Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐   No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of June 30, 2023, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $63,861,156, based on the closing price on that day of $2.96.

As of March 28, 2024, 52,406,059 shares of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, and, 1,051,627 shares of Class V Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, were issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated herein by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. Such proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Thisamend our Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), including statements about the anticipated benefits of the Business Combination (as defined herein) and the financial condition, results of operations, earnings outlook, and prospects of Rubicon Technologies, Inc. (“Rubicon” or the “Company”). Forward-looking statements appear in a number of places in this report including, without limitation, in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and Part I, Item 1, “Business.” In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “plan,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “outlook,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “project,” “continue,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “should,” “would” and other similar words and expressions, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should understand that the following important factors, in addition to those factors described elsewhere in this report, could affect the future results of Rubicon and could cause those results or other outcomes to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements, including Rubicon’s ability to: 1) access, collect and use personal data about consumers; 2) execute its business strategy, including monetization of services provided and expansions in and into existing and new lines of business; 3) manage risks associated with operational changes in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (“COVID-19”) pandemic; 4) realize the benefits expected from the Business Combination; 5) anticipate the uncertainties inherent in the development of new business lines and business strategies; 6) retain and hire necessary employees; 7) increase brand awareness; 8) attract, train and retain effective officers, key employees or directors; 9) upgrade and maintain information technology systems; 10) acquire and protect intellectual property; 11) meet future liquidity requirements and comply with restrictive covenants related to long-term indebtedness; 12) effectively respond to general economic and business conditions; 13) maintain the listing of the Company’s securities on the NYSE or an inability to have its securities listed on another national securities exchange; 14) obtain additional capital, including use of the debt market; 15) enhance future operating and financial results; 16) anticipate rapid technological changes; 17) comply with laws and regulations applicable to its business, including laws and regulations related to data privacy and insurance operations; 18) stay abreast of modified or new laws and regulations applying to its business; 19) anticipate the impact of, and respond to, new accounting standards; 20) anticipate the rise in interest rates and other inflationary pressures which increase the cost of capital; 21) anticipate the significance and timing of contractual obligations; 22) maintain key strategic relationships with partners and distributors; 23) respond to uncertainties associated with product and service development and market acceptance; 24) manage to finance operations on an economically viable basis; 25) anticipate the impact of new U.S. federal income tax law, including the impact on deferred tax assets; 26) successfully defend litigation; 27) successfully deploy the proceeds from the Business Combination, private placements, equity offerings, and debt offerings; and 28) execute anticipated operational efficiency initiatives, cost reduction measures and financing arrangements.

These and other factors that could cause actual results to differ from those implied by the forward-looking statements in this report are more fully described in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this report. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance and speak only as of the date hereof. The forward-looking statements are based on the current and reasonable expectations of Rubicon’s management but are inherently subject to uncertainties and changes in circumstances and their potential effects and speak only as of the date of such statements. There can be no assurance that future developments will be those that have been anticipated or that we will achieve or realize these plans, intentions or expectations.

All forward-looking statements attributable to the Company or persons acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. The Company undertakes no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

In addition, statements of belief and similar statements reflect the beliefs and opinions of the Company on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to the Company as of the date of this report, and while the Company believes such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and statements should not be read to indicate that the Company has conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and you are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

Summary of Risk Factors

Risk Related to Our Business and Industry

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities

Risks Related to Operating as a Public Company, the Up-C Structure and the Tax Receivable Agreement

Risks Related to our Indebtedness

PART I

Item1. Business.

Business Overview

Mission

Founded in 2008, we are a digital marketplace for waste and recycling and provide cloud-based waste and recycling solutions to businesses and governments. As a digital challenger to status quo waste companies, we have developed and commercialized a proven, cutting-edge platform that brings transparency and environmental innovation to the waste and recycling industry, enabling customers and hauling and recycling partners to make data-driven decisions that can lead to more efficient and effective operations and yield more sustainable outcomes. Using proprietary technology in Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence (“AI”), computer vision, and Industrial Internet of Things (“IoT”), for which we have secured more than 60 U.S. and international patents, we have built an innovative digital platform aimed at modernizing the outdated, approximately $1.6 trillion global waste and recycling industry.

Through our suite of cutting-edge solutions, we have driven innovation in the waste and recycling industry, reimagined the customer experience, and empowered a wide range of customers, from small businesses to Fortune 500 companies, to municipal and city agencies, to better optimize their waste handling and recycling programs. The implementation of our solutions enables customers to find economic value in their physical waste streams by improving business processes, reducing costs, and saving energy while helping those customers execute their sustainability goals.

Our Company

We are a leading provider of cloud-based waste and recycling solutions for businesses, governments, and organizations worldwide. Our platform brings new transparency to the waste and recycling industry — empowering our customers and hauling and recycling partners to make data-driven decisions that can lead to more efficient and effective operations as well as more sustainable waste outcomes. Our platform primarily serves three constituents – waste generator customers, hauling and recycling partners, and municipalities/governments.

We believe we have built one of the world’s largest digital marketplaces for waste and recycling services. Underpinning this marketplace is a cutting-edge, modular platform that powers a modern, digital experience and delivers data-driven insights and transparency for our customers and hauling and recycling partners. We provide our waste generator customers with a digital marketplace that delivers pricing transparency, self-service capabilities, and a seamless customer experience while helping them achieve their environmental goals. We enhance our hauling and recycling partners’ economic opportunities by democratizing access to large, national accounts that typically engage suppliers at the corporate level. By providing telematics-based and waste-specific solutions as well as access to group purchasing efficiencies, we help large national accounts optimize their businesses. We help governments provide more advanced waste and recycling services that allow them to serve their local communities more effectively by digitizing their routing and back-office operations and using our computer vision technology to combat recycling material contamination at the source.

Over the past decade, this value proposition has allowed us to scale our platform considerably. Our digital marketplace now services over 8,000 waste generator customers, including numerous large, blue-chip customers such as Apple, Dollar General, Starbucks, Walmart, Chipotle, and FedEx, which together are representative of our broader customer base. Our waste generator customers are serviced by our network of over 8,000 hauling and recycling partners across North America. We have also deployed our technology in over 90 municipalities within the United States and operate in 20 countries. Furthermore, we have secured a robust portfolio of intellectual property, having been awarded more than 60 patents and 15 trademarks.

Our revenues have grown from approximately $359 million in 2018 to approximately $698 million in 2023.

Industry Background & Market Opportunity

Massive and fragmented market

The global waste and recycling industry is massive. Every human on the planet generates waste, and proper waste disposal is a key public service across the globe. In 2020, the waste and recycling market represented approximately $1.9 trillion on a global basis and was projected to grow at an approximately 5.5% compound annual growth rate (“CAGR”) between 2023 and 2032 according to Allied Market Research. The waste and recycling market in North America, our core operating territory, was approximately $208 billion in 2019 according to Allied Market Research.

The waste and recycling industry is comprised of multiple segments, and there are many parties with different priorities operating across these segments, which we believe creates friction and inefficiencies for the broader ecosystem. Key segments within the industry include:

The waste and recycling industry in the United States is also highly fragmented. While Waste Management, Republic Services, and Waste Connections (the “Big 3”) are large, publicly traded players with substantial market share in the United States, approximately 85% of the North America waste and recycling market was comprised of non-Big 3 haulers in 2019. Furthermore, the Big 3 haulers have historically pursued acquisitions to drive some of their growth, but we believe this strategy will be less viable for them going forward due to increased regulatory scrutiny over large acquisitions.

Stable and Resilient Industry

In addition to being a massive industry, the waste and recycling services market is also incredibly stable and resilient. The disposal of waste is considered a mission-critical service in communities across the world. The United States has long been one of the largest waste-producing countries per capita. The United States ranks third highest in the world, with each person producing approximately 25.8 tons of waste per year according to the World Bank “What a Waste” global database.

These dynamics have also made the industry resilient against economic downturns. Over the past two U.S. recessions in 2001-2002 and 2008-2009, the contraction of U.S. GDP has been approximately 3.4 times greater than the contraction seen in the waste and recycling industry, based on data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Further, the industry has historically been very profitable, as evidenced by the reported EBITDA margins of the Big 3, which ranged from an average of approximately 26-30% over the period of 2002 through 2022 based on data from FactSet.

Industry Trends

While the waste and recycling market is massive and stable, several dynamics are driving significant changes in the industry and are creating opportunities to disintermediate the legacy business model.

The waste and recycling industry is highly regulated and complex, and public policy is increasingly focused on improving diversion from landfills and reducing emissions. Current policies tend to encourage and reward reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, and many major cities in the United States have promulgated climate action plans committing to achieve emissions reductions.

Concurrently, traditional waste infrastructure is approaching capacity, and we believe large landfill owners are facing more and more hurdles to get regulatory approval to expand their sites or break ground on new sites. Without prospects for expansion, the average remaining life of landfill capacity is declining rapidly. A study conducted by Environmental Research & Education Foundation in 2015 stated at that time that seven states would likely run out of landfill space in the following five years, one state would reach capacity in five to 10 years, and three states had only 11 to 20 years of remaining capacity.

Historically, the United States has mitigated this infrastructure capacity issue in part by sending waste abroad. However, foreign countries that have historically accepted waste or recycling have recently begun to reduce or otherwise restrict their imports. For instance, China, which handled nearly half of the global recyclable waste for the past quarter-century according to Yale Environment360, instituted its National Sword policy, which banned the import of most plastics and other materials, making exportation into China extremely difficult.

In addition to the logistical problems associated with handling waste, today’s digital-first world has highlighted the industry’s historical under-investment in technology, which has plagued both customers and operators alike. While the large legacy players have been able to rely on their scale and incumbent position, independent operators have been particularly impacted by their inability to make technology investments that could help them optimize their operations and scale more profitably. Meanwhile, given most operators’ lack of technological infrastructure to collect data, customers have historically lacked visibility into pricing and their waste and recycling outcomes, compounding the antiquated, analog customer experience typical of the industry.

Challenges for Constituents in the Waste Value Chain

Challenges for Waste Generators

The preferences and demands of waste generators, who are the customers of the waste cycle, are shifting. They increasingly expect seamless digital customer experiences that provide ease of use and transparency, like those they are experiencing in many other industries and in their personal lives. Corporate consumers are also increasingly making environmentally conscious purchasing and operating decisions, and more and more are looking for greater information to manage and track their operations and hold their service providers accountable for their environmental impact.

Incumbent service offerings in the waste and recycling industry have long been outdated and misaligned with the needs and shifting preferences of their customers. We do not believe legacy players have embraced technology, limiting their ability to provide modern customer experiences that deliver efficiency, convenience, and transparency. Furthermore, we believe these players have made substantial investments in landfills, transfer stations, and other infrastructure, incentivizing them to fill and monetize landfills rather than to think creatively and identify alternative solutions, such as diverting waste streams elsewhere or creating circular solutions.

Challenges for Haulers and Recyclers

Independent waste haulers and recyclers face numerous competitive challenges. Given their limited operating footprint, they struggle to win large, enterprise-class hauling contracts. Without these contracts, the smaller independent players struggle to achieve economies of scale with respect to operating costs and cannot generate sufficient capital to make the substantial investments necessary to modernize their businesses, including the technology upgrades to optimize their operations or improve their customer service experience.

Challenges for Governments

Municipalities/governments have long identified the impact waste disposal and recycling has on the environment, on climate change, and on community quality of life. There has never been a greater focus on eliminating waste as a means of slowing the rapid advance of climate change, and the COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the importance of public health and, consequently, waste management’s crucial supporting role. Sound waste management helps to keep communities healthy while, at the same time, helping to ensure that these communities can thrive, businesses can flourish, and families can live safely. For those communities that are taking tangible steps to make a difference, having credible data is essential for them to take actionable steps to improve the vital service of waste and recycling pick and disposal. With good data, public works departments can better determine where and when to direct human and financial resources to ensure equitable and adequate public services, drive meaningful positive outcomes, and then measure their progress towards limiting waste and achieving the reduction goals promulgated by government leaders.

Outside of waste management, municipalities have also struggled to manage budget constraints while still providing vital adequate public services and maintaining critical infrastructure.

Our Solution

Without owning any hauling, recycling or landfill infrastructure, our digital marketplace allows us to manage the full spectrum of waste and recycling services through an extensive network of more than 8,000 vendor and hauling and recycling partners. Our programs span cardboard (“OCC”), plastic, paper, metal, glass, pallets, electronics recycling, construction and demolition (“C&D”), organics recycling (including food waste and composting services), grease and oil recycling, and single-stream recycling (“SSR”), among other adjacent services. Our subject matter experts manage recyclable commodity marketplaces, zero-waste programs, and other sustainability offerings across our portfolio.

Underpinning our digital marketplace is a cutting-edge, modular, digital platform that allows us to deliver value, transparency, and seamless digital experiences to our customers and hauling and recycling partners. We leverage our technology to audit hauler invoices and match to landfill weight tickets or recyclable commodity bills of lading. We provide customers with dashboards and digital tools to manage and monitor their waste services, and we provide our hauling and recycling partners with technology tools that help them optimize their operations.

This platform has been packaged into solutions that we offer to various parties in the waste and recycling value chain. RUBICONSmartCity, an advanced smart city solution, helps municipalities achieve and maintain more efficient, effective, and sustainable waste and recycling operations. RUBICONPremier, an enterprise SaaS solution, allows haulers and recyclers to scale their operations into new geographies more efficiently.

Solutions for Waste Generators

Our cloud-based digital marketplace provides an innovative customer experience through an easy-to-use interface, where customers can order new services and manage existing services, track invoices, and view environmental outcomes. We provide commercial waste generators—such as commercial property owners, the hospitality and restaurant industries, retail services and logistics companies—an all-in-one waste and recycling solution that allows for enhanced visibility into our customers’ waste management services. This means deeper insights into their waste streams, informed decision making, and increasingly efficient action taken across locations. These features are designed to save time and minimize waste throughout the organization by reducing administrative support costs in managing complex waste and recycling programs, identifying waste reduction and landfill diversion opportunities, and designing and implementing solutions to deliver on them. We also empower customers to report on their environmental goals through data visibility and by aggregating waste diversion activities and generating custom reports on carbon emission reductions. These data and reports are then reviewed and substantiated by a third party.

Solutions for Haulers & Recyclers

We work with a network of more than 8,000 hauling and recycling partners. Through our extensive network, we provide our hauling and recycling partners with access to large, often national multi-location accounts that they can service within their local markets or with their narrower service capabilities. We have also developed products that enable haulers and recyclers to better scale their businesses and optimize their operations through several programs.

RUBICONPro App

The RUBICONPro App sits on the truck dashboard, providing drivers with route details, navigation, and alerts while collecting real-time service information as well as vehicle tracking and safety metrics. Drivers can safely interact with the app to record weight tickets, verify instances of service confirmation, report issues, and more in real time. Without our product, most, if not all, of this work would be done manually and on or through multiple disparate services. Our products can reduce truck repair costs with vehicle maintenance insights, which alert haulers and recyclers regarding everything from routine service needs to severe mechanical issues, creating opportunities to improve performance and operate more efficient fleets.

RUBICONPro Pod

The RUBICONPro Pod plugs into the existing diagnostics port inside the truck’s cab to automate service confirmations, recording the date and time of services and proactively communicating them to the waste generators. Our hardware and digital platform are compatible with virtually any truck with the requisite port, making this a useful solution for residential, commercial, cart, and roll-off services. Once the pod is installed, no further driver interaction is required.

RUBICONSelect

RUBICONSelect is a buying consortium program in which we have negotiated preferred rates with certain third parties specifically for the benefit of our partners that provide waste and recycling services on our behalf. The program empowers haulers and recyclers across the country with new business opportunities, savings, and tools they would otherwise not have access to, all through a user-friendly interface. Foremost is that we offer our hauling and recycling partners new business opportunities to service their own waste generator customers. Given that many of our customers have a national presence (if not international), we believe the only way a local supplier can get access to these important locations is often through us.

In addition to helping scale small and medium size business (“SMB”) haulers and recyclers, we leverage the scale of our business to negotiate better, “big-business” pricing and terms for our hauling and recycling partners. Leveraging our scale, which can provide the same buying power as some of the largest waste services companies, the haulers and recyclers in our network are better positioned to successfully compete by reducing their operating costs, thereby freeing up capital that they can invest in their businesses. We have numerous buying program partners, including Commercial Credit Group (CCG), ACE Equipment, Concorde Inc., Wastequip, and more. RUBICONSelect is recruiting new program partners daily to provide a wide breadth of offerings including financing, equipment purchase, rentals, insurance, maintenance, fuel, tires, and more.

Solutions for Governments

In addition to working with commercial waste generators and commercial waste and recycling service providers, we have deployed our technology in more than 100 municipalities to help them manage their waste and recycling infrastructure and reach their sustainability goals. We use our proprietary technology to digitize trash and recycling routes, allowing collection crews to cover routes more effectively and efficiently while automating many reporting processes.

RUBICONSmartCity is a smart city technology suite that helps city and other municipal governments everywhere run more efficient, effective, and sustainable operations. A software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) offering originally designed for waste and recycling fleets, this full-service solution can be deployed across virtually any fleet to help reduce costs, improve service, and contribute to an enhanced quality of life for citizens.

RUBICONSmartCity can help governments save tax dollars by transforming existing government-owned fleets into roaming data collection centers, delivering insights about specific conditions throughout the community. Waste-specific insights include recycling participation and overflowing containers, as well as insights about material contamination directly at the source. Examples of general city infrastructure assessment insights include identifying and indexing instances of road potholes, broken curbs, vacant homes, and graffiti. Our technology helps improve neighborhood streetscapes by monitoring vehicle health, improving driver behavior, and improving material collection efficiency, which can result in more sustainable, resilient, and equitable neighborhoods.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our revenue generated from sales to government entities was less than 5% of our total revenue.

Solutions for Global Fleets

Our various SaaS offerings help waste and recycling companies around the world to digitize their operations while equipping governments and businesses of all sizes to initiate or grow their waste collection capabilities with a digital cloud-based model. Our solutions allow companies to replicate our innovative, asset-light model by providing a third-party logistics technology backbone and by allowing services to be provided across a wider geographic coverage area than what may otherwise be covered by a vertically integrated asset footprint. Features within the product enable users to provide an enhanced experience for their own waste generator customers, the opportunity to restructure the cost of their collection operations, and the ability to enter new markets without massive investment.

Strengths and Competitive Advantages

Our business model provides a transparent marketplace that digitizes the waste and recycling sector for waste generators, municipalities and hauling and recycling partners. We gain, maintain, and grow our customer and partner relationships by providing what we believe are superior solutions that can help all these constituents save money. We believe we have expertise and competitive advantages that will allow us to continue to maintain and grow our market share.

Cloud-Based Model Reduces Costs and Benefits from the Network Effect

Our business model is highly scalable because of its digital, cloud-based nature; it does not depend on owning any physical infrastructure such as trucks or waste facilities. Without any physical infrastructure and the working capital requirements inherent in those operations, we can efficiently and effectively deploy our platform around the world without the capital investment or the exposure that comes along with owning and operating this infrastructure.

Our platform also benefits from significant network effects. As more waste generator customers join our platform, increased waste and recycling volumes improve our ability to negotiate with haulers and recyclers. Increased waste and recycling volumes also create efficiencies within haulers’ and recyclers’ routes and operations, because the marginal cost of servicing additional locations within an existing route is comparatively low, which can improve service and pricing for our customers. Additionally, as the network expands, the amount of data we collect increases, allowing us to learn and further improve our solutions, benefiting all network participants. As our pricing improves with haulers and recyclers and as our expanding data asset improves its ability to deliver new circular solutions, our overall value proposition improves for our waste generator customers.

Business Model and Customer Interests are Aligned Benefiting Us and Providing Greater Value to Customers

Our platform provides service and cost transparency to both our customers and partners along with automated business processes, allowing them to make informed decisions based on their priorities, whether it’s business growth, cost savings, or environmental outcomes.

Our incentives are aligned with our waste generator customers, both economically and environmentally. Landfill owners and operators often generate revenues through collection volumes and tipping fees, so they are incentivized to collect bins more frequently than necessary even when they are not full. Because we do not own landfills, we are not motivated by maximizing volumes and / or tipping fees. Therefore, we can work with our customers to optimize service levels for their business needs. In practice, we advise our waste generator customers on the implementation of new source separated recycling programs and educate store-level employees on how to safely and efficiently manage such program implementation and execution. Additionally, we will work upstream with our customers to design and effect reverse supply chain programs to aggregate valuable waste stream materials at central locations, or even to design programs that create internalized, circular solutions or reduce waste at the source.

Further, using our proprietary computer vision-based technology and our team of subject matter experts to examine the contents of a waste stream, we can assess the material composition of the waste stream. This information provides multiple benefits, including providing more detailed information about the contents and allowing the customers to identify opportunities to divert certain materials from landfills. Using this information, we and our customers can generate better environmental outcomes and we can also create significant economic benefits by selling the materials collected from our customers to recycling and processing facilities which often results in additional revenue opportunities and reduced tipping fees.

For RUBICONPro, RUBICONPremier, and RUBICONSmartCity, our SaaS offerings, the core of services is about maximizing the use of scarce resources. We do this by optimizing routes and full fleet operations, by providing data for preventative vehicle maintenance, and by focusing on improving driver safety and behavior, which can improve outcomes for all constituents: drivers, supervisors, government officials, and residents.

Superior Technology

Our user-friendly platform is vertically integrated and gives us control of all critical operations and transaction elements, which facilitates a fast, simple and consistent user experience. We believe our ground-breaking technology is what the industry has needed for many years.

Our technology can affect all parties within the waste and recycling ecosystem:

Depth & Quality of Hauling & Recycling Network Benefits All Constituent Parties

We work with a network of more than 8,000 hauling and recycling partners. The scale of our network means we have access to vastly more hauling and recycling options through our digital platform. Our ability to access this extensive network benefits our waste generator customers and enables us to mitigate business risks for the customers associated with sole sourcing, including labor shortages, cost offsets (overages, contamination, etc.), and unaccommodating supplier scheduling.

The stickiness of the supplier side of our marketplace is ensured by the valuable services we provide them. Foremost is that we offer our hauling and recycling partners new business opportunities to service our waste generator customers. Given that many of our customers have a national or even global presence, often the only way a local supplier can get access to these important locations is through us.

We also offer our hauling and recycling partners a digital platform that is simple and efficient and can help them improve their routing, fleet operations, and driver behavior.

Lastly, we offer the benefits of scale to even the smallest haulers and recyclers through a buying consortium where the haulers and recyclers can save money on items critical to their businesses (fuel, parts, tires, insurance, etc.).

Number of Blue-chip Customers Creating Barrier to Entry

Our platform has been validated by a diverse group of over 8,000 customers in businesses and governments, most of which are under long-term contracts. Our typical customer agreement has a term of 3 years, providing confidence in and visibility towards future revenue streams. Our large and national accounts have also attracted many haulers and recyclers to the platform. Some of our blue-chip customers include Apple, Starbucks, Walmart, Dollar General, Chipotle, and FedEx.

Our Growth Strategies

The foundation of our business is our digital marketplace platform where it seamlessly transacts with our customers and hauling and recycling partners. The majority of our revenue is generated via this digital marketplace, which allows us to capture additional revenue streams through solutions designed to modernize hauling and recycling operations. We believe we have multiple proven avenues for future growth, including through increasing our geographic reach and the depth of our customer and hauling and recycling networks in those markets.

Organic Customer Growth Through New Customer and Contract Wins Based on the Strengths of Our Solutions

We have built a first-class sales and marketing organization that has helped build our base of more than 8,000 customers. We combine cutting-edge and sorely needed technology solutions with deep subject matter expertise in a mission-critical sector. Our products are designed to save customers money, provide for a more transparent and seamless customer experience, and help customers achieve positive environmental outcomes. This differentiated proposition creates a strong product-market fit within an industry that is ripe for change.

Additionally, we are uniquely capable of providing a “one-stop-shop” solution for all the waste generator customers’ waste and recycling needs. We offer a tiered solution, beginning with simply auditing and administering an incumbent hauler’s existing program for waste generators, through to the creation and provisioning of a full zero-waste program.

Organic customer growth is expected to continue to be a core driver of growth for us for the foreseeable future as a result of these and other strengths.

Growing Revenues with Existing Customers

We have proven our ability to expand our customer relationships. This is achieved both by expanding our geographic penetration across a waste generator customer’s footprint over time as well as by working collaboratively with our customers to identify incremental services that can be offered to further enhance their waste and recycling programs. Our waste generator account managers are empowered and incentivized to expand our existing customer relationships.

Adding More Service Capabilities

We have demonstrated our ability to expand our capabilities in the past. We have expanded our waste marketplace service capabilities to over 150 material types and multiple fleet types, and even beyond waste and recycling. We intend to continue to add service capabilities and invest in product development and have the platform, vision, and data to fuel growth.

From a customer perspective, we currently service national and SMB waste generator accounts, predominately within the U.S. market. Through our SaaS-based offerings, we have already expanded our footprint internationally and expect to continue this expansion – first by leading with technology, then by building out digital marketplace offerings in these markets.

As our business expands in its breadth and depth, we will continue to refine how we monetize our products and relationships. Today, we earn money from licensing our technology, from waste and recycling services within our digital marketplace and by participating in recyclable commodity sales transactions. By servicing all the constituents within the waste and recycling ecosystem, we have gathered valuable datasets that we have begun and will continue to offer on their own as data subscriptions. Further, we expect to be a larger player in establishing recycling and recyclable commodity marketplaces.

International Expansion within Existing Markets and into New Markets

We believe we are a global innovator in the waste and recycling industry and have successfully deployed our solutions in 20 countries though we currently generate the vast majority of our revenue within the United States. We intend to continue selling our solutions globally.

Strategic Acquisitions

We intend to grow by acquiring other businesses and the customers they serve. We have proven our ability to identify and execute on attractive acquisition targets. We have acquired and successfully integrated multiple businesses and have established a repeatable process for identifying and integrating complementary companies. Furthermore, we have spent considerable efforts building relationships across the industry, helping to build a large pipeline of additional acquisition opportunities.

Corporate History and Certain Other Transactions

We were originally incorporated in the Cayman Islands on April 26, 2021 as Founder SPAC (“Founder”), a special purpose acquisition company, formed to effect a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization, or other similar business combination with one or more target businesses. On October 19, 2021, Founder consummated its initial public offering (the “IPO”), following which its shares began trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”).

On August 15, 2022, we consummated the business combination (the “Business Combination”) pursuant to that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated December 15, 2021 (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Founder, Ravenclaw Merger Sub LLC, Ravenclaw Merger Sub Corporation 1, Ravenclaw Merger Sub Corporation 2, Ravenclaw Merger Sub Corporation 3, Boom Clover Business Limited, NZSF Frontier Investments Inc., PLC Blocker A LLC, and Rubicon Technologies, LLC (“Holdings LLC”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, among other things, Founder domesticated as a Delaware corporation, changed its name to Rubicon Technologies, Inc. (“Rubicon”) and began trading on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbols “RBT”.

Certain additional agreements were entered into connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement and the closing of the Business Combination (the “Related Agreements”). The Related Agreements include subscription agreements, sponsor agreement, support agreement, lock-up agreements, amended and restated registration rights agreement, tax receivable agreement, warrant agreement amendment, amended and restated limited liability company agreement, equity investment agreement, and forward purchase agreement.

Human Capital Resources

Our People and Culture

We are passionate about our people, and work hard to attract, develop, and retain employees who share our core values and are committed to achieving our mission to end waste. As of December 31, 2023, we had 340 employees, 336 of whom were based in the United States. None of our employees are represented by a labor union, and we consider our relations with our employees to be very good. A strong commitment to diversity and inclusion is central to our core values in all that we do. We also support the following employee affinity groups: African American Affinity Group, Latin American and Caribbean Heritage Affinity Group, Asian and Pacific Islander Affinity Group, Veterans Affinity Group, LGBTQ+ Affinity Group, and Women in Leadership Affinity Group. The groups meet routinely to discuss matters important to them, host social events and volunteer opportunities, and make presentations at our All Hands meetings to share topics of interest with all our employees.

Benefits, Health, Safety & Wellbeing

We are proud to offer an employee benefits package that aligns with our commitment to being a great place to work. This includes benefits such as employer sponsored medical insurance for the family unit, an employee assistance program for mental wellbeing, paid maternity and paternity leave, and unlimited vacation for exempt employees. We also focus on the financial wellbeing of our employees with competitive compensation, a 401(k) plan with employer match, and financial education programs.

We currently maintain three offices: a headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia; and offices in New York, New York and Tinton Falls, New Jersey. The remainder of our employees work from their home.

Sales

The Commercial Sales organization is responsible for initiatives to drive growth, retention, and overall client satisfaction through new opportunity development, pipeline execution, account planning, and client service.

The Commercial Sales organization is separated into the below business units:

We established a “land and expand” strategy within our existing book of business which we believe has delivered more reliable and substantial revenue growth on a year-over-year basis. This strategy means that we may initially acquire a small footprint of a waste generator customer account, a municipality or a hauler/recycler and over time expand the product offering through the RUBICONConnect platform, RUBICONSmartCity and RUBICONPro.

Marketing

In order to market our services effectively, acquire new customers, and build brand awareness in key geographies, we deploy a multi-channel marketing strategy designed to reach prospects and expand our relationships with existing customers – a “land and expand” strategy – by communicating the operational benefits and value of our solutions. Our paid marketing campaigns, discussed in more detail below, are augmented by other unpaid/organic activities including regular social media updates and press/media placements. We also use a range of brand assets to further drive awareness of our products and services in high-value and high-visibility placements.

Digital –Digital advertising, which includes website display ads, geo-targeted mobile advertising, pay-per-click, and paid search advertising such as Google and Bing, is a central component of our marketing strategy. Given this channel’s precise targeting capabilities, we can effectively and efficiently reach our ideal buyers wherever they are.

Social Media –Our social channels are a key part of our marketing efforts. Using both paid and organic programs, we advertise on a number of different social media feeds and channels, including LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook and X.

Offline Media –We run offline advertising campaigns in markets where such opportunities are available and of demonstrable value, including billboards/out-of-home placements, and transit advertising.

Events –We participate in many industry and industry-adjacent events identified by our marketing team in close consultation with our Commercial Sales Organization. We also have an enterprise webinar platform which is used to develop and co-host webinars with customers, prospects, thought-leaders, and officials on important waste and recycling industry topics such as food waste and labeling, plastic pollution, and environmental innovation.

Special Projects –Each year, we run special projects intended to further our mission and build our profile in our industry and beyond. One of the notable examples is Trash or Treasure – our Halloween and Valentine's Day campaigns targeted at schools and businesses, which are designed to mitigate the waste that builds up over the course of these holiday seasons.

Communications Programs –We pursue media placements with industry and non-industry publications and actively pitches stories to journalists and media outlets to garner additional coverage.

Competition

Our industry is highly competitive, and we encounter intense competition from governmental, quasi-governmental and private sources in all aspects of our operations. Our platform and solutions address the needs of a variety of industry participants, including waste generators, haulers/recyclers, and varying levels of government, meaning we compete in a number of segments with a wide array of competitors, including some of our own customers. We principally compete with large national waste management companies such as Waste Management and Republic Services, counties and municipalities that maintain and manage their own waste collection and disposal operations, and regional and local companies of varying sizes and financial resources. Our industry also includes companies that specialize in certain discrete areas of waste management, operators of alternative disposal facilities, companies that seek to use parts of the waste stream as feedstock for renewable energy and other by-products, and other waste brokers that rely upon haulers in local markets to address customer needs.

We compete on a variety of factors, including quality of services, ease of doing business and price.

Product Development

We continue to make substantial investments in product development because we believe it is essential to improve and optimize our platform and underpins our goal to drive innovation in the waste and recycling industry. Our product development roadmap balances technology advances and new offerings with regular enhancements to existing solutions. We are continuously looking for ways to improve our proprietary platform and solutions, following a roadmap to build and deliver additional functionalities to our customers and partners. Our allocation of product development resources is guided by management-established priorities, input from team members, and user and sales force feedback.

As of December 31, 2023, we had 33 employees focused on our product development activities. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our product development spending was $29.6 million and $37.5 million, respectively, and, as a percentage of total revenues, was 4.3% and 5.5%, respectively. We intend to continue to invest in our product development capabilities to extend our platform but expect the product development cost to decrease as a percentage of total revenue over the next twelve months as a result of our increased focus on operational efficiencies and cost reduction measures across the organization.

Intellectual Property

Intellectual property rights are critical to our success. We rely on a combination of patents, copyright, trademark, and trade secrets in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as confidentiality procedures, non-disclosure agreements with third parties, and other contractual protections, to protect our intellectual property rights, including our proprietary platform, software, know-how, and brand. As of December 31, 2023, we had more than 60 patents granted in the United States and internationally combined. Among other things, our patents and published patent applications address hauler and vendor facing innovations that enable monitoring and management of waste hauling vehicles including service confirmation, load monitoring, vehicle weight determination, bin overflow detection, route determination, intelligent dispatching, unscheduled stop detection, and remote waste auditing; customer-facing innovations that allow customers to make on-demand service requests, remotely manage waste services, request bulk material removal, and track waste receptacles; innovations related to intelligent dispatching, remote auditing, route generation, and residential waste management systems; and smart cities innovations including systems for monitoring waste service regulation and compliance data, road condition detection, smart bins and sensors offering use-based incentives, and air quality-based waste management. In addition, from time to time we enter into collaboration arrangements and in-bound licensing agreements with third parties, including certain of our competitors, in order to expand the functionality and interoperability of our solutions. We are not substantially dependent upon any one of these arrangements, and we are not obligated to pay any material royalty or license fees with respect to them.

Our names, logos, website names, and addresses are owned by us or licensed by us. We reference herein trademarks, trade names, and service marks of other companies, which are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to herein may appear without the ®, TM, or SM symbols, but the lack of those references is not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the right of the applicable licensor to these trademarks, trade names, and service marks. We do not intend our use or display of other parties’ trademarks, trade names, or service marks to imply - and such use or display should not be construed to imply - endorsement or sponsorship of us by these other parties.

Regulation

The waste and recycling industry is highly regulated with a complex array of laws, rules, orders and interpretations governing environmental protection, health, safety, land use, zoning, transportation and related matters. These regulations and related enforcement actions can significantly restrict operations of landfill operators and haulers by imposing: limitations on siting and constructing new or expanding existing waste disposal, transfer, recycling or processing facilities; limitations or levies on collection and disposal prices, rates and volumes; limitations or bans on disposal or transportation of out-of-state waste or certain categories of waste; mandates regarding management of solid waste, including requirements to recycle, divert or otherwise process certain waste, recycling and other streams; or limitations or restrictions on the recycling, processing or transformation of waste, recycling and other streams. Additionally, landfill operations emit anthropogenic methane, identified as a greenhouse gas, and vehicle fleets emit, among other things, carbon dioxide, which also is a greenhouse gas, and efforts to curtail the emission of these and other greenhouse gases and to ameliorate the effects of climate change continue to progress. Although passage of comprehensive, federal climate change legislation may not occur in the near term, any such legislation, if enacted, could significantly restrict and impose significant costs on the waste industry. Although we do not own or operate landfills or transfer stations nor do we operate as a hauler, many of our customers and third parties with whom we contract are in one or more of these categories, and therefore subject to the foregoing regulations.

Information About Our Executive Officers

The following are our current executive officers:

Phil Rodoni. Mr. Rodoni is our Chief Executive Officer and a member of our Board. Until October 2022, Mr. Rodoni served as our Chief Technology Officer and in this role at Holdings LLC since 2015, where he leads all of Rubicon’s technology innovation, product development, business intelligence, and research and development. From 2011 to 2015, Mr. Rodoni served as Vice President of Software Development at Esurance, where he enabled the company to expand its offerings and geographic footprint. From 2010 to 2011, Mr. Rodoni served as Vice President of Software Development at Travelzoo (Nasdaq: TZOO). Prior to that, Mr. Rodoni served as Vice President of eBusiness at Charles Schwab (NYSE: SCHW) where he launched its mobile offerings and managed its electronic channels from 1997 to 2009 and Senior Consultant at SEER Technologies from 1994 to 1997. Mr. Rodoni received a B.A in Economics from the University of California at Berkeley and an M.B.A. from the Haas School of Business.

Kevin Schubert. Mr. Schubert is our President as of November 2022 and our Chief Financial Officer as of February 2023. He previously served as our Chief Development Officer and Head of Investor Relations since August 2022. Prior to joining Rubicon, Mr. Schubert held senior executive and advisory roles in multiple companies, including as Chief Financial Officer of the Ocean Park Group, an early stage company focused on experiential hospitality, from August 2020 to August 2022, as a Consultant to Founder SPAC, the Company’s predecessor, from December 2021 to May 2022 and as Chief Operating Officer of Altitude Acquisition Corp. from December 2020 to August 2022. In addition, Mr. Schubert served as the Senior Vice President of Corporate Development and Strategy at Red Rock Resorts, Inc. from August 2017 to July 2020, where he led key initiatives in mergers and acquisitions, contract negotiation, and strategic planning, and as Vice President of Strategy and Operations and Associate General Counsel at Las Vegas Sands Corp. Mr. Schubert started his career as a consultant at Accenture and was trained as an attorney at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, where he was a Corporate Finance Associate. Mr. Schubert received both a J.D. and an M.B.A. from The University of California, Los Angeles and a Bachelor of Science in Management Information Systems from The University of Arizona.

Tom Owston. Mr. Owston is our Chief Commercial Officer and previously served in this role at Holdings LLC since June 2021, overseeing all U.S. accounts with a focus on retention, customer satisfaction, and growth. From September 2020 to June 2021, Mr. Owston was Holdings LLC’s Vice President of Sales and Customer Relations. He rejoined Holdings LLC in September 2020, after two years at ADP (Nasdaq: ADP), where he served as District Manager for TotalSource and consulted with companies on HR solutions. Prior to ADP, Mr. Owston was Holdings LLC’s Director of Retail Business from 2015-2018. Previously, Mr. Owston worked as an Account Executive at Mercatus, a vertical SaaS platform built specifically for the renewable energy industry, and as a Strategic Account Director at Big Belly Solar, an Internet of Things trashcan hardware/software company. Mr. Owston received a B.S. in History with a minor in Business Administration from Northeastern University and currently serves as a member of the board of directors for Northeastern University’s Rowing Program.

Available Information

We are subject to the information and reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and, in accordance with this law, we file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public over the internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and on our website, free of charge, at www.rubicon.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained in or accessible from our website does not constitute part of and is not incorporated into this report, and you should not consider it part of this report. We have included our website address in this report solely as an inactive textual reference.

Item1A. Risk Factors.

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully all of the risks described below, together with the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K before making a decision to invest in our securities. If any of the following events occur, our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. The risk factors described below are not necessarily exhaustive and you are encouraged to perform your own investigation with respect to us and our business.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have a history of net losses and project net losses in future periods. We may not appropriately manage our expenses, nor achieve nor maintain profitability in the future.

We have experienced net losses in each year since inception, including net losses of $77.6 million and $281.8 million for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and we may incur net losses in the future. While we project net losses to continue in future periods, it is difficult for us to predict our future results of operations, and we expect our operating expenses to increase significantly over the next several years as we continue to hire additional personnel, expand our operations and infrastructure, integrate completed acquisitions, make and integrate future acquisitions and invest in product development. In addition to the expected costs to grow our business, we also expect to incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses as a public company. Our indebtedness also bears interest at rates as high as 17%, which requires us to commit significant amounts to interest expense. If we fail to increase our revenue to offset the increases in our operating expenses, we may not achieve or sustain profitability in the future.

We may be unable to manage our growth effectively.

Our growth strategy places significant demands on our financial, operational and management resources. To continue our growth, we may need to add administrative, managerial and other personnel, and may need to make additional investments in operations and systems and this expansion will require us to increase our spending on working capital. We cannot assure you that we will be able to find and train qualified personnel, or do so on a timely basis, or to expand or otherwise modify our operations and systems to the extent, and in the time, required, or that we will be able to fund this expansion and increased spending on working capital from operating cash flows, debt or equity financing or other sources.

We are eligible to be treated as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to, (1) not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which we refer to as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or “SOX”, (2) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation and (3) exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of any June 30 before that time or if we have total annual gross revenue of $1.0 billion or more during any fiscal year before that time, in which cases we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31 or, if we issue more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during any three-year period before that time, we would cease to be an emerging growth company immediately. Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may still qualify as a “smaller reporting company” which would allow us to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. We cannot predict if investors will find our Class A Common Stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Class A Common Stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Class A Common Stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until the later of our second annual report or the first annual report required to be filed with the SEC following the date that we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. We cannot assure you that there will not be material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal controls in the future.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected, and expect to continue, to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

We are an emerging growth company and smaller reporting company and as such are subject to various risks unique only to emerging growth companies and smaller reporting companies, including but not limited to, no requirement to provide an assessment of the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (i) December 31, 2026, the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of Founder’s initial public offering (the “IPO”); (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.0 billion or more; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under applicable SEC rules.

We expect that we will remain an emerging growth company for the foreseeable future but cannot retain our emerging growth company status indefinitely and will no longer qualify as an emerging growth company on or before December 31, 2026. References herein to “emerging growth company” have the meaning associated with it in the JOBS Act.

For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from specified disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include:

Additionally, as an emerging growth company and smaller reporting company our status as such carries various unique risks such as the risk that our financial statements may not be comparable to those of other public companies, and the risk that we will not be required to provide an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting until our second annual report following our initial public offering.

For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we expect that we will take advantage of the reduced disclosure obligations available to us as a result of that classification. We have taken advantage of certain of those reduced reporting burdens in this report. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.

An emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will not be required to adopt new or revised accounting standards on the dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public reporting companies.

We are also a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, and have elected to take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosure available for smaller reporting companies.

If we fail to maintain appropriate and effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, we may suffer harm to our reputation and investor confidence levels.

The process of designing and implementing effective internal controls is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory environments and to expend significant resources to maintain a system of internal controls that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations as a public company. If we are unable to maintain appropriate internal financial reporting controls and procedures, it could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations on a timely basis, result in material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements, and harm our operating results.

In connection with the implementation of the necessary procedures and practices related to internal control over financial reporting, we may identify deficiencies that we may not be able to remediate in time to meet the deadline imposed by SOX for compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of SOX.

If we fail to implement the requirements of Section 404 in the required timeframe once we are no longer an emerging growth company or a smaller reporting company, we may be subject to sanctions or investigations by regulatory authorities, including the SEC and NYSE. Furthermore, if we are unable to conclude that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our securities could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by regulatory authorities. Failure to implement or maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures required of public companies could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.

The waste and recycling industry is highly competitive, and if we cannot successfully compete in the marketplace, our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially adversely affected.

Our industry is highly competitive. Competition in the waste and recycling industry is typically based on the quality of services, ease of doing business, and price. We encounter intense competition from governmental, quasi-governmental and private sources in all aspects of our operations. We principally compete with large national waste management companies, counties and municipalities that maintain and manage their own waste collection and disposal operations and regional and local companies of varying sizes and financial resources. Our industry also includes companies that specialize in certain discrete areas of waste management, operators of alternative disposal facilities, companies that seek to use parts of the waste stream as feedstock for renewable energy and other by-products, and other waste brokers that rely upon haulers in local markets to address customer needs. Any shortage of haulers or negative impact on our relationship with haulers in local markets may adversely affect our ability to serve our customers and result in a negative impact to our customer relationships, revenue and growth potential. In recent years, the waste and recycling industry has seen some additional consolidation, which has reduced the number of haulers, though the industry remains intensely competitive.

We compete with national waste management companies who may have significantly greater resources than we do and some of whom have and may internally develop services and solutions similar to ours. Counties and municipalities may have financial competitive advantages to us because of their ability to collect tax revenues and issue tax-exempt financing with the associated governmental underwriting bond ratings. In addition, some of our competitors may have lower costs, debt levels or financial expectations than we do, allowing them to reduce their prices to expand their reach or to win competitively-bid contracts, including large national accounts and exclusive franchise arrangements with municipalities. When this happens, we may lose customers and be unable to execute our pricing strategy, resulting in a negative impact to our revenue growth from yield on base business. Any failure to effectively compete would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Weakness in the U.S. economy may expose us to credit risk for amounts due from governmental entities, large national accounts, industrial customers and others.

Weakness in the U.S. economy reduces the amount of taxes collected by various governmental entities. We provide services to a number of these entities, including numerous municipalities. These governmental entities may suffer financial difficulties resulting from a decrease in tax revenue and may ultimately be unable or unwilling to pay amounts owed to us. In addition, weakness in the economy may cause other customers, including our large national accounts, or industrial or environmental services clients, to suffer financial difficulties and ultimately to be unable or unwilling to pay amounts owed to us. Purchasers of our recyclable commodities can be particularly vulnerable to financial difficulties in times of commodity price volatility. The inability of our customers to pay us in a timely manner or to pay increased rates, particularly governmental entities and large national accounts, could negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our sales cycles can be long and unpredictable, and our sales efforts require considerable investment of time and expense. If our sales cycle lengthens or we invest substantial resources pursuing unsuccessful sales opportunities, our operating results and growth would be harmed.

We have historically incurred significant costs and experienced long sales cycles when selling to customers. The decision to adopt our modules may require the approval of multiple technical and business decision makers, including security, compliance, operations, finance and treasury, marketing, and IT. In addition, before our customers will commit to deploying our modules at scale, they often require extensive education about our modules and significant customer support time or pilot programs, engage in protracted pricing negotiations and seek to secure development resources. In addition, sales cycles for our customers are inherently complex and unpredictable. These complex and resource intensive sales efforts could place additional strain on our development and engineering resources. Further, even after our customers contract to use our platform, they may require extensive integration or deployment resources from us before they become active customers, which has at times extended to multiple quarterly periods following the execution of the agreement. Finally, our customers may choose to develop their own solutions that do not include any or all of our modules. They also may demand reductions in pricing as their usage of our modules increases, which could have an adverse impact on our gross margin. If we are unable to increase the revenue that we derive from these customers, then our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Our management team will have broad discretion over the use of the net proceeds from our sale of shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the Cantor Sales Agreement, if any, and you may not agree with how we use the proceeds and the proceeds may not be invested successfully.

Our management team will have broad discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from our sale of shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the Cantor Sales Agreement, if any, and we could use such proceeds for purposes other than those currently contemplated. Accordingly, you will be relying on the judgment of our management team with regard to the use of those net proceeds, and you will not have the opportunity to vote on or otherwise determine how or whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. It is possible that, pending their use, we may invest those net proceeds in a way that does not yield a favorable, or any, return for us. The failure of our management team to use such funds effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

We may have environmental liabilities that are not covered by our insurance, regardless of whether we are at fault.

We may incur environmental liabilities arising from our operations or third parties with whom we do business. Even if we obtain legally enforceable representations, warranties and indemnities from the parties with whom we do business, these protections may not fully cover the liabilities or these parties may not have sufficient funds to perform their obligations. Some environmental laws and regulations may impose strict, joint and several liability in connection with releases of regulated substances into the environment, and can impose liability on parties who were not to blame. New or increased regulation of substances, such as PFAS or other emerging contaminants, could also lead to increased or previously unauthorized remediation costs or litigation risk. Therefore, in some situations we could be exposed to liability as a result of our conduct that was lawful at the time it occurred or the conduct of, or conditions caused by, third parties for which we are not at fault. Further, we maintain insurance with respect to these environmental liabilities, but in certain cases we have determined to do so with high deductibles. If we were to incur substantial liability for environmental damage, our insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover such liability. Also, due to the variable condition of the insurance market, we have experienced, and may experience in the future, increased insurance retention levels and increased premiums or unavailability of insurance. As we assume more risk for insurance through higher retention levels, we may experience more variability in our insurance reserves and expense. If we were to incur liability for environmental damage, environmental clean-ups, corrective action or damage not covered by insurance or in excess of the amount of our coverage, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our customers and the third parties with whom we contract, including waste haulers, are participants in the waste and recycling industry and are therefore subject to a number of unique risks specific to this industry, which directly or indirectly subjects our business to many of the same risks to which their respective operations are subject.

We participate within the waste and recycling industry by providing consulting and management services to our customers for waste removal, waste management, logistics, and recycling solutions. Many of our customers and each of the parties with whom we contract on behalf of our customers, including waste haulers, operate within the waste and recycling industry, some of which may also construct, own and operate landfills, recycling facilities and transfer stations, and own or lease and operate collection and transfer trucks and other equipment used for collection, transfer and disposal of waste. As a result, our future financial performance and success is dependent in large part upon the viability of the waste and recycling industry and the success and survival of industry participants. However, waste and recycling industry participants and their operations are subject to a number of unique risks, including:

If any of the foregoing risks or other risks adversely affects those in the waste and recycling industry, including the waste haulers and landfill operators with whom we contract, it could cause them to raise the prices that they charge us and our customers. Any reduction in the demand for their services could also cause certain haulers and operators to consider offering services and solutions similar to ours, increasing our direct competition. Further, any events that impact the viability of their business as presently conducted or proposed to be conducted in the future or reduce the number of waste and recycling facilities or haulers could have an adverse effect on the demand for certain of our services or increase the cost thereof. Therefore, any of the foregoing risks or others that adversely affect participants in the waste and recycling industry could similarly have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Demand for our solutions is subject to volatility in our accounts’ and our haulers’ underlying businesses.

Our sales are based on accounts’ demand for solutions to manage waste and recycling needs. This sector periodically experiences economic declines and may be exacerbated by other economic, environmental and social factors. If participants in this sector reduce spending or allocate future funding in a manner that results in fewer projects, then our accounts’ underlying business may be impacted and demand for our solutions may decrease or our rate of contract renewals may decrease. A prolonged decrease in such spending may harm our results of operations. Our accounts may request discounts or extended payment terms on new arrangements or seek to extend payment terms on existing arrangements due to lower levels of infrastructure spending or for other reasons, all of which may reduce revenue. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of our customers in the restaurant and foodservice industries ceased or significantly scaled back operations, adversely affecting our results. We may not be able to adjust our operating expenses to offset such discounts or other arrangements because a substantial portion of our operating expenses relate to personnel, facilities, and marketing programs. The level of personnel and related expenses may not be able to be adjusted quickly and is based, in significant part, on our expectations for future revenues and demand.

Our sales are also premised on the availability of haulers to transport our accounts’ waste and recyclable materials. If there is volatility within the waste and recycling industry or decreased availability of adequate haulers or other necessary vendors we may not be able to meet our customers’ needs, which would adversely affect our business. Any increase in hauler or vendor costs may also adversely affect our margins or may require us to offset such expenses or to pass these increased expenses on to our customers which may further negatively impact our relationship with our accounts and demand for our solutions.

Demand for our solutions can be affected by changes in recyclable commodity prices and quantities.

Certain of our customers collect and process, purchase or sell recyclable materials such as paper, cardboard, plastics, aluminum and other metals, and utilize our solutions and services in connection with these activities. The sale prices of and the demand for recyclable commodities are frequently volatile and when they decline, demand for our solutions will be affected. The market demand for recyclable commodities is volatile due to changes in economic conditions and numerous other factors beyond our and our customers’ control. The value of plastics is influenced by the volatility of crude oil prices, and in 2020 there was a resulting decline in the value of plastic recyclables associated with the precipitous drop in the value of crude at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The value of paper products is often influenced by quality concerns, which have resulted in the imposition of restrictions by other countries, including China, on the import of certain recyclables. For instance, in 2017 the Chinese government imposed strict limits on the import of recyclable materials, including by restricting the amount of contaminants allowed in imported recycled paper. These limitations significantly decreased the global demand for recyclable commodities and resulted in lower commodity prices. The war in Ukraine or Gaza may also adversely affect the commodities markets, including trading prices and volatility. Additionally, future regulation, tariffs, international trade policies or initiatives may result in further reduced demand. Any decrease in recyclable commodity prices or other facts which cause the profitability of recycling operations to decline could adversely affect demand for our solutions and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our Charter provides, subject to limited exceptions, that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for certain stockholder litigation matters, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or stockholders.

Our Charter provides that, unless Rubicon selects or consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law: (a) the sole and exclusive forum for any complaint asserting any internal corporate claims, to the fullest extent permitted by law, and subject to applicable jurisdictional requirements, shall be the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have, or declines to accept, jurisdiction, another state court or a federal court located within the State of Delaware); and (b) the sole and exclusive forum for any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, to the fullest extent permitted by law, shall be the federal district courts of the United States of America. For purposes of the foregoing, “internal corporate claims” means claims, including claims in the right of Rubicon that are based upon a violation of a duty by a current or former director, officer, employee or stockholder in such capacity, or as to which Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) confers jurisdiction upon the Court of Chancery. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any shares of Class A Common Stock or Class V Common Stock will be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of this provision.

This choice of forum provision may limit a Rubicon stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. There is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce this provision. If a court ruled the choice of forum provision was inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, Rubicon may incur additional costs to resolve such action in other jurisdictions. The choice of forum provision is intended to apply to the fullest extent permitted by law to the above-specified types of actions and proceedings, and is intended to require, in each case, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that (i) any claims arising under the Securities Act be brought in the federal district courts of the United States in accordance with clause (b) of the choice of forum provision, and (ii) any derivative actions, including those brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act be brought in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware in accordance with clause (a) of the choice of forum provision. The provision does not apply to any direct claims brought by Rubicon’s stockholders on their own behalf, or on behalf of any class of similarly situated stockholders, under the Exchange Act. Rubicon stockholders will not be deemed, by operation of the choice of forum provision, to have waived Rubicon’s obligation to comply with all applicable federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

Actions that we are taking toreview and optimize our business in alignment with our strategic priorities may not be as effective as anticipated.

We completed multiple rounds of workforce reductions since 2022 in order to further manage costs. While the shift in our business strategy and the workforce reduction are designed to reduce operating costs and improve operating margins, we may encounter challenges in the execution of these efforts that could prevent us from recognizing the intended benefits of such efforts or otherwise adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

As a result of the workforce reductions, we have incurred and may continue to incur additional costs in the short-term, including cash expenditures for severance payments, employee benefits and related facilitation costs, as well as non-cash expenditures related to vesting of share-based awards. These additional cash and non-cash expenditures could have the effect of reducing our operating margins. Our workforce reduction may result in other unintended consequences, including employee attrition beyond our intended reduction in force; damage to our corporate culture and decreased employee morale among our remaining employees; diversion of management attention; damage to our reputation as an employer, which could make it more difficult for us to hire new employees in the future; and the loss of institutional knowledge and expertise of departing employees. If we experience any of these adverse consequences, our reductions in force and other restructuring efforts may not achieve or sustain their intended benefits, or the benefits, even if achieved, may not be adequate to meet our long-term profitability and operational expectations, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, our workforce reduction and other shifts in our business strategy could lead us to fail to meet, or cause delays in meeting, our operational and growth targets. While positions have been eliminated, functions that they performed remain necessary to our operations, and we may be unsuccessful in effectively and efficiently distributing the duties and obligations of departed employees among our remaining employees. The workforce reduction could also prevent us from pursuing new opportunities and initiatives or require us to adjust our growth strategy. As we continue to identify areas of cost savings and operating efficiencies, we may consider implementing further measures to reduce operating costs and improve operating margins. We may not be successful in implementing such initiatives, including as a result of factors beyond our control. If we are unable to realize the anticipated savings and efficiencies from our reductions in force, other restructuring efforts and future strategic initiatives, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

Pandemics, epidemics, disease outbreaks and other public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have disrupted our business and operations, and future public health crises could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Pandemics, epidemics or disease outbreaks in the United States or globally, including the COVID-19 pandemic, have disrupted, and may disrupt in the future, our business, which could materially affect our financial condition including liquidity, operating results and future expectations. Federal, state and local governments throughout North America, Europe, Asia and other parts of the world imposed varying degrees of restriction on social, commercial and economic activity to slow the spread of COVID-19. The future outbreak of any other highly infectious or contagious diseases and related measures may have a significant adverse impact on many sectors of the economy, including the waste and recycling industry. The resulting business closures, increases in unemployment and loss of consumer financial stability and confidence may result in waste and recycling volume declines and reductions in customers’ waste service needs, which could adversely affect our business as well as those of our customers and others within the waste and recycling industry.

A broad-based economic slowdown resulting from prolonged negative effects of COVID-19, the future outbreak of any other highly infectious or contagious diseases or otherwise could have significant adverse consequences for the financial condition of our customers or suppliers. As a result, customers may seek to reduce service levels or terminate contracts, or they may be unable to timely pay outstanding receivables owed to us, each of which would adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows. Additionally, such factors have, at times, made it more challenging to negotiate, renew or expand service contracts with acceptable pricing terms. Volume changes can fluctuate dramatically by line of business and decreases in volumes in higher margin businesses, such as what we have seen with COVID-19, can impact key financial metrics. Additionally, if stay-at-home orders and work from home trends continue or are re-instated, the demand for our services from our commercial and public customers could continue to or further negatively impact us. To the extent the landfills and waste haulers experience a deterioration in financial condition or operational capability as a result of the impacts of COVID-19, the future outbreak of any other highly infectious or contagious diseases or another economic slowdown, we may experience material supply chain disruptions and delays, which could also increase our operating costs. If a large portion of our employee base or our hauler base were to become ill, it could impact our ability to provide timely and reliable service. Additionally, the transition of most of our back-office employees to work-from-home increases various operational risks, including potential exposure to cyber incidents, loss of data, fraud, internal control challenges and other disruptions as a consequence of more employees accessing our systems and information remotely in the course of their ordinary work. Many within the waste and recycling industry were exposed to these same risks as well.

Our Cybersecurity and Technology Related Risks

If we fail to continue to improve and enhance the functionality, performance, reliability, design, security, or scalability of our platform in a manner that responds to our customers’ evolving needs, our business may be adversely affected.

The on-demand commerce and digital ordering markets are characterized by rapid technological change, frequent new product and service introductions, and evolving industry standards. Our success has been based on our ability to identify and anticipate the needs of our customers and design and maintain a platform that provides them with the tools they need to operate their businesses in a manner that is productive and meets or exceeds their expectations. Our ability to attract new customers, retain revenue from existing customers, and increase sales to both new and existing customers will depend in large part on our ability to continue to improve and enhance the functionality, performance, reliability, design, security, and scalability of our platform. Additionally, to achieve and maintain market acceptance for our platform, we must effectively integrate with new or existing solutions that meet changing customer demands in a timely manner.

As we expand our platform and services, and as the number of our customers with higher volume sales increases, we expect that we will need to offer increased functionality, scalability and support, including to keep our platform, systems, and services secure, which requires us to devote additional resources to such efforts. To the extent we are not able to enhance our platform’s functionality in order to maintain its utility and security, enhance our platform’s scalability in order to maintain its performance and availability, or improve our support functions in order to meet increased customer service demands, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

The success of enhancements, new features and services depends on several factors, including the timely completion, introduction and market acceptance of the feature, service or enhancement by customers, as well as our ability to seamlessly integrate all of our product and service offerings and develop adequate selling capabilities in new markets. We may make significant investments in new modules or enhancements that may not achieve expected returns. The continual improvement and enhancement of our platform requires significant investment and we may not have the resources to make such investment. Our improvements and enhancements may not result in our ability to recoup our investments in a timely manner, or at all. The improvement and enhancement of the functionality, performance, reliability, design, security, and scalability of our platform is expensive and complex, and to the extent we are not able to perform it in a manner that responds to our customers’ evolving needs, our business, operating results, and financial condition will be adversely affected.

Quality problems, defects, errors, failures, or vulnerabilities in our solutions or services could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our solutions are, in some cases, highly complex and incorporate advanced technologies that we attempt to make interoperable with the products of other providers. Despite testing prior to release, our solutions may contain undetected defects or errors. Further, the combined use of our solutions with those of other providers may cause errors or failures, or it may expose undetected defects, errors, or failures in our solutions. These defects, errors, or failures could affect performance of the solutions and damage the businesses of our accounts, as well as delay the development or release of new offerings or new versions of solutions. Allegations of unsatisfactory performance in any of these situations could damage our reputation in the market and our relationships with our accounts, cause us to lose revenue or market share, increase our service costs, cause us to incur substantial costs in analyzing, correcting, or redesigning the solutions, cause us to lose accounts, subject us to liability for damages, and divert our resources from other tasks, any one of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. We may also be required to provide full replacements or refunds for such defective product. We cannot assure you that such remediation would not harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

If our security measures or those of our third-party cloud data hosts, cloud computing platform providers, or third-party service partners, are breached and unauthorized access is obtained to an account’s data, our data or our IT systems our services may be perceived as not being secure, accounts may curtail or stop using our services, and we may incur significant legal and financial exposure and liabilities.

As we digitize and use cloud and web-based technologies to leverage account data to deliver a more complete account experience, we are exposed to increased security risks and the potential for unauthorized access to, or improper use of, our and our accounts’ information. Certain of our services involve the storage and transmission of accounts’ proprietary information, and security breaches could expose us to a risk of loss of this information, litigation, and possible liability. Although we devote resources to maintaining our security and integrity, we may not prevent security incidents.

The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber terrorists, has increased as the number, intensity, and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. These threats, some of which we have experienced, include but are not limited to identity theft, unauthorized access, domain name system attacks, wireless network attacks, viruses and worms, ransomware attacks, advanced persistent threat, application centric attacks, peer-to-peer attacks, phishing, backdoor trojans, and distributed denial of service attacks. Any of the foregoing could attack our accounts’ data (including their employees’ personal data), our data (including colleagues’ personal data), or our IT systems. It is virtually impossible for us to entirely eliminate this risk. Like all solutions, our products are vulnerable to cyber-attacks. For example, in April 2021 we discovered a ransomware event in which an unauthorized third party gained access to our network. Although the April 2021 incident was fully remediated and no incidents to date of which we have knowledge that have had a material impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations, the impact of cyber-attacks could disrupt the proper functioning of our solutions or services, cause errors in the output of our accounts’ work, allow unauthorized access to sensitive, proprietary, or confidential information of ours or our accounts, and other destructive outcomes.

Additionally, third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce colleagues or accounts into disclosing sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, or other information in order to gain access to our accounts’ data, our data, or our IT systems. Malicious third parties may also conduct attacks designed to temporarily deny accounts access to our services. Any security breach could result in a loss of confidence in the security of our products and services, damage our reputation, negatively impact our future sales, disrupt our business, and lead to regulatory inquiry and legal liability.

Material portions of our business require the Internet infrastructure to be reliable.

Part of our future success continues to depend on the use of the Internet as a means to perform transactions electronically, including, for example, document digitization. This in part requires ongoing maintenance of the Internet infrastructure, especially to prevent interruptions in service, as well as additional development of that infrastructure. This requires a reliable network backbone with the necessary speed, data capacity, security, and timely development of complementary products for providing reliable Internet access and services. If this infrastructure fails to be sufficiently developed or be adequately maintained, our business would be harmed because users may not be able to access our portals.

Our General Business Risks

The success of our business depends, in part, on our ability to execute on our acquisition strategy.

A portion of our historical growth has occurred through acquisitions, and we anticipate continued growth through acquisitions in the future. We are presently evaluating, and we expect to continue to evaluate on an ongoing basis, a variety of possible acquisition transactions. We cannot predict the timing of any contemplated transactions, and there can be no assurances that we will identify suitable acquisition opportunities or, if we do identify such opportunities, that any transaction can be consummated on terms acceptable to us. A significant change in our business or the economy, an unexpected decrease in our cash flows or any restrictions imposed by our debt may limit our ability to obtain the necessary capital for acquisitions or otherwise impede our ability to complete an acquisition. Certain proposed acquisitions or dispositions may also trigger a review by the U.S. Department of Justice, or “DOJ”, and the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, or “FTC”, under their respective regulatory authority, focusing on the effects on competition, including the size or structure of the relevant markets and the pro-competitive benefits of the transaction. Any delay, prohibition or modification required by regulatory authorities could adversely affect the terms of a proposed acquisition or could require us to modify or abandon an otherwise attractive acquisition opportunity. The failure to identify suitable transaction partners and to consummate transactions on acceptable terms could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Acquisitions also involve risks that the businesses acquired will not perform as expected, that our judgments concerning the value, strengths and weaknesses of acquired businesses will prove wrong or that we will incur unanticipated costs as a result of a transaction. We may become liable for certain unforeseen pre-acquisition liabilities of an acquired business, including, among others, tax liabilities, environmental liabilities, contingent consideration and liabilities for employment practices. In addition, an acquisition could result in the impairment of client relationships and other acquired assets such as goodwill. We may also incur costs and experience inefficiencies to the extent an acquisition expands the services, markets or geographies in which we operate due to our limited exposure and experience. Acquisitions can also involve post-transaction disputes regarding a number of matters, including a purchase price or working capital adjustment, earn-out or other contingent payments, environmental liabilities, and indemnification or other obligations. Acquisitions also place significant demands on our management’s time, which may divert their attention from our day-to-day business operations, and may lead to significant due diligence and other expenses regardless of whether we pursue or consummate any acquisition. We may also not be able to manage our growth through acquisitions due to the number and the diversity of the businesses we have acquired or for other reasons. Acquisitions may require that we incur additional debt to finance the transaction, which could be substantial and limit our operating flexibility or, alternatively, acquisitions may require that we issue stock as consideration, which could dilute share ownership. If any of these risks were to occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. 

Any inability to successfully integrate our recent or future acquisitions, or realize their anticipated benefits, could have a material adverse effect on us.

Acquisitions have required, and in the future will require, that we integrate into our existing operations separate companies that historically operated independently or as part of another, larger organization, and had different systems, processes and cultures. Risks involved with the successful integration of an acquired business include, but are not limited to:

We may not be able to successfully integrate any business we have acquired or may acquire, or may not be able to do so in a timely, efficient or cost-effective manner. Our inability to effectively complete the integration of new businesses on schedule and in an orderly manner could increase costs and lower profits. Our inability to manage our growth through acquisitions, including the integration process, and to realize the anticipated benefits of an acquisition could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A large percentage of our revenue is tied to a small number of customers, such that the loss of any of these customers could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had one customer who individually accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s total revenues at approximately 20% of the total revenues, while during the year ended December 31, 2022, there were two such customers together accounted for 26% of the Company's total revenues. We cannot assure you that these customers will continue to contract with us on terms or at rates currently in effect, or will not elect to contract with our competitors or attempt to perform the services we provide themselves. Further, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, approximately 56% and 38%, respectively, of our aggregate accounts receivable and contract assets were due from three customers. The contract terms with these customers range from 2 to 3 years, but may be terminated without penalty with advance written notice. These contracts do not include any minimum purchase requirements for the customers and were made in the ordinary course of business. As a result, these customers could stop purchasing our services, reduce their purchase levels or request reduced pricing structures at any time. We may therefore need to adapt our pricing and marketing strategies in response to a customer who may seek concessions in return for its continued or increased business. In addition, a macroeconomic downturn or any other cause of consolidation in our industry or among our other customers could significantly increase the market share and bargaining power of a limited number of customers and give them significant additional leverage to negotiate more favorable terms and place greater demands on us. The loss of any of these customers, if not offset by revenues from new or other existing customers, or any inability of any customers to pay amounts as and when due, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 

Our business depends on customers using our platform, and any loss of customers or decline in their use of our platform could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our ability to grow and generate incremental revenue depends, in part, on our ability to maintain and grow our relationships with existing customers, to have them increase their deployment and use of our platform, and to increase or maintain transaction volume on our platform. Although our customers generally have multi-year contracts with us, they can typically terminate the agreement without penalty by providing as little as 30 days written notice and may elect not to renew the agreement following the expiration date. In addition, if our customers do not increase their use of our platform or adopt and deploy additional modules, then our revenue may decline and our results of operations may be harmed. Customers may not renew their contracts with us or reduce their use of our platform for any number of reasons, including if they are not satisfied with our platform or modules, the value proposition of our platform or our ability to meet their needs and expectations, security or platform reliability issues, or if they decide to build their own solution internally. Additionally, consumers may change their purchasing habits or reduce their orders from our current customers, which could harm their business and reduce their use of our platform. We cannot accurately predict our customers’ usage levels and the loss of customers or their usage levels of our modules may each have a negative impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition and may cause our expansion rate to decline. If a significant number of customers cease using or reduce their usage of our platform, then we may be required to spend significantly more on sales and marketing than we currently plan to spend in order to maintain or increase revenue from our customers. Such additional sales and marketing expenditures could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Clients may elect to terminate our contracts and manage operations internally.

It is possible that our clients may elect to not renew contracts for our solutions. Alternatively, clients may elect to drop maintenance on certain modules that they ultimately decide not to use. This could adversely affect our revenues and profits. Additionally, they may inadvertently allow our intellectual property or other information to fall into the hands of third parties, including our competitors, which could adversely affect our business.

Selling products and services into the public sector poses unique challenges.

We derive a portion of our revenue from sales of software-as-a-service and professional services to state, county, and city governments, other federal or municipal agencies, and other public entities. We expect that sales to public sector clients will continue to account for a portion of our revenue in the future. We face many risks and challenges associated with contracting with governmental entities, including:

Each of these risks is outside our control. If we fail to adequately adapt to these risks and uncertainties, our financial performance could be adversely affected.

If we fail to attract and retain qualified management and skilled technical personnel, our business may be adversely affected.

Our long-term success depends, in significant part, upon the continued service and performance of our senior management and other key personnel. We rely on knowledgeable, experienced and skilled technical personnel, particularly analysts, product developers and service personnel to provide our services, often in a stringent regulatory environment. Certain of our employees, including our senior management and the key employees of the various businesses we have acquired, have exceptionally strong knowledge of our businesses, sectors and clients. Their departure could lead to the loss of know-how and information of value to us, and their departure could pose a risk to key client relationships. Our continued growth will also depend upon our ability to attract and retain additional skilled management and other key employees, including in new markets, whether organically or through acquisitions. For certain positions, there may be a limited number of qualified people to fulfill the roles, whether limited based on scarcity with respect to the particular skillset, within a given geography or otherwise. The loss of the services of one or more members of our management team or of qualified employees and other key personnel, or the inability to identify, hire and retain the key personnel that may be necessary to grow our business, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our international operations subject us to additional risks that could adversely affect our business.

We have activities outside of the United States and work with some international third-party providers, including product developers in Europe. Our operations, those of the third parties with which we work as well as those of our customers, are therefore subject to regulatory, economic, political and other events and uncertainties in countries where these operations are located. Further, our growth strategy includes expansion into additional international markets. In addition to the risks discussed elsewhere herein that are common to both our domestic and international operations, we face risks specific to our foreign activities, including but not limited to:

Foreign operations bring increased complexity and the costs of managing or overseeing foreign operations, including adapting and localizing services or systems to specific regions and countries, can be material. Further, international operations carry inherent uncertainties regarding the effect of local or domestic actions, such as the unpredictable impact of the referendum vote in the United Kingdom to leave the European Union (Brexit) and the uncertainty regarding the terms that govern its exit, any of which could be material. These and other risks related to our foreign operations, or the associated costs or liabilities, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be unable to protect our proprietary rights.

Many of our product and service offerings incorporate proprietary information, trade secrets, know-how, and other intellectual property rights. We rely on a combination of contracts, patents, copyrights, and trade secret laws to establish and protect our proprietary rights in our technology. We cannot be certain that we have taken all appropriate steps to deter misappropriation of our intellectual property. There has also been an apparent evolution in the legal standards and regulations courts and the U.S. patent office may apply in favorably evaluating software patent rights. We are not currently involved in any material intellectual property litigation; however, we may be a party to such litigation in the future to protect our proprietary information, trade secrets, know-how, and other intellectual property rights. We cannot assure you that third parties will not assert infringement or misappropriation claims against us with respect to current or future products. Any claims or litigation, with or without merit, could be time-consuming, costly, and a diversion to management. Any such claims and litigation could also cause delays or require us to enter into royalty or licensing arrangements. Such royalty or licensing arrangements, if required, may not be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Therefore, litigation to defend and enforce our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, regardless of the final outcome of such litigation.

We rely on software licensed from, and services rendered by, third parties in order to provide our modules and run our business.

We rely on software licensed from, and services rendered by, third parties in order to provide our modules and run our business. Third-party software and services may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any loss of the right to use, or any failures of, third-party software or services could result in delays in our ability to provide our modules or run our business until equivalent software or services are developed by us or, if available, identified, obtained and integrated, which could be costly and time-consuming and may not result in an equivalent module, any of which could cause an adverse effect on our business and operating results. Further, customers could assert claims against us in connection with such service disruption or cease conducting business with us altogether. Even if not successful, a claim brought against us by any of our customers would likely be time-consuming and costly to defend and could seriously damage our reputation and brand, making it harder for us to sell our modules.

Pending or future litigation or governmental proceedings could result in material adverse consequences, including judgments or settlements.

As a large company with international operations, across the U.S. and Canada in particular, we are, and from time to time become, involved in lawsuits, regulatory inquiries, and governmental and other legal proceedings arising out of the ordinary course of our business, including with respect to alleged infringement of third-party patents and other intellectual property rights, commercial, corporate and securities, labor and employment, wage and hour and other claims. Additionally, our participation in the waste and recycling industry, even though we are only an indirect market participant that does not own or operate any landfill or hauling operations, subjects us to additional claims that many other companies in other industries are not likely to face. Many of these matters raise complicated factual and legal issues and are subject to uncertainties and complexities, all of which make the matters costly and often divert management’s attention from day-to-day operations. For example, we may incur costs to defend against litigation brought by government agencies and private parties who allege we are in violation of our permits and applicable environmental laws and regulations, or who assert claims alleging nuisance, environmental damage, personal injury or property damage. Additionally, in recent years, wage and employment laws have changed regularly and become increasingly complex, which has fostered litigation, including purported class actions. The timing of the final resolutions to lawsuits, regulatory inquiries, and governmental and other legal proceedings is uncertain. We may be required to pay fines or judgments, which could be significant, or to implement corrective measures, or we may have our permits and licenses modified or revoked as a result of these actions. We establish accruals for our estimates of the costs associated with lawsuits, regulatory, governmental and other legal proceedings. We could underestimate such accruals. Such shortfalls could result in significant unanticipated charges to income. A significant judgment against us, the loss of a significant permit or license, or the imposition of a significant fine or other expenses in excess of any accrual or reserve could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See Note 20 – Commitments and contingencies to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Our ability to use our net operating loss (“NOL”) carryovers may be limited.

As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $35.3 million of tax-effected federal NOL carryovers and $6.4 million of tax-effected state NOL carryovers. $34.6 million of our tax-effected federal NOL carryovers have no expiration date and the usage of these NOL carryovers is limited to 80% of taxable income and the remaining federal NOL carryovers expire in varying amounts at various dates beginning in 2032. $6.4 million of our tax-effected state NOL carryovers will expire in varying amounts at various dates beginning in 2024. Utilization of our NOLs depends on many factors, including our future income, which cannot be assured. In addition, Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), generally imposes an annual limitation on the amount of NOLs that may be used to offset taxable income when a corporation has undergone an “ownership change” (as determined under Section 382 of the Code). In the event that an ownership change has occurred, or were to occur, with respect to us, utilization of our NOLs would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Code. Any unused annual limitation may be carried over to later years. If we were to undergo an ownership change, some or all of our U.S. federal NOLs could expire before they can be used. In addition, future ownership changes or changes to the U.S. tax laws could limit our ability to utilize our NOLs. To the extent we are not able to offset our future income with our NOLs, this could adversely affect our operating results and cash flows if we attain profitability. For additional information on our use of NOLs, see Note 19—Income taxes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We may face material adverse tax consequences resulting from the Business Combination.

In connection with the completion of the Business Combination, Founder completed its domestication from the Cayman Islands to the State of Delaware (the “Domestication”). We believe that the Domestication qualifies as a “reorganization” under section 368(a) of the Code and is treated, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as if Founder (i) transferred all of its assets and liabilities to a new U.S. corporation (“New Rubicon”) in exchange for all of such new corporation’s outstanding stock and (ii) then distributed the stock and warrants of New Rubicon to its shareholders and warrant holders of Founder in liquidation of Founder. Additionally, we believe the Business Combination should be treated for tax purposes as a transfer by New Rubicon of its assets to Holdings LLC in a transaction intended to qualify as a contribution to Holdings LLC in exchange for Holding LLC’s common units or preferred units under Section 721 of the Code.

We may face material adverse U.S. tax consequences as a result of the Business Combination, and the Internal Revenue Service may not agree with or may otherwise challenge our position on the tax treatment of the Business Combination or of internal restructuring transactions undertaken prior to, after, or in connection with the Business Combination, which could result in higher U.S. federal tax costs than we anticipate, including a reduction in the net operating loss carryforwards of certain of our subsidiaries. We have not applied for a ruling related to the Business Combination and do not intend to do so. Any adverse tax consequences resulting from the Business Combination or our operations as Rubicon Technologies, Inc. could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Moreover, U.S. tax laws significantly limit our ability to redomicile outside of the United States.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

Our current liquidity, including negative cash flows and a lack of existing financial resources, raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Pursuant to ASC 205, Presentation of Financial Statements, we are required to and do evaluate at each annual and interim financial statement period whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued. Based on the definitions in the relevant accounting standards and our history of operating losses and negative cash flows, we currently project that we will not have sufficient cash on hand or available liquidity under existing arrangements to meet our projected liquidity needs for the next 12 months, which raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Although we have taken, and plan to continue to take, proactive measures to enhance our liquidity position and provide additional financial flexibility, including, among other things, sales of Class A Common Stock under the Cantor Sales Agreement (as defined in Note 14 – Cantor Sales Agreement to the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report), there can be no assurance that these measures, including the timing and terms thereof, will be successful or sufficient. Any new financing may also lead to increased costs, increased interest rates, additional and more restrictive financial covenants and other lender protections, and whether we will be able to successfully complete any such refinancing will depend on market conditions, the negotiations with those lenders and investors, and our financial performance. The new financial activities may also include potential equity financing, the terms of which could cause substantial dilution to existing stockholders. In addition, we are formulating additional plans to extend cash availability, including modifying our operations to further reduce spending, but these steps may not produce the anticipated results or provide any benefit at all. While our financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern, there can be no assurance the necessary financing will be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. See Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources” and Note 1, Nature of operations and summary of significant accounting policies – Liquidity and going concern consideration, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

If we are unable to obtain adequate additional capital resources to fund our liquidity needs, we will not be able to continue to operate our business pursuant to our current business plan, which would require us to further modify our operations to reduce spending to a sustainable level by, among other things, delaying, scaling back or eliminating some or all of our ongoing or planned investments in corporate infrastructure, business development, sales and marketing, product development and other activities, selling certain business lines or assets or we may be forced to discontinue our operations entirely and/or liquidate our assets, in which case it is likely that equity investors would lose most or all of their investment. The substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern may also affect the price of our common stock and our credit rating, negatively impact relationships with third parties with whom we do business, including customers, vendors, lenders and employees, prevent us from identifying, hiring or retaining the key personnel that may be necessary to operate and grow our business and limit our ability to raise additional capital. Any of the foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our substantial levels of indebtedness could adversely affect our business.

As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $200.4 million of indebtedness, consisting of $129.3 million in borrowings under our term loan and convertible debts (including a subordinated term loan in the amount of $20.7 million and related party convertible debt in the amount of $18.4 million) and $71.1 million under our revolving credit facility. Our indebtedness could have important consequences for us and our investors, including, but not limited to:

In addition, as our indebtedness matures, or if we are unable to service our high level of indebtedness, we may need to restructure or refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness, sell material assets or operations or raise additional debt or equity capital. We may not be able to effect any of these actions on a timely basis, on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and these actions may not be sufficient to meet our capital requirements. Furthermore, we may not be able to invest in our business and as a result, we may not be able to achieve our forecasted results of operations.

The interest rates under our existing indebtedness are significant – Prime Rate plus up to 8.75% for our term loan, 15.0% for our subordinated term loan, up to 14.0% for the convertible debts and up to SOFR plus 4.25% for our revolving credit facility bears interest. Our ability to make payments on debt (including interest), to repay existing or future indebtedness when due, to fund operations and significant planned capital expenditures and to support our growth strategy will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future. Our ability to produce cash from operations is, and will be, subject to a number of risks, including those described above in “—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry” and elsewhere in this report. Our ability to repay debt will also depend on external factors that are outside of our control, including economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors. If we are unable to make required interest and principal payments on our indebtedness, it would result in an event of default under the agreements governing such indebtedness, which may result in the acceleration of some or all of our outstanding indebtedness and foreclosure on the assets that secure such indebtedness.

Although our debt agreements contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, the amount of indebtedness that could be incurred in the future in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial, thereby exacerbating the risks associated with our high level of indebtedness.

Any of the foregoing risks could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For additional information on our indebtedness, see Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— Liquidity and Capital Resources” and Note 1, Nature of operations and summary of significant accounting policies – Liquidity and going concern consideration, Note 5, Debt, and Note 23, Subsequent Events, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

The terms and covenants in our existing indebtedness restrict our ability to engage in some business and financial transactions, which could adversely affect our business.

Our credit facility has restrictive covenants that limit our and our subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things:

In addition, our credit facility contains financial maintenance covenants that, among other things, require us to maintain minimum qualified billed and unbilled receivables and to not exceed a specified borrowing base or net leverage ratio tested at the end of each quarter. Among other things, we may not be able to borrow money under our credit facility if we are unable to comply with the financial and other covenants included therein. Our credit facility also contains certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative covenants and events of default with acceleration rights (including, among other things, an event of default upon a material adverse change in our business condition (financial or otherwise), operations, properties or prospects, change of management, or change of control). If an event of default occurs, our lenders will be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due under our credit facility and all actions permitted to be taken by a secured creditor. Our revolving credit facility also includes a lockbox arrangement, which provides for receipts to be swept daily to reduce borrowings outstanding at the discretion of the lender.

The YA SPA contains restrictive covenants that limit our ability to, among other things:

The YA Warrant and YA Convertible Debentures also contain certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative covenants and events of default with acceleration rights (including, among other things, upon cross-defaults under other loan documents, bankruptcy or insolvency, and delisting of the Class A Common Stock). If an event of default occurs, the Yorkville Investor will be entitled to take various actions, which include the ability to (i) declare the full unpaid principal amount of the YA Convertible Debentures, together with interest and other amounts owing in respect thereof, immediately due and payable in cash and (ii) force Rubicon to purchase the YA Warrant in whole from the Yorkville Investor by paying to the Yorkville Investor a cash amount equal to the product of (a) $20.0 million, multiplied by (b) the quotient of (y) the number of YA Warrant Shares called for by the YA Warrant as of the date such payment is made divided by (z) the original number of YA Warrant Shares underlying the YA Warrant (plus any increase required pursuant to the terms thereof), which amount will be paid within 20 trading days of the date of notice from the Yorkville Investor.

Any future debt that we incur may contain additional and more restrictive negative covenants and financial maintenance covenants. These restrictions could limit our ability to obtain debt financing, repurchase stock, pay dividends, refinance or pay principal on our outstanding debt, complete acquisitions for cash or debt or react to changes in our operating environment or the economy.

Our failure to comply with our obligations or the agreements governing any future indebtedness may result in an event of default under the applicable agreement. A default, if not cured or waived, may permit acceleration of some or all of our other indebtedness and trigger other termination and similar rights under other contracts. We cannot be certain that we will be able to remedy any defaults and, if our indebtedness is accelerated, we cannot be certain that we will have sufficient funds available to pay the accelerated indebtedness or that we will have the ability to refinance the accelerated indebtedness on terms favorable to us or at all, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The required interest payments on our indebtedness under the credit facility may be impacted by reforms related to the reference interest rates. The variable interest rates applicable under the credit facility are linked to Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as the benchmark rate for establishing such rates. Although one or more of our credit facilities includes mechanics to facilitate the adoption by us and our lenders of an alternative benchmark rate for use in place of SOFR, no assurance can be made that such alternative benchmark rate will perform in a manner similar to SOFR or result in interest rates that are at least as favorable to us as those that would have resulted had SOFR remained in effect, which could result in an increase in our interest expense and other debt service obligations. In addition, the overall credit market may be disrupted as a result of the replacement of SOFR or in the anticipation thereof, which could have an adverse impact on our ability to refinance, reprice, or amend our existing indebtedness or incur additional indebtedness on favorable terms or at all.

See Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources” and Note 1, Nature of operations and summary of significant accounting policies – Liquidity and going concern consideration, Note 5, Debt, and Note 23, Subsequent Events, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities

Certain existing shareholders purchased securities in Rubicon at a price below the current trading price of such securities, and may experience a positive rate of return based on the current trading price. Future investors in Rubicon may not experience a similar rate of return.

Certain shareholders in Rubicon acquired and may acquire shares of Class A Common Stock (or Class B Units) or warrants at prices below, in some cases considerably below, the current trading price of our Class A Common Stock or for no cash consideration at all and may experience a positive rate of return based on the current trading price.

Additionally, the Yorkville Investor acquired the Yorkville Commitment Shares for no cash consideration and may acquire additional Class A Common Stock at a discount to the current trading price in the case of any other shares of Class A Common Stock to be issued pursuant to the YA Warrant. Given the relatively lower purchase prices that some of our shareholders paid to acquire securities and exercise prices that some of our shareholders may pay to exercise warrants to acquire shares of Class A Common Stock compared to the current trading price of our shares of Class A Common Stock, these shareholders, some of whom are Selling Securityholders pursuant to registration statements we are obligated to file to register the resale of shares of Class A Common Stock, in some instances will earn a positive rate of return on their investment, which may be a significant positive rate of return, depending on the market price of our shares of Class A Common Stock at the time that such shareholders choose to sell their shares of Class A Common Stock. Investors who purchased units in Founder SPAC’s initial public offering, who purchased Founder Class A Shares on the NYSE following the IPO or who purchase our Class A Common Stock and warrants on the NYSE following the Business Combination may not experience a similar rate of return on the securities they purchase due to differences in the purchase prices and the current trading price.

Substantial future sales of shares of Class A Common Stock could cause the market price of our shares of Class A Common stock to decline.

We have agreed, at our expense, to prepare and file with the SEC certain registration statements providing for the resale of shares of Class A Common Stock.

Potential new issuances of Class A Common Stock include (a) the exercise of the IPO Warrants, (b) the vesting of all RSU and DSU awards, (c) the utilization of the Cantor Sales Agreement, (d) exercise of the YA Warrant, (e) satisfaction of the Vellar Termination Agreement in Class A Common Stock, (f) the conversion of the Insider Convertible Debentures, (h) Additional Subordinated Term Loan Warrants, (i) Advisor Warrant, (j) June 2023 Term Loan Warrants, (k) Rodina Warrant, (l) Earn-Out Interest and (m) Class V Common Stock:

The resale, or expected or potential resale, of a substantial number of our shares of Class A Common Stock in the public market could adversely affect the market price for our shares of Class A Common Stock and make it more difficult for you to sell your shares of Class A Common Stock at times and prices that you feel are appropriate. In particular, the FPA Sellers may resell a significant number of shares of Class A Common Stock in the market with respect to the shares that they retained pursuant to the FPA Termination Agreements and that may be issued in the future pursuant to the Vellar Termination Agreement. Furthermore, we expect that, because there will be a large number of shares registered, the applicable selling securityholders will continue to offer such covered securities for a significant period of time, the precise duration of which cannot be predicted. Accordingly, the adverse market and price pressures resulting from an offering pursuant to a registration statement may continue for an extended period of time.

In addition, because the current market price of our Class A Common Stock is higher than the price certain selling securityholders paid for their securities, there is more likelihood that selling securityholders holding shares of Class A Common Stock will sell their shares as soon as the applicable registration statement is declared effective and any applicable lock-up restrictions expire.

See our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for additional information regarding the Cantor Sales Agreement, YA Warrant, Vellar Termination Agreement, and Insider Convertible Debentures, Additional Subordinated Term Loan Warrants, Advisor Warrant, June 2023 Term Loan Warrants, Rodina Warrant, Earn-out Interest and Class V Common Stock.

The Warrants are exercisable for Class A Common Stock, which may increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.

Rubicon has an aggregate of 3,752,107 IPO Warrants issued and outstanding, representing the right to purchase an equivalent number of shares of Class A Common Stock in accordance with the terms of the Warrant Agreement. The exercise price of the IPO Warrants is $92.00 per share. Without giving effect to the issuance of any shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to any other arrangements in place, assuming full exercise of all IPO Warrants, the shares of Class A Common Stock issued upon such exercises would represent approximately 7.8% of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding on December 31, 2023, after giving effect to such exercises. To the extent such Warrants are exercised, additional shares of Class A Common Stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to Rubicon’s existing stockholders and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market or the fact that such IPO Warrants may be exercised could adversely affect the market price of Class A Common Stock. However, there is no guarantee that the IPO Warrants will ever be in the money prior to their expiration, and as such, the IPO Warrants may expire worthless.

The Public Warrants may never be in the money, and they may expire worthless and the terms of such Public Warrants may be amended in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least a majority of the then-outstanding Public Warrants approve of such amendment.

The Public Warrants were issued in registered form pursuant to the Warrant Agreement. The Warrant Agreement provides that the terms of the Public Warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder to cure any ambiguity or correct any defective provision, but requires the approval of the holders of at least a majority of the then-outstanding Public Warrants to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders of the Public Warrants. Accordingly, we may amend the terms of the Public Warrants in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least a majority of the then-outstanding Public Warrants approve of such amendment. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any amendment to the terms of the Private Warrants only requires the consent of the Company and the holders of a majority of the Private Warrants.

We may redeem your unexpired IPO Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making your IPO Warrants worthless.

Rubicon may redeem outstanding IPO Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby significantly impairing the value of such warrants. Rubicon has the option to redeem not less than all of the outstanding Warrants at any time during the exercise period, at a price of $0.08 per IPO Warrant, upon not less than 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption to each IPO Warrant holder, (i) provided that the last reported sale price of the Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $144.00 per share on each of 20 trading days within a 30 trading day period commencing after the IPO  Warrants become exercisable and ending on the third trading day prior to the notice of redemption to IPO Warrant holders, and (ii) provided that there is an effective registration statement with respect to the Class A Common Stock underlying such IPO Warrants, and a current prospectus relating thereto, available throughout the 30-day redemption or Rubicon has elected to require the exercise of the IPO Warrants on a “cashless basis.”

If and when the IPO Warrants become redeemable by Rubicon, it may exercise its redemption right even if it is unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. Redemption of the outstanding IPO Warrants could force you (i) to exercise your IPO Warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for you to do so, (ii) to sell your IPO Warrants at the then-current market price when you might otherwise wish to hold your IPO Warrants, or (iii) to accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time that the outstanding IPO Warrants are called for redemption, is likely to be substantially less than the market value of your IPO Warrants.

The value received upon exercise of the IPO Warrants (1) may be less than the value the holders would have received if they had exercised their IPO Warrants at a later time where the underlying share price is higher and (2) may not compensate the holders for the value of the IPO Warrants.

As of March 27, 2024, the last reported sale of price of the Class A Common Stock was $0.42 per share, which is below the threshold required for redemption.

In the event we elect to redeem the outstanding IPO Warrants, we will mail notice of redemption by first class mail, postage prepaid, not less than thirty days prior to the redemption date to the registered holders of the IPO Warrants to be redeemed at their last addresses as they appear on the registration books. Any notice mailed in such manner will be conclusively presumed to have been duly given whether or not the registered holder received such notice. If you do not exercise your IPO Warrants prior to the redemption date, you would only receive the nominal redemption price for your IPO Warrants upon surrender thereof.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to regain compliance or comply with the continued listing standards of NYSE, which could result in the delisting of our securities, limit investors’ ability to make transactions in our securities and subject us to additional trading restrictions.

On March 18, 2024, we received a written notice (the “Notice”) from NYSE that, because the average closing price for our Class A Common Stock had fallen below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive trading days, we no longer comply with the minimum share price criteria of Section 802.01C of the NYSE Listed Company Manual for continued listing on the NYSE. Under Section 802.01C of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, the Company has six months from receipt of the Notice to regain compliance with the Minimum Stock Price Standard (the “Share Price Cure Period”). In order to regain compliance with the Minimum Stock Price Standard, on the last trading day in any calendar month during the Share Price Cure Period, the Company’s Class A common stock must have: (i) a closing price of at least $1.00 per share; and (ii) an average closing price of at least $1.00 per share over the 30 trading-day period ending on the last trading day of such month.

Additionally, as set forth in the Notice, we were not in compliance with Section 802.01B of the NYSE Listed Company Manual because our average global market capitalization over a consecutive 30 trading-day period was less than $50 million and, at the same time, our last reported stockholders’ equity was less than $50 million. Under NYSE procedures, we have 45 days from our receipt of the March notice to submit a plan to the NYSE demonstrating how we intend to regain compliance with the global market capitalization continued listing standard within 18 months. If we fail to regain compliance with Sections 802.01B or 802.01C of the NYSE Listed Company Manual during the respective cure periods or if we fail to meet material aspects of the compliance plan, the NYSE may commence suspension and delisting procedures.

Our Class A Common Stock is currently listed on NYSE. If NYSE delists Rubicon’s securities for failure to meet the continued listing standards, Rubicon and its stockholders could face significant material adverse consequences including:

The National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996, which is a federal statute, prevents or preempts the states from regulating the sale of certain securities, which are referred to as “covered securities.” Since our Class A Common Stock is listed on the NYSE, it is covered securities. Although the states are preempted from regulating the sale of our securities, the federal statute does allow the states to investigate companies if there is a suspicion of fraud, and, if there is a finding of fraudulent activity, then the states can regulate or bar the sale of covered securities in a particular case. Further, if Rubicon was no longer listed on the NYSE, its securities would not be covered securities and it would be subject to regulation in each state in which it offers its securities.

Under certain circumstances, holders of Rubicon Interests will be entitled to Earn-Out Interests, which will increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution of our stockholders.

After the Closing, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, the holders of Rubicon Interests (excluding, for the avoidance of doubt, Rubicon Phantom Unitholders and Rubicon Management Rollover Holders), as applicable, have a right to receive their pro rata portion of a number of Earn-Out Interests (subject to equitable adjustment for share splits, share dividends, combinations, recapitalizations and the like after the Closing, including to account for any equity securities into which such shares are exchanged or converted) as additional consideration based on the performance of the Class A Common Stock during the five (5) year period after the Closing. Blocked Unitholders immediately before the Closing will be entitled to receive a pro rata portion of 186,064 Earn-Out Class A Shares and Rubicon Continuing Unitholders immediately before the Closing will be entitled to receive a pro rata portion of 1,112,605 Earn-Out Units and an equivalent number of Earn-Out Class V Shares.

Certain holders of Rubicon Interests will be entitled to a contingent right to receive Earn-Out Interests that is conditioned on specific circumstances, of which the occurrence is uncertain, and the failure of any of such circumstances to occur could create potential negative effects such as an increased risk of litigation.

Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, the holders of Rubicon Interests (excluding, for the avoidance of doubt, Rubicon Phantom Unitholders and Rubicon Management Rollover Holders), as applicable, will be entitled to receive their pro rata portion of a number of Earn-Out Interests (subject to equitable adjustment for share splits, share dividends, combinations, recapitalizations and the like after the Closing, including to account for any equity securities into which such shares are exchanged or converted) as additional consideration based on the performance of the Class A Common Stock during the five (5) year period after the Closing (the “Earn-Out Period”), as set forth below upon satisfaction of any of the following conditions (each, an “Earn-Out Condition”):

(1) 50% of the Earn-Out Interests if the VWAP of the Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $112.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, and recapitalizations) for twenty (20) of thirty (30) consecutive trading days during the Earn-Out Period;

(2) 50% of the Earn-Out Interests if the VWAP of the Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $128.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, and recapitalizations) for twenty (20) of any thirty (30) consecutive trading days during the Earn-Out Period.

Whether the Earn-Out Conditions will be met is uncertain and depends on factors that may be out of Rubicon’s direct control, such as market conditions and its stock price. The failure of either Earn-Out Condition to occur could give rise to potential litigation and other negative effects because of management’s business decisions, which may negatively impact Rubicon’s stock price.

The market price and trading volume of Class A Common Stock has been and may continue to be volatile and has declined and could further decline significantly.

Stock markets, including the NYSE, the NYSE Amex and the Nasdaq Capital Market, have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. Even if an active, liquid and orderly trading market is sustained for our Class A Common Stock, the market price of Class A Common Stock may be volatile and could decline significantly. In addition, the trading volume in Class A Common Stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of Class A Common Stock declines significantly, you may be unable to resell your shares at or above the market price of Class A Common Stock as of the date of the consummation of the Business Combination. We cannot assure you that the market price of Class A Common Stock will not fluctuate widely or decline significantly in the future in response to a number of factors, including, among others, the following:

In the past, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their securities. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert Rubicon’s management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on Rubicon.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, publish inaccurate or unfavorable research or cease publishing research about us, our share price and trading volume could decline significantly.

The market for Class A Common Stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about Rubicon or its business. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on Rubicon. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of Rubicon, the market price and liquidity for Class A Common Stock could be negatively impacted. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover Rubicon downgrade their opinions about Class A Common Stock, publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about Rubicon, or cease publishing about Rubicon regularly, demand for Class A Common Stock could decrease, which might cause its share price and trading volume to decline significantly.

Future issuances of debt securities and equity securities may adversely affect us, including the market price of Class A Common Stock, and may be dilutive to existing stockholders.

There is no assurance that Rubicon will not incur debt or issue equity ranking senior to Class A Common Stock such as the YA Convertible Debentures or Insider Convertible Debentures. Those securities will generally have priority upon liquidation. Such securities also may be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting Rubicon’s operating flexibility. Additionally, any convertible or exchangeable securities that Rubicon issues in the future may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of Class A Common Stock. Because Rubicon’s decision to issue debt or equity in the future will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond Rubicon’s control, it cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, nature or success of Rubicon’s future capital raising efforts. As a result, future capital raising efforts may reduce the market price of Class A Common Stock and be dilutive to existing stockholders.

We do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future.

Subject to its obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, Rubicon currently intends to retain its future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of its business (including by re-investing such future earnings in Rubicon) and does not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement, A&R LLCA, and at the discretion of the board of directors of Rubicon (the “Board”) and will depend on Rubicon’s financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as the Board deems relevant.

Rubicon is a holding company with no material assets other than its interest in Holdings LLC. We intend to cause Holdings LLC to make distributions to holders of Class A Units and Class B Units such that the total cash distribution from Holdings LLC to the holders is sufficient to enable each holder to pay all applicable taxes on taxable income allocable to such holder (the “Tax Distributions”). Rubicon will use the Tax Distributions to pay any taxes it owes and satisfy its obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement. In addition, Holdings LLC is expected to reimburse Rubicon for corporate and other overhead expenses.

The A&R LLCA provides that the Tax Distributions will be made to holders of Class A Units and Class B Units (including Rubicon) at the highest combined effective U.S. federal, state, and local marginal rate of tax applicable to an individual resident in the U.S. for the fiscal year. Rubicon anticipates that the Tax Distributions it will receive from Holdings LLC may, in certain periods, exceed Rubicon’s actual tax liabilities and obligations to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The Board, in its sole discretion, will make any determination from time to time with respect to the use of any such excess cash so accumulated, which may include, among other uses, to pay dividends on the Class A Common Stock or to re-invest in Holdings LLC. Rubicon will have no obligation to distribute such cash (or other available cash other than any declared dividend) to its stockholders. We also expect, if necessary, to undertake ameliorative actions, which may include pro rata or non-pro rata reclassifications, combinations, subdivisions or adjustments of outstanding Class A Units pursuant to the A&R LLCA, to maintain one-for-one parity between Class A Units held by Rubicon and shares of Class A Common Stock.

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

The market price of Class A Common Stock may be volatile and, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. Rubicon may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against Rubicon could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm its business.

The reverse split of our common stock effected on September26, 2023 could decrease our total market capitalization and may increase the volatility of our stock price.

On September 26, 2023, we effected a reverse stock split of our outstanding shares of voting common stock at a ratio of one-for-eight (1:8) pursuant to a Certificate of Amendment to its Certificate of Incorporation filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware. The reverse stock split was reflected on the NYSE beginning with the opening of trading on September 27, 2023. Pursuant to the reverse stock split, every eight shares of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock were automatically combined into one issued and outstanding share of common stock, without any change in the number of authorized shares or the par value per share of the common stock. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the reverse stock split. Any stockholder who would otherwise be entitled to receive a fractional share instead became entitled to receive one whole share of common stock in lieu of such fractional share.

There can be no assurance that the total market capitalization of our common stock after the reverse stock split will be equal to or greater than the total market capitalization before the reverse stock split or that the per share market price of our common stock following the reverse stock split will increase in proportion to the reduction in the number of shares of common stock outstanding before the reverse stock split. Furthermore, a decline in the market price of our common stock after the reverse stock split may result in a greater percentage decline than would occur in the absence of a reverse stock split, and the liquidity of our common stock could be adversely affected following such a reverse stock split.

The reverse stock split increased the Company’s authorized but unissued shares of common stock, which could negatively impact a potential investor.

Because the number of authorized shares of the Company’s common stock was not reduced proportionately, the reverse stock split increased our board of directors’ ability to issue authorized and unissued shares without further stockholder action. The issuance of additional shares of common stock or securities exercisable or convertible into common stock may have a dilutive effect on earnings per share and relative voting power and may cause a decline in the trading price of the common stock. The Company could use the shares that are available for future issuance in equity financing transactions, or to oppose a hostile takeover attempt or delay or prevent changes in control or changes in or removal of management, including transactions that are favored by a majority of the stockholders or in which the stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over then-current market prices or benefit in some other manner.

Risks Related to Operating as a Public Company, the Up-C Structure and the Tax Receivable Agreement

Our management does not have prior experience in operating a public company.

Our management does not have prior experience in managing a publicly traded company. As such, the management team may encounter difficulties in successfully or effectively managing Rubicon’s transition to a public company and in complying with its reporting and other obligations under federal securities laws and other regulations and in connection with operating as a public company. Their lack of prior experience in dealing with the reporting and other obligations and laws pertaining to public companies could result in the management of Rubicon being required to devote significant time to these activities which may result in less time being devoted to the management and growth of Rubicon. Additionally, Rubicon will be required to hire additional personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience, and training in the accounting policies, practices or internal controls over financial reporting required of public companies. Rubicon may be required to incur significant expense in connection with these efforts.

Rubicon will depend on distributions from Holdings LLC to pay any taxes and other expenses, including payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement.

Rubicon is a holding company and its only business is to act as the managing member of Holdings LLC, and its only material assets are Class A Units representing approximately 90.0% of the membership interests of Holdings LLC as of December 31, 2023. Rubicon does not have any independent means of generating revenue. We anticipate that Holdings LLC will continue to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, as such, generally will not be subject to any entity-level U.S. federal income tax. Instead, taxable income will be allocated to the members of Holdings LLC. Accordingly, Rubicon will be required to pay income taxes on its allocable share of any net taxable income of Holdings LLC. We intend to cause Holdings LLC to make pro rata distributions to each of its members, including Rubicon, in an amount intended to enable each member to pay all applicable taxes on taxable income allocable to such member and to allow Rubicon to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. In addition, Holdings LLC will reimburse Rubicon for corporate and other overhead expenses. If the amount of tax distributions to be made exceeds the amount of funds available for distribution, Rubicon shall receive a tax distribution payment before the other members of Holdings LLC receive any distribution and the balance, if any, of funds available for distribution shall be distributed to the other members of Holdings LLC pro rata in accordance with their assumed tax liabilities. To the extent that Rubicon needs funds, and Holdings LLC is restricted from making such distributions under applicable laws or regulations, or is otherwise unable to provide such funds, it could materially and adversely affect Rubicon’s ability to pay taxes and other expenses, including payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, and affect our liquidity and financial condition. Although we do not currently expect to pay dividends, such restrictions could also affect Rubicon’s ability to pay any dividends (if declared) in the future.

Rubicon is required to pay to the TRA Holders most of the tax benefits Rubicon receives from tax basis step-ups (and certain other tax benefits) attributable to its acquisition of Legacy Rubicon Units in connection with the Business Combination and in the future, and the amount of those payments is expected to be substantial.

Rubicon has entered into the Tax Receivable Agreement with the TRA Holders. The Tax Receivable Agreement provides for payment by Rubicon to the TRA Holders of 85% of the amount of the net cash tax savings, if any, that Rubicon realizes (or, under certain circumstances, is deemed to realize) as a result of (i) increases in tax basis (and utilization of certain other tax benefits) resulting from Rubicon’s acquisition of preferred and common units of Holdings LLC (the “Legacy Rubicon Units”) in connection with the Business Combination and in Class B Unit future exchanges, (ii) certain favorable tax attributes (such as net operating losses attributable to pre-merger tax periods) Rubicon acquired in the Blocker Mergers and (iii) any payments Rubicon makes to the TRA Holders under the Tax Receivable Agreement (including tax benefits related to imputed interest). Rubicon will retain the benefit of the remaining 15% of these net cash tax savings.

The term of the Tax Receivable Agreement commenced upon the completion of the Business Combination and will continue until all tax benefits that are subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement have been utilized or have expired, unless we exercise our right to terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement (or it is terminated due to a change in control or our breach of a material obligation thereunder), in which case Rubicon will be required to make the termination payment specified in the Tax Receivable Agreement. In addition, payments we make under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be increased by any interest accrued from the due date (without extensions) of the corresponding tax return.

The actual tax benefit, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, will vary depending upon a number of factors, as further set forth in this report. For the sake of illustration, assuming all outstanding Class B Units are exchanged for shares of Class A Common Stock, the estimated tax benefits to Rubicon subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement would be approximately $394.7 million and the related undiscounted payment to the TRA Holders equal to 85% of the benefit would be approximately $335.5 million, assuming (i) exchanges occurred on the same day, (ii) a share price of $10.00 per share of Class A Common Stock, (iii) no material changes in relevant tax law, (iv) a constant combined effective income tax rate of 24.017% and (v) that we have sufficient taxable income in each year to realize on a current basis the increased depreciation, amortization and other tax benefits that are the subject of the Tax Receivable Agreement. The actual future payments to the TRA Holders will vary based on the factors discussed below, and estimating the amount and timing of payments that may be made under the Tax Receivable Agreement is by its nature imprecise, as the calculation of amounts payable depends on a variety of factors and future events. We expect to receive distributions from Holdings LLC in order to make any required payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. However, we may need to incur debt to finance payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement to the extent such distributions or our cash resources are insufficient to meet our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement as a result of timing discrepancies or otherwise.

The actual tax benefit, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, will vary depending on a number of factors, including the price of our Class A Common Stock at the time of the exchange; the timing of future exchanges; the extent to which exchanges are taxable; the amount and timing of the utilization of tax attributes; the amount, timing and character of Rubicon’s income; the U.S. federal, state and local tax rates then applicable; the depreciation and amortization periods that apply to the increases in tax basis; the timing and amount of any earlier payments that Rubicon may have made under the Tax Receivable Agreement; and the portion of Rubicon’s payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that constitute imputed interest or give rise to depreciable or amortizable tax basis. As a result of the increases in the tax basis (including actual and deemed increases) of the tangible and intangible assets of Holdings LLC attributable to the initial acquisitions and exchanged Holdings LLC interests, the Blocker Mergers, and certain other tax benefits, the payments that Rubicon will be required to make to the beneficiaries under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be substantial. There may be a material negative effect on our financial condition and liquidity if, as described below, the payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement exceed the actual benefits Rubicon receives in respect of the tax attributes subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement and/or distributions to Rubicon by Holdings LLC are not sufficient to permit Rubicon to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement.

In certain circumstances, payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual tax benefits, if any, that Rubicon actually realizes.

The Tax Receivable Agreement provides that if (i) Rubicon exercises its right to early termination of the Tax Receivable Agreement in whole (that is, with respect to all benefits due to all beneficiaries under the Tax Receivable Agreement) or in part (that is, with respect to some benefits due to all beneficiaries under the Tax Receivable Agreement), (ii) Rubicon experiences certain changes in control, (iii) the Tax Receivable Agreement is rejected in certain bankruptcy proceedings, (iv) Rubicon fails (subject to certain exceptions) to make a payment under the Tax Receivable Agreement within 180 days after the due date, or (v) Rubicon materially breaches its obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, Rubicon will be obligated to make an early termination payment to holders of rights under the Tax Receivable Agreement equal to the present value of all payments that would be required to be paid by Rubicon under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The amount of such payments will be determined on the basis of certain assumptions in the Tax Receivable Agreement, including (i) the assumption that Rubicon would have enough taxable income to fully utilize the tax benefit resulting from the tax assets that are the subject of the Tax Receivable Agreement, (ii) the assumption that any item of loss, deduction, or credit generated by a basis adjustment or imputed interest arising in a taxable year preceding the taxable year that includes an early termination will be used by Rubicon ratably from such taxable year through the earlier of (x) the scheduled expiration of such tax item or (y) 15 years; (iii) the assumption that any non-amortizable assets are deemed to be disposed of in a fully taxable transaction on the fifteenth anniversary of the earlier of the basis adjustment and the early termination date; (iv) the assumption that U.S. federal, state and local tax rates will be the same as in effect on the early termination date, unless scheduled to change; and (v) the assumption that any exchangeable units of Holdings LLC (other than those held by Rubicon) outstanding on the termination date are deemed to be exchanged for an amount equal to the market value of the corresponding number of shares of Class A Common Stock on the termination date. Any early termination payment may be made significantly in advance of the actual realization, if any, of the future tax benefits to which the termination payment relates. The amount of the early termination payment is determined by discounting the present value of all payments that would be required to be paid by Rubicon under the Tax Receivable Agreement at a rate equal to the lesser of (a) 6.5% and (b) LIBOR (as defined in the Tax Receivable Agreement), plus 400 basis points.

Moreover, as a result of an elective early termination, a change in control or Rubicon’s material breach of its obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, Rubicon could be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that exceed its actual cash savings. Thus, Rubicon’s obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement could have a substantial negative effect on its financial condition and liquidity and could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing certain mergers, asset sales, or other forms of business combinations or changes of control. We cannot assure you that we will be able to finance any early termination payment. It is also possible that the actual benefits ultimately realized by us may be significantly less than were projected in the computation of the early termination payment. We will not be reimbursed if the actual benefits ultimately realized by us are less than were projected in the computation of the early termination payment.

Payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be based on the tax reporting positions that we will determine and the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) or another tax authority may challenge all or part of the tax basis increases, as well as other related tax positions we take, and a court could sustain such challenge. If any tax benefits that have given rise to payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement are subsequently disallowed, Rubicon would be entitled to reduce future amounts otherwise payable to a holder of rights under the Tax Receivable Agreement to the extent the holder has received excess payments. However, the required final and binding determination that a holder of rights under the applicable Tax Receivable Agreement has received excess payments may not be made for a number of years following commencement of any challenge, and Rubicon will not be permitted to reduce its payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement until there has been a final and binding determination, by which time sufficient subsequent payments under such Tax Receivable Agreement may not be available to offset prior payments for disallowed benefits. Rubicon will not be reimbursed for any payments previously made under the Tax Receivable Agreement if the basis increases described above are successfully challenged by the IRS or another taxing authority. As a result, in certain circumstances, payments could be made under the Tax Receivable Agreement that are significantly in excess of the benefit that Rubicon actually realizes in respect of the increases in tax basis (and utilization of certain other tax benefits) and Rubicon may not be able to recoup those payments, which could adversely affect Rubicon’s financial condition and liquidity.

In certain circumstances, Holdings LLC will be required to make distributions to us and the continuing members of Holdings LLC, and the distributions that Holdings LLC will be required to make may be substantial.

Holdings LLC is expected to continue to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, as such, is not subject to U.S. federal income tax. Instead, taxable income will be allocated to its members, including Rubicon. Pursuant to the A&R LLCA, Holdings LLC will make pro rata tax distributions to its members, including Rubicon, which generally will be pro rata based on the ownership of Holdings LLC units, calculated using an assumed tax rate, to enable each of the members to pay taxes on that member’s allocable share of Holdings LLC’s net taxable income. Under applicable tax rules, Holdings LLC is required to allocate net taxable income disproportionately to its members in certain circumstances. Because tax distributions will be determined based on assumptions, including an assumed tax rate that is the highest combined effective marginal tax rate applicable to an individual resident in the U.S. for the taxable year, but will be made pro rata based on ownership of Holdings LLC units, Holdings LLC will be required to make tax distributions that, in the aggregate, will likely exceed the aggregate amount of taxes payable by its members with respect to the allocation of Holdings LLC’s income.

Funds used by Holdings LLC to satisfy its tax distribution obligations will generally not be available for reinvestment in its business and these the tax distributions Holdings LLC will be required to make may be substantial.

As a result of potential differences in the amount of net taxable income allocable to us and to other members of Holdings LLC, as well as the use of an assumed tax rate in calculating Holdings LLC’s Tax Distribution obligations, we may receive distributions significantly in excess of our tax liabilities and obligations to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. We may choose to manage these excess distributions through a number of different approaches, including through the payment of dividends to our holders of Class A Common Stock or by applying them to other corporate purposes.

The IRS might challenge the tax basis step-ups and other tax benefits we receive in connection with the Business Combination and the related transactions and in connection with future acquisitions of Class B Units.

The Rubicon Continuing Unitholders may exchange Class B Units for shares of our Class A Common Stock in the future or, at the election of Rubicon in its sole discretion, for cash. The Blocker Mergers and exchanges by Rubicon Continuing Unitholders in the future may result in increases in the tax basis of the assets of Holdings LLC that otherwise would not have been available. These increases in tax basis are expected to increase, or deemed to increase (for U.S. tax purposes) Rubicon’s depreciation and amortization and, together with other tax benefits, reduce the amount of tax that Rubicon would otherwise be required to pay, although it is possible that the IRS might challenge all or part of these tax basis increases or other tax benefits, and a court might sustain such a challenge. Rubicon’s ability to achieve benefits from any tax basis increases or other tax benefits will depend upon a number of factors, as discussed below, including the timing and amount of our future income. We will not be reimbursed for any payments previously made under the Tax Receivable Agreement if the basis increases or other tax benefits described above are successfully challenged by the IRS or another taxing authority (other than by an off-set against future payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement). As a result, in certain circumstances, payments could be made under the Tax Receivable Agreement in excess of our ultimate cash tax savings.

We may incur tax and other liabilities attributable to Blocked Unitholders as a result of certain reorganization transactions.

In connection with the Blocker Mergers, Rubicon issued Blocked Unitholders shares of Class A Common Stock as merger consideration. As the successor to these merged entities, Rubicon generally will succeed to and be responsible for any outstanding or historical tax or other liabilities of the Blocker Companies, including any liabilities incurred as a result of the Blocker Mergers. Any such liabilities for which Rubicon is responsible could have an adverse effect on our liquidity and financial condition.

Future changes to tax laws or our effective tax rate could materially and adversely affect our company and reduce net returns to our stockholders.

Our tax treatment is subject to the enactment of, or changes in, tax laws, regulations and treaties, or the interpretation thereof, tax policy initiatives and reforms under consideration and the practices of tax authorities in various jurisdictions, all of which could change on a prospective or retroactive basis. Such changes may include (but are not limited to) the taxation of operating income, investment income, dividends received or (in the specific context of withholding tax) dividends paid, or the taxation of partnerships and other passthrough entities. We are unable to predict what tax reform may be proposed or enacted in the future or what effect such changes would have on our business, but such changes, to the extent they are brought into tax legislation, regulations, policies or practices, could affect our financial position and overall or effective tax rates in the future, reduce post-tax returns to our stockholders, and increase the complexity, burden and cost of tax compliance.

Our businesses are subject to income taxation in the United States. Tax rates at the federal, state and local levels in the United States may be subject to significant change. If our effective tax rate increases, our operating results and cash flow could be adversely affected. Our effective income tax rate can vary significantly between periods due to a number of complex factors, including projected levels of taxable income in each jurisdiction, tax audits conducted and settled by various tax authorities, and adjustments to income taxes upon finalization of income tax returns.

We may be required to pay additional taxes because of the U.S. federal partnership audit rules and potentially also state and local tax rules.

Under the U.S. federal partnership audit rules, subject to certain exceptions, audit adjustments to items of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit of an entity (and any holder’s share thereof) are determined, and taxes, interest, and penalties attributable thereto, are assessed and collected at the entity level. Holdings LLC (or any of its applicable subsidiaries or other entities in which Holdings LLC directly or indirectly invests that are classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes) may be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties as a result of an audit adjustment, and Rubicon, as a member of Holdings LLC (or such other entities), could be required to indirectly bear the economic burden of those taxes, interest, and penalties even though we may not otherwise have been required to pay additional corporate-level taxes as a result of the related audit adjustment. Audit adjustments for state or local tax purposes similarly could result in Holdings LLC (or any of its applicable subsidiaries or other entities in which Holdings LLC directly or indirectly invests) being required to pay or indirectly bear the economic burden of state or local taxes and associated interest and penalties.

Under certain circumstances, Holdings LLC or an entity in which Holdings LLC directly or indirectly invests may be eligible to make an election to cause members of Holdings LLC (or such other entity) to take into account the amount of any understatement, including any interest and penalties, in accordance with such member’s share in Holdings LLC in the year under audit. We will decide whether or not to cause Holdings LLC to make this election (subject to the terms of the A&R LLCA); however, there are circumstances in which the election may not be available and, in the case of an entity in which Holdings LLC directly or indirectly invests, such decision may be outside of our control. If Holdings LLC or an entity in which Holdings LLC directly or indirectly invests does not make this election, the then-current members of Holdings LLC (including Rubicon) could economically bear the burden of the understatement.

If Holdings LLC were to become a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, Rubicon and Holdings LLC might be subject to potentially significant tax inefficiencies, and Rubicon would not be able to recover payments previously made by it under the Tax Receivable Agreement, even if the corresponding tax benefits were subsequently determined to have been unavailable due to such status.

We intend to operate such that Holdings LLC does not become a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A “publicly traded partnership” is an entity that otherwise would be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the interests of which are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof. From time to time the U.S. Congress has considered legislation to change the tax treatment of partnerships and there can be no assurance that any such legislation will not be enacted or if enacted will not be adverse to us.

If Holdings LLC were to become a publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, significant tax inefficiencies might result for Rubicon and Holdings LLC, including as a result of Rubicon’s inability to file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return with Holdings LLC. In addition, Rubicon may not be able to realize tax benefits covered under the Tax Receivable Agreement and would not be able to recover any payments previously made by it under the Tax Receivable Agreement, even if the corresponding tax benefits (including any claimed increase in the tax basis of Holdings LLC’s assets) were subsequently determined to have been unavailable.

Item1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item1C. Cybersecurity.

Cybersecurity, Risk Management, and Strategy

Rubicon recognizes the importance of identifying, assessing, and managing risks associated with cybersecurity threats. Rubicon’s approach to risk management starts with assessing the likelihood and impact of a potential or known risk. Rubicon focuses on substantiating each identified risk by classifying its risk rating and residual risk, followed by categorizing the risk with two (2) additional criteria.  First, we assess if the risk is related to our overall cybersecurity program, business continuity, privacy compliance, or financial risk. Second, we designate a strategy for each identified risk, including acceptance, avoidance, transference, and mitigation.

Rubicon’s cybersecurity program is built around the Service Organization Control Type 2 (SOC 2) standards established by the Assurance Services Executive Committee (ASEC) of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). The cybersecurity program is independently assessed through the SOC 2 audit process. Additionally, we have developed and implemented a Business Continuity Management System (BCMS) which has been certified against the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 22301:2019 standard. Rubicon’s program encompasses a series of policies and controls to prevent, detect, and respond to threats and incidents. Policies and controls include, but are not limited to, identity access management, employee awareness and training, change management, privacy, continuity and resiliency, incident management, security operations, endpoint security, data classification and handling, and third-party risk management.

Additionally, Rubicon employs the use of third-party services to support continuous cybersecurity and network monitoring. Specifically, these third-parties provide managed detection and response, as well as incident response and readiness services. The cybersecurity team manages routine internal auditing, penetration testing, vulnerability scanning, exercising and training, third-party assessments, and policy enforcement.

Governance

Rubicon’s Board of Directors, through the Audit Committee, is responsible for the independent oversight of Rubicon’s cybersecurity program. The duties and responsibilities of the Audit Committee can be found in the Audit Committee Charter, which is located on our investor relations website. Members of the management team report to the Audit Committee, which reports to the entire Board of Directors about cybersecurity risk at least annually. In addition, in accordance with Rubicon’s incident response procedures, the Board of Directors is informed of any potentially material cybersecurity incidents upon discovery and classification of a cyber incident if the incident meets Priority One Status (“P1”) and has potential for data loss, loss of service(s) greater than that of any defined service level agreement, or may or does require breach notification. All lower level incidents are reported annually, or as needed to the Audit Committee.

Rubicon’s cybersecurity program is managed by a dedicated team lead by our Vice President of Cybersecurity, who is responsible for deploying and maintaining cybersecurity operations through the use of people, processes, and technology. Rubicon’s cybersecurity team leverages industry standards and industry-recognized best practices. Any incident, either assumed or actual, is escalated for further review as soon as practicable, and then reported to designated members of the executive leadership team pursuant to Rubicon’s established incident management procedures.

Our designated Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO") is responsible for overseeing the performance of our cybersecurity program in partnership with our Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"). Our Vice President of Cybersecurity reports to the CISO. The CISO and CEO receive routine updates regarding current operations, threats, and industry trends. Findings from independent auditors as well as findings from internal audits and any penetration testing are presented to the CISO and CEO and corrective action is prioritized, where applicable.  

In 2023, Rubicon did not identify any cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our strategies, operations, or financial condition. Rubicon cannot eliminate all risks from cybersecurity threats or other related risks or provide guarantees or assurances that we have not experienced undetected cybersecurity incidents. To that end, however, we believe cybersecurity is the responsibility of all related parties to our business.

Item2. Properties.

While most of our employee base operates remotely, we maintain three facilities for operations: our corporate headquarters are in New York, New York and we maintain offices in Atlanta, Georgia and Tinton Falls, New Jersey. We lease all our facilities. We believe that our current office space and facilities are adequate to meet our current needs.

Item3. Legal Proceedings.

In the ordinary course of business, we are or may be involved in various legal or regulatory proceedings, claims or purported class actions related to alleged infringement of third-party patents and other intellectual property rights, commercial, corporate and securities, labor and employment, wage and hour and other claims. In management’s opinion, resolution of all current matters is not expected to have a material adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations, cash flows or financial position.

Item4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

PART II

Item5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information

Our Class A Common Stock is currently traded on the NYSE under the symbols “RBT”.

Holders

As of March 28, 2024, there were 97 holders of record of our Class A Common Stock and 45 holders of record of our Class V Common Stock. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of record holders, and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners, but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.

Dividend Policy

We have not paid any cash or stock dividends on Common Stock to date. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition. The payment of any cash dividends will be within the discretion of the Board, subject to restrictions under Delaware law. The Company’s ability to declare dividends will also be limited by restrictive covenants pursuant to existing and any future debt financing.

Issuer Purchase of Equity Securities

There were no issuer purchases of equity securities of the Company during the three months ended December 31, 2023.

Unregistered Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Except as previously disclosed in a Current Report on Form 8-K, no unregistered sales of the Company’s equity securities were made during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Item6. [Reserved]

Item7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations of Rubicon Technologies, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Rubicon,”“we,”“us,” and “our”), should be read together with our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form10-K. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements. Words such2023, as “expect,”“believe,”“anticipate,”“intend,”“estimate,”“seek” and variations and similar words and expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements relate to future events or future performance, but reflect management’s current beliefs, based on information currently available. Our actual results may differ significantly from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause future results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this report. We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements except as required by law.

Overview

We are a digital marketplace for waste and recycling services. Underpinning this marketplace is a cutting-edge, modular platform that powers a modern, digital experience and delivers data-driven insights and transparency for our customers and hauling and recycling partners. We provide our waste generator customers with a platform that delivers pricing transparency, self-service capabilities, and a seamless customer experience while helping them achieve their environmental goals; we enhance our hauling and recycling partners’ economic opportunities and help them optimize their businesses; and we help governments provide more advanced waste and recycling services that allow them to serve their local communities more effectively.

Over the past decade, this value proposition has allowed us to scale our platform considerably. Our digital marketplace now services over 8,000 customers, including numerous large, blue-chip customers such as Apple, Dollar General, Starbucks, Walmart, Chipotle, and FedEx, and encompasses over 8,000 hauling and recycling partners across North America. We have also deployed our technology in over 100 municipalities within the United States and operate in 20 countries. Furthermore, we have secured a robust portfolio of intellectual property, having been awarded more than 60 patents and 15 trademarks.

We operate as one segment. See Note 1, Nature of operations and summary of significant accounting policies, to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for our discussion about segments.

Recent Developments

Reverse Stock Split

On September 26, 2023, we effected a reverse stock split of our outstanding shares of voting common stock at a ratio of one-for-eight (1:8) pursuant to a Certificate of Amendment to our Certificate of Incorporationoriginally filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware. The reverse stock split was reflected on the NYSE beginning with the opening of trading on September 27, 2023. Pursuant to the reverse stock split, every eight shares of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock were automatically combined into one issued and outstanding share of common stock, without any change in the number of authorized shares or the par value per share of the common stock. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the reverse stock split. Any stockholder who would otherwise be entitled to receive a fractional share instead became entitled to receive one whole share of common stock in lieu of such fractional share. Equitable adjustments corresponding to the reverse stock split ratio were made to all (i) issued and outstanding shares of all other classes of stock of Rubicon, (ii) the exercise prices of and number of shares of common stock underlying Rubicon’s public and private warrants, (iii) the number of shares of common stock underlying Rubicon’s outstanding equity awards, and (iv) the number of shares of common stock issuable under Rubicon’s equity incentive plan. All share and per share amounts of the common stock included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, have been retrospectively adjusted to give effect to the reverse stock split for all periods presented, including reclassifying an amount equal to the reduction in par value to additional paid-in capital.

Yorkville SPA

On November 30, 2022, we entered into a security purchase agreement with the Yorkville Investor (the “YA SPA”), whereby we agreed to issue and sell to the Yorkville Investor (i) convertible debentures (the “YA Convertible Debentures”) in the aggregate principal amount of up to $17.0 million, which are convertible into Class A Common Stock (the “YA Conversion Shares”), and (ii) a pre-funded warrant (the “YA Warrant”), which is exercisable for $20.0 million of Class A Common Stock (the “YA Warrant Shares”), on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein.

On November 30, 2022, upon signing the YA SPA, we (i) issued and sold to the Yorkville Investor (a) a convertible debenture in the principal amount of $7.0 million for a purchase price of $7.0 million (the “First YA Convertible Debenture) and (b) the YA Warrant for a pre-funded purchase price of $6.0 million, and (ii) paid the Yorkville Investor a commitment fee in the amount of $2.0 million, with such amount being deducted from the proceeds of the First YA Convertible Debenture. Pursuant to the YA SPA, the parties further agreed that we would issue and sell to the Yorkville Investor and the Yorkville Investor would purchase from us another convertible debenture in the principal amount of $10.0 million for a purchase price of $10.0 million (the “Second YA Convertible Debenture”), upon the satisfaction of certain conditions defined in the YA SPA. On February 3, 2023, following satisfaction of these conditions, we issued and sold to the Yorkville Investor the Second YA Convertible Debenture in the principal amount of $10.0 million for a purchase price of $10.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Yorkville Investor converted $11.4 million of the principal and $0.3 million of the accrued interest of the YA Convertible Debentures to Class A Common Stock.

On August 8, 2023, the Yorkville Investor assigned the YA Convertible Debentures to Rubicon’s certain existing investors affiliated with Andres Chico and Jose Miguel Enrich. Subsequently, the assignees and we entered into an amendment to the debentures, which (a) extended the maturity date to December 1, 2026, (b) modified the fixed conversion price to $12.00 and (c) removed restrictions on the assignees’ ability to convert any portion of Convertible Debentures or receive shares of Class A Common Stock if it would result in (i) the assignees beneficially owning in excess of 4.99% of the Company’s Class A Common Stock and (ii) the greater of (A) 25.0% of the dollar trading volume of the shares of Class A Common Stock during any calendar month or (B) $3.0 million in any calendar month. On August 25, 2023, the assignees converted the remaining principal and accrued and unpaid interests to Class A Common Stock for full and final settlement of the YA Convertible Debentures.

On February 28, 2024, the number of Class A Common Stock shares the YA Warrant is exercisable for was set and as of March 28, 2024, 14,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock remained to be exercised.

See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt”and “—Other Financing Arrangements” below.

Insider SPAs

On December 16, 2022, we entered into a security purchase agreement (the “First Closing Insider SPA”) with various investors comprised of certain members of Rubicon’s management team and board of directors (the “First Closing Insider Investors”). Pursuant to the First Closing Insider SPA, on December 31, 2022, the First Closing Insider Investors purchased convertible debentures in the aggregate principal amount of $11.9 million and purchase price of $10.5 million (the “First Closing Insider Convertible Debentures”). The First Closing Insider SPA contained customary representations, warranties, and covenants for the sale and purchase of the First Closing Insider Convertible Debentures. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Other Financing Arrangements” below for additional information.

On February 1, 2023, we entered into a security purchase agreement (the “Second Closing Insider SPA”) with various third parties and Guardians of New Zealand Superannuation, a beneficial owner of greater than 10% of the issued and outstanding Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock (the “Second Closing Insider Investors”). Pursuant to the Second Closing Insider SPA, on February 1, 2023, the Second Closing Insider Investors purchased convertible debentures in the aggregate principal amount of $6.5 million and purchase price of $5.7 million (the “Second Closing Insider Convertible Debentures”, and together with the the First Closing Insider Convertible Debentures, the “Insider Convertible Debentures”). The Second Closing Insider SPA contained customary representations, warranties, and covenants for the sale and purchase of the Second Closing Insider Convertible Debentures.

In June and July 2023, we entered into amendments to the Insider Convertible Debentures, which extended their maturity date to December 1, 2026 and modified. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt” below.

Rodina Note

On February 2, 2023, we issued an unsecured promissory note to CHPAF Holdings SAPI de CV (“Rodina”), an affiliate of Andres Chico, the chairman of the Company’s board of directors, and Jose Miguel Enrich, a beneficial owner of greater than 10% of the issued and outstanding Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock, in the amount of $3.0 million (the “Rodina Note”). The Rodina Note accrues interest at an annual rate of 16.0% and matures on July 1, 2024. On May 19, 2023, we entered into a loan conversion agreement to convert the principal and accrued interest of the Rodina Note to Class A Common Stock. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt” below.

Chico PIPE Agreements

On March 16, 2023, we entered into subscription agreements (the “Chico PIPE Agreements”) with Jose Miguel Enrich, Felipe Chico Hernandez, and Andres Chico, pursuant to which Rubicon issued 1,222,222 shares of Class A Common Stock to each purchaser in exchange for the total purchase price of $1.1 million. The Chico PIPE Agreements include resale restrictions in addition to customary terms, representations, and warranties. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Other Financing Arrangements” below.

May2023 Equity Agreements

In May 2023, we entered into subscription agreements (the “May 2023 Equity Agreements”) with various investors, including certain entities affiliated with Andres Chico and Jose Miguel Enrich, pursuant to which Rubicon is to issue shares of Class A Common Stock to each purchaser in exchange for the total purchase price of at least $13.7 million. The May 2023 Equity Agreements include resale restrictions in addition to customary terms, representations, and warranties. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Other Financing Arrangements” below.

June2023 Refinancing

On June 7, 2023, we entered into a $90.0 million June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility, a $75.0 million June 2023 Term Loan agreements and an amendment to the $20.0 million Subordinated Term Loan agreement. Concurrently, we repaid the Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan and terminated the related agreements. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt” below.

SEPA

On August 31, 2022, we entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (the “SEPA”) with YA II PN, Ltd. (the “Yorkville Investor”) pursuant to which (a) we issued to the Yorkville Investor 200,000 shares of Class A Common Stock represented an initial up-front commitment fee, and (b) assuming satisfaction of certain conditions and subject to the limitations set forth in the SEPA, we have the right, from time to time to issue and sell to the Yorkville Investor up to $200.0 million in shares of Class A Common Stock until the earlier of September 1, 2025 (the first day of the month next following the 36-month anniversary of the date of the SEPA) or the date on which the facility has been fully utilized.

On August 18, 2023, the Yorkville Investor and we agreed to terminate the SEPA without any further liability to either party under the facility. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Other Financing Arrangements” below.

Cantor Sales Agreement

On September 5, 2023, we entered into a Controlled Equity Offering Sales Agreement (the “Cantor Sales Agreement”) with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (“Cantor”) pursuant to which we may offer and sell, from time to time through Cantor, shares of Class A Common Stock for aggregate gross proceeds up to $50.0 million. We have no obligation to sell any shares of Class A Common Stock under the Cantor Sales Agreement. Cantor will act as sales agent and use commercially reasonable efforts to sell on our behalf all of the shares of Class A Common Stock requested to be sold by us. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Other Financing Arrangements” below.

September2023 Rodina Letter of Credit

On September 22, 2023, an entity affiliated with Andres Chico and Jose Miguel Enrich issued the September 2023 Rodina Letter of Credit to the lender of the June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility on behalf of Rubicon, which increased our borrowing base collateral under the facility by $15.0 million. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Debt” below.

Delisting of the Public Warrants

On October 16, 2023, the NYSE notified Rubicon, and publicly announced, that the NYSE has determined to (a) commence proceedings to delist the Public Warrants and (b) immediately suspend trading of the Public Warrants due to “abnormally low” trading price levels pursuant to Section 802.01D of the NYSE Listed Company Manual. We did not appeal the NYSE’s determination. On October 31, 2023, the NYSE issued a notification to the SEC of its intention to remove the Public Warrants from listing and registration on the NYSE on November 13, 2023, pursuant to the provisions of Rule 12d2-2(b) under the Exchange Act.

Notice from the NYSE

On March 18, 2024, Rubicon received written notice (the “Notice”) from the NYSE that it was not in compliance with the continued listing standard set forth in section 802.01B of the NYSE Listed Company Manual (the “Minimum Market Capitalization Standard”) because its average global market capitalization over a consecutive 30 trading-day period was less than $50.0 million and, at the same time, its last reported stockholders’ equity was less than $50.0 million. Rubicon also no longer satisfies the continued listing compliance standard set forth in Section 802.01C of the NYSE Listed Company Manual (the “Minimum Stock Price Standard”) because the average closing price of Rubicon’s Class A common stock was less than $1.00 per share over a consecutive 30 trading-day period. Under Section 802.02 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, Rubicon has 45 days from the receipt of the Notice to submit a plan advising the NYSE of definitive action the Company has taken, or is taking, which would bring the Company into compliance with the Minimum Market Capitalization Standard within 18 months of receipt of the Notice (the “Market Capitalization Cure Period”). We intend to develop and submit a plan (the “Plan”) to bring it into compliance with the Minimum Market Capitalization Standard within the required time frame by pursuing measures that are in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders. The NYSE will review the Plan and determine whether we have made a reasonable demonstration of an ability to conform to the relevant standards during the Market Capitalization Cure Period. If the Plan is not submitted on a timely basis, is not accepted by the NYSE or if the NYSE determines that we are not making sufficient progress on the Plan during the Market Capitalization Cure Period, the NYSE could initiate suspension and delisting proceedings prior to the end of the Market Capitalization Cure Period. Under Section 802.01C of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, we have six months from receipt of the Notice to regain compliance with the Minimum Stock Price Standard (the “Share Price Cure Period”). In order to regain compliance with the Minimum Stock Price Standard, on the last trading day in any calendar month during the Share Price Cure Period, our Class A common stock must have: (i) a closing price of at least $1.00 per share; and (ii) an average closing price of at least $1.00 per share over the 30 trading-day period ending on the last trading day of such month. Under the NYSE rules, our Class A common stock will continue to be listed and traded on the NYSE during the independent cure periods outlined above, subject to our compliance with other continued listing requirements. The current noncompliance with the NYSE listing standards does not affect Rubicon’s ongoing business operations or its U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission reporting requirements.

Key Factors Affecting Our Performance

Financial results from our operations and the growth and future success of our business are dependent upon many factors. While each of these factors presents significant opportunities for us, these factors also pose challenges that we must successfully address to sustain and grow our business. See also “—Key Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for a discussion of key business and non-GAAP metrics that we use to help manage and evaluate our business, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, and make strategic decisions.

Industry trends and customers preference

The waste and recycling industry is highly regulated and complex, and public policy is increasingly focused(the “SEC”) on improving diversion from landfills and reducing emissions. Current policies tend to encourage and reward reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, and many major cities in the United States have promulgated climate action plans committing to achieve emissions reductions. Additionally, the waste generators’ awareness of benefits achieved by improved diversion from landfills has been increasing which we believe is and will continue driving preference for recycling over landfills. We view these trends as an opportunity to accelerate the growth of our business, including our revenue and profitability.

Commodity nature of our recycling program

Through our recycling program, we market a variety of materials, including fibers such as old corrugated cardboard, old newsprint, aluminum, glass, pallets and other materials. Currently, old corrugated cardboard is the most significant material in our recycling program. Our recyclable commodity revenue is influenced by fluctuations in prices of the recyclable commodities. Periods of increasing prices generally provide the opportunity for higher revenue while periods of declining prices may result in declines in sales. For the reporting periods, the trend of the recyclable commodity prices was generally downward and contributed to lower recyclable commodity revenue in more recent periods. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our recyclable commodity revenue was $52.9 million and $85.6 million, respectively.

See the sections titled “Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this report for further discussion regarding recyclable commodity price risk.

Investment in products

We are actively investing in our business to support future growth and we expect this investment to continue. We have built a leading cloud-based digital marketplace that provides a transformational customer experience through an easy-to-use interface, where customers can manage services, track invoices, and view environmental outcomes. We believe that our platform is highly differentiated, and we expect to continue to invest in product development to further develop and enhance our platform’s features and functionality to further extend the adoption of our platform. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our product development cost was $29.6 million and $37.5 million, respectively. While we continue to invest in product development, we are focusing on operational efficiencies and cost reduction measures, such as rationalizing redundancies across the organization. We expect product development costs to stay consistent as a percentage of total revenue in the next 12 months.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We generate our revenue from waste removal, waste management and consultation services, platform subscriptions, and the sale of recyclable commodities.

Service revenue:

Service revenues are comprised of waste removal and consultation services provided to customers for waste, recycling and logistics solutions. Services include planning, consolidation of billing and administration, cost savings analyses, vendor procurement and performance management, and a suite of solutions providing insights into the customers’ waste streams.

Recyclable commodity revenue:

We recognize recyclable commodity revenue through the sale of old corrugated cardboard OCC, old newsprint ("ONP"), aluminum, glass, pallets and other recyclable materials.

Cost of revenue, exclusive of amortization and depreciation

Cost of service revenues primarily consists of expenses related to delivering our service and providing support, including third-party hauler costs, costs of data center capacity, certain fees paid to various third parties for the use of their technology, services and data, and employee-related costs such as salaries and benefits. Cost of recyclable commodity revenues is comprised of expenses related to purchases of recyclable materials and any associated transportation fees.

As part of our services, we work with our customers to locate opportunities to reduce waste volume and service frequency with the intention to reduce costs for the customers which in turn leads to reduced costs for us. We are typically entitled to bill for a portion of such savings the customers realize as a result of our services in accordance with the terms of our customer contracts.

Sales and marketing

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses, benefits and other incentives to our sales and marketing personnel, advertising expenses, digital marketing expenses, sales commissions and other promotional expenditures.

Product development

Product development expenses consist primarily of compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses and other benefits to our product development team, contract labor expenses and fees for software licenses, consulting, legal, and other services.

General and administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and benefits related costs, including equity-based compensation expense for our general corporate functions. General and administrative costs also consist of third-party professional service fees for external legal, accounting, and other consulting services, insurance charges, hosting fees and overhead costs.

We expect that general and administrative expenses will decrease as a percentage of total revenues over the next several years as a result of our increased focus on operational efficiencies and planned cost reduction measures across the organization. We are working to eliminate redundancies across the organization, which were a byproduct of our growth and expansion phase the past few years. However, we expect certain incremental costs to incur as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to companies listed on a national securities exchange and expenses related to compliance and reporting obligations pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC.

Gain on settlement of incentive compensation

Gain on settlement of incentive compensation consists of a gain from settlements of the management rollover bonuses in connection with the mergers with Founder SPAC (the “Mergers”).

Amortization and depreciation

Amortization and depreciation consist of all depreciation and amortization expenses associated with our property and equipment, acquired intangible assets and customer acquisition costs.

Interest expense

Interest expense consists primarily of interest expense associated with our outstanding debt, including accretion of debt issuance costs.

Results of Operations

The following tables show our results of operations for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparison of financial results is not necessarily indicative of future results.

Comparison of years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

NM – not meaningful

Revenue

Total revenue increased by $22.2 million, or 3.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Service revenue increased by $54.8 million, or 9.3%, primarily due to a combination of increased service levels and volumes for existing customers in the amount of $70.8 million, and increased prices for existing customers in the amount of $23.6 million, sales to new customers in the amount of $10.5 million, which was partially offset by customer attrition of $50.0 million.

Revenues from sales of recyclable commodities decreased by $32.6 million, or 38.1%, primarily due to the decrease in prices for recyclable commodities in the amount of $24.7 million and the customer cancellation of $8.0 million.

Cost of revenue, exclusive of amortization and depreciation

Total cost of revenue decreased by $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Cost of service revenue increased by $31.2 million, or 5.5%, primarily due to an increase in hauling-related costs corresponding to the service revenue increase as a result of service level increases to existing customers by $61.6 million and new customers by $7.1 million as well as price increase by $16.2 million, but this increase was partially offset by reduced hauling-related costs by $49.3 million due to customer attrition and $4.6 million decrease in employee payroll expenses.

Cost of recyclable commodity revenue decreased by $31.4 million, or 40.2%, primarily due to customer attrition of $15.6 million, a decrease in the recyclable commodity prices, which reduced the cost of recyclable commodity revenue by $13.7 million, and a reduction in volume of $2.4 million.

Sales and marketing

Sales and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased $4.4 million, or 27.5% compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $2.2 million decrease in sales and marketing activities including costs for demand generation, campaigns, contents and events, a $1.4 million decrease in payroll related costs such as salaries, wages, bonuses and incentives mainly due to lower headcount, and a $0.8 million decrease in professional and consulting service fees. These decreases were primarily as a result of the cost reduction initiatives continued throughout 2023.

Product development

Product development expenses decreased by $7.8 million, or 20.8%, for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to lower payroll related costs, including salaries, wages, bonuses and incentives of $4.3 million mainly driven by reduced headcount and a $3.1 million decrease in third party software development costs.

We expect the product development cost to be at a similar level to 2023 over the next twelve months. A significant component of the product development is expected to be a software subscription costs with a certain PIPE Investor, which provides advanced data analytics capabilities to enhance the data security, visibility, models, and algorithms of our digital platform. See “—Contractual Obligations” below for further information regarding the software services subscription.

General and administrative

General and administrative expenses decreased by $168.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $169.4 million decrease in payroll related costs, including a decrease in incentives and stock-based compensation expense by $160.8 million mainly driven by higher costs in 2022 as a result of the consummation of the Mergers and a $8.5 million decrease in salaries, wages, bonuses and employee payroll tax expense mainly due to lower headcount, a $8.0 million decrease in professional and consulting services costs, partially offset by a higher bad debt reserve by $4.8 million and severance pay by $3.9 million.

Amortization and depreciation

Amortization and depreciation expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased $0.5 million, or 9.4%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. This fluctuation was primarily driven by a decrease in amortization of customer acquisition costs and office lease modification and termination.

Other income (expense)

Other expense increased by $18.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to a lower gain on change in fair value of earn-out liabilities by $63.0 million, a $19.6 million increase in interest expense due to higher borrowings under the revolving line of credit and other debt obligations as well as higher interest rates (see “Debt” section), a $18.2 million loss on extinguishment of debt obligations (see “Debt” section) and a lower gain on service fee settlements in connection with the Mergers by $5.1 million, partially offset by a lower loss on change in fair value of derivatives by $68.3 million, a $14.0 million loss on issuance of a pre-funded warrant and a $0.8 million loss on issuance of a Simple Agreement for Future Equity, both incurred during 2022 but did not repeat in 2023, and a $3.8 million increase in gain on change in fair value of warrant liabilities.

Income tax (benefit) expense

Income tax (benefit)expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 was relatively unchanged compared to to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Key Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to the measures presented in our audited consolidated financial statements, we use the following key business and non-GAAP metrics to help us evaluate our business, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, and make strategic decisions.

Revenue net retention

We believe our ability to retain customers is an indicator of the stability of our revenue base and the long-term value of our customer relationships. We calculate revenue net retention as a year-over-year comparison that measures the percentage of revenue recognized in the current quarter from customers retained from the corresponding quarter in the prior year. We believe that our revenue net retention rate is an important metric to measure overall client satisfaction and the general quality of our service offerings as it is a composition of revenue expansion or contraction within our customer accounts.

Our revenue net retention rate was 100.7% and 96.9% as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Adjusted gross profit and adjusted gross profit margin

Adjusted gross profit is a non-GAAP financial measure which is calculated by adding back amortization and depreciation for revenue generating activities and platform support costs to GAAP gross profit, the most comparable GAAP measurement. Adjusted gross profit margin is calculated as adjusted gross profit divided by total GAAP revenue.

We believe adjusted gross profit and adjusted gross profit margin are important measures and useful to investors because they show the progress in scaling our digital platform by quantifying the markup and margin we charge our customers that are incremental to our marketplace vendor costs. These measures demonstrate this progress because changes in these measures are driven primarily by our ability to optimize services for our customers, improve our hauling and recycling partners’ efficiency and achieve economies of scale on both sides of the marketplace. Our management team uses these non-GAAP measures as one of the means to evaluate the profitability of our customer accounts, exclusive of certain costs that are generally fixed in nature, and to assess how successful we are in achieving our pricing strategies. However, it is important to note that other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate and use these measures differently or not at all, which may reduce their usefulness as a comparative measure. Further, these measures should not be read in isolation from or without reference to our results prepared in accordance with GAAP.

The following table shows the calculation of GAAP gross profit and a reconciliation of (i) GAAP gross profit to non-GAAP adjusted gross profit and GAAP gross profit margin to non-GAAP adjusted gross profit margin, (ii) amortization and depreciation for revenue generating activities to total amortization and depreciation and (iii) platform support costs to total cost of revenue (exclusive of amortization and depreciation) for each of the periods presented:

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and GAAP net loss is its most comparable GAAP measurement. We define adjusted EBITDA as GAAP net loss adjusted to exclude interest expense and income, income tax expense and benefit, amortization and depreciation, gain or loss on extinguishment of debt obligations, equity-based compensation, phantom unit expense, gain or loss on change in fair value of warrant liabilities, gain or loss on change in fair value of earn-out liabilities, gain or loss on change in fair value of derivatives, executive severance charges, gain or loss on settlement of the management rollover bonuses, excess fair value over the consideration received for SAFE, excess fair value over the consideration received for pre-funded warrant, gain or loss on service fee settlements in connection with the Mergers, other non-operating income and expenses, and unique non-recurring income and expenses.

We have included adjusted EBITDA because it is a key measure used by our management team to evaluate our operating performance, generate future operating plans, and make strategic decisions, including those relating to operating expenses. Further, we believe it is helpful in highlighting trends in our operating results because it allows for more consistent comparisons of financial performance between periods by excluding gains and losses that are non-operational in nature or outside the control of management, as well as items that may differ significantly depending on long-term strategic decisions regarding capital structure, the tax jurisdictions in which we operate and capital investments. It is also often used by analysts, investors and other interested parties in evaluating and comparing our results to other companies within our industry. Accordingly, we believe that adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management team and board of directors.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of net loss or our other results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, to adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods presented:

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity describes the ability of a company to generate sufficient cash flows in the short- and long-term to meet the cash requirements of its business operations, including working capital needs, debt service, acquisitions and investments, and other commitments and contractual obligations. We consider liquidity in terms of cash flows from operations and other sources, and their sufficiency to fund our operating and investing activities.

Our principal sources of liquidity have been borrowings under our credit facilities, proceeds from the issuance of equity and warrant exercises and cash generated by operating activities. More recently, we entered into the June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility, the June 2023 Term Loan, the May 2023 Equity Agreements and the Cantor Sales Agreement to provide additional liquidity. Additionally, we have amended the Subordinated Term Loan and the Insider Convertible Debentures to extend their maturity dates, the Rodina Note and the YA Convertible Debentures have been fully converted to Class A Common Stock (see Note 5 – Debt to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report) and our software subscription agreement with a certain PIPE Investor was amended to reduce the amount of cash payments and terminated the lease agreement for one of the office facilities and amended another to reduce future liquidity needs (see “—Contractual Obligations” below). We have also been working to execute various initiatives to modify its operations to further reduce spending and improve cash flow. Initiatives we have undertaken during 2023 include (i) increased focus on operational efficiencies and cost reduction measures, (ii) eliminating redundancies that have been the byproduct of our recent growth and expansion, (iii) evaluating our portfolio and less profitable accounts to better ensure we are deploying resources efficiently, and (iv) exercising strict capital discipline for future investments, such as requiring investments to meet minimum hurdle rates. Our primary cash needs are for day-to-day operations, to fund working capital requirements, to fund our growth strategy, and to pay interest and principal on our indebtedness.

Our principal uses of cash in recent periods have been funding operations and servicing debts. Our long-term future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including revenue growth rate, achieving higher profitability on our revenue contracts, the timing and the amount of cash received from customers, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the timing and extent of spending to support investments, including research and development efforts, the continuing market adoption of our products, and the terms on which we raise additional liquidity.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, and in each fiscal year since the Company’s inception, we have incurred losses from operations and generated negative cash flows from operating activities. We also have negative working capital and stockholders’ deficit as of December 31, 2023. Our total current liabilities as of December 31, 2023 are $257.5 million.

As of December 31, 2023, cash and cash equivalents totaled $18.7 million, accounts receivable totaled $67.0 million and unbilled accounts receivable totaled $76.6 million. Availability under our June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility, which provided the ability to borrow up to $90.0 million, was $1.4 million. As of March 26, 2024, we had approximately $7.0 million in cash and cash equivalents and $6.1 million available under our June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility. Our outstanding indebtedness includes the June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility, the June 2023 Term Loan, the Subordinated Term Loan and the Insider Convertible Debentures under which the principal of $68.4 million, $89.2 million, $20.8 million and $19.9 million, respectively, were outstanding as of March 26, 2024. Pursuant to the Cantor Sales Agreement, we may offer and sell up to $50.0 million of shares of Class A Common Stock through Cantor. However, it is uncertain how quickly Cantor will be able to sell such shares of Class A Common Stock at the price we request to deliver additional liquidity.

We currently project that we will not have sufficient cash on hand or available liquidity under existing arrangements to meet our projected liquidity needs for the next 12 months. As a result, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. While we believe we will be able to obtain additional capital through debt or equity financing, including sales of Class A Common Stock under the Cantor Sales Agreement, we have obtained no firm commitment from current or prospective investors to date and no assurance can be provided that such facilities will be obtained or on terms that are acceptable to us within the necessary timeframe, if at all. Failure to secure sufficient additional funding in a timely matter or at all will impact our liquidity, including its ability to service its debt and other liabilities, and may require us to modify, delay, or abandon some of its planned future expansion or development, or to otherwise enact additional operating cost reductions available to management, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, and could force us to limit our business activities or discontinue our operations entirely.

If we raise funds by issuing equity securities, including under the Cantor Sales Agreement, dilution to stockholders will occur and may be substantial. Any equity securities issued may also provide for rights, preferences, or privileges senior to those of holders of common stock. If we raise funds by issuing debt securities, these debt securities could have rights, preferences, and privileges senior to those of common stockholders. The terms of debt securities or borrowings could impose significant restrictions on our operations and increase the cost of capital due to interest payment requirements. The capital markets have been very difficult and expensive to access in recent periods, which could impact the availability and cost of equity and debt financing. It is possible that we will not enter into all of financing contemplated and that no additional funding will be available at all in the capital markets. In addition, recent and any future increases in federal fund rates set by the Federal Reserve, which serve as a benchmark for rates on borrowing, will impact the cost and availability of debt financing.

We may receive additional capital from the cash exercise of the Public and Private Warrants. However, the exercise price of these warrants is $92.00 per warrant and the last reported sales price of our Class A Common Stock on March 27, 2024 was $0.42. The likelihood that warrant holders will exercise their warrants, and therefore the likelihood of any amount of cash proceeds that we may receive, is dependent upon the trading price of our Class A Common Stock and we do not currently expect to receive any cash proceeds from the exercise of these warrants in the short- to medium-term due to the trading price of our Class A Common Stock. If the trading price for our Class A Common Stock continues to be less than $92.00 per share, we do not expect the warrant holders to exercise their warrants. Similarly, these warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis and we will not receive any proceeds from such exercise, even if the warrants are in-the-money. We will have broad discretion over the use of any proceeds from the exercise of such securities. Any proceeds from the exercise of such securities would increase our liquidity, but we are not currently budgeting for any cash proceeds from the exercise of these warrants when planning for our operational funding needs.

See “—Contractual Obligations” below for a discussion of other obligations with respect to which we will be required to make significant future payments or under which we have significant financial contractual obligations.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:

Cash flows used in operating activities

Net cash used in operating activities decreased by $64.1 million to $66.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $131.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in cash used in operating activities was driven by:

Cash flows used in investing activities

Net cash used in investing activities decreased by $75.3 million to $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $76.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in cash used in investing activities was primarily driven by $74.7 million of payments made under the Forward Purchase Agreement and settlement of forward purchase option derivative during the year ended December 31, 2022that did not repeat in 2023. Cash used for property and equipment purchases also decreased by $0.6 million.

Cash flows from financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $76.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and $206.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 resulted primarily from proceeds of $86.2 million from new third party debt, $24.8 million from the issuance of common stock, $14.5 million from related party debt and $19.3 million net draws on the line of credit, offset in part by $53.5 million repayments of debt, $13.9 million of financing costs paid, and $1.1 million cash outflow for RSUs withheld to pay taxes.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 resulted primarily from proceeds from the Mergers of $196.8 million, net draws on our line of credit of $21.9 million, proceeds from new debt obligations of $10.5 million, proceeds of $8.0 million from the SAFE, and proceeds from the pre-funded warrant of $6.0 million, offset in part by $25.1 million payments for equity issuance costs, $6.0 million repayments of long-term debt, $4.0 million payments of financing costs, and $1.4 million paid for a loan commitment asset.

Tax Receivable Agreement

In connection with the consummation of the Mergers, Rubicon entered into the Tax Receivable Agreement with the TRA Holders, whereby Rubicon is obligated to pay to the TRA Holders 85% of certain of Rubicon’s realized (or in certain cases, deemed realized) tax savings as a result of certain tax benefits related to the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and future exchanges of Class B Units for Class A Common Stock or cash. Rubicon will benefit from the remaining 15% of such tax savings.

The actual future payments to the TRA Holders will vary, and estimating the amount of payments that may be made under the Tax Receivable Agreement is by its nature imprecise, insofar as the calculation of amounts payable depends on a variety of factors and future events. The actual future payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement are dependent on a number of factors, including the price of Class A Common Stock at the time of the exchange; the timing of future exchanges; the extent to which exchanges are taxable; the amount and timing of the utilization of tax attributes; the amount, timing and character of our income; the U.S. federal, state and local tax rates then applicable; the depreciation and amortization periods that apply to the increases in tax basis; the timing and amount of any earlier payments that we may have made under the TRA; and the portion of our payments under the TRA that constitutes imputed interest or gives rise to depreciable or amortizable tax basis.

A significant portion of any potential future payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement is anticipated to be payable over 15 years, consistent with the period over which the associated tax deductions would be realized by Rubicon, assuming Holdings LLC generates sufficient income to utilize the deductions. If sufficient income is not generated by Holdings LLC, the associated taxable income of Rubicon will be affected and the associated tax benefits to be realized will be limited, thereby similarly reducing the associated Tax Receivable Agreement payments to be made. We may however still need to seek additional sources of financing depending on the given circumstances at the time any payments will be made.

While many of the factors that will determine the amount of payments that Rubicon will make under the Tax Receivable Agreement are outside of its control, Rubicon expects that the payments it will make under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be substantial. Rubicon generally expects to fund such distributions out of available cash of Holdings LLC, and as a result, such payments will reduce the cash provided by the tax savings generated from the relevant transactions that would otherwise have been available to Rubicon and Holdings LLC for other uses, including repayment of debt, funding day-to-day operations, reinvestment in the business or returning capital to holders of Class A Common Stock in the form of dividends or otherwise.

Rubicon may incur significant costs in addition to the due course obligations arising under the Tax Receivable Agreement described above. In particular, in the event that (a) Rubicon undergoes certain change of control events (e.g., certain mergers, dispositions and other similar transactions), (b) there is a material uncured breach under the Tax Receivable Agreement, or (c) Rubicon elects to terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement early, in each case, Rubicon’s obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement would accelerate and become payable in a lump sum amount equal to the present value of the anticipated future tax savings calculated based on certain assumptions, as set forth in the Tax Receivable Agreement. In addition, the interest on the payments made pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement may significantly exceed Rubicon’s other costs of capital. In certain situations, including upon the occurrence of the events described above, Rubicon could be required to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement that exceed its actual cash savings, requiring it to seek funding from other sources, including incurring additional debt. Thus, Rubicon’s obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement could have a substantial negative effect on its financial condition and liquidity.

Despite these potential costs, we do not believe that that the Tax Receivable Agreement will be a material detriment to Rubicon’s and Holdings LLC’s future results of operations and liquidity, as any payments required under the Tax Receivable Agreement will arise directly from realized (or in certain cases, deemed realized) tax savings of Rubicon as a result of certain tax benefits related to the Mergers and future exchanges of Class B Units for Class A Common Stock or cash and are expected to be made in lieu of income taxes otherwise payable by Rubicon. Additionally, Rubicon will receive the benefit of 15% of any such tax savings.

Debt

On December 14, 2018, we entered into a Revolving Credit Facility, which was subsequently amended, and which provided for borrowings of up to $75.0 million with a maturity date of the earlier of (a) December 14, 2025, (b) the maturity of the Term Loan and (c) the maturity of the Subordinated Term Loan. On June 7, 2023, we fully prepaid the borrowing under the Revolving Credit Facility in the amount of $48.6 million and terminated the facility, resulting in $2.6 million of a loss on extinguishment of debt obligations.

On March 29, 2019, we entered into a Term Loan agreement, which was subsequently amended, and which provided for $60.0 million of term loan with a maturity date of May 23, 2024. On June 7, 2023, we fully prepaid the borrowing under the Term Loan in the amount of $40.5 million and terminated the facility, resulting in $2.5 million of a loss on extinguishment of debt obligations.

On December 22, 2021, we entered into a Subordinated Term Loan agreement which provides for $20.0 million of term loan secured by a third lien on all of our assets. As of December 31, 2023, the Subordinated Term Loan had a total principal of $20.7 million. The Subordinated Term Loan bore interest at 14% until the agreement was amended on June 7, 2023. On June 7, 2023, we entered into an amendment to the Subordinated Term Loan agreement, which modified (a) its maturity date to the earlier of (i) the scheduled maturity date (June 7, 2025, which we have an option to extend to June 7, 2026 upon achievement of certain conditions) and (ii) the maturity date of the June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility, unless the Springing Maturity applies, and (b) the interest rate the Subordinated Term Loan bears to 15.0%, of which 11.0% is paid in cash and 4.0% is paid in kind by capitalizing such interest accrued to the principal each month in arrears. Concurrently, we entered into an amendment to the Subordinated Term Loan Warrants agreement, which amended the value of Class A Common Stock the Additional Subordinated Term Loan Warrants earn for the full calendar month starting June 23, 2023 to $0.38 million and such amount to increase by $25,000 each additional full calendar month thereafter until we repay the Subordinated Term Loan in full.

On November 30, 2022, as part of the YA SPA, we issued the First YA Convertible Debenture in the principal amount of $7.0 million for a purchase price of $7.0 million, net proceed of $5.0 million after deduction of commitment fee. The First YA Convertible Debenture had a maturity date of May 30, 2024 and bore interest at the rate of 4.0% per annum. The interest was due and payable upon maturity. At any time, so long as the First YA Convertible Debenture was outstanding, the Yorkville Investor had an option to convert all or part of the principal and accrued and unpaid interest of the First YA Convertible Debenture into shares of Class A Common Stock. Outside of an event of default under the First YA Convertible Debenture, the Yorkville Investor was not permitted to convert in any calendar month more than the greater of (a) 25.0% of the dollar trading volume of the shares of Class A Common Stock during such calendar month, or (b) $3.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Yorkville Investor converted $4.2 million of the principal and $0.1 million of the accrued interest to Class A Common Stock. On August 8, 2023, the Yorkville Investor assigned the First YA Convertible Debenture to certain existing investors of ours affiliated with Andres Chico and Jose Miguel Enrich. Pursuant to the assignment agreement, the assignees assumed all of the Yorkville Investor’s duties, liabilities and obligations under the First YA Convertible Debentures and the Yorkville Investor was discharged of all of such duties, liabilities and obligations. Subsequently, the assignees and we entered into an amendment to the debenture which (a) extended the maturity date to December 1, 2026, (b) modified the fixed conversion price to $12.00 and (c) removed restrictions on the assignees’ ability to convert any portion of debenture or receive shares of Class A Common Stock if it would result in (i) the assignees beneficially owning in excess of 4.99% of the Company’s Class A Common Stock and (ii) the greater of (A) 25.0% of the dollar trading volume of the shares of Class A Common Stock during any calendar month or (B) $3.0 million in any calendar month. On August 25, 2023, the assignees converted the remaining principal and accrued interest to Class A Common Stock for a full and final settlement of the First YA Convertible Debenture.

On December 16, 2022, we entered into the First Closing Insider SPA with the First Closing Insider Investors. Pursuant to the First Closing Insider SPA, on December 16, 2022, the First Closing Insider Investors purchased the First Closing Insider Convertible Debentures with a total principal amount of $11.9 million and the total net proceeds of $10.5 million. The First Closing Insider Convertible Debentures had a maturity date of June 16, 2024, and accrue interest at a rate of 6.0% per annum. The interest is due and payable quarterly in arrears, and any portion of the aggregate interest accrued may, at our option, be paid in kind by capitalizing the amount of accrued interest to the principal on each applicable interest payment date. At any time, so long as the First Closing Insider Convertible Debentures are outstanding, each of the First Closing Insider Investors may covert all or part of the principal and accrued and unpaid interest of their First Closing Insider Convertible Debentures into shares of Class A Common Stock. Since the origination through December 31, 2023, the First Closing Insider Investors did not convert any amount of the principal or accrued interest of the First Closing Insider Convertible Debentures.

Concurrent with the issuance of the First Closing Insider Convertible Debentures, we entered into a lockup agreement with each of the First Closing Insider Investors, pursuant to which the First Closing Insider Investors agreed to not offer, sell, contract to sell, hypothecate, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of Class A Common Stock the holders may receive from their exercise of option to convert the First Closing Insider Convertible Debentures until the earlier of (i) June 16, 2024, and (ii) when the Yorkville Investor sells all shares of Class A Common Stock issued under the YA Convertible Debentures. The First Closing Insider SPA contained customary representations, warranties, and covenants for the sale and purchase of the First Closing Insider Convertible Debentures. On June 2, 2023 and July 11, 2023, we entered into an amendment to all of the First Closing Insider Convertible Debentures, extending their maturity date to December 1, 2026.

On February 1, 2023, we entered into the Second Closing Insider SPA with the Second Closing Insider Investors. Pursuant to the Second Closing Insider SPA, the Second Closing Insider Investors purchased the Second Closing Insider Convertible Debentures in the aggregate principal amount of $6.5 million and purchase price of $5.7 million. The Second Closing Insider SPA contained customary representations, warranties, and covenants for the sale and purchase of the Second Closing Insider Convertible Debentures. The Second Closing Insider Convertible Debentures had a maturity date of August 1, 2024, and accrue interest at a rate of 6.0% per annum, except for one debenture that accrues interest at 8.0% per annum. The interest is due and payable quarterly in arrears, and any portion of the aggregate interest accrued may, at our option, be paid in kind by capitalizing the amount of accrued interest to the principal on each applicable interest payment date. At any time, so long as the Second Closing Insider Convertible Debentures are outstanding, each of the Second Closing Insider Investors may covert all or part of the principal and accrued and unpaid interest of their Second Closing Insider Convertible Debentures into shares of Class A Common Stock. Since the origination through December 31, 2023, the Second Closing Insider Investors did not convert any amount of the principal or accrued interest of the Second Closing Insider Convertible Debentures. Concurrent with the issuance of the Second Closing Insider Convertible Debentures, we entered into a lockup agreement with each of the Second Closing Insider Investors, pursuant to which the Second Closing Insider Investors agreed to not offer, sell, contract to sell, hypothecate, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of Class A Common Stock the holders may receive from their exercise of option to convert the Second Closing Insider Convertible Debentures until the earlier of (i) June 16, 2024, and (ii) when the Yorkville Investor sells all shares of Class A Common Stock issued under the YA Convertible Debentures. The Second Closing Insider SPA contained customary representations, warranties, and covenants for the sale and purchase of the Second Closing Insider Convertible Debentures. On June 2, 2023 and July 31, 2023, we entered into amendments to all of the Second Closing Insider Convertible Debentures, extending their maturity date to December 1, 2026 and modifying the interest rate one of the debentures bears from 8.0% to 14.0%.

On February 2, 2023, we issued the Rodina Note. The Rodina Note has a principal of $3.0 million, accrued interest at an annual rate of 16.0% and matures on July 1, 2024. Interest was to be paid in kind by quarterly capitalizing the accrued amount to the principal at the end of each calendar quarter and would be due at maturity with the principal. On May 19, 2023, we entered into a loan conversion agreement to convert the principal and accrued interest of the Rodina Note to Class A Common Stock. Pursuant to the conversion agreement, we agreed to issue Class A Common Stock to the lender of the Rodina Note for a full and final settlement of the Rodina Note. On June 20, 2023, we issued Class A Common Stock in accordance with the conversion agreement and settled the Rodina Note.

On February 3, 2023, as part of the YA SPA, we issued the Second YA Convertible Debenture in the principal amount of 10.0 million for a purchase price of $10.0 million. The Second YA Convertible Debenture has a maturity date of May 30, 2024 and bears interest at the rate of 4.0% per annum. The interest is due and payable upon maturity. At any time, so long as the Second YA Convertible Debenture is outstanding, the Yorkville Investor may convert all or part of the principal and accrued and unpaid interest of the Second YA Convertible Debenture into shares of Class A Common Stock. Outside of an event of default under the Second YA Convertible Debenture, the Yorkville Investor may not convert in any calendar month more than the greater of (a) 25% of the dollar trading volume of the shares of Class A Common Stock during such calendar month, or (b) $3.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Yorkville Investor converted $7.2 million of the principal and $0.2 million of the accrued interest of the Second YA Convertible Debenture to Class A Common Stock. On August 8, 2023, the Yorkville Investor assigned the Second YA Convertible Debenture to certain existing investors of ours affiliated with Andres Chico and Jose Miguel Enrich. Pursuant to the assignment agreement, the assignees assumed all of the Yorkville Investor’s duties, liabilities and obligations under the Second YA Convertible Debentures and the Yorkville Investor was discharged of all of such duties, liabilities and obligations. Subsequently, the assignees and we entered into an amendment to the debenture which (a) extended the maturity date to December 1, 2026, (b) modified the fixed conversion price to $12.00 and (c) removed restrictions on the assignees’ ability to convert any portion of debenture or receive shares of Class A Common Stock if it would result in (i) the assignees beneficially owning in excess of 4.99% of the Company’s Class A Common Stock and (ii) the greater of (A) 25.0% of the dollar trading volume of the shares of Class A Common Stock during any calendar month or (B) $3.0 million in any calendar month. On August 25, 2023, the assignees converted the remaining principal and accrued interest to Class A Common Stock for a full and final settlement of the Second YA Convertible Debenture.

On June 7, 2023, we entered into the June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility, which provides a line of credit up to $90.0 million, with a maturity date of the earlier of (i) June 7, 2026 or (ii) 90 days prior to the maturity date of the June 2023 Term Loan (the “Springing Maturity”). The June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility bears an interest rate of SOFR plus 4.25% (or 3.95% if the Company meets certain conditions defined in the agreement) (9.7% as of December 31, 2023). As of December 31, 2023, we had $71.1 million of borrowings under the June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility and $1.4 million remained available to draw. The borrowing capacity is calculated based on our borrowing base collateral, which is comprised of qualified billed and unbilled receivables and the September 2023 Rodina Letter of Credit. The fee on the average daily balance of unused loan commitments is 0.5%. Interest and fees are payable monthly in arrears on the first day of each month. On September 22, 2023, an entity affiliated with Andres Chico and Jose Miguel Enrich issued the September 2023 Rodina Letter of Credit in the amount of $15.0 million to the lender of the June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility on our behalf, which increased our borrowing base collateral under the facility by $15.0 million. The expiration date of the September 2023 Rodina Letter of Credit is September 30, 2024 with an automatic renewal option for one additional year through September 30, 2025. Additionally, we issued the Rodina Warrant, which granted the holder the right to purchase 498,119 shares of Class A Common Stock at the exercise price of $0.08 per share any time prior to September 15, 2026.

On June 7, 2023, we entered into a $75.0 million June 2023 Term Loan agreement with a maturity date of the earlier of (i) the scheduled maturity date (June 7, 2025, which the Company has an option to extend to June 7, 2026 upon achievement of certain conditions) and (ii) the maturity date of the June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility, unless the Springing Maturity applies. The June 2023 Term Loan bears an interest rate of the prime rate plus a margin of 8.75% or 8.25% if the Company meets certain conditions defined in the agreement. We had the option to pay the interest in kind each month in arrears by capitalizing such interest which accrues through August 31, 2023 as additional principal, and in such instance, the margin applicable for the interest rate was 10.25%. We elected to pay the interest accrued through August 31, 2023 in kind. We also have the option to pay in kind any excess interest over 13.5% after paying the first 13.5% in cash from September 1, 2023 through the maturity. We paid the first 13.5% of interest in cash and elected to pay the rest in kind through February 29, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, the applicable interest rate of the June 2023 Term Loan was 16.8%. At the time of any repayment of the June 2023 Term Loan, we are required to pay a fee in the amount of 12% of the principal repaid. Beginning on October 7, 2023 until the June 2023 Term Loan is fully repaid, the lender has the option to elect to convert the outstanding principal into Class A Common Stock. The aggregate number of shares delivered to the lender cannot result in the lender’s ownership exceeding (i) 19.99% of the number shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding or (ii) $10.0 million. Concurrently, we entered into the June 2023 Term Loan Warrants agreements and issued common stock purchase warrants. The June 2023 Term Loan Warrants granted the lender the right to purchase up to 2,121,605 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “June 2023 Term Loan Warrants Shares”) at the exercise price of $0.08 any time before June 7, 2033. If at any time on or before December 7, 2024, we issue additional shares of common stock (excluding any shares of common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of common stock under our equity incentive plans existing as of the issue date), the number of the June 2023 Term Loan Warrants Shares issuable upon exercise immediately prior to such common stock issuance will be proportionately increased such that the percentage represented by the June 2023 Term Loan Warrants Shares in Rubicon’s diluted common stock outstanding will remain the same. Additionally, the holders of the June 2023 Term Loan Warrants have the right to purchase up to the pro rata portion of any new common stock issuance by Rubicon up to $20.0 million in the aggregate, with certain exceptions defined in the agreement. Since the issuance through December 31, 2023, none of the June 2023 Term Loan Warrants were exercised.

The June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility, the June 2023 Term Loan and the Subordinated Term Loan are subject to certain cross-default provisions under the intercreditor agreement. Additionally, the June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility, the June 2023 Term Loan and the Subordinated Term Loan agreements include covenants, which reduce the available borrowing base collateral under the June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility initially by $19.0 million. During the terms of the agreements, such Minimum Excess Availability Reserve could be decreased by up to $9.0 million, which will make the Minimum Excess Availability Reserve $10.0 million, if we achieve certain financial conditions defined in the agreements. As of December 31, 2023, the Minimum Excess Availability Reserve was $19.0 million. Furthermore, the June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility, the June 2023 Term Loan and the Subordinated Term Loan agreements require us to maintain a $2.0 million letter of credit, which could be eliminated upon our achievement of certain financial conditions defined in the agreements.

See Note 5, Debt, and Note 10, Warrants, to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for a more detailed description of our indebtedness.

We do not have any special purpose entities and we do not engage in off-balance sheet financing arrangements.

Other Financing Arrangements

On May 25, 2022, we entered into the Rubicon Equity Investment Agreement (“Simple Agreement for Future Equity” or “SAFE”) with Founder and certain investors who are affiliated with Andres Chico, a member of the Company’s board of directors, and Jose Miguel Enrich, a beneficial owner of greater than 10% of the issued and outstanding Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock, whereby the investors advanced us $8.0 million and, in connection with the consummation of the Mergers and in exchange for the advancements, (a) Holdings LLC issued 880,000 Class B Units to such investors, (b) Rubicon issued 160,000 shares of Class A Common Stock to such investors, and (c) Sponsor forfeited 160,000 shares of Class A Common Stock. All of the obligations thereunder were satisfied upon the Closing and the exchanges for the advancements discussed above.

On August 4, 2022, Founder entered into the Forward Purchase Agreement with the FPA Sellers. Pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement, prior to the Closing, the FPA Sellers purchased an aggregate of 7,082,616 shares of Class A Common Stock from Founder shareholders who, pursuant to the governing documents of Founder, elected to redeem such shares in connection with the Closing, and upon such purchase, the FPA Sellers waived their redemption rights with respect to such securities. The Forward Purchase Agreement resulted in an additional $4.0 million of cash received by the Company at the Closing. On November 30, 2022, we terminated the Forward Purchase Agreement pursuant to those FPA Termination Agreements entered into with each of the FPA Sellers. For more information regarding the Forward Purchase Agreement and the FPA Termination Agreements, see Note 12, Forward Purchase Agreement, to our audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

On August 31, 2022, we entered into the SEPA with the Yorkville Investor, which was subsequently amended on November 30, 2022. Pursuant to the SEPA, Rubicon has the right to sell to the Yorkville Investor, from time to time, up to $200.0 million of shares of our Class A Common Stock at a discounted per share price until the earlier of the 36 month anniversary of the SEPA or until the date on which the facility has been fully utilized, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth therein. Any issuances and sales of Class A Common Stock to the Yorkville Investor under the SEPA, and the timing of any such sales, are at our option, and subject to our obligations under the Term Loan, we are under no obligation to sell any securities to the Yorkville Investor under the SEPA. Pursuant to the SEPA, on August 31, 2022, we issued the Yorkville Investor 200,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, which represented an initial up-front commitment fee. On August 18, 2023, Yorkville Investor and we agreed to terminate the SEPA without any further liability to either party under the facility. We did not sell any shares of Class A Common Stock under the SEPA during the period from the origination through the termination of the facility. For more information regarding the SEPA, see Note 13, Yorkville Facilities, to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

On November 30, 2022, we entered into the YA Warrant, which is exercisable at a price of $0.0001 per share for a number of shares of Class A Common Stock equal to $20.0 million, subject to certain adjustments pursuant to the terms set forth therein. We received approximately $6.0 million in proceeds from the issuance of the YA Warrant. Through March 28, 2024 the Yorkville Investor has partially exercised the YA Warrant for 4,104,797 shares of Class A Common Stock and 14,000,000 shares remained exercisable. For more information regarding the YA Warrant, see Note 13, Yorkville Facilities(the “Original Form 10-K”), to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

On March 16, 2023, we entered into the Chico PIPE Agreements with Jose Miguel Enrich, Felipe Chico Hernandez, and Andres Chico, pursuant toinclude Exhibit 97.1, which Rubicon issued shares of Class A Common Stock to each purchaser in exchange for the total purchase price pf $1.1 million. The Chico PIPE Agreements include resale restrictions in addition to customary terms, representations, and warranties.

In May 2023, we entered into the May 2023 Equity Agreements with various investors, including entities affiliated with Andres Chico and Jose Miguel Enrich, pursuant to which we agreed to issue Class A Common Stock for the total purchase price of $23.7 million. On June 20, 2023, we issued Class A Common Stock to the investors pursuant to the May 2023 Equity Agreements.

On September 5, 2023, we entered into the Cantor Sales Agreement with Cantor, pursuant to which we may offer and sell,was omitted from time to time through Cantor, shares of Class A Common Stock for aggregate gross proceeds up to $50.0 million. Pursuant to the Cantor Sales Agreement, Cantor may sell shares of Class A Common Stock in sales deemed to be “at the market offerings” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act. We have no obligation to sell any shares of Class A Common Stock under the Cantor Sales Agreement. Cantor will act as sales agent and use commercially reasonable efforts to sell on our behalf all of the shares of Class A Common Stock requested to be sold by us. Under the terms of the Cantor Sales Agreement, we have agreed to pay Cantor a commission equal to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from any shares of Class A Common Stock sold pursuant to the Cantor Sales Agreement. The Cantor Sales Agreement will remain in effect until the aggregate gross proceeds of our sales of shares of Class A Common Stock reach $50.0 million in total unless terminated pursuant to the terms of the Cantor Sales Agreement. We did not sell any shares of Class A Common Stock under the Cantor Sales Agreement through December 31, 2023.

Contractual Obligations

Our principal commitments consist of obligations under debt agreements and leases for office facilities. We have a substantial level of debt. For more information regarding our debt service obligations and our lease obligations, see Note 5, Debt and Note 8, Leases, to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

As of December 31, 2023, our software services subscription agreement with a certain PIPE Investor requires us to pay an aggregate of $15.0 million through October 2024. On March 6, 2023, March 28, 2023, June 27, 2023 and September 30, 2023, we entered into amendments to the software services subscription agreement with the PIPE Investor, which provide us with the option, in our sole discretion, to settle the $7.5 million of fees which are scheduled to become due between January 2024 and June 2024 (i) in cash or (ii) Class A Common Stock if we satisfy certain conditions as defined within the amended agreement. As disclosed in Note 23, Subsequent events, to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report, in accordance with the amended agreement, we settled $3.8 million of the software services subscription fee incurred during the three months ended December 31, 2023 by issuing Class A Common Stock on January 2, 2024. See Note 20, Commitments and contingencies, to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in our Annual Report for more information regarding our software subscription agreement with the PIPE Investor.

We could also be required to make certain significant payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement discussed above. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we settled with certain Rubicon Management Rollover Holders on a portion of the accrued management rollover consideration and we agreed to make quarterly cash payments to these Rubicon Management Rollover Holders through December 31, 2026, of which $3.0 million is coming due in the next 12 months of December 31, 2023 and $4.1 million thereafter.

See Note 20, Commitments and contingencies, to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in our Annual Report for more information regarding the management rollover settlement.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe that the following critical accounting policies reflect the more significant estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue recognition

We derive our revenue principally from waste removal, waste management and consultation services, platform subscriptions, and the purchase and sale of recyclable commodities. We recognize service revenue over time, consistent with efforts performed and when the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by our services. We recognize recyclable commodity revenue at the point in time when the ownership, risks and rewards are transferred.

Further, judgment is required in evaluating the presentation of revenue on a gross versus net basis based on whether we control the service provided to the end-user and are the principal in the transaction (gross), or we arrange for other parties to provide the service to the end-user and are the agent in the transaction (net). We have concluded that we are the principal in most arrangements as we control the waste removal service and are the primary obligor in the transactions. The assessment of whether we are considered the principal or the agent in a transaction could impact the timing and amount of revenue recognized.

Customer acquisition costs

We make certain expenditures related to acquiring contracts for future services. These expenditures are capitalized as customer acquisition costs and amortized in proportion to the expected future revenue from the customer, which in most cases results in straight-line amortization over the life of the customer. Amortization of these customer acquisition costs is presented within amortization and depreciation on our consolidated statements of operations. Subsequent adjustments to customer acquisition costs estimates are possible because actual results may differ from these estimates if conditions dictate the need to enhance or reduce customer acquisition costs.

Stock-based compensation

We measure fair value of employee stock-based compensation awards on the date of grant and use the straight-line attribution method to recognize the related expense over the requisite service period, and account for forfeitures as they occur. The fair value of equity-classified restricted stock units and performance-based restricted stock units is equal to the market price of the Class A Common Stock on the date of grant. The liability-classified restricted stock units are recognized at their fair value that is equal to the market price of the Class A Common Stock on the date of grant and remeasured to the market price of the Class A Common Stock at each period-end with related changes in the fair value recognized in general and administrative expense on the consolidated statement of operations.

We account for nonemployee stock-based transactions using the fair value of the consideration received (i.e., the value of the goods or services) or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably measurable.

Warrants

We have issued warrants to purchase shares of our Class A Common Stock. Warrants may be accounted for as either liability or equity instruments depending on the terms of the warrant agreements. We determine whether each of the warrants issued require liability or equity classification at their issuance dates. Warrants classified as equity are recorded at fair value as of the date of the issuance on our consolidated balance sheets and no further adjustments to their valuation are made. Warrants classified as liability are recorded at fair value as of the date of the issuance on our consolidated balance sheets and subsequently remeasured at each reporting period with changes being recorded as a component of other income (expense) on our audited consolidated statements of operations.

Following the consummation of the Mergers on August 15, 2022, we have both liability-classified and equity-classified warrants outstanding. See Note 10, Warrants, of our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Derivative Financial Instruments

From time to time, we utilize instruments which may contain embedded derivative instruments as part of our overall strategy. Our derivative instruments are recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets. These derivative instruments have not been designated as hedges; therefore, both realized and unrealized gains and losses are recognized in earnings. For the purposes of cash flow presentation, realized and unrealized gains or losses are included within cash flows from operating activities. Upfront cash payments received upon the issuance of derivative instruments are included within cash flows from financing activities, while the prepayments made upon the issuance of derivative instruments are included within cash flows from investing activities within the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Income taxes

Rubicon Technologies, Inc. is a corporation and is subject to U.S. federal as well as state income taxes including the income or loss allocated from its investment in Rubicon Technologies Holdings, LLC. Rubicon Technologies Holdings, LLC is taxed as a partnership for which the taxable income or loss is allocated to its members. Certain of the Rubicon Technologies Holdings, LLC operating subsidiaries are considered taxable Corporations for U.S. income tax purposes. Prior to the Mergers, Holdings LLC was not subject to U.S. Federal and certain state income taxes at the entity level.

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities.

Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts that are more likely than not expected to be realized based on the weighting of positive and negative evidence. We regularly review the deferred tax assets for recoverability based on historical taxable income, projected future taxable income, the expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences and tax planning strategies. Our judgment regarding future profitability may change due to many factors, including future market conditions and the ability to successfully execute our business plans and tax planning strategies. Should there be a change in the ability to recover deferred tax assets, our income tax provision would increase or decrease in the period in which the assessment is changed.

We recognize the tax benefit of an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the position is sustainable upon examination by the taxing authority, based on the technical merits. The tax benefit recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit which is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon settlement with the taxing authority. Those tax positions failing to qualify for initial recognition are recognized in the first interim period in which they meet the more likely than not standard, or are resolved through negotiation or litigation with the taxing authority, or upon expiration of the statute of limitations. The tax positions are reviewed on an ongoing basis and are adjusted as additional facts and information become available, including progress on tax audits, changes in interpretation of tax laws, developments in case law and closing of statutes of limitations. At December 31, 2023 or 2022, we have no tax positions that meet this threshold and, therefore, have not recognized such benefits. While we believe our tax positions are fully supportable, they may be challenged by various tax authorities. If actual results were to be materially different than estimated, it could result in a material impact on our consolidated financial statements in future periods.

The provision for income taxes includes the impact of reserve provisions and changes to reserves as well as the related net interest and penalties. In addition, we are subject to the continuous examination of our income tax returns by the tax authorities which may assert assessments against us. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations and assessments to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For information regarding recently issued accounting pronouncements and recently adopted accounting pronouncements, see Note 2, Recent accounting pronouncements, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Item7A. Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

We are exposed to certain market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks primarily include:

Interest rate risk

Our exposures to market risk for changes in interest rates relate primarily to our June 2023 Term Loan and June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility. The June 2023 Term Loan and June 2023 Revolving Credit Facility are floating rate loans and bear interest subject to Prime Rate or SOFR. Therefore, fluctuations in interest rates will impact our consolidated financial statements. A rising interest rate environment will increase the amount of interest paid on these loans. A hypothetical 100 basis point increase or decrease in interest rates would not have a material effect on the results of our operations.

Recyclable commodity price risk

Through our recycling programs, we market a variety of materials, including fibers such as old corrugated cardboard, old newsprint, aluminum, glass, pallets and other recyclable materials. We may use a number of strategies to mitigate impacts from recyclable commodity price fluctuations including, entering into purchase contracts indexed to the recyclable commodity price such that we mitigate the variability in cash flows generated from the sales of recycled materials at floating prices. We do not use financial instruments for trading purposes and are not a party to any leveraged derivatives. As of December 31, 2023, we were not a party to any recyclable commodity hedging agreements. In the event of a decline in recyclable commodity prices, a 10% decrease in average recyclable commodity prices from the average prices in effect would have impacted our revenues by $5.3 million and $8.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. A 10% decrease in average recyclable commodity prices from the average prices in effect would have impacted our operating loss by $0.6 million and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Foreign currency risk

To date, foreign currency transaction gains and losses have not been material to our consolidated financial statements as the majority of our revenue has been generated in the United States. As we expand our presence in international markets, to the extent we are required to enter into agreements denominated in a currency other than the US dollar, our results of operations and cash flows may increasingly be subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and may be adversely affected in the future due to changes in foreign exchange rates. To date, we have not entered into any hedging arrangements with respect to foreign currency risk. As our international operations grow, we will continue to reassess our approach to manage our risk relating to fluctuations in currency rates.

Inflation

To date, the impact of inflation on our business results has been primarily limited to increases of revenue and cost of revenue, such that the net effect has been immaterial to our gross profit, adjusted gross profit and net loss. We expect this trend to continue as most contracts with our waste generator customers allow us to adjust the applicable prices without any significant advanced notice requirement based on the economic environment where fees charged by our hauling and recycling partners are increasing, and recyclable commodity price fluctuations tend to impact both selling and purchasing sides in a similar manner. However, we may not be able to adjust prices quickly enough or sufficiently to offset the effect of certain other cost increases, such as labor costs, without negatively impacting customer demand.

Item8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

See the Index to Financial Statements and consolidated financial statements commencing on page F-1, which are incorporated herein by reference.

Item9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item9A. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Based on our management’s evaluation (with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer), as of the end of the period covered by this report, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Our internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on the assessment, management has concluded that its internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023 to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, there were no significant changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Item9B. Other Information.

On March 27, 2024, Coddy Johnson notified the Company of his intention to resign from the Board of Directors of the Company effective March 28,2024. Mr. Johnson’s resignation is not the result of a disagreement with the Company on any matter relating to the Company’s operations, policies or practices. Mr. Johnson was also a member of the Company's Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Corporate Citizenship Committee.

Item9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not applicable.

PART III

Item10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Information about our executive officers is contained in the discussion entitled “Information About our Executive Officers” in Part I, Item 1 of thisOriginal Form 10-K.

The remaining information required under this Item 10 ofNo other changes have been made to the Original Form 10-K. This Amended Form 10-K willdoes not amend or otherwise update any other information in the Original Form 10-K. Accordingly, this Amended Form 10-K should be includedread in conjunction with the Original Form 10-K and with our definitive proxy statement relatingsubsequent filings with the SEC. All capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed to our 2024 Annual General Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. The Company expects to file such definitive proxy statement not later than 120 days afterthem in the close of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.Original Form 10-K.

Our Audit Committee Charter, Compensation Committee Charter, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Charter, Code of Conduct, and Principles of Corporate Governance covering all employees, including our executive officers, are available on our website, Rubicon.com, under the “Governance – Governance Documents” caption.

Item11. Executive Compensation.

The information required by this Item 11 of Form 10-K will be included in our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2024 Annual General Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference, provided, however, that the information included under the heading “Pay Versus Performance” in our definitive 2024 Proxy Statement is not incorporated herein by reference or subject to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, as amended. The Company expects to file such definitive proxy statement not later than 120 days after the close of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Item12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

The information required by this Item 12 of Form 10-K will be included in our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2024 Annual General Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. The Company expects to file such definitive proxy statement not later than 120 days after the close of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Item13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

The information required by this Item 13 of Form 10-K will be included in our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2024 Annual General Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. The Company expects to file such definitive proxy statement not later than 120 days after the close of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Item14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

The information required by this Item 14 of Form 10-K will be included in our definitive proxy statement relating to our 2024 Annual General Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. The Company expects to file such definitive proxy statement not later than 120 days after the close of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

PART IV

Item15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

1. Financial Statements

As part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the consolidated financial statements are listed in the accompanying Index to Financial Statements on page F-1.

2. Financial Statement Schedules

All schedules are omitted because they are not applicable, or the required information is shown in the Financial Statements or notes thereto.

3. Exhibit Index

The following is a list of exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or are incorporated herein by reference: