe Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOBPublic Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the auditaudits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement,misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Accrued research and development expenses – clinical costs
The Company recorded research and development expenses of $7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. As described in Note 2, research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs include fees paid to contract research organizations that conduct certain research and development activities on the Company’s behalf and contract manufacturing organizations in connection with the production of materials for clinical trials.
Auditing the Company’s research and development expenses for contract research organizations and contract manufacturing organizations and related accruals was challenging due to the complex nature of evaluating the completeness and accuracy of the expenses and accruals. Research and development expenses are recognized as the services are being performed by the vendors, which requires management to accurately monitor the activity at the vendors to determine the extent of unbilled services performed during the reporting period.
We obtained an understanding and evaluated the design over the Company's process used to determine the completeness and accuracy of the research and development expenses and related accruals for contract research organizations and contract manufacturing organizations, including management’s controls to accurately monitor the activity at the vendors.
To test the completeness and accuracy of the contract research organization and contract manufacturing organization expenses and related accruals, our audit procedures included, among others, testing a sample of research and development expenses recorded during the period and evaluating the timing, amount and project coding of the expense recognition, and testing a sample of cash disbursements after period end to assess the completeness of the expense recognition.
(signed) KPMG/s/PKF San Diego, LLP
We have served as the Company’sCompany’s auditor since 2012.
San Francisco, California
March 16, 2018
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm2020.
To the Stockholders and Board of DirectorsBioCardia, Inc.:San Diego, California
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited BioCardia, Inc.’s and subsidiaries (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of operations, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit) and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated March 16, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.27, 2024
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Item 9A, Controls and Procedures. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
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December 31, | December 31, | |||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | ||||||
Assets | ||||||||
Current assets: | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,103 | $ | 7,363 | ||||
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $34 and $11 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 | 63 | 201 | ||||||
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 295 | 300 | ||||||
Total current assets | 1,461 | 7,864 | ||||||
Property and equipment, net | 94 | 170 | ||||||
Operating lease right-of-use asset, net | 1,261 | 1,588 | ||||||
Other assets | 171 | 171 | ||||||
Total assets | $ | 2,987 | $ | 9,793 | ||||
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) | ||||||||
Current liabilities: | ||||||||
Accounts payable | $ | 890 | $ | 683 | ||||
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 2,385 | 2,246 | ||||||
Deferred revenue | — | 341 | ||||||
Operating lease liability - current | 333 | 315 | ||||||
Total current liabilities | 3,608 | 3,585 | ||||||
Operating lease liability - noncurrent | 982 | 1,316 | ||||||
Total liabilities | 4,590 | 4,901 | ||||||
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 2, 5 and 13) | ||||||||
Stockholders’ equity (deficit): | ||||||||
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 25,000,000 shares authorized and no shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 | — | — | ||||||
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 23,666,534 and 20,076,773 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively | 24 | 20 | ||||||
Additional paid-in capital | 150,548 | 145,476 | ||||||
Accumulated deficit | (152,175 | ) | (140,604 | ) | ||||
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit) | (1,603 | ) | 4,892 | |||||
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit) | $ | 2,987 | $ | 9,793 |
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
Consolidated Statements of |
(In thousands, except share and |
Years ended December 31, | ||||||||
2023 | 2022 | |||||||
Revenue: | ||||||||
Net product revenue | $ | — | $ | 3 | ||||
Collaboration agreement revenue | 477 | 1,349 | ||||||
Total revenue | 477 | 1,352 | ||||||
Costs and expenses: | ||||||||
Research and development | 7,726 | 8,834 | ||||||
Selling, general and administrative | 4,395 | 4,419 | ||||||
Total costs and expenses | 12,121 | 13,253 | ||||||
Operating loss | (11,644 | ) | (11,901 | ) | ||||
Other income (expense): | ||||||||
Total other income (expense), net | 73 | (6 | ) | |||||
Net loss | $ | (11,571 | ) | $ | (11,907 | ) | ||
Net loss per share, basic and diluted | $ | (0.55 | ) | $ | (0.67 | ) | ||
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted | 21,179,974 | 17,720,972 |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) |
For the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 |
(In thousands, except share data) |
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Common stock | Additional | Accumulated | ||||||||||||||||||
Shares | Cost | paid-in capital | deficit | Total | ||||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 16,871,265 | $ | 17 | $ | 139,055 | $ | (128,697 | ) | $ | 10,375 | ||||||||||
Restricted stock units vested and issued | 371,980 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Sale of common stock under ATM, net of issuance costs of $256 | 711,511 | 1 | 1,546 | — | 1,547 | |||||||||||||||
Sale of common stock on December 14, 2022, net of issuance costs of $162 | 2,122,017 | 2 | 3,401 | — | 3,403 | |||||||||||||||
Restricted stock units issued to settle management bonus obligations | — | — | 291 | — | 291 | |||||||||||||||
Share-based compensation | — | — | 1,183 | — | 1,183 | |||||||||||||||
Net loss | — | — | — | (11,907 | ) | (11,907 | ) | |||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 20,076,773 | $ | 20 | $ | 145,476 | $ | (140,604 | ) | $ | 4,892 | ||||||||||
Restricted stock units vested and issued | 241,197 | 1 | — | — | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Sale of common stock under ATM, net of issuance costs of $179 | 215,224 | — | 262 | — | 262 | |||||||||||||||
Sale of common stock on June 21, 2023, net of issuance costs of $194 | 1,133,141 | 1 | 2,452 | — | 2,453 | |||||||||||||||
Sale of common stock on November 16, 2023, net of issuance costs of $312 | 2,000,000 | 2 | 986 | — | 988 | |||||||||||||||
Restricted stock units issued to settle management bonus obligations | — | — | 342 | — | 342 | |||||||||||||||
Exercise of common stock options | 199 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||
Share-based compensation | — | — | 1,030 | — | 1,030 | |||||||||||||||
Net loss | — | — | — | (11,571 | ) | (11,571 | ) | |||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 23,666,534 | $ | 24 | $ | 150,548 | $ | (152,175 | ) | $ | (1,603 | ) |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(In thousands)
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Years ended December 31, | ||||||||
2023 | 2022 | |||||||
Operating activities: | ||||||||
Net loss | $ | (11,571 | ) | $ | (11,907 | ) | ||
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: | ||||||||
Depreciation | 84 | 82 | ||||||
Reduction in the carrying amount of right-of-use assets | 327 | 295 | ||||||
Share-based compensation | 1,030 | 1,183 | ||||||
Loss on disposal of property and equipment | 4 | — | ||||||
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||
Accounts receivable | 138 | (54 | ) | |||||
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 5 | 163 | ||||||
Accounts payable | 184 | 4 | ||||||
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 482 | 416 | ||||||
Deferred revenue | (341 | ) | (506 | ) | ||||
Operating lease liability | (316 | ) | (237 | ) | ||||
Net cash used in operating activities | (9,974 | ) | (10,561 | ) | ||||
Investing activities: | ||||||||
Purchase of property and equipment | (12 | ) | (70 | ) | ||||
Net cash used in investing activities | (12 | ) | (70 | ) | ||||
Financing activities: | ||||||||
Proceeds from sales of common stock | 4,388 | 5,540 | ||||||
Issuance costs of sale of common stock | (662 | ) | (418 | ) | ||||
Net cash provided by financing activities | 3,726 | 5,122 | ||||||
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | (6,260 | ) | (5,509 | ) | ||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 7,363 | 12,872 | ||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | 1,103 | $ | 7,363 | ||||
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities: | ||||||||
Unpaid issuance costs of common stock | $ | 195 | $ | 172 | ||||
Issuance of restricted stock units in lieu of cash bonus obligations | $ | 564 | $ | 401 |
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
BioCardia, Inc. (we, us, our, BioCardia or the Company), is a clinical-stage company focused on developing cellular and cell-derived therapeutics for the treatment of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases with significant unmet medical needs. We are advancing two cell therapy platforms derived from bone marrow in clinical trials today. Our CardiAMP® autologous mononuclear cell therapy platform is being advanced for two clinical indications: ischemic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and refractory angina resulting from chronic myocardial ischemia (CMI). Our allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy platform is being advanced as an “off the shelf” cell therapy for two clinical indications: the treatment of ischemic HFrEF and for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Our autologous and our allogeneic cell therapies intended for cardiac indications of HFrEF and CMI are enabled by our Helix™ minimally invasive intramyocardial therapeutic delivery platform. We partner this therapeutic delivery platform selectively with others seeking to develop biotherapeutic interventions for local delivery to the heart. To date, we have devoted substantially all our resources to research and development efforts relating to our therapeutic candidates and biotherapeutic delivery systems including conducting clinical trials, developing manufacturing and sales capabilities, in-licensing related intellectual property, providing general and administrative support for these operations and protecting our intellectual property. We manage our operations as a single segment for the purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions.
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