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We believe our depth of management experiences, facilities, locations, processing capabilities, inventory, focus on safety, quality and customer service, extensive and experienced sales force, and the strength of our customer and supplier relationships provide a strong foundation for implementation of our strategy and achievement of our objectives. Certain elements of our strategy are set forth in more detail below.

InvestmentsInvestments and Acquisitions. During 2019 and 2018the past three years, we have accelerated our growth through acquisitions and capital investments in facilities and processing equipment. Our Vice President of Strategic Development’s focus isDevelopment focuses on profitable growth opportunities, including acquisitions.

On August 5, 2019,January 3, 2023, we acquired certain assets related to the manufacturingpurchased all of the EZ-Dumper® hydraulic dump inserts.outstanding shares of capital stock of Metal-Fab, headquartered in Wichita, Kansas. Metal-Fab is a manufacturer of venting, micro air and clean air products for residential, commercial and industrial applications. The dump insertsacquisition intends to expand our portfolio of metal-intensive end-use products and widen our product offerings, manufacturing capabilities and geographic reach. Metal-Fab’s operational results are sold through a networknot included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K but will be included starting in the first quarter of more than 100 dealers across2023.

On June 1, 2022, we began leasing an 81,400-square-foot metal fabrication facility, located in Bartlett, Illinois. This new facility is expected to be operational by the United Statessecond quarter of 2023 and Canada fromwill be fabrication focused with an emphasis on specialty metals flat-rolled products and downstream value-added services. The transfer of the fabrication business to Bartlett, Illinois also supports our processing facilities in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. growth plans for the cut-to-length business out of the Schaumburg, Illinois facility. To support the growth of our fabrication services, the new Bartlett facility will initially house two lasers and four press brakes.

On January 2, 2019,October 1, 2021, we acquired substantially all of the net assets of McCullough,Shaw, based in Kenton, Ohio. McCulloughoutside of Atlanta, Georgia. Shaw is a manufacturerfull-line distributor of self-dumping hoppers used in a variety of industrial applications.stainless steel sheet, pipe, tube, bar and angles. Shaw also manufactures and distributes stainless steel bollards and water treatment systems. The downstream vertical integration of McCullough representsacquisition expanded our first acquisition of a manufacturer of metal-intensive branded products, which allows us to deploystainless-steel distribution and fabrication capabilities, as well as our purchasing, logisticsentry into architectural and processing expertise to achieve synergies, expand margins and increase returns.barrier defense bollards.

On April 2, 2018,December 14, 2020, we acquired substantially all of the net assets of Berlin Metals,Action Stainless, based outside of Dallas, Texas. Action Stainless is a full-line distributor of stainless steel and aluminum plate, sheet, angles, rounds, flat bar, tubing and pipe and offers a range of processing capabilities, including plasma, laser and waterjet cutting and CNC machining. The acquisition expanded the geographic footprint of our specialty metals flat products segment with locations in Hammond, Indiana. Berlin Metals was foundedTexas, Arkansas, South Carolina and Missouri.

On June 1, 2020, we opened a 120,000-square-foot metal processing facility, located in 1967Buford, Georgia. The location expanded our southeastern region footprint, which also includes facilities in Locust, North Carolina; Winder, Georgia; and is oneHanceville, Alabama. The Buford facility acts as the region’s primary flat-rolled fabrication hub, with first-stage metal processing anchored in the Winder facility, metal distribution in both the Winder, Georgia and Hanceville, Alabama locations, and pipe and tube laser fabrication and bending and welding at the Locust, North Carolina location. As part of the largest North American service centersexpansion, we added a new Mitsubishi fiber optic laser, a new Eagle 20kw laser system, a 600-ton Verson stamping press with a COE coil feed system and 2 Lincoln robotic welding cells. The additional equipment and processing capacity complement the region’s existing value-added fabrication capabilities and distributing prime tin mill productssupport the Company’s commitment to automotive original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, and stainless steel strip in slit coil form. Berlin Metals is also a supplier of galvanized, light gauge cold rolled sheettheir tier 1 and strip and2 parts makers, as well as responds to increasing demand from other coated metals in coil forms, to customers in the building products, automotive and specialized industrial markets.OEM customers.

In addition to the acquisitions noted above, our capital investments during the past three years have primarily consisted of a building and equipment expansion in Chicago to expand our capabilities to process specialty metals, an additional slitter for our specialty metals flat products segment, processing equipment for our expanded value-added customer base in Winder, Georgia, added tube and pipe distribution capabilities from our Locust, North Carolina facility, and additional processing equipment for all three of our segments.

When the results of sales and marketing efforts and our financial justifications indicate that there is sufficient customer demand for a particular product, process or service, we may purchase equipment to satisfy that demand. We also evaluate our existing equipment to ensure that it remains productive, and we upgrade, replace, redeploy or dispose of equipment when necessary. We invest in processing equipment to support customer demand and to respond to the growing trend among original equipment manufacturersOEMs (our customers) to outsource non-core production processes, such as plate processing, machining, welding and fabrication, in order to concentrate on engineering, design and assembly.

Disposition of Assets: On September 17, 2021, we sold substantially all of the assets related to our Detroit, Michigan operation to Venture Steel (U.S.), Inc. The proceeds of the sale were used for working capital needs as well as the acquisitions and investments in the subsequent organic growth opportunities noted above. The Detroit operation was primarily focused on the distribution of carbon flat-rolled steel to domestic automotive manufacturers and their suppliers.

Sales andand Marketing. We believe that our commitments to quality, service, just-in-time delivery and field sales personnel have enabled us to build and maintain strong customer relationships. We continuously analyze our customer base to ensure that strategic customers are properly targeted and serviced, while focusing our efforts to supply and successfully service multi-location customers from multi-locationmultiple Olympic Steel facilities. We service certain customers with carbon and specialty metals flat products and tubular and pipe products through cross-stocking of products in certain facilities.

We offer business solutions to our customers through value-added and value-engineered services. We also provide inventory stocking programs and in-plant Olympic Steel employees located at certain customer locationsfacilities to help reduce customers’ costs. Our owned truck fleet and dedicated carrier fleet further enhancesenhance our just-in-time deliveries based on our customers’ requirements.

Our flawlessFlawless execution, (Fe)or Fe, program is a commitment to provide superior customer service while striving to exceed customer expectations. This program includes tracking on-time delivery and quality performance against objectives, and recognition of employee initiatives to improve efficiencies, streamline processes or reduce operating expenses at each operation.

We believe our large and experienced sales force provides strategic advantages. Our sales force makes direct daily sales calls to customers throughout the continental United States, and parts of Canada and Mexico. The continuous interaction between our sales force and active and prospective customers provides us with valuable market information and sales opportunities, including opportunities for outsourcing, improving customer service and increasing sales.

Our sales efforts are further supported by metallurgists, engineers, technical and quality service personnel and product specialists who have specific expertise in carbon and stainless steel, aluminum, alloy plate and steel fabrication as well as tubular and pipe products. Our services for certain customers also include integration into our internal business systems to provide cost efficiencies for both us and our customers.

Management. We believe one of our strengths is the depth, knowledge and experience of our management team. In addition to our executive officers, members of our senior management team have a diversity of backgrounds within the metals industry, including management positions at metals producers and other metals service centers. They average 29 years of experience in the metals industry and 1920 years with our company. Effective January 1, 2020 and January 1, 2019, we executedWe have a succession planplanning and leadership development process in place, which allowedallows us to further enhance our management team by the promotions of several employees to executive management positions within the organization.

Products, Processing Services and Quality Standards

We maintain inventorycarry a wide selection of carbon, stainless and aluminum coil, plate and sheetmetals products and tubulargrades, ranging from commercial quality to ultra-high strength steel and pipe products. Coil is inspecialty metals including;

With the formacquisitions of a continuous sheet, typically 36 to 96 inches wide, between 0.015EZ Dumper and 0.625 inches thick,McCullough, we manufacture hydraulic dump inserts and rolled into 10 to 30 ton coils. Because ofself-dumping hoppers. With the size and weight of these coils and the equipment required to move and process them into smaller sizes, such coils do not meet the requirements, without further processing, of most customers. Plate is typically thicker than coil and is processed by laser, plasma or oxygen burning. Through our acquisition of Berlin Metals,Shaw, we manufacture and distribute stainless steel bollards and water treatment systems. With the specialty metals flatacquisition of Metal-Fab, we manufacture venting, micro air and clean air products segment expanded its product offerings to include differing types of stainless flat-rolled sheetfor residential, commercial and coil and prime tin mill products.industrial applications beginning in 2023.

Through CTI, we maintain inventory of round, square, and rectangular mechanical and structural tubing; hydraulic and stainless tubing; boiler tubing; carbon, stainless, and aluminum pipe; and valves and fittings. CTI provides a variety of value added services to its tube and pipe product line, including saw cutting, laser cutting, beveling, threading and grooving. CTI also fabricates pressure components supplied to various industrial markets.   

Customer orders are entered or electronically transmitted into computerized order entry systems, and appropriate inventory is selected and scheduled for processing in accordance with the customer’s specified delivery date. We attempt to maximize yield and equipment efficiency through the use of computer software and by combining customer orders for processing each coil, plate, tube or pipe to the fullest extent practicable.

Our services include both traditional service center processes of cutting-to-length, slitting, flattening, sawing and shearing and higher value-added processes of blanking, tempering, plate burning, laser cutting, precision machining, welding, fabricating, bending, beveling, polishing, kitting and painting to process metals to specified lengths, widths and shapes pursuant to specific customer orders. Cutting-to-length involves cutting metal along the width of the coil. Slitting involves cutting metal to specified widths along the length of the coil. Shearing is the process of cutting sheet metal. Blanking cuts the metal into specific shapes with close tolerances. Tempering improves the uniformity of the thickness and flatness of the metals through a cold rolling process. Plate and laser processing is the process of cutting metal into specific shapes and sizes. Our forming activities include bending metal. Our machining activities include drilling, milling, tapping, boring and sawing. Tube processing includes tube bending and end finishing. Finishing activities include shot blasting, grinding, edging and polishing. Our fabrication activities include machining, welding, assembly and painting of component parts.include;

With the acquisitions of EZ Dumper and McCullough Industries, we also manufacture hydraulic dump inserts and self-dumping hoppers.

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Cut-to-length - cutting metal along the width of the coil, or to desired lengths;

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Slitting - cutting metal to specified widths along the length of the coil;

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Shearing - the process of cutting sheet metal;

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Blanking - cutting metal into specific shapes with close tolerances;

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Tempering - cold rolling process that improves the uniformity of the thickness and flatness of the metals;

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Stretcher-leveling - stretching process that improves the uniformity of the thickness and flatness of the metals;

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Plate and laser processing - cutting metal into specific shapes and sizes via laser, plasma and flame cutting;

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Forming and machining - bending, drilling, milling, tapping, boring and sawing metal;

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Tube processing - tube bending and end finishing;

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Finishing - shot blasting, grinding, edging, threading and grooving, beveling and polishing;

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Fabrication - machining, welding, assembly, painting and kitting of component parts; and

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Value added services, including saw cutting, laser cutting, beveling, threading and grooving.

The flat products segment is separated into two reportable segments; carbonspecialty metals flat products and specialty metalscarbon flat products. The flat products segments’ assets and resources are shared by the carbon and specialty metals and carbon flat products segments and both segments’ products are, in some instances, stored in the shared facilities and processed on the shared equipment.

The following table sets forth, as of December 31, 2019,2022, the major pieces of processing equipment in operation by segment:

Our quality assurance system, led by certified specialists and engineers, establishes controls and procedures covering all aspects of our products from the time the material is ordered through receipt, processing and shipment to the customer. These controls and procedures encompass periodic supplier and customer audits, workshops with customers, inspection equipment and criteria, preventative actions, material traceability and certification. We have quality testing labs at several of our facilities, including at our temper mill facilities in Cleveland, OhioOhio; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Buford, Georgia and Bettendorf, Iowa.

In addition, 2628 of our facilities have earned International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9001:2015 certifications. Detroit hasOur Romeoville, Illinois and Locust, North Carolina facilities have earned both International Automotive Task Force (IATF) 16949:2016 and (ISO) 14001:2105 certifications. CTI has earned Thethe American Society of Mechanical Engineers S Certification and Theour Locust, North Carolina facility has earned the National Board of Boiler & Pressure Vessel Inspectors R Certification. and U Certifications.

Our office building in Winder, Georgia has received Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification.

Customers and Distribution

We have a diverse customer and geographic base, which helps to reduce the inherent risk and cyclicality of our business. Net sales to our top three customers, in the aggregate, approximated 10%7%, 9%6% and 8%6% of our consolidated net sales in 2019, 20182022, 2021 and 2017,2020, respectively. We serve customers in metals consuming industries, including manufacturers and fabricators of transportation and material handling lift equipment, construction, mining and farm equipment, storage tanks, environmental and energy generation equipment, automobiles, food service and electrical equipment, military vehicles and equipment, as well as general and plate fabricators and metals service centers.

The table below shows the percentage of our consolidated net sales to the largest industries for the past three years.

While we ship products throughout the United States, most of our customers are located in the midwestern, eastern and southern regions of the United States. Most customers are located within a 250-mile radius of one of our processing facilities, thus enabling an efficient delivery system capable of handling a high frequency of short lead time orders. We transport our products directly to customers via our in-houseowned truck fleet and dedicated carrier fleet, which further supports the just-in-time delivery requirements of our customers, and third-party trucking firms. Products sold to foreign customers, which have been immaterial to our consolidated results, are shipped either directly from metals producers to the customer or to an intermediate processor, and then to the customer by rail, truck or ocean carrier. Through our facility in Monterrey, Mexico, we are able to stock material and service our customers in that country with shorter lead times.

We process our metals to specific customer orders as well as for stocking programs. Many of our larger customers commit to purchase on a regular basis at agreed upon or indexed prices for periods ranging from three to twelve months. To help mitigate price volatility risks, these price commitments are generally matched with corresponding supply arrangements, or to a lesser degree by commodities hedging. Customers notify us of specific release dates as processed products are required. Customers typically notify us of release dates anywhere from a just-in-time basis to one month before the release date. Therefore, we are required to carry sufficient inventory to meet the short lead time and just-in-time delivery requirements of our customers. CTI produces pressure parts and other fabricated components primarily for industrial boiler applications. These products typically take several months to produce due to their size and complexity. Due to the time required for production, we may require progress payments throughout the construction period.

The current global economic environment has resulted in increased supply chain scrutiny by our customers and potential customers. We believe our size, geographic footprint, financial position, dedication to a field sales force, and our focus on quality and customer service are advantageous in maintaining our customer base and in securing new customers.

Raw Materials

Our principal raw materials are carbon, coated, and stainless steel and aluminum, in the forms of pipe, tube, flat rolledflat-rolled sheet, coil and plate that we typically purchase from multiple primary metals producers. The metals industry as a whole is cyclical and at times pricing and availability of material can be volatile due to numerous factors beyond our control, including general domestic and global economic conditions,conditions; domestic and global supply and demand imbalance, competition,imbalance; competition; quickly changing lead times and late deliveries from metals producers,producers; fluctuations in the costs of raw materials necessary to produce metals,metals; import dutiesduties; tariffs and tariffsquotas; and currency exchange rates. This volatility can significantly affect the availability and cost of raw materials to us.

Inventory management is a key profitability driver in the metals service center industry. Similar to many other metals service centers, we maintain substantial inventories of metals to accommodate the short lead times and just-in-time delivery requirements of our customers. Accordingly, we purchase metals in an effort to maintain our inventory at levels that we believe to be appropriate to satisfy the anticipated needs of our customers based upon historic buying practices, purchase forecasts and commitments with customers, supplier lead times and market conditions.

Our commitments to purchase metals are generally at prevailing market prices in effect at the time we place our orders. During the past three years, we have enteredWe enter into pass through nickel and carbon swaps at the request of our customers in order to mitigate our customers’ risk of volatility in the price of metals. The swaps are settled with the brokers at maturity and the economic benefit or loss arising from the changes in fair value of the swaps is contractually passed through to the customer.

We have some fixed priced purchase agreements that support fixed priced sales agreements; however, in general we have no long-term, fixed-price metals purchase contracts, except for commodity hedges. When metals prices decline, customer demands for lower prices and our competitors’ responses to those demands could result in lower sale prices and, consequently, lower gross profits and earnings as we use existing metals inventory. When metals prices increase, competitive conditions will influence how much of the price increase we can pass on to our customers.

Suppliers

We concentrate on developing supply relationships with reliable high-quality domestic and international metals producers, using a coordinated effort to be the customer of choice for business critical suppliers. We employ sourcing strategies that maximize the quality, production lead times and transportation economies of a global supply base. We are an important customer of flat-rolled coil and plate, pipe and tube for many of our principal suppliers, but we are not dependent on any one supplier. We purchase in bulk from metals producers in quantities that are efficient for such producers. This enables us to maintain a continued source of supply at whatthat we believe to be competitive prices.is competitively priced. We believe the access to our facilities and equipment, and our high quality customer services and solutions, combined with our long-standing and continuous prompt pay practices, will continue to be an important factorfactors in maintaining strong relationships with metals suppliers.

The metals producing supply base has experienced significant consolidation, with a few suppliers accounting for a majority of the domestic carbon flat-rolled steel market. We purchased approximately 57%39% and 52%51% of our total metals requirements from our three largest suppliers in 20192022 and 2018,2021, respectively. Although we have no long-term supply commitments, we believe we have good relationships with our metals suppliers. If, in the future, we are unable to obtain sufficient amounts of metals on a timely basis, we may not be able to obtain metals from alternate sources at competitive prices. In addition, interruptions or reductions in our supply of metals could make it difficult to satisfy our customers’ just-in-time delivery requirements, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Competition

Our principal markets are highly competitive. We compete with other public and private regional and national metals service centers, single location service centers and, to a certain degree, metals producers and intermediate metals processors on a regional basis. We have different competitors for each of our products and within each region. We compete on the basis of price, product selection and availability, customer service, value-added capabilities, quality, financial strength and geographic proximity. Certain of our competitors have greater financial and operating resources than we have.

With the exception of certain Canadian or Mexican operations, foreign-located metals service centers are generally not a material competitive factor in our principal domestic markets.

Management Information Systems

Information systems and technology are an important componentcomponents of our strategy. We have invested in technologies and human resourcesrelated personnel as a foundation for growth.  We depend on our Enterprise Resource Planning, (ERP)or ERP, systems for financial reporting, management decision-making, inventory management, order tracking and fulfillment and production optimization.  We continue to upgrade and consolidate our systems for optimal use of resources and to assure we are taking advantage of appropriate technology offerings.

Our information systems focus on the following core application areas:

Inventory Management.  Our information systems track the status, quantity and cost of inventories by product, location and process on a daily basis.in real time.  This information is essential to optimize management of inventory.inventory management.

Differentiated Services To Customers.  Our information systems support value-added services to customers, including quality control and on-time delivery monitoring and reporting, just-in-time inventory management and shipping services.

E-Commerce and Advanced Customer Interaction.  We are actively participating in electronic commerce initiatives to reduce processing cost and time.  In addition to full electronic data interchange, (EDI)or EDI, capabilities with our customers and vendors, we also have implemented extranet sites for specific customers which are integrated with our internal business systems. customers.

System and Process Enhancements. We have completed development of business system solutions to replace our legacy information systems and have successfully implemented new ERP systems at most of our locations. We continue to implement these systems to provide standardized business processes, enhanced inventory management, production cost, and sales administrative controls and reduced technical support requirements. Our business analysts work with our quality team to identify opportunities for efficiency and improved customer service. We collaborate across the metal supply chain, working with metals producers, service providers, customers, and industry-sponsored organizations to develop industry processing standards to drive cost out of the supply chain.

Information security and continuous availability of information processing are of highest priority. Our information professionals employ proven security and monitoring practices, controls, education and tools to mitigate cyber-security risks and threats. In case of physical emergency or threat, our ERP systems, accounting systems, internet and communications systems are duplicated at a secure off-site computing facility or through secure, multi-site cloud providers, with migration of our other systems which are in progress.providers.

EmployeesAutomation Initiatives

We believe that investing in processing automation solutions is an important component in realizing our profitable growth strategy. We have made investments in automated packaging, material handling and welding, among other solutions, to gain production efficiencies, decrease production costs, improve safety conditions for our employees and to ease labor shortage risks.

Human Capital Management

Our employees are our most valued resource. We work to attract a diverse, qualified workforce through an inclusive and accessible recruiting process that utilizes online recruiting, campus outreach, internships and job fairs. We seek to retain and develop employees by offering competitive wages, benefits and training opportunities, as well as promoting a safe and healthy workplace culture. We comply with all applicable state, local and international laws governing nondiscrimination in employment in every location in which we operate. All applicants and employees are treated with the same high level of respect regardless of their gender, ethnicity, religion, national origin, age, marital status, political affiliation, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, veteran or other protected status. Our core values (Accountability, Corporate Citizenship, Customer Satisfaction, Employee Development, Financial Stability, Integrity, Respect, Safety and Teamwork) guide our decisions and behavior and set a standard of excellence that rewards our employees.

At December 31, 2019,2022, we employed approximately 1,8601,668 people. Approximately 300179 of the hourly plant personnel are represented by nineseven separate collective bargaining units. The table below shows the expiration dates of the collective bargaining agreements.

We have never experienced a work stoppage and we believe that our relationship with employees is good.strong. However, any prolonged work stoppages by our personnel represented by collective bargaining units could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Service Marks, Trade Names and Patents

We conduct our business under the name “Olympic Steel.” A provision of federal law grants exclusive rights to the word “Olympic” to the U.S. Olympic Committee. The U.S. Supreme Court has recognized, however, that certain users may continue to use the word based on long-term and continuous use. We have used the name Olympic Steel since 1954, but are prevented from registering the name “Olympic” and from being qualified to do business as a foreign corporation under that name in certain states. In such states, we have registered under different names, including “Oly Steel” and “Olympia Steel.” Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Olympic Steel Lafayette,Iowa, Inc., does business in certain states under the names “Olympic Steel Detroit,” “Lafayette Steel and Processing” and “Lafayette Steel.” Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Olympic Steel Iowa, Inc. does business in certain states under the name “Oly Steel Iowa, Inc.”. Our North Carolina operation conducted business under the name “Olympic Steel North Carolina.” Our Integrity Stainless operation conducts business under the name “Integrity Stainless.” Our CTI operation conducts business under the name “CTI Power.” Our operation in Monterrey, Mexico operates under the name “Metales de Olympic S. de.R.L.de R.L. de C.V.” We operateOur wholly owned subsidiary, B Metals, Inc., does business under the name “Berlin Metals” through our B Metals,Metals.” Our wholly owned subsidiary, MCI, Inc. subsidiary. We operate, does business under the name “McCullough Industries” through our MCI, Inc. subsidiary and we conduct business under the name “EZ Dumper” for certain of our products. Our wholly owned subsidiary, ACT Acquisition, Inc., does business under the name “Action Stainless & Alloys.” Our wholly-owned subsidiary, SHAQ, Inc., does business under the name “Shaw Stainless & Alloys”.

We hold a trademark for our stainless steel sheet and plate product “OLY-FLATBRITE,” which has a unique combination of surface finish and flatness and for our “WRIGHT” self-dumping metal hoppers produced by McCullough Industries.McCullough. The registered trademark “ACTION STAINLESS” was acquired in conjunction with the asset acquisition of Action Stainless.

The “EZ DUMPER®” tradename was acquired by us in conjunction with the acquisition of certain assets related to the manufacturing of the EZ Dumper hydraulic dump inserts.

The registered tradenames “SHAW STAINLESS” and “SHAW STAINLESS & ALLOY” were acquired by us in conjunction with the asset acquisition of Shaw Stainless.

We hold patents for certain bollard coverings and methods of manufacturing and use thereof which were acquired in conjunction with the asset acquisition of Shaw Stainless.

Government Regulation

Our operations are governed by many laws and regulations, including those relating to workplace safety and worker health, principally the Occupational Safety and Health Act and regulations thereunder. We believe that we are in material compliance with these laws and regulations and do not believe that future compliance with such laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Environmental

We are committed to responsible environmental management practices and commit to the prevention of pollution by continually identifying opportunities and improving environmental performance in all aspects of our business. Our facilities are subject to certain federal, state and local requirements relating to the protection of the environment. We believe that we are in material compliance with all environmental laws, do not anticipate any material expenditures to meet environmental requirements and do not believe that compliance with such laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Seasonality

Seasonal factors may cause demand fluctuations within the year, which could impact our results of operations. Typically, demand in the first half of the year is stronger than the second half of the year, as it contains more ship days and is not impacted by the seasonal customer shut-downs in July, November and December due to holidays.

Effects of Inflation

Inflation generally affects us by increasing the cost of employee wages and benefits, transportation services, processing equipment, purchased metals, energy, and borrowings under our credit facility. Generalfacility, processing equipment, and purchased metals. Although general inflation, excluding increases in the price of metals and increased labor and distribution expense, has increased during 2022, it has not had a material effect on our financial results during the past three years, but may have a significant impact in future years.

Backlog

Because we conduct our operations generally on the basis of short-term orders, we do not believe that backlog is a material or meaningful indicator of future performance.

Available Information

We file annual, quarterly, and current reports, proxy statements, and other documents with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The SEC maintains an Internet website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The public can obtain any documents that are filed by the Company at http://www.sec.gov.

In addition, our annual reports on Form 10-K, as well as our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to all of the foregoing reports, are made available free of charge on or through the “Investor Relations” section of our website at www.olysteel.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC.

Information relating to our corporate governance at Olympic Steel, including our environmental, social and governance, or ESG, commitments to operating responsibly, our Business Ethics Policy, information concerning our executive officers, directors and Board committees (including committee charters), and transactions in our securities by directors and officers, is available free of charge on or through the “Investor Relations” section of our website at www.olysteel.com. We are not including the information on our website as a part of, or incorporating it by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Forward-Looking Information

This Annual Report on Form 10-K and other documents we file with the SEC contain various forward-looking statements that are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about our future performance, business, our beliefs and our management’s assumptions. In addition, we, or others on our behalf, may make forward-looking statements in press releases or written statements, or in our communications and discussions with investors and analysts in the normal course of business through meetings, conferences, webcasts, phone calls and conference calls. Words such as “may,” “will,” “anticipate,” “should,” “intend,” “expect,” “believe,” “estimate,” “project,” “plan,” “potential,” and “continue,” as well as the negative of these terms or similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, which are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those implied by such statements including, but not limited to, those set forth in Item 1A (Risk Factors) below and the following:

Should one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, intended, expected, believed, estimated, projected or planned. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. We undertake no obligation to republish revised forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events or circumstances after the date hereof, except as otherwise required by law.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

In addition to the other information in this Annual Report Report on Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC, the following risk factors should be carefully considered in evaluating us and our business before investing in our common stock. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties, not presently known to us or otherwise, may also impair our business. Although the risks are organized by headings, and each risk is discussed separately, many are interrelated. You should not interpret the disclosure of any risk factor to imply that the risk has not already materialized. If any of the risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and investors may lose all or part of their investment.

Risks Related to our Business

Volatile metals prices can cause significant fluctuations in our operating results. Our sales and operating income could decrease ifmetals prices decline or if we are unable to pass producer price increases on to our customers.customers or if metals prices decline.

Our principal raw materials are carbon and stainless steel and aluminum flat rolledflat-rolled coil, sheet, plate, prime tin mill, pipe and tube that we typically purchase from multiple primary metals producers. The metals industry as a whole is cyclical and, at times, pricing and availability of metals can be volatile due to numerous factors beyond our control, including general domestic and international economic conditions, sales levels, competition, levels of inventory held by other metals service centers, producer lead times, higher raw material costs for the producers of metals, imports, import duties and tariffs and currency exchange rates. For example, starting in August 2020, metals prices increased significantly and reached record levels during 2021 before beginning to decline in October 2021. Metals prices for all segments continued to decrease through December 2022. This volatility can significantly affect the availability and cost of raw materials to us.

Similar to many other metals service centers, we maintain substantial inventories of metals to accommodate the short lead times and just-in-timejust‑in‑time delivery requirements of our customers. Accordingly, we purchase metals in an effort to maintain our inventory at levels that we believe to be appropriate to satisfy the anticipated needs of our customers based upon historic buying practices, supply agreements with customers and market conditions. Our commitments to purchase metals are generally at prevailing market prices in effect at the time we place our orders. We have no long-term, fixed-pricelong‑term, fixed‑price metals purchase contracts. When metals prices increase, competitive conditions will influence how much of the price increase we can pass on to our customers. To the extent we are unable to pass on future price increases in our raw materials to our customers, the net sales and profitability of our business could be adversely affected. Declining metals prices, customer demand for lower prices and our competitors’ responses to those demands could result in lower sale prices and, consequently, lower gross profits and potentially inventory lower of cost or marketnet realizable value adjustments as we use existing inventory. Significant or rapid declines in metals prices or reductions in sales volumes could adversely impact our ability to remain in compliance with certain financial covenants in our credit facility, as well as result in us incurring inventory or asset impairment charges. Changing metals prices therefore could significantly impact our net sales, gross profit, operating income and net income, and could impair or adversely impact the carrying value of any of our assets.

QuotasOur business is dependent on transportation and tariffs imposedlabor. Increases in the cost or availability of transportation or labor could adversely affect our business and operations, as a result of government actions can cause significant fluctuations inwe may be unable to pass cost increases on to our operating results.customers.

Global demand and global metals pricing, supply and demand are impacted by quotas and tariffs imposed as a result of government actions. The tariffs initiated by the U.S. government in 2018 under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (section 232 tariffs) resulted in increased metals prices inWe ship products throughout the United States during 2018. via our owned truck fleet, our dedicated carrier fleet or by third-party trucking firms. Our business depends on the daily transportation of a large number of products. We depend to a certain extent on third parties for transportation of our products to customers as well as inbound delivery of our raw materials.

If any of these providers were to fail to deliver materials to us in a timely manner, we may be unable to process and deliver our products in response to customer demand. If any of these third parties were to cease operations or cease doing business with us, we may be unable to replace them at a reasonable cost. Failure of a third-party transportation provider to provide transportation services, or our inability to hire drivers for our in-house truck fleet, could harm our reputation, negatively affect our customer relationships and have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

The subsequent deletion and addition of country-specific tariffs during both 2018 and 2019continued demand for skilled labor has caused uncertaintyresulted in the metals marketplace. Any additional future tariffsneed to increase pay rates in certain markets. In addition, we have seen a decline in the skilled labor applicant pool since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and increased competition for skilled labor. Our operations are dependent on the labor used to operate our equipment and deliver products to our customers. Decreased availability of labor could harm our reputation, negatively affect our customer relationships and have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

The availability of drivers and labor is integral to our operations, and increases in our cost of transportation or quotas imposedlabor may have a material adverse effect on steelour financial position and aluminum importsresults of operations.

Increases in energy prices would increase our operating costs, and we may be unable to pass all these increases on to our customers in the form of higher prices.

If our energy costs increase thedisproportionately to our revenues, our earnings could be reduced. We use energy to process and transport our products. Our operating costs increase if energy costs, including electricity, diesel fuel and natural gas, rise. During periods of higher energy costs, we may not be able to recover our operating cost increases through price of metal, whichincreases without reducing demand for our products. In addition, we generally do not hedge our exposure to higher prices via energy futures contracts. Increases in energy and fuel prices will increase our operating costs and may impactreduce our sales, gross margin and profitability if we are unable to pass all of the increased prices ontoincreases on to our customers. The

Labor disruptions at any of our facilities or those of major customers could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

At December 31, 2022, we employed approximately 1,668 people. Approximately 179 of the hourly plant personnel are represented by seven separate collective bargaining units. Any prolonged impositionwork stoppages by our personnel represented by collective bargaining units could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In addition, many of our larger customers have unionized workforces and some have experienced significant labor disruptions in the past such as work stoppages, slow-downs and strikes. A labor disruption at one or more of our major customers could interrupt production or sales by that customer and cause that customer to halt or limit orders for our products. Any such reduction in the demand for our products could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

An interruption in the sources of our metals supply could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We purchased approximately 39% and 51% of our total metals requirements from our three largest suppliers in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Over the past years, supplier consolidation, decreased mill production due to the COVID-19 pandemic and import tariffs decreased steel availability and increased mill lead times and steel prices. Fewer available suppliers increases the risk of supply disruption through both scheduled and unscheduled supplier outages. Conversely, the addition of new mill sources and decreased domestic demand could also lead to additional trade disputes thatdomestic over capacity, which could impactlead to a decrease in steel prices, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We have no long-term supply commitments with our metals suppliers. If, in the global demand forfuture, we are unable to obtain sufficient amounts of metals on a timely basis, we may not be able to obtain metals from alternate sources at competitive prices. In addition, late deliveries, interruptions or reductions in our supply of metals could make it difficult to satisfy our customers’ just-in-time delivery requirements, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and impact on sales, gross margin and profitability. Conversely, the removal of existing tariffs could cause the price of metal to decline, which may impact our sales, gross margin and profitability.cash flows.

We service industries that are highly cyclical, and any fluctuation in our customers’customers’ demand could impact our sales, gross profitsprofits and profitability.

We sell our products in a variety of industries, including capital equipment manufacturers for industrial, agricultural and construction use, the automotive industry, the utilities industry, and manufacturers of fabricated metals products. Numerous factors, such as general economic conditions, fluctuations in the U.S. dollar, government stimulus or regulation, availability of adequate credit and financing, consumer confidence, significant business interruptions, labor shortages or work stoppages, energy prices, seasonality, customer inventory levels and other factors beyond our control, may cause significant demand fluctuations from one or more of these industries. Any fluctuation in demand within one or more of these industries may be significant and may last for a lengthy period of time. In periods of economic slowdown or recession in the United States, excess customer or service center inventory or a decrease in the prices that we can realize from sales of our products to customers in any of these industries could result in lower sales, gross profits and profitability.

Approximately 46%52% and 47% of our 20192022 and 2021 consolidated net sales, respectively, were to industrial machinery and equipment manufacturers and their fabricators. Due to the concentration of customers in the industrial machinery and equipment industry, a decline in production levels in that industry could result in lower sales, gross profits and profitability. Approximately 11%2% and 7% of our 20192022 and 2021 consolidated net sales, respectively, were to automotive manufacturers or manufacturers of automotive components and parts, whom we refer to as automotive customers. Historically, due to the concentration of customers in the automotive industry, our gross profits on these sales have generally been less than our gross profits on sales to customers in other industries. On September 17, 2021, we sold substantially all of the assets related to our Detroit, Michigan operation. The Detroit operation was primarily focused on the distribution of carbon flat-rolled steel to domestic automotive manufacturers and their suppliers. After the sale, less than 3% of our sales were to automotive manufacturers or manufacturers of automotive components and parts.

Supply chain disruptions and inflationary pressures caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and other factors, has had, and could continue to have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and liquidity.

We are dependent on our suppliers to provide us with metal. During 2021 and 2022, we experienced increased supply chain disruptions resulting from the imbalance of metal supply and end-user demands as customer demand increased without a corresponding increase in metal supply, as businesses reopened after the COVID-19 pandemic. Our inability to meet customer demand as a result of supply disruptions and inflationary pressures could result in lower sales and profits.

Although it is not possible to predict the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or future worldwide health emergencies, including on our business, financial position or liquidity, such impacts that may be material include, but are not limited to: (i) reduced sales and profit levels, (ii) the slower payment of accounts receivable and potential increases in uncollectible accounts receivable, (iii) falling metals prices that could lead to lower of cost or market inventory adjustments and the impairment of intangible and long-lived assets, (v) reduced availability and productivity of our employees, (vi) increased operational risks as a result of remote work arrangements, including the potential effects on internal controls, as well as cybersecurity risks and increased vulnerability to security breaches, information technology disruptions and other similar events, (vii) negative impacts on our liquidity position, (viii) inability to access our traditional financing sources on the same or reasonably similar terms as were available before the a pandemic, and (ix) increased costs and less ability to access funds under our ABL Credit Facility and the capital markets. To the extent the duration of any of these conditions extends for a longer period of time, the impact will generally be a more severe adverse impact.

We cannot predict the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic or future worldwide health emergencies ultimately will have on our customers, suppliers, vendors, and other business partners, and each of their financial conditions; however, any material effect on these parties could adversely impact us. The situation is changing rapidly and additional impacts may arise that we are not aware of currently.

Our success is dependent upon our relationships with certain key customers.

We have derived and expect to continue to derive a significant portion of our revenues from a relatively limited number of customers. Collectively, our top three customers accounted for approximately 10%7% and 9%6% of our consolidated net sales in 20192022 and 2018,2021, respectively. Approximately 46%52% and 48%47% of our consolidated net sales during 20192022 and 2018,2021, respectively, were directly related to industrial machinery and equipment manufacturers and their fabricators. Due to the large concentration of customers in few segments, changes to demand of product by customers in the industrial machinery and equipment manufacturers and their fabricators could have a material adverse effect on our business, our results of operations and our cash flows. Many of our larger customers commit to purchase on a regular basis at agreed upon prices over periods from three to twelve months. We generally do not have long-term contracts with our customers. As a result, the relationship, as well as particular orders, can generally be terminated with relatively little advance notice. The loss of any one of our major customers or decrease in demand by those customers or credit constraints placed on them could have a material adverse effect on our business, our results of operations and our cash flows.

Capital deployed for acquisitions and processing equipmentcapital investments at our existing locations may be unable to achieve expected results, or sustain our growth and events or circumstances that could adversely impact operations could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We have grown through acquisitions and by increasing sales and services to our existing customers, aggressively pursuing new customers and services, building or purchasing new facilities, acquiring and upgrading processing equipment and expandedexpanding our product mix in order to expand the range of customer services and products that we offer. We intend to actively pursue our growth strategy in the future.

Future expansion or construction projects, could have adverse effects on our results of operations due to the impact of the associated start-up costs and the potential for underutilization in the start-up phase of a facility. While weWe continue to pursue potential acquisition targets,targets; however, we are unable to predict whether or when any prospective acquisition candidate will become available or the likelihood that any acquisition will be completed. Moreover, in pursuing acquisition opportunities, we may compete for acquisition targets with other companies with similar growth strategies that may be larger and have greater financial and other resources than we have. Competition among potential acquirers could result in increased prices for acquisition targets. As a result, we may not be able to consummate acquisitions on terms satisfactory to us, or at all.

The pursuit of acquisitions and other growth initiatives may divert management’s time and attention away from day-to-day operations. In order to achieve growth through acquisitions, expansion of current facilities, greenfield construction or otherwise, additional funding sources may be needed and we may not be able to obtain the additional capital necessary to pursue our growth strategy on terms that are satisfactory to us, or at all.

We continue to invest in processing equipment to support customer demand. Although we have successfully installed new and used processing equipment in the past, we can provide no assurance that future installations will be successful, or achieve expected results. Risks associated with the installations include, but are not limited to:

Difficulties and delays associated with the installation of new processing equipment could adversely affect our business, our customer service, our results of operations and our cash flows.

Customer and third-party credit constraints and credit losses could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Some of our customers may experience difficulty obtaining and/or maintaining credit availability. In particular, certain customers that are highly leveraged represent an increased credit risk. Interest rate volatility may further amplify this credit risk. Some customers have reduced their purchases because of these credit constraints. Moreover, our disciplined credit policies have, in some instances, resulted in lost sales. If we have misjudged our credit estimations and they result in future credit losses, lost sales or lost customers, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and our allowance for credit losses.

Impairment in the carrying value of intangible assets could result in the incurrence of impairment charges and negatively impact our results of operations.

The net carrying value of intangibles represents non-amortizable goodwill and trade names, covenant not to compete and customer relationships, net of accumulated amortization, related to recent acquisitions. Indefinitely lived assets are evaluated for impairment annually or whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that the carrying amounts of these assets may not be recoverable. Amortizable intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that the carrying amounts of these assets may not be recoverable. Impairments to intangible assets may be caused by factors outside our control, such as increased competitive pricing pressures, lower than expected revenue and profit growth rates, changes in discount rates based on changes in the cost of capital (interest rates, etc.), or the loss of a significant customer and could result in the incurrence of impairment charges and negatively impact our results of operations.

Our information technology systems could be negatively affected by cyber security threats.

Increased global information technology security requirements, vulnerabilities, threats and a rise in sophisticated and targeted cyber crimecybercrime pose a risk to the security of our systems, networks and the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our data. The risk has been further enhanced with an increased remote workforce post COVID-19 pandemic. Despite our efforts to protect sensitive information and confidential and personal data, our facilities and systems and those of our third-party service providers may be vulnerable to security breaches. This could lead to disclosure, modification or destruction of proprietary and other key information, ransom payments, production downtimes and operational disruptions, which in turn could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our implementation of information systems could adversely affect ourbusiness, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We are in the process of implementing information systems and eliminating our legacy operating systems. The objective is to standardize and streamline business processes and improve support for our service center and fabrication business. Risks associated with the phased implementation include, but are not limited to:

Although we have successfully initiated use of the systems at most of our locations, we can provide no assurance that the rollout to the remaining locations will be successful or will occur as planned and without disruption to operations. Difficulties associated with the design and implementation of new information systems could adversely affect our business, our customer service, our results of operations and our cash flows.

The failure of our key computer-based systems could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Until our systems implementations are completed, weWe maintain separate regional legacy computer-based systems in the operation of our business and we depend on these systems to a significant degree, particularly for inventory management. These systems are vulnerable to, among other things, damage or interruption from fire, flood, tornado and other natural disasters, power loss, computer system and network failures, operator negligence, physical and electronic loss of data or security breaches and computer viruses. Although we have secure back-up systems off-site, the destruction or failure of any one of our computer-based systems for any significant period of time could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our business is dependent on transportation and labor. Increases in the cost or availabilityimplementation of transportation or laborinformation systems could adversely affect our business and operations, as we may be unable to pass cost increases on to our customers.

We ship products throughout the United States via our in-house truck fleet or by third-party trucking firms. Products sold to foreign customers are shipped either directly from metals producers to the customer or to an intermediate processor, and then to the customer by rail, truck or ocean carrier. Our business depends on the daily transportation of a large number of products. We depend to a certain extent on third parties for transportation of our products to customers as well as inbound delivery of our raw materials. 

If any of these providers were to fail to deliver materials to us in a timely manner, we may be unable to process and deliver our products in response to customer demand. If any of these third parties were to cease operations or cease doing business with us, we may be unable to replace them at a reasonable cost. In addition, the implementation of Electronic Logging Device rules in the United States began impacting the availability of drivers and third-party trucks in 2018 and significantly increased the price of transportation services in the United States. Failure of a third-party transportation provider to provide transportation services could harm our reputation, negatively affect our customer relationships and have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

The economic expansion created a significant demand for labor in the United States, resulting in record low unemployment rates. The demand for skilled labor resulted in the need to increase pay rates in certain markets. Our operations are dependent on the labor used to operate our equipment and deliver products to our customers. Decreased availability of labor could harm our reputation, negatively affect our customer relationships and have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

The availability of drivers and labor is integral to our operations, and increases in our cost of transportation or labor may have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

Increased metals capacity or an interruption in the sources of our metals supply could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We purchased approximately 57% and 52% of our total metals requirements from our three largest suppliers in 2019 and 2018, respectively. Over the past year, increased capacity has been added in the U.S. market. The addition of new mill sources and decreased domestic demand could lead to domestic over capacity, which could lead to a decrease in steel prices, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Conversely, fewer available suppliers increases the risk of supply disruption through both scheduled and unscheduled supplier outages. We have no long-term supply commitments with our metals suppliers. If,are in the future,process of implementing information systems and eliminating our legacy operating systems. The objective is to standardize and streamline business processes and improve support for our service center and fabrication business. Risks associated with the phased implementation include, but are not limited to:

Although we are unablehave successfully initiated use of the systems at most of our locations, we can provide no assurance that the rollout to obtain sufficient amountsthe remaining locations will be successful or will occur as planned and without disruption to operations. Difficulties associated with the design and implementation of metals on a timely basis, we may not be able to obtain metals from alternate sources at competitive prices. In addition, late deliveries, interruptions or reductions in our supply of metalsnew information systems could make it difficult to satisfy our customers’ just-in-time delivery requirements, which could have a material adverse effect onadversely affect our business, financial condition,our customer service, our results of operations and our cash flows.

Although we expect to finance our growth initiatives through borrowings under our credit facility, we may have to find additional sources of funding, which could be difficult. Additionally, increased leverage and borrowing rates could adversely impact our business and results of operations.

We expect to finance our growth initiatives through borrowings under our credit facility, which matures on December 8, 2022. However, our credit facility may not be sufficient or available to finance our growth initiatives, and we may have to find additional sources of financing. It may be difficult for us in the future to obtain the necessary funds and liquidity to run and expand our business.

The borrowings under our credit facility are primarily at variable interest rates. If interest rates in the future were to increase 100 basis points (1.0%) from December 31, 2019 rates and, assuming no change in total debt from December 31, 2019 levels, the additional annual interest expense to us would be approximately $1.2 million.

We depend on our senior management team and the loss of any member could prevent us from implementing our business strategy.

Our success is dependent upon the management and leadership skills of our senior management team. Effective January 1, 2019, Michael D. Siegal began servinghas served as our Executive Chairman of the Board since January 1, 2019, after serving as our Chief Executive Officer since 1984. Richard T. Marabito began servinghas served as our Chief Executive Officer since January 1, 2019, after serving as our Chief Financial Officer since 2010, and Richard A. Manson began servinghas served as our Chief Financial Officer since January 1, 2019, after serving as our Vice President and Treasurer since 2013. Andrew S. Greiff began servinghas served as our President and Chief Operating Officer effectivesince January 1, 2020 after serving as our Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer since 2016. The loss of any member of our senior management team or the failure to attract and retain additional qualified personnel could prevent us from implementing our business strategy. We have employment agreements, which include non-competition provisions, with our Chief Executive Officer, our President and Chief Operating Officer, and our Chief Financial Officer that expire on January 1, 2024, January 1, 2025, and January 1, 2022,2027, respectively.

Customer and third-party credit constraints and credit losses could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Some of our customers may experience difficulty obtaining and/or maintaining credit availability. In particular, certain customers that are highly leveraged represent an increased credit risk. Some customers have reduced their purchases because of these credit constraints. Moreover, our disciplined credit policies have, in some instances, resulted in lost sales. If we have misjudged our credit estimations and they result in future credit losses, lost sales or lost customers, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and our allowance for doubtful accounts.

Labor disruptions at any of our facilities or those of major customers could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

At December 31, 2019, we employed approximately 1,860 people. Approximately 300 of the hourly plant personnel are represented by nine separate collective bargaining units. Any prolonged work stoppages by our personnel represented by collective bargaining units could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In addition, many of our larger customers, including those in the automotive industry, have unionized workforces and some have experienced significant labor disruptions in the past such as work stoppages, slow-downs and strikes. A labor disruption at one or more of our major customers could interrupt production or sales by that customer and cause that customer to halt or limit orders for our products. Any such reduction in the demand for our products could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Participation in multiemployer pension plans carry withdrawal liability risks, which could impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Through our CTI subsidiary, we contribute to one multiemployer pension plan. The risks of participating in the multiemployer plan are different from a single-employer plan in that 1)(i) assets contributed to the multiemployer plan by one employer may be used to provide benefits to employees of other participating employers, 2)(ii) if a participating employer stops contributing to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan may be borne by the remaining participating employers, and 3)(iii) if CTI chooses to stop participating in the multiemployer plan, CTI may be required to pay the plan an amount based on the unfunded status of the plan, referred to as a withdrawal liability.

Increases in energy prices would increase Any future withdrawal liability could adversely affect our operating costs,business, financial condition, results of operations and we may be unable to pass all these increases on to our customers in the form of higher prices.

If our energy costs increase disproportionately to our revenues, our earnings could be reduced. We use energy to process and transport our products. Our operating costs increase if energy costs, including electricity, diesel fuel and natural gas, rise. During periods of higher energy costs, we may not be able to recover our operating cost increases through price increases without reducing demand for our products. In addition, we generally do not hedge our exposure to higher prices via energy futures contracts. Increases in energy and fuel prices will increase our operating costs and may reduce our profitability if we are unable to pass all of the increases on to our customers.cash flows.

Our insurance coverage, customer indemnifications or other liability protections may be unavailable or inadequate to cover all of our significant risks, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

From time to time, we may be subject to litigation incidental to our businesses, including claims for damages arising out of use of our products, claims involving employment matters, cyber security claims and commercial disputes.

We currently carry insurance from financially solid,strong, highly rated counterparties in established markets to cover significant risks and liabilities. However, our insurance coverage may be inadequate if such claims do arise and any liability not covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on our business. Disputes with insurance carriers, including over policy terms, reservation of rights, the applicability of coverage (including exclusions), compliance with provisions (including notice) and/or the insolvency of one or more of our insurers may significantly affect the amount or timing of recovery. Although we have been able to obtain insurance in amounts we believe to be appropriate to cover such liability to date, our insurance premiums may increase in the future as a consequence of conditions in the insurance business generally or our situation in particular. Any such increase could result in lower net income or cause the need to reduce our insurance coverage. In addition, a future claim may be brought against us that could have a material adverse effect on us.

In some circumstances, we may be entitled to certain legal protections or indemnifications from our customers through contractual provisions, laws, regulations or otherwise. However, these protections are not always available, are typically subject to certain terms or limitations, including the availability of funds, and may not be sufficient to cover all losses or liabilities incurred.

If insurance coverage, customer indemnifications and/or other legal protections are not available or are not sufficient to cover our risks or losses, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Industry

Our business is highly competitive, and increased competition could reduce our market share and harm our financial performance.

Our business is highly competitive. We compete with metals service centers and, to a certain degree, metals producers and intermediate metals processors, on a regular basis, primarily on quality, price, inventory availability and the ability to meet the delivery schedules and service requirements of our customers. We have different competitors for each of our products and within each region. Certain of these competitors have financial and operating resources in excess of ours. Increased competition could lower our gross profits or reduce our market share and have a material adverse effect on our financial performance.

Risks Related to Our Debt

Although we expect to finance our growth initiatives through borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility, we may have to find additional sources of funding, which could be difficult. Additionally, increased leverage and borrowing rates could adversely impact our business and results of operations.

We expect to finance our growth initiatives through borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility, which matures on June 16, 2026. However, our ABL Credit Facility may not be sufficient or available to finance our growth initiatives, and we may have to find additional sources of financing. It may be difficult for us in the future to obtain the necessary funds and liquidity on terms acceptable to us, or at all, to run and expand our business.

The borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility are primarily at variable interest rates. If interest rates in the future, which may be highly volatile, were to increase 100 basis points (1.0%) from December 31, 2022 rates and, assuming no change in total debt from December 31, 2022 levels, the additional annual interest expense to us would be approximately $0.9 million.

The discontinuance of the London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, and adoption of the Secured Overnight Funding Rate, or SOFR, may adversely affected interest expense related to our outstanding debt, including amounts borrowed under the ABL Credit Facility.

As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $165.7 million of borrowings outstanding that was indexed to LIBOR. On January 3, 2023, the Company entered into a Sixth Amendment to Third Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, which amened our existing ABL Credit Facility. This amendment updated the refence rate on these borrowings from LIBOR to SOFR. These changes may result in interest obligations that do not otherwise correlate exactly over time with the payments that would have been made on such debt if LIBOR had been used. We cannot be sure that this change will be without any adverse impacts, but we believe there will be no material impact on our financial position or results of operations

Regulatory and Environmental Risks

Quotas and tariffs imposed or removed as a result of government actions can cause significant fluctuations in our operating results.

Global demand and global metals pricing, supply and demand are impacted by quotas and tariffs imposed as a result of government actions. The tariffs initiated by the U.S. government in 2018 under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (section 232 tariffs) resulted in increased metals prices in the United States. Effective January 1, 2022, the United States and the European Union replaced the existing 25 percent tariff on EU steel products and 10 percent tariff on EU aluminum products with a tariff-rate quota, or TRQ. Under the TRQ arrangement, historically based volumes of EU steel and aluminum products will enter the U.S. without application of Section 232 duties subject to certain conditions. The removal and addition of country-specific tariffs has caused uncertainty in the metals marketplace. Any additional future tariffs or quotas imposed on steel and aluminum imports may increase the price of metal, which may impact our sales, gross margin and profitability if we are unable to pass the increased prices onto our customers. The prolonged imposition of tariffs could also lead to additional trade disputes that could impact the global demand for metals and impact our sales, gross margin and profitability. Conversely, the removal of existing tariffs could cause the price of metal to decline, which may impact our sales, gross margin and profitability.

Changes in laws or regulations, including recently enacted tax reform legislation, or the manner of their interpretation or enforcement could adversely impact our financial performance and restrict our ability to operate our business or execute our strategies.

New laws or regulations, or changes in existing laws or regulations, or the manner of their interpretation or enforcement, could increase our cost of doing business and restrict our ability to operate our business or execute our strategies. In particular, there may be significant changes in U.S. laws and regulations and existing international trade agreements by the current U.S. presidential administration that could affect a wide variety of industries and businesses, including those businesses we own and operate. If the U.S. presidential administration materially modifies U.S. laws and regulations and international trade agreements, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be affected.

Impairment in the carrying value of intangible assets could result in the incurrence of impairment charges and negatively impact our results of operations.

The net carrying value of intangibles represents non amortizable goodwill and trade names, covenant not to compete and customer relationships, net of accumulated amortization, related to our specialty metals flat products and tubular and pipe products segments. Indefinitely lived assets are evaluated for impairment annually or whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that the carrying amounts of these assets may not be recoverable. Amortizable intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that the carrying amounts of these assets may not be recoverable. Impairments to intangible assets may be caused by factors outside our control, such as increased competitive pricing pressures, lower than expected revenue and profit growth rates, changes in discount rates based on changes in the cost of capital (interest rates, etc.), or the loss of a significant customer and could result in the incurrence of impairment charges and negatively impact our results of operations.

Uncertainty relating to the calculation of London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and other reference rates and their potential discontinuance may adversely affect interest expense related to our outstanding debt, including amounts borrowed under our asset-based credit facility (ABL Credit Facility).

National and international regulators and law enforcement agencies have conducted investigations into a number of rates or indices, which are deemed to be “reference rates.” Actions by such regulators and law enforcement agencies may result in changes to the manner in which certain reference rates are determined, their discontinuance, or the establishment of alternative reference rates. In particular, on July 27, 2017, the Chief Executive of the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced that it will no longer persuade or compel banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021. Such announcement indicates that the continuation of LIBOR on the current basis cannot and will not be guaranteed after 2021. As such, it appears highly likely that LIBOR will be discontinued or modified by the end of 2021.

At this time, it is not possible to predict the effect that these developments, any discontinuance, modification or other reforms to LIBOR or any other reference rate, or the establishment of alternative reference rates, may have on LIBOR or other benchmarks, including LIBOR-based borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility. Furthermore, the use of alternative reference rates or other reforms could cause the market value of, the applicable interest rate on and the amount of interest paid on our benchmark-based borrowings to be materially different than expected and could materially adversely impact our ability to refinance such borrowings or raise future indebtedness on a cost effective basis.

We are subject to significant environmental, health and safety laws and regulations and related compliance expenditures and liabilities.

Our businesses are subject to many federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, particularly with respect to the use, handling, treatment, and disposal of substances and waste used or generated in our manufacturing processes. We have incurred and expect to continue to incur expenditures to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations. Our failure to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations and permit requirements could result in civil or criminal fines or penalties or enforcement actions, including regulatory or judicial orders enjoining or curtailing operations or requiring corrective measures, installation of pollution control equipment or remedial actions.

We may in the future be required to incur costs relating to the investigation or remediation of property, and for addressing environmental conditions. Some environmental laws and regulations impose liability and responsibility on present and former owners, operators or users of facilities and sites for contamination at such facilities and sites without regard to causation or knowledge of contamination. Consequently, we cannot assure you that existing or future circumstances, the development of new facts or the failure of third parties to address contamination at current or former facilities or properties will not require significant expenditures by us.

We expect to continue to be subject to environmental and health and safety laws and regulations. It is difficult to predict the future interpretation and development of environmental and health and safety laws and regulations or their impact on our future earnings and operations. We anticipate that compliance will continue to require increased capital expenditures and operating costs. Any increase in these costs, or unanticipated liabilities arising for example, out of discovery of previously unknown conditions or more aggressive enforcement actions, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We may be exposed to certain regulatory and financial risks related to climate change.

Growing concerns about climate change may result in the imposition of additional regulations or restrictions to which we may become subject. A number of governments or governmental bodies have introduced or are contemplating regulatory changes in response to climate change, including regulating greenhouse gas emissions. The outcome of new legislation or regulation in the United States may result in new or additional requirements, additional charges to fund energy efficient activities, and fees or restrictions on certain activities. Compliance with these climate change initiatives may also result in additional costs to us, including, among other things, increased production costs, additional taxes, reduced emission allowances or additional restrictions on production or operations. Any adopted future climate change regulations could also negatively impact our ability to compete with companies situated in areas not subject to such limitations. Even without such regulation, increased public awareness and adverse publicity about potential impacts on climate change emanating from us or our industry could harm us. We may not be able to recover the cost of compliance with new or more stringent laws and regulations, which could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow or financial condition.

Expectations relating to environmental, social and governance considerations expose us to potential liabilities, increased costs, reputational harm and other adverse effects on our business.

Many governments, regulators, investors, employees, customers and other stakeholders are increasingly focused on environmental, social and governance (ESG) considerations relating to businesses, including climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, human capital and diversity, equity and inclusion. We make statements about our ESG goals and initiatives through information provided on our website, press statements and other communications. Responding to these ESG considerations and implementation of these goals and initiatives involves risks and uncertainties, requires investments, which could be material, and are impacted by factors that may be outside of our control. In addition, some stakeholders may disagree with our goals and initiatives and the focus of stakeholders may change and evolve over time. Stakeholders also may have very different views on where ESG focus should be placed, including differing views of regulators in various jurisdictions in which we operate. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to achieve our goals, further our initiatives, adhere to our public statements, comply with federal, state or international ESG laws and regulations, or meet evolving and varied stakeholder expectations and standards could result in legal and regulatory proceedings against us and materially adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition and stock price.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

The market price for our common stock may be volatile.

Historically, there has been volatility in the market price for our common stock. Furthermore, the market price of our common stock could fluctuate substantially in the future in response to a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the risk factors described herein. Examples include:

In the past, the stock market has experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has had a significant effect on the market prices of securities issued by many companies for reasons unrelated to their specific operating performance. These factors may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock, regardless of actual operating performance.

In addition, stock markets from time to time experience extreme price and volume fluctuations that may be unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies. In the past, some shareholders have brought securities class action lawsuits against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their securities. We may in the future be the target of similar litigation. Securities litigation, regardless of whether our defense is ultimately successful, could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources.

Our quarterly results may be volatile.

Our operating results have varied on a quarterly basis during our operating history and are likely to fluctuate significantly in the future. Our operating results may be below the expectations of our investors or stock market analysts as a result of a variety of factors, including the impact of LIFO expense estimates, many of which are outside of our control. Factors that may affect our quarterly operating results include, but are not limited to, the risk factors listed above.

Many factors could cause our revenues and operating results to vary significantly in the future. Accordingly, we believe that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our operating results are not necessarily meaningful. Investors should not rely on the results of one quarter as an indication of our future performance. Further, it is our practice not to provide forward-looking sales or earnings guidance and not to endorse any analyst’s sales or earnings estimates. Nonetheless, if our results of operations in any quarter do not meet analysts’ expectations, our stock price could materially decrease.

CertainCertain provisions in our charter documents and Ohio law could delay or prevent a change in management or a takeover attempt that you may consider to be in your best interest.interest.

We are subject to Chapter 1704 of the Ohio Revised Code, which prohibits certain business combinations and transactions between an “issuing public corporation” and an “Ohio law interested shareholder” for at least three years after the Ohio law interested shareholder attains 10% ownership, unless the Board of Directors of the issuing public corporation approves the transaction before the Ohio law interest shareholder attains 10% ownership. We are also subject to Section 1701.831 of the Ohio Revised Code, which provides that certain notice and informational filings and special shareholder meeting and voting procedures must be followed prior to consummation of a proposed “control share acquisition.” Assuming compliance with the notice and information filings prescribed by the statute, a proposed control share acquisition may be made only if the acquisition is approved by a majority of the voting power of the issuer represented at the meeting and at least a majority of the voting power remaining after excluding the combined voting power of the “interested shares.”

Certain provisions contained in our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Code of Regulations and Ohio law could delay or prevent the removal of directors and other management and could make a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving us that you may consider to be in your best interest more difficult. For example, these provisions:

These provisions may discourage potential takeover attempts, discourage bids for our common stock at a premium over market price or adversely affect the market price of, and the voting and other rights of the holders of our common stock. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other shareholders to elect directors other than the candidates nominated by our Board of Directors.

Principal shareholders who own a significant numbersnumber of shares of our common stock may have interests that conflict with yours.

Michael D. Siegal, our Executive Chairman of the Board and one of our largest shareholders, owned approximately 11.5%10.9% of our outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2019.2022. Mr. Siegal may have the ability to significantly influence matters requiring shareholder approval. In deciding how to vote on such matters, Mr. Siegal may be influenced by interests that conflict with yours.

General Risks

Climate change may cause changes in weather patterns and increase the frequency or severity of weather events and flooding.

An increase in severe weather events, including those caused by climate change, may adversely impact us, our operations, and our ability to procure raw materials and process and transport our products and could result in an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Extreme weather conditions may increase our costs, temporarily impact our production capabilities or cause damage to our facilities. Severe weather may also adversely impact our suppliers and our customers and their ability to deliver and/or purchase and transport our products.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

We believe that our properties are strategically situated relative to our domestic suppliers, our customers and each other, allowing us to support customers from multiple locations. Product is shipped from the most advantageous facility, regardless of where the customer order is taken. The facilities are located in the hubs of major metals consumption markets, and within a 250-mile250‑mile radius of most of our customers, a distance approximating the one-dayone‑day driving and delivery limit for truck shipments. During 2019, we terminated the lease on the Washington distribution facility and entered into a lease commencing March 2020 for a processing facility in Buford, Georgia.

The following table sets forth certain information concerning our principal properties including which segment’s products are serviced out of each location:

In addition to the facilities listed above, our executive office is leased and located in Highland Hills, Ohio and we have leased offices located in Media, Pennsylvania; Bonita Springs, Florida; San Antonio, Texas and Monterrey, Mexico. Management believes we will be able to accommodate our capacity needs for the immediate future at our existing facilities.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are party to various legal actions that we believe are ordinary in nature and incidental to the operation of our business. In the opinion of management, the outcome of the proceedings to which we are currently a party will not have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

This information is included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K pursuant to Instruction 3 of Item 401(b) of Regulation S-K. The following is a list of our executive officers and a brief description of their business experience. Each executive officer will hold office until his or her successor is chosen and qualified.

Michael D. Siegal, age 67,70, has served as the Executive Chairman of our Board of Directors since January 2019. He previously served as our Chief Executive Officer from 1984 until December 2018 and as Chairman of our Board of Directors from 1994 until December 2018. From 1984 until January 2001, he also served as our President. He has been employed by us in a variety of capacities since 1974. Mr. Siegal serves on the Board of Directors of Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc. and Twin City Fan.Fan Companies, Ltd. He is also the immediate past Board Chair of the Jewish Federations of North America and is currently on the Board of the Development Corporation for Israel and the immediate past Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Jewish Agency for Israel.

Richard T. Marabito, age 56,59, has served as our Chief Executive Officer since January 2019. From March 2000 through December 2018, he served as our Chief Financial Officer. He joined us in 1994 as Corporate Controller and served in this capacity until March 2000. He also served as Treasurer from 1994 through 2002 and again from 2010 through 2012. Prior to joining us, Mr. Marabito served as Corporate Controller for a publicly traded wholesale distribution company and was employed by a national accounting firm in its audit department. Mr. Marabito is a Vicethe Chair and Board member of the Metals Service Center Institute (MSCI)., a North American metals industry trade association. He isserves on the ChairBoard of Trustees for the University of Mount Union and has been a Board and Audit Committee member of CBIZ (CBZ: NYSE), one of the MSCI’s Governance Committeenation’s top providers of accounting, tax and past Chair of its Foundation for Education and Research.advisory services, since August 2021. He served as a Governance board memberBoard Member of the Make-A-Wish Foundation of Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana and was past Chair of its Northeast Ohio regional board. Mr. Marabito also served on the Board of Trustees and was the Treasurer for Hawken School in Cleveland, Ohio.

Richard A. Manson, age 51,54, has served as our Chief Financial Officer since January 2019, and has been employed by us since 1996.  From January 2013 through December 2018, he served as our Vice President and Treasurer. From March 2010 through December 2012, he served as our Vice President of Human Resources and Administration.  From January 2003 through March 2010, he served as our Treasurer and Corporate Controller.  From 1996 through 2002, he served as our Director of Taxes and Risk Management.  Prior to joining us, Mr. Manson was employed for seven years by a national accounting firm in its tax department.  Mr. Manson is a Board Membermember of the Board of Directors of Catholic Charities, Diocese of Cleveland Catholic Cemeteries Association and a member of the Advisory Board of Seeds for Literacy.Liberty.  Mr. Manson is a certified public accountant and member of the Ohio Society of Certified Public Accountants and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

Andrew S. Greiff, age 58,61, has served as our President and Chief Operating Officer since January 2020. From August 2016 through December 2019, he served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer. He previously served as President, Specialty Metals from 2011 to 2016 after having joined us in 2009 as Vice President of Specialty Metals. Prior thereto, Mr. Greiff spent 24 years in various positions within the steel industry and served as the President and CEO of his own steel trading company. Mr. Greiff isserved as a Board Member of the MSCI and a past director of Hawken School, the MSCI Specialty Metals Product Council, Jewish Big Brother Big Sister and the Anti DefamationAnti-Defamation League.

Lisa K. Christen, age 43,46, has served as our Vice President & Treasurer andsince January 2023. From January 2019 through December 2022, she served as our Corporate Controller since January 2019, and has been employed by us since 1999.& Treasurer. From March 2010 through December 2018, she served as our Corporate Controller. From 1999 through 2010 she served in various positions within the accounting department.  Ms. Christen serves as the Treasurer and is a Board Member of Seton Catholic School in Hudson, Ohio and serves on the finance committee of Walsh Jesuit High School, in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Ms. Christen is a certified public accountant and member of the Ohio Society of Certified Public Accountants and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’SREGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Common Stock

Our common stock trades on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “ZEUS.”

Holders of Record

As of January 31, 2020,2023, we estimate there were approximately 5299 holders of record and 4,633 beneficial holders of our common stock.

Dividends

We expect to continue to make regular quarterly dividend distributions in the future, subject to the continuing determination by our Board of Directors that the dividend remains in the best interest of our shareholders. Our ABL Credit Facility restricts the aggregate amount of dividends and common stock repurchases that we can pay to $5.0$15.0 million annually without limitations. Dividend distributions in excess of $5.0$15.0 million require us to (i) maintain availability in excess of 20.0% of the aggregate revolver commitments or (ii) to maintain availability equal to or greater than 15.0% of the aggregate revolver commitments, and we must maintain a pro-forma ratio of Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA)EBITDA, minus certain capital expenditures and cash taxes paid to fixed charges of at least 1.00 to 1.00. Any determinations by the Board of Directors to pay cash dividends in the future will take into account various factors, including our financial condition, results of operations, current and anticipated cash needs, plans for expansion and restrictions under our credit agreement and any agreements governing our future debt. We cannot assure you that dividends will be paid in the future or that, if paid, the dividends will be at the same amount or frequency.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

We did not purchase any of our equity securities during the quarter ended December 31, 2019.2022.

On October 2, 2015, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to 550,000 shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock, which could include open market repurchases, negotiated block transactions, accelerated stock repurchases or open market solicitations for shares, all or some of which may be effected through Rule 10b5-1 plans. Any of the repurchased shares will be held in our treasury, or canceled and retired as our Board may determine from time to time. Any repurchases of common stock are subject to the covenants contained in the ABL Credit Facility. Our ABL Credit Facility restricts the aggregate amount of dividends and common stock repurchases that we can pay to $5.0$15.0 million annually without limitations. Purchases in excess of $5.0$15.0 million require us to (i) maintain availability in excess of 20.0% of the aggregate revolver commitments or (ii) to maintain availability equal to or greater than 15.0% of the aggregate revolver commitments and we must maintain a pro-forma ratio of EBITDA minus certain capital expenditures and cash taxes paid to fixed charges of at least 1.00 to 1.00. The timing and amount of any repurchases under the stock repurchase program will depend upon several factors, including market and business conditions, and limitations under the ABL Credit Facility, and repurchasesFacility. Repurchases may be discontinued at any time. As of December 31, 2022, 360,212 shares remain authorized for repurchase under the program.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

We did not have any unregistered sales of equity securities during the quarter ended December 31, 2019.2022.

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA[RESERVED]

The following table sets forth selected financial and other data for each of the five years in the period ended December 31, 2019. The data presented should be read in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following Management’sManagement’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause a difference include, but are not limited to, those discussed under Item 1A,,Risk Factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following section is qualified in its entirety by the more detailed information, including our financial statements and the notes thereto, which appears elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Overview

We are a leading metals service center that operates in three reportable segments; carbonsegments; specialty metals flat products, specialty metalscarbon flat products, and tubular and pipe products. We provide metals processing and distribution services for a wide range of customers. Our specialty metals flat products segment’s focus is on the direct sale and distribution of processed aluminum and stainless flat-rolled sheet and coil products, flat bar products, prime tin mill products and fabricated parts. Through the acquisition of Shaw Stainless & Alloy, Inc., or Shaw, on October 1, 2021 and Action Stainless & Alloys, Inc., or Action Stainless, on December 14, 2020, our specialty metals flat products segment expanded its geographic footprint and enhanced its product offerings in stainless steel and aluminum plate, sheet, angles, rounds, flat bar, tubing and pipe. Shaw also manufactures and distributes stainless steel bollards and water treatment systems. Action Stainless offers a range of processing capabilities, including plasma, laser and waterjet cutting and computer numerical control, or CNC, machining. Our carbon flat products segment’s focus is on the direct sale and distribution of large volumes of processed carbon and coated flat-rolled sheet, coil and plate products and fabricated parts. Through the acquisition of McCullough Industries, or McCullough, on January 2, 2019,acquisitions, our carbon flat products segment expanded its product offerings to include self-dumping metal hoppers and through the acquisition of EZ Dumper on August 5, 2019, to include steel and stainless- steelstainless-steel dump inserts for pickup truck and service truck beds. Our specialty metals flat products segment’s focus isOn September 17, 2021, the Company sold substantially all of the assets related to its Detroit operation. The Detroit operation was primarily focused on the direct sale and distribution of processed aluminumcarbon flat-rolled steel to domestic automotive manufacturers and stainlesstheir suppliers and primarily included in the carbon flat-rolled sheet and coil products, flat bar products and fabricated parts. Throughsegment. With the recent acquisition of Berlin Metals, LLC, or Berlin Metals,Metal-Fab, on April 2, 2018,January 3, 2023, our specialty metalscarbon flat products segment expanded itswill further expand our product offerings to include differing typesthe manufacture of stainless flat-rolled sheetventing, micro air and coilclean air products for residential, commercial and prime tin mill products.industrial applications. Metal-Fab’s operational results are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, we distribute metal tubing, pipe, bar, valves and fittings and fabricate pressure parts supplied to various industrial markets through our tubular and pipe products segment. Products that require more value-added processing generally have a higher gross profit. Accordingly, our overall gross profit is affected by, among other things, product mix, the amount of processing performed, the demand for and availability of metals, and volatility in selling prices and material purchase costs. We also perform toll processing of customer-owned metals. We sell certain products internationally, primarily in Canada and Mexico. International sales are immaterial to our consolidated financial results and to the individual segments’ results.

Our results of operations are affected by numerous external factors including, but not limited to: general and global business, economic, financial, banking and political conditions; fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar to foreign currencies, competition; metals pricing, demand and availability; transportationthe availability, and energy costs; pricing and availabilityincreased costs of raw materials used in the production of metals;labor; global supply, the level of metals imported into the United States, tariffs, and inventory held in the supply chain; the availability,general and increased costs of labor; customers’ ability to manage their credit line availability;global business, economic, financial, banking and political conditions; competition; layoffs or work stoppages by our own, our suppliers’ or our customers’ personnel.personnel; fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar to foreign currencies; transportation and energy costs; pricing and availability of raw materials used in the production of metals and customers’ ability to manage their credit line availability. The metals industry also continues to be affected by the global consolidation of our suppliers, competitors and end-use customers.

Like other metals service centers, we maintain substantial inventories of metals to accommodate the short lead times and just-in-time delivery requirements of our customers. Accordingly, we purchase metals in an effort to maintain our inventory at levels that we believe to be appropriate to satisfy the anticipated needs of our customers based upon customer forecasts, historic buying practices, supply agreements with customers and market conditions. Our commitments to purchase metals

are generally at prevailing market prices in effect at the time we place our orders. From time to time, we have entered into pass-through nickel swaps at the request of our customers in order to mitigate our customers’ risk of volatility in the price of metals, and we have entered into metals hedges to mitigate our risk of volatility in the price of metals. We have no long-term, fixed-price metals purchase contracts. When metals prices decline, customer demands for lower prices and our competitors’ responses to those demands could result in lower sale prices and, consequently, lower gross profits and earnings as we use existing metals inventory. When metals prices increase, competitive conditions will influence how much of the price increase we can pass on to our customers. To the extent we are unable to pass on future price increases in our raw materials to our customers, the net sales and gross profits of our business could be adversely affected.

Reportable Segments

We operate in three reportable segments; carbonsegments: specialty metals flat products, specialty metalscarbon flat products and tubular and pipe products. The carbonspecialty metals flat products segment and the specialty metalscarbon flat products segment are at times consolidated and referred to as the flat products segment. Some of the flat products segments’ assets and resources are shared by the carbon and specialty metals and carbon flat products segments and both segments’ products are stored in the shared facilities and, in some locations, processed on shared equipment. As such, total assets and capital expenditures are reported in the aggregate for the flat products segments. Due to the shared assets and resources, certain of the flat products segment expenses are allocated between the carbonspecialty metals flat products segment and the specialty metalscarbon flat products segment based upon an established allocation methodology.

We follow the accounting guidance that requires the utilization of a “management approach” to define and report the financial results of operating segments. The management approach defines operating segments along the lines used by the chief operating decision maker, or CODM, to assess performance and make operating and resource allocation decisions. Our CODM evaluates performance and allocates resources based primarily on operating income. Our operating segments are based primarily on internal management reporting.

Due to the nature of the products sold in each segment, there are significant differences in the segments’ average selling price and the cost of materials sold. The tubular and pipespecialty metals flat products segment generally has the highest average selling price among the three segments followed by the specialty metals flattubular and pipe products segment and carbon flat products segments.segment. Due to the nature of the tubular and pipe products, we do not report tons sold or per ton information. Gross profit per ton is generally higher in the specialty metals flat products segment than the carbon flat products segment. Gross profit as a percentage of net sales is generally highesthigher in the specialty metals flat products and tubular and pipe products segment, followed bysegments than the carbon and specialty metals flat products segments.

segment. Due to the differences in average selling prices, gross profit and gross profit percentage among the segments, a change in the mix of sales could impact total net sales, gross profit, and gross profit percentage. In addition, certain inventory in the tubular and pipe products segment is valued under the last-in, first-out, or LIFO, method. Adjustments to the LIFO inventory value are recorded to cost of materials sold and may impact the gross margin and gross margin percentage at the consolidated Company and tubular and pipe products segment levels.

Specialty metals flat products

The primary focus of our specialty metals flat products segment is on the direct sale and distribution of processed aluminum and stainless flat-rolled sheet and coil products, flat bar products, prime tin mill products and fabricated parts. Through the acquisition of Action Stainless on December 14, 2020 and Shaw on October 1, 2021, our specialty metals flat products segment expanded its geographic footprint and enhanced its product offerings in stainless steel and aluminum plate, sheet, angles, rounds, flat bar, tubing and pipe. Shaw also manufactures and distributes stainless steel bollards and water treatment systems. Action Stainless offers a range of processing capabilities, including plasma, laser and waterjet cutting and CNC machining. We act as an intermediary between metals producers and manufacturers that require processed metals for their operations. We serve customers in various industries, including manufacturers of food service and commercial appliances, agriculture equipment, transportation and automotive equipment. We distribute these products primarily through a direct sales force.

Carbon flat products

The primary focus of our carbon flat products segment is on the direct sale and distribution of large volumes of processed carbon and coated flat-rolled sheet, coil and plate products and fabricated parts. Through acquisitions, including the acquisition of Metal-Fab on January 3, 2023, our carbon flat products segment expanded its product offerings to include self-dumping metal hoppers, steel and stainless-steel dump inserts for pickup truck and service truck beds and venting, micro air and clean air products for residential, commercial and industrial applications. We act as an intermediary between metals producers and manufacturers that require processed metals for their operations. We serve customers in most metals consuming industries, including manufacturers and fabricators of transportation and material handling equipment, construction and farm machinery, storage tanks, environmental and energy generation equipment, automobiles, military vehicles and equipment, as well as general and plate fabricators and metals service centers. We distribute these products primarily through a direct sales force.

Specialty metals flat products

The primary focus of our specialty metals flat products segment is on the direct sale and distribution of processed stainless and aluminum flat-rolled sheet and coil products, flat bar products and fabricated parts. Through its acquisition of Berlin Metals on April 2, 2018, our specialty metals flat products segment expanded its product offerings to include differing types of stainless flat-rolled sheet and coil and prime tin mill products. We act as an intermediary between metals producers and manufacturers that require processed metals for their operations. We serve customers in various industries, including manufacturers of food service and commercial appliances, agriculture equipment, transportation and automotive equipment. We distribute these products primarily through a direct sales force.

Combined, the carbon and specialty metals flat products segments have 2134 strategically-located processing and distribution facilities in the United States and one in Monterrey, Mexico. Many of our facilities service both the carbon and the specialty metals flat products segments, and certain assets and resources are shared by the segments. Our geographic footprint allows us to focus on regional customers and larger national and multi-national accounts, primarily located throughout the midwestern, eastern and southern United States.

Tubular and pipe products

The tubular and pipe products segment consists of the Chicago Tube and Iron, or CTI, business, acquired in 2011. Through our tubular and pipe products segment, we distribute metal tubing, pipe, bar, valve and fittings and fabricate pressure parts supplied to various industrial markets. Founded in 1914, CTI operates from eightseven locations in the Midwestern and southeastern United States. The tubular and pipe products segment distributes its products primarily through a direct sales force.

Corporate expenses

Corporate expenses are reported as a separate line item for segment reporting purposes. Corporate expenses include the unallocated expenses related to managing the entire Company (i.e., all three segments), including compensation for certain personnel, expenses related to being a publicly traded entity such as board of directors’ expenses, audit expenses, and various other professional fees.

Results of Operations

This section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K generally discusses 20192022 and 20182021 items and year-to-year comparisons between 20192022 and 2018.2021. Discussions of 20172020 items and year-to-year comparisons between 20182021 and 20172020 that are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K can be found in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II, Item 7 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.2021.

20192022 Compared to 20182021

Our results of operations are impacted by the market price of metals. Through 2017 and the first seven months of 2018, metalsMetals prices increasedfluctuate significantly and changes to our net sales, cost of materials sold, gross profit, cost of inventory and profitability, wereare all impacted by industry metals pricing.

Metals prices in our specialty metals products segment increased during 2022 compared to 2021 due to the unprecedented increase in metal surcharges experienced during 2022. The average price increases resulted inof stainless surcharges increased 40.7% during 2022 compared to 2021. Industry metals pricing reaching its highest pointon hot rolled coil steel decreased during 2022 by $872 per ton, or 56.8%. Despite the decrease in 10 years in July 2018. The increases were driven by both the tariffs initiated by the U.S. government in 2018 under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (section 232 tariffs) and strong customer demand. Since the third quarter of 2018, market prices for metals have declined, and overall metals market prices during 2019 were lower than 2018. The rapid decline ofindustry metals pricing during 2019 negatively impacted2022, our financial resultsaverage selling prices and average cost of materials sold were higher during 2019, primarily2022 than 2021 in the carbon flat-products segment. In addition, lower customer demand in 2019 comparedflat products segment due to 2018, primarily incontract selling prices and higher inventory costs. Metals pricing for the tubular and pipe products segment lags behind the carbon flat-productsflat products segment negatively impacted our sales, gross profit and profitability.by several months.

Transactional or “spot” selling prices generally move in tandem with market price changes, while fixed selling prices typically lag and reset quarterly. Similarly, inventory costs (and, therefore, cost of materials sold) tend to move slower than market selling price changes due to mill lead times and inventory turnover impacting the rate of change in average cost. When average selling prices increase, and net sales increase, gross profit and operating expenses as a percentage of net sales will generally decrease. During 2022, our year-over-year sales volumes were negatively impacted by the sale of our Detroit operations on September 17, 2021, current economic trends and the absence of a large one-time pipe and tube contract shipment in 2021; however, our net sales were positively impacted by the price increases discussed above.

Operating results for 2019 include the additional revenues and operating expenses resulting from the acquisitions of McCullough industries on January 2, 2019 and EZ Dumper on August 5, 2019.  2018 operating results include the additional revenues and operating expenses resulting from the acquisition of Berlin Metals on April 2, 2018. 

Consolidated Operations

The following table sets forth certain consolidated income statement data for the years ended December 31, 20192022 and 20182021 (dollars shown in thousands):

Net sales decreased $136.0increased $247.7 million, or 7.9%10.7%, to $1.6$2.6 billion in 20192022 from $1.7$2.3 billion in 2018. Carbon flat products net sales decreased $146.4 million, or 13.6%, in 2019 compared to 2018 and were 58.7% of total net sales in 2019 compared to 62.6% in 2018.2021. Specialty metals flat products net sales increased $20.2$190.3 million, or 5.9%32.5%, to $776.0 million in 20192022 compared to 2018$585.8 million in 2021 and were 23.0%30.3% of total net sales in 20192022 compared to 20.0%25.3% of total net sales in 2018.2021. Carbon flat products net sales increased $12.5 million, or 0.9%, to $1.4 billion in 2022 compared to $1.3 billion in 2021 and were 53.0% of total net sales in 2022 compared to 58.1% of total net sales in 2021. Tubular and pipe products net sales decreased $9.8increased $45.0 million, or 3.3%11.8%, to $427.4 million in 20192022 compared to 2018$382.4 million in 2021 and were 18.3%16.7% of total net sales in 20192022 compared to 17.4%16.5% of total net sales in 2018.2021. The decreaseincrease in net sales was due to a 9.3% decrease26.0% increase in sales volumeconsolidated average selling prices during 2022 compared to 2021 partially offset by a 1.5% increase12.2% decrease in average selling prices.consolidated volume. Average selling prices in 20192022 were $1,263$2,448 per ton, compared to $1,244$1,942 per ton in 2018.2021. The increase in the average selling price is a result of the market pricing dynamics discussed above in the overview of Results of Operations above.Operations.

Cost of materials sold decreased $92.8increased $271.9 million, or 6.8%15.1%, to $1.28$2.1 billion in 20192022 from $1.37$1.8 billion in 2018.2021. During 2019,2022, we recorded LIFO incomeexpense of $3.7$0.6 million compared to $8.4 million of LIFO expense of $21.9 million in 2018.2021. The decreaseincrease in cost of materials sold in 20192022 is primarily related to decreased sales volume and the impact of LIFO incomeincreased metals pricing in 20192022 compared to LIFO expense in 2018.2021.

As a percentage of net sales, gross profit (as defined in footnote (b) in the table above) decreased to 18.9%19.0% in 20192022 from 19.9%22.1% in 2018. LIFO income increased gross profit by 0.2% of net sales in 2019 and LIFO expense decreased gross profit by 0.5% of net sales in 2018.2021. The decrease in the gross profit as a percentage of net sales in 2019 was primarilyis due to the impactaverage costs of inventory increasing more quickly than the average selling higher costed inventoryprices discussed above in 2019 compared to 2018 as market prices for metals was decreasing.Results of Operations.

Operating expenses (as defined in footnote (c) in the table above) decreased $2.8increased $14.6 million, or 1.0%4.3%, to $282.3$352.3 million in 20192022 from $285.1$337.7 million in 2018.2021. As a percentage of net sales, operating expenses decreased to 13.8% in 2022 from 14.6% in 2021. Operating expenses in the specialty metals flat products segment increased to 17.9% in 2019 from 16.6% in 2018. Variable$19.5 million, operating expenses, such as distribution and warehouse and processing, decreased as a result of decreased sales volume and decreased labor hours at our current operating facilities. Selling and administrative and general expenses decreased as a result of decreased variable based incentive compensation related to decreased profitability. Operating expenses in the carbon flat products segment decreased $4.6$7.3 million, operating expenses in the specialty metals products segment increased $4.7 million (due to the addition of specific metals processing capabilities in our Schaumburg, Illinois and Streetsboro, Ohio locations), operating expenses in the tubular and pipe products were flat between the years,segment decreased $1.9 million, and Corporatecorporate expenses decreased $2.8 million primarily due to decreased variable incentive compensation related to lower operating income in 2019.increased $4.3 million. Operating expenses were $7.4 million higher in 2019 compared to 2018 due toincreased during 2022 as a result of the acquisition of McCullough Industries on January 2, 2019 and a full yearinclusion of operating expenses related to the October 2021 acquisition of Shaw, increased inflationary impacts on transportation, labor, and other product support costs and increased variable performance-based compensation for the April 2, 2018 acquisitionspecialty metals flat products and pipe and tubular products segments, partially offset by lower year-over-year variable performance-based incentive compensation for the carbon flat products segment. During 2021, we recorded a $3.5 million gain, net of Berlin Metals.expenses, on the sale of our Detroit operations on September 17, 2021.

Interest and other expense on debt totaled $11.3$10.1 million in 20192022 compared to $10.7$7.6 million in 2018.2021. Our effective borrowing rate, exclusive of deferred financing fees and commitment fees, was 4.0%3.2% in 20192022 compared to 3.7%2.5% in 20182021. The increased effective borrowing rate is due to the increases in LIBORhigher interest rates since 2018.compared to 2021. Total average borrowings decreased $17.7increased $24.6 million, or 6.4%9.6%, to $257.6$280.4 million in 20192022 from $275.3$255.8 million in 2018,2021, primarily related to decreasedincreased working capital needs in 2019.2022.

Income before income taxes totaled $5.3$123.6 million, or 4.8% of net sales, in 20192022, compared to $46.1income before taxes of $164.8 million, or 7.1% of net sales, in 2018.2021.

An income tax provision of 27.1%26.4% was recorded in 2019,2022, compared to an income tax provision of 26.7%26.5% in 2018. The higher rate was attributable to the impact of permanently non-deductible items on lower pre-tax income.2021.

Net income for 2019in 2022 totaled $3.9$90.9 million, or $0.34$7.87 per basic and diluted share, compared to $33.8net income of $121.1 million, or $2.95$10.53 per basic and $10.52 per diluted share, for 2018.

Segment Results of Operations

Carbon flat productsin 2021.

The following table sets forth certain income statement data for the carbon flat products segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (dollars shown in thousands, except per ton data):

Tons sold decreased 132 thousand tons, or 11.6%, to 1.01 million tons in 2019 from 1.14 million tons in 2018. Toll tons sold decreased 15 thousand tons, or 17.9% to 67 thousand tons in 2019 from 81 thousand tons in 2018. The decrease in tons sold is due to decreased customer demand for carbon flat products experienced in the metals industry, particularly in the agricultural and auto industries. We expect sales volumes in 2020 to improve over 2019 levels.

Net sales decreased $146.4 million, or 13.6%, to $926.9 million in 2019 from $1.1 billion in 2018. Average selling prices in 2019 decreased 2.4% to $917 per ton, compared to $940 per ton in 2018. The decrease in sales was due to an 11.6% decrease in sales volume and a 2.4% decrease in average selling prices.

CostSegment Results of materials sold decreased $92.4 million, or 10.8%, to $763.5 million in 2019 from $855.9 million in 2018. The decrease in cost of materials sold was primarily due to a 11.6% decrease in sales volume and the impact of selling higher costed inventory during 2019 compared to 2018.Operations

As a percentage of net sales, gross profit (as defined in footnote (a) in the table above) decreased to 17.6% in 2019 from 20.3% in 2018. The average gross profit per ton sold decreased $28 per ton to $162 in 2019 from $190 in 2018.

Operating expenses in 2019 decreased $4.6 million, or 2.7%, to $168.4 million from $173.0 million in 2018. As a percentage of net sales, operating expenses increased to 18.2% in 2019 from 16.1% in 2018. Variable operating expenses, such as warehouse and processing and distribution decreased as a result of decreased sales and production volumes at our facilities and selling and administrative and general expense decreased due to decreased variable performance based incentive compensation. The operating expense decreases were offset by the operating expense increases related to the acquisitions of McCullough and EZ Dumper during 2019.    

Operating loss totaled $5.0 million in 2019 compared to operating income of $44.4 million in 2018.

Specialty metals flat products

The following table sets forth certain income statement data for the specialty metals flat products segment for the years ended December 31, 20192022 and 20182021 (dollars shown in thousands, except per ton data):

Tons sold increased 6in our specialty metals flat product segment decreased 16 thousand tons, or 4.6%10.0%, to 142 thousand tons in 20192022 from 136158 thousand tons in 2018.2021. The increasedecrease in tons sold iswas due to the acquisition of Berlin Metals on April 2, 2018a shift towards lower volume fabrication and improved customer demand in the markets we served during 2019.value-added services and current economic trends. We do not report tons sold for our Shaw operation.

Net sales in our specialty metals flat products segment increased $20.2$190.3 million, or 5.9%32.5%, to $363.6$776.0 million in 20192022 from $343.5$585.8 million in 2018. The increase in net sales is due to the acquisition of Berlin Metals on April 2, 2018 and improved customer demand in the markets we served during 2019. Average selling prices in 2019 increased to $2,564 per ton, compared to $2,533 per ton in 2018.2021. The increase in sales was due to the 4.6%a 47.1% increase in average selling prices partially offset by a 10.0% decrease in sales volume and a 1.2%during 2022 compared to 2021. Average selling prices in 2022 increased to $5,461 per ton, compared to $3,712 per ton in 2021. The increase in the year over year average selling prices during 2019 compared to 2018.price per ton is a result of the increased industry metals pricing discussed above in Results of Operations.

Cost of materials sold increased $16.4$147.6 million, or 5.6%33.4%, to $310.9$589.5 million in 20192022 from $294.6$441.8 million in 2018.2021. The increase in cost of materials sold was primarily due to the increase in sales volumeindustry metals pricing discussed above in 2019 compared to 2018.Results of Operations.

As a percentage of net sales, gross profit (as defined in footnote (a) in the table above) increaseddecreased to 14.5%24.0% in 20192022 from 14.2%24.6% in 2018.2021. The average gross profit per ton sold totaled $372$1,313 in 20192022 compared to $361 per ton$912 in 2018.2021. The increasedecrease in the gross profit as a percentage of net sales is a resultdue to average selling price decreasing more quickly than the average cost of a changeinventory as discussed above in the mixResults of products that we sold in 2019 compared to 2018.Operations.

Operating expenses (as defined in footnote (b) in the table above) increased $4.7$19.5 million, or 14.0%26.6%, to $38.4$92.9 million in 20192022 from $33.7$73.4 million in 2018.2021. As a percentage of net sales, operating expenses increaseddecreased to 10.6%12.0% of net sales in 20192022 from 9.8%12.5% in 2018.2021. The increase in operating expenses in 2019 was primarily attributable to the inclusion of operating expenses related to the October 2021 acquisition of Berlin MetalsShaw, which accounted for $6.1 million of the operating expense increase; increased variable expenses related to variable performance-based incentive compensation; and inflationary impacts on April 2, 2018, as 2018 only included nine months of operating expenses for Berlin Metals, as well as the addition of processing capabilities in our Schaumburg, Illinoislabor, transportation and Streetsboro, Ohio locations.other product support costs.

Operating income for 20192022 totaled $14.3$93.7 million, or 12.1% of net sales, compared to $15.2$70.5 million, or 12.0% of net sales, in 2018.2021.

Carbon flat products

The following table sets forth certain income statement data for the carbon flat products segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (dollars shown in thousands, except per ton data):