UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
ý ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20172020
or
oTRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _______ to _______
Commission file number 1-34679
Vishay Precision Group, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware27-0986328
(State or other jurisdiction of(IRS employer identification no.)
incorporation or organization)
3 Great Valley Parkway, Suite 150
Malvern, PA 19355
(Address of principal executive offices)
484-321-5300
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Common Stock, $0.10 par valueVPGNew York Stock Exchange
(Title of class)(Trading Symbol)(Exchange on which registered)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YesoNoý
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes oNoý
Note – Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports under Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act from their obligations under those Sections.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yesý Noo
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). YesýNoo
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (Section 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “accelerated filer”, “large accelerated filer”, and “smaller reporting company”, and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer¨Accelerated filerý
Non-accelerated filer¨Smaller reporting company
Large accelerated filero
Non-accelerated filero
Emerging growth company
Accelerated filerý
Smaller reporting companyo
Emerging growth company o
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YesoNoý
The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common stock was last sold as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter ($17.3022.27 on July 1, 2017)June 27, 2020), assuming conversion of all of its Class B convertible common stock held by non-affiliates into common stock of the registrant, was $215,641,000.$283,256,000. There is no non-voting stock outstanding.
As of March 15, 2018,11, 2021, the registrant had 12,401,90612,587,191 shares of its common stock and 1,025,1581,022,887 shares of its Class B convertible common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement, which will be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2017,2020, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

- 1 -





Vishay Precision Group, Inc.
Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017
2020
CONTENTS




















54
50










- 2 -





PART I
Item 1.BUSINESS DESCRIPTION
General
Vishay Precision Group, Inc. (“VPG,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”) is an internationally recognized designer, manufacturer and marketer of sensors, and sensor-based measurement systems, as well as specialty resistors and strain gages based upon our proprietary technology. We provide precision products and solutions, many of which are “designed-in” by our customers, specializing in the growing markets of stress, force, weight, pressure, and current measurements. A significant portion of our products and solutions are primarily based upon our proprietary foil technology and are produced as part of our vertically integrated structure. We believe this strategy results in higher quality, more cost effective and focused solutions for our customers. Our products are marketed under a variety of brand names that we believe are characterized as having a very high level of precision and quality. Our global operations enable us to produce a wide variety of products in strategically effective geographic locations that also optimize our resources for specific technologies, sensors, assemblies, and systems.
The Company also has a long heritage of innovation in precision foil resistors, foil strain gages, and sensors that convert mechanical inputs into an electronic signal for display, processing, interpretation, or control by our instrumentation and systems products. Our advanced sensor product line continues this heritage by offering high-quality foil strain gages produced in a proprietary, highly automated environment. Precision sensors are essential to the accurate measurement, resolution and display of force, weight, pressure, torque, tilt, motion, or acceleration, especially in the legal-for-trade, commercial, and industrial marketplaces. This expertise served as a foundation for our expansion into strain gage instrumentation, load cells, transducers, weighing modules, and complete systems for process control and on-board weighing. Although our products are typically used in the industrial market, our advanced sensors have been used in a consumer electronics product and are being evaluated for other non-industrial applications.
The precision sensor market is integral to the development of intelligent products across a wide variety of end markets upon which we focus, including medical, agricultural, transportation, industrial, avionics, military, and space applications. We believe that as original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) continue a drive to make products “smarter,” they will integrate more sensors and related systems into their solutions to link the mechanical/physical world with digital control and/or response. We believe this offers a substantial growth opportunity for our products and expertise.
Our History
In 1962, Dr. Felix Zandman founded Vishay Intertechnology Inc. (“Vishay Intertechnology”) to develop and manufacture the first generation of Bulk Metal® foil resistors and later, foil strain gages.
Resistors are basic components used in all forms of electronic circuitry to adjust and regulate levels of voltage and current. They vary widely in precision and cost, and are manufactured from numerous materials and in many forms. Bulk Metal foil resistors, developed by Dr. Zandman in the 1950’s, are the most precise and stable type of resistors currently available. A strain gage is a resistive sensor that is attached to the surface of an object to determine the surface strain caused by an applied force.
ThroughoutBeginning in the 1960’s, and 1970’s, Vishay Intertechnology established itself as a technical and market leader in precision foil resistors, and foil strain gages. These innovations were the genesis of the foil technology that is a unique strategic competitive advantage of Vishay Precision Group.VPG. The subsequent innovations and advancement of foil resistance and strain gage technology opened the door to numerous commercial applications, such as force sensors and control systems on a vertical market basis.
On July 6, 2010, Vishay Intertechnology spun off its precision measurement and foil technology businesses through a tax-free stock dividend of VPG stock to Vishay Intertechnology’s stockholders, and we became a publicly-traded company. In the decade prior to the spin-off, Vishay Intertechnology expanded our sensor and measurement business through acquisitions, extending our business from its initial focus on precision foil resistors and foil strain gages to include an array of sensor-based solutions. These solutions include transducers/load cells, which are force sensors combining strain gages and the metallic structures to which they are bonded; load cell modules that utilize electronic instrumentation and software for measuring the load cell output; and measurement instrumentation and complete systems for process control and on-board weighing.
In 2013, we completed our first acquisition as an independent public company when we acquired substantially all of the assets of the George Kelk Corporation ("KELK"). KELK engineers, designs and manufactures highly accurate optical and electronic roll force measurement and control equipment primarily used by metals rolling mills and mining applications throughout the world. As a part of our acquisition, we acquired a leased manufacturing, engineering, sales, and administrative facility in Toronto, Canada.

- 3 -



On December 30, 2015, we completed the acquisition of Stress-Tek, Inc. ("Stress-Tek") based in Kent, Washington. Stress-Tek designs and manufactures state-of-the-art, rugged and reliable strain gage-based load cells and force measurement systems. Stress-Tek primarily operates in North America, where their sensors and display systems are used in a wide range of industries,

- 3 -



predominantly in transportation and trucking, for timber, refuse, aggregate, mining, and general trucking applications. Stress-Tek products are marketed under the Vulcan brand as part of the VPG Onboard Weighing offerings for our Weighing and Control Systems reporting segment. As a part of the Stress-Tek acquisition, we acquired ownership of a 47,000 square foot manufacturing, engineering, sales, administrative, and warehouse facility in Kent, Washington.
On April 6, 2016, the Companywe completed the acquisition of Pacific Instruments, Inc. ("Pacific"Pacific Instruments") based in Concord, California. Pacific Instruments designs and manufactures high-performance signal conditioning, data acquisition and control systems and has extensive experience integrating these systems. Pacific Instruments sells primarily to the aerospace, commercial aviation and defense markets in the United States. Pacific Instruments products expanded the offerings of our Foil Technology Products reporting segment, which already offered data acquisition systems, primarily in the field of strain measurement. As a result of our acquisition, we occupyacquired a leased 16,000 square foot manufacturing, engineering, sales and administrative facility in Concord, California.
While our acquisitions provided usOn November 1, 2019, we completed the acquisition of New York-based Dynamic Systems Inc. ("DSI"), a provider of specialized dynamic thermal-mechanical test and simulation systems used to develop new metal alloys and optimize production processes. DSI is an array ofestablished, high margin business, with a strong brand names, in addition to our historical resistor and strain gage brands, we believehas the continued successlargest installed base of our strategy is best served by the establishmentproducts of a strong overall global brand. In 2014, we launched the “VPG” brand, which is intended to leverage the strength of these historical brands under the umbrella of a more unified, globally recognizable VPG name. We continue to broaden and emphasize the VPG brandits type in the markets we serve underworld, according to market estimates. DSI expands our position in the following brandssteel market and offers opportunities for each ofgrowth by leveraging our business segments:
Foil Technology ProductsForce SensorsWeighing and Control Systems
VPG Foil ResistorsVPG TransducersBLH Nobel
- Alpha Electronics- CeltronKELK
- Powertron- RevereVPG Onboard Weighing
- Vishay Foil Resistors- Sensortronics
Micro-Measurements- Tedea-Huntleigh
Pacific Instruments

sales capabilities and market presence, and by expanding DSI’s product line to address new opportunities. DSI will report into the Company's Weighing and Control Systems segment.
Our acquisitions added to our strong, diverse, global manufacturing, sales and distribution network, which includes facilities in Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Sweden, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
We were incorporated in Delaware on August 28, 2009. Our principal executive offices are located at 3 Great Valley Parkway, Suite 150, Malvern, PA 19355. Our main telephone number is 484-321-5300.
Leverage Global Brand
While our acquisitions provided us an array of strong brand names, in addition to our historical resistor and strain gage brands, we believe the continued success of our strategy is best served by the establishment of a strong overall global brand. The “VPG” brand leverages the strength of these historical brands under the umbrella of a unified, globally recognizable VPG name. We continue to broaden and emphasize the VPG brand in the markets we serve under the following brands for each of our business segments:
Foil Technology ProductsForce SensorsWeighing and Control Systems
VPG Foil ResistorsVPG TransducersBLH Nobel
- Alpha Electronics- CeltronKELK
- Powertron- RevereVPG Onboard Weighing
- Vishay Foil Resistors- SensortronicsDynamic Systems Inc.
Micro-Measurements- Tedea-Huntleigh
Pacific Instruments

Key Business Vision and Strategies
Our vision is to be the leading provider of sensors, and sensor-based systems with the highest precision, quality, value, and service for measuring force (weight, pressure, torque, acceleration) and current. As part of that vision, we are a leading provider of foil specialty resistors and strain gages, which are particularly effective in precision measurement applications.
Our strategy is to achieve corporate growth and shareholder value by expanding our existing product portfolio organically, as well as by acquiring complementary precision measurement products. Specifically, we are focused on the following strategic initiatives:
Optimize Core Competence
The Company’s core competency and key value proposition is providing customers with proprietary foil technology products and precision measurement sensors and sensor-based systems. Our foil technology resistors and strain gages are recognized as global market leading products that provide high precision and high stability over extreme temperature ranges, and long life.
- 4 -



Our force sensor products and our weighing and control systems products are also certified to meet some of the highest levels of precision measurements of force, weight, pressure, torque, tilt, motion, and acceleration. We continue to optimize all aspects of our development, manufacturing and sales processes, including by increasing our technical sales efforts; continuing to innovate in product performance and design; and refining our manufacturing processes.
Our foil technology research group developed innovations that enhance the capability and performance of our strain gages, while simultaneously reducing their size and power consumption as part of our advanced sensors product line. We believe this unique foil technology will create new markets as customers “design in” these next generation products in existing and new applications. Our development engineering team is also responsible for creating new processes to further automate manufacturing, and improve productivity and quality. Our advanced sensors manufacturing technology also offers us the capability to produce high-quality foil strain gages in a highly automated environment, which we believe results in reduced manufacturing and lead times, improved quality and increased margins. As a sign of our commitment to these businesses, we signed a long-term lease for a state of the art facility which has been constructed in Israel. Our administrative personnel have moved to the new facility, and we have begun the transition of our advanced sensors business to that facility.
We also seek to achieve significant production cost savings through the transfer, expansion, and construction of manufacturing operations in countries such as India, China, and Israel, where we can benefit from lower labor costs, improved efficiencies, or available

- 4 -



tax and other government-sponsored incentives. For example, in 20172019 we closed two leasedincurred restructuring expense related to closing and downsizing of facilities inas part of the U.S. and moved to more cost effective locations. In 2016, we relocated a significant portionmanufacturing transitions of our force sensor products to facilities in India and China, which marked key milestones in our ongoing strategic initiatives to align and consolidate our manufacturing from leased locations with higher labor costs, to the owned facility we constructed in India. We closed a facility in Costa Rica and consolidated its functions to existing operations where significant efficiencies were available. This consolidation was part of our global restructuring and cost reduction program announced in November 2015 and substantially completed in 2016.footprint.
Organic Growth
Our product portfolio is focused, to a significant extent, on specialty products serving niche markets. The development of specialty products requires us to form long-term relationships with our customers. Our specialty products are usually designed, or engineered, to meet unique specifications for OEMs. This often results in our customers creating a non-standard part number used solely to designate our product on their bill of materials. We call this customer activity a “design win.” This activity may create organic growth as the OEM customer begins to order increasing quantities to meet their production requirements, with little or no opportunity to purchase a similar part from competing suppliers. The “design in” time for these initiatives is typically 12 to 24 months.
We expect to continue to use our research and development, engineering, and product marketing resources to introduce new and innovative specialty products. An example of our success in this regard is the recent acceptance and growth of our on-board vehicle weighing solution incorporating microelectromechanical systems ("MEMS") technology. Our ability to react to changing customer needs, emerging markets, and industry trends will continue to be a key to our success.
Our design, research, and product development teams, in partnership with our marketing teams, drive our efforts to bring innovations to market. We intend to leverage our insights into customer demand to continually develop and roll out new, innovative products within our existing lines and to modify our existing core products in ways that make them more appealing, addressing changing customer needs and industry trends in terms of form, fit, and function.
Growth from Acquisitions
We expect to continue to make strategic acquisitions where opportunities present themselves to grow our segments. Historically, our growth and acquisition strategy has been largely focused on vertical product integration, using our foil strain gages in our force sensor products, and incorporating those products into our weighing and control systems. The acquisitions of Stress-Tek and KELK, each of which employ our foil strain gages to manufacture load cells for their systems, continuecontinued this strategy. Additionally, the KELK acquisition resulted in the acquisition of certain optical sensor technology. The Pacific Instruments acquisition significantly broadened our existing data acquisition offerings and opened new markets for us. Along withOur most recent acquisition, DSI, expands our recent successposition in MEMS technology for on-board weighing, wethe steel market. We expect to expand our expertise, and our acquisition focus, outside our traditional vertical approach to other precision sensor solutions in the fields of measurement of force, weight, pressure, torque, tilt, motion, and acceleration. We believe acquired businesses will benefit from improvements we implement to reduce redundant functions and from our current global manufacturing and distribution footprint.
Product Segments
Foil Technology Products
The Foil Technology Products ("FTP") segment includes our foil resistor and strain gage operating segments. Foil resistor products offer superior precision, stability, and reliability. Our resistor portfolio encompasses a wide variety of configurations and packages designed to meet the requirements of even the most demanding applications. Typical applications for foil
- 5 -



resistors include high end test equipment and electronics for the aviation, military and space, semiconductor, process control, oil and gas, and medical markets. Typical applications for strain gages, which include advanced sensor gages, are stress analysis for structural testing in the aviation, military and space, infrastructure, and construction markets, along with force measurement and weighing markets. Our innovative advanced sensors product line enhances the capability and performance of our strain gages, while simultaneously reducing their size and power consumption. This segment also includes our data acquisition systems business.
The products in these segments are primarily based on our resistive foil technology, which continues to evolve and enables many products in both segments to be suited for new and varied applications.
The manufacturing of the foil material is a critical and common component of the Company’s strain gage and precision foil resistor operating segments, and as a result, we experience synergies between our foil resistor and strain gage operating segments. The production cycles for foil resistors and strain gages are similar and many of the same raw materials are utilized in the manufacturing processes for both operating segments. The foil resistor and strain gage products require a similar level of labor and capital. However, the advanced sensors’ manufacturing technology offers us the capability to produce high-quality foil strain gages in a highly automated environment, which we believe results in reduced manufacturing costs and lead times, higher quality, and increased margins.
Our Pacific Instruments business offers a broad range of high performance signal conditioning, data acquisition and control systems, many of which reach customers outside our traditional commercial customer base, such as U.S. government related customers.

- 5 -



Our strain gage operating segment sells foil inventory to the Company’s foil resistor operating segment. A significant portion of products from the strain gage operating segment are sold to third parties as “standard catalog items”; the remainder of this operating segment's products are sold as non-standard and/or custom products to third parties and to our Force Sensors segment.
Force Sensors
The Force Sensors segment includes a broad line of load cells and force measurement transducers that are offered as precision sensors for industrial and commercial use. Typical applications for force sensors are in construction machinery (for stability control, overload protection), agricultural equipment (for precision force measurement), and medical devices (such as hospital beds and medication dosing), agricultural. The heavy equipment (for precisionmarket has begun to adopt force measurement),sensors technology as process control and construction machinery (for tipping and overload protection).equipment control features for their products. These sensors use our foil technology products, which serve as sensing elements and components within each unit. Further integration of our load cells technology is also offered as part of our weighing module products, which provide customers with a complete sensor assembly that may be used within a wide variety of digital transducers.
A majority of products from the Force Sensors segment are sold to third parties as “standard catalog items,” but a growing sector of this segment’s products are sold as non-standard and/or custom products to third parties andparties. In addition, we sell products from this segment to our Weighing and Control Systems segment. Directsegment as well as to OEM manufacturers. Our sales teams act as direct sales channels (field application engineers (“FAEs”)) are utilized asutilizing the primary customer interface relating to initial design specifications, development of prototypes, and pricing/delivery of this segment’s products. Distributors are also used for those customers that desire standard products.
Weighing and Control Systems
The Weighing and Control Systems segment designs and manufactures complete systems comprised of mainly load cells and instrumentation for weighing and force control/measurement for a variety of uses, including process weighing, steel manufacturing, on-board weighing and overload monitor systems.monitoring. Typical applications for our weighing and control systems products are: process weighing of chemicals, food and pharmaceuticals; aircraft and truck weighing and overload protections; weight, force and process optimization and simulation in steel and paper mills; and force measurement for offshore oil and gas exploration.
The Weighing and Control Systems segment acquires many of the load cells it requires from our Force Sensors segment. As such, the Company considers the load cell production line to be an integral component of the production process of our Weighing and Control Systems segment. Other major components that comprise our systems are: load cells, electronic displays; optical gages; laser systems; signal processors; MEMS sensors; cabling; system software; and communication software/hardware. The end use for the majority of these products is the precision measurement of force, weight, pressure, torque, tilt, motion, and acceleration. Direct sales channels (FAEs)FAEs are utilized as the primary customer interface relating to initial design specifications, development of prototypes, and pricing/delivery of this segment’s products. Distributors and sales agents are also used, as appropriate, to market, sell, and support certain products in this segment.
- 6 -



Products
Our precision sensor and sensor-based systems include products such as load cells, transducers, weighing modules, and complete systems for process control and on-board weighing applications. Our precision foil resistors and strain gages are based on our proprietary foil technology, which we invented. We manufacture and sell high precision foil resistors, foil strain gages, and data acquisition systems.
Our product portfolio includes:
Foil resistors – Foil resistors are the most precise and stable type of resistors currently available. Resistors are basic components used in all forms of electronic circuitry to adjust and regulate levels of voltage and current. Our current sense resistors were developed with a low absolute TCR and Kelvin connections to meet the demand of stable resistive products
Our foil resistors and current sensors are used in applications requiring a high degree of precision and stability, such as in medicalthe following market segments: Avionics/Military/Aerospace applications, precision equipment for front-endPrecision Weighing, Medical applications, Test & Measurements/ Semiconductors, Oil & Gas and back-end semiconductor testing and semiconductor fabrication equipment, and avionics/military/aerospace applications.Process Control. We sell our foil resistors under the Vishay Foil Resistors, Alpha Electronics, and Powertron brands, including under our well-known Bulk Metal® trademark.
The ultra-precision technology also provides extremely low temperature coefficient resistance and exceptional long term stability through temperature extremes. To complement our extensive portfolio of high-performance foil resistors, we also offer decade boxes, standard resistors, exceptional precision thin film and power resistors including special construction configurations to meet the requirements of high temperature applications. We have a road map of new technology products to meet the required needs of our customers.
Foil strain gages – Strain gages, including our advanced sensors, are resistive sensors that are attached to the surface of an object to determine the surface strain caused by an applied force. Typical uses of strain gages include test and measurement applications where the strength of the object is the main consideration and the object under test is a structural component in a machine or device, such as an automobile, an aircraft, or a highway bridge. Strain gages are also used inside precision transducers where the magnitude of an applied force is the focus of the measurement. A variety of physical measurements can be made using strain gages attached to metal components including force, weight, pressure, displacement, and acceleration. We sell our strain gages under the well-known Micro-Measurements brand.
Transducers, load cells, and modules – A transducer is mounted on a structure that is subjected to weight or other stress,forces, such as the platform of an industrial scale. The term “load cell” is primarily used to describe transducers used in weighing applications. Strain gageStrain-gage based transducers consist of one or more strain gages bonded to a metallic support. The change in resistance of the strain gages in response to deformation of the transducer by the applied load is detected by electronic

- 6 -



instrumentation. Transducers are manufactured with different designs and configurations depending on their application and the type of stress or strain to be measured; for example, weight or tension. We produce both analog and digital transducers. Modules are transducers combined with a mounting and with external features, such as instruments and cables, and are used for weighing and control applications. We sell our load cells and modules under the overall VPG Transducers name as we continue to transition from the previously used Celtron, Revere, Sensortronics, and Tedea-Huntleigh brands.

Data acquisition systems – Data acquisition systems, which include instruments to measure, process, digitize, display, and record the output of our strain gages, transducers, and other sensor or sensor-based systems as well as deliver information to control systems. Our acquisition of Pacific Instruments significantly expanded our previous instruments offerings.
Weighing and control systems – Weighing and control systems are integrated systems for the detection and measurement of weight and other types of force, primarily for use in industrial applications. These include systems to control process weighing in food, chemical, and pharmaceutical plants; force measurement systems used to control web tension in paper mills, roller force in steel mills, and cable tension in winch controls; on-board weighing systems installed in logging and waste-handling trucks; and special scale systems used for aircraft weighing and portable truck weighing. Our mechanical and thermal simulators are used for testing and developing various types of metals. With our acquisition of Stress-Tek, we enhanced and broadened our on-board weighing offerings with products that are recognized for high quality in their markets. With our acquisition of KELK, we added certain optical gages for control systems and enhanced our other product offerings for process control in the steel mill industry. With the acquisition of DSI, we broadened our offerings to the steel mill industry and to materials testing labs. We sell our systems under a variety of brand names including BLH Nobel, KELK, Gleeble, and VPG Onboard Weighing.

- 7 -





Qualifications and Specifications
Certain of our products must be qualified or approved under various military and aerospace specifications and other standards.
We have qualified certain of our foil resistor and sensor products under various military specifications approved and monitored by the United States Defense Logistics Agency (“DLA”), under certain European military specifications, and various aerospace standards approved by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (“NASA”) and the European Space Agency (“ESA”).
Qualification and specification levels are based in part upon the rate of failure of products. We must continuously perform tests on our products, and report the results for qualified products to the qualifying organization. If a product fails to meet the requirements for the applicable classification level, the product’s classification may be suspended or reduced to a lower level. During the time that the classification is suspended or reduced, net revenues and earnings attributable to that product may be adversely affected.
Certain of our load cell and instrumentation products are approved by the National Type Evaluation Program (“NTEP”) and International Organization of Legal Metrology (“OIML”). Many of our weighing systems must also meet these standards to make them usable for legal-for-trade weighing applications. Products and systems that are to be used in hazardous areas, where explosive atmospheres might exist, must comply with special safety standards, such as the European Atmosphère Explosible (“ATEX”) Standard and the U.S. Factory Mutual (“FM”) Standard. Our load cell manufacturing sites undergo periodic audits by regulatory authorities in order to verify compliance with standard requirements and to extend product approvals.
Manufacturing Operations
Our principal manufacturing facilities are located in Israel, the United States, Canada, India, the People’s Republic of China, Germany, and Japan. We also have manufacturing facilities in Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and France. Over the past several years, we have invested substantial resources to increase capacity and to enhance automation in our plants, which we believe will further reduce production costs.
We have quality management systems at all of our major manufacturing facilities approved under the ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems Standard. ISO 9001 is a comprehensive set of quality program standards developed by the International Organization for Standardization ("ISO"). The quality management system in our major foil resistors manufacturing site is certified against Aerospace Standard AS9100.
To maintain our cost competitiveness, we are pursuing our strategic initiatives to shift manufacturing emphasis to more advanced automation in higher-labor-cost regions and to relocate production to regions with skilled workforces and relatively lower labor costs. See additional information in Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Cost Management” related to our restructuring efforts.

- 7 -



Sources of Supplies
Although most materials incorporated in our products are available from a number of sources, certain materials are available only from a relatively limited number of suppliers. The principal materials used in our products include various metallic foil alloys, aluminum, stainless steel, tool steel, plastics, and for a few products, gold. Some of the most highly specialized materials for our sensors are sourced from a single vendor. We maintain a safety stock inventory of certain critical materials at our facilities. We are taking steps to determine the use, source, and origin of any tin, tantalum, tungsten, or gold in our global product portfolio and, if appropriate, would work with our suppliers to remediate issues and source more responsibly.
A significant portion of our Force Sensors and Weighing and Control Systems segment products are based on strain gages produced by our Foil Technology Products segment.
Inventory and Backlog
We manufacture both standardized products and those designed and produced to meet customer specifications. We maintain an inventory of standardized components, and monitor the backlog of outstanding orders for our products.
We include in our backlog only open orders that have been released by the customer for shipment in the next twelve months. Many of our customers for strain gages, load cells, and foil resistors encounter uncertain and changing demand for their products. They typically order products from us based on their forecasts. If the customers' business needs change, they may cancel or reschedule the shipments that are included in our backlog, in many instances without the payment of any penalty. Therefore, the backlog at any point in time is not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for future periods.
- 8 -



Customers and Marketing
Our customer base is diversified in terms of industry, geographic region, and range of product needs. No single customer comprises greater than 5%10% of net revenues. The vast majority of our products are used in the broad industrial market, with selected uses in the military and aerospace, medical, agricultural, steel, and construction sectors. Within the broad industrial market, our products serve a wide variety of applications in waste management, bulk hauling, logging, scales manufacturing, engineering systems, pharmaceutical, oil, chemical, steel, paper, and food industries.
Our net revenues attributable to customers by region are as follows:
 Years ended December 31,

2017 2016 2015
Americas42% 44% 40%
Europe33% 35% 38%
Asia25% 21% 22%
 100% 100% 100%
We sell through a variety of sales channels, including OEMs, electronic manufacturing services companies (“EMS”) (which manufacture for OEMs on an outsourcing basis), and independent distributors. We also sell directly to end-use customers. During 2017, sales channels for our three reporting segments were as follows:
 Foil Technology Products Force
Sensors
 Weighing
and Control
Systems
OEMs36% 65% 37%
EMS13% % %
Distributors32% 30% 24%
End users19% 5% 39%
 100% 100% 100%
In 2017, the Weighing and Control Systems segment experienced a significant increase in the percentage of sales to end users and, to a lesser extent, to distributors, resulting in a corresponding reduction in the percentage of sales to OEMs.  The increase in sales to end users was mostly related to the increase of sales by our steel business, which primarily sells to end users.  The increase in percentage of distributor sales was primarily due to expansion of that sales channel by our onboard weighing business.

- 8 -



Many of our products have historically been sold by dedicated sales forces, consisting mainly of FAEs focusing on specific market segments or specific customers. The FAEs help identify the products in our portfolio that best meet the needs of our customers and provide technical and applications support. Their in-depth knowledge of customer needs is a key factor in new product design and future research and development initiatives.
Competition
Our competitive success depends on our ability to maintain a competitive advantage on the basis of superior product capability and performance, product quality, know-how, proprietary data, market knowledge, service capability, and business reputation. Price competitiveness can be an important factor, especially within our Force Sensors segment. Our sales and marketing programs offer our customers a broad range of world-class precision technologies, and superior global sales and support.
Competition in the markets where we sell the bulk of our products is extremely fragmented, both geographically and by application. To our knowledge, there are no competitors with the same product mix and proprietary technology as ours. Our competitors range from very small, local companies to large, international companies with greater financial resources than us.
Our foil resistors where we maintain a leading market share, and our foil strain gages are based on our proprietary technology. Competitors try to compete in this market using different technology to offer functionally equivalent products. CompetitionExamples of competition in our Foil Technology Products segment includes IRC, SSM,KOA, Bourns, Vishay Intertechnology, TT Electronics, Susumu, Isabellenhute, Caddock and Flat Dashi for foil resistors, and HBM,HBK, an operating company of Spectris, Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo Co., Ltd (TML), Kyowa and Zemic for foil strain gages. Competitors in our Force Sensors segment include HBM,HBK, Zemic, Keli,Utilcell, and Flintec. Competitors in our Weighing and Control Systems segment include Hardy Instruments and Mettler-Toledo for process weighing; ABB, Siemens, Haehne, Dalian, IMS and IMSFuji for steel mill systems; and Air-Weigh, Vehicle Weighing Systems, MOBA, and AMCS for onboard weighing.
Research and Development
Many of our products, manufacturing techniques, and technologies have been invented, designed, and developed by our engineers and scientists. Special proprietary resistive metal foil is the most important material in both our foil resistors and our foil strain gages, and our research and development activities related to foil materials are an important linkage between these two products.
We maintain strategically placed design centers for each of our business segments where proximity to customers enables us to more easily monitor and satisfy the needs of local markets. These design centers are located in the United States, Israel, Canada, Sweden, Japan, the United Kingdom, and Germany.
We also maintain research and development staff, and promote programs at a number of our production facilities to develop new products and new applications of existing products, and to improve manufacturing techniques. This decentralized system encourages individualized product development at specific manufacturing facilities that occasionally has applications at other facilities.
Our research and development staff and our sales force are closely linked. Our sales force is comprised of individuals with an engineering background who can help meet the needs of our customers for technical and applications support. This in-depth knowledge of customer needs and specifications is a key factor in future research and development initiatives.
Research and development will continue to play a key role in our efforts to introduce innovative products for new sales, and to improve profitability. We expect to continue to expand our position as a leading supplier of precision foil technology products. We believe our R&D efforts should provide us with a variety of opportunities to leverage technology, products, and our manufacturing base and, ultimately, our financial performance. To that end, we expect to sustain or increase our R&D expenditures in order to fill the product development pipeline and lay the foundation for future sales growth.
Patents and Licenses
We have made a significant investment in securing intellectual property protection for our technology and products. We seek to protect our technology by, among other things, filing patent applications for technology considered important to the
- 9 -



development of our business. Although we have numerous United States and foreign patents covering certain of our products and manufacturing processes, no particular patent is considered individually material to our business. We also rely upon trade secrets, unpatented know-how, and continuing technological innovation.
Our ability to compete effectively with other companies depends, in part, on our ability to maintain the proprietary nature of our technology. Although we have been awarded, have filed applications for, or have obtained numerous patents in the United States and other countries, there can be no assurance concerning the degree of protection afforded by these patents, or the likelihood that pending patents will be issued.

- 9 -



We require all of our technical, research and development, sales and marketing, and management employees, and most consultants and other advisors to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of employment, or consulting relationships with us. These agreements provide that all confidential information developed, or made known to the entity or individual during the course of the entity’s or individual’s relationship with us, is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. Substantially all of our technical, research and development, sales and marketing, and management employees have entered into agreements providing for the assignment to us of rights to inventions made by them while employed by us.
Environmental, Health and Safety
We have an Environmental, Health and Safety Policy that commits us to achieve health and safety for employees and protection of the environment, to maintain compliance with applicable environmental, health and safety laws, to promote proper management of hazardous materials, and to minimize the hazardous materials generated in the course of our operations. In addition, our manufacturing operations are subject to various regional, federal, state, and local laws restricting discharge of materials into the environment. Since we are subject to Environmental, Health and Safety laws worldwide we incur capital and operating expenditures and other costs to comply. We are not involved in any pending or threatened proceedings that would require curtailment of our operations.
EmployeesThe Company is in the process of designing, evaluating, and implementing a corporate Environmental, Social and Governance ("ESG") program and intends to complete a materiality assessment, scorecard and short and long-term objectives with deliverables starting in the second quarter of 2022.
Human Capital
As of December 31, 2017,2020, we employed approximately 2,2502,300 total employees, substantially all of which were full-time employees. Approximately 87% of theour employees were located outside the United States. Our future success is substantially dependent on our ability to attract and retain highly qualified technical and administrative personnel. Some of our employees outside the United States are members of trade unions. Our
We support worldwide employment and promotion of diversity to innovate and drive long-term value, by continuous monitoring of compensation and benefits to assure competitiveness, while implementing a worldwide talent strategy that includes workforce planning and succession planning.
The impact of COVID-19 on our operations has been mitigated through the issuance of Guidelines for Manufacturing Safety, Travel Safety and Personal Protective Equipment sourcing to ensure employee and visitor, contractor safety and continuity of operations. We have had no employee strikes or work stoppages due to labor disputes and we consider our relationship with our employees isto be generally good. However,good, however, no assurance can be given that labor unrest or strikes will not occur. We continue to support employee’s rights to collective bargaining and other recognized employee interests to organize.
Information about our Executive Officers
The following table sets forth certain information regarding our executive officers as of March 15, 2018:
11, 2021:
NameAgePositions
Ziv Shoshani5154Chief Executive Officer, President, and Director
William M. Clancy5558Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Roland B. DesiletsAmir Tal5651Senior Vice President General Counsel, and SecretaryChief Accounting Officer
Ziv Shoshani is our Chief Executive Officer and President, and also serves on the board of directors. Mr. Shoshani was Chief Operating Officer of Vishay Intertechnology from January 1, 2007 to November 1, 2009. During 2006, he was Deputy Chief Operating Officer of Vishay Intertechnology. Mr. Shoshani was Executive Vice President of Vishay Intertechnology from 2000 to 2009 with various areas of responsibility, including Executive Vice President of the Capacitors and the Resistors businesses, as well as heading the Measurements Group and Foil Divisions. Mr. Shoshani had been employed by Vishay Intertechnology
- 10 -



since 1995. He continues to serve on the Vishay Intertechnology board of directors. Mr. Shoshani is a nephew of the late Dr. Felix Zandman, the founder of Vishay Intertechnology.
William M. Clancy is our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Clancy was Corporate Controller of Vishay Intertechnology from 1993 until November 1, 2009. He became a Vice President of Vishay Intertechnology in 2001 and a Senior Vice President of Vishay Intertechnology in 2005. Mr. Clancy served as Corporate Secretary of Vishay Intertechnology from 2006 to 2009. From June 16, 2000 until May 16, 2005 (the date Vishay Intertechnology acquired the noncontrolling interest in Siliconix incorporated), Mr. Clancy served as the principal accounting officer of Siliconix. Mr. Clancy had been employed by Vishay Intertechnology since 1988. Mr. Clancy is a licensed CPA in Pennsylvania.
Roland B. DesiletsAmir Tal is our Senior Vice President General Counsel, and Secretary.Chief Accounting Officer. Mr. Tal was appointed by the board of directors to such position effective February 5, 2020. He joined VPG in March 2010 after servingserved as Executivethe Company’s Senior Vice President, General Counsel, and Secretary for QAD, Inc. (NASDAQ:QADA/QADB)Finance from 2001March 2017 until February 2020. From July 2010 to 2009. Prior to that time he spent one yearFebruary 2017, Mr. Tal served as Executivethe Company’s Vice President General Counsel,Operational Controller and Secretary of Atlas Commerce, Inc., a Safeguard Scientifics (NYSE:SFE) partner company.Regional Controller Israel. Mr. Desilets initially joined QAD, Inc. in 1993, serving as Regional General Counsel until 1998, when he was named General Counsel. Previously, he was Intellectual Property Counsel for Unisys Corporation. Mr. DesiletsTal holds a juris doctor degree from Widener University Delaware School of Law, a master of sciencebachelor’s degree in computer scienceeconomics and business administration from Villanovathe University of Haifa and a bachelor of science degree in physicsan MBA from Ursinus College.



- 10 -



Bar Ilan University.
Company Information and Website
We began filing annual, quarterly, and current reports, proxy statements, and other documents with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 after our spin-off from Vishay Intertechnology on July 6, 2010. The public may read and copy any materials that we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at Station Place, 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. Also, the SEC maintains an Internet website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including us, that file electronically with the SEC. The public can obtain any documents that we file with the SEC at www.sec.gov.
In addition, our company website can be found on the Internet at www.vpgsensors.com. The website contains information about us and our operations. Copies of each of our filings with the SEC on Form 10-K, Form 10-Q, and Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports, can be viewed and downloaded free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after the reports and amendments are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. To view the reports, access http://ir.vpgsensors.com and click on “SEC Filings”/ “Documents.”
The following corporate governance related documents are also available on our website:
Compensation Committee Charter
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Charter
Audit Committee Charter
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
Code of Ethics Applicable to the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Principal Accounting Officer or Controller
Corporate Governance Principles
To view these documents, access http://ir.vpgsensors.com and click on “Corporate Governance.”
To view our Ethics Program Reporting Procedures, access http:/www.vpgsensors.com/company and click on “Ethics.”
We are not incorporating by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K any material from our website.
Any of the above documents can also be obtained in print by any stockholder, upon request to our Investor Relations Department at the following address:

Corporate Investor Relations
Vishay Precision Group, Inc.
3 Great Valley Parkway, Suite 150
Malvern, PA 19355

- 11 -





Item 1A.RISK FACTORS
You should carefully consider the following risks and other information in this Form 10-K in evaluating our company and common stock. Any of the following risks, as well as additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial, could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition, and could also adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.
Risks Related to Our Business
The COVID-19 outbreak has adversely impacted and could continue to adversely impact our results of operations.
The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and the spread of the novel coronavirus on a global basis have adversely affected and are likely to continue to adversely affect our business in a number of respects, although the further extent, nature and timing of such impact cannot be predicted at this time. The COVID-19 outbreak has led countries around the world, as well as most states in the U.S., to implement restrictions relating to the operation of almost all types of businesses. The closure standards vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but they typically require all but “critical”, “essential” or “life-sustaining” businesses to close all offices and facilities. We believe, based on the various standards published to date, that our businesses meet the requisite standards to remain open, at least partially, in all jurisdictions in which we operate, although there is no assurance that our decision to remain open will not be challenged. As of the date of this filing, all of our manufacturing and other facilities are operating at adequate capacity while following procedures designed to prevent the spread of the virus, such as social distancing, reduced personnel and staggered shifts. Changing standards regarding what type of facilities are permitted to remain open, as well as evolving interpretations of existing standards, in both the United States and around the globe, could result in the closure of some or all of our facilities.
To date, our supply chain has not experienced significant disruptions, and at this time we do not anticipate any such significant disruptions in the near term. However, our suppliers could be required by government authorities to temporarily cease operations in accordance with the various restrictions discussed above, might be limited in their production capacity due to complying with restrictions relating to the operation of businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic, or could suffer their own supply chain disruptions, impacting their ability to continue to supply us with the quantity of materials required by us.
If as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak governments take additional protective actions, or extend the time period for existing protective actions, or the distribution and administration of the vaccines for COVID-19 are delayed or prolonged, such actions or events may have a material adverse impact on our business and operating results. This could include closures of our facilities or the closure of the facilities of our customers, suppliers, or other vendors in our supply chain. Any disruption of our supply chain or the businesses of our customers could adversely impact our business and results of operations. In addition, the widespread public health crisis caused by the COVID-19 outbreak has adversely impacted the economies and financial markets worldwide, resulting in an economic downturn that has adversely impacted many businesses, including ours. The extent and duration of the impact on the global economy and financial markets from COVID-19 is difficult to predict, and the extent to which the COVID-19 will negatively affect us and the duration of any potential business disruption is uncertain. The impact to our business and results of operation will depend to a large extent on future developments and new information that may emerge regarding the duration and severity of the COVID-19 outbreak and the actions taken by authorities and other entities to contain COVID-19 or treat its impact, and the impact of such actions, all of which are beyond our control. These potential impacts, while uncertain, could adversely affect our operating results.
We face intense competition in our business.
We face various degrees and types of competition throughout the world in our different businesses. In some cases our products compete directly with those of third party competitors. In other cases, competition in one segment, such as in our Weighing and Control Systems segment, may affect not only the sales of our systems within that segment, but also sales of products that we incorporate in those systems from other segments, such as load cells and strain gages.
We haveare a significant market position inleading supplier of foil resistors and foil strain gages. Foil resistors and foil strain gages are also produced by competitors, principally located in China. We believe that our foil technology products provide superior performance relative to our competitors, but that could change if our competitors succeed in developing and introducing innovative competitive offerings. Also, our foil strain gages compete with other types of strain gages, such as semiconductor strain gages, which we do not manufacture. We believe that other types of strain gages are not as reliable or stable as our foil strain gages, but that could change as the technology for these other products continues to evolve. If our competitors are able to improve the quality, performance, or pricing of their products relative to our offerings, our results of operations could be adversely affected.
The market for transducer/load cell products is highly fragmented and very competitive. Our load cell modules and systems face competition from numerous other load cell module and systems manufacturers. Competition for modules and systems is most often based on customer relationships, product reliability, technical performance, and the ability to anticipate and satisfy customer needs for specific design configurations. Many other manufacturers have more experience in particular geographic
- 12 -



markets and specific applications than we do, and may be better positioned to compete in these areas. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully grow our business in the face of these competitive challenges.
Our vertical product integration exposes us to certain risks.
Our business structure emphasizes vertical product integration. For example our force sensor business is the largestsignificant customer (by volume) for our strain gages. Similarly, our weighing and control systems business uses our force sensor products in its systems. Many of our acquisitions, which form the core operations of our business, had the effect of extending our vertical integration.
While we believe this has been, and will continue to be, a sound business structure, vertical product integration and the resulting interdependencies of our divisions exposes us to certain risks. As a consequence of our vertical integration, our force sensors business may compete with certain of our customers and potential customers for strain gages while our systems business may compete with certain of our customers and potential customers for force sensors, who, for that reason, may elect not to do business with us.
To remain successful, we must continue to innovate, and our investments in new technologies may notprove successful.
Our future operating results depend on our ability to continually develop, introduce, and market new and innovative products, to modify existing products, to respond to technological change, and to customize certain products to meet customer requirements. There are numerous risks inherent in this process, including the risks that we will be unable to anticipate the direction of technological change, that customers may be unwilling, or unable, to adopt the new products or methods of using them, that we will be unable to develop and market new products and applications in a timely fashion to satisfy customer demands, or that such products will experience quality or other qualification issues with our customers as they, and we, gain experience with qualifying them and using them. If this occurs, we could lose customers and experience adverse effects on our financial condition and results of operations.
We may not be successful in future acquisitions or other strategic transaction endeavors, if any, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Historically, we expanded our business in part by completing acquisitions, and an important element of our business strategy continues to be expansion through acquisition. We cannot assure that we will identify, have the financial capabilities to execute, and/or successfully complete strategic transactions with suitable partners in the future. We also cannot assure that any such transactions that we do complete in the future will be successful.



- 12 -



Such transactions, or investmentsincluding our acquisition of DSI in November 2019, involve a number of risks, including the following:
we may incur substantial costs, including advisory fees and diversion of management attention, in evaluating a potential transaction;
we may be unable to achieve the anticipated benefits from the transaction;
we may have difficulty integrating the operations, personnel and personnelculture of an acquired business, and may have difficulty retaining the key personnel of the acquired business;
we may have difficulty enforcing restrictive covenants against the seller of the acquired business or former employees or other personnel of the acquired business;
we may have difficulty incorporating acquired technologies or products into our existing solutions;
our ongoing business and management's attention may be disrupted or diverted by transition or integration issues, and the complexity of managing geographically and culturally diverse locations; and
we may lose customers of those companies, or may lose our customers due to the change in control or for other reasons.
The factors noted above could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition or cash flows, particularly in the case of a larger acquisition. From time to time, we may enter into negotiations for acquisitions or investments that are not ultimately consummated. These negotiations could result in significant diversion of management time, as well as out-of-pocket costs.
Future acquisitions may require us to incur or issue additional indebtedness or issue additional equity.
If we were to undertake future substantial acquisitions for cash, these acquisitions would likely need to be financed in part through bank borrowings, or the issuance of public or private debt. This acquisition financing would likely decrease our ratio of earnings to fixed charges and adversely affect othercertain credit metrics. Our revolving credit facilities require us to obtain the lenders’ consent for certain additional debt financing and to comply with other covenants, including the application of specific financial ratios. We cannot assure that the necessary acquisition financing would be available to us on acceptable terms, if and when, required. If we were to make an acquisition with equity, the acquisition may have a dilutive effect on the interests of the holders of our common stock.
We may experience difficulties, delays, or unexpected costs in completing our cost reduction programs.
To remain competitive, particularly when business conditions are difficult, we sometimes take steps to reduce our cost structure by restructuring our existing businesses to achieve efficiencies, eliminate redundant functions, facilities and staff positions, and move operations, where possible, to reduce labor or other costs.
- 13 -



We may not realize, in full or in part, the anticipated benefits of these programs without encountering difficulties, which may include complications in the transfer of production knowledge, loss of key employees and/or customers, and the disruption of ongoing business. Any of these difficulties could delay and/or undermine our ability to realize the benefits of these cost reduction programs, as well as potentially adversely affecting our customer relationships and operations.
Our business is cyclical, and in periods of increased economic strength, we may experience intense demand for our products. If our cost reduction programs and related restructuring result in us not being able to satisfy our customer’s demand for products during a rising economy, and our competitors sufficiently expand production, we could lose customers and/or market share. These losses could have an adverse effect on our operations, financial condition, and results of operations.
We might require additional capital to support business growth and this capital might not be available.
We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges or opportunities, including the need to develop new offerings or enhance our existing offerings, enhance our operating infrastructure, or acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing secured by us in the future could involve additional restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions.
In addition, we may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited.
We may encounter difficulties in the implementation or operation of new enterprise resource planning systems.
We have implemented, and continue to implement, new enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) systems in different parts of our business. ERP systems are integral to our ability to accurately and efficiently manage our manufacturing and sales activities, and provide critical business information to management. The implementation of an ERP system may cause us to incur additional costs, shipment delays, and related customer dissatisfaction; expend employee (including Company management) time and attention; and otherwise burden our internal resources. Any difficulties we encounter with the implementation or successful

- 13 -



operation of an ERP system could damage the effectiveness of our business processes and could adversely impact our ability to accurately and effectively forecast and manage sales demand, manage our supply chain, and report management information on an accurate and timely basis, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Our success is dependent upon our ability to protect our proprietary technology and other intellectual property.
We rely on a combination of the protections provided by applicable patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret laws, as well as on confidentiality procedures and other contractual arrangements, to establish and protect our rights in our technology, and related materials and information. We enter into agreements with our customers and distributors. These agreements contain confidentiality and non-disclosure provisions, a limited warranty covering our products, and indemnification for the customer from infringement actions related to our products.
Despite our efforts, it may be possible for others to copy portions of our products, reverse engineer them, or obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary, all of which could adversely affect our competitive position. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that our competitors will not independently develop technology similar to ours. The laws of certain countries in which we manufacture do not protect our intellectual property ("IP") rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. In the Office of the United States Trade Representative (“USTR”) annual "Special 301" Report released in April 2017,2020, the adequacy and effectiveness of intellectual property protection in a number of foreign countries were analyzed.
A number of countries in which we manufacture or do business in are identified in the report as being on the Priority Watch List or the Watch List. In China, for instance, the USTR is concerned about the existenceurgent need to remediate a range of widespread infringing activity,IP-related concerns, including trade secret theft, rampant online piracy and counterfeiting, the high-volume manufacture and high levelsexport of physical pirated and counterfeit exports to markets around the globe. Structural impediments to civil and criminal enforcement of IP rights are also problematic. Further, China imposesgoods, technology transfer requirements that U.S. firms develop their IP in China or transfer their IP to Chinese entitiesimposed as a condition to accessingaccess the Chinese market. China also requires thatmarket, the mandatory application of adverse terms be applied to foreign IP licensors, and requires that U.S. firms localizeIP ownership and research and development activities.localization requirements. Structural impediments to administrative, civil, and criminal IP enforcement are also problematic. The USTR also expressed concern that in India serious deficiencies remainthere is a lack of sufficient measurable improvements to its IP framework on long standing and new challenges that have negatively affected U.S. right holders over the past year. Other countries in its legal framework and enforcement system for intellectual property rights. Algeria, Argentina, Chile, Indonesia, Kuwait, Russia, Thailand, Ukraine, and Venezuelawhich we do business were also identified because of problems in intellectual property enforcement. The absence of harmonized intellectual property protection laws and effective enforcement makes it difficult to ensure consistent respect for patent, trade secret, and other intellectual property rights on a worldwide basis. As a result, it is possible that we will not be able to enforce our rights against third parties that misappropriate our proprietary technology in those countries.
The success of our business is highly dependent on maintenance of intellectual property rights.
The unauthorized use of our IP rights may increase the cost of protecting these rights or reduce our revenues. We seek to protect trade secrets and our other proprietary technology, in part, by requiring each of our employees to enter into non-disclosure and IP assignment agreements. In these agreements, the employee agrees to maintain the confidentiality of all of our proprietary information and, subject to certain exceptions, to assign to us all rights in any proprietary information or technology made, or contributed, by the employee during his or her employment. Generally, we do not enter into non-compete arrangements with our employees, with the exception of certain executives and, in some cases, one or more of the principals of the businesses that we acquire.
All of these types of agreements may be breached or be found unenforceable, and we may not have an adequate remedy for any such breach of, or inability to enforce, these agreements. We may initiate, or be subject to, claims or litigation for infringement of proprietary rights, or to establish the validity of our proprietary rights, which could result in significant expense to us, cause
- 14 -



product shipment delays, require us to enter royalty or licensing agreements, and divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel from productive tasks, whether or not such litigation were determined in our favor.
We may be exposed to product liability claims.
While our agreements with our customers and distributors typically contain provisions designed to limit our exposure to potential material product liability claims, including appropriate warranty, indemnification, damages waiver, and limitation of liability provisions, it is possible that such provisions may not be effective under the laws of some jurisdictions, thus exposing us to substantial liability. Moreover, defending a suit, regardless of its merits, could entail substantial expense, and require the time and attention of key management personnel. If product liability claims are brought against us, the costs associated with defending such claims may adversely affect our results of operations and future cash flows.
We must expend significant resources to obtain design wins without assurance that we will be successful.
In many cases, we must initiate communication with our customers, and convince the customer that our products and systems will offer solutions for its business that are technically superior and more cost effective compared to their existing arrangements. To do so, we must often expend significant financial and human resources to develop technologically compelling products or systems with no guarantee that they will be adopted by our customers. The non-recurring engineering (“NRE”) costs for product development in these cases could be substantial, and may adversely affect our profitability if we are unable to recover these costs.

- 14 -



Also, customers will often require a lengthy period of on-site testing before committing to purchase a product or system, during which period we will not receive material revenue from the customer. While a design win for our products and systems may result in a long period of recurring revenue during which we hope to recover our costs, we must often internally finance our development costs over significant time periods. If our products or systems fail to gain acceptance with our customers, we will be forced to absorb any NRE costs, which could adversely affect our business if these costs are substantial.
The long development times for certain of our products and systems may result in unpredictable fluctuations in revenue and results of operations.
Our force sensor products, and weighing and control systems, often involvehave long product development cycles, both to develop the product or system and to secure customer acceptance following what may be a lengthy on-site testing period. During product development and testing, we may incur substantial costs without corresponding revenues. If our custom product or system is ultimately accepted by the customer, we may then begin to realize substantial revenues from our development efforts.
In particular, our weighing and control systems can be priced for several hundred thousand dollars per unit, so that a contract to acquire one or more units can materially contribute to our revenues during the period or periods that we are permitted to recognize the contract revenues for accounting purposes. The nature of our weighing and control products and systems, and in particular, the products and systems manufactured by the steel business, may therefore result in substantial fluctuations in our operating results, including revenues and profitability, from period to period, even though there has been no fundamental change in our business or its prospects. Further, customers may request a delay in shipping a product they have ordered due to changes in their business needs, which may delay the revenue recognition for the product until shipment occurs. This may make it difficult for investors to undertake period-to-period comparisons of our performance. Also, the fluctuating nature of key components of our revenues may limit the visibility of our management regarding performance in future periods, and make it more difficult for our management to provide guidance to our investors.
We may not have adequate facilities to satisfy future increases in demand for our products.
Our business is cyclical and in periods of a rising economy, we may experience intense demand for our products. During such periods, we may have difficulty expanding our manufacturing capacity to satisfy demand. Factors which could limit such expansion include delays in procurement of manufacturing equipment, shortages of skilled personnel, and physical constraints on expansion at our facilities. If we are unable to meet our customers’ requirements and our competitors sufficiently expand production, we could lose customers and/or market share. These losses could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Also, capacity that we add during upturns in the business cycle may result in excess capacity during periods when demand for our products recedes, resulting in inefficient use of capital, adversely affecting our business.
The nature of the market for our products may render them particularly susceptible to downturns in the economic environment.
Our products are designed to replace and provide superior functionality over existing product infrastructure utilized by our customers. Often, it is only after introductory demonstrations by our sales and engineering teams that our customers come to appreciate the advantages of our products and systems, and the long-term benefits of their adoption. An economic downturn or extended period of economic uncertainty may make customers less receptive to adopting new technological solutions at our suggestion - even ones with demonstrated operational and financial advantages. During these periods, customers may defer, or even cancel, orders for products and systems for which they have previously contracted, or given indications of interest.
- 15 -



Also, because our business is concentrated largely in the industrial sector, we do not benefit from countervailing fluctuations in consumer demand. As a result, our business may be more significantly affected by the consequences of a general economic slowdown than other segments of our industry, and may also take longer to recover from the effects of a slowdown.
Our backlog is subject to customer cancellation.
Many of the orders that comprise our backlog may be canceled by our customers without penalty. Our customers, particularly for our foil technology products, often cancel orders when business is weak and inventories are excessive, a situation that we have previously experienced during periods of economic slowdown. Therefore, we cannot be certain that the amount of our backlog accurately forecasts the level of orders that will ultimately be delivered. Our results of operations could be adversely impacted if customers cancel a material portion of orders in our backlog.
The complexity of our sophisticated weighing and control systems may require costly corrections if design flaws are found.
Our weighing and control systems combine sophisticated electronic hardware and computer software. We believe that the sophistication of our systems contributes to their competitive advantage over similar products offered by other system integrators. We go to substantial lengths to assure that our systems are free of design flaws when they are delivered to our customers for installation and testing. However, due to the systems’ complexity, design flaws may occur and require correction. If the requisite corrections are substantial, or difficult to implement due to the systems’ complexity, we may not be able to recover the costs of correction and retesting, with the result that our profit margins on these systems could be substantially reduced, or even negated by losses, and our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

- 15 -




Our results are sensitive to raw material availability, quality, and cost.
Although most materials incorporated in our products are available from a number of sources, certain materials are available only from a relatively limited number of suppliers. We generally maintain a supply of strategic raw materials for continuity and risk management. Our customers would need significant advance notification to qualify alternative materials, if we had to use them. Alternative suppliers are available worldwide for most of our raw materials, but significant time (up to 12 months) would be required to qualify new suppliers and establish efficient production scheduling.
Certain metals used in the manufacture of our products are traded on active markets, and can be subject to significant price volatility.
Our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected if we have difficulty obtaining thesecertain raw materials, if the quality of available raw materials deteriorates, if there are significant price changes for these raw materials, or if compliance with the laws and regulations described below proves costly and time-consuming. For periods in which the prices of these raw materials are rising, we may be unable to pass on the increased cost to our customers, which would result in decreased margins for the products in which they are used. For periods in which the prices are declining, we may be required to write down our inventory carrying cost of these raw materials, since we record our inventory at the lower of cost or market. Depending on the extent of the difference between market price and our carrying cost, this write-down could have a material adverse effect on our net earnings. We also may need to record losses for adverse purchase commitments for these materials in periods of declining prices.
Pursuant to the SEC’s “conflict minerals” rules, reporting companies that determine that certain metals, dubbed “conflict minerals” by the SEC (which include tantalum, gold, tin, and tungsten sourced from the Democratic Republic of the Congo or adjoining countries), are necessary to the functionality or production of a product they manufacture, or contract to have manufactured, must file a specialized disclosure form with the SEC. We use raw materials that are subject to conflict minerals rules. The compliance with the SEC's related disclosure requirements may affect the sourcing and availability of minerals used in the manufacture of our products. Also, because our supply chain is complex, we may face reputational challenges with our customers and other stakeholders if we are unable to materially verify the origins of all "in scope" metals used in our products.
Our product sales may be adversely affected by changes in product classification levels under various qualification and specification standards.
Certain of our products must be qualified or approved under various military and aerospace specifications and other standards.
We have qualified certain of our foil resistor products under various military specifications approved and monitored by the DLA, and under certain European military specifications, and various aerospace standards approved by NASA and the ESA.
Qualification and specification levels are based in part upon product failure rate. We must continuously perform tests on our products, and for products that are qualified, the results of these tests must be reported to the qualifying organization.
Certain of our force sensor products are approved by the NTEP and OIML. Our on-board weighing systems must meet approved standards to make them legal-for-trade.
If a product fails to meet the requirements for the applicable classification level or other approval, the product’s classification or approval may be suspended or reduced to a lower level. During the time that the classification is suspended or reduced to a lower level, net revenues and earnings attributable to that product may be adversely affected.
Our future success is substantially dependent on our ability to attract and retain highly qualified technical, managerial, marketing, finance, and administrative personnel.
- 16 -
The competitive environment of our business requires us to attract and retain highly qualified personnel to develop technological innovations and bring them to market on a timely basis. Our complex operations also require us to attract and retain highly qualified administrative personnel in functions such as legal, tax, accounting, business development, financial reporting, and treasury. The market for personnel with such qualifications is highly competitive. We have not entered into employment or non-competition agreements with many of our key personnel.


The loss of the services of, or the failure to effectively recruit, qualified personnel, including for key executive positions, could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could adversely affect our ability to meet our reporting requirements.
Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reasonable assurance with respect to our financial reports, and to effectively prevent fraud. Internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements because of inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls, or fraud. Therefore, even effective internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and

- 16 -



fair presentation of financial statements. If we cannot provide reasonable assurance with respect to our financial reports and effectively prevent fraud, our operating results could be harmed. Our acquisitionIn the past, we experienced a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to deficiencies in our internal control structure arising out of new businesses requiresour significant change in size, complexity and structure due to multiple restructurings and acquisitions. We have since remediated the integrationmaterial weakness through updates to our control activities documentation and harmonizationprocess in numerous locations and improved processes related to monitoring of the acquired business’ controls with our existing controls in order to properly account for the acquired business’ assetsdesign and operations.effectiveness of internal controls. If we fail to maintain the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, including any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or if we experience difficulties in their implementation, our business and operating results could be harmed, we could fail to meet our reporting obligations, and there could be a material adverse effect on our stock price.
As described in "Item 9A. Controls and Procedures", we have identified a material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting that, if not properly corrected, could materially adversely affect our operations and result in material misstatements in our financial statements.

If we are unable to remediate the material weakness in a timely manner, we may be unable to provide holders of our securities with the required financial information in a timely and reliable manner and we may incorrectly report financial information. Either of these events could have a material adverse effect on our operations, investor, supplier and customer confidence in our reported financial information and/or the trading price of our common stock.

We are exposed to, and may be adversely affected by, interruptions to our computer and information technology systems and sophisticated cyber-attacks.

We rely on our information technology systems and networks in connection with many of our business activities. Some of these networks and systems are managed by third party service providers and are not under our direct control. Our operations routinely involve receiving, storing, processing, and transmitting sensitive information pertaining to our business, customers, suppliers, employees, and other sensitive matters. Any cyber incidents could materially disrupt operational systems; result in loss of trade secrets or other proprietary or competitively sensitive information; compromise personally identifiable information regarding customers or employees; and jeopardize the security of our facilities. Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, or to sabotage systems, change frequently and generally are not recognized until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques, or to implement adequate preventative measures. Information technology security threats, including security breaches, computer malware, and other cyber-attacks are increasing in both frequency and sophistication, and could create financial liability, subject us to legal or regulatory sanctions, or damage our reputation with customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders. We continuously seek to maintain a robust program of information security and controls, but the impact of a material information technology event could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, reputation, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
Future changes in our environmental liability and compliance obligations may harm our ability to operate or increase costs.
Our manufacturing operations, products and/or packaging are subject to environmental laws and regulations governing air emissions, wastewater discharges, the handling, disposal, and remediation of hazardous substances, wastes, and certain chemicals used or generated in our manufacturing processes, workplace health and safety labeling, or other notifications with respect to the content, or other aspects of our processes, products or packaging, restrictions on the use of certain materials in or on design aspects of our products or packaging, and responsibility for disposal of products or packaging. New liabilities could arise, and we may have unavoidably inherited certain pre-existing environmental liabilities, generally based on successor liability doctrines. Although we have never been involved in any environmental matter that has had a material adverse impact on our overall operations, there can be no assurance that in connection with any past or future operation, acquisition or otherwise, we will not be obligated to address environmental matters that could have a material adverse impact on our operations. In addition, more stringent environmental regulations may be enacted in the future, and we cannot presently determine the modifications, if any, in our operations that any such future regulations might require, or the cost of compliance with these regulations.
Our credit facilities subject us to financial and operating restrictions.
We maintain a revolving credit agreements and term loansfacility with banks that we use, or may use, for working capital, acquisition financing, and other purposes. TheseThis credit facilities subjectfacility subjects us to certain restrictions which may affect, and in some cases significantly limit or prohibit, among other things, our ability to:
borrow additional funds;
pay dividends or make other distributions;
repurchase our common stock;
make investments, including capital expenditures;
complete acquisitions;
engage in transactions with affiliates or subsidiaries; or
create liens on our assets.


- 17 -




Our primary credit facility requires us to maintain certain financial ratios. If we fail to comply with the covenant restrictions contained in the credit facility, that failure could result in termination of the facility, and all amounts outstanding could become immediately payable.
Unexpected events, such as a natural disaster, could disrupt our operations and adversely affect our results of operations.
We have manufacturing and other facilities in countries around the world. Unexpected events, including fires or explosions at facilities; natural disasters, such as flooding, hurricanes, and earthquakes; war or terrorist activities; unplanned outages; supply disruptions; and failures of equipment or systems at any of our facilities could adversely affect our results of operation. If adverse conditions were to arise with respect to any of our facilities as a result of a natural disaster or other unexpected event, they may result in customer disruption, physical damage to one or more key operating facilities, the temporary closure of one or more key operating facilities, the temporary disruptions of information systems, and/or an adverse effect on our results of operations.
A significant portion of our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments balances wereare held by our non-U.S. subsidiaries.
We generate a significant amount of cash and profits from our non-U.S. subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2017, $69.02020, $88.8 million of our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments were held by subsidiaries outside of the United States.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“2017 Tax Act”), enacted on December 22, 2017, transitions the U.S. from a worldwide tax system to a modified territorial tax system. Under previous law, companies could indefinitely defer U.S. income taxation on unremitted foreign earnings. The 2017 Tax Act imposes a one-time transition tax on deferred foreign earnings Any repatriation of 15.5% for liquid assets and 8% for illiquid assets, payable in defined increments over eight years. As a result of this requirement, we provisionally expect to pay approximately $0.2 million, net of estimated applicable foreign tax credits, and after utilization of net operating loss and various carryforwards. We expect that we will not need to repatriate amounts from our non-U.S. subsidiaries to the United States to satisfy this tax obligation.

These previously deferred foreign earnings may now be repatriated to the United States with little to no additional U.S. federal taxation. However, any such repatriationfunds could incur local withholding tax in the source and intervening foreign jurisdictions. These amounts could also be subject to certain U.S. state taxes.

Changes in our tax rate or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect our profitability. In addition, audits by tax authorities could result in additional tax payments for prior periods.
- 17 -



We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and in various foreign jurisdictions. Domestic and international tax liabilities are subject to the allocation of income among various tax jurisdictions. Our effective tax rate can be affected by changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates (including as a result of business acquisitions and dispositions), changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, accruals related to contingent tax liabilities, the results of audits and examinations of previously filed tax returns, and changes in tax laws.
Any of these factors may adversely affect our tax rate and decrease our profitability. The amount of income taxes we pay is subject to audit by U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign tax authorities. If these tax audits result in assessments, our future results may be unfavorably impacted.
As a global business, we have a complex tax structure, and there is a risk that the tax authorities will disagree with our transfer pricing.
We are subject to complex transfer pricing regulations in the U.S. and foreign countries in which we operate. Transfer pricing regulations generally require that transactions between related companies be determined comparable to transactions on an arm’s length basis and that contemporaneous documentation be maintained to support the pricing used. Although transfer pricing standards are generally similar in many of the countries in which we operate, there is still a relatively high degree of uncertainty and inherent subjectivity in complying with these requirements. This topic has received additional scrutiny in recent years, including the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project. To the extent that any tax authority disagrees with our transfer pricing practices, we could incur significant costs to defend our position and could be subject to significant additional tax liabilities, interest, and penalties.
We may not be able to realize our deferred tax assets which would adversely impact tax expense in future periods.
We regularly assess the ability to realize deferred tax assets in each jurisdiction in which we operate based on a number of factors, including historic operating results, estimates of future earnings, the economic environment, the nature and character of the income, and the existence of cost effective tax planning strategies. This assessment requires significant judgment. If we determine that deferred tax assets are not "more likely than not" to be realized, we record a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to a level that is expected to be realized. If we subsequently determine that realization becomes "more likely than not", a valuation

- 18 -



allowance will be reversed. Any increase or decrease in our valuation allowances could have a significant impact on our financial results.
We use the markVishayunder license from Vishay Intertechnology, which could result in product and market confusion.
We use the mark Vishay as part of our name and in connection with many of our products. Our use of the Vishay mark is governed by an agreement between us and Vishay Intertechnology, giving us a perpetual, royalty-free, worldwide license for the use of the mark. We believe that it is important that we continue the use of the Vishay name, to a certain extent, in order to benefit from the reputation of the Vishay brand, which was first used in connection with our foil resistors and strain gages when Vishay Intertechnology was founded over 50 years ago.
There are risks associated with our use of the Vishay mark, however, both for us and for Vishay Intertechnology. Because both we, and Vishay Intertechnology, use the Vishay mark, confusion could arise in the market regarding the products offered by the two companies, and there could be a misplaced perception of our continuing to be associated with Vishay Intertechnology. Also, any negative publicity associated with one of the two companies in the future could adversely affect the public image of the other. Finally, Vishay Intertechnology will have the right to terminate the license agreement, in certain extreme circumstances, if we are in material and repeated breach of the terms of the agreement, which would likely have an adverse effect on us and our business.
Risks relating to our operations outside the United States
We attempt to improve profitability by operating in countries in which manufacturing efficiencies may be achieved, but the shift of operations to these regions may entail considerable expense.
Our strategy is aimed at achieving significant production cost savings through the transfer and expansion of manufacturing operations to and in countries in which we have existing capacity, as well as countries with lower production costs or other benefits, such as India. During this process, we may experience under-utilization of certain plants and factories in higher-cost regions, and capacity constraints in plants and factories located in lower-cost regions. Also, we may experience delays in the expected transition from a higher-cost location to a lower-cost one that results in greater than expected use of the higher-cost facility. This transitional utilization may result initially in production inefficiencies and higher costs. These costs include those associated with compensation in connection with workforce reductions and plant closings in the higher-cost regions, start-up expenses, manufacturing and construction delays, and increased depreciation costs in connection with the initiation or expansion of production in lower-cost regions. In addition, as we implement transfers of certain of our operations, we may experience strikes or other types of labor unrest as a result of layoffs or termination of our employees in higher-cost countries.
- 18 -



In connection with the transfer of manufacturing operations to lower-cost countries, and upgrading of existing facilities in higher-cost countries, we are also increasing the level of automation in our plants to optimize our capital and labor resources in production, inventory management, quality control, and warehousing. Although we have substantial experience with automation in several of our plants in higher-cost countries, there are risks in automating plants which previously did not use a significant amount of automation, including the possibility of inefficiencies and higher operating costs in the transition from manual to automated operations. If the transition extends longer than anticipated, we could suffer product yield inefficiencies, contributing to higher product costs and increasing the time it will take for us to achieve a return on our investment in the capital equipment involved in the automation process. Furthermore, any layoffs or termination of our employees as a result of increased automation may lead to strikes or other types of labor unrest. If we experience these types of inefficiencies, they could have an adverse effect on our operating results, customer relationships, and financial condition.
We conduct a significant amount of business in the European Union, including in England, and our operations may be affected by the resultsdeparture of the referendum vote by the United Kingdom to leavefrom the European Union.
On June 23, 2016, the citizens of the United Kingdom approved a referendum to leave the European Union (“Brexit”), which led to significant market volatility around the world, as well as political, economic and legal uncertainty. [InIn addition, the Brexit vote triggered a devaluing of the pound sterling relative to the euro and the U.S. dollar, and in Europe we generally sell our products and incur expense in local currencies including the pound sterling and the euro, but incur exchange rate gains and losses for U.S. dollar denominated assets and liabilities including intercompany and third-party accounts receivables and payables.] This exposure to movements in foreign currency exchange rates relative to some of these U.S. dollar denominated balances may result in an adverse impact on our results of operations.


The long-term nature of the United Kingdom’s relationship with the European Union is unclear and there is considerable uncertainty when any relationship will be agreed and implemented. During this time, negotiations will take placeestablished. Withdrawal from the European Union is controversial in the United Kingdom notwithstanding the 2016 vote. In January 2020, the United Kingdom and the European Union approved of an agreement between the United Kingdom and the European Union, and the United Kingdom officially departed from the European Union. On February 1, 2020, the United Kingdom entered into a transition and implementation period, during which all European Union laws regulations, court decisions, trading agreements and other obligations continue to unravel allapply to the United Kingdom. As of January 1, 2021, the existing legal, politicalUnited Kingdom and financial frameworksthe European Union entered into a Trade and obligations, and put new structures in place.Cooperation Agreement that included a Free Trade Agreement. At this stage, it is uncertain what the final resultseffects of these negotiationsthe Trade and Cooperation Agreement will be and, given the lack of comparable precedent, it is unclear how Brexit will affect economic conditions in theon our United Kingdom theand European Union, or globally. Because we have sales throughout the European Unionoperations in fiscal 2021 and offices in Englandbeyond, and throughout the EU, it is possible that Brexit may require us to restructure our European operations,the Trade and depending on what is negotiated,Cooperation Agreement or other agreements entered into between the United Kingdom and other jurisdictions could impair our ability to transacttransaction business in otherthe United Kingdom or countries in the European Union.


- 19 -Significant developments from the recent and potential changes in tariffs, trade regulation or other restrictions may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.



We have manufacturing operations in China, Europe, Canada, Israel and the United States, as well as in other countries. Significant tariffs or other restrictions which are placed on Chinese, European, Canadian or Israeli imports to the United States, or any related counter-measures which are taken by the countries involved, may materially harm our revenues and results of operations. Examples of past actions are Section 232 tariffs on steel and aluminum product imports announced by the U.S. Department of Commerce in March 2018, and Section 301 tariffs on certain products that originate in China announced by the United States Trade Representative that first started in June 2018 and now are in four separate lists with varying tariff increases.
These tariffs, or other changes in U.S. trade policy, could trigger retaliatory actions by affected countries. Certain foreign governments have instituted or are considering imposing trade sanctions on certain U.S. goods. We cannot predict future trade policy or the terms of any renegotiated trade agreements and their impacts on our business. The adoption and expansion of trade restrictions, the occurrence of a trade war, or other governmental actions related to tariffs, quotas, duties, taxes or trade agreements or policies has the potential to adversely impact demand for our products, our costs, our customers, and our suppliers, which in turn could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to the risks of political, economic, health, and military instability in countries outside the United States in which we operate.
Some of our products are produced in Israel, India, China, and other countries which are particularly subject to risks of political, economic, health and military instability. This instability could result in wars, riots, nationalization of industry, currency fluctuations, and labor unrest.unrest or unavailability. These conditions could have an adverse impact on our ability to manufacture, ship and operate in these regions and, depending on the extent and severity of these conditions, could result in a reduction in customer orders and sales to certain regions and end-markets and materially and adversely affect our overall financial condition and operating results.
Our
- 19 -



We have principal manufacturing facilities and operations located in Israel. Accordingly, our business has beenwill be directly influenced by the political, economic and military conditions affecting Israel at any given time. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in operation in1948, a number of armed conflicts have occurred between Israel for over 40 years.and its neighboring countries. We have never experienced any material interruption in our operations attributable to these factors, in spite of several Middle East crises, including wars. However, we might be adversely affected if events were to occurA change in the Middle East that interferedsecurity and political situation in Israel and in the economy could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Operational difficulties, including those associated with our new facility in Israel, could adversely impact our business.

In 2019, we entered into a long-term lease for a newly-constructed 121,400 square foot facility in Israel, as part of a strategic initiative to expand the manufacturing capacity of our advance sensors product line. We have begun to transition certain of our manufacturing operations in Israel.Israel into this facility, and we expect to complete this transition in 2021. Any delay in transitioning our operations could adversely affect our future business and results of operations. We cannot guarantee that the consolidation of operations in Israel will be completed successfully, without delays or on the terms that we currently expect.

We are subject to foreign currency exchange rate risks which may impact our results of operations.
We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risks, particularly due to market values of transactions in currencies other than the functional currencies of certain subsidiaries.
Our significant foreign subsidiaries are located in the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, Israel, Japan, and India. Our operations in Europe, Canada and certain locations in Asia primarily generate and expend cash in local currencies. Our operations in Israel and certain locations in Asia primarily generate cash in U.S. dollars, but these subsidiaries also have significant transactions in local currencies. Our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk is more pronounced in situations such as our operations in Canada, India, Israel, and China - where costs, such as production labor costs are predominantly paid in local currencies while the sales revenue for those products is predominantly denominated in U.S. dollars.
As of December 31, 2017,2020, we did not have in place any arrangements to mitigate or hedge against exposures relating to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rate.
A change in the mix of the currencies in which we transact our business could have a material effect on results of operations. Furthermore, the timing of cash receipts and disbursements could have a material effect on our results of operations, particularly if there are significant changes in exchange rates in a short period of time.
Our global operations are subject to extensive anti-corruption laws and other regulations.
The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices and similar foreign anti-corruption laws generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments or providing anything of value to improperly influence foreign government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business, or obtaining an unfair advantage. Recent years have seen a substantial increase in the global enforcement of anti-corruption laws. Our continued operation and expansion outside the United States, including in developing countries, could increase the risk of such violations under other regulations relating to limitations on or licenses required for sales made to customers located in certain countries. Violations of these laws may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, could disrupt our business, and result in a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and results of operations or financial condition.
Risks Relating to Our Common Stock
Our smaller size may affect the trading market for our shares.
We are considered a “microcap” company and our trading volume is likely to fluctuate. Also, it is possible that there will be less market and institutional interest in our shares, and that we will not attract substantial coverage in the analyst community. As a result, the trading market for our shares may be less liquid, making it more difficult for investors to dispose of their shares at favorable prices, and investors may have less independent information and analysis available to them concerning our company.
Our stock price could become more volatile and investments could lose value.
The market price of our common stock, and the number of shares traded each day, has experienced significant fluctuations and may continue to fluctuate significantly. The market price for our common stock may be affected by a number of factors, including, but not limited to:
shortfalls in our expected net revenue, earnings or key performance metrics;
changes in recommendations or estimates by securities analysts;
the announcement of new products by us or our competitors;
quarterly variations in our or our competitors’ results of operations;
a change in our dividend or stock repurchase activities;
developments in our industry or changes in the market for technology stocks;
changes in rules or regulations applicable to our business; and
other factors, including economic instability and changes in political or market conditions.
A significant drop in our stock price could expose us to costly and time consuming litigation, which could result in substantial costs, and divert management’s attention and resources, resulting in an adverse effect on our business.
The holders of Class B convertible common stock have effective voting control of our company.
We have two classes of common stock: common stock and Class B convertible common stock.  The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held, while the holders of Class B convertible common stock are entitled to 10 votes for each share held.  The ownership of Class B convertible common stock is highly concentrated, and holders of Class B convertible common stock effectively can cause the election of directors and the approval/or disapproval of other matters requiring stockholder approval. Mrs. Ruta Zandman, the wife of the late founder of our technology, Dr. Felix Zandman, controls or shares control of, the voting of, solely or on a shared basis with Marc Zandman (the Chairman of our Board of Directors) and Ziv Shoshani (our Chief Executive Officer and a member of our Board of Directors), approximately 76.8%76.9% of our Class B convertible common stock, representing 34.8%34.5% of the total voting power of our capital stock as of December 31, 2017.2020. Holders of our Class B convertible common stock may act in ways that are contrary to, or not in the best interests of, holders of our common stock. The voting rights of the holders of our Class B convertible common stock effectively give such holders the ability to prevent transactions that would result in a change in control of us, including transactions in which holders of our common stock might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over the then-current market price.

- 20 -





Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may reduce the likelihood of any unsolicited acquisition proposal or potential change of control that you might consider favorable.
Our bylaws contain provisions that could be considered “anti-takeover” provisions because they make it harder for a third party to acquire us without the consent of our incumbent board of directors. Under these by-law provisions:
stockholders may not change the size of the board of directors or, except in limited circumstances, fill vacancies on the board of directors;
stockholders may not call special meetings of stockholders;
stockholders must comply with advance notice provisions for nominating directors or presenting other proposals at stockholder meetings; and
our Board of Directors, may without stockholder approval, issue preferred shares and determine their rights and terms, including voting rights, or adopt a stockholder rights plan.

These provisions could have the effect of discouraging an unsolicited acquisition proposal or delaying, deferring, or preventing a change of control transaction that might involve a premium price or otherwise be considered favorable by our stockholders.
General Risk Factors
We might require additional capital to support business growth and this capital might not be available.
We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges or opportunities, including the need to develop new offerings or enhance our existing offerings, enhance our operating infrastructure, or acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing secured by us in the future could involve additional restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions.
In addition, we may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited.
Our future success is substantially dependent on our ability to attract and retain highly qualified technical, managerial, marketing, finance, and administrative personnel.
The competitive environment of our business requires us to attract and retain highly qualified personnel to develop technological innovations and bring them to market on a timely basis. Our complex operations also require us to attract and retain highly qualified administrative personnel in functions such as legal, tax, accounting, business development, financial reporting, and treasury. The market for personnel with such qualifications is highly competitive. We have not entered into employment or non-competition agreements with many of our key personnel.
The loss of the services of, or the failure to effectively recruit, qualified personnel, including for key executive positions, could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We are exposed to, and may be adversely affected by, interruptions to our computer and information technology systems and sophisticated cyber-attacks.
We rely on our information technology systems and networks in connection with many of our business activities. Some of these networks and systems are managed by third party service providers and are not under our direct control. Our operations routinely involve receiving, storing, processing, and transmitting sensitive information pertaining to our business, customers, suppliers, employees, and other sensitive matters. Any cyber incidents could materially disrupt operational systems; result in loss of trade secrets or other proprietary or competitively sensitive information; compromise personally identifiable information regarding customers or employees; and jeopardize the security of our facilities. Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, or to sabotage systems, change frequently and generally are not recognized until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques, or to implement adequate preventative measures. Information technology security threats, including security breaches, computer malware, and other cyber-attacks are increasing in both frequency and sophistication, and could create financial liability, subject us to legal or regulatory sanctions, or damage our reputation with customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders. We continuously seek to maintain a robust program of information security and controls, but the impact of a material information technology event could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, reputation, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

- 21 -



Interruptions in our information technology systems could adversely affect our business.

We rely on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of complex information technology systems and networks to operate our business. Any significant system or network disruption, including, but not limited to, new system implementations, computer viruses, security breaches, facility issues or energy blackouts could have a material adverse impact on our operations and results of operations. Such network disruption could result in a loss of the confidentiality of our intellectual property or the release of sensitive competitive information or customer or employee personal data. Any loss of such information could harm our competitive position, result in a loss of customer confidence, and cause us to incur significant costs to remedy the damages caused by the disruptions or security breaches. We have implemented protective measures to prevent against and limit the effects of system or network disruptions, but there can be no assurance that such measures will be sufficient to prevent or limit the damage from any future disruptions and any such disruption could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

Third-party service providers, such as subcontractors, distributors and vendors have access to certain portions of our sensitive data. In the event that these service providers do not properly safeguard our data that they hold, security breaches and loss of our data could result. Any such loss of data by our third-party service providers could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.
Unexpected events, such as a natural disaster, could disrupt our operations and adversely affect our results of operations.
We have manufacturing and other facilities in countries around the world. Unexpected events, including fires or explosions at facilities; natural disasters, such as flooding, hurricanes, and earthquakes; war or terrorist activities; civil unrest; unplanned outages; supply or labor disruptions; and failures of equipment or systems at any of our facilities could adversely affect our results of operation. If adverse conditions were to arise with respect to any of our facilities as a result of a natural disaster or other unexpected event, they may result in customer disruption, physical damage to one or more key operating facilities, the temporary closure of one or more key operating facilities, the temporary disruptions of information systems, and/or an adverse effect on our results of operations.
Our stock price could become more volatile and investments could lose value.
The market price of our common stock, and the number of shares traded each day, has experienced significant fluctuations and may continue to fluctuate significantly. The market price for our common stock may be affected by a number of factors, including, but not limited to:
shortfalls in our expected net revenue, earnings or key performance metrics;
changes in recommendations or estimates by securities analysts;
the announcement of new products by us or our competitors;
quarterly variations in our or our competitors’ results of operations;
a change in our dividend or stock repurchase activities;
developments in our industry or changes in the market for technology stocks;
changes in rules or regulations applicable to our business; and
other factors, including economic instability, COVID-19 and changes in political or market conditions.
A significant drop in our stock price could expose us to costly and time consuming litigation, which could result in substantial costs, and divert management’s attention and resources, resulting in an adverse effect on our business.
Also, given our market capitalization and trading volume fluctuations, it is possible that there will be less market and institutional interest in our shares, and that we will not attract substantial coverage in the analyst community. As a result, the trading market for our shares may be less liquid, making it more difficult for investors to dispose of their shares at favorable prices, and investors may have less independent information and analysis available to them concerning our company.

Your percentage ownership of our common stock may be diluted in the future.
Your percentage ownership of our common stock may be diluted in the future because of equity awards that we expect will be granted to our directors, officers, and employees, as well as due to certain convertible or exchangeable debt instruments.employees. The Vishay Precision Group, Inc. 2010 Stock Incentive Program provides for the grant of equity-based awards, including restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock options, and other equity-based awards to our directors, officers, and other employees, advisors and consultants.
Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may reduce the likelihood of any unsolicited acquisition proposal or potential change of control that you might consider favorable.
Our bylaws contain provisions that could be considered “anti-takeover” provisions because they make it harder for a third party to acquire us without the consent of our incumbent board of directors. Under these by-law provisions:
stockholders may not change the size of the board of directors or, except in limited circumstances, fill vacancies on the board of directors;
stockholders may not call special meetings of stockholders;
stockholders must comply with advance notice provisions for nominating directors or presenting other proposals at stockholder meetings; and
our Board of Directors, may without stockholder approval, issue preferred shares and determine their rights and terms, including voting rights, or adopt a stockholder rights plan.

These provisions could have the effect of discouraging an unsolicited acquisition proposal or delaying, deferring, or preventing a change of control transaction that might involve a premium price or otherwise be considered favorable by our stockholders.


- 2122 -






Item 1B.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
Item 2.PROPERTIES
Our business has approximately 1819 principal locations. Our facilities include owned locations and locations leased from third parties. The principal locations, along with available space including administrative offices, are listed below:
Reporting segmentApprox. Available

Space (square feet)
Owned Locations
Wendell, North Carolina USAFoil Technology Products147,000
Chennai, India (a)
Force Sensors129,000
Holon, IsraelFoil Technology Products97,000
Bradford, United KingdomWeighing and Control Systems75,000
Kent, WashingtonWeighing and Control Systems47,000
Akita, Japan (b)
Foil Technology Products46,000
Chartres, FrancePoestenkill, New YorkForce SensorsWeighing and Control Systems11,00032,000 
Chartres, FranceForce Sensors11,000 
Basingstoke, United KingdomForce Sensors/Foil Technology Products11,000
Third-Party Leased Locations
Modi'in, IsraelFoil Technology Products121,400 
Toronto, CanadaWeighing and Control Systems65,000
Tianjin, People’s Republic of ChinaForce Sensors34,000
Karmiel, IsraelForce Sensors26,000
Omer, IsraelFoil Technology Products24,000
Holon, IsraelFoil Technology Products18,000
Concord, California USAFoil Technology Products16,000
Taipei, Republic of China (Taiwan)Force Sensors/Weighing and Control Systems13,000
Teltow, GermanyFoil Technology Products11,000 
Degerfors, SwedenWeighing and Control Systems8,000
Malvern, Pennsylvania USACorporate8,000
Teltow, GermanyFoil Technology Products6,000

10,000 
(a)Malvern, Pennsylvania USAThe Chennai building is owned and the land is held under a 99 year lease (which began in 2012).Corporate
8,000 
(b)A facility on the campus is leased to Vishay Intertechnology. Approximate available space reported above excludes the area leased.
(a)The Chennai building is owned and the land is held under a 99 year lease (which began in 2012).
(b)A facility on the campus is leased to Vishay Intertechnology. Approximate available space reported above excludes the area leased.
In the opinion of management, our properties and equipment generally are in good operating condition and are adequate for our present needs. We do not anticipate difficulty in renewing leases as they expire, or in finding alternative facilities.
Our corporate headquarters are located at 3 Great Valley Parkway, Suite 150, Malvern, PA 19355.
Item 3.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are subject to various legal proceedings that constitute ordinary, routine litigation incidental to our business. In our opinion, the disposition of these proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our business or our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
Item 4.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.

- 2223 -





PART II
Item 5.MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol VPG. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices for our common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange composite tape for the indicated fiscal quarters. The Board of Directors may only declare dividends or other distributions with respect to the common stock or the Class B convertible common stock if it grants such dividends or distributions in the same amount, per share, with respect to the other class of stock. Stock dividends or distributions, on any class of stock, are payable only in shares of stock of that class. Shares of either common stock or Class B convertible common stock cannot be split, divided, or combined unless the other is also split, divided, or combined equally. Holders of record of our common stock totaled approximately 810718 at March 15, 2018.
 2017 2016
 High Low High Low
Fourth Quarter$28.60
 $20.50
 $19.45
 $15.47
Third Quarter$24.45
 $16.55
 $16.32
 $11.75
Second Quarter$18.00
 $15.35
 $15.48
 $12.83
First Quarter$19.15
 $15.10
 $14.67
 $10.27
11, 2021.
We have two classes of common stock: common stock and Class B convertible common stock. The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held, while the holders of Class B convertible common stock are entitled to 10 votes for each share held. At March 15, 201811, 2021 we had outstanding 1,025,1581,022,887 shares of Class B convertible common stock, par value $0.10 per share. Currently, the holders of VPG’s Class B convertible common stock hold approximately 45.3%45.0% of the voting power of our Company. Mrs. Ruta Zandman, the wife of the late founder of our technology, Dr. Felix Zandman, controls, or shares control of, the voting of approximately 76.8%76.9% of our Class B convertible common stock, representing 34.8%34.5% of the total voting power of our capital stock as of December 31, 2017.2020.



- 2324 -






Stock Performance Graph
The graph and table below compare the cumulative total stockholder return on the Company’s common stock over a sixty month period, with the returns on the Russell 2000 Stock Index, and a peer group of companies selected by our management. The peer group is made up of six publicly held manufacturers of sensors, sensor-based equipment, and sensor-based systems. Management believes that the product offerings of the peer group companies are more similar to our product offerings than those of the companies contained in any published industry index. The return of each peer issuer has been weighted according to the respective issuer’s stock market capitalization. The graph and table assume that $100 had been invested at December 31, 2012,2015, and that all dividends were reinvested. The graph and table are not necessarily indicative of future investment performance.
12/31/1512/31/1612/31/1712/31/1812/31/1912/31/20
Vishay Precision Group, Inc.Cumulative $100.00 166.96 222.17 267.05 300.36 278.09 
Russell 2000 IndexCumulative $100.00 121.31 139.08 123.76 155.35 186.36 
Peer Group *Cumulative $100.00 106.32 144.30 129.39 171.90 214.17 
  12/31/12
 12/31/13
 12/31/14
 12/31/15
 12/31/16
 12/31/17
Vishay Precision Group, Inc.Cumulative $100.00
 112.63
 129.80
 85.63
 142.97
 190.24
Russell 2000 IndexCumulative $100.00
 138.82
 145.62
 139.19
 168.85
 193.58
Peer Group *Cumulative $100.00
 126.09
 146.07
 141.80
 150.77
 204.62


vpg-20201231_g1.jpg
*The management selected peer group includes: MTS Systems, Kyowa Electronic Instruments, Mettler – Toledo, Spectris, Sensata Technologies, CTS Corp.

- 24 -



Item 6.SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA [Reserved]
The following table presents our selected historical financial data. The statements of operations data for each of the five years ended December 31, 2017 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, and 2013 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements.
The data should be read in conjunction with our historical financial statements and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this document.
(in thousands, except per share amounts)As of and for the years ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
Statement of Operations Data:         
Net revenues$254,350
 $224,929
 $232,178
 $250,028
 $238,589
Costs of products sold156,067
 142,120
 147,949
 159,254
 155,134
Gross profit98,283
 82,809
 84,229
 90,774
 83,455
          
Selling, general, and administrative expenses74,614
 68,938
 71,282
 77,034
 74,059
Acquisition costs
 494
 185
 
 794
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles
 
 4,942
 5,579
 
Restructuring costs2,044
 2,666
 4,461
 668
 538
Operating income21,625
 10,711
 3,359
 7,493
 8,064
          
Other income (expense):         
Interest expense(1,842) (1,486) (771) (882) (967)
Other780
 382
 (2,082) (740) (1,354)
Other (expense) income - net(1,062) (1,104) (2,853) (1,622) (2,321)
          
Income before taxes20,563
 9,607
 506
 5,871
 5,743
          
Income tax expense6,169
 3,199
 13,500
 2,613
 1,251
          
Net earnings (loss)14,394
 6,408
 (12,994) 3,258
 4,492
Less: net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests49
 4
 14
 178
 56
Net earnings (loss) attributable to VPG stockholders$14,345
 $6,404
 $(13,008) $3,080
 $4,436
          
Earnings (loss) per share data:         
Basic$1.08
 $0.49
 $(0.96) $0.22
 $0.33
Diluted$1.07
 $0.48
 $(0.96) $0.22
 $0.32
          
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic13,262
 13,187
 13,485
 13,755
 13,563
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted13,471
 13,419
 13,485
 13,977
 13,944
          
Balance Sheet Data:         
Cash and cash equivalents$74,292
 $58,452
 $62,641
 $79,642
 $72,809
Total assets306,551
 270,510
 263,747
 286,923
 294,702
Long-term debt, less current portion28,477
 33,529
 31,037
 17,713
 22,936
Working capital139,400
 118,952
 121,065
 131,714
 137,391
Total VPG stockholders' equity193,156
 171,383
 172,256
 199,651
 206,046
          



- 25 -





Item 7.MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Overview
VPG is an internationally recognized designer, manufacturer and marketer of sensors, and sensor-based measurement systems, as well as specialty resistors and strain gages based upon our proprietary technology. We provide precision products and solutions, many of which are “designed-in” by our customers, specializing in the growing markets of stress, force, weight, pressure, and current measurements. A significant portion of our products and solutions are primarily based upon our proprietary foil technology and are produced as part of our vertically integrated structure. We believe this strategy results in higher quality, more cost effective and focused solutions for our customers. Our products are marketed under a variety of brand names that we believe are characterized as having a very high level of precision and quality. Our global operations enable us to produce a wide variety of products in strategically effective geographic locations that also optimize our resources for specific technologies, sensors, assemblies, and systems.
The Company also has a long heritage of innovation in precision foil resistors, foil strain gages, and sensors that convert mechanical inputs into an electronic signal for display, processing, interpretation, or control by our instrumentation and systems products. Our advanced sensor product line continues this heritage by offering high-quality foil strain gages produced in a proprietary, highly automated environment. Precision sensors are essential to the accurate measurement, resolution and display of force, weight, pressure, torque, tilt, motion, or acceleration, especially in the legal-for-trade, commercial, and industrial marketplaces. This expertise served as a foundation for our expansion into strain gage instrumentation, load cells, transducers, weighing modules, and complete systems for process control and on-board weighing. Although our products are typically used in the industrial market, our advanced sensors have been used in a consumer electronics product and are being evaluated for other non-industrial applications.
The precision sensor market is integral to the development of intelligent products across a wide variety of end markets upon which we focus, including medical, agricultural, transportation, industrial, avionics, military, and space applications. We believe that as original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) continue a drive to make products “smarter,” they will integrate more sensors and related systems into their solutions to link the mechanical/physical world with digital control and/or response. We believe this offers a substantial growth opportunity for our products and expertise.
Impact of COVID-19 on our Business
As the COVID-19 pandemic began to unfold around the world, the Company took measures to protect its employees and customers. Those measures included suspending business travel, enabling certain employees to work from home, implementing workplace distancing, and adjusting work shifts to minimize employees’ contact with other employees. While the majority of the Company’s operations were able to operate despite the impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company’s Force Sensors manufacturing facility in India had operated at partial capacity as a result of government-mandated restrictions. The Company received approval from the Indian government to operate its facility without limitations on July 1, 2020, and since that date, has been operating at pre-pandemic capacity.
As of March 11, 2021, all of the Company’s facilities are operating without limitations with the Company implementing COVID-19 best practices with respect to working conditions and enabling some employees to work remotely where possible. Nonetheless, given the impacts to date and the ongoing uncertainty concerning the magnitude of the impact and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, the ongoing economic disruption may continue to adversely affect the Company’s business and financial results.
Overview of Financial Results
VPG reports in three product segments: the Foil Technology Products segment, the Force Sensors segment, and the Weighing and Control Systems segment. The Foil Technology Products reporting segment is comprised of the foil resistor and strain gage operating segments. The Force Sensors reporting segment is comprised of transducers, load cells, and modules. The Weighing and Control Systems reporting segment is comprised of complete systems which include load cells and instrumentation for weighing, force control and force measurement for a variety of uses such as process control and on-board weighing applications.
Net revenues for the year ended December 31, 20172020 were $254.4$269.8 million compared to net revenues of $224.9$284.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.2019. Net earnings attributable to VPG stockholders for the year ended December 31, 20172020 were $14.3$10.8 million, or $1.07$0.79 per diluted share, compared to $6.4$22.2 million, or $0.48$1.63 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2016.2019.
- 26 -



The results of operations for the years ended December 31, 20172020 and 20162019 include items affecting comparability as listed in the reconciliations below. The reconciliations below include certain financial measures which are not recognized in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), including adjusted gross profits, adjusted gross profit margin, adjusted operating income, adjusted operating margin, adjusted net earnings, and adjusted net earnings per diluted share. These non-GAAP measures should not be viewed as an alternative to GAAP measures of performance. Non-GAAP measures such as adjusted gross profits, adjusted gross profit margin, adjusted operating income, adjusted operating margin, adjusted net earnings, and adjusted net earnings per diluted share do not have uniform definitions. These measures, as calculated by VPG, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Management believes that these non-GAAP measures are meaningfuluseful to investors because they provide insight with respecteach presents what management views as our core operating results for the relevant period. The adjustments to intrinsicthe applicable GAAP measures relate to occurrences or events that are outside of our core operations, and management believes that the use of these non-GAAP measures provides a consistent basis to evaluate our operating results. The reconciling items presented below represent significant chargesprofitability and performance trends across comparable periods. In addition, the Company has historically provided these or credits whichsimilar non-GAAP measures and understands that some investors and financial analysts find this information helpful in analyzing the Company’s performance and in comparing the Company’s financial performance to that of its peer companies and competitors. Management believes that the Company’s non-GAAP measures are importantregarded as supplemental to understanding our intrinsic operations.its GAAP financial results.

Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company has determined to include the impact of foreign currency exchange rates on its assets and liabilities in certain of its non-GAAP measures for its current and comparative periods.






- 26 -




The items affecting comparability are (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):
Gross ProfitOperating IncomeNet Earnings Attributable to VPG StockholdersDiluted Earnings Per share
Fiscal Year Ended December 31,20202019202020192020201920202019
As reported - GAAP104,271 111,617 22,657 28,648 $10,787 $22,188 $0.79 $1.63 
As reported - GAAP Margins38.6 %39.3 %8.4 %10.1 %
Acquisition purchase accounting adjustments (a)
569 1,254 569 1,254 569 1,254 0.04 0.09 
Acquisition costs (b)
 443  443 — 0.03 
COVID-19 impact (c)
434 — (366)— (366)— (0.03)
Executive Severance costs (d)
 611  611 — 0.04 
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles2,440 — 2,440 — 0.18 — 
Restructuring costs918 2,293 918 2,293 0.07 0.17 
Foreign exchange (gain)/loss (e)
2,246 1,638 0.16 0.12 
Less: Tax effect of reconciling items and discrete tax items (f)
(1,381)4,102 (0.11)0.29 
As Adjusted - Non GAAP$105,274 $112,871 $26,218 $33,249 $17,975 $24,325 $1.32 $1.79 
As Adjusted - Non GAAP Margins39.0 %39.7 %9.7 %11.7 %

Years ended December 31,

2017 2016
Gross profit$98,283
 $82,809
  Gross profit margin38.6% 36.8%

   
Reconciling items affecting gross profit margin   
Acquisition purchase accounting adjustments (a)
91
 586



 

Adjusted gross profit$98,374
 $83,395
  Adjusted gross profit margin38.7% 37.1%
(a)     Acquisition purchase accounting adjustments include fair market value adjustments associated with inventory recorded as a component of costs of products sold.
(b)    Acquisition costs associated with the acquisition of DSI in 2019.
 Years ended December 31,
 2017 2016
Operating income$21,625
 10,711
Operating margin8.5% 4.8%
    
Reconciling items affecting operating margin   
Acquisition purchase accounting adjustments (a)
91
 586
Acquisition costs
 494
Strategic alternative evaluation costs (b)

 1,344
Gain on sale of building
 (837)
Restructuring costs2,044
 2,666
    
Adjusted operating income$23,760
 $14,964
 Adjusted operating margin9.3% 6.7%
(c)    COVID-19 impact is the net impact to the Company of costs incurred as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, net of government subsidies received.

(d)    Severance costs associated with the resignation of an executive officer of the Company in 2019.
(e)    Impact of foreign currency exchange rates on assets and liabilities. The change in the dollar-shekel exchange rate, particularly in the fourth quarter of 2020, resulted in an unfavorable foreign exchange impact primarily related to the shekel-denominated lease liability for a new Foil Technology Products facility in Israel.
(f)    Included in the discrete items for 2020 is a $1.7 million tax expense related to the acquisition of DSI, and in 2019, a $3.4 million tax benefit primarily related to the acquisition of DSI.



- 27 -






Years ended December 31,

2017 2016
Net earnings attributable to VPG stockholders$14,345
 $6,404
    
Reconciling items affecting operating margin   
Acquisition purchase accounting adjustments (a)
91
 586
Acquisition costs
 494
Strategic alternative evaluation costs (b)

 1,344
Gain on sale of building
 (837)
Restructuring costs2,044
 2,666
    
Reconciling items affecting other income/expense   
Net proceeds from lease termination (c)
(1,544) 
Tax rebate189
 
    
Less reconciling items affecting income tax expense   
Tax effect of reconciling items and discrete tax items(d)
(174) 719
Adjusted net earnings attributable to VPG stockholders$15,299
 $9,938
    
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted13,471
 13,419
    
Adjusted net earnings per diluted share$1.14
 $0.74
(a)Acquisition purchase accounting adjustments include fair market value adjustments associated with inventory recorded as a component of costs of products sold.
(b)In 2016, the Company incurred costs associated with the Company's evaluation of strategic alternatives. The evaluation process did not result in the adoption of any particular strategic alternative other than the Company's continued execution of its business plan.
(c)Net proceeds related to a lease termination payment at the Company's Tianjin, People's Republic of China location.
(d)Included in the discrete items for 2017 is a $1.6 million tax benefit related to Israel foreign currency and deferred tax rate change, offset by $1.5 million of income tax expense impact from tax reform. Included in the discrete tax items for 2016 is a $0.9 million tax benefit recorded related to a favorable fourth quarter 2016 settlement of an Israeli tax audit, offset by a series of correcting adjustments totaling $0.8 million to certain deferred tax accounts in various tax jurisdictions related to prior period balances.
Financial Metrics
We utilize several financial measures and metrics to evaluate the performance and assess the future direction of our business. These key financial measures and metrics include net revenues, gross profit margin, end-of-period backlog, book-to-bill ratio, and inventory turnover.
Gross profit margin is gross profit shown as a percentage of net revenues. Gross profit is generally net revenues less costs of products sold, but could also include certain other period costs. Gross profit margin is clearly a function of net revenues, but also reflects our cost-cutting programs and our ability to contain fixed costs.
End-of-period backlog is one indicator of potential future sales. We include in our backlog only open orders that have been released by the customer for shipment in the next twelve months. If demand falls below customers’ forecasts, or if customers do not control their inventory effectively, they may cancel or reschedule the shipments that are included in our backlog, in many instances without the payment of any penalty. Therefore, the backlog is not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for future periods.
Another important indicator of demand in our industry is the book-to-bill ratio, which is the ratio of the amount of product ordered during a period compared with the product that we ship during that period. A book-to-bill ratio that is greater than one indicates that demand is higher than current revenues and manufacturing capacities, and it indicates that we may generate increasing revenues in future periods. Conversely, a book-to-bill ratio that is less than one is an indicator of lower demand compared to existing revenues and current capacities and may foretell declining sales.


- 28 -



We focus on our inventory turnover as a measure of how well we are managing our inventory. We define inventory turnover for a financial reporting period as our costs of products sold for the four fiscal quarters ending on the last day of the reporting period divided by our average inventory (computed using each quarter-end balance) for this same period. A higher level of inventory turnover reflects more efficient use of our capital.
The quarter-to-quarter trends in these financial metrics can also be an important indicator of the likely direction of our business. The following table shows net revenues, gross profit margin, the end-of-period backlog, the book-to-bill ratio, and the inventory turnover for our business as a whole during the five quarters beginning with the fourth quarter of 20162019 and through the fourth quarter of 20172020 (dollars in thousands):
4th Quarter1st Quarter2nd Quarter3rd Quarter4th Quarter
20192020202020202020
Net revenues$69,142 $67,696 $59,146 $67,525 $75,445 
Gross profit margin35.0 %37.0 %39.1 %40.5 %38.1 %
End-of-period backlog$90,900 $94,300 $92,900 $90,800 $87,600 
Book-to-bill ratio1.15 1.08 0.95 0.95 0.93 
Inventory turnover2.72 2.58 2.20 2.38 2.86 
- 28 -



4th Quarter1st Quarter2nd Quarter3rd Quarter4th Quarter
4th Quarter 1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter20192020202020202020
2016 2017 2017 2017 2017
Foil Technology ProductsFoil Technology Products
Net revenues$55,814
 $59,787
 $62,319
 $62,805
 $69,439
Net revenues$29,636 $30,477 $31,785 $32,906 $36,477 
         
Gross profit margin38.1% 37.7% 39.7% 38.6% 38.5%Gross profit margin34.9 %36.7 %41.8 %41.1 %38.4 %
         
End-of-period backlog$56,800
 $61,400
 $67,500
 $76,200
 $88,900
End-of-period backlog$44,600 $51,700 $47,500 $48,500 $43,700 
         
Book-to-bill ratio1.16
 1.06
 1.08
 1.12
 1.18
Book-to-bill ratio1.18 1.25 0.85 1.01 0.84 
         
Inventory turnover2.41
 2.64
 2.64
 2.64
 2.85
Inventory turnover2.66 2.74 2.58 2.63 3.05 
Force SensorsForce Sensors
Net revenuesNet revenues$15,059 $14,695 $8,916 $13,862 $16,251 
Gross profit marginGross profit margin24.2 %24.3 %11.6 %30.5 %29.1 %
End-of-period backlogEnd-of-period backlog$17,100 $16,900 $22,300 $21,300 $24,700 
Book-to-bill ratioBook-to-bill ratio1.11 1.02 1.58 0.90 1.18 
Inventory turnoverInventory turnover2.43 2.64 2.02 2.28 2.74 
Weighing and Control SystemsWeighing and Control Systems
Net revenuesNet revenues$24,447 $22,524 $18,445 $20,757 $22,717 
Gross profit marginGross profit margin41.6 %45.7 %47.6 %46.2 %44.0 %
End-of-period backlogEnd-of-period backlog$29,200 $25,700 $23,100 $21,000 $19,200 
Book-to-bill ratioBook-to-bill ratio1.15 0.90 0.82 0.88 0.88 
Inventory turnoverInventory turnover3.10 2.31 1.81 2.13 2.67 

 4th Quarter 1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter
 2016 2017 2017 2017 2017
Foil Technology Products         
Net revenues$25,412
 $27,764
 $29,306
 $29,315
 $29,888
Gross profit margin40.6% 41.4% 41.9% 41.7% 39.3%
End-of-period backlog$28,800
 $31,100
 $34,300
 $35,500
 $46,600
Book-to-bill ratio1.26
 1.06
 1.09
 1.03
 1.36
Inventory turnover2.57
 2.80
 2.90
 2.88
 2.98
Force Sensors         
Net revenues$14,769
 $15,468
 $15,656
 $16,596
 $17,726
Gross profit margin25.3% 23.9% 28.9% 28.6% 29.5%
End-of-period backlog$13,000
 $14,100
 $14,100
 $18,300
 $21,600
Book-to-bill ratio1.08
 1.06
 0.99
 1.25
 1.18
Inventory turnover1.93
 2.11
 1.97
 2.02
 2.07
Weighing and Control Systems         
Net revenues$15,633
 $16,555
 $17,357
 $16,894
 $21,825
Gross profit margin46.5% 44.3% 45.8% 43.1% 44.8%
End-of-period backlog$15,000
 $16,200
 $19,100
 $22,400
 $20,700
Book-to-bill ratio1.05
 1.06
 1.14
 1.15
 0.92
Inventory turnover3.08
 3.36
 3.52
 3.41
 4.22
Net revenues for the fourth quarter of 20172020 increased 10.6%11.7% from the net revenues of $67.5 million reported in the third quarter of 2017,2020, and increased 24.4%9.1% from $55.8$69.1 million for the comparable prior year period.
Net revenues in the Foil Technology Products segment of $29.9$36.5 million in the fourth quarter of 20172020 increased 2.0%10.9% from $29.3$32.9 million in the third quarter of 2017,2020, and increased 17.6%23.1% from $25.4$29.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2016.2019. The sequential and year over year increases in revenues was primarily attributable to an increase in net revenues from the third quarter was attributable to strong demand forour advanced sensors productsproduct line primarily in our consumer-related markets and higher sales of precision resistors and our Pacific Instruments product line in the force measurement market sectoravionics, military and space market. Sequentially, the increase in Asia. Compared to the fourth quarter of 2016, net revenues increased due torevenue reflected higher revenue related to precision

- 29 -



resistors products resistor sales in the test and measurement andmarket, an increase in our Pacific Instruments product line in the avionics, military and space market, sectorsand an increase in Europe and Asia and higher revenues fromour advanced sensors productsproduct line primarily in the force measurements market sector in Asia.our consumer-related markets.
Net revenues in the Force Sensors segment of $17.7$16.3 million in the fourth quarter of 20172020 increased 6.8%17.2% compared to revenues of $16.6$13.9 million in the third quarter of 20172020. The sequential increase in revenues, which was attributable to higher sales in the precision agriculture and industrial weighing markets, reflected the return to full production capability at the end of the third quarter of the Force Sensors operations that had been constrained due to higher volume attributable to OEM customers in the force measurement market sector in the Americas. NetCOVID-19 pandemic.Net revenues in the fourth quarter of 20172020 increased 20.0%7.9% compared to $14.8$15.1 million in the fourth quarter of 20162019 mainly due to higher volume attributable toan increase in our OEM customers in the force measurementprecision agriculture market, sectorpartially offset by lower sales in the Americas and Europe.industrial weighing market.
Net revenues in the Weighing and Control Systems segment of $21.8$22.7 million in the fourth quarter of 20172020 increased 29.2%9.4% from $16.9$20.8 million in the third quarter of 20172020 and increased 39.6%decreased 7.1% from $15.6$24.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2016.2019. The sequential and year over year increase in netrevenue was primarily attributable to our onboard weighing products for the transportation market and an increase in our process weighing business. The year-over-year decrease in revenues was primarily attributable primarily to the steel market sectorlower KELK and DSI steel-related sales and lower sales in Asia and the Americas and also, to a lesser extent, to the precisionour process weighing market sector in Europe and the Americas. The significantbusiness, partially offset by an increase in net revenuesour onboard weighing products for the segment in the fourth quarter, which was primarily related to the delivery of certain projects for our steel business, had a significant impact on the book-to-bill ratio for Weighing and Control Systems segment for the quarter despite a relatively healthy order intake during the period as exhibited by the segment end-of-period backlog.transportation market.
The gross profit margin for the fourth quarter of 2017,2020 decreased 0.1%2.4% compared to the third quarter of 2017,2020, and increased 0.4%3.1% from the fourth quarter of 2016.2019.
Sequentially, improved gross profit margins declined in all reporting segments. In the Force Sensors and Weighing and Control Systems segments, due mainly to higher volume, were offset by aFoil Technology Products segment, the decline in gross profit margin in the Foil Technology Products segment,was primarily due to manufacturing inefficiencies, unfavorable product mix and one-time inventory adjustments, increasespartially offset by an increase in wagesvolume. In the Force Sensors segment, the decline in gross profit margin was primarily due to a reduction of inventory, partially offset by an increase in volume. In the Weighing and repairsControl System segment, gross profit margin decreased due to unfavorable product mix and maintenance and negative foreign currency impacts.inventory reductions, partially offset by higher volume.
- 29 -



Compared to the fourth quarter of 2016, improved 2019, gross profit margins increased in all reporting segments. In the Foil Technology Products segment, the increase in gross profit margin was primarily due to higher volume. In the Force Sensors segment, mainlythe increase in gross profit margin was primarily due to higher volume, werestructural cost savings initiatives, an increase in inventories and a positive impact of foreign exchange, partially offset by lower gross profit margins ina reduction of export grants. In theFoil Technology Products and Weighing and Control Systems segments. The Foil Technology Products segment gross profit margins were negatively impacted by inventory adjustments and negative foreign currency impacts with the Israeli shekel. The Weighing and Control Systems segment, gross profit margins were negatively impacted by higher fixed manufacturing costs.margin increased due to recording of purchase accounting adjustments related to the DSI acquisition and the impact of COVID-19 subsidies. Excluding those adjustments, the gross profit margin declined 4.8% primarily due to lower volume and an unfavorable product mix.
Optimize Core Competence
The Company’s core competency and key value proposition is providing customers with proprietary foil technology products and precision measurement sensors and sensor-based systems. Our foil technology resistors and strain gages are recognized as global market leading products that provide high precision and high stability over extreme temperature ranges, and long life. Our force sensor products and our weighing and control systems products are also certified to meet some of the highest levels of precision measurements of force, weight, pressure, torque, tilt, motion, and acceleration. We continue to optimize all aspects of our development, manufacturing and sales processes, including by increasing our technical sales efforts; continuing to innovate in product performance and design; and refining our manufacturing processes.
Our foil technology research group developed innovations that enhance the capability and performance of our strain gages, while simultaneously reducing their size and power consumption as part of our advanced sensors product line. We believe this unique foil technology will create new markets as customers “design in” these next generation products in existing and new applications. Our development engineering team is also responsible for creating new processes to further automate manufacturing, and improve productivity and quality. Our advanced sensors manufacturing technology also offers us the capability to produce high-quality foil strain gages in a highly automated environment, which we believe results in reduced manufacturing and lead times, improved quality and increased margins. As a sign of our commitment to these businesses, we signed a long-term lease for a state of the art facility which has been constructed in Israel. Our administrative personnel have moved to the new facility, and we have begun the transition of our advanced sensors business to that facility.
Our design, research, and product development teams, in partnership with our marketing teams, drive our efforts to bring innovations to market. We intend to leverage our insights into customer demand to continually develop and roll out new, innovative products within our existing lines and to modify our existing core products in ways that make them more appealing, addressing changing customer needs and industry trends in terms of form, fit, and function.
We also seek to achieve significant production cost savings through the transfer, expansion, and construction of manufacturing operations in countries such as India, China, and Israel, where we can benefit from lower labor costs, improved efficiencies, or available tax and other government-sponsored incentives. For example, in 20172019 we closed two leasedincurred restructuring expense related to closing and downsizing of facilities inas part of the U.S. and moved to more cost effective locations. In 2016, we relocated a significant portionmanufacturing transitions of our force sensor products to facilities in India and China, which marked key milestones in our ongoing strategic initiatives to align and consolidate our manufacturing from leased locations with higher labor costs, to the owned facility we constructed in India. We closed a facility in Costa Rica and consolidated its functions to existing operations where significant efficiencies were available. This consolidation was part of our global restructuring and cost reduction program announced in November 2015 and substantially completed in 2016.footprint.





- 30 -





Acquisition Strategy
We expect to continue to make strategic acquisitions where opportunities present themselves to grow our segments. Historically, our growth and acquisition strategy has been largely focused on vertical product integration, using our foil strain gages in our force sensor products, and incorporating those products into our weighing and control systems. The acquisitions of Stress-Tek and KELK, each of which employ our foil strain gages to manufacture load cells for their systems, continuecontinued this strategy. Additionally, the KELK acquisition resulted in the acquisition of certain optical sensor technology. The Pacific Instruments acquisition significantly broadened our existing data acquisition offerings and opened new markets for us. Along withOur most recent acquisition, DSI, expands our recent successposition in MEMS technology for on-board weighing, wethe steel market. We expect to expand our expertise, and our acquisition focus, outside our traditional vertical approach to other precision sensor solutions in the fields of measurement of force, weight, pressure, torque, tilt, motion, and acceleration. We believe acquired businesses will benefit from improvements we implement to reduce redundant functions and from our current global manufacturing and distribution footprint.
Research and Development
Research and development will continue to play a key role in our efforts to introduce innovative products to generate new sales and to improve profitability. We expect to continue to expand our position as a leading supplier of precision foil technology products. We believe our R&D efforts should provide us with a variety of opportunities to leverage technology, products, and our manufacturing base in order to ultimately improve our financial performance. The amount charged to expense for research and development aggregated $11.7$12.6 million, $11.1$12.1 million, and $9.6$11.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2020, 2019, and 2015,2018, respectively.
Cost Management
To be successful, we believe we must seek new strategies for controlling operating costs. Through automation in our plants, we believe we can optimize our capital and labor resources in production, inventory management, quality control, and warehousing. We are in the process of moving some manufacturing to more cost effective locations. This may enable us to become more efficient and cost competitive, and also maintain tighter controls of the operation.
Production transfers, facility consolidations, and other long-term cost-cutting measures require us to initially incur significant severance and other exit costs. We are realizing the benefits of our restructuring through lower labor costs and other operating expenses, and expect to continue reaping these benefits in future periods. However, these programs to improve our profitability also involve certain risks which could materially impact our future operating results, as further detailed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The Company recorded restructuring costs of $2.0$0.9 million, $2.7$2.3 million, and $4.5$0.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2020, 2019, and 2015,2018, respectively. RestructuringIn 2020 and 2018, restructuring costs were comprised primarily of employee termination costs, including severance and statutory retirement allowances,allowances. In 2019, restructuring costs included $1.2 million of employee termination costs, including severance and werestatutory retirement allowances incurred in connection with various cost reduction programs. programs, and $1.1 million of other exit costs associated with the closure and downsizing of facilities as part of the manufacturing transitions of the Company's force sensors products to facilities in India and China.
We are evaluating plans to further reduce our costs by consolidating additional manufacturing operations. These plans may require us to incur restructuring and severance costs in future periods. While streamlining and reducing fixed overhead, we are exercising caution so that we will not negatively impact our customer service or our ability to further develop products and processes.
Foreign Currency
We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risks, particularly due to transactions in currencies other than the functional currencies of certain subsidiaries. U.S. GAAP requires that entities identify the “functional currency” of each of their subsidiaries and measure all elements of the financial statements in that functional currency. A subsidiary’s functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which it operates. In cases where a subsidiary is relatively self-contained within a particular country, the local currency is generally deemed to be the functional currency. However, a foreign subsidiary that is a direct and integral component or extension of the parent company’s operations generally would have the parent company’s currency as its functional currency. We have subsidiaries that fall into each of these categories.



- 31 -



Foreign Subsidiaries which use the Local Currency as the Functional Currency
Our operations in Europe, Canada, and certain locations in Asia primarily generate and expend cash using local currencies, and accordingly, these subsidiaries utilize the local currency as their functional currency. For those subsidiaries where the local currency is the functional currency, assets and liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets have been translated at the rate of exchange as of the balance sheet date. Translation adjustments do not impact the results of operations and are reported as a separate component of equity.
For those subsidiaries where the local currency is the functional currency, revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rate for the year. While the translation of revenues and expenses into U.S. dollars does not directly impact the consolidated

- 31 -



statements of operations, the translation effectively increases or decreases the U.S. dollar equivalent of revenues generated and expenses incurred in those foreign currencies.
Foreign Subsidiaries which use the U.S. Dollar as the Functional Currency
Our operations in Israel and certain locations in Asia primarily generate cash in U.S. dollars, and accordingly, these subsidiaries utilize the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. For those foreign subsidiaries where the U.S. dollar is the functional currency, all foreign currency financial statement amounts are remeasured into U.S. dollars. Exchange gains and losses arising from remeasurement of foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities are included in the results of operations. While these subsidiaries transact most business in U.S. dollars, they may have significant costs, particularly related to payroll, which are incurred in the local currency.currency and significant lease assets and liabilities.
Effects of Foreign Exchange Rate on Operations
For the year ended December 31, 2017,2020, exchange rate impacts reducedincreased net revenues by $0.1$0.9 million, and increased costs of products sold and selling, general, and administrative expenses by $2.8 million, and decreased net earnings by $1.9 million or $0.13 per diluted share, when compared to the prior year. ForRefer to Item 7. “Overview” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, exchange rate impacts reduced net revenues by $2.8 million, and costs2019 for a comparison of products sold and selling, general, and administrative expenses by $3.1 million, when compared to the prior year. For the year ended December 31, 2015, exchange rate impacts reduced net revenues2019 and the year ended December 31, 2018, which comparison is hereby incorporated by $17.5 million, and costs of products sold and selling, general, and administrative expenses by $16.4 million, when compared to the prior year.reference.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our significant accounting policies are summarized in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements. We identify here a number of policies that entail significant judgments or estimates by management.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue on product sales during the period when the sales process is complete. This generally occurs when products are shipped to the customer in accordance with terms of an agreement of sale, title and risk of loss have been transferred, collectability is reasonably assured, and pricing is fixed or determinable. For a small percentage of sales where title and risk of loss pass at the point of delivery, we recognize revenue upon delivery to the customer, assuming all other criteria for revenue recognition are met.
Some of our larger systems products have post-shipment obligations, such as customer acceptance, training, or installation. In such circumstances, a portion of the revenue may be deferred until the obligation has been completed, unless such obligation is deemed inconsequential and perfunctory.
Given the specialized nature of our products, we generally do not allow product returns.
Inventories
We value our inventories at the lower of cost or market, with cost determined under the first-in, first-out method, and market based upon net realizable value. The valuation of our inventories requires management to make costing and market estimates. For work in process goods, we are required to estimate the cost to completion of the products and the prices at which we will be able to sell the products. For finished goods, we must assess the prices at which we believe the inventory can be sold. Inventories are also adjusted for estimated obsolescence and written down to net realizable value based upon estimates of future demand, technology developments, and market conditions.
Business Combinations
The Company allocates the purchase price of an acquired company, including when applicable, the fair value of contingent consideration between tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the acquired businesses based on estimated fair values, with any residual of the purchase price recorded as goodwill. Third party appraisal firms and other consultants are engaged to assist management in determining the fair values of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Estimating fair values requires significant judgments, estimates and assumptions, including but not limited to: discount rates, future cash flows and the economic lives of trade names, technology, customer relationships, property, plant and equipment, as well as income taxes. These estimates are based on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies, and are inherently uncertain.






- 32 -





Estimates of Restructuring and Severance Costs
To maintain our cost competitiveness, we are shifting manufacturing emphasis to more advanced automation in higher-cost regions and relocating production to regions with skilled workforces and relatively lower labor costs. We could also incur similar costs after we acquire companies.
These production transfers, facility consolidations, and other long-term cost-cutting measures require us to initially incur significant severance and other exit costs. We anticipate that we will realize the benefits of our restructuring efforts through lower labor costs and other operating efficiencies in future periods.
Restructuring and severance costs are expensed during the period in which we incur those costs and all other requirements for accrual are met. Because transfers of manufacturing operations sometimes occur incrementally over a period of time, the expense initially recorded is often based on estimates. Because these costs are recorded based on estimates, our actual expenditures for restructuring activities may differ from the initially recorded costs. If this happens, we will adjust our estimates in future periods, either by recording additional expenses in future periods if our initial estimates were too low, or by reversing part of the charges that we recorded initially if our initial estimates were too high.
Goodwill and Other Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets


Goodwill and indefinite-lived trademarks are tested for impairment at least annually, and whenever events or changes in circumstances occur indicating that it is "more likely than not" impairment may have been incurred. We have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is "more likely than not" that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining if it is necessary to perform the two-stepquantitative goodwill impairment test. However, if we conclude otherwise, then we are required to perform the first step of the two-stepquantitative impairment test by calculating the fair value of the reporting unit and comparing it against its carrying amount.

We estimatehave four reporting units to which goodwill is allocated: steel, on-board weighing, instrumentation, and DSI. For the steel and on-board weighing goodwill reporting units, we performed the qualitative assessment, which included assessment of macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, and other entity specific events which could impact the reporting unit. Based on this review, it was determined that the fair value of each of those reporting units was in excess of its carrying value and therefore no quantitative impairment test was required.

For the instrumentation and DSI goodwill reporting units, we performed the quantitative impairment test. In estimating the fair value of our instrumentation and DSI reporting units by considering both an income approach and a market approach to valuation. The income approach to valuation uses our estimates of the future cash flows of the reporting unit discounted to their net present value using a discount rate determined using the capital asset pricing model and adjusted for the forecast risk inherent in our projections of future cash flows. The income approach to valuation is dependent on inputs from management such as expected revenue growth, profitability, capital expenditures, and working capital requirements. The market approach to valuation uses the market capitalization of public companies similar to the reporting unit to calculate an implied EBITDA multiple, and we apply that calculated EBITDA multiple to the expected EBITDA of the reporting unit to estimate the fair value of the reporting unit, after consideration of appropriate control premiums. We weigh the results ofuse the income approach andapproach. We further use the market approach to arrive atevaluate the estimated fair value of the reporting unit. Ifunits that was obtained by using the carrying amountincome approach. The income approach to valuation requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions related to future revenues, profitability, working capital requirements and selection of discount rate and long term growth rate. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could have a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, then we are required to perform the second step of the goodwill impairment test. To measure the amount of the impairment, we determine the implied fair value of goodwill in the same manner as if we had acquired those reporting units. Specifically, we must allocatesignificant impact on the fair value of the reporting unit to all ofunits. If the assets of that unit, including any unrecognized intangible assets, in a hypothetical calculation that would yield the implied fair value of goodwill. Theexceeds the carrying value, no further evaluation is required and no impairment loss is measured asrecognized. An impairment charge would be recognized to the difference betweenextent the book valuecarrying amount of goodwill exceeds the goodwill and the impliedreporting unit fair value of the goodwill computed in step two.value.


The indefinite-lived trade names are tested for impairment either by employing the qualitative approach outlined above, or by comparing the carrying value to the fair value based on current revenue projections of the related operations, under the relief from royalty method. Any excess carrying value over the applicable fair value is recognized as impairment. Any impairment would be recognized in the reporting period in which it has been identified.


In 2015, we estimated the fair value of our in-process research and development ("IPRD") asset using an income approach to valuation. We estimated the future cash flows associated with the IPRD and discounted those cash flows back to their net present value using a discount rate determined using the capital asset pricing model, and adjusted for the forecast risk inherent in our projections of cash flows associated with this asset. Our estimates of cash flows included revenues to be generated by the products supported by the IPRD and the expected profits on those product sales. As of the date of the 2017 and 2016 impairment tests, IPRD was subject to amortization and therefore was not included as part of the 2017 or 2016 impairment tests.

Definite-lived intangible assets, such as customer relationships, patents and acquired technology, non-competition agreements, and certain trade names are amortized on a straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Patents and acquired technology are being amortized over useful lives of seven to twenty years. Customer relationships are being amortized over useful lives of five to eighteen years. Trade names are being amortized over their contractual period ranging from seven to ten years. Non-competition agreements are being amortized over periods of five to ten years. We review the carrying values of these assets for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable based on undiscounted estimated cash flows expected to result from its use and eventual disposition.

- 33 -



Determining whether to test goodwill for impairment, and the application of goodwill impairmenttests, require significant managementjudgment, including the identification of reporting units, assigning assets and liabilities to reporting units, assigninggoodwillto reporting units, and determining the fair value of each reporting unit. Changes in these estimates could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit. A slowdown or deferral of orders for a business, with which we have goodwill associated, could impact our valuation of that goodwill. The reporting unit associated with the Pacific acquisition is particularly sensitive to the revenue projections used in the income approach valuation to determine the fair value.  In the event the revenue projections are not achieved, we could have a potential impairment of some or all of the goodwill and indefinite-lived trade name that are associated with Pacific acquisition.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
We assess the impairment of our long-lived assets, other than goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, including property and equipment, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Factors we consider important, which could trigger an impairment review, include significant changes in the manner of our use of the asset, changes in historical or projected operating performance, and significant negative economic trends.
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits
Accounting for defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans involves numerous assumptions and estimates. The discount rate at which obligations could effectively be settled and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets are two critical assumptions in measuring the cost and benefit obligations of our pension and other postretirement benefit plans. Other important assumptions include the anticipated rate of future increases in compensation levels, estimated mortality, and for postretirement medical plans, increases or trends in health care costs. Management reviews these assumptions at least annually. We use independent actuaries to assist us in formulating assumptions and making estimates. These assumptions are updated periodically to reflect the actual experience and expectations on a plan-specific basis, as appropriate.
Our defined benefit plans are concentrated in the United States, Japan and the United Kingdom. Plans in these countries comprise approximately 87% of our retirement obligations at December 31, 2017.2020. We utilize published long-term high-quality bond indices to determine the discount rate at the measurement date. We utilize bond yields at various maturity dates to reflect the timing of expected future benefit payments. We believe the discount rates selected are the rates at which these obligations could effectively be settled.
For benefit plans which are funded, we establish strategic asset allocation percentage targets and appropriate benchmarks for significant asset classes with the aim of achieving a prudent balance between return and risk. We set the expected long-term rate of return based on the expected long-term average rates of return to be achieved by the underlying investment portfolios. In establishing this rate, we consider historical and expected returns for the asset classes in which the plans are invested, advice from pension consultants and investment advisors, and current economic and capital market conditions. The expected return on plan assets is incorporated into the computation of pension expense. The difference between this expected return and the actual return on plan assets is deferred.
We believe that the current assumptions used to estimate plan obligations and annual expense are appropriate in the current economic environment. However, if economic conditions change, we may be inclined to change some of our assumptions, and the resulting change could have a material impact on the consolidated statements of operations and on the consolidated balance sheets.

- 33 -



Income Taxes
We are subject to income taxes in the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Our annual effective tax rate is based on pre-tax earnings, statutory tax rates and enacted tax laws and the ability to utilize net operating losses and tax credits.laws. Significant judgments and estimates must be made in determining our consolidated income tax expense as presented in our financial statements.
We must assess the likelihood that we will realize deferred tax assets which requires significant judgment. If we determine that deferred tax assets are not "more likely than not" to be realized, we record a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to a level that is expected to be realized. If we subsequently determine that realization of a deferred tax asset becomes "more likely than not", the valuation allowance will be reversed. Any change in valuation allowances could have a significant impact on our financial results.
The calculation of our tax liabilities involves an assessment of uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in multiple jurisdictions. We record a benefit from an uncertain tax position when it is "more likely than not" that a tax return position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation based on the technical merits of the position. If the position is not "more likely than not" to be sustained, a liability for the tax return position is established. We adjust the liability when our judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information. The ultimate tax due in a jurisdiction

- 34 -



may result in a payment that is materially different from our most recent estimate of the liability. Further judgment is required in determining whether an uncertain tax position is effectively settled. Any change in the analysis will impact income tax expense.
We consider the earnings of most of our non-U.S. subsidiaries to be indefinitely invested outside the United States based on our estimates that future domestic cash generation will be sufficient to meet future domestic cash needs and our plans for reinvestment of foreign subsidiary earnings. As a result of the Tax Cut and Jobs Act, in 2017 the Company hashad recorded a deferred tax liability of approximately $1.8 million of withholding tax associated with a planned distribution of approximately $25.5 million of previously unremitted earnings. As of December 31, 2020, the planned distribution amount is approximately $14.1 million with a remaining deferred tax liability of approximately $1.5 million. In addition, to the $1.8 million, we estimate that additional withholding taxes of approximately $15.0$18.0 million would be payable upon the distribution of the balance of our previously unremitted earnings at December 31, 2017.2020. If we decide to distribute any portion of the balance of our unremitted earnings to the United States from a foreign country, we would adjust our income tax provision in the period we determine that the earnings are no longer indefinitely invested outside the United States.
On July 6, 2010, we entered into a Tax Matters Agreement with Vishay Intertechnology under which Vishay Intertechnology is responsible for all income taxes for periods before the date of the spin-off other than those taxes for which a liability was recorded on our books at the time of the spin-off. Vishay Intertechnology is also principally responsible for managing any income tax audits by the various tax jurisdictions for pre-spin-off periods. See Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the Tax Matters Agreement.
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("2017 Tax Act") was enacted. The 2017 Tax Act significantly changes U.S.tax law by, among other things, lowering the corporate tax rate, implementing a modified territorial tax system, and imposing a one-time transition tax on post 1986 undistributed foreign earnings as of December 31, 2017. The 2017 Tax Act permanently reduces the U.S. tax rate from a maximum of 35% to a flat 21%, effective January 1, 2018. Under U.S. GAAP, changes in tax rates and tax law are accounted for in the period of enactment and deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the enacted tax rate expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to recover or be settled.
The 2017 Tax Act subjects a U.S. shareholder to tax on global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) earned by certain foreign subsidiaries. The FASB Staff Q&A, Topic 740, No. 5, Accounting for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income, states that an entity can make an accounting policy election to either recognize deferred taxes for temporary basis differences expected to reverse as GILTI in the future years or provide for tax expense related to GILTI in the year the tax is incurred. Given the complexity of the GILTI provisions, we are still evaluating the effects of the GILTI provisions and have not yet determined our accounting policy. At December 31, 2017, because we are still evaluating the GILTI provision and our analysis of future taxable income that is subject to GILTI, we are unable to make a reasonable estimate and have not reflected any adjustments related to GILTI in our financial statements.
Additional information about income taxes is included in Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements.

- 3534 -





Results of Operations – Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2020, and 20152019
Refer to Item 7. “Results of Operations - Years Ended December 31, 2019, and 2018 in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 for a comparison of the year ended December 31, 2019 to the year ended December 31, 2018.
Statement of operations’ captions as a percentage of net revenues and the effective tax rates were as follows:
Years ended December 31,Years ended December 31,
2017 2016 201520202019
Costs of products sold61.4% 63.2% 63.7 %Costs of products sold61.4 %60.7 %
Gross profit38.6% 36.8% 36.3 %Gross profit38.6 %39.3 %
Selling, general, and administrative expenses29.3% 30.6% 30.7 %Selling, general, and administrative expenses29.0 %28.0 %
Operating income8.5% 4.8% 1.4 %Operating income8.4 %10.1 %
Income before taxes8.1% 4.3% 0.2 %Income before taxes6.8 %9.3 %
Net earnings (loss)5.7% 2.8% (5.6)%
Net earnings (loss) attributable to VPG stockholders5.6% 2.8% (5.6)%
Net earningsNet earnings4.0 %7.9 %
Net earnings attributable to VPG stockholdersNet earnings attributable to VPG stockholders4.0 %7.8 %
     
Effective tax rate30.0% 33.3% 2,668.0 %Effective tax rate41.0 %15.7 %
Net Revenues
Net revenues were as follows (dollars in thousands):
Years ended December 31,Years ended December 31,
2017 2016 201520202019
Net revenues$254,350
 $224,929
 $232,178
Net revenues$269,812 $283,958 
Change versus prior year$29,421
 $(7,249)  Change versus prior year$(14,146)
Percentage change versus prior year13.1% (3.1)%  Percentage change versus prior year(5.0)%
Changes in net revenues were attributable to the following:
2020 vs. 2019
Change attributable to:
Change in volume(10.0)%
Change in average selling prices0.3%
Foreign currency effects0.2%
Acquisitions4.5%
Net change(5.0)%
 2017 vs. 2016 2016 vs. 2015
Change attributable to:   
Change in volume13.0 % (7.2)%
Change in average selling prices(0.2)% 0.1 %
Foreign currency effects(0.2)% (1.1)%
Acquisitions0.5 % 5.2 %
Other0.0 % (0.1)%
Net change13.1 % (3.1)%


During the year ended December 31, 2017,2020, net revenues increased 13.1%decreased 5.0% over the prior year. The increase in net revenues is attributable to volume increases inVolume decreased across all three reporting segments, includingwith the testmost significant declines coming from the industrial weighing market in Force Sensor reporting segment, transportation market and measurement and force measurement market sectors in the Foil Technology Products segment, the force measurement and precision weighing end markets in the Force Sensors segment, andKELK for the steel and precision weighing market sectors in the Weighing and Control Systems segment.

Duringreporting segment, and the year ended December 31, 2016, revenues decreased 3.1% overprecision resistor foil for the prior year. Thetest and measurement market in the Foil Technology Products reporting segment.This was partially offset by an increase in revenues attributable to the acquisitionsaddition of Stress-Tek and Pacific was offset by volume decreases in the Foil Technology Products segment, predominantly in the test and measurement market sector, and the Weighing and Control Systems segments, predominantly in the steel market sector.DSI.







- 3635 -





Gross Profit Margin
Gross profit as a percentage of net revenues was as follows:
 Years ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015
Gross profit margin38.6% 36.8% 36.3%

Years ended December 31,
 20202019
Gross profit margin38.6 %39.3 %
The gross profit margin for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased 1.8%2020 decreased 0.7% over the prior year mainly due to higher volume,year. The reduction in all three reporting segments. Volume increased 13.0% in 2017 as compared to 2016.

The gross profit margin for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased slightly over the prior year mainlywas primarily due to improved gross profit marginslower volume in the Force Sensors segment. Favorableand Weighing and Control Systems reporting segments, and negative impacts from the cost reduction programs implemented in this segmentof foreign currency exchange rates of $1.0 million, partially offset the decreased gross profit margins inby manufacturing efficiencies, primarily from the Foil Technology Products segment and the Weighing and Control Systemsreporting segment.

Segments
Analysis of revenues and gross profit margins for our reportable segments is provided below.
Foil Technology Products
Net revenues of the Foil Technology Products segment were as follows (dollars in thousands):
Years ended December 31,Years ended December 31,
2017 2016 201520202019
Net revenues$116,272
 $100,942
 $104,460
Net revenues$131,645 $131,803 
Change versus prior year$15,330
 $(3,518)  Change versus prior year$(158)
Percentage change versus prior year15.2% (3.4)%  Percentage change versus prior year(0.1)%
Changes in Foil Technology Products segment net revenues were attributable to the following:
2020 vs. 2019
Change attributable to:
Change in volume(1.1)%
Change in average selling prices0.5%
Foreign currency effects0.5%
Net change(0.1)%
 2017 vs. 2016 2016 vs. 2015
Change attributable to:   
Change in volume14.6 % (7.9)%
Change in average selling prices(0.2)% 0.3 %
Foreign currency effects(0.3)% 0.4 %
Acquisitions1.1 % 3.8 %
Net change15.2 % (3.4)%

For the year ended December 31, 2017,2020, net revenues increased 15.2%decreased 0.1% as compared to the prior year due to higher volumeyear. Increases in our net revenues fromthe advanced sensors product line, primarily in our consumer-related markets, and net revenues from our precision resistor OEM customersproducts in the avionics, military and space market, were offset by declines in net revenues from our precision resistor products in the test and measurement market sector in Asia and Europe and the avionics military and aerospace market sector in the U.S.. Additionally, higher volumenet revenues from advanced sensorsstrain gage products in the force measurement market sector in Asia and additional revenues from the acquisition of Pacific contributed to the improvements in net revenues. Negative foreign currency effects from the Japanese yen and the British pound were partially offset by positive foreign currency impacts from the Euro.our general industrial market.

For the year ended December 31, 2016, net revenues decreased 3.4% as compared to the prior year. Revenues added from the acquisition of Pacific were offset by lower volume. This reduced volume was primarily attributable to a downturn in the foil strain gage business, resulting from overstocking of inventory by our distributors as well as a decline in demand from the oil and gas sector.




- 37 -




Gross profit as a percentage of net revenues for the Foil Technology Products segment was as follows:
 Years ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015
Gross profit margin41.1% 39.0% 39.9%

Years ended December 31,
20202019
Gross profit margin39.5 %40.4 %
For the year ended December 31, 2017,2020, the gross profit margin increased 2.1%decreased 0.9% as compared to the prior year mainly due to higher volume and labor efficiencies, partially offset by negative foreign currency impacts relating to the Israeli shekel and higher fixed manufacturing costs including headcount and wage increases.

For the year ended December 31, 2016, the gross profit margin decreased slightly as compared to the prior year mainlyprimarily due to lower volume from products in the test and labor inefficiencies related tomeasurement and general industrial market segments, unfavorable product mix and negative impacts from foreign currency exchange rates, primarily from the expansion of our advanced sensors platform.Israeli shekel.








- 36 -



Force Sensors
Net revenues of the Force Sensors segment were as follows (dollars in thousands):
Years ended December 31,Years ended December 31,
2017 2016 2015 20202019
Net revenues$65,446
 $60,234
 $61,048
Net revenues$53,724 $64,357 
Change versus prior year$5,212
 $(814)  Change versus prior year$(10,633)
Percentage change versus prior year8.7% (1.3)%  Percentage change versus prior year(16.5)%
Changes in Force Sensors segment net revenues were attributable to the following:
 2017 vs. 2016 2016 vs. 2015
Change attributable to:   
Change in volume9.4 % 0.8 %
Change in average selling prices(0.9)% (0.6)%
Foreign currency effects0.2 % (1.5)%
Net change8.7 % (1.3)%
2020 vs. 2019
Change attributable to:
Change in volume(16.5)%
Change in average selling prices(0.2)%
Foreign currency effects0.2%
Net change(16.5)%
For the year ended December 31, 2017,2020, net revenues increased 8.7%decreased 16.5% from the prior year mainly duereflecting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our India facility, where production was limited. The manufacturing facility in India operated at partial capacity as a result of government mandated restrictions until July 1, 2020, when restrictions were lifted. By the end of the third quarter of 2020, the facility was back to higher volume with OEM customers in the force measurement and precision weighing end markets in all regions. Positive foreign currency effects from the Euro offset the negative foreign currency effects with the British pound to add to the improvement in net revenues.
For the year ended December 31, 2016, net revenues decreased 1.3% from the prior year. The slight improvement in volume was offset by negative foreign currency effects, primarily relating to the British pound.running at pre-pandemic capacity.
Gross profit as a percentage of net revenues for the Force Sensors segment was as follows:
 Years ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015
Gross profit margin27.8% 26.0% 20.5%
Years ended December 31,
 20202019
Gross profit margin25.3 %28.0 %
For the year ended December 31, 2017,2020, the gross profit margin increased 1.8%decreased 2.7% when compared to the prior year primarily due to higher volume anddeclines resulting from the government mandated restrictions, partially offset by cost savings measures, including headcount reductions from plant closures and relocations.
For the year ended December 31, 2016, the gross profit margin increased when compared to the prior year primarily due to cost savings realized from the movement of production from a leased facility in China to an owned facility in India and positive foreign currency impacts.



- 38 -



initiatives.
Weighing and Control Systems
Net revenues of the Weighing and Control Systems segment were as follows (dollars in thousands):
Years ended December 31,Years ended December 31,
2017 2016 201520202019
Net revenues$72,632
 $63,753
 $66,670
Net revenues$84,443 $87,798 
Change versus prior year$8,879
 $(2,917)  Change versus prior year$(3,355)
Percentage change versus prior year13.9% (4.4)%  Percentage change versus prior year(3.8)%
Changes in Weighing and Control Systems segment net revenues were attributable to the following:
 2017 vs. 2016 2016 vs. 2015
Change attributable to:   
Change in volume13.7 % (13.7)%
Change in average selling prices0.3 % 0.4 %
Foreign currency effects(0.1)% (3.5)%
Acquisitions0.0 % 12.5 %
Other0.0 % (0.1)%
Net change13.9 % (4.4)%

2020 vs. 2019
Change attributable to:
Change in volume(19.3)%
Change in average selling prices0.1%
Foreign currency effects0.2%
Acquisitions15.2%
Net change(3.8)%
For the year ended December 31, 2017, net revenues increased 13.9% when compared to the prior year mainly due to improvements in the steel business in Asia and the on-board weighing products in Europe and the Americas. Negative foreign currency effects with the British pound were almost completely offset by positive foreign currency impacts from the Euro and Canadian dollar.

For the year ended December 31, 2016,2020, net revenues decreased 4.4%3.8% when compared to the prior year. The increase inrevenues generated by DSI were offset by lower volume from our onboard weighing products for the acquisition of Stress-Tek was offset by declinestransportation market in volume from reduced demand in the steel industry (particularly in China), the oilEurope and gas downturn in the Norwegian offshore market and uncertainty in capital spending following the Brexit announcement. Foreign currency effects also negatively impacted net revenues.lower KELK steel-related sales.
- 37 -




Gross profit as a percentage of net revenues for the Weighing and Control Systems segment was as follows:
 Years ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015
Gross profit margin44.5% 43.6% 45.1%

Years ended December 31,
 20202019
Gross profit margin45.8 %45.9 %
For the year ended December 31, 2017, the gross profit margin increased from the prior year mainly driven by the improved volume in the steel business and on-board weighing business.

For the year ended December 31, 2016,2020, the gross profit margin decreased 0.1% from the prior year mainly dueyear. Volume declines and unfavorable product mix were partially offset by government subsidies received in Canada, which resulted in gross profit margin remaining fairly flat compared to lower volumethe prior year. We also recorded less purchase accounting adjustments in 2020 as compared to 2019, which had a positive impact to the process weighing and steel businesses and also the negative effect of foreign currencies, primarily the British pound, Euro and the Canadian dollar.



- 39 -




gross profit margin.
Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general, and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses were as follows (dollars in thousands):
Years ended December 31,Years ended December 31,
2017 2016 201520202019
Total SG&A expenses$74,614
 $68,938
 $71,282
Total SG&A expenses$78,256 $79,622 
as a percentage of net revenues29.3% 30.6% 30.7%as a percentage of net revenues29.0 %28.0 %
SG&A expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $5.72020 decreased $1.4 million versus the prior year mainly due to higherlower travel costs, personnel costs, including wage increases, higher bonusescommissions, and incentive compensation and additionalprofessional fees, partially offset by SG&A expenses related to DSI, and unfavorable foreign currency exchange rate impacts, mainly from the Israeli shekel.
Impairment of $0.6 million associated with the operation of Pacific, which was acquired on April 6, 2016. Additionally, SG&A expenses forGoodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets
For the year ended December 31, 2016 included $1.32020, as a result of our required annual impairment test performed on goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, we recorded a $2.4 million pre-tax, non-cash impairment charge which reduced the carrying value of strategic evaluation costs.
SG&A expensesour goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. See our critical accounting policies and Note 4 for further discussion. For the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased $2.32019, there were no impairment charges recorded as a result of our annual impairment test.
Executive Severance Costs
During 2019, the Company recorded $0.6 million versus the prior year. These decreases were related to reductions in personnel costs including headcount reductions, bonus accrual adjustments, adjustments to share-based compensation expense, and reductions in both travel and professional fees. The decrease was partially offset by an increase of $1.3 million inseverance costs associated with our evaluationthe resignation of strategic alternativesan executive officer of the Company. The severance costs consisted of payments and other benefits as specified in the executive officers resignation agreement.
Restructuring Costs
Restructuring costs reflect the cost reduction programs implemented by the Company. Restructuring costs are expensed during the period in which the Company determines it will incur those costs and all requirements for accrual are met. Because these costs are recorded based upon estimates, actual expenditures for the restructuring activities may differ from the initially recorded costs. If the initial estimates are too low or too high, the Company could be required to enhance stockholder valueeither record additional expense in future periods, or to reverse part of the previously recorded charges.
The Company recorded restructuring costs of $0.9 million and $4.3$2.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. In 2020, restructuring costs were comprised primarily of employee termination costs, including severance and statutory retirement allowances, and were incurred in connection with various cost reduction programs. In 2019, restructuring costs included $1.2 million of employee termination costs, including severance and statutory retirement allowances incurred in connection with various cost reduction programs, and $1.1 million of other exit costs associated with our two acquisitions, Stress-Tek, which was acquired on December 30, 2015,the closure and Pacific, which was acquired on April 6, 2016. Foreign currency exchange rates haddownsizing of facilities as part of the effectmanufacturing transitions of reducing SG&A expenses by $0.8 millionthe Company's force sensors products to facilities in India and the gain on the sale of a building in Karmiel, Israel had the effect of reducing SG&A expenses by $0.8 million.China.



- 38 -



Acquisition Costs
NoThere were no acquisition costs were incurredrecorded in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017.2020. For the year ended December 31, 2016,2019, we recorded acquisition costs in our consolidated statements of operations of $0.5$0.4 million in connection with the acquisitions of Stress-Tek and Pacific. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we recorded acquisition costs of $0.2 million in connection with the acquisition of Stress-Tek.
Impairment of Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets
For the years ended, December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, there was no impairment in the carrying value of our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets.
For the year ended December 31, 2015, we recorded a $4.9 million pre-tax, non-cash impairment charge which reduced the carrying value of our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, as a result of an interim impairment test performed on goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. See our critical accounting policies and Note 4 for further discussion.
Restructuring Costs
Restructuring costs reflect the cost reduction programs implemented by the Company. Restructuring costs are expensed during the period in which the Company determines it will incur those costs and all requirements for accrual are met. Because these costs are recorded based upon estimates, actual expenditures for the restructuring activities may differ from the initially recorded costs. If the initial estimates are too low or too high, the Company could be required to either record additional expense in future periods, or to reverse part of the previously recorded charges.
The Company recorded restructuring costs of $2.0 million, $2.7 million, and $4.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Restructuring costs were comprised primarily of employee termination costs, including severance and statutory retirement allowances, and were incurred in connection with various cost reduction programs.
On March 23, 2016, the Company announced, in connection with the November 16, 2015 global cost reduction program, the decision to close its facility in Alajuela, Costa Rica. Approximately $0.1 million and $0.4 million of restructuring costs were recorded during the year ended December, 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to this closure. This closure was substantially complete as of December 31, 2016.
On November 16, 2015, the Company announced a cost reduction program as part of its efforts to improve efficiency and operating performance. Approximately $0.6 million, $0.4 million, and $4.5 million of restructuring costs, excluding the cost associated with the Costa Rica closure, were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, related to this program. The Company exceeded its anticipated annual savings of at least $6.0 million in 2016. Implementation of this program was completed in 2017.

- 40 -



During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company initiated other cost reduction plans at locations in Europe, the U.S. and Canada. Approximately $1.3 million and $1.9 million of restructuring costs, primarily severance, were recorded during the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to these plans.DSI.
Other Income (Expense)
Interest Expense
The Company recorded interest expense of $1.8 million, $1.5$1.4 million and $0.8$1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2020 and 2015,2019, respectively. Interest expense was higherlower in 20172020 compared to 2016 due higher interim borrowings and higher interest rates. Interest expense was higher in 2016, as compared to 2015,2019, mainly due to higherthe lower debt associatedbalances during 2020 and the favorable borrowing rates negotiated with funding the acquisitions of Stress-Tek2020 Restated and Pacific, which were completed on December 30, 2015 and April 6, 2016, respectively.Amended Revolving Credit Facility in March 2020.
Other
The following table analyzes the components of the line “Other” on the consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
20202019Change
Foreign exchange gain/(loss)$(2,246)$(1,638)$(608)
Interest income246 622 (376)
Pension expense(738)(643)(95)
Other(244)958 (1,202)
$(2,982)$(701)$(2,281)
 Years ended December 31,  
 2017 2016 Change
Foreign exchange gain/(loss)$(724) $449
 $(1,173)
Interest income167
 179
 $(12)
Other1,337
 (246) $1,583
 $780
 $382
 $398

Foreign currency exchange gains and losses represent the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The change in foreign exchange gains/gains / (losses) during the period, as compared to the prior year period, is primarily due to fluctuations in the British pound and Israeli shekel. The change in the dollar-shekel exchange rate, particularly in the fourth quarter of 2020, resulted in an unfavorable foreign exchange impact primarily related to the shekel-denominated lease liability for a new Foil Technology Products facility in Israel.
Included within Other, for the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, is net proceeds of $1.5$0.8 million related to a lease termination payment at the Company's Tianjin, People's Republicliquidation of China location. The relocation of operation in Tianjin has been completed and the majority of the expenses associated with the move have been incurred.
 Years ended December 31,  
 2016 2015 Change
Foreign exchange loss$449
 $(2,146) $2,595
Interest income179
 225
 (46)
Other(246) (161) (85)
 $382
 $(2,082) $2,464

Foreign currency exchange gains and losses represent the impact of changes ina foreign currency exchange rates. The change in foreign exchange losses during the period, as compared to the prior year period is primarily due to fluctuations in the Canadian dollar and Israeli shekel.
subsidiary.
Income Taxes
Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 20172020 was 30.0%41.0%, compared to 33.3%15.7% for the year ended December 31, 2016, and 2,668.0% for the year ended December 31, 2015.2019. Our effective tax rate is lowerwas higher in 20172020 compared to 20162019 primarily due to the effectsa net increase in valuation allowance on deferred tax assets as a result of statutory rate changes,our acquisition of Dynamic Systems, Inc., reserves for impairment of certain intangible assets, foreign exchange movementscurrency, and changes in valuation allowance off-set by an increase related to the 2017 Tax Act (discussed below).

- 41 -



On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("2017 Tax Act") was enacted. The 2017 Tax Act significantly changes U.S. tax law by, among other things, lowering the corporate tax rate, implementing a modified territorial tax system, and imposing a one-time transition tax on post 1986 undistributed foreign earnings asgeographical mix of December 31, 2017. The 2017 Tax Act permanently reduces the U.S. tax rate from a maximum of 35% to a flat 21% , effective January 1, 2018. Under U.S. GAAP, changes in tax rates and tax law are accounted for in the period of enactment and deferred tax assets and liabilities are re-measured at the enacted tax rate expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to recover or be settled.
Guidance issued by the Securities Exchange Commission ("SEC"), provides for a measurement period of one year from the enactment date to finalize the accounting for effects of the 2017 Tax Act. Consistent with that guidance, the Company provisionally determined the tax cost of the one-time transition tax under the 2017 Tax Act to be approximately $2.2 million. This amount includes the tax benefit from the net operating loss of approximately $3.9 million because the Company intends to elect to utilize its net operating loss to reduce its provisional tax. As a result of the implementation of a modified territorial tax system, the Company reassessed its assertion with respect to certain subsidiaries that the earnings of those subsidiaries are indefinitely reinvested and recorded a deferred tax liability of $1.8 million of withholding tax associated with the planned cash distribution of approximately $25.5 million of previously unremitted earnings. We have recognized the provisional tax impact related to the transition tax, the benefit of revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, and included these amounts in the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017. The final impact may differ from the provisional amount recognized, primarily due to the need for additional analysis, changes in our interpretation of the 2017 Tax Act, or issuance of additional regulatory guidance. In accordance with SAB 118 the financial reporting impact of the 2017 Tax Act will be completed in the fourth quarter of 2018.income.
We reassessed our ability to realize our U.S. deferred tax assets during 20172020 and have concluded that realization of those deferred tax assets is still not "more likely than not". The valuation allowance on U.S. deferred tax assets was reduced in 2017 as a result of the expected utilization of net operating losses and foreign tax credits. In addition, ourOur tax rate is affected by recurring items, such as tax rates in foreign jurisdictions as compared to the U.S. federal statutory tax rate, and the relative amount of income earned in each jurisdiction. The tax rate is also impacted by discrete items that vary from year to year and may not be indicative of the tax rate on continuing operations. The following items had the most significant impact on the difference between the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate and our effective tax rate:
20172020
10.8%13.4% increase related to an increase in valuation allowance, primarily a result of the completion of purchase accounting for Dynamic Systems, Inc.
5.8% increase related to the loss of the benefit of current year U.S. net operating loss as a result of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("2017 Tax Act in the U.S., as described above,Act") enacted on December 22, 2017 which significantly changed U.S. corporate income tax laws.and the effects of GILTI.
5.5% rate reduction4.0% increase related to the effects of foreign operations primarily related to the difference between the U.S. statutory rate and foreign tax ratesrates.
2.8% increase related to the impairment of certain intangible assets.
1.9% decrease related to foreign currency primarily attributable to our operations in Israel.China, India, Israel and Taiwan.
6.3% rate reduction1.4% decrease related to specialty tax credits.

- 39 -



2019
4.4% decrease related to foreign currency primarily attributable to our operations in Israel and India.
1.9% rate reduction2.4% decrease related to decreasea reduction in valuation allowanceallowance. This reduction was primarily by our non-US entitiesa result of the acquisition of Dynamic Systems, Inc.
20161.4% decrease related to stock compensation.
13.2% rate2.5% increase relatingrelated to the current year impact of establishing valuation allowances on deferredchanges in reserves for uncertain tax assets, primarily with respect to U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets.positions.
8.5% rate3.7% increase related to the adjustmentloss of deferred tax assets established in various foreign jurisdictions in prior years.
14.8% rate reduction related tothe benefit of current year U.S. net operating loss as a result of the 2017 Tax Act and the effects of foreign operations primarily related to the difference between the U.S. statutory rate and foreign tax rates primarily attributable to our operations in Israel.GILTI.
9.4% rate reduction attributable to changes in our liability for uncertain tax positions, primarily attributable to the settlement of a tax examination in Israel.
2015
2,432.6% rate increase resulting primarily from the establishment of valuation allowances with respect to substantially all of the U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets.
131.2% rate reduction related to the effects of foreign operations primarily related to the differences between U.S. and non-U.S. statutory tax rates which is primarily attributable to our operations in Israel. No tax provision has been recorded for additional U.S. tax attributable to these foreign earnings since our intention is to indefinitely reinvest these earnings outside the U.S.
71.2% rate increase primarily resulting from the non-deductible portion of the goodwill impairment associated with the Weighing and Control Systems segment.
Additional information about income taxes is included in Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements.

Financial Condition, Liquidity, and Capital Resources
Refer to Item 7. “Financial Condition, Liquidity, and Capital Resources” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 for a comparison of the year ended December 31, 2019 to the year ended December 31, 2018.
We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents, credit facilities, and projected cash from operations will be sufficient to meet our liquidity needs for at least the next 12 months.
On December 30, 2015,March 20, 2020, the Company entered into a SecondThird Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “2015“2020 Credit Agreement”) among the Company, VPG Canada, the lenders named therein, Citizens Bank, National Association and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as joint book-runnerslead arrangers and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association as agent for such lenders (the “Agent”), pursuant to which the terms of the Company’s multi-currency, secured credit facility were revised and expanded to provide for the following facilities: (1) a secured revolving facility (the “2015“2020 Revolving Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $30.0$75.0 million, with a sublimit of $10.0 million which can be used for letters of credit for the account of the Company or its U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that are parties to the Credit Agreement. The proceeds of whichthe 2020 Revolving Facility may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes, and a portion of whichsuch proceeds was used to fundrefinance the Stress-TekCompany’s existing revolving credit facility in the amount of $34.0 million and Pacific acquisitions; (2) a secured closing datethe Company’s existing term facility forloans as follows: (1) the Company (the “2015 U.S. Closing Date Term Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $4.5 million,$2.0 million; and (2) the proceeds of which were used by the Company to refinance indebtedness under its existing term loan; (3) a secured delayed draw term facility for the Company (the "2015 U.S. Delayed Draw Term Facility") in an aggregate principal amount of $11.0 million, the proceeds of which were used to fund a portion of the Stress-Tek acquisition; and (4) a secured term facility for VPG Canada (the “2015 Canadian Term Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $9.5 million, the proceeds of which were used by VPG Canada to refinance indebtedness under its existing term loan.$5.0 million. The aggregate principal amount of the 20152020 Revolving Facility may be increased by a maximum of $15.0$25.0 million upon the request of the Company, subject to the terms of the 20152020 Credit Agreement. The 20152020 Credit Agreement terminates on December 30, 2020.March 20, 2025. The term loans are being repaid in quarterly installments. 2020 Credit Agreement replaced the 2015 Credit Agreement.
Interest payable on amounts borrowed under the 20152020 Revolving Facility the 2015 U.S. Closing Date Term Facility, the 2015 U.S. Delayed Draw Term Facility, and the 2015 Canadian Term Facility (collectively, the “Facilities”) is based upon, at the Company’s option, (1) the greatest of: the Agent’s prime rate, the Federal Funds rate, or a LIBOR floor (the “Base Rate”), or (2) LIBOR or CDOR plus a specified margin. An interest margin of 0.25% is added to Base Rate loans. Depending upon the Company’s leverage ratio, an interest rate margin ranging from 2.00%1.50% to 3.50%2.75% per annum is added to the applicable LIBOR or CDOR rate to determine the interest payable on the Facilities.LIBOR or CDOR loans. The Company is required to pay a quarterly commitment fee of 0.30%0.25% per annum to 0.50%0.40% per annum on the unused portion of the 20152020 Revolving Facility, which is determined based on the Company’s leverage ratio each quarter. Additional customary fees apply with respect to letters of credit. The total interest rates at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, were 4.19% and 4.00%, respectively, for the 2015 Revolving and U.S. Delayed Draw Term Facilities and 4.19% and 4.00%, respectively, for the 2015 U.S. Closing Date Term and 2015 Canadian Term Facilities.
The obligations of the Company and VPG Canada under the 20152020 Credit Agreement are secured by pledges of stock in certain domestic and foreign subsidiaries, as well as guarantees by substantially all of the Company’s domestic subsidiaries and of the Company (with respect to the 2015 Canadian Term Facility).subsidiaries. The obligations of the Company and the guarantors under the 20152020 Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all the assets (excluding real estate) of the Company and such guarantors. The 2015 Canadian Term Facility is secured by substantially all the assets of VPG Canada and by a secured guarantee by the Company and its domestic subsidiaries. The 20152020 Credit Agreement restricts the Company from paying cash dividends and requires the Company to comply with other customary covenants, representations, and warranties, including the maintenance of specific financial ratios. The financial maintenance covenants include a tangible net worth ratio, a leveragean interest coverage ratio and a fixed charges coverageleverage ratio. The Company was in compliance with its financial maintenance covenants at December 31, 2017.2020. If the Company is not in compliance with any of these covenant restrictions, the credit facility could be terminated by the lenders, and all amounts outstanding pursuant to the credit facility could become immediately payable.
The 2015 Credit Agreement replaced our previous credit agreement, entered into on January 30, 2013 in connection with our acquisition of KELK, among the Company, VPG Canada, the lenders, RBS Citizens, National Association as joint book-runner and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association as agent for such lenders (the “Prior Credit Agreement"). Interest payable on amounts borrowed under the facilities provided for in the Prior Credit Agreement was based upon LIBOR plus a specified margin. The Company was required to pay a quarterly commitment fee of 0.30% per annum to 0.50% per annum on the unused portion of the revolving facility.

- 42 -



By reason of the spin-off, VPG assumed the liability for an aggregate $10.0 million principal amount of exchangeable notes effective July 6, 2010. The maturity date of the notes is December 13, 2102.
Effective August 28, 2013, a holder of the Company's exchangeable notes exercised its option to exchange approximately $5.9 million principal amount of the notes for 259,687 shares of VPG common stock. Effective May 12, 2017, a holder of the Company's exchangeable notes exercised its option to exchange approximately $1.3 million principal amount of the notes for 57,729 shares of VPG common stock at the contractual put/call rate of $22.57 per share. Following these transactions, VPG has outstanding exchangeable unsecured notes with a principal amount of approximately $2.8 million, which are exchangeable for an aggregate of 123,808 shares of VPG common stock. The total interest rate was 1.69% at December 31, 2017.
Our other long-term debt is not significant and consists of debt held by one of our Japanese subsidiaries of approximately $0.4$0.0 million at December 31, 20172020 and $0.5$0.1 million at December 31, 2016.2019. The debt is payable monthly over the next 4 years1 year at a zero percent interest rate.
See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements for additional details.
Our business has historically generated significant cash flow. Our cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 20172020 was $22.7$35.3 million as compared to $11.5$30.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, and $14.32019. Our net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $21.8 million, comprised mainly of capital spending as
- 40 -



compared to $51.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Cash provided by operating2019, which included the purchase of DSI for $40 million. Our net cash used for financing activities for the year ended December 31, 20172020 was driven by an increase in$5.0 million which reflects the repayment of the Canadian term loans and the conversion of the US term loans to revolver under the 2020 credit facility, as compared to net earnings and a receipt of a lease termination payment of $1.5 million. Cashcash provided by operatingfinancing activities of $16.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 was impacted by cash payments2019, which reflects the higher borrowings on the revolving credit facility which were used to fund the purchase of $4.2 million related to restructuring and $1.1 million related to the strategic alternative evaluation process. Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 was impacted by a decrease in net earnings.DSI.
Approximately 93% and 83%90% of our cash and cash equivalents balance at December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, respectively, was held by our non-U.S. subsidiaries. See the following table for the percentage of cash and cash equivalents, by region, at December 31, 20172020 and December 31, 2016:2019:
December 31,December 31,
2017 201620202019
Asia28% 27%Asia18 %23 %
United States7% 17%United States10 %%
Israel37% 16%Israel26 %28 %
Europe15% 19%Europe16 %14 %
United Kingdom5% 12%United Kingdom18 %17 %
Canada8% 9%Canada12 %11 %
Total100% 100%Total100 %100 %
We earn a significant amount of our operating income outside the United States, the majority of which is deemed to be indefinitely reinvested in the foreign jurisdictions. As a result, as discussed above, a significant portion of our cash and short-term investments are held by foreign subsidiaries. As a result of the 2017 Tax Act, the Company reassessed its assertion with respect to the indefinite reinvestment for certain of Company’s foreign subsidiaries and recorded a deferred tax liability of approximately $1.8 million of withholding tax associated with the planned cash distribution of approximately $25.5 million. The Company will continue to evaluate its cash needs, however we currently do not intend, nor do we foresee a need, to repatriate funds in excess of the $25.5 million, that could be subject to local tax or local withholding tax.what is already planned. The Company will evaluate the possibility of repatriating future cash provided such repatriation can be accomplished in a tax efficient manner. In addition, we expect existing domestic cash, short-term investments, and cash flows from operations to continue to be sufficient to fund our domestic operating activities and cash commitments for investing and financing activities, such as debt repayment and capital expenditures, for at least the next 12 months and thereafter for the foreseeable future.
If we should require more capital in the United States than is generated by our domestic operations, and the planned dividend noted above, for example, to fund significant discretionary activities, such as business acquisitions, we could elect to repatriate future earnings from foreign jurisdictions or raise capital in the United States through debt or equity issuances. These alternatives could result in higher tax expense, increased interest expense, or dilution of our earnings. We consider the majority of the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, as of December 31, 2017,2020, to be indefinitely reinvested and, accordingly, no provision has been made for taxes in excess of the $1.8 million noted above. As of December 31, 2017, the amount of cash associated with indefinitely reinvested foreign earnings was approximately $43.5 million.

- 43 -



reinvested.
For the year ended December 31, 2017,2020, we generated adjusted free cash flow of $16.3$13.3 million. We refer to “free“adjusted free cash flow,” a measure which management uses to evaluate our ability to fund acquisitions, as the amount of cash generated from operationsprovided by operating activities ($22.735.3 million) in excess of our capital expenditures ($7.022.9 million) and net of proceeds from the sale of assets ($0.50.9 million).
The following table summarizes the components of net cash (debt) at December 31, 20172020 and at December 31, 2016 2019 (in thousands):

December 31,December 31,

2017 201620202019
Cash and cash equivalents$74,292
 $58,452
Cash and cash equivalents$98,438 $86,910 



 

Third-party debt, including current and long-term
 
Third-party debt, including current and long-term
Term loans$20,500
 $23,000
Term loans$ $10,496 
Revolving debt9,000
 9,000
Revolving debt41,000 34,000 
Third-party debt held by Japanese subsidiary401
 509
Third-party debt held by Japanese subsidiary18 149 
Exchangeable notes, due 21022,794
 4,097
Deferred financing costs(340) (454)Deferred financing costs(374)(112)
Total third-party debt32,355
 36,152
Total third-party debt(356)44,533 
Net cash$41,937
 $22,300
Net cash$98,794 $42,377 
Measurements such as “free cash”“adjusted free cash flow” and “net cash (debt)”cash" do not have uniform definitions and are not recognized in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Such measures should not be viewed as alternatives to GAAP measures of performance or liquidity. However, management believes that “free cash”“adjusted free cash flow” is a meaningful measure of our ability to fund
- 41 -



acquisitions, and that an analysis of “net cash (debt)”cash” assists investors in understanding aspects of our cash and debt management. These measures, as calculated by us, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies.
Our financial condition as of December 31, 20172020 is strong, with a current ratio (current assets to current liabilities) of 3.74.7 to 1.0, as compared to a current ratio of 4.22.4 to 1.0 at December 31, 2016.2019.
Cash paid for property and equipment for the year ended December 31, 20172020 and December 31, 20162019 was $7.0$22.9 million and $10.4$11.2 million, respectively. Capital spending for 20172020 was comprised of building projects related to capacity expansion in Israel and other projects related to the normal maintenance of business, cost reduction programs, and some carryover projects from 2016.2019. Capital expenditures for 20182021 are expected to be approximately $15.0$26.1 million, to $17.0 million. The majority of thesewhich includes capital expenditures will be incurred outside the United States.

Contractual Commitments
As of December 31, 2017, we had contractual obligations as follows (in thousands):
   Payments due by period
 Total Less than
1 year
 1-3
years
 4-5
years
 After 5
years
Long-term debt$32,695
 $3,878
 $26,006
 $17
 $2,794
Interest payments on long-term debt6,160
 953
 1,324
 95
 3,788
Operating leases7,563
 3,113
 3,888
 562
 
Unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and penalties915
 95
 
 
 820
Expected pension and postretirement plan benefit payments from unfunded plans (a)
4,648
 437
 889
 978
 2,344
Expected pension and postretirement plan contributions to funded plans (b)
1,030
 1,030
 
 
 
Total contractual cash obligations$53,011
 $9,506
 $32,107
 $1,652
 $9,746
(a)Due to the nature of unfunded plans, benefit payments are considered to be funded when paid.
(b)Due to the uncertainty of future cash outflows, contributions to the pension and other postretirement benefit plans subsequent to 2018 have been excluded from the table above.

- 44 -



Our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2017 includes approximately $0.9 million of liabilities associated with uncertain tax positions relating to multiple taxing jurisdictions. There are certain guarantees and indemnifications extended among Vishay Intertechnology and us in accordance with the terms of the Master Separation and Distribution Agreement and the Tax Matters Agreement. The guarantees primarily relate to certain contingent tax liabilities includedequipment for capacity expansion in the Tax Matters Agreement. See Note 6 to our consolidated financial statementsFoil Technology Products reporting segment and expected building projects of approximately $6.1 million for further discussion of the Tax Matters Agreement.
Of the $0.9 million of unrecognized tax benefits, $0.8 million are associated with our post spin-off operation,capacity expansion in Israel and thus are not covered under the terms of the Tax Matters Agreement. Due to the uncertainty and complexity relating to the settlement of tax matters, including the difficulty in predicting the conclusion of tax audits around the world, we are unable to make reliable estimates of the timing and amount of the remaining cash outflows, if any, relating to these liabilities. Accordingly, the remaining uncertain tax positions are classified as payments due after five years, although actual timing of payments may be sooner. See Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.Asia.
Inflation
Normally, inflation does not have a significant impact on our operations as our products are not generally sold on long-term contracts. Consequently, we can adjust our selling prices, to the extent permitted by competition, to reflect cost increases caused by inflation.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.

- 45 -



Item 7A.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are exposed to certain financial risks, including fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, and commodity prices. We manage our exposure to these market risks through internally established policies and procedures and, when deemed appropriate, through the use of derivative financial instruments.procedures. Our policies do not allow speculation in derivative instruments for profit or execution of derivative instrument contracts for which there are no underlying exposures. We do not use financial instruments for trading purposes and we are not a party to any leveraged derivatives. We monitor our underlying market risk exposures on an ongoing basis and believe that we can modify or adapt our strategies as needed.
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to changes in interest rates as a result of our borrowing activities and our cash balances.
At December 31, 2017, we have $2.8 million outstanding on our exchangeable notes, which bear interest at LIBOR.
The Company entered into a secondthird amended and restated revolving credit facility on December 30, 2015.March 20, 2020. Interest payable on the facility is based upon the Agent’s prime rate, the Federal Funds rate or LIBOR, plus a spread. At December 31, 2017,2020, the Company has $9.0$41.0 million borrowings outstanding under the revolving credit facility and $20.5 million in outstanding term loans.facility.
At December 31, 2017,2020, we have $74.3$98.4 million of cash and cash equivalents, which accrue interest at various variable rates.
Based on the debt and cash positions at December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, we would expect a 50 basis point increase or decrease in interest rates to increase or decrease our annualized net earnings by $0.2 million and $0.1 million in 20172020 and to have an immaterial impact to annualized net earnings in 2016.2019, respectively.
See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information about our long-term debt.
Foreign Exchange Risk
We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risks, particularly due to market values of transactions in currencies other than the functional currencies of certain subsidiaries. Our significant foreign currency exposures are to the British pound, Canadian dollar, Chinese renminbi, euro, Indian rupee, Israeli shekel, Japanese yen, Swedish krona, and Taiwanese dollar.
Our operations in Europe, Canada, and certain locations in Asia primarily generate and expend cash in local currencies. Our operations in Israel and certain locations in Asia primarily generate cash in U.S. dollars, but these subsidiaries also have significant transactions in local currencies. Our exposure to foreign currency risk is mitigated to the extent that the costs incurred and the revenues earned in a particular currency offset one another. Our exposure to foreign currency risk, with respect to expenses, is more pronounced in Israel and India because the percentage of expenses denominated in Israeli shekels and Indian rupee to total expenses is much greater than the percentage of sales denominated in Israeli shekels and Indian rupee to total sales. Therefore, if the Israeli shekel and Indian rupee strengthen against all or most of our other major currencies, our operating profit is reduced. We also have a higher percentage of British pound-denominated sales than expenses. Therefore, when the British pound strengthens against all or most of our other major currencies, our operating profit is increased. VPG Canada has a secured term facility denominated in U.S. dollars. Therefore, we are exposed to potentially significant foreign exchange risk based on the valuation of this long-term debt related to the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar.
- 42 -



We have performed a sensitivity analysis as of December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, respectively, using a model that measures the change in the values arising from a hypothetical 10% adverse movement in foreign currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar, with all other variables held constant. The foreign currency exchange rates we used were based on market rates in effect at December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, respectively. The sensitivity analysis indicated that a hypothetical 10% adverse movement in foreign currency exchange rates would impact our net earnings by approximately $2.5$2.3 million and $1.7$2.7 million for the years ended December 31, 20172020 and December 31, 2016,2019, respectively, although individual line items in our consolidated statements of operations could be materially affected. For example, a 10% weakening in all foreign currencies would increase the U.S. dollar equivalent of operating income generated in foreign currencies, which would be offset by foreign exchange losses of our foreign subsidiaries that have significant transactions in U.S. dollars or have the U.S. dollar as their functional currency.
A change in the mix of the currencies in which we transact our business could have a material effect on the estimated impact of the hypothetical 10% movement in the value of the U.S. dollar. Furthermore, the timing of cash receipts and disbursements could result in materially different actual results versus the hypothetical 10% movement in the value of the U.S. dollar, particularly if there are significant changes in exchange rates in a short period of time.



- 46 -



Commodity Price Risk
Although most materials incorporated in our products are available from a number of sources, certain materials are available only from a relatively limited number of suppliers.
Some of the most highly specialized materials for our sensors are sourced from a single vendor. We maintain a safety stock inventory of certain critical materials at our facilities.
Certain metals used in the manufacture of our products are traded on active markets, and can be subject to significant price volatility.
Our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected if we have difficulty obtaining these raw materials, the quality of available raw materials deteriorates, or there are significant price changes for these raw materials. For periods in which the prices of these raw materials are rising, we may be unable to pass on the increased cost to our customers which would result in decreased margins for the products in which they are used. For periods in which the prices are declining, we may be required to write down our inventory carrying cost of these raw materials, since we record our inventory at the lower of cost or market. Depending on the extent of the difference between market price and our carrying cost, this write-down could have a material adverse effect on our net earnings. We also may need to record losses for adverse purchase commitments for these materials in periods of declining prices.
We estimate that a 10% increase or decrease in the costs of raw materials subject to commodity price risk would decrease or increase our net earnings by $1.2$1.5 million and $1.0$1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 20172020 and December 31, 2016,2019, respectively, assuming that such changes in our costs have no impact on the selling prices of our products, and that we have no pending commitments to purchase metals at fixed prices.
Item 8.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The financial statements required by this Item are included herein, commencing on page F-1 of this report.
Item 9.CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
Item 9A.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management,An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our chief executive officermanagement, including the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and chief financial officer, has evaluatedChief Financial Officer (“CFO”), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, pursuant to Rulesas such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended or the "Exchange Act,"(the “Exchange Act”). Based on that evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K.

Based on this evaluation,annual report to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act are: (1) recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms; and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including the chief executive officerour CEO and chief financial officer evaluated the structureCFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
- 43 -



Our management, including our CEO and effectiveness of our worldwide organization and the design and operating effectiveness of control structure. Management determinedCFO, believes that certainany disclosure controls and procedures didor internal controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not operate effectivelyabsolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must consider the benefits of controls relative to their costs. Inherent limitations within a control system include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and resultedthat breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by unauthorized override of the control. While the design of any system of controls is to provide reasonable assurance of the effectiveness of disclosure controls, such design is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the material weakness discussed below.likelihood of future events, and such assumptions, while reasonable, may not take into account all potential future conditions. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in a cost effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be prevented or detected.

Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
After giving full consideration
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to the material weakness, and the additional analyses and other procedures that we performed to ensure thatmaterially affect, our consolidatedinternal control over financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K were prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, our management has concluded that our consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with U.S. GAAP.reporting.



Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in RuleExchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) underand 15d-15(f). Under the Exchange Act. Managementsupervision and with the participation of our management, including our CEO and CFO, we conducted an assessmentevaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 based on the criteria2013 framework set forth in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). A “material weakness” is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Commission. Based on our assessment as of December 31, 2017,that evaluation, our management believesconcluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective due to the aggregationas of certain internal control deficiencies related to the design, operating effectiveness and monitoring of various transaction and monitoring controls. The Company has undergone significant changes in size, complexity and structure of the organization due to multiple restructurings and multiple acquisitions. These activities caused operations to be moved and consolidated,December 31, 2020.
Brightman Almagor Zohar & Co., a reduction in personnel in certain locations while adding personnel from acquisitions in other locations, and a general change in operating structure. We did not update the control activities documentation for numerous locations and, in some cases, did not change control processes to reflect the changes from the restructurings, acquisition activities or general

- 47 -




changes in operating structure. This contributed to design and operating deficiencies in our internal controls. Further, we found our monitoring of the design and effectiveness of controls either did not occur or failed to identify various control design and operating deficiencies amidst such significant changes. The absence of a robust monitoring function allowed deficiencies presentfirm in the internal control structure to remain undetected by our monitoring processes.

Remediation Plan with Respect to Material Weakness
Our management has developed a plan to remediate the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting by expanding the internal audit function at the Company to examine and update our internal control processes, to update the control activities documentation, to perform expanded risk assessment activities, to implement controls to mitigate the risks identified and to redesign our monitoring program to improve the identification, reporting and remediation of control deficiencies.

Our management expects the remediation plan to extend over multiple financial reporting periods throughout 2018. As we continue to evaluate and work to improve our internal control over financial reporting, we may take additional measures to address the material weakness or modify certain of the remediation measures.
Ernst & Young LLPDeloitte Global Network, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as stated in their report which is set forth on the next page.
































- 4844 -









Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm


To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Vishay Precision Group, Inc.


Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Vishay Precision Group, Inc.’sthe internal control over financial reporting of Vishay Precision Group, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2017,2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria)(COSO). In our opinion, because of the effect of theCompany maintained, in all material weakness described below on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, Vishay Precision Group, Inc. (the Company) has not maintainedrespects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,2020, based on the COSO criteria.criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.


A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weakness has been identified and included in management’s assessment. Management has identified a material weakness in their ability to identify relevant risks within their financial processes and properly design controls to mitigate the identified risks, and also their ability to adequately monitor and identify operating deficiencies in existing control activities. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the 20172020 consolidated financial statements of the Company. This material weakness was considered in determining the nature, timingCompany and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2017 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated March 15, 2018, which11, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.


Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.


We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.


Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.


Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.


Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.



/s/ ErnstBrightman Almagor Zohar & Young LLPCo,
Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaA Firm in the Deloitte Global Network
Tel Aviv, Israel
March 15, 201811,2021

- 4945 -





Item 9B.OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III
Item 10.DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Certain information required under this Item with respect to our Executive Officers is contained under the heading “Executive Officers” in Item 1 hereof. Other information required under this Item will be contained under the heading “Nominees for Election as Directors” in our definitive proxy statement for the Company’s 20182021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2017,2020, our most recent fiscal year end, and is incorporated herein by reference.
The Company has adopted codes of conduct that constitute “codes of ethics” as that term is defined in paragraph (b) of Item 406 of Regulation S-K and that apply to the Company’s principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, and to any persons performing similar functions. Such codes of conduct are posted on the Company’s internet website, the address of which is www.vpgsensors.com.
Item 11.EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Information required under this Item will be contained in our definitive proxy statement for the Company’s 20182021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2017,2020, our most recent fiscal year end, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12.SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Information required under this Item will be contained in our definitive proxy statement for the Company’s 20182021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2017,2020, our most recent fiscal year end, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13.CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Information required under this Item will be contained in our definitive proxy statement for the Company’s 20182021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2017,2020, our most recent fiscal year end, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Information required under this Item will be contained in our definitive proxy statement for the Company’s 20182021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2017,2020, our most recent fiscal year end, and is incorporated herein by reference.

- 5046 -





PART IV
Item 15.EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)Documents Filed as part of Form 10-K
1)Financial Statements
(a)Documents Filed as part of Form 10-K
i)Financial Statements
The Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 20172020 are filed herewith. See index to the Consolidated Financial Statements on page F-1 of this report.
2)Financial Statement Schedules
ii)Financial Statement Schedules
All financial statement schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable and therefore have been omitted.
iii)Exhibits
3)Exhibits
Exhibit No.Description
2.1
3.1
3.2
3.3
10.14.1
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6*
10.7*
10.8*

- 5147 -






Exhibit No.Description
10.9*
10.10*
10.11
10.12*
10.13
10.14
10.15†
10.16
10.1710.17†
10.18†
10.19†10.18†
10.20†10.19†
10.21†10.20†
10.22†10.21†
10.23†10.22†
10.24†10.23†
10.25†10.24†
10.2610.25
10.2710.26

- 52 -




10.27†
Exhibit No.Description
10.28†
- 48 -



10.29†Exhibit No.Description
10.28†
10.30†10.29
10.3110.30
10.32†10.31
10.3310.32
10.34
10.35†10.33†
10.36†10.34†
10.3710.35
10.38    10.36†  
10.39†  
10.40†  10.37†  
10.41    
10.42†  
21.110.38†  
10.39†  
10.40†  
16.1
21.1
23.1
23.2
31.1
31.2
32.1
32.2

- 5349 -






Exhibit No.Description
101Interactive Data File (Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2017,2020, furnished in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language)).
* Confidential treatment has been accorded to certain portions of this Exhibit. Omitted portions have been filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
† Denotes a management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.


Item 16.FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.





- 5450 -





SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
VISHAY PRECISION GROUP, INC.
By:/s/ Ziv Shoshani
Ziv Shoshani
Date: March 15, 201811, 2021President and Chief Executive Officer
POWER OFATTORNEY
Vishay Precision Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints each of Ziv Shoshani and William M. Clancy, and either of them, such person’s true and lawful attorney-in-fact, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for such person and in such person’s name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign on such person’s behalf, individually and in each capacity stated below, any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and other documents in connection therewith, and to file the same and all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing necessary or desirable to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, thereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact, or any of them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this Form 10-K has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the date indicated below.
SignatureTitleDate
/s/ Ziv ShoshaniChief Executive Officer and DirectorMarch 11, 2021
Ziv Shoshani(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ William M. ClancyExecutive Vice President & Chief Financial OfficerMarch 11, 2021
William M. Clancy(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
/s/ Marc ZandmanDirectorMarch 11, 2021
Marc Zandman
/s/ Saul V. ReibsteinDirectorMarch 11, 2021
Saul V. Reibstein
/s/ Timothy V. TalbertDirectorMarch 11, 2021
Timothy V. Talbert
SignatureTitleDate
/s/ Ziv ShoshaniChief Executive Officer and DirectorMarch 15, 2018
Ziv Shoshani(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ William M. ClancyExecutive Vice President & Chief Financial OfficerMarch 15, 2018
William M. Clancy(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
/s/ Marc ZandmanDirectorMarch 15, 2018
Marc Zandman
/s/ Saul V. ReibsteinDirectorMarch 15, 2018
Saul V. Reibstein
/s/ Timothy V. TalbertDirectorMarch 15, 2018
Timothy V. Talbert
/s/ Cary WoodDirectorMarch 15, 2018
Cary Wood
/s/ Janet ClarkeDirectorMarch 15, 201811, 2021
Janet Clarke
/s/ Bruce LernerDirectorMarch 15, 201811, 2021
Bruce Lerner
/s/ Wesley CumminsDirectorMarch 15, 201811, 2021
Wesley Cummins

- 5551 -





Vishay Precision Group, Inc.
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
ReportF-
F-
F-
F-
F-
F-
F-

F-1





Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Vishay Precision Group, Inc.


Opinion on the Financial Statements


We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Vishay Precision Group, Inc. (the Company)"Company") as of December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, (loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the threetwo years in the period ended December 31, 2017,2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial"financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company atas of December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the threetwo years in the period ended December 31, 2017,2020, in conformity with U.S.accounting principles generally accepted accounting principles. in the United States of America.


We have also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, (2013  framework), and our report dated March 15, 201811, 2021, expressed an adverseunqualified opinion thereon.on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.


Basis for Opinion


These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.


We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.


Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates

Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets – Instrumentation and DSI Reporting Units — Refer to Note 4 to the Financial Statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

The Company's quantitative goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets impairment test involves the comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit or asset to its carrying value.

In estimating the fair value of the Instrumentation and DSI reporting units, the Company used the income approach to evaluate the estimated fair value of the reporting units. The income approach to valuation requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions related to future revenues, profitability, working capital requirements and selection of discount and long term growth rates. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could have a significant impact on the fair value of the reporting units. In estimating the fair value of the indefinite-lived trade names, the Company compares the carrying value to the fair value based on current revenue projections of the related operations, under the relief from royalty method. Any excess carrying value over the applicable fair value is recognized as impairment.
F-2



During 2020, the Company recognized an impairment loss of $2.4 million for the Instrumentation reporting unit’s goodwill and indefinite-lived trade name. After considering the impact of the impairment charges, the carrying amount of goodwill and indefinite-lived trade name as of December 31, 2020, is $1.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

The carrying amount of goodwill and indefinite-lived trade name as of December 31, 2020, for the DSI reporting unit is $16.9 million and $3.3 million, respectively. The fair value of the DSI reporting unit and indefinite-lived trade name exceeds the carrying value by approximately 12% and 16%, respectively.

We identified goodwill and indefinite-lived trade names for the Instrumentation and DSI reporting units as a critical audit matter because of the significant judgments made by management to estimate fair value and the sensitivity to changes in management estimates and assumptions. This required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our fair value specialists, when performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s estimates and assumptions related to forecasts of future revenues, profitability, working capital requirements and selection of the discount and long term growth rates.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to forecasts of future revenues, profitability, working capital requirements and selection of discount and long term growth rates used by management to estimate the fair value of the Instrumentation and DSI reporting units and indefinite-lived trade names included the following, among others:

We tested the effectiveness of controls over management’s impairment evaluation, including those over the determination of the fair value of the Instrumentation and DSI reporting units and indefinite-lived trade names, such as controls related to management’s forecasts of future revenues, profitability, working capital requirements and selection of discount and long term growth rates.
We evaluated management’s ability to accurately forecast operating performance by comparing actual results to management’s historical forecasts.
We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s forecasts of future revenues, profitability and working capital requirements by comparing the forecasts to:
Historical revenues, profitability and working capital requirements.
Internal communications to management and the Board of Directors.
With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the valuation methodologies and the reasonableness of the discount and long term growth rates, including testing the underlying source information and the mathematical accuracy of the calculations, and developing a range of independent estimates and comparing those to the discount and long term growth rates selected by management.


/s/ ErnstBrightman Almagor Zohar & Young LLPCo.

A Firm in the Deloitte Global Network
Tel Aviv, Israel
March 11, 2021

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2019.










F-3



Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Vishay Precision Group, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity and cash flows of Vishay Precision Group, Inc. (the Company) for the year ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the results of operations of the Company and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We served as the Company’s auditor from 2009 to 2019.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

March 14, 2019
March 15, 2018



F-2
F-4



VISHAY PRECISION GROUP, INC.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except share amounts)

December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$98,438 $86,910 
Accounts receivable, net of allowances for credit losses of $879 and $555, respectively45,339 43,198 
Inventories:
Raw materials21,894 21,701 
Work in process21,534 23,128 
Finished goods18,920 22,066 
Inventories62,348 66,895 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets15,761 15,558 
Total current assets221,886 212,561 
Property and equipment, at cost:
Land4,282 4,243 
Buildings and improvements67,581 52,708 
Machinery and equipment115,717 111,492 
Software10,026 9,384 
Construction in progress6,341 2,485 
Accumulated depreciation(128,931)(119,042)
Property and equipment, net75,016 61,270 
Goodwill31,105 35,018 
Intangible assets, net32,039 34,198 
Operating lease right-of-use assets21,788 8,691 
Other assets20,053 18,675 
Total assets$401,887 $370,413 

 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
Assets   
Current assets:   
Cash and cash equivalents$74,292
 $58,452
Accounts receivable, net of allowances for doubtful accounts of $578 and $523, respectively46,789
 34,270
Inventories:   
Raw materials16,601
 15,647
Work in process23,160
 21,115
Finished goods20,174
 19,559
Inventories, net59,935
 56,321
Prepaid expenses and other current assets10,299
 6,831
Total current assets191,315
 155,874
    
Property and equipment, at cost:   
Land3,434
 3,344
Buildings and improvements50,276
 48,454
Machinery and equipment95,158
 89,080
Software7,955
 7,441
Construction in progress2,252
 4,340
Accumulated depreciation(103,401) (97,374)
Property and equipment, net55,674
 55,285
    
Goodwill19,181
 18,717
    
Intangible assets, net20,475
 21,585
    
Other assets19,906
 19,049
Total assets$306,551
 $270,510
    




Continues on the following page.page
F-3

F-5



VISHAY PRECISION GROUP, INC.
Consolidated Balance Sheets (continued)
(In thousands, except share amounts)

December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
Liabilities and equity
Current liabilities:
Trade accounts payable$10,487 $8,869 
Payroll and related expenses17,595 16,312 
Other accrued expenses13,843 16,126 
Income taxes1,593 261 
Current portion of operating lease liabilities4,011 2,827 
Current portion of long-term debt18 44,516 
Total current liabilities47,547 88,911 
Long-term debt, less current portion40,626 17 
Deferred income taxes3,403 3,478 
Operating lease liabilities19,504 5,811 
Other liabilities16,263 14,775 
Accrued pension and other postretirement costs16,687 15,669 
Total liabilities144,030 128,661 
Commitments and contingencies00
Equity:
Preferred stock, par value $1.00 per share: authorized - 1,000,000 shares; NaN issued0 
Common stock, par value $0.10 per share: authorized - 25,000,000 shares; 12,552,439 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 12,500,006 shares outstanding as of December 31, 20191,317 1,312 
Class B convertible common stock, par value $0.10 per share: authorized - 3,000,000 shares; 1,022,887 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019103 103 
Treasury stock, at cost - 619.667 shares held at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019(8,765)(8,765)
Capital in excess of par value197,764 197,125 
Retained earnings100,075 89,288 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(32,671)(37,703)
Total Vishay Precision Group, Inc. stockholders' equity257,823 241,360 
Noncontrolling interests34 392 
Total equity257,857 241,752 
Total liabilities and equity$401,887 $370,413 
 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
Liabilities and equity   
Current liabilities:   
Trade accounts payable$13,678
 $8,264
Payroll and related expenses15,892
 11,978
Other accrued expenses15,952
 13,285
Income taxes2,515
 772
Current portion of long-term debt3,878
 2,623
Total current liabilities51,915
 36,922
    
Long-term debt, less current portion28,477
 33,529
Deferred income taxes2,300
 735
Other liabilities14,131
 13,054
Accrued pension and other postretirement costs16,424
 14,713
Total liabilities113,247
 98,953
    
Commitments and contingencies
 

   
Equity:   
Preferred stock, par value $1.00 per share: authorized - 1,000,000 shares; none issued
 
Common stock, par value $0.10 per share: authorized - 25,000,000 shares; 12,266,407 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2017 and 12,167,356 shares outstanding as of December 31, 20161,288
 1,278
Class B convertible common stock, par value $0.10 per share: authorized - 3,000,000 shares; 1,025,158 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016103
 103
Treasury stock, at cost - 619,667 shares held at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016(8,765) (8,765)
Capital in excess of par value192,904
 190,373
Retained earnings43,076
 28,731
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(35,450) (40,337)
Total Vishay Precision Group, Inc. stockholders' equity193,156
 171,383
Noncontrolling interests148
 174
Total equity193,304
 171,557
Total liabilities and equity$306,551
 $270,510
    


See accompanying notes.
F-4

F-6

VISHAY PRECISION GROUP, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(In thousands, except per share amounts)

Years ended December 31,
202020192018
Net revenues$269,812 $283,958 $299,794 
Costs of products sold165,541 172,341 178,527 
Gross profit104,271 111,617 121,267 
Selling, general, and administrative expenses78,256 79,622 80,935 
Acquisition costs0 443 
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles2,440 2,820 
Executive severance costs0 611 
Restructuring costs918 2,293 289 
Operating income22,657 28,648 37,223 
Other income (expense):
Interest expense(1,366)(1,507)(1,738)
Other(2,982)(701)(1,496)
Other expenses - net(4,348)(2,208)(3,234)
Income before taxes18,309 26,440 33,989 
Income tax expense7,509 4,145 10,344 
Net earnings10,800 22,295 23,645 
Less: net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests13 107 (1)
Net earnings attributable to VPG stockholders$10,787 $22,188 $23,646 
Basic earnings per share attributable to VPG stockholders$0.80 $1.64 $1.76 
Diluted earnings per share attributable to VPG stockholders$0.79 $1.63 $1.75 
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic13,566 13,515 13,439 
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted13,623 13,597 13,535 
 Years ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015
Net revenues$254,350
 $224,929
 $232,178
Costs of products sold156,067
 142,120
 147,949
Gross profit98,283
 82,809
 84,229
      
Selling, general, and administrative expenses74,614
 68,938
 71,282
Acquisition costs
 494
 185
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles
 
 4,942
Restructuring costs2,044
 2,666
 4,461
Operating income21,625
 10,711
 3,359
      
Other income (expense):     
Interest expense(1,842) (1,486) (771)
Other780
 382
 (2,082)
Other (expense) income - net(1,062) (1,104) (2,853)
      
Income before taxes20,563
 9,607
 506

     
Income tax expense6,169
 3,199
 13,500
      
Net earnings (loss)14,394
 6,408
 (12,994)
Less: net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests49
 4
 14
Net earnings (loss) attributable to VPG stockholders$14,345
 $6,404
 $(13,008)
      
Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to VPG stockholders$1.08
 $0.49
 $(0.96)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to VPG stockholders$1.07
 $0.48
 $(0.96)
      
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic13,262
 13,187
 13,485
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted13,471
 13,419
 13,485


See accompanying notes.
F-5

F-7

VISHAY PRECISION GROUP, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(In thousands)



Years ended December 31,
202020192018
Net earnings$10,800 $22,295 $23,645 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustment5,169 558 (3,929)
Pension and other postretirement actuarial items(137)(796)1,914 
Other comprehensive income (loss)5,032 (238)(2,015)
Comprehensive income15,832 22,057 21,630 
Less: comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests13 107 (1)
Comprehensive income attributable to VPG stockholders$15,819 $21,950 $21,631 
 Years ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015
Net earnings (loss)$14,394
 $6,408
 $(12,994)
      
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax:     
Foreign currency translation adjustment5,802
 (4,488) (6,947)
Pension and other postretirement actuarial items(915) (2,728) 386
Other comprehensive income (loss)4,887
 (7,216) (6,561)
      
Comprehensive income (loss)19,281
 (808) (19,555)
      
Less: comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests49
 4
 14
      
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to VPG stockholders$19,232
 $(812) $(19,569)

See accompanying notes.
F-6

F-8

VISHAY PRECISION GROUP, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)



Years ended December 31,
202020192018
Operating activities
Net earnings$10,800 $22,295 $23,645 
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles2,440 2,820 
Depreciation and amortization12,507 11,795 10,631 
Loss from extinguishment of debt30 
(Gain) loss on disposal of property and equipment(130)34 (120)
Reclassification of foreign currency translation adjustment related to disposal of subsidiary0 (827)
Share-based compensation expense1,387 1,336 1,799 
Inventory write-offs for obsolescence2,525 2,588 1,876 
Deferred income taxes1,153 (2,556)1,011 
Other1,735 358 819 
Net changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisition:
Accounts receivable(753)11,369 (7,757)
Inventories2,986 (619)(5,095)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets67 (5,087)588 
Trade accounts payable59 (2,273)(819)
Other current liabilities507 (7,481)5,981 
Net cash provided by operating activities35,313 30,932 35,379 
Investing activities
Capital expenditures(22,949)(11,196)(14,521)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment983 615 132 
Purchase of business156 (40,481)
Net cash used in investing activities(21,810)(51,062)(14,389)
Financing activities
Principal payments on long-term debt(3,493)(4,618)(5,603)
Debt issuance costs(402)
Proceeds from revolving facility0 22,000 22,000 
Payments on revolving facility0 (19,000)
Purchase of non-controlling interest(253)0 
Distributions to noncontrolling interests(70)(52)(109)
Payments of employee taxes on certain share-based arrangements(813)(854)(801)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities(5,031)16,476 (3,513)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents3,056 405 (1,610)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents11,528 (3,249)15,867 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year86,910 90,159 74,292 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year$98,438 $86,910 $90,159 
Supplemental disclosure of investing transactions:
Capital expenditures purchased$(24,327)$(10,529)$(13,239)
Capital expenditures accrued but not yet paid$2,561 $1,183 0
Supplemental disclosure of financing transactions:
Conversion of exchangeable notes to common stock$0 $0 $(2,794)
 Years ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015
Operating activities     
Net earnings (loss)$14,394
 $6,408
 $(12,994)
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:     
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles
 
 4,942
Depreciation and amortization10,626
 11,149
 11,097
(Gain) loss on disposal of property and equipment(195) (823) 15
Share-based compensation expense1,499
 37
 1,083
Inventory write-offs for obsolescence2,065
 1,755
 1,354
Deferred income taxes1,890
 301
 10,013
Other893
 (2,044) 2,521
Net changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisition:     
Accounts receivable(10,537) 1,322
 982
Inventories(4,307) (1,968) (3,961)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets(3,260) 955
 2,799
Trade accounts payable2,009
 237
 (2,550)
Other current liabilities7,652
 (5,824) (1,034)
Net cash provided by operating activities22,729
 11,505
 14,267
      
Investing activities     
Capital expenditures(6,960) (10,425) (9,978)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment541
 4,203
 117
Purchase of business
 (10,626) (20,022)
Net cash used in investing activities(6,419) (16,848) (29,883)
      
Financing activities     
Proceeds from long-term debt
 
 29,000
Repayments of principal upon termination of long-term debt
 
 (14,000)
Principal payments on long-term debt(2,628) (2,133) (4,119)
Debt issuance costs
 
 (453)
Proceeds from revolving facility41,000
 25,000
 
Payments on revolving facility(41,000) (20,000) 
Purchase of treasury stock
 
 (8,733)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests(75) (15) (63)
Payments of employee taxes on certain share-based arrangements(303) (85) (339)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities(3,006) 2,767
 1,293
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents2,536
 (1,613) (2,678)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents15,840
 (4,189) (17,001)
      
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year58,452
 62,641
 79,642
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year$74,292
 $58,452
 $62,641
      
Supplemental disclosure of investing transactions:     
Capital expenditures purchased$(10,092) $(10,425) $(9,978)
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash financing transactions:

 

 

Conversion of exchangeable notes to common stock$(1,303) $
 $

See accompanying notes.
F-7

F-9

VISHAY PRECISION GROUP, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Equity
(In thousands, except share amounts)



Common
Stock
Class B
Convertible
Common Stock
Treasury StockCapital in
Excess of
Par Value
Retained
Earnings
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
Total VPG
Inc.
Stockholders' Equity
Noncontrolling
Interests
Total
Equity
Balance at January 1, 2018$1,288 $103 $(8,765)$192,904 $43,076 $(35,450)$193,156 $148 $193,304 
Net earnings— — — — 23,646 — 23,646 (1)23,645 
Other comprehensive loss— — — — — (2,015)(2,015)— (2,015)
Share-based compensation expense— — — 1,799 — — 1,799 — 1,799 
Restricted stock issuances (59,038 shares)— — (819)— — (812)— (812)
Common stock issuance from conversion of exchangeable notes ( 123,808 shares)12 — — 2,782 — — 2,794 — 2,794 
Cumulative effect adjustment for adoption of ASU 2016-16— — — — (153)— (153)— (153)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — — (109)(109)
Balance at December 31, 2018$1,307 $103 $(8,765)$196,666 $66,569 $(37,465)$218,415 $38 $218,453 
Net earnings— — — — 22,188 — 22,188 107 22,295 
Other comprehensive income— — — — — (238)(238)— (238)
Share-based compensation expense— — — 1,336 — — 1,336 — 1,336 
Restricted stock issuances (48.482 shares)— — (877)— — (872)— (872)
Cumulative effect adjustment for adoption of ASC 842— — — — 531 — 531 — 531 
Conversion from Class B to common stock (2,271shares)— — — — — — — — 
Impact due to DSI acquisition— — — — — — — 299 299 
Distributions to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — — (52)(52)
Balance at December 31, 2019$1,312 $103 $(8,765)$197,125 $89,288 $(37,703)$241,360 $392 $241,752 
Net earnings    10,787  10,787 13 10,800 
Other comprehensive income     5,032 5,032  5,032 
Share-based compensation expense   1,387   1,387  1,387 
Restricted stock issuances (52,433 shares)5   (796)  (791) (791)
Purchase of noncontrolling interest   48   48 (301)(253)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests       (70)(70)
Balance at December 31, 2020$1,317 $103 $(8,765)$197,764 $100,075 $(32,671)$257,823 $34 $257,857 
 Common
Stock
 Class B
Convertible
Common Stock
 Treasury Stock Capital in
Excess of
Par Value
 Retained
Earnings
 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 Total VPG
Inc.
Stockholders' Equity
 Noncontrolling
Interests
 Total
Equity
Balance at January 1, 2015$1,273
 $103
 $(32) $189,532
 $35,335
 $(26,560) $199,651
 $234
 $199,885
Net loss
 
 
 
 (13,008) 
 (13,008) 14
 (12,994)
Other comprehensive loss
 
 
 
 
 (6,561) (6,561) 
 (6,561)
Share-based compensation expense
 
 
 1,083
 
 
 1,083
 
 1,083
Restricted stock issuances (32,297 shares)3
 
 
 (179) 
 
 (176) 
 (176)
Purchase of treasury stock (617,667 shares)
 
 (8,733) 
 
 
 (8,733) 
 (8,733)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (63) (63)
Balance at December 31, 2015$1,276
 $103
 $(8,765) $190,436
 $22,327
 $(33,121) $172,256
 $185
 $172,441
Net earnings
 
 
 
 6,404
 
 6,404
 4
 6,408
Other comprehensive loss
 
 
 
 
 (7,216) (7,216) 
 (7,216)
Share-based compensation expense
 
 
 37
 
 
 37
 
 37
Restricted stock issuances (22,871 shares)2
 
 
 (100) 
 
 (98) 
 (98)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (15) (15)
Balance at December 31, 2016$1,278
 $103
 $(8,765) $190,373
 $28,731
 $(40,337) $171,383
 $174
 $171,557
Net earnings
 
 
 
 14,345
 
 14,345
 49
 14,394
Other comprehensive income
 
 
 
 
 4,887
 4,887
 
 4,887
Share-based compensation expense
 
 
 1,499
 
 
 1,499
 
 1,499
Restricted stock issuances (41,322 shares)4
 
 
 (265) 
 
 (261) 
 (261)
Common stock issuance from conversion of exchangeable notes ( 57,729 shares)6
 
 
 1,297
 
 
 1,303
 
 1,303
Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (75) (75)
Balance at December 31, 2017$1,288
 $103
 $(8,765) $192,904
 $43,076
 $(35,450) $193,156
 $148
 $193,304

See accompanying notes.
F-8

F-10




Vishay Precision Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1 – Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Background
Vishay Precision Group, Inc. (“VPG” or the “Company”) is an internationally recognized designer, manufacturer and marketer of sensors, and sensor-based measurement systems, as well as specialty resistors and strain gages based upon the Company's proprietary technology. The Company provides precision products and solutions, many of which are “designed-in” by its customers, specializing in the growing markets of stress, force, weight, pressure, and current measurements.
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the individual entities in which the Company maintained a controlling financial interest. For those subsidiaries in which the Company’s ownership is less than 100 percent, the outside stockholders’ interests are shown as noncontrolling interests in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
All transactions, accounts, and profits between individual members comprising the Company have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.
Revenue Recognition
The Company derives substantially all of its revenue from product sales. The Company recognizes the vast majority of its sales at a point-in-time. It utilizes the core principle of recognizing revenue onwhen the Company satisfies performance obligations as evidenced by the transfer of control of its products to the customer.
Such revenues are derived from purchase orders and/or contracts with customers. Each contract has the promise to transfer the control of the products, each of which is individually distinct and is considered the identified performance obligation. As part of the decision to enter into each contract, the Company evaluates the customer’s credit risk, but its contracts do not have any significant financing components, as payment is generally due net 30 to 60 days after delivery. In accordance with contract terms, revenue from the Company’s product sales during the period when the sales process is complete. This generally occurs when products are shipped to the customer in accordance with terms of an agreement of sale, title and risk of loss have been transferred, collectability is reasonably assured, and pricing is fixed or determinable. For sales where title and risk of loss passrecognized at the pointtime of delivery, the Company recognizes revenue uponproduct shipment from its facilities or delivery to the customer assuming all other criteria for revenue recognition are met.location, as determined by the agreed upon shipping terms.
The Company has post-shipment obligations, such as customer acceptance, training, or installation, with respect toUnder the terms of some of its larger systems products.contracts, the Company may be required to perform certain installation services. These installation services are performed at the time of product delivery or at some point thereafter. The installation services do not significantly modify the product provided, and although the Company may be required contractually to provide these services, the installation services could be performed by a third party or the customer. Thus, these installation services are a distinct performance obligation. In such circumstances, a portionmost of the revenue may be deferred untilapplicable contracts, this installation service element is immaterial in the context of the agreement. When the installation services are accounted for as a separate performance obligation, has been completed, unless such obligation is deemed inconsequential or perfunctory.the Company allocates the transaction price to this element based on its relative standalone selling price.

Given the specialized nature of the Company’sCompany's products, itthe Company generally does not allow product returns.
Shipping and Handling Costs
Shipping and handling costs are included inrecorded to Costs of product sold when control of the product has transferred to the customer. The Company offers standard product warranties. Warranty related costs ofcontinue to be recognized as expense when the products are sold. Sales, value add and other taxes collected concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. See Note 2 for further details on Revenues.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. The amount charged to expense for research and development was $11.7$12.6 million, $11.1$12.1 million, and $9.6$11.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2020, 2019, and 2015,2018, respectively.


F-11


Note 1 – Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income tax expense in the period that includes the enactment date.
The Company records net deferred tax assets to the extent it believes such assets will "more likely than not" be realized. In making this determination, the Company considers all positive and negative evidence, including historic earnings, projected future income, and cost-effective tax-planning strategies. When the Company determines that its ability to realize deferred tax assets is not "more likely than not", the Company adjusts its deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which increases income tax expense.

F-9


Note 1 – Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

The Company records uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process in which the Company first determines whether it is "more likely than not" that the tax positions will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position and then measures those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold. The Company recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the tax authority.
The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within income tax expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included within the related tax liability line in the consolidated balance sheets.
On December 22, 2017, the SEC staff issued SAB 118 to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have all the necessary information available to prepare and analyze the accounting treatment for the proper recognition of the tax impact of the 2017 Tax Act. In accordance with SAB 118 guidance, the Company hashad recorded the provisional tax impacts related to the deemed distribution of foreign earnings and the expense for the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities in its consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017. The final impact may differ from the provisional amount recognized, primarily due to the need for additional analysis, changes in the Company's interpretation of the 2017 Tax Act, or issuance of additional regulatory guidance. In accordance with SAB 118, the financial reporting impact of the 2017 Tax Act will bewas completed in the fourth quarter of 2018.2018 resulting in a net increase in tax expense of $0.8 million.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include demand deposits and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased. Highly liquid investments with maturities greater than three months are classified as short-term investments. There were no investments classified as short-term investments at December 31, 20172020 or 2016.2019.
Allowance for Doubtful AccountsCredit Losses
The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimatedcredit losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. The allowance is determined through an analysisIn determining the amount of the agingallowance for credit losses, the Company considers historical loss data, customer specific information, current market conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of accounts receivable and assessments of risk that are based onfuture economic conditions to inform adjustments to historical trends and an evaluation of the impact of current and projected economic conditions. The Company evaluates the past-due status of its trade receivables based on contractual terms of sale. If the financial condition of the Company’s customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required.loss data. The allowance for doubtful accountscredit losses was $0.6$0.9 million and $0.5$0.6 million at December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, respectively. Bad debt expenseThe credit loss was $0.3 million, $0.1 million, $0.2 million, and $0.1$0.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2020, 2019, and 2015,2018, respectively.
Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, determined by the first-in, first-out method, or market based on net realizable value. Inventories are adjusted for estimated excess and obsolescence and written down to net realizable value based upon estimates of future demand, technology developments, and market conditions.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment is carried at cost and is depreciated principally by the straight-line method based upon the estimated useful lives of the assets. Machinery and equipment are being depreciated over useful lives of seven to tenfifteen years. Buildings and building improvements are being depreciated over useful lives of twenty to forty years or the lease term. Software is being depreciated over useful lives of three to five years. Construction in progress is not depreciated until the assets are placed in service. Depreciation expense was $8.7$10.1 million, $9.3$10.1 million, and $9.0$8.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2020, 2019, and 2015,2018, respectively, which included software depreciation expense of $0.5$0.7 million, $0.6 million, and $0.8$0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2020, 2019, and 2015,2018, respectively.
F-12


Note 1 – Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Business Combinations
The Company allocates the purchase price of an acquired company, including when applicable, the fair value of contingent consideration between tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the acquired businesses based on estimated fair values, with any residual of the purchase price recorded as goodwill. Third party appraisal firms and other consultants are engaged to assist management in determining the fair values of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Estimating fair values requires significant judgments, estimates and assumptions, including but not limited to: discount rates, future cash flows and the economic lives of trade names, technology, customer relationships, property, plant and equipment, as well as income taxes. These estimates are based on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies, and are inherently uncertain.


F-10


Note 1 – Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets


Goodwill and indefinite-lived trademarks are tested for impairment at least annually, and whenever events or changes in circumstances occur indicating that it is "more likely than not" impairment may have been incurred. We haveThe Company has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is "more likely than not" that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining if it is necessary to perform the two-stepquantitative goodwill impairment test. However, if we concludethe Company concludes otherwise, then we areit is required to perform the first step of the two-stepquantitative impairment test by calculating the fair value of the reporting unit and comparing it against its carrying amount. We estimateIf the fair value of our reporting units by considering both an income approachexceeds the carrying value, no further evaluation is required and a market approach to valuation. The income approach to valuation uses our estimates of the future cash flows of the reporting unit discounted to their net present value using a discount rate determined using the capital asset pricing model and adjusted for the forecast risk inherent in our projections of future cash flows. The income approach to valuationno impairment loss is dependent on inputs from management such as expected revenue growth, profitability, capital expenditures, and working capital requirements. The market approach to valuation uses the market capitalization of public companies similarrecognized. An impairment charge would be recognized to the reporting unit to calculate an implied EBITDA multiple, and we apply that calculated EBITDA multiple to the expected EBITDA of the reporting unit to estimate the fair value of the reporting unit, after consideration of appropriate control premiums. We weigh the results of the income approach and the market approach to arrive at the estimated fair value of the reporting unit. Ifextent the carrying amount of a reporting unitgoodwill exceeds its fair value, then we are required to perform the second step of the goodwill impairment test. To measure the amount of the impairment, we determine the implied fair value of goodwill in the same manner as if we had acquired those reporting units. Specifically, we must allocate the fair value of the reporting unit to all of the assets of that unit, including any unrecognized intangible assets, in a hypothetical calculation that would yield the implied fair value of goodwill. The impairment loss is measured as the difference between the book value of the goodwill and the implied fair value of the goodwill computed in step two.value.

In 2015, the Company estimated the fair value of its IPRD asset using an income approach to valuation. The Company estimated the future cash flows associated with the IPRD and discounted those cash flows back to their net present value using a discount rate determined using the capital asset pricing model, and adjusted for the forecast risk inherent in the projections of cash flows associated with this asset. The estimates of cash flows included revenues to be generated by the products supported by the IPRD and the expected profits on those product sales. As of the date of the 2016 and 2017 impairment test, IPRD was subject to amortization and therefore was not included as part of the 2016 and 2017 impairment test.

The Company's required goodwill annual impairment test is completed as of the first day of the fourth fiscal quarter each year. As more fully described in Note 4, the 2017 and 2016 annual impairment tests resulted in no impairment. The interim impairment test for 2015 resulted in the Company recording an impairment charge in the third quarter of 2015.


The indefinite-lived trade names are tested for impairment either by employing the qualitative approach outlined above, or by comparing the carrying value to the fair value based on current revenue projections of the related operations, under the relief from royalty method. Any excess carrying value over the applicable fair value is recognized as impairment. Any impairment would be recognized in the reporting period in which it has been identified.

The Company's required goodwill and indefinite-lived asset annual impairment test is completed as of the first day of the fourth fiscal quarter each year. As more fully described in Note 4 to the 2017 and 2016consolidated financial statements, the 2020 annual impairment teststest resulted in an impairment charge in the fourth quarter of 2020. The 2019 annual impairment test resulted in no impairment. The 2018 annual impairment test for 2015 resulted in the Company recording an impairment charge in the thirdfourth quarter of 2015.2018.


Definite-lived intangible assets, such as customer relationships, patents and acquired technology, non-competition agreements, and certain trade names are amortized on a straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Patents and acquired technology are being amortized over useful lives of seven to twenty years. Customer relationships are being amortized over useful lives of five to fifteen years. Trade names are being amortized over useful lives of seven to ten years. Non-competition agreements are being amortized over periods of five to ten years. The Company continually evaluates the reasonableness of the useful lives of these assets. Additionally, the Company reviews the carrying values of these assets for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable based on undiscounted estimated cash flows expected to result from its use and eventual disposition.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The carrying value of long-lived assets held-and-used, other than goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, is evaluated when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. The carrying value of a long-lived asset group is considered impaired when the total projected undiscounted cash flows from such asset group are separately identifiable and are less than the carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair market value of the long-lived asset group. Fair market value is determined primarily using present value techniques based on projected cash flows from the asset group. Losses on long-lived assets held-for-sale, other than goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, are determined in a similar manner, except that fair market values are reduced for disposal costs.


F-11


Note 1 – Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Foreign Currency Translation
The Company has significant operations outside of the United States. The Company's operations in Europe, Canada, and certain locations in Asia primarily generate and expend cash in local currencies, and accordingly, these subsidiaries utilize the local currency as their functional currency. The Company’s operations in Israel and certain locations in Asia primarily generate cash in U.S. dollars, and accordingly, these subsidiaries utilize the U.S. dollar as their functional currency.

F-13


Note 1 – Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
For those subsidiaries where the local currency is the functional currency, assets and liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets have been translated at the rate of exchange as of the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rate for the year. Translation adjustments do not impact the consolidated statements of operations and are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss within the statement of comprehensive income. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in the results of operations.
For those foreign subsidiaries where the U.S. dollar is the functional currency, all foreign currency financial statement amounts are remeasured into U.S. dollars. Exchange gains and losses arising from remeasurement of foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities are included in the consolidated statements of operations.
Share-Based Compensation
Compensation costs related to share-based payments are recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The amount of compensation cost is measured based on the grant-date fair value of the equity instruments issued. CompensationFor service-based awards, compensation cost is recognized over the period that an officer, employee, or non-employee director provides service in exchange for the award. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur. For performance based awards, the Company recognizes compensation cost for awards that are expected to vest based on whether performance criteria are expected to be met. For options and restricted stock units subject to graded vesting, the Company recognizes expense over the service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award was comprised of multiple awards.
ReclassificationsLeases
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassifiedThe Company determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception or modification of such agreement. The arrangement is or contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to conformcontrol the use of the identified asset for a period in exchange for consideration.
Lease right of use assets and liabilities are recognized based on the present value of future minimum lease payments over the expected term at commencement date. As the implicit rate is not determinable in most of the Company's leases, the Company's incremental borrowing rate is used as the basis to determine the current financial statement presentation.present value of future lease payments. The expected lease terms include options to extend or terminate. The period which is subject to an option to extend the lease is included in the lease term if it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised. Some of these leases contain variable payment provisions that depend on an index or rate, initially measured using the index or rate at the lease commencement date and are therefore not included in our future minimum lease payments. Variable payments are expensed in the periods incurred. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. The Company uses the practical expedients to exclude from balance sheet reporting leases with initial terms of 12 months or less and to exclude non-lease components from lease right of use assets and corresponding liabilities.
Commitments and Contingencies
Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, penalties, and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the assessment and/or remediation can be reasonably estimated.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In March 2017,June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2017-07, “Improving the Presentation2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost”.  This Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), which requires the service cost componentmeasurement and recognition of net periodic benefit costexpected credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost. ASU 2016-13, and subsequent related amendments to be presented inASU 2016-13, replace the same income statement line item as other employee compensation costs. All other components of the net periodic benefit cost will be presented outside of operating income. The amendments in this ASU are effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and early adoption is permitted. The ASU will result in the reclassification of non-service costs components from Cost of products sold and Selling, general and administrative expenses to Other income (expense) - other for all periods presented. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company estimates the new standard would have increased Operating income by approximately $0.9 million and $0.5 million, respectively,existing incurred loss impairment model with an offsetting increase in Other income (expense).

In March 2016,expected loss model that requires the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, "Improvementsuse of forward-looking information to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting." This ASU simplifies several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions, including the accounting for income taxes, forfeitures, and statutory tax withholding requirements, as well as classification in the statement of cash flows.calculate credit loss estimates. The Company prospectively adopted this ASU, effective January 1, 2017. For2020, using the year ended December 31, 2017,modified retrospective approach, and the tax benefit within income tax expense foreffect on the tax effect of share-based payment transactionsCompany's consolidated condensed financial statements and related disclosures was not material. Prior to adoption, this amount would have been recorded as a component of Capital in excess of par value. The Company elected to change its accounting policy to recognize forfeitures as they occur.  As a result of this change, there was no cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings.  For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company excluded excess tax benefits from the assumed proceeds available to repurchase shares in the computation of its diluted earnings per share and the related increase in the Company’s diluted weighted average commons shares outstanding was not significant.


In July 2015,August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, 2018-13, "SimplifyingFair Value Measurements (Topic 820)." This ASU modifies the Measurementdisclosures on fair value measurements by removing the requirements to disclose the amount and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of Inventory (Topic 330),"which simplifies the subsequent measurementfair value hierarchy and the policy for timing of inventory by requiring inventory to be measured atsuch transfers. The ASU expands the lower of costdisclosure requirements for Level 3 fair value measurements, primarily focused on changes in unrealized gains and net realizable value. Net realizable value islosses included in other comprehensive income. The Company adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2020, and the estimated selling priceeffect on the Company's disclosures in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion,its consolidated financial statements was not material.



F-12
F-14



Note 1 – Background and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

disposalIn August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, "Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans." This ASU amends Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 715 to add, remove and transportation.clarify disclosure requirements related to defined benefit and pension and other postretirement plans. The Company prospectively adopted this ASU effective January 1, 20172020, and determined that the adoption did not have a significant impacteffect on the Company’sCompany's disclosures in its consolidated financial statements.statements was not material.
RecentRecently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2017,December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, “Scope of Modification Accounting”ASU 2019-12, "Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes". This ASU clarifies which changesamends Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 740 by removing certain exceptions to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award will require modification accounting. The amendments in this ASU aregeneral principles, clarifying and amending existing guidance. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim and annual reporting periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2017 and early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017‑04, “Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.” This ASU eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill (second step) to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Under the guidance, an impairment charge will be measured based on the excess of the reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value (first step). The amendments in this ASU are effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 20192020 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the new standard to determine the impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.has not yet adopted this ASU.


In January 2017, FASB issued ASU No. 2017‑01, “Clarifying the Definition of a Business.” This ASU provides a more robust framework to determine when a set of assets and activities constitutes a business. 


Note 2 – Revenues
The amendments in this ASU are effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and will be applied prospectively to any transactions occurring within the period of adoption and early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.” This ASU is intended to clarify the presentation of certain cash receipts and payments within the statement of cash flows.  The amendments in this ASU are effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017.  Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” a comprehensive new lease standard that amends various aspects of existing accounting guidance for leases.  The core principle of this ASU will require lessees to present the assets and liabilities that arise from leases on their balance sheets.  The ASU is effective for public companies for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted.  The Company is evaluating the new standard to determine the impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers," and modified the standard thereafter. The objective of the ASU is to establish a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting forfollowing table disaggregates net revenue arisingby geographic region from contracts with customers based on net revenues generated by subsidiaries within that will supersede most current revenue recognition guidance.  The basis of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers geographic location (in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services.thousands):
The Company adopted the requirements of the new standard on January 1, 2018 and applied the modified retrospective transition method. The modified retrospective method recognizes the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. This adjustment had an immaterial impact to retained earnings. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 will be presented under ASC 606, while prior periods amounts are not adjusted and reported in accordance with ASC 605. The process utilized for the adoption of the new standard was as follows:
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Foil Technology
Products
Force
Sensors
Weighing and
Control Systems
Total
United States$49,713 $27,699 $30,849 $108,261 
United Kingdom3,276 8,491 11,375 23,142 
Other Europe30,046 9,020 15,618 54,684 
Israel21,432 384 0 21,816 
Asia27,178 8,130 8,122 43,430 
Canada0 0 18,479 18,479 
$131,645 $53,724 $84,443 $269,812 
Reviewed our current accounting policies to identify potential differences that would result from the application of the standard and updating accordingly.
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Foil Technology
Products
Force
Sensors
Weighing and
Control Systems
Total
United States$56,393 $33,695 $24,227 $114,315 
United Kingdom3,181 10,450 15,576 29,207 
Other Europe32,328 10,811 16,860 59,999 
Israel12,401 415 12,816 
Asia27,500 8,986 8,331 44,817 
Canada22,804 22,804 
$131,803 $64,357 $87,798 $283,958 
Customer contracts were identified and reviewed.
Evaluation of the contract provisions and the comparison of historical accounting policies to the requirements of the new standard have been completed.
The Company determined that no significant changes were required to the business processes, systems and controls to effectively report revenue under the new standard.


Year Ended December 31, 2018
Foil Technology
Products
Force
Sensors
Weighing and
Control Systems
Total
United States$61,132 $39,955 $23,818 $124,905 
United Kingdom3,666 11,787 14,296 29,749 
Other Europe31,431 10,678 18,741 60,850 
Israel11,028 517 11,545 
Asia33,752 10,249 7,442 51,443 
Canada21,302 21,302 
$141,009 $73,186 $85,599 $299,794 
F-13
F-15




Note 2 – Related Party TransactionsRevenues (continued)
Until July 6, 2010, VPG was partThe following table disaggregates net revenue by market sector (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
202020192018
Test & Measurement$53,633 $64,982 $72,728 
Avionics, Military & Space32,607 23,653 29,221 
Transportation29,483 36,914 39,107 
Other Markets58,256 50,169 48,665 
Industrial Weighing43,441 54,678 59,214 
General Industrial15,351 20,466 24,696 
Steel37,041 33,096 26,163 
$269,812 $283,958 $299,794 
Contract Assets & Liabilities

Contract assets are established when revenues are recognized prior to a contractual payment due from the customer. When a payment becomes due based on the contract terms, the Company will reduce the contract asset and record a receivable. Contract liabilities are deferred revenues that are recorded when cash payments are received or due in advance of Vishay Intertechnology,our performance obligations. Our payment terms vary by the type and location of the products offered. The term between invoicing and when payment is due is not significant.

The outstanding contract assets and liabilities consistedliability accounts were as follows (in thousands):
Contract AssetContract Liability
Unbilled RevenueAccrued Customer Advances
December 31, 2019$3,937 $4,561 
December 31, 2020$3,605 $2,873 
Increase ( decrease)$(332)$(1,688)
The amount of thoserevenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020 that Vishay Intertechnology attributed to its precision measurement and foil resistor businesses. Followingwas included in the spin-off on July 6, 2010, VPG is an independent, publicly-traded company, and Vishay Intertechnologycontract liability balance at December 31, 2019 was $4.2 million.

Practical Expedients

The Company does not retain any ownership interest in VPG, althoughdisclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts that have a common groupduration of stockholders control a significant portion of the voting power of each companyone year or less and the companies have three common board members.for contracts that are substantially complete. The Company treats shipping and handling activities as fulfillment costs.


Subsequent to the spin-off, VPG and Vishay Intertechnology continue to share certain manufacturing locations. VPG owns one location in Japan at which it leases space to Vishay Intertechnology. Vishay Intertechnology owns one location in the United States, at which it leases space to VPG. Lease receipts and payments related to the shared facilities are immaterial.
F-16




Note 3 – Acquisition Activity


Pacific Instruments,Dynamic Systems Inc.

On April 6, 2016, the CompanyNovember 1, 2019, VPG completed the acquisition of Pacific Instruments,New York-based Dynamic Systems Inc. ("Pacific"DSI"), a provider of specialized dynamic thermal-mechanical test and simulation systems used to develop new metal alloys and optimize production processes, for an aggregatea purchase price of $10.6 million. Pacific is $40.3 million, subject to customary adjustments. During the second quarter of 2020, the Company received $0.2 million from escrow as a designerpurchase price adjustment, resulting in a reduction of goodwill. Additionally, it was determined that an earn out, which was part of the purchase price, was not achieved. DSI reports into the Company's Weighing and manufacturer of high-performance data acquisition systems and has extensive experience integrating these systems. Pacific sells primarily to the aerospace, commercial aviation and defense markets in the United States. Pacific provides installation, facility integration, training, and on-going technical support for their manufactured products. Pacific products expanded the offerings of our Foil Technology Products reporting segment, which already offered data acquisition systems, primarily instruments in the field of strain measurement.Control Systems segment. The following table summarizes the final fair values assigned to the assets and liabilities of PacificDSI as of April 6, 2016 November 1, 2019 (in thousands):
November 1, 2019AdjustmentsAdjusted
Working capital (a)
$6,874 $(134)$6,740 
Property and equipment1,727 1,727 
Long-term deferred income tax liability(4,321)1,678 (2,643)
Non-Controlling interest(299)(299)
Intangible assets:
Patents and acquired technology10,250 10,250 
Customer relationships4,344 4,344 
Trade names3,300 3,300 
Total intangible assets17,894  17,894 
Fair value of acquired identifiable assets and liabilities21,875 1,544 23,419 
Purchase price40,481 (156)40,325 
Goodwill$18,606 $(1,700)$16,906 
Working capital (a)
 $921
Property and equipment 26
Long-term deferred income tax liability (1,903)
Intangible assets:  
Patents and acquired technology 1,300
Non-competition agreements 40
Customer relationships 3,500
Trade names 700
Total intangible assets 5,540
Fair value of acquired identifiable assets and liabilities 4,584
Purchase price $10,626
Goodwill $6,042
(a)Working capital accounts include accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid expenses and other current assets, trade accounts payable, accrued payroll, income taxes payable, and other accrued expenses.

(a) Working capital accounts include accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid expenses, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and accrued payroll.
The fair value of the contingent consideration is 0. The weighted average useful lives for the patents and acquired technology non-competition agreements, and customer relationships are 20 years, 6.516 years, and 15 years, respectively. NoneMost of the goodwill associated with this transactionDSI is deductible for income tax purposes.

F-14


Note 3 – Acquisition Activity (continued)

The Company recorded acquisition costs of associated with this transaction in its consolidated statements of operation as follows (in thousands):
 Year ended
December 31,
2016
Accounting and legal fees$369
Appraisal fees41
Other21
 $431


Stress-Tek, Inc.

On December 30, 2015, the Company completed the acquisition of Stress-Tek, Inc. ("Stress-Tek"), based in Kent, Washington, for an aggregate purchase price of $20.1 million. Stress-Tek is a designer and manufacturer of state-of-the-art, rugged and reliable strain gage-based load cells and force measurement systems primarily servicing the North American market. Their sensors and display systems are used in a wide range of industries, predominantly in transportation and trucking, for timber, refuse, aggregate, mining, and general trucking applications. Stress-Tek adds new products to the Company's Weighing and Control Systems reporting segment which enhances and broadens the Company's on-board weighing offerings with products that are recognized for high quality in their markets.
The following table summarizes the fair values assigned to the assets and liabilities as of the December 30, 2015 acquisition date (in thousands):
Working capital (a)
$2,564
Property and equipment6,338
Intangible assets: 
Patents and acquired technology1,600
Non-competition agreements60
Customer relationships2,500
Trade names700
Total intangible assets4,860
Fair value of acquired identifiable assets13,762
Purchase price$20,073
Goodwill$6,311
(a)Working capital accounts include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid expensesYear ended December 31, 2019
Accounting and other current assets, trade accounts payable, accrued payroll, and other accrued expenses.legal fees$214
Appraisal fees13
Other216
$443



The weighted average useful lives for the patents and acquired technology, non-competition agreements, and customer relationships are 20, 5, and 15 years, respectively. Most of the goodwill associated with this transaction will be deductible for income tax purposes.


The Company recorded acquisition costs associated with this transaction in its consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):




F-15
F-17



Note 3 – Acquisition Activity (continued)( continued)

 Years ended December 31,
 2016 2015
Accounting and legal fees$51
 $70
Appraisal fees12
 62
Other
 53
 $63
 $185
Following are the supplemental consolidated financial results for the Company on an unaudited pro forma basis, as if the DSI acquisition had been consummated on January 1, 2019 (unaudited):

Year ended December 31,
2019
Pro forma net revenues$298,085 
Pro forma net earnings attributable to VPG stockholders$25,737 
Pro forma basic earnings per share attributable to VPG stockholders$1.90 
Pro forma diluted earnings per share attributable to VPG stockholders$1.89 


F-16



Note 4 – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets


The Company has 4 reporting units to which goodwill is allocated: steel, on-board weighing, instrumentation, and DSI. For the steel and on-board weighing goodwill reporting units, the Company performed the first stepqualitative assessment, which included assessment of the two-step impairment test as of the first day of the fiscal 2017 fourth quarter by calculating the fair value of the reporting unitsmacroeconomic conditions, industry and comparing it against its carrying amount. The Company estimated the fair value of its reporting units by considering both an income approachmarket considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, and a market approach to valuation. The income approach to valuation used the Company’s estimates of the future cash flows of the reporting unit discounted to their net present value applying a discount rate determined using the capital asset pricing model and adjusted for the forecast risk inherent in the Company’s projections of future cash flows. The income approach to valuation is dependent on inputs from management such as expected revenue growth, profitability, capital expenditures and working capital requirements. The market approach to valuation used the market capitalization of public companies similar to the reporting unit to calculate an implied EBITDA multiple. The Company applied that calculated EBITDA multiple to the expected EBITDA of the reporting unit to estimate the fair value ofother entity specific events which could impact the reporting unit. Both of these approaches to estimating the fair value of the unit use inputs that are considered “Level 3” inputs to the fair value estimate (see Note 15 for a definition of Level 3 valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy). The Company equally weighted the results of the income approach and the market approach to arrive at the estimated fair value of the reporting units.

After completing step one, the CompanyBased on this review, it was determined that the fair value of each of thethose reporting units exceededwas in excess of its carrying value resulting in passing step one. The Company's analysis in 2016 also resulted in all units passing step one. As a result of the 2015 goodwilland therefore no quantitative impairment test forwas required.

For the KELK business,instrumentation and DSI goodwill reporting units, the Company recordedperformed the quantitative impairment chargestest. In estimating the fair value of $4.8 million in 2015.

The determination ofour instrumentation and DSI reporting units the Company used the income approach. It further uses the market approach to evaluate the estimated fair value of the reporting unit andunits that was obtained by using the allocation of that valueincome approach. The income approach to individual assets and liabilities within the reporting unitvaluation requires the Companymanagement to make significant estimates and assumptions. Theseassumptions related to future revenues, profitability, working capital requirements and selection of discount rate and long term growth rate. Changes in these estimates and assumptions include the selection of appropriate peer group companies, control premiums appropriate for acquisitions in the industries in which the Company competes, the discount rate, terminal growth rates, and forecasts of revenue, operating income, depreciation and amortization, and capital expenditures.

Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making these estimates, actual financial results could differ from those estimates. Changes in assumptions concerning future financial results or other underlying assumptions could have a significant impact on either the fair value of the reporting units.

The Company's required goodwill and indefinite-lived asset annual impairment test is completed as of the first day of the fourth fiscal quarter each year. In 2020, the results of the quantitative impairment test for the DSI reporting unit orindicated no impairment, with the fair value exceeding the carrying value by approximately 12% for goodwill and 16% for the indefinite-lived trade name.
The results of the quantitative impairment test for the instrumentation reporting unit's goodwill and indefinite-lived trade name indicated an impairment, and in the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company recognized a non-cash impairment loss of $2.4 million. The impairment was driven mainly by changes in forecasted projections including a slower growth rate in revenues. After considering the impact of the impairment charges, the carrying amount of goodwill and indefinite-lived trade names as of December 31, 2020 was $1.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively.
The Company's analysis in 2019 resulted in the fair value exceeding the carrying value for all reporting units. In 2019, the Company did not recognize an impairment for the instrumentation reporting unit, as the fair value exceeded its carrying value by approximately 12%.
During 2018, the Company recognized a non-cash impairment loss associated with the goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets in the instrumentation reporting unit of $2.5 million. The impairment charges.was primarily from lower margins on the forecasted projections due to product mix. The impairment test for the remaining reporting units resulted in the fair value exceeding the carrying value, passing the quantitative impairment test.

The change in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment is as follows (in thousands):
F-18
 Total Weighing and Control Systems Segment Foil Technology Products Segment
   KELK Acquisition Stress-Tek Acquisition Pacific Instruments
Balance at January 1, 2016$12,603
 $6,179
 $6,424
 $
Goodwill acquired6,042
 
 
 6,042
Adjustment to goodwill acquired(113) 
 (113) 
Foreign currency translation adjustment185
 185
 
 
Balance at December 31, 201618,717
 6,364
 6,311
 6,042
Foreign currency translation adjustment464
 464
 
 
Balance at December 31, 201719,181
 6,828
 6,311
 6,042


F-17


Note 4 – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (continued)

TotalWeighing and Control Systems SegmentFoil Technology Products Segment
KELK AcquisitionDSI AcquisitionStress-Tek AcquisitionPacific Instruments
Balance at January 1, 2019$16,141 $6,288 $6,311 $3,542 
Goodwill acquired18,606  18,606   
Foreign currency translation adjustment271 271 0   
Balance at December 31, 201935,018 6,559 18,606 6,311 3,542 
Adjustments to purchase price(1,700) (1,700)  
Impairment charges(2,416)   (2,416)
Foreign currency translation adjustment203 167 36   
Balance at December 31, 2020$31,105 $6,726 $16,942 $6,311 $1,126 
Intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):
December 31,December 31,
2017 201620202019
Intangible assets subject to amortization   Intangible assets subject to amortization
(Definite-lived):   (Definite-lived):
Patents and acquired technology$9,439
 $9,669
Patents and acquired technology$19,804 $19,504 
Customer relationships21,810
 20,934
Customer relationships26,061 25,690 
Trade names1,693
 1,621
Trade names1,747 1,690 
Non-competition agreements12,084
 11,348
Non-competition agreements12,259 11,745 
45,026
 43,572
59,871 58,629 
Accumulated amortization:   Accumulated amortization:
Patents and acquired technology(3,839) (3,865)Patents and acquired technology(5,895)(4,718)
Customer relationships(9,657) (8,162)Customer relationships(13,363)(11,727)
Trade names(1,688) (1,609)Trade names(1,747)(1,690)
Non-competition agreements(11,850) (10,761)Non-competition agreements(12,250)(11,717)
(27,034) (24,397) (33,255)(29,852)
Net intangible assets subject to amortization$17,992
 $19,175
Net intangible assets subject to amortization$26,616 $28,777 
   
Intangible assets not subject to amortization   Intangible assets not subject to amortization
(Indefinite-lived):   (Indefinite-lived):
Trade names2,483
 2,410
Trade names5,423 5,421 

$20,475
 $21,585
$32,039 $34,198 
Certain intangible assets are subject to foreign currency translation.
The Company performed an impairment test on the indefinite-lived trade names as of the first day of the fiscal 2017 fourth quarter and determined there was no impairment.  The Company's analysis in 2016 also resulted in no impairment. As a result of the 2015 indefinite-lived trade names impairment test, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $0.2 million related to the KELK trade name. 
Amortization expense was $1.9$2.4 million, $1.8$1.7 million, and $2.1$1.7 million, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2020, 2019, and 2015,2018, respectively.
Estimated annual amortization expense for each of the next five years is as follows (in thousands):
2021$2,452 
20222,451 
20232,343 
20242,308 
20252,308 
F-19

2018$1,762
20191,575
20201,572
20211,525
20221,524




Note 5 – Restructuring Costs
Restructuring costs reflect the cost reduction programs implemented by the Company. Restructuring costs are expensed during the period in which the Company determines it will incur those costs and all requirements for accrual are met. Because these costs are recorded based upon estimates, actual expenditures for the restructuring activities may differ from the initially recorded costs. If the initial estimates are too low or too high, the Company could be required to either record additional expense in future periods or to reverse part of the previously recorded charges.

F-18


Note 5 – Restructuring Costs (continued)

On March 23, 2016, the Company announced, in connection with the November 16, 2015 global cost reduction program, the decision to close its facility in Alajuela, Costa Rica. Approximately $0.1 million and $0.4 million of restructuring costs were recorded during the year ended December, 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to this closure. This closure was substantially complete as of December 31, 2016.
On November 16, 2015, the Company announced a cost reduction program as part of its efforts to improve efficiency and operating performance. Approximately $0.6 million and $0.4 million of restructuring costs, excluding the cost associated with the Costa Rica closure, were recorded during the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to this program. Implementation of this program was completed in 2017.
During the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company initiated other cost reduction plans at locations in Europe, the U.S. and Canada. Approximately $1.3 million and $1.9 million of restructuring costs, primarily severance, were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to these plans.
The Company recorded restructuring costs of $2.0$0.9 million, $2.7$2.3 million, and $4.5$0.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2020, 2019, and 2015,2018, respectively. RestructuringIn 2020 and 2018, restructuring costs were comprised primarily of employee termination costs, including severance and statutory retirement allowances, and were incurred in connection with various cost reduction programs. In 2019, restructuring costs included $1.2 million of employee termination costs, including severance and statutory retirement allowances incurred in connection with various cost reduction programs, and $1.1 million of other exit costs, including asset write downs and an impairment of a right of use asset associated with the closure and downsizing of facilities as part of the manufacturing transitions of the Company's force sensors products to facilities in India and China.
The following table summarizes the activity to date related to these programs.programs in the accrued restructuring liability, which is comprised of the activity associated primarily with the employee termination costs. The accrued restructuring liability balance as of December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, respectively, is included in other accrued expenses in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):
December 31,
20202019
Balance at beginning of year$604 $159 
Restructuring charges918 1,559 
Adjustment for adoption of ASU 2016-02 (69)
Cash payments(1,458)(1,064)
Foreign currency translation(1)19 
Balance at end of year$63 604 

F-20

Balance at January 1, 2015$351
Restructuring charges in 20154,461
Cash payments(1,964)
Foreign currency translation(21)
Balance at December 31, 2015$2,827
Restructuring charges in 20162,666
Cash payments(4,152)
Foreign currency translation(8)
Balance at December 31, 2016$1,333
Restructuring charges in 20172,044
Cash payments(3,122)
Foreign currency translation(1)
Balance at December 31, 2017$254

F-19




Note 6 – Income Taxes
For financial reporting purposes, income before taxes includes the following components (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
202020192018
Domestic$(9,476)$(7,405)$(7,897)
Foreign27,785 33,845 41,886 
$18,309 $26,440 $33,989 
 Years ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015
Domestic$(3,552) $(5,285) $(4,874)
Foreign24,115
 14,892
 5,380
 $20,563
 $9,607
 $506
The expense (benefit) for income taxes is comprised of (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
202020192018
Current:
Federal$106 $453 $189 
State and local(18)(130)162 
Foreign6,268 6,378 8,982 
6,356 6,701 9,333 
Deferred:
Federal1,718 (2,638)197 
State and local(422)(123)(35)
Foreign(143)205 849 
1,153 (2,556)1,011 
Total income tax expense$7,509 $4,145 $10,344 
 Years ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015
Current:     
Federal$(425) $(18) $492
State and local89
 30
 (12)
Foreign4,615
 2,886
 3,007
 4,279
 2,898
 3,487
Deferred:     
Federal(257) (1,176) 10,039
State and local(1) (9) 630
Foreign2,148
 1,486
 (656)
 1,890
 301
 10,013
Total income tax expense$6,169
 $3,199
 $13,500
A reconciliation of income tax expense (benefit) at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the actual income tax provision is as follows (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
202020192018
Tax at statutory rate$3,845 $5,553 $7,138 
State income taxes, net of U.S. federal tax benefit(176)(21)89 
Effect of foreign operations729 (109)611 
Change in valuation allowance2,448 (646)498 
Change in unrecognized tax benefits, net(32)650 258 
Impairment of goodwill507 525 
Specialty tax credits(249)(176)(295)
Statutory rate changes(119)(249)272 
Effect of foreign exchange(346)(1,152)321 
Loss of benefit of U.S. net operating loss (a)
1,064 967 — 
Excess tax benefits related to share based compensation (a)
(168)(357)
2017 Tax Act:
    Effects of U.S. tax reform0 (135)
    Change in valuation allowance0 945 
Other6 (315)117 
Total income tax expense$7,509 $4,145 $10,344 
F-21
 Years ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015
Tax at statutory rate$7,197
 $3,362
 $177
State income taxes, net of U.S. federal tax benefit93
 (15) 383
Effect of foreign operations(1,137) (1,418) 664
Change in valuation allowance(397) 1,266
 12,309
Change in unrecognized tax benefits, net105
 (899) 12
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles
 
 360
Specialty tax credits(139) (78) (216)
Statutory rate changes(470) (180) 114
Effect of foreign exchange(1,292) 88
 139
Prior period deferred tax adjustments
 817
 
2017 Tax Act:

 

 

    Effects of U.S. tax reform11,311
 
 
    Change in valuation allowance(9,093) 
 
Other(9) 256
 (442)
Total income tax expense$6,169
 $3,199
 $13,500


F-20


Note 6 – Income Taxes (continued)

(a)Amounts for 2018 are included in Other and fell below the 5% threshold.

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("2017 Tax Act") was enacted. The 2017 Tax Act significantly changes U.S. tax law by, among other things, lowering the corporate tax rate, implementing a modified territorial tax system, and imposing a one-time transition tax on post 1986 undistributed foreign earnings as of December 31, 2017. The 2017 Tax Act permanently reduces the U.S. tax rate from a maximum of 35% to a flat 21%, effective January 1, 2018. Under U.S. GAAP, changes in tax rates and tax law are accounted for in the period of enactment and deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the enacted tax rate expected to apply to taxable income in the years inSEC staff issued SAB 118 which the temporary differences are expected to recover or be settled.

Guidance issued by the Securities Exchange Commission ("SEC"), provides for a measurement period of one year from the enactment date to finalize the accounting for effects of the 2017 Tax Act. Consistent with that guidance, the Company had provisionally determined the tax cost of the one-time transition tax under the 2017 Tax Act to be approximately $2.2 million. This amount includes the tax benefit from the net operating loss of approximately $3.9 million because the Company intends to elect to utilize its net operating loss to reduce its provisional tax. As a result of the implementation of a modified territorial tax system, the Company reassessed its assertion with respect to certain subsidiaries that the earnings of those subsidiaries are indefinitely reinvested and recorded a deferred tax liability of $1.8 million withholding tax associated with the planned cash distribution of approximately $25.5 million of previously unremitted earnings. The deferred tax liability of $1.8 million is included in the provisional tax of $2.2 million.

On December 22, 2017, the SEC staff issued SAB 118 to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have all the necessary information available to prepare and analyze the accounting treatment for the proper recognition of the tax impact of the 2017 Tax Act. In accordance with SAB 118 guidance, the Company has recorded the provisional tax impacts related to the deemed distribution of foreign earnings and the expense for the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities in its consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017. The final impact may differ from the provisional amount recognized, primarily due to the need for additional analysis, changes in our interpretation of the 2017 Tax Act, or issuance of additional regulatory guidance. In accordance with SAB 118, the financial reporting impact of the 2017 Tax Act will bewas completed in the fourth quarter of 2018.2018 resulting in a net $0.8 million increase in tax expense caused by a decrease in the transition tax and an increase in the valuation allowance.


The 2017 Tax Act subjects a U.S. shareholder to tax on global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) earned by certain foreign subsidiaries. The FASB Staff Q&A, Topic 740, No. 5, Accounting for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income, states that an entity can make an accounting policy election to either recognize deferred taxes for temporary basis differences expected to reverse as GILTI in the future years or provide for tax expense related to GILTI in the year the tax is incurred. GivenThe Company has elected to recognize tax expense related to GILTI in the complexityyear the tax is incurred.

The Company recognized approximately $14.3 million and $12.9 million of GILTI income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.  The U.S. tax on the GILTI provisions, weincome was fully offset by foreign tax credits associated with GILTI and U.S. operating losses exclusive of GILTI.  Any excess foreign tax credits associated with GILTI are still evaluatinglost and cannot be carried forward to future years.  The Company would have generated a net operating loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes but for the effects of the GILTI provisions and have not yet determined our accounting policy. At December 31, 2017, because we are still evaluating the GILTI provision and our analysis of future taxable income that is subject to GILTI, we are unable to make a reasonable estimate and have not reflected any adjustments related to GILTI in our financial statements.provision.


Deferred income taxes represent the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts for income tax purposes. During the fourth quarter of 2016, the Company wrote off deferred tax assets that had been recorded in periods prior to 2016, but which the Company determined did not meet the recognition criteria required by ASC 740 "Income Taxes". The deferred tax assets were recognized over a period of years. Of the amount written-off, $0.1 million was initially recognized in 2014 and the remaining $0.7 million was initially recognized in periods prior to 2014.



















F-21


Note 6 – Income Taxes (continued)

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):
December 31,December 31,
2017 201620202019
Deferred tax assets:   Deferred tax assets:
Pension and other postretirement costs$4,295
 $4,714
Pension and other postretirement costs$4,296 $3,770 
Inventories1,800
 2,466
Inventories2,327 2,095 
Net operating/capital loss carryforwards9,523
 11,825
Net operating/capital loss and interest carryforwardsNet operating/capital loss and interest carryforwards13,082 11,895 
Tax credit carryforwards
 5,077
Tax credit carryforwards1,994 1,431 
Deferred compensation2,142
 2,468
Deferred compensation2,930 2,865 
Other accruals and reserves3,192
 3,229
Other accruals and reserves3,420 3,362 
Book over tax depreciationBook over tax depreciation93 
Total gross deferred tax assets20,952
 29,779
Total gross deferred tax assets28,142 25,418 
Less: valuation allowance(12,434) (20,741)Less: valuation allowance(16,946)(14,867)
8,518
 9,038
11,196 10,551 
Deferred tax liabilities:   Deferred tax liabilities:
Tax over book depreciation(125) (189)Tax over book depreciation0 (290)
Investment in subsidiary(2,214) (350)Investment in subsidiary(1,927)(1,845)
Intangible assets, including tax deductible goodwill(713) (1,361)Intangible assets, including tax deductible goodwill(5,657)(5,745)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities(3,052) (1,900)Total gross deferred tax liabilities(7,584)(7,880)
   
Net deferred tax assets$5,466
 $7,138
Net deferred tax assets$3,612 $2,671 
In 2015, the Company established a valuation allowance with respect to substantially all of its U.S. deferred tax assets due to uncertainty regarding the realization of these assets. Throughout 20162019 and 2017,2020, the Company reassessed its ability to realize its U.S. and other deferred tax assets by considering both positive and negative evidence regarding realization. The most significant negative evidence is continuing cumulative operating losses in the U.S. The impact of the acquisitions of Stress-Tek, Pacific Instruments and PacificDSI was also considered in determining the realization of the U.S. deferred tax assets. The Pacific acquisition resulted in the establishment of deferred tax liabilities which allowed the Company to adjust its previously established valuation allowance by $1.6 million. Other aspects, such as operating results, additional interest expense and additional tax deductions related to the Stress-Tek acquisition, were also considered. The Company also considered positive evidence such as tax planning strategies and the projected benefits of our restructuring efforts. However, there was insufficient positive evidence to overcome the negative evidence.

F-22


Note 6 – Income Taxes (continued)

In November 2019, the Company acquired Dynamic Systems, Inc. ("DSI"), a U.S. company. DSI's opening balance sheet included $17 million of gross deferred tax liabilities, including $4.1 million of indefinite-lived liabilities. The acquisition contributed to a $2.5 million net reduction in valuation allowance and current tax benefit for the Company in 2019. In the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company completed the purchase accounting for the acquisition of DSI, which resulted in the recognition of additional deferred tax assets of $1.7 million and a corresponding increase in valuation allowance.

Overall, the cumulative losses and the acquisition impacts still indicate that realization of our U.S. deferred tax assets remains uncertain such that the Company cannot conclude that it is "more likely than not" that the deferred tax assets will be recoverable. We will continue to monitor the realization of U.S. deferred tax assets and reduce the valuation allowance if, and when, sufficient positive evidence of realization exists. At December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, the valuation allowance on U.S. deferred tax assets was approximately $10.1$14.9 million and $18.1$11.8 million, respectively. The decreasenet change in the valuation allowance is primarily driven bywas approximately $3.2 million.

The valuation allowance related to state taxes was $0.7 million and $0.8 million expense for the utilization of net operating losses, tax creditsyears ended December 31, 2020 and changes in tax rates.2019, respectively.


The Company also has valuation allowances of $2.3$2.0 million and $2.6$3.1 million at December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, respectively, with respect to certain foreign net operating loss and capital loss carryforwards. The valuation allowance related to state tax expense was $2.1 million and $1.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Of the total $2.1 million, $1.0 million related to the 2017 Tax Act. The valuation allowance related to Israel capital losses was reduced during 2016 as a result of the sale of the Karmiel facility because the sale triggered a capital gain.

Significant valuation allowances are as follows (in thousands):

December 31,
Jurisdiction20202019
U.S. federal$5,816 $3,395 
U.S. state (net of U.S. federal tax benefit)9,090 8,411 
Israel - capital losses1,390 2,457 
 December 31,
Jurisdiction2017 2016
U.S. federal$3,040
 $13,101
U.S. state (net of U.S. federal tax benefit)7,092
 5,022
Israel - capital losses1,622
 1,486

F-22


Note 6 – Income Taxes (continued)


The following table summarizes significant net operating losses and credit carryforwards as of December 31, 2017 2020 (in thousands):

December 31,
Jurisdiction2020Expiring
U.S. federal net operating losses$5,548 No expiration
U.S. federal net operating loss315 2036
U.S. federal interest expense carryover5,191 No expiration
U.S. foreign tax credit1,734 2026 - 2040
U.S. state net operating losses102,090 2024 - 2040
Israel capital losses6,042 No expiration
December 31,
Jurisdiction2017Expiring
U.S state net operating losses12,083
2023 - 2036
Israel net operating losses11,677
No expiration
The U.S. federal net operating losses shown above are pre-acquisition losses of DSI. The utilization of these losses is limited to $765 thousand per year pursuant to Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") Section 382. In addition, utilization of U.S. federal net operating losses is taken into account before the GILTI deduction allowable by IRC Section 250.
Undistributed earnings of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries amounted to approximately $120.0$178.2 million at December 31, 20172020 compared to $96.5$159.0 million at December 31, 2016.2019. As a result of the 2017 Tax Act, in 2017 the Company has recordedhad provided for a deferred tax liability of approximately $1.8 million of withholding tax associated with thea planned cash distribution of approximately $25.5 million. OtherAs of December 31, 2020, other than the planned cash distribution of $25.5$14.1 million, substantially all of the remaining undistributed earnings are considered to be indefinitely reinvested and accordingly no provision has been made with respect to these earnings for incremental foreign income taxes, state income taxes or foreign withholding taxes. If those earnings were distributed to the U.S., the Company could be subject to incremental foreign income taxes, state income taxes, and withholding taxes. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability is not practicable because of the uncertainty regarding the timing of any such distribution and the impact on existing valuation allowances. In addition to the $1.8$1.5 million, noted above, additional withholding taxes of approximately $15.0$18.0 million are estimated to be payable upon remittance of the remaining previously unremitted earnings as of December 31, 2017.2020.
F-23


Note 6 – Income Taxes (continued)
Net income taxes paid were $4.1$4.3 million, $3.9$11.1 million, and $4.5$7.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2020, 2019, and 2015,2018, respectively.
The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to income taxes imposed by the U.S., various states, and the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate. Each jurisdiction establishes rules that set forth the years which are subject to examination by its tax authorities. While the Company believes the tax positions taken on its tax returns for each jurisdiction are supportable, they may still be challenged by the jurisdiction's tax authorities. In anticipation of such challenges, the Company has established reserves for tax-related uncertainties. These liabilities are based on the Company’s best estimate of the potential tax exposures in each respective jurisdiction. It may take a number of years for a final tax liability in a jurisdiction to be determined, particularly in the event of an audit. If an uncertain matter is determined favorably, there could be a reduction in the Company’s tax expense. An unfavorable determination could increase tax expense and could require a cash payment, including interest and penalties.
Since the Company and its affiliates have been included in tax returns filed by Vishay Intertechnology, our former parent, for periods prior to, and including, July 6, 2010, the Company has joint and several liability in multiple tax jurisdictions with respect to those tax returns. Under the terms of the Tax Matters Agreement entered into with Vishay Intertechnology, they have agreed to indemnify us for any such liability including interest and penalties, and any similar liability related to U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign income taxes whether determined on a separate company, consolidated, combined, unitary, or similar basis for each tax period during which the Company or its subsidiaries were part of Vishay Intertechnology’s affiliated group.
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded immaterial gross tax liabilities related to these uncertain tax positions. The Company has also recorded a corresponding receivable from Vishay Intertechnology.

F-23


Note 6 – Income Taxes (continued)

The following table summarizes changes in the Company's gross liabilities, excluding interest and penalties, associated with unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):
December 31,December 31,
2017 2016 2015202020192018
Balance at beginning of year$772
 $1,506
 $1,704
Balance at beginning of year$1,355 $912 $823 
Addition based on tax positions related to current year163
 63
 109
Addition based on tax positions related to current year51 144 189 
(Reduction) addition based on tax positions related to prior years(12) 66
 13
Addition related to acquired company
 297
 
Addition based on tax positions related to prior yearsAddition based on tax positions related to prior years0 668 182 
Reduction based on tax positions related to prior yearsReduction based on tax positions related to prior years(57)(32)(98)
Currency translation adjustments14
 16
 (29)Currency translation adjustments92 (28)
Reduction for settled tax examinations
 (906) 
Reduction for settled tax examinations(73)
Reduction for payments made
 
 (241)Reduction for payments made(22)(134)
Reduction for lapses of statute of limitations(114) (270) (50)Reduction for lapses of statute of limitations(102)(206)(156)
Balance before indemnification receivable823
 772
 1,506
Receivable from Vishay Intertechnology for indemnification(12) (57) (107)
Balance at end of year$811
 $715
 $1,399
Balance at end of year$1,244 $1,355 $912 
The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. Related to the unrecognized tax benefits noted above, for the years ended December 31, 2020, December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company accrued total penalties and interest of $0.0 million, $0.0 million and $0.1 million, as of December 31, 2017, none of which was included in the indemnification receivable.respectively. As of December 31, 20162020, December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2015, the Company2018, accrued total penalties and interest of $0.3were $0.1 million, $0.1 million and $0.3$0.1 million, respectively.
Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2017, 2016,2020, 2019, and 20152018 is $0.8$1.2 million, $0.8$1.4 million, and $1.5$0.9 million, respectively, of tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate. The Company believes that it is reasonably possible that an increase in unrecognized tax benefits related to foreign exposures of between $0.1 million and $0.2 million may be necessary in 2018.2020. As of December 31, 2017,2020, the Company anticipates that it is reasonably possible that it will reverse up to $0.2less than $0.1 million of its current unrecognized tax benefits within the next calendar year due to the expiration of the statute of limitations in certain jurisdictions. In addition, the Company believes it is reasonably possible that it may pay up to $0.1 million to tax authorities to settle current unrecognized tax benefits. None of the unrecognized tax benefits the Company expects to reverse in 20172021 due to statute lapses are covered by the Tax Matters Agreement.
The Company and its subsidiaries file U.S. federal income tax returns, as well as income tax returns in various state, local, and foreign jurisdictions. The Company files federal, state, and local income tax returns on a combined, unitary, or stand-alone basis. The statute of limitations in those jurisdictions generally ranges from 3 to 4 years. Additionally, the Company's foreign subsidiaries file income tax returns in the countries in which they have operations and the statutes of limitations in those jurisdictions generally range from 3 to 10 years.
During the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company concluded a tax examination in Japan for one of its subsidiaries, covering the years 2014 through 2016.
During 2016,2020, the Company concluded a tax examination in Israel for one of its subsidiaries covering 2015. The conclusion of the audit resulted in no significant change in tax and a release of $0.1 million of reserves for uncertain tax positions for that year, including accrued interest.
During the second and third quarters of 2019, the Company concluded tax examinations in Taiwan and Belgium, respectively, for two of its subsidiaries, covering the years 2012-2014. 2016 and 2017. The conclusion of the tax examinations resulted in no significant change in tax. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company concluded a tax examination in Germany for one of its subsidiaries, covering the years 2015 and 2016. The conclusion of the tax examination resulted in no significant change in tax.
The Company is subject to ongoing income tax audits, administrative appeals and judicial proceedings in India spanning a number of years.

F-24





Note 7 – Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt consists of the following (in thousands):
December 31,
20202019
2020 Credit Agreement - Revolving Facility$41,000 $
2015 Credit Agreement - Revolving Facility0 34,000 
2015 Credit Agreement - U.S. Closing Date Term Facility0 2,038 
2015 Credit Agreement - U.S. Delayed Draw Term Facility0 4,982 
2015 Credit Agreement - Canadian Term Facility0 3,476 
Other debt18 149 
Deferred financing costs(374)(112)
40,644 44,533 
Less: current portion18 44,516 
$40,626 $17 
 December 31,
 2017 2016
2015 Credit Agreement - Revolving Facility$9,000
 $9,000
2015 Credit Agreement - U.S. Closing Date Term Facility3,664
 4,128
2015 Credit Agreement - U.S. Delayed Draw Term Facility8,956
 10,092
2015 Credit Agreement - Canadian Term Facility7,880
 8,780
Exchangeable Unsecured Notes, due 21022,794
 4,097
Other debt401
 509
Deferred financing costs(340) (454)

32,355
 36,152
Less: current portion3,878
 2,623
 $28,477
 $33,529
20152020 Credit Agreement
On December 30, 2015,March 20, 2020, the Company entered into a SecondThird Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “2015“2020 Credit Agreement”) among the Company, VPG Canada, the lenders named therein, Citizens Bank, National Association and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as joint book-runnerslead arrangers and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association as agent for such lenders (the “Agent”), pursuant to which the terms of the Company’s multi-currency, secured credit facility were revised and expanded to provide for the following facilities: (1) a secured revolving facility (the “2015“2020 Revolving Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $30.0$75.0 million, with a sublimit of $10.0 million which can be used for letters of credit for the account of the Company or its U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that are parties to the Credit Agreement. The proceeds of whichthe 2020 Revolving Facility may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes, and a portion of whichsuch proceeds was used to fundrefinance the Stress-TekCompany’s existing revolving credit facility in the amount of $34.0 million and Pacific acquisitions; (2) a secured closing datethe Company’s existing term facility forloans as follows: (1) the Company (the “2015 U.S. Closing Date Term Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $4.5 million,$2.0 million; and (2) the proceeds of which were used by the Company to refinance indebtedness under its existing term loan; (3) a secured delayed draw term facility for the Company (the "2015 U.S. Delayed Draw Term Facility") in an aggregate principal amount of $11.0 million, the proceeds of which were used to fund a portion of the Stress-Tek acquisition; and (4) a secured term facility for VPG Canada (the “2015 Canadian Term Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $9.5 million, the proceeds of which were used by VPG Canada to refinance indebtedness under its existing term loan.$5.0 million. The aggregate principal amount of the 20152020 Revolving Facility may be increased by a maximum of $15.0$25.0 million upon the request of the Company, subject to the terms of the 20152020 Credit Agreement. The 20152020 Credit Agreement terminates on December 30, 2020.March 20, 2025. The term loans are being repaid in quarterly installments. 2020 Credit Agreement replaced the 2015 Credit Agreement.
Interest payable on amounts borrowed under the 20152020 Revolving Facility the 2015 U.S. Closing Date Term Facility, the 2015 U.S. Delayed Draw Term Facility, and the 2015 Canadian Term Facility (collectively, the “Facilities”) is based upon, at the Company’s option, (1) the greatest of: the Agent’s prime rate, the Federal Funds rate, or a LIBOR floor (the “Base Rate”), or (2) LIBOR or CDOR plus a specified margin. An interest margin of 0.25% is added to Base Rate loans. Depending upon the Company’s leverage ratio, an interest rate margin ranging from 2.00%1.50% to 3.50%2.75% per annum is added to the applicable LIBOR or CDOR rate to determine the interest payable on the Facilities.LIBOR or CDOR loans. The Company is required to pay a quarterly commitment fee of 0.30%0.25% per annum to 0.50%0.40% per annum on the unused portion of the 20152020 Revolving Facility, which is determined based on the Company’s leverage ratio each quarter. Additional customary fees apply with respect to letters of credit. The total interest rates at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, were 4.19% and 4.00%, respectively, for the 2015 Revolving and U.S. Delayed Draw Term Facilities and 4.19% and 4.00%, respectively, for the 2015 U.S. Closing Date Term and 2015 Canadian Term Facilities.
The obligations of the Company and VPG Canada under the 20152020 Credit Agreement are secured by pledges of stock in certain domestic and foreign subsidiaries, as well as guarantees by substantially all of the Company’s domestic subsidiaries and of the Company (with respect to the 2015 Canadian Term Facility).subsidiaries. The obligations of the Company and the guarantors under the 20152020 Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all the assets (excluding real estate) of the Company and such guarantors. The 2015 Canadian Term Facility is secured by substantially all the assets of VPG Canada and by a secured guarantee by the Company and its domestic subsidiaries. The 20152020 Credit Agreement restricts the Company from paying cash dividends and requires the Company to comply with other customary covenants, representations, and warranties, including the maintenance of specific financial ratios. The financial maintenance covenants include a tangible net worth ratio, a leveragean interest coverage ratio and a fixed charges coverageleverage ratio. The Company was in compliance with its financial maintenance covenants at December 31, 2017.2020. If the Company is not in compliance

F-25


Note 7 – Long-Term Debt (continued)

with any of these covenant restrictions, the credit facility could be terminated by the lenders, and all amounts outstanding pursuant to the credit facility could become immediately payable.
2013 Credit Agreement
On January 29, 2013, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “2013 Credit Agreement”) among the Company, VPG Canada, the lenders, RBS Citizens, National Association as joint book-runner and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association as agent for such lenders (the “Agent”), pursuant to which the terms of the Company’s multi-currency, secured credit facility were revised and expanded to provide for the following facilities: (1) a secured revolving facility (the “2013 Revolving Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $15.0 million; (2) a secured term facility for the Company (the “2013 U.S. Term Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $10.0 million; and (3) a secured term facility for VPG Canada (the “2013 Canadian Term Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $15.0 million. The 2013 Credit Agreement was terminated on December 30, 2015.
Interest payable on amounts borrowed under the 2013 Revolving Facility, the 2013 U.S. Term Facility and the 2013 Canadian Term Facility (collectively, the “Facilities”) was based upon LIBOR plus a specified margin. The Company was required to pay a quarterly commitment fee of 0.30% per annum to 0.50% per annum on the unused portion of the 2013 Revolving Facility.
Other Lines of Credit
In addition to the 2015 and 20132020 Revolving FacilitiesFacility discussed above, certain subsidiaries of the Company had committed short-term lines of credit with a foreign bank aggregating approximately $3.0 million and $3.0 million at December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, respectively. The Company had outstanding letters of credit under these short-term lines of credit of $1.2$0.4 million and $0.5$0.9 million at December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, respectively.
Exchangeable Unsecured Notes, due 2102
By reason of the spin-off, Vishay Intertechnology was required to take action so that the existing exchangeable notes of Vishay Intertechnology were deemed exchanged as of the date of the spin-off, for a combination of new notes of Vishay Intertechnology and notes issued by VPG. VPG assumed the liability for an aggregate $10.0 million principal amount of exchangeable notes effective July 6, 2010. The maturity date of the notes is December 13, 2102.
F-25
The notes are subject to a put and call agreement under which the holders may at any time put the notes to the Company in exchange for shares of the Company’s common stock, and the Company may call the notes in exchange for cash or for shares of its common stock at any time after January 1, 2018. The put/call rate of the VPG notes is $22.57 per share of common stock.

Effective August 28, 2013, a holder of the Company's exchangeable notes exercised its option to exchange approximately $5.9 million principal amount of the notes for 259,687 shares of VPG common stock. Effective May 12, 2017, a holder of the Company's exchangeable notes exercised its option to exchange approximately $1.3 million principal amount of the notes for 57,729 shares of VPG common stock at the contractual put/call rate of $22.57 per share. Following these transactions, VPG has outstanding exchangeable unsecured notes with a principal amount of approximately $2.8 million, which are exchangeable for an aggregate of 123,808 shares of VPG common stock. (See also
Note 13).7 – Long-Term Debt (continued)
The notes bear interest at LIBOR. Interest is payable quarterly on March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31 of each calendar year. The total interest rate was 1.69% at December 31, 2017.
Other Debt
Other debt consists of debt held by VPG’s Japanese subsidiary and is payable monthly over the next 4 years1 year at a zero percent0 interest rate.
Aggregate annual maturities of long-term debt are as follows (in thousands):
2018$3,878
20195,128
202020,878
202117
2022
Thereafter2,794

F-26


Note 7 – Long-Term Debt (continued)

2021$18 
2022
2023
2024
202541,000 
Thereafter
Interest paid on third-party debt was $1.7 million, $1.3 million, $1.4 million, and $0.6$1.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2020, 2019, and 2015,2018, respectively.
Note 8 – Stockholders’ Equity
The Company’s Class B convertible common stock carries ten10 votes per share. The common stock carries one1 vote per share. Class B shares are transferable only to certain permitted transferees while the common stock is freely transferable. Class B shares are convertible on a one-for-one1-for-one basis at any time into shares of common stock. Transfers of Class B shares other than to permitted transferees result in the automatic conversion of the Class B shares into common stock.
The Board of Directors may only declare dividends or other distributions with respect to the common stock or the Class B convertible common stock if it grants such dividends or distributions in the same amount per share with respect to the other class of stock. As discussed in Note 7, the Company is restricted from paying cash dividends. Stock dividends or distributions, on any class of stock, are payable only in shares of stock of that class. Shares of either common stock or Class B convertible common stock cannot be split, divided, or combined unless the other is also split, divided, or combined equally.
The Board of Directors is authorized, without further stockholder approval, to issue from time to time up to an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series. The Board of Directors may fix or alter the designation, preferences, rights and any qualification, limitations, restrictions of the shares of any series, including the dividend rights, dividend rates, conversion rights, voting rights, redemption terms and prices, liquidation preferences and the number of shares constituting any series. NoNaN shares of the Company’s preferred stock are currently outstanding.
On September 23, 2014, the Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase plan, authorizing the Company to repurchase, in the aggregate, up to 500,000 shares of its outstanding common stock. On May 21, 2015, the Board of Directors approved an increase in the shares of the Company's outstanding common stock available for repurchase, in the aggregate, from 500,000 shares to 2,000,000 shares. The stock repurchase plan expired in May 2016. The Company repurchased 617,667 and 2,000 shares of its common stock during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Company did not repurchase shares in 2016.
F-26


Note 8 – Stockholders’ Equity (continued)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The cumulative balance of each component of other comprehensive income (loss) and the income tax effects allocated to each component are as follows (in thousands):
Beginning
Balance
Before-Tax
Amount
Tax
Effect
Net-of-Tax
Amount
Ending
Balance
December 31, 2018
Pension and other postretirement actuarial items$(8,060)$1,392 $(18)$1,374 $(6,686)
Reclassification adjustment for recognition of actuarial items685 (145)540 540 
Foreign currency translation adjustment(27,390)(3,857)(72)(3,929)(31,319)
$(35,450)$(1,780)$(235)$(2,015)$(37,465)
December 31, 2019
Pension and other postretirement actuarial items$(6,146)$(1,310)$194 $(1,116)$(7,262)
Reclassification adjustment for recognition of actuarial items359 (39)320 320 
Foreign currency translation adjustment(31,319)(290)21 (269)(31,588)
Reclassification adjustment for foreign currency translation$827 0827 827 
$(37,465)$(414)$176 $(238)$(37,703)
December 31, 2020
Pension and other postretirement actuarial items$(6,942)$(920)$319 $(601)$(7,543)
Reclassification adjustment for recognition of actuarial items537 (73)464 464 
Foreign currency translation adjustment(30,761)5,070 99 5,169 (25,592)
$(37,703)$4,687 $345 $5,032 $(32,671)
 Beginning
Balance
 Before-Tax
Amount
 Tax
Effect
 Net-of-Tax
Amount
 Ending
Balance
December 31, 2015         
Pension and other postretirement actuarial items$(4,803) $141
 $(21) $120
 $(4,683)
Reclassification adjustment for recognition of actuarial items
 304
 (38) 266
 266
Foreign currency translation adjustment(21,757) (6,947) 
 (6,947) (28,704)
 $(26,560) $(6,502) $(59) $(6,561) $(33,121)
December 31, 2016         
Pension and other postretirement actuarial items$(4,417) $(3,505) $544
 $(2,961) $(7,378)
Reclassification adjustment for recognition of actuarial items
 271
 (38) 233
 233
Foreign currency translation adjustment(28,704) (4,488) 
 (4,488) (33,192)
 $(33,121) $(7,722) $506
 $(7,216) $(40,337)
December 31, 2017         
Pension and other postretirement actuarial items$(7,145) $(1,465) $112
 $(1,353) $(8,498)
Reclassification adjustment for recognition of actuarial items
 583
 (145) 438
 438
Foreign currency translation adjustment(33,192) 5,654
 148
 5,802
 (27,390)
 $(40,337) $4,772
 $115
 $4,887
 $(35,450)


F-27


In 2019, Reclassification of foreign currency translation adjustment for gain on liquidation of a subsidiary is included in other income (expense) other (See Note 8 – Stockholders’ Equity (continued)

15). Reclassifications of pension and other postretirement actuarial items out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost (see(See Note 9).


Note 9 – Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits
Defined Benefit Plans
Employees of the Company participate in various defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans.
U.S. Pension Plan
The Vishay Precision Group Non-Qualified Retirement Plan, like all nonqualified plans, is considered to be unfunded. The Company maintains a nonqualified trust, referred to as a “rabbi” trust, to fund benefits under this plan. Rabbi trust assets are subject to creditor claims under certain conditions and are not the property of employees. Therefore, they are accounted for as other noncurrent assets within the consolidated balance sheets. The assets held in the rabbi trust are invested in money market funds and company-owned life insurance policies. The consolidated balance sheets include assets held in trust related to the nonqualified pension plan of $1.9 million at December 31, 2020 and $1.7 million at December 31, 2017 and $1.6 million at December 31, 2016,2019, and the related liabilities of $2.3$2.7 million and $2.0$2.4 million at December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, respectively.
The Vishay Precision Group Non-Qualified Retirement Plan is frozen. Accordingly, no new employees may participate in the plan, no further participant contributions are permitted, and no further benefits accrue. Benefits accumulated prior to the freezing of the U.S. pension plan will be paid to employees upon retirement, and the Company will likely need to make additional cash contributions to the rabbi trust to fund this accumulated benefit obligation.
Non-U.S. Pension Plans
The Company provides pension and similar benefits to employees of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries consistent with local practices. Pension benefits earned are generally based on years of service and compensation during active employment.
Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
F-27
In the U.S., the Company maintains two unfunded non-pension other postretirement benefit plans (“OPEB”) which are funded as costs are incurred. These plans provide medical and death benefits to retirees.

F-28


Note 9 – Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits (continued)

In 2018, the Company undertook several measures to de-risk the UK pension plan. The first measure was to freeze the plan, with no new participants permitted and no further benefits accrue. The second measure was to execute an enhanced transfer value exercise to transfer pension benefits outside of the plan. As a result, the Company incurred $0.7 million of expense related to these de-risking measures.
The following table sets forth a reconciliation of the benefit obligation, plan assets, and funded status related to pension and other postretirement benefit plans (in thousands):
December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year$2,414 $24,857 $2,160 $21,762 
Service cost (adjusted for actual employee contributions)0 402 336 
Interest cost70 442 85 535 
Actuarial (gains) losses338 1,863 248 1,922 
Benefits paid(75)(659)(79)(777)
Curtailments and settlements0 (95)(25)
Plan amendments and other0 0 573 
Currency translation0 1,278 531 
Benefit obligation at end of year$2,747 $28,088 $2,414 $24,857 
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year$0 $16,420 $$14,501 
Actual return on plan assets0 734 1,338 
Company contributions75 919 79 953 
Benefits paid(75)(659)(79)(777)
Curtailments and settlements0 0 (25)
Currency translation0 743 430 
Fair value of plan assets at end of year$0 $18,157 $$16,420 
Funded status at end of year$(2,747)$(9,931)$(2,414)$(8,437)
 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
 Pension
Plans
 OPEB
Plans
 Pension
Plans
 OPEB
Plans
Change in benefit obligation:       
Benefit obligation at beginning of year$25,187
 $3,833
 $23,348
 $3,373
Service cost (adjusted for actual employee contributions)513
 96
 403
 100
Interest cost674
 142
 784
 130
Contributions by participants35
 
 42
 
Actuarial (gains) losses673
 900
 4,809
 525
Benefits paid(564) (245) (732) (295)
Curtailments and settlements
 
 (20) 
Currency translation2,099
 
 (3,447) 
Benefit obligation at end of year$28,617
 $4,726
 $25,187
 $3,833
        
Change in plan assets:       
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year$14,553
 $
 $15,122
 $
Actual return on plan assets957
 
 1,441
 
Company contributions1,013
 245
 1,240
 295
Contributions by participants35
 
 42
 
Benefits paid(564) (245) (732) (295)
Currency translation1,460
 
 (2,560) 
Fair value of plan assets at end of year$17,454
 $
 $14,553
 $
        
Funded status at end of year$(11,163) $(4,726) $(10,634) $(3,833)
Actuarial losses incurred in 2020 related to our U.S. and non-U.S. plans are primarily the result of a decrease in the discount rate assumptions used to estimate the benefit obligations as of December 31, 2020 compared to December 31, 2019. Actuarial losses incurred in 2019 related to our U.S. and non-U.S. plans are primarily the result of a decrease in the discount rate assumptions used to estimate the benefit obligations as of December 31, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018.
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets consist of the following pre-tax amounts (in thousands):
December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
Other accrued expenses$(105)$(240)$(98)$(325)
Accrued pension and other postretirement costs$(2,642)$(9,691)$(2,316)$(8,112)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss$823 $9,068 $594 $5,969 
$(1,924)$(863)$(1,820)$(2,468)
 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
 Pension
Plans
 OPEB
Plans
 Pension
Plans
 OPEB
Plans
Accrued pension and other postretirement costs$(11,163) $(4,726) $(10,634) $(3,833)


Unrecognized actuarial gains and losses arise from several factors, including experience and assumption changes with respect to the obligations and from the difference between expected returns and actual returns on plan assets.  Actuarial items consist of the following (in thousands):
F-28
 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
 Pension
Plans
 OPEB
Plans
 Pension
Plans
 OPEB
Plans
Unrecognized net actuarial loss$8,169
 $2,370
 $7,763
 $1,588
Unrecognized prior service cost2
 
 2
 
Unamortized transition obligation3
 
 3
 
 $8,174
 $2,370
 $7,768
 $1,588


F-29


Note 9 – Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits (continued)

December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
Unrecognized net actuarial loss$823 $9,008 $594 $5,906 
Unrecognized prior service cost0 60 62 
Unamortized transition obligation0 0 
$823 $9,068 $594 $5,969 
The following table sets forth additional information regarding the projected and accumulated benefit obligations for the pension plans (in thousands):
December 31, 2020
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
Accumulated benefit obligation, all plans$2,747 $25,148 
Plans for which the accumulated benefit obligation exceeds plan assets:
Projected benefit obligation$2,747 $25,107 
Accumulated benefit obligation$2,747 $24,099 
Fair value of plan assets0 $16,259 
 December 31,
 2017 2016
Accumulated benefit obligation, all plans$26,907
 $23,633
Plans for which the accumulated benefit obligation exceeds plan assets:

 

Projected benefit obligation$27,317
 $24,102
Accumulated benefit obligation26,074
 22,963
Fair value of plan assets16,274
 13,491

December 31, 2019
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
Accumulated benefit obligation, all plans$2,414 $23,686 
Plans for which the accumulated benefit obligation exceeds plan assets:
Projected benefit obligation$2,414 $23,386 
Accumulated benefit obligation$2,414 $22,743 
Fair value of plan assets$14,983 

Unrecognized gains and losses are amortized into future net periodic pension cost using the 10% corridor method over the expected remaining service life of the employee group.  The following table sets forth the components of net periodic cost of pension and other postretirement benefit plans (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,Years ended December 31,
2017 2016 2015202020192018
Pension
Plans
 OPEB
Plans
 Pension
Plans
 OPEB
Plans
 Pension
Plans
 OPEB
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
Annual service cost$548
 $96
 $445
 $100
 $457
 $88
Annual service cost$0 $402 $$336 $$498 
Less: employee contributions35
 
 42
 
 44
 
Less: employee contributions0 0 21 
Net service cost513
 96
 403
 100
 413
 88
Net service cost0 402 336 477 
Interest cost674
 142
 784
 130
 857
 126
Interest cost70 442 85 535 76 610 
Expected return on plan assets(536) 
 (630) 
 (656) 
Expected return on plan assets0 (442)(517)(549)
Amortization of actuarial losses463
 119
 192
 75
 232
 72
Amortization of actuarial losses109 286 38 164 70 437 
Amortization of transition obligation1
 
 5
 
 1
 
Amortization of transition obligation0 5 
Curtailment and settlement losses
 
 
 
 1
 
Curtailment and settlement losses0 0 708 
Net periodic benefit cost$1,115
 $357
 $754
 $305
 $848
 $286
Net periodic benefit cost$179 $693 $123 $519 $146 $1,684 
See Note 8 for the pre-tax, tax effect, and after tax amounts included in other comprehensive income during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2020, 2019, and 2015. The estimated actuarial items that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net periodic pension cost during 2018 is $0.7 million.2018.
F-29


Note 9 – Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits (continued)
The following weighted-average assumptions were used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 of the respective years:
2017 201620202019
Pension
Plans
 OPEB
Plans
 Pension
Plans
 OPEB
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
Discount rate2.42% 3.33% 2.59% 3.77%Discount rate2.11 %1.29 %2.97 %1.86 %
Rate of compensation increase2.66% N/A
 2.63% N/A
Rate of compensation increaseN/A2.77%N/A1.20%
Expected return on plan assets3.46% N/A
 4.49% N/A
Expected return on plan assetsN/A2.66 %N/A3.56 %
The following weighted-average assumptions were used to determine the net periodic pension costs for the years ended December 31, 20172020 and 2016:2019:
 2017 2016
 Pension
Plans
 OPEB
Plans
 Pension
Plans
 OPEB
Plans
Discount rate2.59% 3.77% 3.65% 3.98%
Rate of compensation increase2.63% N/A
 2.82% N/A
Expected return on plan assets4.49% N/A
 4.47% N/A
Health care trend rateN/A
 6.36% N/A
 4.81%

F-30


Note 9 – Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits (continued)

The health care trend ultimate rate is 4.00% per the terms of the plan. The impact of a one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates on the net periodic benefit cost and postretirement benefit obligation is not material.
20202019
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
Discount rate2.97 %1.86 %3.99 %2.47 %
Rate of compensation increaseN/A1.20%N/A3.08 %
Expected return on plan assetsN/A3.56 %N/A2.70 %
The plans’ expected return on assets is based on management’s expectation of long-term average rates of return to be achieved by the underlying investment portfolios. In establishing this assumption, management considers historical and expected returns for the asset classes in which the plans are invested, advice from pension consultants and investment advisors, and current economic and capital market conditions.
The investment mix between equity securities and fixed income securities is based upon achieving a desired return, balancing higher return, more volatile equity securities, and lower return, less volatile fixed income securities. The target allocation of plan assets approximates the actual allocation of plan assets at December 31, 20172020 and 2016.2019.
Plan assets are comprised of:
December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
Pension
Plans
 OPEB
Plans
 Pension
Plans
 OPEB
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
U.S.
Plans
Non-U.S.
Plans
Equity securities53%  55% Equity securities0 48 %48 %
Fixed income securities38%  36% Fixed income securities0 39 %42 %
Cash and cash equivalents9%  9% Cash and cash equivalents0 13 %10 %
Total100%  100% Total0 100 %100 %
The Company maintains defined benefit retirement plans in certain of its subsidiaries. The assets of the plans are measured at fair value.
Equity securities held by the defined benefit retirement plans consist of equity securities that are valued based on quoted market prices on the last business day of the year. The fair value measurement of the equity securities is considered a Level 12 measurement within the fair value hierarchy.
Fixed income securities held by the defined benefit retirement plans consist of government bonds and corporate notes that are valued based on quoted market prices on the last business day of the year. The fair value measurement of the fixed income securities is considered a Level 12 measurement within the fair value hierarchy.
Cash held by the defined benefit retirement plans consists of deposits on account in various financial institutions. The carrying amount of the cash approximates its fair value. A summary of the Company’s pension plan assets for each fair value hierarchy level are as follows for the periods presented (see Note 1516 for further description of the levels within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands)):

F-31
F-30



Note 9 – Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits (continued)

As of December 31, 2020Fair value measurements at reporting date using:
Total Fair ValueLevel 1 InputsLevel 2 InputsLevel 3 Inputs
Defined benefit pension plan assets
Equity securities$8,779 $0 $8,779 $0 
Fixed income securities7,700 0 7,700 0 
Cash and cash equivalents1,678 1,678 0 0 
$18,157 $1,678 $16,479 $0 

As of December 31, 2017  Fair value measurements at reporting date using:
As of December 31, 2019As of December 31, 2019Fair value measurements at reporting date using:
Total Fair Value Level 1 Inputs Level 2 Inputs Level 3 InputsTotal Fair ValueLevel 1 InputsLevel 2 InputsLevel 3 Inputs
Defined benefit pension plan assets       Defined benefit pension plan assets
Equity securities$9,271
 $9,271
 $
 $
Equity securities$7,796 $$7,796 $
Fixed income securities6,629
 6,629
 
 
Fixed income securities7,703 7,703 
Cash and cash equivalents1,554
 1,554
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents921 921 
$17,454
 $17,454
 $
 $
$16,420 $921 $15,499 $

As of December 31, 2016  Fair value measurements at reporting date using:
 Total Fair Value Level 1 Inputs Level 2 Inputs Level 3 Inputs
Defined benefit pension plan assets       
Equity securities$8,047
 $8,047
 $
 $
Fixed income securities5,203
 5,203
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents1,303
 1,303
 
 
 $14,553
 $14,553
 $
 $
Estimated future benefit payments are as follows (in thousands):
 Pension
Plans
 OPEB
Plans
2018$659
 $346
2019595
 337
2020599
 366
2021761
 412
2022783
 368
2023 - 20274,464
 1,643
US Pension
Plans
Non-US
Plans
2021$105 $1,068 
2022106 784 
2023135 1,334 
2024134 853 
2025135 1,358 
2025 - 2028757 4,993 
The Company anticipates making contributions to its funded and unfunded pension of approximately $1.4 million during 2021.
Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
In the U.S., the Company maintains two unfunded non-pension other postretirement benefit plans (“OPEB”) which are funded as costs are incurred. These plans provide medical and death benefits to retirees.
F-31


Note 9 – Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits (continued)
The following table sets forth a reconciliation of the benefit obligation, plan assets, and funded status related to other postretirement benefit plans (in thousands):
OPEB Plans
December 31,
20202019
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year$4,633 $4,645 
Service cost (adjusted for actual employee contributions)123 126 
Interest cost133 180 
Contributions by participants25 
Actuarial gains(1,498)(131)
Benefits paid(249)(187)
Plan amendments and other410 
Benefit obligation at end of year$3,577 $4,633 
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year$0 $
Company contributions224 187 
Contributions by participants25 
Benefits paid(249)(187)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year$0 $
Funded status at end of year$(3,577)$(4,633)
Actuarial gains incurred in 2020 related to our post-retirement plans are primarily the result of a prior year adjustment of $763, changes in medical claims and age variance assumptions, net of a decrease in the discount rate assumptions used to estimate the benefit obligations as of December 31, 2020 compared to December 31, 2019. Actuarial gains incurred in 2019 related to our post-retirement plans are primarily the result of a decrease in the discount rate assumptions used to estimate the benefit obligations as of December 31, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018.
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets consist of the following pre-tax amounts (in thousands):
OPEB Plans
December 31,
20202019
Other accrued expenses$(266)$(290)
Accrued pension and other postretirement costs$(3,311)$(4,343)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss$583 $1,808 
$(2,994)$(2,825)
Actuarial items consist of the following (in thousands):
OPEB Plans
December 31,
20202019
Unrecognized net actuarial loss$583 $1,808 
$583 $1,808 

Unrecognized gains and losses are amortized into future net periodic benefit cost using the 10% corridor method over the expected remaining service life of the employee group.  The following table sets forth the components of net periodic benefit costs (in thousands):
F-32


Note 9 – Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits (continued)
OPEB Plans
Years ended December 31,
202020192018
OPEB
Plans
OPEB
Plans
OPEB
Plans
Net service cost123 126 108 
Interest cost133 180 152 
Amortization of actuarial losses137 156 177 
Net periodic benefit cost$393 $462 $437 
See Note 8 for the pre-tax, tax effect, and after tax amounts included in other comprehensive income during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018.
The following weighted-average assumptions were used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 of the respective years:
OPEB Plans
December 31,
20202019
Discount rate1.99 %2.97 %

The following weighted-average assumptions were used to determine the net periodic benefit costs for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
OPEB Plans
December 31,
20202019
Discount rate2.97 %3.99 %
Health care trend rate5.40 %5.27 %
The health care trend ultimate rate is 4.04% per the terms of the plan. The impact of a one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates on the net periodic benefit cost and postretirement benefit obligation is not material.

Estimated future benefit payments are as follows (in thousands):
OPEB
Plans
2021$266 
2022$240 
2023$197 
2024$221 
2025$210 
2025 - 2028$1,044 
As the plans of approximately $1.5 million during 2018.are unfunded, the Company's anticipated contributions for 2021 are equal to the estimated benefit payment.




F-33


Note 9 – Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits (continued)
Other Retirement Obligations
The Company participates in various other defined contribution and government-mandated retirement plans based on local law or custom. The Company periodically makes required contributions for certain ofto these plans. At December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, the consolidated balance sheets include $1.2$1.0 million and $0.8$0.9 million, respectively, within accrued pension and other postretirement costs related to these plans.
Most of the Company’s U.S. employees are eligible to participate in 401(k) savings plans which provide company matching under various formulas. The Company’s matching expense for the plans was $0.7$0.8 million, $0.7 million, and $0.6$0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2020, 2019, and 2015,2018, respectively. No material amounts are included in the consolidated balance sheets related to unfunded 401(k) contributions.
Certain key employees participate in a nonqualified deferred compensation plan, which allows these employees to defer a portion of their compensation until retirement, or elect shorter deferral periods. The accompanying consolidated balance sheets include a liability within other noncurrent liabilities related to these deferrals. The Company maintains a nonqualified trust, referred to as a “rabbi” trust, to fund payments under this plan. Rabbi trust assets are subject to creditor claims under certain conditions and are not the property of employees. Therefore, they are accounted for as other noncurrent assets within the consolidated balance sheets. The assets held in the rabbi trust are invested in money market funds and company-owned life insurance policies. The consolidated balance sheets include assets held in trust related to the nonqualified deferred compensation plan of $3.3$3.7 million at December 31, 20172020 and $3.2$3.5 million at December 31, 2016,2019, and the related liabilities of $4.4$5.4 million and $4.1$4.9 million at December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, respectively.

F-32



Note 10 – Share-Based Compensation
The Amended and Restated Vishay Precision Group, Inc. Stock Incentive Plan (as amended and restated, the “Plan”) permits the issuance of up to 1,000,000 shares of common stock. At December 31, 2017,2020, the Company had reserved 256,730371,637 shares of common stock for future grant of equity awards (restricted stock, unrestricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), or stock options). If any outstanding awards are forfeited by the holder, the underlying shares would be available for future grants under the Plan.
Stock Options
In connection with the spin-off, VPG agreed to issue certain replacement awards to VPG employees holding equity-based awards of Vishay Intertechnology based on VPG’s common stock. The vesting schedule, expiration date, and other terms of these awards are generally the same as those of the Vishay Intertechnology equity-based awards they replaced.
The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity (number of options in thousands):
 Years ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015
 Number
of
Options
 Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
 Number
of
Options
 Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
 Number
of
Options
 Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
Outstanding:           
Beginning of year18
 $18.92
 18
 $18.92
 18
 $18.92
Granted
 
 
 
 
 
Exercised
 
 
 
 
 
Expired(18) 18.92
 
 
 
 
End of year
 $
 18
 $18.92
 18
 $18.92
Vested and expected to vest
   18
   18
  
Exercisable:           
End of year
   18
   18
  
The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. There were no options granted in 2017, 2016, or 2015.
Options outstanding at the beginning of 2017 expired during 2017. No options were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2017.
Restricted Stock Units
Pursuant to the Plan, the Company issued RSUs to board members, executive officers, and certain employees of the Company during 2017.2020. The amount of compensation cost related to share-based payment transactions is measured based on the grant-date fair value of the equity instruments issued. VPG determines compensation cost for RSUs based on the grant-date fair value of the underlying common stock. Compensation cost is recognized over the period that the participant provides service in exchange for the award. The Company recognizes compensation cost for RSUs that are expected to vest and for which performance criteria are expected to be met.
On February 9, 2017,March 5, 2020, VPG’s three3 current executive officers were granted annual equity awards in the form of RSUs, of which 75% are performance-based. The awards were comprised of 53,913 RSUs and have an aggregate target grant-date fair value of $0.9 million.$1.2 million were comprised of 44,269 RSUs. Twenty-five percent of these awards will vest on January 1, 2020,2023, subject to the executives' continued employment. The performance-based portion of the RSUs will also vest on January 1, 2020,2023, subject to the executives' continued employment and the satisfaction of certain performance objectives relating to three-year cumulative “free cash”“adjusted free cash flow” and net earnings goals, each weighted equally, and the executives' continued employment.equally. The awards issued in 20152019 and 20162018 have similar allocations and vesting criteria.
On March 23, 2017,16, 2020, certain VPG employees were granted annual equity awards in the form of RSUs, of which 75% are performance-based. The awards have an aggregate target grant-date fair value of $0.4 million and were comprised of 23,92118,940 RSUs. Twenty-five percent of these awards will vest on January 1, 20202023 subject to the employees' continued employment. The performance-based portion of the RSUs will also vest on January 1, 2020,2023, subject to the employee's continued employment and the satisfaction of certain performance objectives relating to three-year cumulative earnings goals and cash flow goals, and the employee's continued employment.

F-33



goals.
On May 25, 2017,21, 2020, the Board of Directors approved the issuance of an aggregate of 15,49515,564 RSUs to the independent board members of the Board of Directors and to the non-executive Chairman of the Board of Directors. The awards have an aggregate grant-date fair value of $0.3 million and will vest on the earlier of the 2021 Annual Stockholders meeting or May 25, 2018,21, 2021, subject to the directors' continued service on the Board of Directors.
On July 26, 2017, the BoardVesting of Directors approved the issuance of an aggregate of 5,176 RSUsequity awards may be subject to newly appointed independent board members of the Board of Directors. These awards represented a pro-rated portion of the annual equity grant made to non-executive directors pursuant to the Plan. The aggregate grant-date fair value of these awards was $0.1 million and these awards will vest on the earlier of the next Annual Stockholders meeting or May 25, 2018.acceleration under certain circumstances.
F-34


Note 10 – Share-Based Compensation (continued)
RSU activity is presented below (number of RSUs in thousands):
Years ended December 31,Years ended December 31,
2017 2016 2015202020192018
Number
of
RSUs
 Weighted
Average
Grant-date
Fair Value
 Number
of
RSUs
 Weighted
Average
Grant-date
Fair Value
 Number
of
RSUs
 Weighted
Average
Grant-date
Fair Value
Number
of
RSUs
Weighted
Average
Grant-date
Fair Value
Number
of
RSUs
Weighted
Average
Grant-date
Fair Value
Number
of
RSUs
Weighted
Average
Grant-date
Fair Value
Outstanding:
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding:
Beginning of year377
 $14.04
 278
 $15.04
 236
 $14.89
Beginning of year212 $25.97 265 $17.64 417 $14.57 
Granted98
 16.75
 129
 11.69
 94
 15.90
Granted79 24.16 73 35.27 74 28.20 
Vested(58) 14.78
 (30) 13.15
 (52) 15.93
Vested(81)19.02 (75)15.27 (86)16.75 
ForfeitedForfeited(5)15.75 (51)11.49 (140)14.70 
End of year417
 $14.57
 377
 $14.04
 278
 $15.04
End of year205 $28.23 212 $25.97 265 $17.64 
The fair value of the RSUs vested during 20172020 is $1.0$2.3 million. Included in the 2020, 2019 and 2018 activity are RSU's forfeited as a result of performance objectives not being met. These awards are therefore available for future grants under the Plan.
RSUs with performance-based vesting criteria are expected to vest as follows (number of RSUs in thousands):
Vesting Date Expected to Vest Not Expected to Vest Total
January 1, 2018 45
 16
 61
January 1, 2019 2
 82
 84
January 1, 2020 55
 3
 58
Vesting DateExpected to VestNot Expected to VestTotal
January 1, 202146 49 
January 1, 202247 48 
January 1, 202343 47 
Share-Based Compensation Expense
The following table summarizes pre-tax share-based compensation expense recognized (in thousands):
 Years ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015
Restricted stock units$1,499
 $37
 $1,083
Years ended December 31,
202020192018
Restricted stock units$1,387 $1,336 $1,799 
Share-based compensation expense is recognized ratably over the vesting period of the awards and for RSUs with performance criteria, is recognized for RSU's that are expected to vest and for which performance criteria are expected to be met.
During 2017,the fourth quarter of 2020, a net adjustment reducing share-based compensation expense by $0.1 million was recorded, based on the evaluation of performance objectives associated with awards granted in 2018, 2019 and 2020. It was determined that certain objectives were not likely to be fully met, necessitating a reversal of certain compensation expense associated with those awards. This was partially offset by additional share based compensation expense being recorded for certain objectives being fully met, which had been reversed in the prior year.
During 2019, it was determined that certain performance objectives associated with awards granted in 2015 were likely to be met, when share based compensation expense related to these performance objectives had been reduced in prior years. This necessitated an increase to share-based compensation expense associated with those awards in 2017. However, it was also determined that certain performance objectives associated with awards granted in 20162017, 2018 and 20172019 were not likely to be fully met, necessitating a reversal of certain compensationscompensation expense associated with those awards. As a net result, adjustments increasingdecreasing share based compensation expense totaling $0.4$0.8 million were recorded during the year based on anticipated performance levels..levels.
During 2016, it was determined that certain performance objectives associated with awards granted in 2014, 2015, and 2016 to executives and certain other employees were not likely to be fully met. As a result, adjustments reducing share-based compensation expense totaling $1.4 million were recorded during the year based on anticipated performance levels. A similar adjustment was made in 2015 reducing share-based compensation expense by $0.2 million.
The deferred tax benefit on share-based compensation expense was $0.0 million, $0.1 million, $0.0 million, and $0.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2020, 2019, and 2015,2018, respectively.

F-34



As of December 31, 2017,2020, the Company had $1.1$0.8 million of unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to share-based awards that will be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.71.3 years.
Note 11 – Commitments, Contingencies, and Concentrations
Leases
The Company uses various leased facilities and equipment in its operations. In the normal course of business, operating leases are generally renewed or replaced by other leases. Certain operating leases include escalation clauses.
Total rental expense under operating leases was $3.6 million, $3.6 million, and $3.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.
Future minimum lease payments for operating leases (excluding related party leases as described in Note 2) with initial or remaining noncancellable lease terms in excess of one year are as follows (in thousands):
2018$3,113
20192,380
20201,508
2021390
2022172
Thereafter
Litigation
The Company is subject to various legal proceedings that constitute ordinary, routine litigation incidental to its business. The Company is of the opinion that the disposition of these proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on its business or its financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
F-35


Note 11 – Commitments, Contingencies, and Concentrations (continued)
Executive Employment Agreements
The Company has employment agreements with its executive officers which outline base salary, incentive compensation, and equity-based compensation. The employment agreements with the Company's executive officers also provide for incremental compensation in the event of termination without cause or resignation for good reason.
On May 8, 2017, the Company amended the employment agreements of its chief financial officer and its general counsel to modify the severance amounts payable to the executives in the event of termination without cause or resignation for good cause. In one case, the executive’s cash bonus opportunity was increased beginning with the 2017 fiscal year.
On August 7, 2017, the Company amended the employment agreement of the chief executive officer primarily to document as part of his U.S. employment agreement certain employee consents, obligations, and benefits applicable to the executive as an employee of the Company’s Israeli subsidiary.
Sources of Supplies
Although most materials incorporated in the Company’s products are available from a number of sources, certain materials are available only from a relatively limited number of suppliers.
Some of the most highly specialized materials for the Company’s sensors are sourced from a single vendor. The Company maintains a safety stock inventory of certain critical materials at its facilities.
Certain metals used in the manufacture of the Company’s products are traded on active markets, and can be subject to significant price volatility.
Market Concentrations
No single customer comprises greater than 5%10% of net revenues.
The vast majority of the Company’s products are used in the broad industrial market, with selected uses in military and aerospace, medical, agriculture, and construction. Within the broad industrial segment, the Company’s products serve wide applications in the waste management, bulk hauling, logging, scale manufacturing, engineering systems, pharmaceutical, oil, chemical, steel, paper, and food industries.
Credit Risk Concentrations
Financial instruments with potential credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and notes receivable. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents with various major financial institutions. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to receivables are generally limited due to the Company’s large number of customers and their dispersion across many countries and industries. At December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, the Company had no significant concentrations of credit risk.
Geographic Concentrations
At December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, a significant percentage of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents are held outside the United States. See the following table for the percentage of cash and cash equivalents by region at December 31, 20172020 and December 31, 2016:2019:
December 31,
20202019
Asia18 %23 %
United States10 %%
Israel26 %28 %
Europe16 %14 %
United Kingdom18 %17 %
Canada12 %11 %
Total100 %100 %
F-36

 December 31,
 2017 2016
Asia28% 27%
United States7% 17%
Israel37% 16%
Europe15% 19%
United Kingdom5% 12%
Canada8% 9%
Total100% 100%



Note 12 - Leases
The Company primarily leases office and manufacturing facilities in addition to vehicles, which have remaining terms of less than one year to twelve years. The Company has no finance leases. In 2019, one of the Company's indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries entered into a lease agreement as tenant related to a property in Israel. The facility was made available to the Company during the second quarter of 2020, at which time the Company established an operating right of use asset and operating lease liability, with a lease term of 12.5 years, of $14.4 million, in accordance with the terms of the lease agreement.
Leases recorded on the balance sheet consist of the following (in thousands):
LeasesDecember 31, 2020December 31, 2019
 Assets
 Operating lease right of use asset$21,788 $8,691 
 Liabilities
 Operating lease - current$4,011 $2,827 
 Operating lease - non-current$19,504 $5,811 
Other information related to lease term and discount rate is as follows:
December 31, 2020
 Operating leases weighted average remaining lease term (in years)9.1 years
 Operating leases weighted average discount rate3.59%

The components of lease expense are as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended
December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
 Operating lease cost$4,389 $3,376 
 Variable lease cost0 44 
 Short-term lease cost124 87 
 Total lease cost$4,513 $3,507 

Right of use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liability during 2020 were $16.3 million and in 2019 were $0.3 million. The Company paid $4.0 million for its operating leases for the year ended December 31, 2020 and $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, which are included in operating cash flows on the consolidated statements of cash flows.
Undiscounted maturities of operating lease payments as of December 31, 2020 are summarized as follows (in thousands):
2021$4,435 
20223,704 
20233,177 
20242,617 
20252,172 
Thereafter11,132 
 Total future minimum lease payments$27,237 
 Less: amount representing interest(3,722)
 Present value of future minimum lease payments$23,515 
Rent expense on operating leases prior to adoption of ASC 842 was $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018.

F-37



Note 13 – Segment and Geographic Data
VPG reports in three3 product segments: the Foil Technology Products segment, the Force Sensors segment, and the Weighing and Control Systems segment. The Foil Technology Products reporting segment is comprised of the foil resistor and strain gage operating segments. The Force Sensors reporting segment is comprised of transducers, load cells, and modules. The Weighing and Control Systems reporting segment is comprised of complete systems which include load cells and instrumentation for weighing, force control and force measurement for a variety of uses such as process control and on-board weighing applications.
VPG evaluates reporting segment performance based on multiple performance measures including gross profits, revenues, and operating income, exclusive of certain items. Management believes that evaluating segment performance, excluding items such as restructuring and severance costs, and other items is meaningful because it provides insight with respect to the intrinsic operating results of VPG. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies (see Note 1). Reporting segment assets are the owned or allocated assets used by each segment. Products are transferred between segments on a basis intended to reflect, as nearly as practicable, the market value of the products.

38
F-35


Note 1213 – Segment and Geographic Data (continued)


The following table sets forth reporting segment information (in thousands):
Foil Technology
Products
Force
Sensors
Weighing and
Control Systems
Corporate/
Other
Total
2020
Net third-party revenues$131,645 $53,724 $84,443 $0 $269,812 
Intersegment revenues3,183 0 446 (3,629) 
Gross profit52,025 13,582 38,664 0 104,271 
Segment operating income (loss)29,870 4,756 18,768 (30,737)22,657 
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles
2,440 0 0 0 2,440 
Restructuring costs572 108 156 82 918 
Depreciation and amortization expense5,840 2,367 2,964 1,336 12,507 
Capital expenditures22,032 1,211 1,071 13 24,327 
Total assets157,120 63,461 157,840 23,466 401,887 
2019
Net third-party revenues$131,803 $64,357 $87,798 $$283,958 
Intersegment revenues4,067 1,068 463 (5,598)— 
Gross profit53,292 18,022 40,303 111,617 
Segment operating income (loss)29,873 8,643 21,058 (30,926)28,648 
Acquisition costs443 443 
Executive severance costs611 611 
Restructuring costs86 2,041 166 2,293 
Depreciation and amortization expense5,870 2,442 2,200 1,283 11,795 
Capital expenditures7,011 2,237 1,243 38 10,529 
Total assets116,920 75,885 158,597 19,011 370,413 
2018
Net third-party revenues$141,009 $73,186 $85,599 $$299,794 
Intersegment revenues3,878 1,365 577 (5,820)— 
Gross profit61,562 20,001 39,704 121,267 
Segment operating income (loss)38,404 10,514 20,508 (32,203)37,223 
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles2,820 2,820 
Restructuring costs289 289 
Depreciation and amortization expense5,173 2,323 2,121 1,014 10,631 
Capital expenditures9,239 2,483 1,370 147 13,239 
Total assets132,918 82,637 95,954 14,874 326,383 
F-39


Note 13 – Segment and Geographic Data (continued)

 
Foil Technology
Products
 
Force
Sensors
 
Weighing and
Control Systems
 
Corporate/
Other
 Total
2017         
Net third-party revenues$116,272
 $65,446
 $72,632
 $
 $254,350
Intersegment revenues2,316
 1,346
 911
 (4,573) 
Gross profit47,755
 18,192
 32,336
 
 98,283
Segment operating income (loss)26,426
 9,274
 14,770
 (28,845) 21,625
Restructuring costs85
 849
 602
 508
 2,044
Depreciation and amortization expense4,946
 2,537
 2,133
 1,010
 10,626
Capital expenditures4,519
 4,297
 823
 453
 10,092
Total assets119,175
 77,756
 97,007
 12,613
 306,551
          
2016         
Net third-party revenues$100,942
 $60,234
 $63,753
 $
 $224,929
Intersegment revenues2,340
 1,954
 818
 (5,112) 
Gross profit39,368
 15,632
 27,809
 
 82,809
Segment operating income (loss)20,391
 7,056
 10,221
 (26,957) 10,711
Acquisition costs427
 
 67
 
 494
Restructuring costs1,137
 413
 837
 279
 2,666
Depreciation and amortization expense4,894
 2,924
 2,323
 1,008
 11,149
Capital expenditures6,516
 2,179
 1,551
 179
 10,425
Total assets99,411
 64,934
 90,447
 15,718
 270,510
          
2015         
Net third-party revenues$104,460
 $61,048
 $66,670
 $
 $232,178
Intersegment revenues2,400
 2,105
 760
 (5,265) 
Gross profit41,640
 12,510
 30,079
 
 84,229
Segment operating income (loss)24,285
 3,459
 11,289
 (35,674) 3,359
Acquisition costs
 
 185
 
 185
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles
 
 4,942
 
 4,942
Restructuring costs613
 2,932
 517
 399
 4,461
Depreciation and amortization expense5,098
 3,080
 1,956
 963
 11,097
Capital expenditures7,585
 1,486
 467
 440
 9,978
Total assets86,709
 65,445
 99,935
 11,658
 263,747
The “Corporate/Other” column for segment operating income (loss) includes unallocated selling, general, and administrative expenses and certain items which management excludes from segment results when evaluating segment performance, as follows (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
202020192018
Unallocated selling, general, and administrative expenses$(27,379)$(27,579)$(29,094)
Acquisition costs0 (443)
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles(2,440)(2,820)
Executive severance costs0 (611)
Restructuring costs(918)(2,293)(289)
$(30,737)$(30,926)$(32,203)
 Years ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015
Unallocated selling, general, and administrative expenses$(26,801) $(23,797) $(26,086)
Acquisition costs
 (494) (185)
Impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles
 
 (4,942)
Restructuring costs(2,044) (2,666) (4,461)
 $(28,845) $(26,957) $(35,674)

F-36


Note 12 – Segment and Geographic Data (continued)

The following geographic data include net revenues based on revenues generated by subsidiaries located within that geographic area, andincludes property and equipment based on physical location (in thousands):
December 31,
Property and Equipment - Net20202019
United States$11,036 $12,009 
United Kingdom4,153 4,011 
Other Europe1,813 1,498 
Israel38,339 22,903 
Asia17,953 19,118 
Canada and Other1,722 1,731 
$75,016 $61,270 
F-40

 Years ended December 31,
Net Revenues2017 2016 2015
United States$105,664
 $95,919
 $92,332
United Kingdom26,487
 26,845
 30,684
Other Europe52,427
 46,401
 50,857
Israel7,308
 5,497
 3,435
Asia45,084
 34,883
 34,893
Canada17,380
 15,384
 19,977
 $254,350
 $224,929
 $232,178



 December 31,
Property and Equipment - Net2017 2016
United States$11,932
 $12,132
United Kingdom4,385
 4,110
Other Europe1,427
 1,255
Israel18,895
 19,894
Asia18,100
 16,904
Canada and Other935
 990
 $55,674
 $55,285

Note 1314 – Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share are computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the periods presented. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, adjusted to include the potentially dilutive effect of stock options and restricted stock units (see Note 10), and other potentially dilutive securities.

F-37


Note 13 – Earnings Per Share (continued)

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to VPG stockholders (in thousands, except earnings per share):
Years ended December 31,
202020192018
Numerator:
Numerator for basic earnings per share:
Net earnings attributable to VPG stockholders$10,787 $22,188 $23,646 
Adjustment to the numerator for net earnings:
Interest savings assuming conversion of dilutive exchangeable notes, net of tax0 
Numerator for diluted earnings per share:
Net earnings attributable to VPG stockholders$10,787 $22,188 $23,652 
Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per share:
Weighted average shares13,566 13,515 13,439 
Effect of dilutive securities:
Exchangeable notes0 22 
Restricted stock units57 82 74 
Dilutive potential common shares57 82 96 
Denominator for diluted earnings per share:
Adjusted weighted average shares13,623 13,597 13,535 
Basic earnings per share attributable to VPG stockholders$0.80 $1.64 $1.76 
Diluted earnings per share attributable to VPG stockholders$0.79 $1.63 $1.75 
 Years ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015
Numerator:     
      
Numerator for basic earnings per share:     
Net earnings (loss) attributable to VPG stockholders$14,345
 $6,404
 $(13,008)
Adjustment to the numerator for net earnings:     
Interest savings assuming conversion of dilutive exchangeable notes, net of tax24
 18
 
Numerator for diluted earnings per share:     
Net earnings (loss) attributable to VPG stockholders$14,369
 $6,422
 $(13,008)
Denominator:     
Denominator for basic earnings per share:     
Weighted average shares13,262
 13,187
 13,485
Effect of dilutive securities:     
Exchangeable notes145
 181
 
Restricted stock units64
 51
 
Dilutive potential common shares209
 232
 
Denominator for diluted earnings per share:     
Adjusted weighted average shares13,471
 13,419
 13,485
      
Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to VPG stockholders$1.08
 $0.49
 $(0.96)
      
Diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to VPG stockholders$1.07
 $0.48
 $(0.96)
Diluted earnings per share for the periods presented do not reflect the following weighted average potential common shares, as the effect would be antidilutive (in thousands):
 Years ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015
Weighted average employee stock options
 18
 18
Weighted average exchangeable notes
 
 181
Weighted average restricted stock units
 
 36
Note 1415 – Additional Financial Statement Information
The caption “Other” on the consolidated statements of operations consists of the following (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
202020192018
Foreign exchange loss$(2,246)$(1,638)$(279)
Interest income246 622 506 
Pension expense(738)(643)(1,682)
Other(244)958 (41)
$(2,982)$(701)$(1,496)
F-41
 Years ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015
Foreign exchange gain (loss)$(724) $449
 $(2,146)
Interest income167
 179
 225
Other1,337
 (246) (161)
 $780
 $382
 $(2,082)


F-38


Note 1415 – Additional Financial Statement Information (continued)

Foreign currency exchange gains and losses represent the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The change in foreign exchange gains/gains / (losses) during the period, as compared to the prior year period, is primarily due to fluctuations in the British pound and Israeli shekel. The change in the dollar-shekel exchange rate, particularly in the fourth quarter of 2020, resulted in an unfavorable foreign exchange impact primarily related to the shekel-denominated lease liability for a new Foil Technology Products facility in Israel.
Pension expense represents the net periodic benefit cost excluding the service cost. In 2018, the Company recognized a settlement loss of $0.7 million related to measures taken to de-risk the UK pension schemes as discussed in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements.
Included withinin Other for the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, is net proceedsa one-time $0.8 million gain on liquidation of $1.5 million related to a lease termination payment atone of the Company's Tianjin, People's Republic of China location. The relocation of operation in Tianjin has been completed and the majority of the expenses associated with the move have been incurred.subsidiaries.
Other accrued expenses consist of the following (in thousands):
December 31,December 31,
2017 201620202019
Customer advance payments$3,229
 $2,468
Customer advance payments$2,873 $4,561 
Accrued restructuring254
 1,333
Accrued restructuring63 604 
Goods received, not yet invoiced4,060
 1,618
Goods received, not yet invoiced2,553 1,561 
Accrued taxes, other than income taxes1,680
 1,379
Accrued taxes, other than income taxes1,223 1,167 
Accrued commissions1,694
 1,460
Accrued commissions2,144 2,149 
Accrued professional fees1,731
 2,155
Accrued professional fees638 1,082 
Other3,304
 2,872
Other4,349 5,002 
$15,952
 $13,285
$13,843 $16,126 
Israeli Severance Pay


The Israeli Severance Pay Law, 1963 ("Severance Pay Law"), specifies that employees of our Israeli subsidiary are entitled to severance payment, following the termination of their employment. Under the Severance Pay Law, the severance payment is calculated as one month salary for each year of employment, or a portion thereof.


Part of the subsidiary's liability for severance pay is covered by the provisions of Section 14 of the Severance Pay Law ("Section 14"). Under Section 14, employees are entitled to monthly deposits, at a rate of 8.33% of their monthly salary, contributed on their behalf to their insurance funds. Payments in accordance with Section 14 release the subsidiary from any future severance payments in respect of those employees. As a result, the Company does not recognize any liability for severance pay due to these employees and the deposits under Section 14 are not recorded as an asset in the Company's balance sheet.


For the subsidiary's employees in Israel who are not subject to Section 14, the Company calculated the liability for severance pay pursuant to the Severance Pay Law based on the most recent salary of these employees multiplied by the number of years of employment as of the balance sheet date.  The Company recorded as expenses the increase in the severance liability, net of earnings (losses) from the related investment fund.  The subsidiary's liability was partially funded by monthly payments deposited with insurers and the value of these deposits is recorded as an asset on the Company's balance sheet.   Any unfunded amounts would be paid from operating funds and are covered by a provision established by the subsidiary. The accompanying consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 20172020 and December 31, 20162019 include a $7.8$8.3 million and $6.6$8.0 million liability, respectively, associated with Israeli severance requirements in other liabilities.


Sale LeasebackExecutive Severance

InDuring the fourthsecond fiscal quarter of 2016,2019, the Company sold its Karmiel, Israel facility for $3.7recorded $0.6 million and entered into a five year lease for a portionof severance costs associated with the resignation of an executive officer of the building.Company. The Company recorded a $1.7 million gain onseverance costs consisted of payments and other benefits as specified in the sale of the facility, of which $0.8 million was recognized immediately in earnings, with the remaining $0.9 million ratably recognized in earnings over the five year lease term.executive officer's separation agreement.




F-42



Note 1516 – Fair Value Measurements
ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, establishes a valuation hierarchy of the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The following is a brief description of those three levels:
Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

F-39


Note 15 – Fair Value Measurements (continued)

Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.
Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions.
An asset or liability’s classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The following tables provide the financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis (in thousands):
As of December 31, 2020Fair value measurements at reporting date using:
Total Fair ValueLevel 1 InputsLevel 2 InputsLevel 3 Inputs
Assets:
Assets held in rabbi trusts$5,601 $61 $5,540 $0 
As of December 31, 2019Fair value measurements at reporting date using:
Total Fair ValueLevel 1 InputsLevel 2 InputsLevel 3 Inputs
Assets:
Assets held in rabbi trusts$5,169 $53 $5,116 $
As of December 31, 2017  Fair value measurements at reporting date using:
 Total Fair Value Level 1 Inputs Level 2 Inputs Level 3 Inputs
Assets:       
Assets held in rabbi trusts$4,988
 $364
 $4,624
 $
        
As of December 31, 2016  Fair value measurements at reporting date using:
 Total Fair Value Level 1 Inputs Level 2 Inputs Level 3 Inputs
Assets:       
Assets held in rabbi trusts$4,772
 $537
 $4,235
 $
The Company maintains nonqualified trusts, referred to as “rabbi” trusts, to fund payments under deferred compensation and nonqualified pension plans. Rabbi trust assets consist primarily of marketable securities, classified as available-for-sale money market funds at December 31, 20172020 and December 31, 2016,2019, and company-owned life insurance assets. The marketable securities held in the rabbi trusts are valued using quoted market prices on the last business day of the year. The company-owned life insurance assets are valued in consultation with the Company’s insurance brokers using the value of underlying assets of the insurance contracts. The fair value measurement of the marketable securities held in the rabbi trust is considered a Level 1 measurement and the measurement of the company-owned life insurance assets is considered a Level 2 measurement within the fair value hierarchy.
The fair value of the long-term debt, excluding capitalized deferred financing costs at December 31, 20172020 and December 31, 2016 is approximately $33.4 million and $36.0 million, respectively, compared to2019 approximates its carrying value, of $32.4 millionas the revolving debt and $36.2 million, respectively. The Company estimatesterm loans are reset monthly based on current market rates, plus a base rate as specified in the fair value of its long-term debt using a combination of quoted market prices for similar financing arrangements and expected future payments discounted at risk-adjusted rates.2020 Credit Agreement. The fair value measurement of long-term debt is considered a Level 2 measurement.
The Company’s financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, short-term notes payable, and accounts payable. The carrying amounts for these financial instruments reported in the consolidated balance sheets approximate their fair values.
F-43



Note 1617 – Related Party Transactions
Until July 6, 2010, VPG was part of Vishay Intertechnology, and the assets and liabilities consisted of those that Vishay Intertechnology attributed to its precision measurement and foil resistor businesses. Following the spin-off on July 6, 2010, VPG is an independent, publicly-traded company, and Vishay Intertechnology does not retain any ownership interest in VPG, although a common group of stockholders control a significant portion of the voting power of each company and the companies have 3 common board members.

Subsequent to the spin-off, VPG and Vishay Intertechnology continue to share certain manufacturing locations. VPG owns 1 location in Japan at which it leases space to Vishay Intertechnology. Vishay Intertechnology owns 1 location in the United States, at which it leases space to VPG. Lease receipts and payments related to the shared facilities are immaterial.

Note 18 – Subsequent Events
Executive RSU grant
On February16, 2018,March 4 2021, VPG’s three3 current executive officers were granted annual equity awards in the form of RSUs, of which 75%50% are performance-based.performance-based and 50% are time-based. The awards have an aggregate target grant-date fair value of $1.3$1.7 million and were comprised of 52,16652,486 RSUs. Twenty-five percent of theseThe time-based awards will vest on January 1, 2021,2024, subject to the executives continued employment. The performance-based portion of the RSUsawards will also vest on January 1, 2021,2024, subject to the executives continued employment and the satisfaction of certain performance objectives relating to three-year cumulative “free cash”“adjusted free cash flow” and net earnings goals.
Exchangeable Notes
Effective February 26, 2018, the holder of the Company's exchangeable notes exercised its option to exchange the remaining $2.8 million principal amount of the notes for 123,808 shares of VPG common stock at the contractual put/call rate of $22.57 per share. Following this transaction, all exchangeable notes have been canceled and VPG has no further obligations pursuant to such notes.





F-40
F-44





Note 17 – Summary of Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)
(in thousands, except per share amounts)2017 2016
 First Second Third Fourth First Second Third Fourth
Statement of Operations data:               
Net revenues$59,787
 $62,319
 $62,805
 $69,439
 $56,629
 $57,996
 $54,490
 $55,814
Gross profit22,517
 24,759
 24,267
 26,740
 19,775
 21,495
 20,265
 21,274
Operating income3,737
 5,644
 5,319
 6,925
 990
 1,688
 2,639
 5,394
Net earnings2,003
 3,616
 4,325
 4,450
 496
 1,849
 1,083
 2,980
Less: net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests8
 (3) 70
 (26) 16
 (19) 32
 (25)
Net earnings attributable to VPG stockholders1,995
 3,619
 4,255
 4,476
 480
 1,868
 1,051
 3,005
Per Share Data: (b)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic earnings per share$0.15
 $0.27
 $0.32
 $0.34
 $0.04
 $0.14
 $0.08
 $0.23
Diluted earnings per share$0.15
 $0.27
 $0.32
 $0.33
 $0.04
 $0.14
 $0.08
 $0.22
Certain Items Recorded during the Quarters:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Acquisition purchase accounting adjustments$
 $
 $42
 $49
 $296
 $195
 $46
 $49
Acquisition costs
 
 
 
 62
 352
 
 80
Strategic alternative evaluation costs
 
 
 
 
 
 1,079
 265
Gain on sale of building
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (837)
Net proceeds from lease termination
 
 (1,544) 
 
 
 
 
Tax rebate
 
 
 189
 
 
 
 
Restructuring costs554
 315
 423
 752
 675
 1,011
 709
 271
Tax effect of reconciling items and discrete tax items42
 13
 (394) 165
 (179) 1,468
 27
 (597)

(a)
The Company reports interim financial information for the 13-week periods beginning on a Sunday and ending on a Saturday, except for the first fiscal quarter, which always begins on January 1, and the fourth fiscal quarter, which always ends on December 31. The first, second, third, and fourth quarters of 2017 ended on April 1, July 1, September 30, and December 31, respectively. The first, second, third, and fourth quarters of 2016 ended on April 2, July 2, October 1, and December 31, respectively.
(b)Quarterly amounts may not agree in total to the corresponding annual amounts due to rounding.


F-41