| FORM 10-K ______________________
(Mark One) ý | | | | | | | ☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 OR | | | | | | For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017
OR
☐ | o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the transition period from to | Commission File Number 001-37622 |
For the transition period from ________ to ________ Commission File Number 001-37622 ______________________ SQUARE, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) ______________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | SQUARE, INC. | (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) | | | |
| | Delaware | | | Delaware | | 80-0429876 | (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) |
1455 Market Street, Suite 600 San Francisco, CA 94103 (Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(415) 375-3176 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: | | 1455 Market Street, Suite 600
San Francisco, CA 94103
| (Address of principal executive offices, including zip code) | (415) 375-3176 | (Registrant's telephone number, including area code) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: | | | | Title of Each Class | | Trading Symbol(s) | | Name of each exchange on which registered | | Class A Common Stock, $0.0000001 par value per share | | SQ | | New York Stock Exchange |
| | Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None |
| | | Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ý NO o
| Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. YES o NO ý
| Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ý NO o
| Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). YES ý NO o
| Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o
| Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non‑accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): | Large accelerated filer ý
Non-accelerated filer o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
| Accelerated filer o
Smaller reporting company o
Emerging growth company o
| If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
| Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES o NO ý
|
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non‑accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☒Accelerated filer ☐Non-accelerated filer ☐Smaller reporting company ☐Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐No ☒
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing price of a share of the registrant’s Class A common stock on June 30, 20172019 as reported by the New York Stock Exchange on such date was approximately $6.4$24.6 billion. Shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock and Class B common stock held by each executive officer, director and holder of 5% or more of the outstanding Class A common stock and Class B common stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This calculation does not reflect a determination that certain persons are affiliates of the registrant for any other purpose.
As of February 22, 2018,21, 2020, the number of shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock outstanding was 283,432,014354,826,967and the number of shares of the registrant's Class B common stock outstanding was 112,924,272.80,407,753.
Portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement relating to the Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K where indicated. Such Definitive Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2017.
2019.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| | | | | | | | | | Page No | | | | | | | Item 1. | | | | Item 1A. | | | | Item 1B. | | | | Item 2. | | | | Item 3. | | | | Item 4. | | | | | | | Item 5. | | | | Item 6. | | | | Item 7. | | | | Item 7A. | | | | Item 8. | | | | Item 9. | | | | Item 9A. | | | | Item 9B. | | | | | | | Item 10. | | | | Item 11. | | | | Item 12. | | | | Item 13. | | | | Item 14. | | | | | | | Item 15. | | | | Item 16. | | | | | |
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “may,” “will,” “appears,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” or “continue,” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans, or intentions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, statements about our future financial performance, our anticipated growth and growth strategies and our ability to effectively manage that growth, our ability to invest in and develop our products and services to operate with changing technology, the expected benefits of our products to our customers and the impact of our products on our business; and our anticipated expansion and growth in Gross Payment Volume (GPV) and revenue, including our plans for international expansion,expectations regarding the Cash App ecosystem, our expectations regarding product launches, the expected impact of our recent acquisitions, our plans with respect to patents and other intellectual property, our expectations regarding litigation and positions we have taken with respect to our expectationtax classification, our expectations regarding future revenue from Starbucks,share-based compensation, our expectations regarding the impacts of accounting guidance, our expectations regarding restricted cash, and the sufficiency of our cash and cash equivalents and cash generated from operations to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements.
We have based the forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, prospects, business strategy, and financial needs. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We cannot assure you that the results, events, and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur, and actual results, events, or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements are based on information and estimates available to the Company at the time of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are not guarantees of future performance. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.
PART I Item 1. BUSINESS
Our Business
We started Square in February 2009 to enable businesses (sellers) to accept card payments, an important capability that was previously inaccessible to many businesses. However,As our company grew, we recognized that sellers also need innovativea variety of solutions to thrive and saw how we could apply our strength in technology and innovation to help sellers. We have since expanded to provide additionalmore than 30 distinct products and services to give these businesses accesssellers that help them manage and grow their business. Similarly, with Cash App, we have built a parallel ecosystem of financial services to the same tools as large businesses. This approach aligns with ourhelp individuals manage their money.
Our purpose of economic empowerment as everything we do should give sellers accessible, affordable tools to grow their businessesdrives the development of all our products and participate in the economy.services.
Seller Ecosystem:Square isoffers a cohesive commerce ecosystem that helps our sellers start, run, and grow their businesses. We combine sophisticated software, with affordable hardware, to enable sellers to turn mobile and computing devices into powerful payment and point-of-sale solutions. We have high seller acceptance rates and fast onboarding, while maintaining low risk and fraud losses as a result of our approach to risk management that emphasizes data science and machine learning. We focus on technology and designfinancial services to create products and services that are cohesive, fast, self-serve, and dependable.elegant. These attributes differentiate usSquare in a fragmented industry that traditionally forces sellers to stitch together hardware, software,products and payments services from multiple vendors.
The foundation of our ecosystem is a full service, managed payments offering. Once a seller downloads the Square Point of Sale mobile app, they can quicklyvendors, and easily takemore often than not, rely on inefficient non-digital processes and tools. Our ability to add new sellers efficiently, help them grow their first payment, because we can typically bring them onto our system in minutes. With our offering, a seller can accept payments in person via magnetic stripe (a swipe), EMV (Europay, MasterCard,business, and Visa) (a dip), or NFC (Near Field Communication) (a tap); or online via Square Invoices, Square Virtual Terminal, or the seller’s website or app. Once on our system, sellers gain accesscross-sell products and services has historically led to technologycontinued and features such as reporting and analytics, next-day settlements, digital receipts, payment dispute and chargeback management, security, and Payment Card Industry (PCI) compliance.sustained growth. In the same way thatyear ended December 31, 2019, we have empowered businesses with fast, simple,processed $106.2 billion of Gross Payment Volume (GPV), which was generated by nearly 2.3 billion card payments from 407 million payment cards. At the end of 2019, our Square point of sale ecosystem had over 180 million buyer profiles and cohesive tools, we see an opportunity withapproximately 230 million items were listed on Square by sellers.
Cash Ecosystem: Cash App to build a similarprovides an ecosystem of financial products and services for individuals. Currently, ourto help individuals manage their money. While Cash App offers individuals access to a fast, easy waystarted with the single ability to send and receive money, electronicallyit now provides an ecosystem of financial services that allows individuals to store, send, receive, spend, and from individuals and businesses. We also offerinvest their money. As of December 2019, Cash App had approximately 24 million monthly active customers the ability to use their funds viawho had at least one cash inflow or outflow during a Visa debit card. We have also recently added functionality to Cash App to enable customers to buy and sell bitcoin.given month.
Our commerce ecosystem also includes powerful point-of-sale software and services that helpSellers
Our sellers make informed business decisions through the use of analytics and reporting. As a result, sellers can manage orders, inventory, locations, employees, and payroll; engage customers and grow their sales ; and gain access to business loans through our Square Capital service. We monetize these features through either a per transaction fee, a subscription fee, or a service fee. Some of these advanced point-of-sale features are broadly applicable to our seller base and include Employee Management and Customer Engagement. We have also extended our ecosystem to serve sellers with more specific needs. Our Build with Square developer platform (application programming interface or APIs) allows businesses with individualized needs to customize their business solutions, including integration with third-party applications, while processing payments on Square and taking advantage of all the services in our ecosystem. In addition, certain verticals, such as services and retail sellers, benefit from specific features such as Invoices, Appointments, and Square for Retail. We also serve sellers through Caviar, a food ordering service for pickup and delivery that helps restaurants reach new customers and increase sales without additional overhead.
We have grown rapidly to serve millions of sellers that represent a diverse setrange of industries including(including services, food-related, and retail services, and food-related businesses,businesses) and sizes, ranging from a single vendorindividual vendors at a farmers’ marketmarkets to multi-location businesses. These sellers also span geographies, including the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, and the United Kingdom. We believe the diversity of our sellers underscores the accessibility and flexibility of our offerings. InWe are also increasingly serving larger sellers, which we define as sellers that generate more than $125,000 in annualized GPV. Our ability to service larger sellers is due to our ability to offer more complex solutions and a greater suite of services. GPV from larger sellers represented 55% of total GPV in the yearfourth quarter of 2019, up from 51% in the fourth quarter of 2018 and 47% in the fourth quarter of 2017. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we processed $65.3 billionhad no customer who accounted for greater than 10% of Gross Payment Volume (GPV), which was generated by 1.4 billion card payments from approximately 287 million payment cards. We processed $49.7 billion and $35.6 billion ofour GPV in 2016 and 2015, respectively.or our total net revenue.
Our ability to add new sellers efficiently, and help them grow their business after they join our platform, has led to continued and sustained growth. Our existing sellers also represent a sizable opportunity to up-sell and cross-sell products and services with little incremental sales and marketing expense.
Operating Metric Overview (in thousands, except forThe charts below show the percentage mix of our GPV percentagesby seller industry and per share data)seller size:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2016 to 2017 | | 2015 to 2016 | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | % Change | | % Change | | Gross Payment Volume (GPV) (in millions) | $ | 65,343 |
| | $ | 49,683 |
| | $ | 35,643 |
| | 32 | % | | 39 | % | | Total net revenue | $ | 2,214,253 |
| | $ | 1,708,721 |
| | $ | 1,267,118 |
| | 30 | % | | 35 | % | | Adjusted Revenue | $ | 983,963 |
| | $ | 686,618 |
| | $ | 452,168 |
| | 43 | % | | 52 | % | | Net loss attributable to common stockholders | $ | (62,813 | ) | | $ | (171,590 | ) | | $ | (212,017 | ) | |
| |
| | Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 139,009 |
| | $ | 44,887 |
| | $ | (41,115 | ) | |
| |
| | Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders: | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | $ | (0.17 | ) | | $ | (0.50 | ) | | $ | (1.24 | ) | | | | | | Diluted | $ | (0.17 | ) | | $ | (0.50 | ) | | $ | (1.24 | ) | | | | | | Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per Share: | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | $ | 0.30 |
| | $ | 0.04 |
| | $ | (0.39 | ) | | | | | | Diluted | $ | 0.27 |
| | $ | 0.04 |
| | $ | (0.39 | ) | | | | |
Our Products and Services Managed Payments Solutions
Seller Ecosystem:
The foundation
Our seller ecosystem consists of our ecosystemover 30 distinct software, hardware, and financial services products. We monetize these products through a combination of transaction, subscription, and service fees.
Software
We offer a suite of cloud-based software solutions to help sellers more effectively operate and manage their businesses. Our software is designed to be self-serve and intuitive to make initial setup and new employee training fast and easy. Our products are integrated to create a seamless experience and enable a holistic view of sales, customers, employees, and locations. Sellers get frequent software updates and upgrades automatically.
Our point of sale products help sellers ring up their sales, send digital receipts, and collect instant customer feedback to improve their service. Each features integrates payments, tracks sales, inventory, customers’ purchase histories, and enables employees to clock in and clock out in the app.
•Square Point of Sale is a full service, managed payments offering. Sellersgeneral purpose point-of-sale software that can onboardbe downloaded to an iOS or Android device and is pre-installed on Square in minutesRegister and once onboarded, accept payments in person via swipe, dip, or tap of a card; online via Square Terminal hardware devices.
•Square Virtual Terminal is a web-based, general purpose point of sale software product. Virtual Terminal helps serve sellers who run their business from a computer, and operates alongside companion tools such as email, customer lists, and scheduling.
•Square Appointments is enhanced and tailored for sellers in the services industry. It is an integrated solution that includes support for booking, retail sales, invoicing, and payments. The software can be downloaded to an iOS or Android device or used via a web browser. Square Appointments includes a free online booking site so buyers can easily schedule appointments and select their preferred time, service, and staff member. It is also integrated with Square Assistant which is an artificial intelligence enabled automated messaging tool that responds to buyers directly, quickly, and professionally saving sellers time and helping prevent no-shows.
•Square for Retail is enhanced and tailored for sellers in the retail industry. It includes barcode scanning, advanced inventory management, support for tens of thousands of items, cost of goods sold, purchase orders, and vendor management. It also has enhanced customer profile information in the point of sale to better support customer relationships.
•Square for Restaurants is enhanced and tailored for full-service restaurants. It enables staff to serve diners while also managing tables, orders, courses, and tickets. Square for Restaurants also provides back of the house functionality, such as revenue and cost reporting, helping managers and owners make informed decisions and run a more efficient business.
•Square Invoices is a customizable digital invoicing solution with integrated and secure online payment acceptance. This eliminates the need to print and mail statements to customers and wait for checks to arrive. Sellers use Square Invoices for upcoming, recurring, or previously-delivered goods and services, such as catering orders, contractor services, lessons, and retail orders. Square Invoices also lets sellers send estimates and collect partial payments for goods and services.
Square Online Store helps sellers sell in more ways. It makes it easy to build a website and online store as well as sell on Instagram and Facebook. Orders, items, inventory, and customer data stay in sync when selling both online and in-person.
Square Loyalty, Marketing, and Gift Cards help sellers engage with their buyers to grow their business. By linking customer data with point-of-sale and transaction data, we can offer our sellers an integrated loyalty program and targeted marketing campaigns, with a closed-loop system that allows sellers to easily assess the return on investment of their marketing efforts.
Square Dashboard provides sellers with real-time data and insights about sales, items, customers, and employees. It can be used via the web or via the Dashboard iOS app. This reporting enables sellers to stay informed and make timely decisions about their business from anywhere.
Finally, we offer a developer platform including APIs (application programming interfaces) and SDKs (software development kits) that enable external developers to integrate with the Square ecosystem.
•Omnichannel payments (in-person, online, and mobile): Square Reader SDK enables developers to seamlessly integrate Square hardware with a seller’s custom point of sale, allowing them to build unique checkout experiences such as self-ordering kiosks powered by Square’s managed payments service. With our online payments APIs, developers can integrate Square payments into a seller’s e-commerce website or app; or through the Cash App. By paying a transparent transaction fee, sellers receive technology and features that allow them to manage the entire payment lifecycle, including reporting and analytics, next-day settlements (or instant settlement for an additional transaction fee via Instant Deposit), digital receipts, payment dispute and chargeback management, security, and PCI compliance. Transaction-based revenue as a percentage of GPV was 2.94%, 2.93%, and 2.95%online store. Our In-App Payments SDK, which launched in the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,first quarter of 2019, enables developers to build consumer mobile apps that use Square to process payments.
•Commerce APIs: With more than 30 commerce APIs, developers can manage orders, product catalogs, inventory, customer profiles, employees, and 2015, respectively.more in order to build applications that enrich and integrate with Square's ecosystem of products. In addition, these APIs enable developers to build integrations with critical business systems such as accounting, CRM (customer relationship management) software, employee management, and ERP (enterprise resource planning) software.
Hardware
Hardware
Our affordable,
We have developed powerful, custom-designed hardware that can process all major card payment forms, including magnetic stripe, EMV chip, and NFC technology.NFC. Sellers canare able to accept cards issued by Visa, MasterCard, American Express, or Discover for one transaction fee.Discover. Additionally, sellers are able to accept local payment forms such as Interac Flash in Canada, can accept Interac Flash, and sellersJCB in Japan, and eftpos in Australia. Square hardware can accept JCB.be integrated with additional accessories such as cash drawers, receipt printers, and barcode scanners to provide sellers with a comprehensive point-of-sale solution. Our hardware portfolio includes the following products:following:
•Magstripe reader: Our magstripereader: This reader enables swiped transactions of magnetic stripe cards by connecting with an iOS or Android smartphone or tablet.tablet via the headphone jack or lightning connector.
•Contactless and chip reader:reader: This reader accepts EMV chip cards and NFC payments, enabling acceptance via Apple Pay, AndroidGoogle Pay, and other mobile wallets. The reader connects wirelessly or via USB.
Chip card reader: Our chip card reader accepts EMV chip cards and enables swiped transactions of magnetic stripe cards by connecting with an iOS or Android smartphone or tablet.
•Square Stand:Stand: This hardware enables an iPad to be used as a payment terminal or full point of sale solution. It features an integrated magnetic stripe reader, provides power to a connected iPad, and can connect to the contactless and chip reader wirelessly or via USB. Square Stand also connects to various peripheral devices that brick-and-mortar businesses need, such as barcode scanners and receipt printers.
Square Register: During the fourth quarter of 2017, we launched •Square Register our first: This all-in-one offering that combines our hardware, point-of-sale software, and payments technology. Square Register does not require a third-
party mobile phone or tablet, and it contains connections for Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and a USB hub so sellers can integrate with peripheral devices. The dedicated hardware consists of two screens: a seller display and a customer display with a built-in card reader that accepts tap, dip, and swipe payments.
Software•Square Terminal: This is a portable, all-in-one payments device and receipt printer to replace traditional keypad terminals. It accepts tap, dip, and swipe payments and has a battery that lasts all day, enabling payments anywhere in the store.
Square PointFinancial Services
Managed Payments
Sellers can onboard in minutes and, once onboarded, accept payments in person via swipe, dip, or tap of Sale is our point-of-sale software that can be downloaded to an iOSa card or Android device, is pre-installedonline via a stored card on Square Register, and is designed to get a seller (and their employees) up and running quickly. It consists of managed payments solutions and advanced software products, all of which are integrated with one another to provide both sellers and their buyers with a cohesive experience that is fast, self-serve, and dependable. Square Point of Sale includes Square Dashboard, our cloud-based reporting and analytics tool that provides sellers with real-time data and insights about sales, items, customers, and employees. This enables sellers to make informed decisions about their business.
Within Square Point of Salefile or Square Dashboard, a seller can use Square Invoices to securely collect payments by creating a custom digital invoice and then sending it to their customer. Square Invoices is integrated with Customer Directory and synced across Square Point of Sale and Square Dashboard, allowing the seller to easily track invoices, send payment reminders to the customer, and set recurring billing. Sellers may use Square Invoices for upcoming or previously-delivered goods and services, such as catering orders, contractor services, and retail orders.entry form. Sellers pay only a transparent transaction fee for this managed payments solution.
For sellers with a more complex business or multiple employees and/or locations, we offer additional advanced functionality. Location and employee management allows a seller to track sales by location, device, or employee; customize employee permissions; and create employee timecards. Square Payroll empowers sellers to grow by making it easy to hire, onboard, and pay wages and associated taxes for employees. Square Customer Directory, Feedback, Loyalty, and Marketing provide CRM (customer relationship management) tools that help sellers engage their buyers to grow their business. By linking customer data with point-of-sale and transaction data, we can offer our sellers targeted marketing campaigns and a closed-loop system that allows sellers to easily assess the return on investment of their marketing efforts. We monetize all these features through either a per transaction fee, a subscription fee, or a service fee.
Additionally, we continue to build vertical solutions to better meet the needs of specific industries, such as services, retail, and food-related sellers. With our Square Appointments app, sellers in the services industry have one integrated solution from which they can create a seamless experience from booking to payment. Customers can easily schedule appointments with their preferred time, service, and staff member, and sellers can send invoices to their customer’s email address. With Square for Retail, sellers in the retail industry have an end-to-end point-of-sale solution with sophisticated inventory management that fully integrates with our managed payments offering, which includes next-day settlements, payment dispute management, data security, and hardware. It has a search-based user interface and fast barcode scanning; advanced inventory management that supports tensPCI compliance.
Square acts as both the merchant of thousandsrecord for the transaction as well as the payment service provider (PSP). As the merchant of items, cost of goods sold, purchase orders, vendor management; and employee management capabilities that allow retail sellers to better understand their customers’ habits.
Open Developer Platform
We have opened Square to reach sellers who want access to our ecosystem but also want flexibility in their solutions to meet their individualized business needs. Build withrecord, Square is the party responsible for settling funds with the Seller and helps manage transaction risk loss on
behalf of the merchant. Our position as the merchant of record helps us better serve our developer platform, consistingsellers. For example, as the merchant of APIsrecord, we can more efficiently onboard new sellers through our website, leveraging our risk assessment models, and we have insights into transaction-level data that allowwe use to inform our sellers and their developers to customize business solutions. Our Point-of-Sale API allows sellers to integrate any iOS or Android pointlaunch new products. Square has negotiated terms and entered into contractual arrangements directly with the other service providers of saletransaction processing services, including the acquiring processors and card networks, and indirectly with Square to accept payments and access all other services in the ecosystem. This is particularly useful for sellers with highly-individualized point-of-sale needs. With our e-commerce API, sellers can integrate Square with their e-commerce website or app.
As we continue to expand Build with Square, sellers tell us they want to connect Square to more of their business systems. We have APIs for sellers to manage their item catalog more effectively,issuing banks. These contracts include negotiated terms, such as implementing real-time price changes at scale (e.g., for holiday promotions), andmore favorable pricing, that are generally not available to connect their inventorySellers if they were to their online sales. This generates integrated reporting across sales channels, whichcontract directly with these sub-service providers.
Instant Transfer
Instant Transfer is especially important for businesses that sell online and in person and share inventory between channels. Build with Square also has APIs for sellers to integrate Square with other business solutions such as accounting, CRM software, customer databases, employee management and ERP software. And through the Square App Marketplace, sellers can integrate Square with third-party apps, such as QuickBooks or BigCommerce, that create extensions topart of our point-of-sale functionality and other back office solutions,suite of financial services tools and enables sellers to integrate all ofreceive funds from their business data.
Cash App
Cash Apppayments instantly or later that same day. Instant Transfer is empowering individuals by providingan important tool for many sellers that need faster access to their funds in order to better manage their cash flow or working capital. As of the financial system, allowing customersfirst quarter of 2020, the fee for an Instant Transfer is 1.5%.
Square Card
During the first quarter of 2019, we launched Square Card to electronically send, store,provide a new way for sellers to spend and spend money. Individuals and businesses can sign up formanage their funds. Square Card is a Cash App account simply using afree business prepaid debit card bank account, or credit card and an email address orthat enables sellers to spend their proceeds as soon as they make a phone number. Businesses can use Cash App to accept payments from their customers (Cash for Business). Cash App originally enabled customers to send and track P2P (peer-to-peer) payments and deposit stored fundssale. When a seller takes a payment, the proceeds immediately go into their bank account. We have added features to provide individuals with more ways to addSquare stored balance and spend stored funds. Customers can receive direct deposit payments (such as thosebe spent using their card or withdrawn from an employer) or ACH payments from a financial institution. And customers can use their Cash Card, a Visa debit card, toATM. Square earns interchange fees when sellers make purchases or to withdraw funds at ATMs (automated teller machines).with Square receives a fee when customers elect to have their funds instantly deposited to their bank accounts and for transactions conducted with Cash Card or a credit card. Additionally, in the fourth quarter of 2017, we added functionality to the Cash App that enables individuals to use their stored funds to buy bitcoin. Customers can also sell their bitcoin to us. As of December 31, 2017, the value of bitcoin transactions was immaterial as was the impact of bitcoin transactions on our consolidated financial statements. In the same way that we have provided businesses with fast, simple, and cohesive tools, we see an opportunity with Cash App to build a similar ecosystem of services for individuals.Card.
Caviar
Caviar is our food ordering platform, which is another service we offer that helps sellers grow and provides a differentiated way to service restaurants, a large target market for managed payments and point-of-sale solutions. This service makes it easy for restaurants to offer food ordering, both pickup and delivery, to their customers, enabling them to expand their sales and grow revenue without additional overhead. Individuals can order food from local restaurants through the Caviar website or mobile app, which is purpose-built to make delivery and pickup fast and easy. Caviar is currently available in many U.S. markets, including but not limited to New York, San Francisco, and Philadelphia, with thousands of partner restaurants. Caviar charges consumers a delivery and service fee per order. We also charge our partner restaurants a seller fee as a percentage of total food order value.
Square Capital
Square Capital, through a partnership with an industrial bank, facilitates the offering of loans to pre-qualifiedqualified Square sellers based on real-timecurrent payment and point-of-sale data. These customized loan offers eliminateSquare Capital eliminates the lengthy (and often unsuccessful) loan application process while also filling a market gap for the seller,sellers that either wouldn’t be eligible for a loan from a traditional lender or need only a very small amount of capital. We are able to approve sellers for these loans while facilitating prudent risk management.management by using our unique data set of a seller’s Square transactions to help facilitate loan underwriting and collections. The terms are straightforward for sellers, and once approved, they get their funds quickly, often the next business day. Sellers can use these funds to make investments in their business, such as purchasing inventory or equipment, hiring additional employees, expanding their stores, or opening new locations.locations, or any other business need.
Generally, for loans to Square sellers, loan repayment occurs automatically through a fixed percentage of every card transaction a seller takes. ByLoans are sized to be less than 20% of a seller's expected annual GPV and, by simply running their business, sellers repay their loan within an average ofin eight to nine months.months on average. We currently fund a majority of these loans from arrangements with institutional third-party investors who purchase these loans on a forward-flow basis. This funding significantly increases the speed with which we can scale Square Capital services and allows us to mitigate our balance sheet and liquidity risk. As a complement to Square Capital, we also offer Square Installments, a growth tool for sellers where they can offer their customers the option to pay for large purchases over time.
Since its public launch in May 2014, Square Capital has facilitated over 400,000nearly 1 million loans and advances, representing $2.5over $6.3 billion. For Square Capital, we continued to see an average loss rate of less than 4% for our core flex loan product in 2019.
Our SellersPayroll
OurSquare Payroll empowers sellers representto grow and manage their businesses by making it easy to hire, onboard, pay wages and associated taxes for employees, and offer their employees benefits like a 401(k). We believe the broader Square ecosystem drives competitive differentiation for our Payroll product. For example, sellers have the ability to use Payroll in conjunction with complementary products such as Square Point of Sale, Restaurants Point of Sale, and Retail Point of Sale. We believe the integration of these products results in a superior user experience. Square Payroll is available nationwide in the United States.
Cash App Ecosystem:
With Cash App, we are building an ecosystem of financial products and services that helps individuals manage their money. Cash App has a diverse rangeset of industries, including retail, services,customers across demographics and food-related businesses. We serve sellers of various sizes, ranging from a single vendor at a farmers’ market to multi-location businesses. These sellers also span geographies includingdomestic regions. Cash App primarily serves customers in the United States Canada, Japan, Australia,with its breadth of products, and also offers its peer-to-peer service to customers in the United Kingdom.
Storing, Sending, and Receiving Funds
Customers can use Cash App to store funds by receiving money from another Cash App customer through the app’s core peer-to-peer transfer service or by transferring money from a bank account. We have enhanced the efficiency of peer-to-peer transfers by streamlining the onboarding process for new Cash App customers. Nearly all Cash App accounts with a Cash Card also have a routing number and a unique account number, which allows customers to deposit their funds directly from their paycheck. These funds can then be sent to another customer through the app, spent anywhere that accepts cards using the Cash Card, withdrawn from an ATM using the Cash Card, or transferred to a bank account (either instantly for a fee or for free in 3-5 days). As of December 31, 2019, Cash App had stored balances of $676 million from its customers, representing an increase of 102% year over year.
Spending
Cash Card is a debit card that is linked directly to a customer’s Cash App balance. Customers can order a Cash Card for free and use their Cash Card anywhere that accepts cards to make purchases, drawing down from the funds stored in their Cash App balance. Square earns interchange fees when individuals make purchases with Cash Card.
Cash Card also offers customers discounts at certain businesses through the Cash Boost program. Cash Boost is a free and instant rewards program for Cash App customers, which offers a discount at a specific business (e.g. 10% off a purchase on DoorDash) or a discount at certain business types (e.g. $1 off coffee shops). Customers can select the Cash Boost they want to apply to their Cash Card through the Cash App, and the United Kingdom. We believediscount is instantly applied to their Cash App balance when customers make eligible transactions. Some Boosts are selected and funded by the diversityCash App team, while others will be funded by our partners. Costs related to the Cash Boost rewards program that are funded by Square are recognized as reductions to revenue.
Investing
Customers can also use Cash App to invest their funds in US stocks and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) or buy and sell Bitcoin.
Cash App makes investing more accessible by giving customers access to hundreds of our sellers underscoreslisted stocks and ETFs, as well as the accessibilityability to buy and flexibility of our offerings.
Wesell Bitcoin. Stocks or Bitcoin can be purchased using the funds in a customer’s Cash App balance or from a linked debit card and once the order is filled, all investments are increasingly serving larger sellers, which we define as sellers that generate more than $125,000 in annualized GPV. GPV from larger sellers represented 48% of total GPV inviewable through the Investing tab on the Cash App home screen. In the fourth quarter of 2017, up from 43% in2019, we introduced equity investing, including the fourth quarterability for customers to buy fractional shares of 2016a stock for as little as $1, which expands access to the financial system to more people. For Bitcoin buying and 39% inselling, we recognize revenue when customers purchase bitcoin and it is transferred to the fourth quarter of 2015. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had no customer who accountedcustomer's account.
for greater than 10% of our GPV or our total net revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we had no customer other than Starbucks who accounted for greater than 10% of our GPV or our total net revenue.
The chart below shows the mix of our GPV by seller size:
Sales and Marketing
Seller Ecosystem
We have a strong brand and continue to increase awareness of Square and our ecosystem among sellers by enhancing our services and fostering rapid adoption through brand affinity, direct marketing, public relations, direct sales, and strategic partnerships. Our Net Promoter Score (NPS) has averaged nearly 70more than 65 over the past four quarters, which is double the average score for banking providers. Our high NPS means our sellers recommend our services to others, strengtheningwhich we believe strengthens our brand and helping tohelps drive efficient customer acquisition.
Direct marketing, online and offline, has also been an effective customer acquisition channel. This includesThese tactics include online search engine optimization and marketing, online display advertising, direct mail campaigns, direct response television
advertising, mobile advertising, and affiliate and seller referral programs. Total advertising costs for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 were $81.9 million, $58.3 million, and $58.3 million, respectively. Additionally, Square hardware products, such as our contactless and chip reader or Square Stand, are available at over 30,000 retail stores (including Apple, Amazon, Best Buy, Staples, Target, and Walmart). Our direct sales and account management teams also contribute to the acquisition and support of larger sellers. In addition to direct channels, we work with third-party partnersdevelopers and developerspartners who offer our solutions to their customers.
Partners expand our addressable market to sellers with individualized or industry-specific needs. Through the Square App Marketplace, our partners are able to expand their own addressable market by reaching the millions of sellers using Square. As of December 31, 2019, Square had approximately 500 managed partners connected to its platform.
Our direct, ongoing interactions with our sellers help us tailor offerings to them, at scale, and in the context of their usage. We use various scalable communication channels such as email marketing, in-appin-product notifications and messaging, dashboard alerts, and Square Communities, our online forum for sellers, to increase the awareness and usage of our products and services with little incremental sales and marketing expense. Our customer support team also helps increase awareness and usage of our products as part of helping sellers address inquiries and issues.
Cash App Ecosystem
Cash App has also developed a strong brand, which can be traced back to our compelling features, self-serve experience, unique design, and engaging marketing.
Peer-to-peer (P2P) transactions serve as the primary acquisition channel for Cash App. Peer-to-peer transactions have powerful network effects as every time a customer sends or requests money, Cash App can acquire a new customer or reengage an existing customer. We have enhanced the efficiency of peer-to-peer transfers by streamlining the onboarding process for Cash App, enabling users to sign up in minutes. We offer the peer-to-peer service to our Cash App customers for free, and we consider it to be a marketing tool to encourage the usage of Cash App, which includes Cash Card among other features. We do not generate revenue on the majority of peer-to-peer transactions and for these transactions we characterize peer-to-peer costs and risk loss as a sales and marketing expense. To a lesser extent, Cash App also uses paid marketing, including referrals, partnerships, and social media, to enhance its brand and expand its network.
Additionally, we see the launch and advertising of new Cash App features as an important way to attract new customers. Features such as Cash Card and Boost rewards, Bitcoin buying and selling, and equity investing enhance Cash App’s utility for customers and provide a new reason for people to try Cash App.
Product Development and Technology
We design both our Seller and Cash App products and services to be cohesive, fast, self-serve, and dependable,elegant, and we organize our product teams accordingly, combining individuals from product management, development and engineering, data science, analytics, design, and design.
product marketing. Our products and services are mobile-firstplatform-agnostic with most supporting iOS, Android, and platform-agnostic, and we are able to continuously optimize them because our hardware, software, and payments processing are integrated.web. We frequently update our software products and have a regularrapid software release schedule with improvements deployed generally twice a month, ensuring our sellers get immediate access to the latest features.regularly. Our services are built on a scalable technology platform, and we place a strong emphasis on data analytics and machine learning to maximize the efficacy, efficiency, and scalability of our services. This
In our Seller ecosystem, this enables us to capture and analyze over a billionbillions of transactions per year and automate risk assessment for more than 99.95% of all transactions. Our hardware is designed and developed in-house, and we contract with third-party manufacturers for production. Our product development expenses were $321.9 million, $268.5 million and $199.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.
Transaction Processing Overview
Processing card transactions requires close coordination among a number of industry participants that provide the services and infrastructure required to enable such transactions. These participants consist of payment service providers, acquiring processors, card networks, and issuing banks. Within this landscape, Square serves as a payment service provider, acting as the touch point for the seller to the rest of the payment chain. The definitions and graphic below outline this payment chain and the typical flow of a Square transaction, along with the types of fees typically paid and received at each stage.
Payment Service Provider (PSP): Provider of the payment services that holds the direct relationship with the seller and facilitates the rest of the transaction on behalf of the seller. A PSP is also the merchant of record for the transaction. The merchant of record is liable for the settlement of transactions processed and accordingly enters into contractual arrangements and negotiates terms, including pricing, with the acquiring processors and card networks. The merchant of record is also contractually responsible for settling the costs incurred in the process and is compensated by the seller for the services provided.
Acquiring Processor: Provider of the back-end technology that facilitates the flow of payment information through the Card Networks to the Issuing Bank. Our agreements with acquiring processors typically have terms of two to four years.
Card Networks (e.g. Visa, MasterCard): Provider of the infrastructure for card payment information to flow from the Acquiring Bank to the Acquiring Processor.
Issuing Bank: The financial institution that issues the buyer’s payment card.
Acquiring Bank: The financial institution associated with the Acquiring Processor.
| | 1. | Once the buyer is ready to make a purchase, the seller inputs the transaction into the Square Point of Sale and presents the buyer with the amount owed. |
| | 2. | For in-person transactions, the buyer pays by swiping or dipping their payment card, or by tapping their NFC-enabled payment card or mobile device on a Square Reader, Square Stand or Square Register, as applicable, which captures the buyer’s account information. For card not present transactions the seller can either use the customers' card on file or the card information is keyed in manually by either the buyer or seller into the Square Point of Sale app, Square Invoices, Square Virtual Terminal, or the seller's e-commerce website. |
| | 3. | The Square Point of Sale sends the transaction information to Square, which acts as the PSP. |
| | 4. | Square passes the transaction information to the Acquiring Processor via an internet connection. Square pays a small fixed fee per transaction to the Acquiring Processor. |
| | 5. | The Acquiring Processor routes the transaction to the appropriate Card Network affiliated with the buyer’s card such as Visa, Mastercard, Discover, or American Express. Square pays a variety of fees to the Card Network, the most significant of which are assessment fees that are typically less than 0.15% of the transaction amount. |
| | 6. | The Acquiring Processor then routes the transaction through the Card Network to the Issuing Bank, which authorizes or declines the transaction for the buyer’s payment card. |
| | 7. | Upon authorization, the Issuing Bank sends a notification back through the Card Network to the Square Point of Sale to inform the seller that the transaction has been successfully authorized. |
| | 8. | The Square Point of Sale sends a digital receipt for the transaction to the buyer, enabling a persistent communication channel between the seller and the buyer. For example, this is how the buyer can send feedback to the seller about the service provided. |
| | 9. | The Issuing Bank then triggers a disbursement of funds to the Acquiring Bank through the Card Network for the transaction amount. Square will ultimately pay the Issuing Bank an interchange fee as a percentage of the amount of the transaction plus a fixed fee per transaction, which together average between 1.5% to 2.0% of the transaction amount. However, this percentage can vary significantly based on the buyer's card type, transaction type, and transaction size. |
| | 10. | Square transfers the funds to the seller’s bank account, net of the fee charged by Square. Square provides sellers with fast access to funds, typically settling with them by the business day after the date of the transaction via Automated Clearing House (ACH) transfers, or the same day via its Instant Deposit service for an additional transaction fee. Square pays a very small fee for each ACH transfer. |
| | 11. | The funds are settled from the Acquiring Bank to Square, typically in one to two business days after the date of the transaction. |
| | 12. | At the end of each monthly billing cycle, the Issuing Bank sends a statement to the buyer showing their monthly charges. The statement includes a reference to Square as the merchant of record on the billing statement as a prefix to the seller name (denoted as SQ). |
Our Competition
Seller Ecosystem
The markets in which we operateour seller ecosystem operates are competitive and evolving. Our competitors range from large, well-established vendors to smaller, earlier-stage companies.
We seek to differentiate ourselves from competitors primarily on the basis of our commerce ecosystem and our focus on building remarkable products and services that are cohesive, fast, self-serve, and dependable.elegant. In addition, we differentiate ourselves by offering transparent pricing, no long-term contracts, and our ability to innovate and reshape the
industries we operate in to expand access to traditionally unserved or underserved sellers. With respect to each of these factors, we believe that we compare favorably to our competitors.
For payments and point-of-sale services, we compete primarily with traditional acquiring processors and payment processors who sell costly card terminal and point-of-sale systems, often tied to long-term contracts, through direct sales or Independent Sales Organization (ISO) channels. Many competitors offer payments and point-of-sale services that have features tailored to particular industries or business types but require sellers to stitch together technology from multiple hardware, software, and payments vendors.
Some sellers may elect to use individual point-of-sale solutions from other companies Competitors that overlap with certain functions and features that we provide including:include:
•Pen and paper, manual processes, and paper currency •Business software providers such as those that provide point of sale, website building, inventory management, analytics, customer relationship management and marketing, e-commerce,invoicing, and appointment solutions;booking solutions
•Payment terminal vendors
•Merchant acquirers •Banks that provide payment processing, loans, and payroll •Payroll processors •Established or new alternative lenders;lenders
Delivery service providers;Cash App Ecosystem
Cash App is our ecosystem of financial services for individuals and competes with other companies in the peer-to-peer payments, debit and prepaid cards, credit card rewards, stock trading, and Bitcoin spaces. Our competitors include money transfer apps, prepaid debit card offerings, traditional brokerage firms, and crypto trading services.
Peer-to-peer payment providers.We primarily compete based on our brand and the simplicity and quality of our customer experience. We invest in brand, design, and technology to keep our products fast and simple, while also improving and expanding our feature set.
11Reportable Segments
In 2020, we anticipate changing our operating and reportable segments from one segment to two segments. These two segments will represent our Seller and Cash App businesses and will reflect the way the Company anticipates evaluating its business performance and managing its operations.
Intellectual Property
We seek to protect our intellectual property rights by relying on a combination of federal, state, and common law rights in the United States and other countries, as well as on contractual measures. It is our practice to enter into confidentiality, non-disclosure, and invention assignment agreements with our employees and contractors, and into confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements with other third parties, in order to limit access to, and disclosure and use of, our confidential information and proprietary technology. In addition to these contractual measures, we also rely on a combination of trademarks, trade dress, copyrights, registered domain names, trade secrets, and patent rights to help protect our brand and our other intellectual property.
We have developed a patent program and strategy to identify, apply for, and secure patents for innovative aspects of our products, services, and technologies where appropriate. As of December 31, 2017,2019, we had 379687 issued patents in force and 605584 filed patent applications pending in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions relating to a variety of aspects of our technology. Our issued patents in force will expire between 2032 and 2042. We intend to file additional patent applications as we continue to innovate through our research and development efforts and to pursue additional patent protection to the extent we deem it beneficial and cost-effective.
We actively pursue registration of our trademarks, logos, service marks, trade dress, and domain names in the United States and in other jurisdictions. We are the registered holder of a variety of U.S. and international trademarks and domain names that include the term “Square”terms “Square,” "Cash App", "Weebly," and variations thereof.
From time to time, we also incorporate certain intellectual property licensed from third parties, including under certain open source licenses. Even if any such third-party technology did not continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, we believe that alternative technologies would be available as needed in every case.
Government Regulation
Foreign and domestic laws and regulations apply to many key aspects of our business. Any actual or perceived failure to comply with these requirements may result in, among other things, revocation of required licenses or registrations, loss of approved status, private litigation, regulatory or governmental investigations, administrative enforcement actions, sanctions, civil and criminal liability, and constraints on our ability to continue to operate. It is also possible that current or future laws or regulations could be interpreted or applied in a manner that would prohibit, alter, or impair our existing or planned products and services, or that could require costly, time-consuming, or otherwise burdensome compliance measures from us.
Payments Regulation
Various laws and regulations govern the payments industry in the United States and globally. For example, certain jurisdictions in the United States require a license to offer money transmission services, such as ourCash App’s peer-to-peer payments, product, Cash App, and we maintain a license in each of those jurisdictions and comply with new license requirements as they arise. We are also registered as a “Money Services Business” with the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These licenses and registrations subject us, among other things, to record-keeping requirements, reporting requirements, bonding requirements, limitations on the investment of customer funds, and inspection by state and federal regulatory agencies.
Outside the United States, we provide localized versions of some of our services to customers, including through various foreign subsidiaries. For example, in Canada, Japan, Australia and the United Kingdom, Square Point of Sale is the sole payments service we offer. The activities of those non-U.S. entities are, or may be, supervised by regulatory authorities in the jurisdictions in which they operate. For instance, we are registered with the Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (AUSTRAC), as required by anti-money laundering rules, to provide payments services in Australia, and we are licensed as an Authorised PaymentElectronic Money Institution by the Financial Conduct Authority to provide payments services and electronic money in the United Kingdom.
Our payments services may be or become subject to regulation by other authorities, and the laws and regulations applicable to the payments industry in any given jurisdiction are always subject to interpretation and change.
Consumer Financial Protection
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and other federal, local, state, and foreign regulatory agencies regulate financial products and enforce consumer protection laws, including credit, deposit, and payments services, and other similar services. These agencies have broad consumer protection mandates, and they promulgate, interpret, and enforce rules and regulations that affect our business.
Anti-Money Laundering
We are subject to anti-money laundering (AML) laws and regulations in the United States and other jurisdictions. We have implemented an AML program designed to prevent our payments network from being used to facilitate money laundering, terrorist financing, and other illicit activity. Our program is also designed to prevent our network from being used to facilitate business in countries, or with persons or entities, included on designated lists promulgated by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls and equivalent applicable foreign authorities. Our AML compliance program includes policies, procedures, reporting protocols, and internal controls, including the designation of an AML compliance officer, and is designed to address these legal and regulatory requirements and to assist in managing risk associated with money laundering and terrorist financing.
Broker-Dealer Regulation
One of our subsidiaries, Cash App Investing LLC (Cash App Investing), operates as a broker-dealer and is therefore registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). As a broker-dealer, Cash App Investing is subject to SEC and FINRA rules and regulations that apply to its business. Among other steps designed to ensure compliance, Cash App Investing has adopted written supervisory procedures (WSPs), which govern Cash App Investing’s operations, including, without limitation, how it markets its services, handles customer assets, keeps records, and reports to the SEC and FINRA. Cash App Investing’s compliance with its WSPs and general SEC and FINRA regulation is overseen by its Chief Compliance Officer, who conducts required reviews of Cash App Investing’s compliance. To the extent any applicable SEC or FINRA rules or regulations change, Cash App Investing will need to adapt to those changes.
Virtual Currency Regulation
We are subject to certain licensing and regulatory frameworks triggered by our Cash App offering, through which customers can use their stored funds to buy, hold and sell Bitcoin, and transfer Bitcoin to and from Cash App. We currently hold a New York State Bitlicense. The laws and regulations applicable to virtual currency are evolving and subject to interpretation and change. Therefore, our virtual currency services may be or become subject to regulation by other authorities and may subject us to additional requirements.
Protection and Use of Information
We collect and use a wide variety of information for various purposes in our business, including to help ensure the integrity of our services and to provide features and functionality to our customers. This aspect of our business, including the collection, use, disclosure, and protection of the information we acquire from our own services as well as from third-party sources, is subject to laws and regulations in the United States, the European Union, and elsewhere. Accordingly, we publish our privacy policies and terms of service, which describe our practices concerning the use, transmission, and disclosure of information. As our business continues to expand in the United States and worldwide, and as laws and regulations continue to be passed and their interpretations continue to evolve in numerous jurisdictions, additional laws and regulations may become relevant to us.
Communications Regulation
We send texts, emails, and other communications in a variety of contexts, such as when providing digital receipts.receipts and marketing. Communications laws and regulations, including those promulgated by the Federal Communications Commission, apply to certain aspects of this activity in the United States and elsewhere.
Additional Developments
Various regulatory agencies in the United States and elsewhere in our international markets continue to examine a wide variety of issues that could impact our business, including products liability, import and export compliance, accessibility for the disabled, insurance, marketing, privacy, data protection, information security, and labor and employment matters. As our business continues to develop and expand, additional rules and regulations may become relevant. For example, if we choose to offer Square Payroll in more jurisdictions, additional regulations, including tax rules, will apply.
Information about SegmentSeasonality
Historically our transaction-based revenue has been strongest in our fourth quarter and Geographic Revenueweakest in our first quarter, as our sellers typically generate additional GPV during the holiday season. Subscription and services-based revenue generally demonstrates less seasonality than transaction-based revenue. Hardware revenue generally demonstrates less seasonality than transaction-based revenue, with most fluctuations tied to periodic product launches, promotions, or other arrangements with our retail partners. We have not historically experienced meaningful seasonality with respect to total net revenue as this effect has been offset by our revenue growth. No individual quarter in 2019 or 2018 accounted for more than 30% of annual total net revenue.
Information about segment and geographic revenue is set forth in Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on 10-K.
Our Employees
As of December 31, 2017,2019, we had 2,3383,835 full-time employees. We also engage temporary employees and consultants as needed to support our operations. None of our employees are either represented by a labor union or subject to a collective bargaining agreement. We have not experienced any work stoppages, and we consider our relations with our employees to be good.
Corporate Information
Square was incorporated in Delaware in June 2009. Our headquarters are located at 1455 Market Street, Suite 600, San Francisco, California 94103. Our telephone number is (415) 375-3176. Our website is located at www.squareup.com, and our investor relations website is located at www.squareup.com/about/investors. The information contained in, or accessible through, our website is not part of, and is not incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We use various trademarks and trade names in our business, including “Square” and Square®, which we have registered in the United States and in various other countries. This Annual Report on Form 10-K also contains trademarks and trade names of other businesses that are the property of their respective holders. We have omitted the ® and ™ designations, as applicable, for the trademarks we name in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Available Information Copies of our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), are available, free of charge, on our investor relations website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material electronically with or furnish it to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The SEC also maintains a website that contains our SEC filings. The address of the site is www.sec.gov. Further, a copy of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is located at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330.
We webcast our earnings calls and certain events we participate in or host with members of the investment community on our investor relations website. Additionally, we provide notifications of news or announcements regarding our financial performance, including SEC filings, investor events, press and earnings releases, and blogs as part of our investor relations website. We have used, and intend to continue to use, our investor relations website, as well as the Twitter accounts @Square and @SquareIR, as means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. Further corporate governance information, including our board committee charters, code of business conduct and ethics, and corporate governance guidelines, is also available on our investor relations website under the heading “Governance Documents.” The contents of our websites are not intended to be incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any other report or document we file with the SEC, and any references to our websites are intended to be inactive textual references only.
Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before making any investment decision with respect to our securities. The risks and uncertainties described below may not be the only ones we face. If any of the risks actually occur, our business could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our Class A common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.
Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry
Our business depends on a strong and trusted brand, and any failure to maintain, protect, and enhance our brand would hurt our business.
We have developed a strong and trusted brand that has contributed significantly to the success of our business. Our brand is predicated on the idea that our customers will trust us and find value in building and growing their businesses with our products and services. We believe that maintaining and promoting our brand in a cost-effective manner is critical to achieving widespread acceptance of our products and services and expanding our base of customers. Maintaining and promoting our brand will depend largely on our ability to continue to provide useful, reliable, secure, and innovative products and services, as well as our ability to maintain trust and be a technology leader. We may introduce, or make changes to, features, products, services, privacy practices, or terms of service that customers do not like, which may materially and adversely affect our brand. Our brand promotion activities may not generate customer awareness or increase revenue, and even if they do, any increase in revenue may not offset the expenses we incur in building our brand. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand or if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, our business could be materially and adversely affected.
The introduction and promotion of new services, as well as the promotion of existing services, may be partly dependent on our visibility on third-party advertising platforms, such as Google, Twitter, or Facebook. Changes in the way these platforms operate or changes in their advertising prices, data use practices or other terms could make the maintenance and promotion of our products and services and our brand more expensive or more difficult. If we are unable to market and promote our brand on third-party platforms effectively, our ability to acquire new customers would be materially harmed. We also use retail partners to sell hardware and acquire customers. Our ability to acquire new customers could be materially harmed if we are unable to enter into or maintain these partnerships on terms that are commercially reasonable to us, or at all.
Harm to our brand can arise from many sources, including failure by us or our partners and service providers to satisfy expectations of service and quality; inadequate protection or misuse of sensitive information; compliance failures and claims; litigation and other claims; employee misconduct; and misconduct by our partners, service providers, or other counterparties. We have also received a significant amount of media coverage since our formation. We have also been from time to time in the past, and may in the future be, the target of incomplete, inaccurate, and misleading or false statements about our company our business, and our products and servicesbusiness that could damage our brand and deter people and enterprisescustomers from adopting our services.Any negative publicity about our industry or our company, the quality and reliability of our products and services, our risk management processes, changes to our products and services, our ability to effectively manage and resolve customer complaints, our privacy, data protection, and information security practices, litigation, regulatory activity, policy positions, and the experience of our customers with our products or services could adversely affect our reputation and the confidence in and use of our products and services. If we do not successfully maintain a strong and trusted brand, our business could be materially and adversely affected.
As our revenue has increased, our growth rate has slowed.slowed at times in the past and may slow or decline in the future. Future revenue growth depends on our ability to retain existing sellers, attract new sellers, and increase sales to both new and existing sellers.
Our total net revenue grew from $1,267.1 million in 2015 to $1,708.7 million in 2016 and to $2,214.3 million in 2017. As our revenue has increased, our rate of revenue growth has slowed at times in the past and may decline in the future, and it may slow or decline more quickly than we expect for a variety of reasons, including the risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our customers have no obligation to continue to use our services, and we cannot assure you that they will. We generally do not have long-term contracts with our sellers,customers, and the difficulty and costs associated with switching to a competitor may not be significant for many of our services.the services we offer, both in the seller ecosystem and the Cash App ecosystem. Our sellers’ payment processing activity with us may decrease for a variety of reasons, including sellers’ level of satisfaction with our products and services, the effectiveness of our support services, our pricing and the pricing and quality of competing products or services, the effects of global economic conditions, or reductions in our sellers’ customer spending levels. In addition, the growth of our business depends
in part on existing sellers expanding their use of our products and services. If we are unable to encourage sellers to broaden their use of our services, our growth may slow or stop, and our business may be materially and
adversely affected. The growth of our business also depends on our ability to attract new sellers and Cash App customers, to encourage larger sellers to use our products and services, and to introduce successful new products and services. We have invested and will continue to invest in improving our Square platform in order to offer better or new features, products and services, but if those features, products and services fail to be successful, our growth may slow or decline.
Our business hasWe have generated significant net losses in the past, and we intend to continue to invest substantially in our business. Thus, we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability.
We While we generated net income of $375.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, we generated net losses of $62.8 million, $171.6$38.5 million and $212.0$62.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
As of December 31, 2017,2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $842.7$510.3 million.
We intend to continue to make significant investments in our business, including with respect to our employee base; sales and marketing, including expenses relating to increased direct marketing efforts, referral programs, and free hardware and subsidized services;marketing; development of new products, services, and features; acquisitions; expansion of office space and other infrastructure; expansion of international operations; and general administration, including legal, finance, and other compliance expenses related to being a public company. If the costs associated with acquiring and supporting new or larger sellers, attracting and supporting new Cash App customers, or with developing and supporting our products and services materially rise in the future, including the fees we pay to third parties to advertise our products and services, our expenses may rise significantly. In addition, increases in our seller base could cause us to incur increased losses because costs associated with new sellers are generally incurred up front, while revenue is recognized thereafter as sellers utilize our services.products and services are transferred to our sellers. If we are unable to generate adequate revenue growth and manage our expenses, we may continue to incur significant losses and may not achieve or maintain profitability.
We frequentlyFrom time to time, we have made and may make decisions that will reducehave a negative effect on our short-term operating results if we believe those decisions will improve the experiences of our customers, which we believe will improve our operating results over the long term. These decisions may not be consistent with the expectations of investors and may not produce the long-term benefits that we expect, in which case our business may be materially and adversely affected.
We derive a significant portion of our revenue from managed payments services. Our efforts to expand our product portfolio and market reach may not succeed and may reduce our revenue growth.
We derive a significant portion of our revenue from transaction-based fees we collect in connection with managed payments services. While Cash App and other products and services we offer have grown in importance to us and we intend to continue to broaden the scope of products and services we offer, we may not be successful in deriving any significant new revenue streams from these products and services or in maintaining or growing current revenue streams. Failure to successfully broaden the scope of products and services that are attractive may inhibit our growth and harm our business. Furthermore, we may have limited or no experience in our newer markets. For example, we cannot assure you that any of our products or services will be widely accepted or that they will continue to grow in revenue. Our offerings may present new and difficult technological, operational, regulatory, and other challenges, and if we experience service disruptions, failures, or other issues, our business may be materially and adversely affected. Our newer activities may not recoup our investments in a timely manner or at all. If any of this were to occur, it could damage our reputation, limit our growth, and materially and adversely affect our business.
Our success depends on our ability to develop products and services to address the rapidly evolving market for payments and point-of-sale, financial, and marketing services, and, if we are not able to implement successful enhancements and new features for our products and services, our business could be materially and adversely affected.
Rapid and significant technological changes continue to confront the industries in which we operate, including developments in omnichannel commerce, proximity payment devices (including contactless payments via NFC technology), as well as developments in cryptocurrencies and in tokenization, which replaces sensitive data (e.g., payment card information) with symbols (tokens) to keep the data safe in the event that it ends up in the wrong hands.
These new services and technologies may be superior to, impair, or render obsolete the products and services we currently offer or the technologies we currently use to provide them. Incorporating new technologies into our products and services may require substantial expenditures and take considerable time, and we may not be successful in realizing a return
on these development efforts in a timely manner or at all. Our ability to develop new products and services may be inhibited by industry-wide standards, payment card networks, existing and future laws and regulations, resistance to change from our customers, which includes our sellers and their buyers, or third parties’ intellectual property rights. Our success will depend on our ability to develop new technologies and to adapt to technological changes and evolving industry standards. If we are unable to provide enhancements and new features for our products and services or to develop new products and services that achieve market acceptance or that keep pace with rapid technological developments and evolving industry standards, our business would be materially and adversely affected.
We often rely not only on our own initiatives and innovations, but also on third parties, including some of our competitors, for the development of and access to new technologies and development of a robust market for these new products and technologies. Failure to accurately predict or to respond effectively to developments in our industry may significantly impair our business.
In addition, because our products and services are designed to operate with a variety of systems, infrastructures, and devices, we need to continuously modify and enhance our products and services to keep pace with changes in technologies. Moreover, our success may depend on our ability to provide products and services that are tailored to specific needs and requirements of our customers. Any failure of our products and services to continue to operate effectively with third-party infrastructures and technologies could reduce the demand for our products and services, result in dissatisfaction of our customers, and materially and adversely affect our business.
Substantial and increasingly intense competition in our industry may harm our business.
We compete in markets characterized by vigorous competition, changing technology, changing customer needs, evolving industry standards, and frequent introductions of new products and services. We expect competition to intensify in the future as existing and new competitors introduce new services or enhance existing services. For example, in 2019, Apple introduced Apple Card, and other companies not traditionally associated with the payments industry may also introduce products or services that are or may become competitive with our business. We compete against many companies both within our seller ecosystem and our Cash App ecosystem to attract customers, and some of these companies have greater financial resources and substantially larger bases of customers than we do, which may provide them with significant competitive advantages. These companies may devote greater resources to the development, promotion, and sale of products and services, may achieve economies of scale due to the size of their customer bases, and may more effectively introduce their own innovative products and services that adversely impact our growth. Mergers and acquisitions by these companies may lead to even larger competitors with more resources.
Certain sellers have long-standing exclusive, or nearly exclusive, relationships with our competitors to accept payment cards and other services that compete with what we offer. These relationships may make it difficult or cost-prohibitive for us to conduct material amounts of business with them. Competing services tied to established brands may engender greater confidence in the safety and efficacy of their services. If we are unable to differentiate ourselves from and successfully compete with our competitors, our business will be materially and adversely affected.
We may also face pricing pressures from competitors. Some potential competitors are able to offer lower prices to sellers for similar services by cross-subsidizing their payments services through other services they offer. Such competition may result in the need for us to alter the pricing we offer to our sellers and could reduce our gross profit. In addition, as we grow, sellers may demand more customized and favorable pricing from us, and competitive pressures may require us to agree to such pricing, further reducing our gross profit. We currently negotiate pricing discounts and other incentive arrangements with certain large sellers to increase acceptance and usage of our products and services. If we continue this practice and if an increasing proportion of our sellers are large sellers, we may have to increase the discounts or incentives we provide, which could also reduce our gross profit.
We, our sellers, our partners, and others who use our services obtain and process a large amount of sensitive data. Any real or perceived improper or unauthorized use of, disclosure of, or access to such data could harm our reputation as a trusted brand, as well as have a material and adverse effect on our business.
We, our sellers, and our partners, including third-party vendors and data centers that we use, obtain and process large amounts of sensitive data, including data related to our sellers, theircustomers, our sellers’ customers, and their transactions, as well as other users of our services, such as Cash App and Square Payroll.transactions. We face risks, including to our reputation as a trusted brand, in the handling and protection of this data, and these risks will increase as our business continues to expand to include new products and technologies. Our operations involve the storage and transmission of sensitive information of individuals using our services, including their names, addresses, social security
numbers (or their foreign equivalents), payment card numbers and expiration dates, bank account information, loans they have applied for or obtained, and data regarding the performance of our sellers’ businesses. We also obtain sensitive information regarding our sellers’ customers, including their contact information, payment card numbers and expiration dates, and purchase histories. Additionally, certain of our products and services are subject to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (and the rules and regulations thereunder, as amended, including with respect to the HITECH Act) (HIPAA), and therefore we are required to take measures to safeguard protected health information of our sellers and their customers. Our services also provide third party developers the opportunity to provide applications to our sellers in the Square and Weebly app marketplaces. Sellers who choose to use such applications can grant permission allowing the applications to access content created or held by sellers in their Square or Weebly account. Should such third party developers experience or cause a breach or a technological bug, that could lead to a compromise of the content of data held by such sellers, including personal data.
We have administrative, technical,If our privacy and physical security measures in place, and we have policies and procedures in place to contractually require third parties to whom we transfer data to implement and maintain appropriate security measures. However, if our security measures or those of the previously mentioned third partiesparty developers and vendors are inadequate or are breached, as a result of third-party action, employee error, malfeasance, malware, phishing, hacking attacks, system error, trickery, or otherwise, and, as a result, there is improper disclosure of or someone obtains unauthorized access to or exfiltrates funds cryptocurrencies, or sensitive information, including personally identifiable information or protected health information on our systems or our partners’ systems, or if we suffer a ransomware or advanced persistent threat attack, or if any of the foregoing is reported or perceived to have occurred, our reputation and business could be damaged. If the sensitive information is lost or improperly accessed, misused, disclosed, destroyed, or altered or threatened to be improperly accessed, misused, disclosed, destroyed, or altered, we could incur significant financial losses and costs and liability associated with remediation and the implementation of additional security measures and be subject to litigation, regulatory scrutiny, and penalties, including costs associated with remediation.investigations.
Under payment card rules and our contracts with our card processors, if there is a breach of payment card information that we store or that is stored by our sellers or other third parties with which we do business, we could be liable to the payment card issuing banks for certain of their cost of issuing new cardscosts and other related expenses. Additionally, if our own confidential business information were improperly disclosed, our business could be materially and adversely affected. A core aspect of our business
is the reliability and security of our payments platform.platforms. Any perceived or actual breach of security, regardless of how it occurs or the extent of the breach, could have a significant impact on our reputation as a trusted brand, cause us to lose existing sellers or other customers, prevent us from obtaining new sellers and other customers, require us to expend significant funds to remedy problems caused by breaches and to implement measures to prevent further breaches, and expose us to legal risk and potential liability including those resulting from governmental or regulatory investigations, class action litigation, and costs associated with remediation, such as fraud monitoring.monitoring and forensics. Any actual or perceived security breach at a company providing services to us or our customers could have similar effects. Further, any actual or perceived security breach with respect to the bitcoin and blockchain ledger, regardless of whether such breach directly affects our products and services, could have negative reputational effects and harm customer trust in us and our products and services.
While we maintain cybersecurity insurance, our insurance may be insufficient to cover all liabilities incurred by such attacks. We cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be adequate for data handling or data security liabilities actually incurred, that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, premiums, or deductibles could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, operating results, and reputation.
Our products and services may not function as intended due to errors in our software, hardware, and systems, product defects, or due to security breaches or human error in administering these systems, which could materially and adversely affect our business.
Our software, hardware, systems, and processes may contain undetected errors or vulnerabilities that could have a material adverse effect on our business, particularly to the extent such errors or vulnerabilities are not detected and remedied quickly. We have from time to time found defects in our customer-facing software and hardware, internal systems, and technical integrations with third-party systems, and new errors or vulnerabilities may be introduced in the future. If there are such errors or defects in our software, hardware, or systems, we may face negative publicity, government investigations, and litigation. Additionally, we rely on a limited number of component and product suppliers located outside of the U.S. to manufacture our products. As a result, our direct control over production and distribution is limited and it is uncertain what effect such diminished control will have on the quality of our products. If there are defects in the manufacture of our hardware products, we may face similar negative publicity, investigations, and litigation, and we may not be fully compensated by our suppliers for any financial or other liability that we suffer as a result. As our hardware continues to increase in size and complexity, these risks may correspondingly increase as well.
In addition, we provide frequent incremental releases of product and service updates and functional enhancements, which increase the possibility of errors. The products and services we provide are designed to process complex transactions and deliver reports and other information related to those transactions, all at high volumes and processing speeds. Any errors, data leaks, security breaches, disruptions in services, or other performance problems with our products or services caused by external or internal actors could hurt our reputation and damage our customers’ businesses. Software and system errors, or human error, could delay or inhibit settlement of payments, result in oversettlement, cause reporting errors, or prevent us from collecting transaction-based fees, all of which have occurred in the past. Similarly, security breaches such as cyber-attacks or identity theft could disrupt the proper functioning of our software products or services, cause errors, allow unauthorized access, or disclosure of, to sensitive, proprietary, or confidential information of ours or our customers, and other destructive outcomes. Moreover, security breaches or errors in our hardware design or manufacture could cause product safety issues typical of consumer electronics devices. Such issues could lead to product recalls and inventory shortages, result in costly and time-consuming efforts to redesign and redistribute our products, give rise to regulatory inquiries and investigations, and result in lawsuits and other liabilities and losses, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business.
Additionally, electronic payment products and services, including ours, have been, and could continue to be in the future, specifically targeted and penetrated or disrupted by hackers. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to data, products, and services and to disable, degrade, or sabotage them change frequently and may be difficult to detect or remediate for long periods of time, we and our customers may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures to stop them. If we or our sellers or other customers are unable to anticipate or prevent these attacks, our sellers' or other customers’ businesses may be harmed, our reputation could be damaged, and we could incur significant liability.
Systems failures, interruptions, delays in service, catastrophic events, and resulting interruptions in the availability of our products or services, or those of our sellers, could harm our business and our brand, and subject us to substantial liability.
Our systems and those of our third-party vendors, including data center facilities, may experience service interruptions, cyber-attacks and security incidents, human error, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, other natural disasters, power losses, disruptions in telecommunications services, fraud, military or political conflicts, terrorist attacks and other geopolitical unrest, computer viruses, changes in social, political or regulatory conditions or in laws and policies, or other changes or events. Our systems and facilities are also subject to break-ins, sabotage, and acts of vandalism. Some of our systems are not fully redundant, and our disaster-recovery planning is not sufficient for all eventualities. In addition, as a provider of payments solutions and other financial services, we are subject to increased scrutiny by regulators that may require specific business continuity and disaster recovery plans and more rigorous testing of such plans. This increased scrutiny may be costly and time-consuming and may divert our resources from other business priorities.
We have experienced and will likely continue to experience denial-of-service and other cyber-attacks, system failures, security incidents, and other events or conditions that interrupt the availability or reduce the speed or functionality of our products and services. These events have resulted and likely will result in loss of revenue. In addition, they could result in significant expense to repair or replace damaged equipment and remedy resultant data loss or corruption. A prolonged interruption in the availability or reduction in the speed or other functionality of our products or services could materially harm our reputation and business. Frequent or persistent interruptions in our products and services could cause customers to believe that our products and services are unreliable, leading them to switch to our competitors or to avoid our products and services, and could permanently harm our reputation and business. Moreover, to the extent that any system failure or similar event results in damages to customers or their businesses, these customers could seek compensation from us for their losses, and those claims, even if unsuccessful, would likely be time-consuming and costly for us to address.
A significant natural or man-made disaster could have a material and adverse impact on our business. Our headquarters and certain of our data center facilities are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, a region known for seismic activity. Despite any precautions we may take, the occurrence of a natural disaster or other unanticipated problems at our headquarters or data centers could result in lengthy interruptions in our services or could result in related liabilities. We do not maintain insurance sufficient to compensate us for the potentially significant losses that could result from disruptions to our services.
Significant natural or other disasters could also have a material and adverse impact on our sellers, which, in the aggregate, could in turn adversely affect our results of operations.
The loss or destruction of a private key required to access our bitcoin may be irreversible. If we are unable to access our private keys or if we experience a hack or other data loss relating to the bitcoins we hold on behalf of customers, our customers may be unable to access their bitcoins and it could harm customer trust in us and our products.
Bitcoins are controllable only by the possessor of both the unique public key and private key relating to the local or online digital wallet in which the bitcoins are held. While the bitcoin and blockchain ledger require a public key relating to a digital wallet to be published when used in a transaction, private keys must be safeguarded and kept private in order to prevent a third party from accessing the bitcoins held in such wallet. To the extent our private key is lost, destroyed, or otherwise compromised and no backup of the private key is accessible, we will be unable to access the bitcoins held in the related digital wallet. Further, we cannot provide assurance that our wallet will not be hacked or compromised. The bitcoin and blockchain ledger, as well as other cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies, have been, and may in the future be, subject to security breaches, hacking, or other malicious activities. Any loss of private keys relating to, or hack or other compromise of, digital wallets used to store our customers’ bitcoins could adversely affect our customers’ ability to access or sell their bitcoins and could harm customer trust in us and our products. Additionally, any loss of private keys relating to, or hack or other compromise of, digital wallets used by third parties to store bitcoins or other cryptocurrencies could have negative reputational effects on us and harm customer trust in us and our products.
Our risk management efforts may not be effective, which could expose us to losses and liability and otherwise harm our business.
We offer managed payments and other products and services to a large number of customers,customers. We vet and we are responsible for vetting and monitoringmonitor these customers and determining whether the payments transactions we process for them are legitimate.as part of our risk management efforts. When our products and services are used to process illegitimate transactions, and we settle those funds to sellers and are unable to recover them, we suffer losses and liability. These types of illegitimate transactions can also expose us to governmental and regulatory sanctions as well asand potentially prevent us from satisfying our contractual obligations to our third party partners, which may cause us to be in breach of our obligations. The highly automated nature of, and liquidity offered by, our payments services make us a target for illegal or improper uses, including fraudulent or illegal sales of goods or services, money laundering, and terrorist financing. Identity thieves and those committing fraud using stolen or fabricated credit card or bank account numbers, or other deceptive or malicious practices, potentially can steal significant amounts of money from businesses like ours. In configuring our payments services, we face an inherent trade-off between security and customer convenience. Our risk management policies, procedures, techniques, and processes may not be sufficient to identify all of the risks to which we are exposed, to enable us to prevent or mitigate the risks we have identified, or to identify additional risks to which we may become subject in the future. As a greater number of larger sellers use our services, our exposure to material risk losses from a single seller, or from a small number of sellers, will increase. Our current business and anticipated domestic and international growth will continue to place significant demands on our risk management and compliance efforts, and we will need to continue developing and improving our existing risk management infrastructure, techniques, and processes. In addition, when we introduce new services, expand existing services, including online payment acceptance, focus on new business types,areas, including consumer financing and installment loans, or begin to operate in markets where we have a limited history of fraud loss, we may be less able to forecast and carry appropriate reserves in our books for those losses. Furthermore, if our risk management policies and processes contain errors or are otherwise ineffective, we may suffer large financial losses, we may be subject to civil and criminal liability, and our business may be materially and adversely affected.
We are currently, and will continue to be, exposed to risks associated with chargebacks and refunds in connection with payment card fraud or relating to the goods or services provided by our sellers. In the event that a billing dispute between a cardholder and a seller is not resolved in favor of the seller, including in situations where the seller engaged in fraud, the transaction is typically “charged back” to the seller and the purchase price is credited or otherwise refunded to the cardholder. If we are unable to collect chargebacks or refunds from the seller’s account, or if the seller refuses to or is unable to reimburse us for chargebacks or refunds due to closure, bankruptcy, or other reasons, we may bear the loss for the amounts paid to the cardholder. Since October 2015, businesses that cannot process EMV chip cards are held financially responsible for certain fraudulent transactions conducted using chip-enabled cards. This has shifted an increased amount of the risk for certain fraudulent transactions from the issuing banks to these sellers, which has resulted in our having to seek an increased level of reimbursement for chargebacks from our sellers that do not deploy EMV-compliant card readers. Not all of the readers we offer to merchants are EMV-compliant. Our financial results would be adversely affected to the extent sellers do not fully reimburse us for the related chargebacks. We do not collect and maintain reserves from our sellers to cover these potential losses, and for customer relations purposes we sometimes decline to seek reimbursement for certain chargebacks. The risk of chargebacks is typically greater with those of our sellers that promise future delivery of goods and services, which we allow on our Square platform. If we are unable to maintain our losses from chargebacks at acceptable levels, the payment card networks could fine us, increase our transaction-based fees, or terminate our ability to process payment cards. Any
increase in our transaction-based fees could damage our business, and if we were unable to accept payment cards, our business would be materially and adversely affected.
We derive a significant portion of our revenue from managed payments services. Our efforts to expand our product portfolio and market reach may not succeed and may reduce our revenue growth.
We derive a significant portion of our revenue from transaction-based fees we collect in connection with managed payments services. While we intend to continue to broaden the scope of products and services we offer, we may not be successful in deriving any significant revenue from these products and services. Failure to broaden the scope of products and services that are attractive may inhibit the growth of repeat business and harm our business, as well as increase the vulnerability of our core
payments business to competitors offering a full suite of products and services. Furthermore, we may have limited or no experience in our newer markets. For example, we cannot assure you that any of our products or services outside of managed payments services will be as widely accepted or that they will continue to grow in revenue. These offerings may present new and difficult technological, operational, regulatory and other challenges, and if we experience service disruptions, failures, or other issues, our business may be materially and adversely affected. Our newer activities may not recoup our investments in a timely manner or at all. If any of this were to occur, it could damage our reputation, limit our growth, and materially and adversely affect our business.
Our success depends on our ability to develop products and services to address the rapidly evolving market for payments and point-of-sale, financial, and marketing services, and, if we are not able to implement successful enhancements and new features for our products and services, our business could be materially and adversely affected.
We expect that new services and technologies applicable to the industries in which we operate will continue to emerge and evolve. Rapid and significant technological changes continue to confront the industries in which we operate, including developments in omnichannel commerce, proximity payment devices (including contactless payments via NFC technology), as well as developments in cryptocurrencies and in tokenization, which replaces sensitive data (e.g., payment card information) with symbols (tokens) to keep the data safe in the event that it ends up in the wrong hands.
These new services and technologies may be superior to, impair, or render obsolete the products and services we currently offer or the technologies we currently use to provide them. Incorporating new technologies into our products and services may require substantial expenditures and take considerable time, and we may not be successful in realizing a return on these development efforts in a timely manner or at all. There can be no assurance that any new products or services we develop and offer to our customers will achieve significant commercial acceptance. Our ability to develop new products and services may be inhibited by industry-wide standards, payment card networks, existing and future laws and regulations, resistance to change from our customers, which includes our sellers and their buyers, or third parties’ intellectual property rights. Our success will depend on our ability to develop new technologies and to adapt to technological changes and evolving industry standards. If we are unable to provide enhancements and new features for our products and services or to develop new products and services that achieve market acceptance or that keep pace with rapid technological developments and evolving industry standards, our business would be materially and adversely affected.
The success of enhancements, new features, and products and services depends on several factors, including the timely completion, introduction, and market acceptance of the enhancements or new features, products or services. We often rely not only on our own initiatives and innovations, but also on third parties, including some of our competitors, for the development of and access to new technologies and development of a robust market for these new products and technologies. Failure to accurately predict or to respond effectively to developments in our industry may significantly impair our business.
In addition, because our products and services are designed to operate with a variety of systems, infrastructures, and devices, we need to continuously modify and enhance our products and services to keep pace with changes in mobile, software, communication, and database technologies. We may not be successful in either developing these modifications and enhancements or in bringing them to market in a timely and cost-effective manner. Any failure of our products and services to continue to operate effectively with third-party infrastructures and technologies could reduce the demand for our products and services, result in dissatisfaction of our customers, and materially and adversely affect our business.
Substantial and increasingly intense competition in our industry may harm our business.
We compete in markets characterized by vigorous competition, changing technology, changing customer needs, evolving industry standards, and frequent introductions of new products and services. We expect competition to intensify in the future as existing and new competitors introduce new services or enhance existing services. We compete against many companies to attract customers, and some of these companies have greater financial resources and substantially larger bases of customers than we do, which may provide them with significant competitive advantages. These companies may devote greater resources to the development, promotion, and sale of products and services, and they may offer lower prices or more effectively introduce their own innovative products and services that adversely impact our growth. Mergers and acquisitions by these companies may lead to even larger competitors with more resources. We also expect new entrants to offer competitive products and services. Certain sellers have long-standing exclusive, or nearly exclusive, relationships with our competitors to accept payment cards and other services that we offer. These relationships may make it difficult or cost-prohibitive for us to conduct material amounts of business with them. Competing services tied to established brands may engender greater confidence in the safety and efficacy of their
services. If we are unable to differentiate ourselves from and successfully compete with our competitors, our business will be materially and adversely affected.
We may also face pricing pressures from competitors. Some potential competitors are able to offer lower prices to sellers for similar services by cross-subsidizing their payments services through other services they offer. Such competition may result in the need for us to alter the pricing we offer to our sellers and could reduce our gross profit. In addition, as we grow, sellers may demand more customized and favorable pricing from us, and competitive pressures may require us to agree to such pricing, further reducing our gross profit. We currently negotiate pricing discounts and other incentive arrangements with certain large sellers to increase acceptance and usage of our products and services. If we continue this practice and if an increasing proportion of our sellers are large sellers, we may have to increase the discounts or incentives we provide, which could also reduce our gross profit.
We are dependent on payment card networks and acquiring processors, and any changes to their rules or practices could harm our business.
Our business depends on our ability to accept credit and debit cards, and this ability is provided by the payment card networks, including Visa, MasterCard, American Express, and Discover. In a majority of these cases, we do not directly access the payment card networks that enable our acceptance of payment cards. As a result, we must rely on banks and acquiring processors to process transactions on our behalf. Our acquiring processor agreements have terms ranging from two to six years. Our three largest such agreements expire between the third quarter of 2022 and the first quarter of 2020 and the third quarter of 2022. 2023. These banks and acquiring processors may fail or refuse to process transactions adequately, may breach their agreements with us, or may refuse to renegotiate or renew these agreements on terms that are favorable or commercially reasonable terms.reasonable. They might also take actions that degrade the functionality of our services, impose additional costs or requirements on us, or give preferential treatment to competitive services, including their own services. If we are unsuccessful in establishing, renegotiating, or maintaining mutually beneficial relationships with these payment card networks, banks, and acquiring processors, our business may be harmed.
The payment card networks and our acquiring processors require us to comply with payment card network operating rules, including special operating rules that apply to us as a “payment service provider”facilitator” providing payment processing services to merchants. The payment card networks set these network rules and have discretion to interpret the rules and change them at any time. Changes to these network rules or how they are interpreted could have a significant impact on our business and financial results. For example, changes in the payment card network rules regarding chargebacks may affect our ability to dispute chargebacks and the amount of losses we incur from chargebacks. Any changes to or interpretations of the network rules that are inconsistent with the way we or our acquiring processors currently operate may require us to make changes to our business that could be costly or difficult to implement. If we fail to make such changes or otherwise resolve the issue with the payment card networks, the networks could fine us or prohibit us from processing payment cards. In addition, violations of the network rules or any failure to maintain good relationships with the payment card networks could impact our ability to receive incentives from them, could increase our costs, or could otherwise harm our business. If we were unable to accept payment cards or were limited in our ability to do so, our business would be materially and adversely affected.
We are required to pay interchange and assessment fees, processing fees, and bank settlement fees to third-party payment processors and financial institutions. From time to time, payment card networks have increased, and may increase in the future, the interchange fees and assessments that they charge for each transaction processed using their networks. In addition, oursome cases, we have negotiated favorable pricing with acquiring processors and networks that are contingent on certain business commitments and other conditions. Our acquiring processors and payment card networks may refuse to renew our agreements with them on terms that are favorable, commercially reasonable, terms or at all. Interchange fees or assessments are also subject to change from time to time due to government regulation. Because we generally charge our sellers a flatstandard rate for our managed payments services, rather than passing through interchange fees and assessments to our sellers directly, any increase or decrease in interchange fees or assessments or in the fees we pay to our acquiring processors could make our pricing look less competitive, lead us to change our pricing model, or adversely affect our margins.margins, all of which could materially harm our business and financial results.
We could be, and in the past have been, subject to penalties from payment card networks if we fail to detect that sellers are engaging in activities that are illegal, contrary to the payment card network operating rules, or considered “high risk.” We must either prevent high-risk sellers from using our products and services or register such sellers with the payment card networks and conduct additional monitoring with respect to such sellers. Although the amount of theseAny such penalties has not been material to date, any additional penalties in the future could become material and could result in termination of our ability to accept payment cards or could require changes in our process for registering new sellers. This could materially and adversely affect our business.
Our quarterly results of operationsWe rely on third parties and operating metrics fluctuate significantly and are unpredictable and subject to seasonality, which could result in the trading price of our Class A common stock being unpredictable or declining.
Our quarterly results of operations have historically fluctuated significantly and are not necessarily an indication of future performance. These fluctuations may be due totheir systems for a variety of factors, someservices, including the processing of which are outsidetransaction data and settlement of funds to us and our controlsellers, and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business. Our limited operating history combined with the rapidly evolving markets in which we operate also contributesthese third parties’ failure to perform these fluctuations. Fluctuations in quarterly results mayservices adequately could materially and adversely affect our business.
To provide our managed payments solution and other products and services (including those for Cash App and Square Capital), we rely on third parties that we do not control, such as the predictabilitypayment card networks, our acquiring and issuing processors, the payment card issuers, a carrying broker, various financial institution partners, systems like the Federal
Reserve Automated Clearing House, and other partners. We rely on these third parties for a variety of services, including the transmission of transaction data, processing of chargebacks and refunds, settlement of funds to our sellers, certain brokerage services, and the provision of information and other elements of our services. For example, we currently rely on three acquiring processors for each of the United States, Canada, and Japan and two for each of Australia and the United Kingdom. While we believe there are other acquiring processors that could meet our needs, adding or transitioning to new providers may significantly disrupt our business and increase our costs. In the priceevent these third parties fail to provide these services adequately, including as a result of financial difficulty or insolvency, errors in their systems, outages or events beyond their control, or refuse to provide these services on terms acceptable to us or at all, and we are not able to find suitable alternatives, our Class A common stock.
Factors thatbusiness may cause fluctuationsbe materially and adversely affected. We have in our quarterly financial results include ourthe past experienced outages with third parties we have worked with, which has affected the ability to attract and retain new customers; seasonality in our business or our sellers' business, including seasonal fluctuations in the amount of transactions our sellers are processing; the timing, effectiveness, and costs of expansion and upgrades of our systems and infrastructure, as well as the success of those expansions and upgrades; the outcomes of legal proceedings and claims; our ability to maintain or increase revenue, gross margins, and operating margins; our ability to continue introducing new products and services and to continue convincing customers to adopt additional offerings; increases in and timing of expenses thatprocess payments for cards we may incur to grow and expand our operations and to remain competitive; period-to-period volatility related to fraud and risk losses; system failures resulting in the inaccessibility of our products and services; changes in the regulatory environment, including with respect to security, privacy, data protection or enforcement of laws and regulations by regulators, including fines, orders, or consent decrees; changes in global business or macroeconomic conditions; unusual weather conditions or natural disasters; general retail buying patterns; and the other risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.issued.
We depend on key management, as well as our experienced and capable employees, and any failure to attract, motivate, and retain our employees could harm our ability to maintain and grow our business.
Our future success is significantly dependent upon the continued service of our executives and other key employees. If we lose the services of any member of management or any key personnel, we may not be able to locate a suitable or qualified replacement, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit and train a replacement, which could severely disrupt our business and growth. Jack Dorsey, our co-founder, President, and Chief Executive Officer, also serves as Chief Executive Officer of Twitter, Inc. This may at times adversely affect his ability to devote time, attention, and effort to Square.
To maintain and grow our business, we will need to identify, attract, hire, develop, motivate, and retain highly skilled employees. Identifying, recruiting, training, integrating, and retaining qualified individualsThis requires significant time, expense, and attention. In addition, from time to time, there may be changes in our management team that may be disruptive to our business. If our management team, including any new hires that we make, fails to work together effectively and to execute our plans and strategies on a timely basis, our business could be harmed. Competition for highly skilled personnel is intense, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area where our headquarters are located. We may need to invest significant amounts of cash and equity to attract and retain new employees, and we may never realize returns on these investments. Additionally, potential changes in U.S. immigration policy may make it difficult to renew or obtain visas for any highly skilled personnel that we have hired or are actively recruiting. Negative sentiments towards the United States as a result of these potential changes may also adversely affect our international recruiting efforts. Furthermore, our international expansion and our business in general may be materially adversely affected if legislative or administrative changes to immigration or visa laws and regulations impair our hiring processes or projects involving personnel who are not citizens of the country where the work is to be performed. If we are not able to add and retain employees effectively, our ability to achieve our strategic objectives will be adversely affected, and our business and growth prospects will be harmed.
If we do not continue to improve our operational, financial and other internal controls and systems to manage growth effectively, our business could be harmed.
Our current business and anticipated growth will continue to place significant demands on our management and other resources. In order to manage our growth effectively, we must continue to strengthen our existing infrastructure and operational procedures, enhance our internal controls and reporting systems, and ensure we timely and accurately address issues as they arise. In particular, our continued growth will increase the challenges involved in:
| | | | improving and implementing existing and developing new internal administrative infrastructure, particularly our operational, financial, communications and other internal systems and procedures; |
| | | | installing enhanced management information and control system; and |
| | | | preserving our core values, strategies, and goals and effectively communicating these to our employees worldwide. |
If we are not successful in developing and implementing the right processes and tools to manage our enterprise, our ability to compete successfully and achieve our business objectives could be impaired.
These efforts may require substantial financial expenditures, commitments of resources, developments of our processes, and other investments and innovations. As we grow, we must balance the need for additional controls and systems with the ability to efficiently develop and launch new features for our products and services. However, it is likely that as we grow, we will not be able to launch new features, or respond to customer or market demands as quickly as a smaller, more efficient organization. If we do not successfully manage our growth, our business will suffer.
A deterioration of general macroeconomic conditions could materially and adversely affect our business and financial results.
Our performance is subject to economic conditions and their impact on levels of spending by businesses and their customers. Most of the sellers that use our services are small businesses, many of which are in the early stages of their development, and these businesses may be disproportionately adversely affected by economic downturns and may fail at a higher rate than larger or more established businesses. If spending by their customers declines, these businesses would experience reduced sales and process fewer payments with us or, if they cease to operate, stop using our products and services altogether. Small businesses frequently have limited budgets and limited access to capital, and they may choose to allocate their spending to items other than our financial or marketing services, especially in times of economic uncertainty or in recessions. In addition, if more of our sellers cease to operate, this may have an adverse impact not only on the growth of our payments services but also on our transaction and advance loss rates, and the success of our other services. For example, if sellers processing payments with us receive chargebacks after they cease to operate, we may incur additional losses. Additionally, the growth in the number of sellers qualifying for participation in the Square Capital program may slow, or business loans may be paid more slowly, or not at all. In addition, as we expand our business to offer consumer financing products, those customers may also be disproportionately adversely affected by economic downturns.
Further, our suppliers, distributors, and other third party partners may suffer their own financial and economic challenges. Such suppliers and third parties may demand pricing accommodations, delay payment, or become insolvent, which could harm our ability to meet end customer demands or collect revenue or otherwise could harm our business. Furthermore, our investment portfolio, which includes U.S. government and corporate securities, is subject to general credit, liquidity, market, and interest rate risks, which may be exacerbated by certain events that affect the global financial markets. If global credit and equity markets decline for extended periods, or if there is a downgrade of the securities within our portfolio, the investment portfolio may be adversely affected and we could determine that our investments have experienced
an other-than-temporary decline in fair value, requiring impairment charges that could adversely affect our financial results. Moreover, we are currently subletting some office space to subtenants. An economic downturn may cause us to need less office space than we are contractually committed to leasing and prevent us from finding subtenants for such unused office space. Thus, if general macroeconomic conditions deteriorate, our business and financial results could be materially and adversely affected.
We are also monitoring developments related to the decision by the U.K. government to leave the European Union (EU) followingon January 31, 2020 and commence a referendum in June 2016 intransition period during which voters in the United Kingdom approved an exit from theUK and EU (often referred to as "Brexit"), whichnegotiate their future relationship. Brexit could have significant implications for our business. In March 2017, the United Kingdom began the official process to leave the EU by April 2019. Brexitbusiness and could lead to economic and legal uncertainty, including significant volatility in global stock markets and currency exchange rates, and increasingly divergent laws, regulations, and licensing requirements for the Company as the United Kingdom determines which EU laws to replace or replicate. Any of these effects of Brexit, among others, could adversely affect our operations and financial results.
We may have exposure to greater-than-anticipated tax liabilities, which may materially and adversely affect our business.
We are subject to income taxes and non-income taxes in the United States and other countries in which we transact or conduct business, and such laws and rates vary by jurisdiction. We are subject to review and audit by U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign tax authorities. Such tax authorities may disagree with tax positions we take, and if any such tax authority were to successfully challenge any such position, our financial results and operations could be materially and adversely affected. For example, the Office of the Treasurer and Tax Collector of the City and County of San Francisco (the "Tax Collector") has issued decisions regarding the Company's classification of its business activities. Although we disagree with the Tax Collector and contest this classification, the ultimate resolution is uncertain. We are taking steps to vigorously pursue all available remedies, including challenging the classification of our primary business activity, challenging the applicable tax rate used, and filing lawsuits against the Tax Collector. See “Litigation” in Note 18 of the accompanying notes to our condensed consolidated financial statements. If the Company does not prevail and is otherwise unable to mitigate the impact of this tax, we could be obligated to pay additional taxes, together with any associated penalties and interest. This may adversely affect our cash flows, financial condition, and results of operations. An unfavorable outcome in this tax dispute may also limit our ability to retain and grow our work force in San Francisco. In addition, we currently are, and expect to continue to be, subject to numerous federal, state, and foreign tax audits relating to income, transfer pricing, sales & use, VAT, and other tax liabilities. While we have established reserves based on assumptions and estimates that we believe are reasonably sufficient to cover such eventualities, any adverse outcome of such a review or audit could have an adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations if the reserves prove to be insufficient.
Our tax liability could be adversely affected by changes in tax laws, rates, regulations, and administrative practices. Our income tax obligations are based on our corporate operating structure, including the manner in which we develop, value, and use our intellectual property and the scope of our international operations. The tax authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate may challenge our methodologies for valuing developed technology or intercompany arrangements. For example, various levels of government and international organizations, such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) and the European Union (“EU”), increasingly focus on future tax reform and any result from this development may create changes to long-standing tax principles, which could adversely affect our effective tax rate. Additionally, tax authorities at the international, federal, state, and local levels are currently reviewing the appropriate tax treatment of companies engaged in internet commerce and financial technology. These developing changes could affect our financial position and results of operations. In particular, due to the global nature of the Internet, it is possible that tax authorities at the international, federal, state, and local levels may attempt to regulate our transactions or levy new or revised sales & use taxes, VAT, digital services taxes, income taxes, or other taxes relating to our activities in the internet commerce and financial technology space. New or revised taxes, in particular, sales & use taxes, VAT, and similar taxes, including digital service taxes, would likely increase the cost of doing business. New taxes could also create significant increases in internal costs necessary to capture data and collect and remit taxes. Any of these events could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
The determination of our worldwide provision for income and other tax liabilities is highly complex and requires significant judgment by management, and there are many transactions during the ordinary course business where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Although we believe our estimates are reasonable, the ultimate tax outcome may differ from amounts recorded in our financial statements and may materially affect our financial results in the period or periods for which such determination is made.
We have in the past recorded, and may in the future record, significant valuation allowances on our deferred tax assets, which may have a material impact on our results of operations and cause fluctuations in such results.
As of December 31, 2019, we had a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets in the United States, Canada, Ireland and Singapore. Our net deferred tax assets relate predominantly to the United States federal and state tax jurisdictions. The need for a valuation allowance requires an assessment of both positive and negative evidence when determining whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets are recoverable; such assessment is required on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. In making such assessment, significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified.
We continue to monitor the likelihood that we will be able to recover our deferred tax assets in the future. Future adjustments in our valuation allowance may be required. The recording of any future increases in our valuation allowance could have a material impact on our reported results, and both the recording and release of the valuation allowance could cause fluctuations in our quarterly and annual results of operations.
If we do not continue to improve our operational, financial, and other internal controls and systems to manage growth effectively, our business could be harmed.
Our current business and anticipated growth will continue to place significant demands on our management and other resources. In order to manage our growth effectively, we must continue to strengthen our existing infrastructure and operational procedures, enhance our internal controls and reporting systems, and ensure we timely and accurately address issues as they arise. In particular, our continued growth will increase the challenges involved in:
•improving existing and developing new internal administrative infrastructure, particularly our operational, financial, communications, and other internal systems and procedures;
•installing enhanced management information and control systems; and
•preserving our core values, strategies, and goals and effectively communicating these to our employees worldwide.
If we are not successful in developing and implementing the right processes and tools to manage our enterprise, our ability to compete successfully and achieve our business objectives could be impaired.
These efforts may require substantial financial expenditures, commitments of resources, developments of our processes, and other investments and innovations. As we grow, we must balance the need for additional controls and systems with the ability to efficiently develop and launch new features for our products and services. However, it is likely that as we grow, we will not be able to launch new features, or respond to customer or market demands as quickly as a smaller, more efficient organization. If we do not successfully manage our growth, our business will suffer.
Expanding our business globally could subject us to new challenges and risks.
We currently offer our services and products in multiple countries and plan to continue expanding our business further globally. Expansion, whether in our existing or new global markets, will require additional resources and controls, and offering our services in new geographic regions often requires substantial expenditures and takes considerable time. We may not be successful enough in these new geographies to recoup our investments in a timely manner or at all. Such expansion could also subject our business to substantial risks, including: | | | | difficulty in attracting a sufficient number of sellers; |
•difficulty in attracting a sufficient number of sellers;
•failure to anticipate competitive conditions and competition with service providers or other entrenched market-players that have greater experience in the local markets than we do;
•conformity with applicable business customs, including translation into foreign languages and associated expenses;
•increased costs and difficulty in protecting intellectual property and sensitive data;
•changes to the way we do business as compared with our current operations or a lack of acceptance of our products and services;
25 | | | | failure to anticipate competitive conditions; |
| | | | conformity with applicable business customs, including translation into foreign languages and associated expenses; |
| | | | increased costs and difficulty in protecting intellectual property and sensitive data; |
•the ability to support and integrate with local third-party service providers;
| | | | changes to the way we do business as compared with our current operations or a lack of acceptance of our products and services; |
•difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations in an environment of diverse culture, laws, and customs, challenges caused by distance, language, and cultural differences, and the increased travel, infrastructure, and legal and compliance costs associated with global operations; | | | | the ability to support and integrate with local third-party service providers; |
•difficulties in recruiting and retaining qualified employees and maintaining our company culture; | | | | competition with service providers or other entrenched market-players that have greater experience in the local markets than we do; |
•difficulty in gaining acceptance from industry self-regulatory bodies; | | | | difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations in an environment of diverse culture, laws and customs, challenges caused by distance, language, and cultural differences, and the increased travel, infrastructure and legal and compliance costs associated with global operations; |
•compliance with multiple, potentially conflicting and changing governmental laws and regulations, including with respect to payments, data privacy, data protection, and information security; | | | | difficulties in recruiting and retaining qualified employees and maintaining our company culture; |
•compliance with U.S. and foreign anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and anti-money laundering laws; | | | | difficulty in gaining acceptance from industry self-regulatory bodies; |
•potential tariffs, sanctions, fines, or other trade restrictions; | | | | compliance with multiple, potentially conflicting and changing governmental laws and regulations, including with respect to data privacy, data protection and information security; |
•exchange rate risk; | | | | compliance with U.S. and foreign anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws; |
•compliance with complex and potentially conflicting and changing laws of taxing jurisdictions where we conduct business and applicable U.S. tax laws; and | | | | potential tariffs, sanctions, fines or other trade barriers; |
•regional economic and political instability. | | | | compliance with potentially conflicting and changing laws of taxing jurisdictions where we conduct business and applicable U.S. tax laws, the complexity and adverse consequences of such tax laws and potentially adverse tax consequences due to changes in such tax laws; and |
| | | | regional economic and political instability. |
As a result of these risks, our efforts to expand our global operations may not be successful, which could limit our ability to grow our business.
We rely on third parties and their systems for a variety of services, including the processing of transaction data and settlement of funds to us and our sellers, and these third parties’ failure to perform these services adequately could materially and adversely affect our business.
To provide our managed payments solutionAny acquisitions, strategic investments, entries into new businesses, joint ventures, divestitures, and other productstransactions could fail to achieve strategic objectives, disrupt our ongoing operations or result in operating difficulties, liabilities and services, we rely on third parties that we do not control, such as the payment card networks, our acquiring processors, the payment card issuers, various financial institution partners (including those for Square Capital and Cash App), systems like the Federal Reserve Automated Clearing House, and other partners. We rely on these third parties for a variety of services, including the transmission of transaction data, processing of chargebacks and refunds, settlement of funds to our sellers, and the provision of information and other elements of our services. For example, we currently rely on three acquiring processors in the United States, Canada and Japan and two for each of Australia and the United Kingdom. While we believe there are other acquiring processors that could meet our needs, adding or transitioning to new providers may significantly disruptexpenses, harm our business, and negatively impact our results of operations.
In pursuing our business strategy, we routinely conduct discussions and evaluate opportunities for possible acquisitions, strategic investments, entries into new businesses, joint ventures, divestitures, and other transactions. We have in the past acquired or invested in, and we continue to seek to acquire or invest, in businesses technologies or other assets that we believe could complement or expand our business. The identification, evaluation, and negotiation of potential transactions may divert the attention of management and entail various expenses, whether or not such transactions are ultimately completed. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in identifying, negotiating, and consummating favorable transaction opportunities. For example, in 2019, we completed the sale of Caviar to DoorDash in exchange for cash and stock consideration. As DoorDash is a privately-held company, there can be no assurances that we will fully realize the value of the stock consideration. In addition to transaction and opportunity costs, these transactions involve large challenges and risks, whether or not such transactions are completed, any of which could harm our business and negatively impact our results of operations, including risks that:
•the transaction may not advance our business strategy;
•we may not be able to secure required regulatory approvals or otherwise satisfy closing conditions for a proposed transaction in a timely manner, or at all;
•the transaction may subject us to additional regulatory burdens that affect our business in potentially unanticipated and significantly negative ways;
•we may not realize a satisfactory return or increase our costs. Inrevenue;
•we may experience difficulty, and may not be successful in, integrating technologies, IT or business enterprise systems, culture, or management or other personnel of the event these third partiesacquired business;
•we may incur significant acquisition costs and transition costs, including in connection with the assumption of ongoing expenses of the acquired business;
•we may not realize the expected benefits or synergies from the transaction in the expected time period, or at all;
•we may be unable to retain key personnel;
•acquired businesses or businesses that we invest in may not have adequate controls, processes, and procedures to ensure compliance with laws and regulations, including with respect to data privacy and security, and our due diligence process may not identify compliance issues or other liabilities;
•we may fail to provide these services adequately,identify or assess the magnitude of certain liabilities, shortcomings, or other circumstances prior to acquiring or investing in a business, which could result in additional financial, legal, or regulatory exposure, which may subject us to additional controls, policies, procedures, liabilities, litigation, costs of compliance or remediation, or other adverse effects on our business, operating results, or financial condition;
•we may have difficulty entering into new market segments;
•we may be unable to retain the customers, vendors, and partners of acquired businesses;
•there may be lawsuits or regulatory actions resulting from the transaction;
•there may be risks associated with undetected security weaknesses, cyberattacks, or security breaches at companies that we acquire or with which we may combine or partner;
•there may be local and foreign regulations applicable to the international activities of our business and the businesses we acquire; and
•acquisitions could result in dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt.
We may also choose to divest certain businesses or product lines. If we decide to sell assets or a business, we may have difficulty obtaining terms acceptable to us in a timely manner, or at all. Additionally, we may experience difficulty separating out portions of or entire businesses, incur potential loss of revenue or experience negative impact on margins, or we may not achieve the desired strategic and financial benefits. Such potential transactions may also delay achievement of our strategic objectives, cause us to incur additional expenses, potentially disrupt customer or employee relationships, and expose us to unanticipated or ongoing obligations and liabilities, including as a result of financial difficultyour indemnification obligations. Further, during the pendency of a divestiture, we may be subject to risks related to a decline in the business, loss of employees, customers, or insolvency, errors in their systems or events beyond their control, or refusesuppliers and the risk that the transaction may not close, any of which would have a material adverse effect on the business to provide these services on terms acceptable to us or at all,be divested and the Company. If a divestiture is not completed for any reason, we aremay not be able to find suitable alternatives, ouranother buyer on the same terms, and we may have incurred significant costs without the corresponding benefit.
Joint ventures and minority investments inherently involve a lesser degree of control over business may be materially and adversely affected.
operations, thereby potentially increasing the financial, legal, operational, regulatory, and/or compliance risks associated with the joint venture or minority investment. In addition, we use third-party technologymay be dependent on joint venture partners, controlling shareholders, management, or other persons or entities who control them and systems for a varietywho may have business interests, strategies, or goals that are inconsistent with ours. Business decisions or other actions or omissions of the joint venture partners, controlling shareholders, management, or other persons or entities who control them may adversely affect the value of our day-to-day business operations. Although we have developed systemsinvestment, result in litigation or regulatory action against us, and processes that are designed to prevent data lossmay otherwise damage our reputation and other security breaches, including systems and processes designed to reduce the impact of a security breach at a third-party vendor, such measures cannot provide absolute security.brand.
Our services must integrate with a variety of operating systems, and the hardware that enables merchants to accept payment cards must interoperate with third-party mobile devices utilizing those operating systems. If we are unable to ensure that our
services or hardware interoperate with such operating systems and devices, our business may be materially and adversely affected.
We are dependent on the ability of our products and services to integrate with a variety of operating systems, as well as web browsers, that we do not control. Any changes in these systems that degrade the functionality of our products and services, impose additional costs or requirements on us, or give preferential treatment to competitive services, including their own services, could materially and adversely affect usage of our products and services. In addition, we rely on app marketplaces, such as the Apple App Store and Google Play, to drive downloads of our mobile app.apps, such as Square Point of
Sale, Square Payroll, Square Invoices, Cash App, and any future apps. Apple, Google, or other operators of app marketplaces regularly make changes to their marketplaces, and those changes may make access to our products and services more difficult. In the event that it is difficult for our customers to access and use our products and services, our business may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, Apple, Google, or other operators of app marketplaces regularly provide software updates, and such software updates may not operate effectively with our products and services, which may reduce the demand for our products and services, result in dissatisfaction by our customers, and may materially and adversely affect our business.
In addition, our hardware interoperates with wired and wireless interfaces to mobile devices developed by third parties. For example, the current versionversions of our magstripe reader plugsplug into the audio jack of most smartphones and tablets. In September 2016, Apple introduced the iPhone 7, which does not have an audio jack or a Lightning connector. The use of these connection types could change, and instead Apple provided an adapter that can be inserted into a connectivity port, and subsequent models have operated the same. This changesuch changes and other potential changes in the design of future mobile devices maycould limit the interoperability of our hardware and software with such devices and require modifications to our hardware or software. If we are unable to ensure that our hardware and software continue to interoperate effectively with such devices, if doing so is costly, or if existing merchants decide not to utilize additional parts necessary for interoperability, our business may be materially and adversely affected.
Many of our key components are procured from a single or limited number of suppliers. Thus, we are at risk of shortage, price increases, tariffs, changes, delay, or discontinuation of key components, which could disrupt and materially and adversely affect our business.
Many of the key components used to manufacture our products, such as the custom parts of our magstripe reader including its magnetic stripe-reading element, its plastic cover, and its application-specific integrated circuits, come from limited or single sources of supply, as do the plastic cover, connector, and security cage of our contactless and chip reader.supply. In addition, in some cases, we rely only on one manufacturer to fabricate, test, and assemble our products. For example, a single manufacturer assembles our magstripe reader and our contactless and chip reader, as well as manufactures those products’ plastic parts with custom tools that we own but that they maintain on their premises. The term of the agreement with that manufacturer automatically renews for consecutive one-year periods unless either party provides notice of non-renewal. In general, our contract manufacturers fabricate or procure components on our behalf, subject to certain approved procedures or supplier lists, and we do not have firm commitments from all of these manufacturers to provide all components, or to provide them in quantities and on timelines that we may require. For example, pursuant to a development and supply agreement, a component supplier provides design, development, customization, and related services for components of the magnetic stripe-reading element in some of our products. The term of the agreement extends through March 2021 and then renews for successive two-year termsconsecutive one-year periods unless either party provides notice of non-renewal. Similarly, a component provider develops certain application-specific integrated circuits for our products pursuant to our designs and specifications. The term of our agreement with this provider renews for consecutive one-year periodssuccessive two-year terms unless either party provides notice of non-renewal.
Due to our reliance on the components or products produced by suppliers such as these, we are subject to the risk of shortages and long lead times in the supply of certain components or products. We are still in the process of identifyingOur ongoing efforts to identify alternative manufacturers for the assembly of our products and for mostmany of the single-sourced components used in our products.products may not be successful. In the case of off-the-shelf components, we are subject to the risk that our suppliers may discontinue or modify them, or that the components may cease to be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. We have in the past experienced, and may in the future experience, component shortages or delays or other problems in product assembly, and the availability of these components or products may be difficult to predict. For example, our manufacturers may experience temporary or permanent disruptions in their manufacturing operations due to equipment breakdowns, labor strikes or shortages, natural disasters, the occurrence of a contagious disease or illness, such as the coronavirus, component or material shortages, cost increases, acquisitions, insolvency, trade restrictions, changes in legal or regulatory requirements, or other similar problems. In particular, if the current coronavirus outbreak continues and results in a prolonged period of travel, commercial, and other similar restrictions, we could experience disruptions in our supply chain and shortages of our hardware products, which could affect our ability to grow and acquire new sellers and materially and adversely impact our financial results. Moreover, our product development might be delayed, as we work with manufacturers in China to develop new hardware products.
Additionally, various sources of supply-chain risk, including strikes or shutdowns at delivery ports or loss of or damage to our products while they are in transit or storage, intellectual property theft, losses due to tampering, third-party vendor issues with quality or sourcing control, failure by our suppliers to comply with applicable laws and regulation, potential tariffs or other trade restrictions, or other similar problems could limit or delay the supply of our products or harm our reputation. In the event of a shortage or supply interruption from
suppliers of these components, we may not be able to develop alternate sources quickly, cost-effectively, or at all. Any interruption or delay in manufacturing, component supply,
any increases in component costs, or the inability to obtain these parts or components from alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, would harm our ability to provide our products to sellers on a timely basis. This could harm our relationships with our sellers, prevent us from acquiring new sellers, and materially and adversely affect our business.
In September of 2018, the United States imposed tariffs on certain imports from China, including on some of our hardware devices manufactured in China. The tariffs on these products were initially set at 10%, but were increased to 25% in May 2019. On September 1, 2019, the United States imposed new tariffs at 15% on additional imports from China, including on our remaining hardware products manufactured there, but rolled back these new tariffs to 7.5% effective February 14, 2020.The tariffs negatively affect the gross margin on the impacted products, which only partially has been offset by adjustments to the prices of some of the affected products. Any future tariffs and actions related to items imported from China or elsewhere could also negatively impact our gross margin on the impacted products, and increases in our pricing as a result of tariffs would reduce the competitiveness of our products if our competitors do not make similar pricing adjustments. The impact of any increased or new tariffs or other trade restrictions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of future operations.
Our business could be harmed if we are unable to accurately forecast demand for our products and to adequately manage our product inventory.
We invest broadly in our business, and such investments are driven by our expectations of the future success of a product. For example, our products such as the Square Reader often require investments with long lead times. An inability to correctly forecast the success of a particular product could harm our business. We must forecast inventory needs and expenses and place orders sufficiently in advance with our third-party suppliers and contract manufacturers based on our estimates of future demand for particular products. Our ability to accurately forecast demand for our products could be affected by many factors, including an increase or decrease in demand for our products or for our competitors’ products, unanticipated changes in general market conditions, and thea change in economic conditions.
If we underestimate demand for a particular product, our contract manufacturers and suppliers may not be able to deliver sufficient quantities of that product to meet our requirements, and we may experience a shortage of that product available for sale or distribution. The shortage of a popular product could materially and adversely affect our brand, our seller relationships, and the acquisition of additional sellers. If we overestimate demand for a particular product, we may experience excess inventory levels for that product and the excess inventory may become obsolete or out-of-date. Inventory levels in excess of demand may result in inventory write-downs or write-offs and the sale of excess inventory at further discounted prices, which could negatively impact our gross profit and our business.
Our products and services may not function as intended due to errors in our software, hardware, and systems, product defects, or due to security breaches or human error in administering these systems, which could materially and adversely affect our business.
Our software, hardware, and systems may contain undetected errors that could have a material adverse effect on our business, particularly to the extent such errors are not detected and remedied quickly. We have from time to time found defects in our customer-facing software and hardware, internal systems, and technical integrations with third-party systems, and new errors may be introduced in the future. We rely on a limited number of component and product suppliers located outside of the U.S. to manufacture our products. As a result, our direct control over production and distribution is limited and it is uncertain what effect such diminished control will have on the quality of our products. If there are defects in the manufacture of our hardware products, we may face negative publicity, government investigations, and litigation, and we may not be fully compensated by our suppliers for any financial or other liability that we suffer as a result.
In addition, we provide frequent incremental releases of product and service updates and functional enhancements, which increase the possibility of errors. The electronic payments products and services we provide are designed to process complex transactions and deliver reports and other information related to those transactions, all at high volumes and processing speeds. Since customers use our services for important aspects of their businesses, any errors, defects, security breaches such as cyber-attacks or identify theft, malfeasance, disruptions in services, or other performance problems with our services could hurt our reputation and damage our customers’ businesses. Software and system errors, or human error, could delay or inhibit settlement of payments, result in oversettlement, cause reporting errors, or prevent us from collecting transaction-based fees, all of which have occurred in the past. Similarly, third-party security breaches such as cyber-attacks or identity theft could disrupt the proper functioning of our software products or services, cause errors, allow unauthorized access to sensitive, proprietary or confidential information of ours or our customers, and other destructive outcomes. Moreover, security breaches or errors in our hardware design or manufacture could cause product safety issues typical of consumer electronics devices. Such issues could lead to product recalls and inventory shortages, result in costly and time-consuming efforts to redesign and redistribute our products, give rise to regulatory inquiries and investigations, and result in lawsuits and other liabilities and losses, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business.
Additionally, electronic payment products and services, including ours, have been and could continue to be in the future, specifically targeted and penetrated or disrupted by hackers, and our data encryption may be unable to prevent unauthorized use. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to data, products and services, and disable, alter, degrade, or sabotage them, change frequently and may be difficult to detect or remediate for long periods of time, we and our customers
may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures to stop them. If we or our sellers are unable to anticipate or prevent these attacks, our sellers' businesses may be harmed, our reputation could be damaged, and we could incur significant liability.
Systems failures, interruptions, delays in service, catastrophic events, and resulting interruptions in the availability of our products or services, or those of our sellers, could harm our business and our brand, and subject us to substantial liability.
Our systems and those of our third-party data center facilities may experience service interruptions, denial-of-service and other cyber-attacks and security incidents, human error, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, other natural disasters, power losses, disruptions in telecommunications services, fraud, military or political conflicts, terrorist attacks and other geopolitical unrest, computer viruses, changes in social, political or regulatory conditions or in laws and policies, or other changes or events. Our systems are also subject to break-ins, sabotage, and acts of vandalism. Some of our systems are not fully redundant, and our disaster-recovery planning is not sufficient for all eventualities. In addition, as a provider of payments solutions, we are subject to increased scrutiny by regulators that may require specific business continuity and disaster recovery plans and more rigorous testing of such plans. This increased scrutiny may be costly and time-consuming and may divert our resources from other business priorities.
We have experienced and will likely continue to experience denial-of-service attacks, system failures, and other events or conditions that interrupt the availability or reduce the speed or functionality of our products and services. These events have resulted and likely will result in loss of revenue. In addition, they could result in significant expense to repair or replace damaged equipment and remedy resultant data loss or corruption. A prolonged interruption in the availability or reduction in the speed or other functionality of our products or services could materially harm our reputation and business. Frequent or persistent interruptions in our products and services could cause customers to believe that our products and services are unreliable, leading them to switch to our competitors or to avoid our products and services, and could permanently harm our reputation and business. Moreover, to the extent that any system failure or similar event results in damages to customers or their businesses, these customers could seek compensation from us for their losses, and those claims, even if unsuccessful, would likely be time-consuming and costly for us to address.
A significant natural disaster could have a material and adverse impact on our business. Our headquarters and certain of our data center facilities are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, a region known for seismic activity. Despite any precautions we may take, the occurrence of a natural disaster or other unanticipated problems at our headquarters or data centers could result in lengthy interruptions in our services or could result in related liabilities. We have implemented a disaster recovery program, which enables us to move production to a back-up data center in the event of a catastrophe. Although this program is functional, it may prove to be inadequate, increasing the risk of interruptions in our services, which could have a material and adverse impact on our business. We do not maintain insurance sufficient to compensate us for the potentially significant losses that could result from disruptions to our services.
Significant natural or other disasters could also have a material and adverse impact on our sellers, which, in the aggregate, could in turn adversely affect our results of operations.
The loss or destruction of a private key required to access a bitcoin may be irreversible. If we are unable to access our private keys or if we experience a hack or other data loss relating to the bitcoins we hold on behalf of customers, our customers may be unable to access their bitcoins and it could harm customer trust in us and our products.
Bitcoins are controllable only by the possessor of both the unique public key and private key relating to the local or online digital wallet in which the bitcoins are held. While the bitcoin and blockchain ledger require a public key relating to a digital wallet to be published when used in a transaction, private keys must be safeguarded and kept private in order to prevent a third party from accessing the bitcoins held in such wallet. To the extent our private key is lost, destroyed or otherwise compromised and no backup of the private key is accessible, we will be unable to access the bitcoins held in the related digital wallet. Further, we cannot provide assurance that our wallet will not be hacked or compromised. Any loss of private keys relating to, or hack or other compromise of, digital wallets used to store our customers’ bitcoins could adversely affect our customers’ ability to access or sell their bitcoins and could harm customer trust in us and our products.
Square Capital is subject to additional risks relating to the availability of capital, seller payments, availability and structure of its bank partnership, expansion of its products, and general macroeconomic conditions.
Square Capital, which includes our wholly owned subsidiary Square Capital, LLC, is subject to risks in addition to those described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Maintaining and growing Square Capital is dependent on institutional third-party investors purchasing the eligible business loans originated by our bank partner. If such third parties fail to continue to purchase such business loans or reduce the amount of future loans they purchase, then our bank partner may need to reduce originations, or we would need to fund the purchase of additional business loans from our own resources. We then may have to reduce the scale of Square Capital, which could have a direct impact on our ability to grow. Additionally, Square Capital has certain customary repurchase obligations in its loan purchase and servicing agreements with such institutional third party investors for breaches of certain eligibility representations and warranties. If third parties reduce the price they are willing to pay for these business loans or reduce the servicing fees they pay us in exchange for servicing the business loans on their behalf, then the financial performance of Square Capital would be harmed.
The business loans are generally unsecured obligations of our Square sellers who utilize Square Capital, and they are not guaranteed or insured in any way. Adverse changes in macroeconomic conditions or the credit quality of our Square sellers could cause some Square sellers who utilize Square Capital to cease operating or to experience a decline in their payment processing volume, thereby rendering them unable to make payment on the business loan and/or extend the repayment period beyond the contractual repayment terms on the business loan. To the extent a seller breaches a contractual obligation, such as the requirement to make minimum payments or other breach, the seller would be liable for an accelerated business loan repayment, where Square Capital's recourse is to the business and not to any individual or other asset. In addition, because the servicing fees we receive from third party investors depend on the collectability of the business loans, if
there is an increase in Square sellers who utilize Square Capital who are unable to make repayment of business loans, we will be unable to collect our entire servicing fee for such loans.
In addition, adverse changes in macroeconomic conditions could lead to a decrease in the number of sellers eligible for Square Capital facilitated business loans and strain our ability to correctly identify such sellers on behalf of our bank partner or manage the risk of non-payment or fraud as servicer of the business loans. Similarly, if we fail to correctly predict the likelihood of timely repayment of the business loans or correctly price the business loans to sellers utilizing Square Capital, our business may be materially and adversely affected. As we expand our business to offer consumer financing products and business loans to merchants outside of Square sellers, those customers may also be adversely affected by economic downturns. Moreover, we continue to train our risk models for these newer loan products, and the loss rate for these loans have been, and may continue to be, higher than for our core business loan product.
We have partnered, on a non-exclusive basis, with a Utah-chartered, member FDIC industrial bank to originate the business loans. Such bank may offer products that compete with ours. The bank is subject to oversight both by the FDIC and the State of Utah. Due to the fact that we are a service-provider to our bank partner, we are subject to audit standards for third-party vendors in accordance with FDIC guidance and examinations by the FDIC. There has been, and may continue to be, regulatory interest in and/or litigation challenging partnered lending arrangements where a bank makes loans and then sells and assigns such loans to a non-bank entity that is engaged in assisting with the origination and servicing of the loan. If our bank partner ceases to partner with us, ceases to abide by the terms of our agreement with them, or cannot partner with us on commercially reasonable terms, and we are not able to find suitable alternatives and/or make business loans ourselves pursuant to state licensing requirements, Square Capital may need to enter into a new partnership with another qualified financial institution revert to the merchant cash advance (MCA) model, or pursue an alternative model for originating business loans, all of which may be time-consuming and costly and/or lead to a loss of institutional third-party investors willing to purchase such business loans, or MCAs, and as a result Square Capital may be materially and adversely affected.
We intend to continue to explore other products, models, and structures for Square Capital, including partnering with referral partners and forming a Utah industrial loan corporation, offering consumer financing, and other forms of credit and loan origination.products. Some of those models or structures may require, or be deemed to require, additional data, procedures, partnerships, licenses, regulatory approvals, or capabilities that we have not yet obtained or developed. For example, we launched a limited consumer lending pilot program. The licenses required in connection with such pilotour lending program and other activities related to the Square Capital program subject us to reporting requirements, bonding requirements, and inspection by applicable state regulatory agencies. Should we fail to expand and evolve Square Capital in this manner, or should these new products, models or structures, or new regulations or interpretations of existing regulations, impose requirements on us that are impractical or that we cannot satisfy, the future growth and success of Square Capital may be materially and adversely affected.
Our business is subject to extensive regulation and oversight in a variety of areas, all of which are subject to change and uncertain interpretation.
We are subject to a wide variety of local, state, federal, and international laws, regulations, licensing schemes, and industry standards in the United States and in other countries in which we operate. These laws, regulations, and regulationsstandards govern numerous areas that are important to our business, including, but not limitedand include, or may in the future include, those relating to banking, lending, deposit-taking, cross-border and domestic money transmission, foreign exchange, payments services (such as payment processing and settlement services), cryptocurrency, trading in shares and fractional shares, consumer protection, anti-money laundering, escheatment, international sanctions regimes, data privacy and security, and compliance with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, a set of requirements designed to ensure that all companies that process, store, or transmit payment card information security, fair lending, financial services, labormaintain a secure environment to protect cardholder data.
These laws, rules, regulations, and employment, immigration, importstandards are enforced by multiple authorities and export practices,governing bodies in the United States, including federal agencies, self-regulatory organizations, and numerous state and local agencies. Outside of the United States, we are subject to additional regulators. As we expand into new jurisdictions, or expand our product labeling, competition, data protection,offerings in existing jurisdictions, the number of foreign regulations and marketingregulators governing our business will expand as well. In addition, as our business and communications practices. Such lawsproducts continue to develop and expand, we may become subject to additional rules, regulations, and industry standards. We may not always be able to accurately predict the scope or applicability of certain regulations to our business, particularly as we expand into new areas of operations, which could have a significant negative effect on our existing business and our ability to pursue future plans.
Laws, regulations, and standards are subject to changes and evolving interpretations and application,
including by means of legislative changes and/or executive orders, and it can be difficult to predict how they may be applied to our business and the way we conduct our operations, particularly as we introduce new products and services and expand into new jurisdictions. Any perceived or actual breach of laws and regulations could result in investigations, regulatory inquiries, litigation, fines, or otherwise negatively impact our business. It is possible that these laws and regulations could be interpreted or applied in a manner that would prohibit, alter, or impair our existing or planned products and services; that could cause us to be subject to audits, inquiries, investigations, or lawsuits; that could result in fines, injunctive relief, or other liabilities; or that could require costly, time-consuming, or otherwise burdensome compliance measures from us.
In particular, as we seek to build a trusted and secure platform for commerce, and as we expand our network of customers and facilitate their transactions and interactions with one another, we will increasingly be subject to laws and regulations relating to the collection, use, retention, security, and transfer of information, including the personally identifiable information of our employees and customers. As with the other laws and regulations noted above, these laws and regulations may change or be interpreted and applied differently over time and from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and it is possible they will be interpreted and applied in ways that will materially and adversely affect our business. For example, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union in 2016 adoptedCash App includes a General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), effective in May 2018, that will supersede current EU data protection legislation, impose more stringent data privacy and data protection requirements and provide greater penalties for noncompliance of up to the greater of 4% of worldwide annual revenue or €20 million. In the United Kingdom, a Data Protection Bill has been introduced to the House of Lords that proposes to substantially implement the GDPR. Nevertheless, the Data Protection Bill must complete the legislative process, so it remains unclear what modifications will be made to the final legislation.
We have incurred, and may continue to incur, significant expenses to comply with mandatory privacy and security standards and protocols imposed by law, regulation, industry standards or contractual obligations. We post on our website our privacy policies and practices concerning the collection, use, and disclosure of information. Any failure, real or perceived, by us to comply with our posted privacy policies or with any regulatory requirements or orders, other local, state, federal, or international privacy, data protection, information security or consumer protection-related laws and regulations, industry standards or contractual obligations could cause our customers to reduce their use of our products and services and could materially and adversely affect our business.
Further, from time to time, we may leverage third parties to help conduct our businesses abroad. We and our third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities and may be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party business partners and intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, channel partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. While we have policies and procedures to address compliance with such laws, we cannot assure you that all of our employees and agents will not take actions in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible.
We may not be able to respond quickly or effectively to regulatory, legislative and other developments, and these changes may in turn impair our ability to offer our existing or planned features, products and services and/or increase our cost of doing business. In addition, if our practices are not consistent or viewed as not consistent with the legal and regulatory requirements, including changes in laws and regulations or new interpretations of existing laws and regulations, we may become subject to audits, inquiries, whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, loss of export privileges, severe criminal or civil sanctions, or suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracts, all of which may have an adverse effect on our reputation, our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our business is subject to complex and evolving regulations and oversight related to our provision of payments services and other financial services.
The state and federal laws, rules, regulations, and licensing schemes that govern our business include or may in the future include those relating to banking, lending, deposit-taking, cross-border and domestic money transmission, foreign exchange, payments services (such as payment processing and settlement services), consumer financial protection, anti-money laundering, escheatment, international sanctions regimes, and compliance with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, a set of requirements designed to ensure that all companies that process, store, or transmit payment card information maintain a secure environment to protect cardholder data. These laws, rules, and regulations are enforced by multiple authorities and governing bodies in the United States, including the Department of the Treasury, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and numerous state and local agencies. Outside of the United States, we are subject to additional laws, rules, and regulations related to the provision of payments and financial services, including those enforced
by the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry in Japan, those enforced by the Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre, and those enforced by the Financial Conduct Authority in the United Kingdom. As we expand into new jurisdictions, the number of foreign regulations and regulators governing our business will expand as well. If we pursue additional or alternative means of growing Square Capital, additional state and federal regulations would apply. Similarly, if we choose to offer Square Payroll in more jurisdictions, additional regulations, including tax rules, will apply. In addition, as our business and products continue to develop and expand, we may become subject to additional rules and regulations.
We recently introduced a feature to the Cash App that permits our customers to buy and sell bitcoin. Bitcoin is not considered legal tender or backed by any government, and it has experienced price volatility, technological glitches, security compromises, and various law enforcement and regulatory interventions. We do not believe that the bitcoin platform involves offering participants securities that are subject to the registration or other provisions of the federal or state securities laws. We also do not believe the feature subjects us to regulation under the federal securities laws, including as a broker-dealer or an investment adviser, or registration under the federal commodities laws. However, theThe regulation of cryptocurrency and crypto platforms is still an evolving area, and it is possible that a court or a federal or state regulatorwe could disagree with one or more of these conclusions.become subject to additional regulations. If we fail to comply with regulations or prohibitions applicable to us, we could face regulatory or other enforcement actions and potential fines and other consequences. Further, we might not be able to continue operating the feature, at least in current form, and to the extent that the feature is viewed by the market as a valuable asset to Square,which could cause the price of our Class A common stock couldto decrease. Additionally, there is no specific accounting guidance in U.S. GAAP covering accounting for cryptocurrencies, which means the accounting can be complex and subject to challenge or scrutiny. The final conclusions on the accounting treatment for our cryptocurrency transactions could affect the presentation of our results of operations.
Although we have a compliance program focused on the laws, rules, and regulations applicable to our business, and we are continually investing more in this program, we may still be subject to fines or other penalties in one or more jurisdictions levied by federal, state or local regulators, including state Attorneys General and private plaintiffs who may be acting as private attorneys general pursuant to various applicable federal, state and local laws, as well as those levied by foreign regulators. In addition to fines, penalties for failing to comply with applicable rules and regulations could include significant criminal and civil lawsuits, forfeiture of significant assets, increased licensure requirements, or other enforcement actions. We could also be required to make changes to our business practices or compliance programs as a result of regulatory scrutiny. In addition, any perceived or actual breach of compliance by us with respect to applicable laws, rules, and regulations could have a significant impact on our reputation as a trusted brand and could cause us to lose existing customers, prevent us from obtaining new customers, require us to expend significant funds to remedy problems caused by breaches and to avert further breaches, and expose us to legal risk and potential liability.
Further, from time to time, we may leverage third parties to help conduct our businesses in the U.S. or abroad. We and our third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities and may be held liable for any corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party business partners and intermediaries, our employees, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. While we have policies and procedures to address compliance with such laws, we cannot assure you that our employees and agents will not take actions in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible.
Our business is subject to complex and evolving regulations and oversight related to privacy and data protection.
We are subject to laws and regulations relating to the collection, use, retention, privacy, security, and transfer of information, including personally identifiable information of our employees and customers. As with the other laws and regulations noted above, these laws and regulations may change or be interpreted and applied differently over time and from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and it is possible they will be interpreted and applied in ways that will materially and adversely affect our business. For example, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union adopted a General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which became effective in May 2018. The GDPR imposes more stringent data privacy and data protection requirementsthan prior EU data protection law and provides for greater penalties for noncompliance of up to the greater of 4% of worldwide annual revenue or €20 million. To address data transfers from the EU to other jurisdictions, we in certain cases utilize model contracts approved by the EU Commission. These model contracts have been legally challenged, and it is possible that they will be voided or modified, which could materially impact our ability to transfer personal data from the EU to other jurisdictions. In the United Kingdom, although a Data Protection Act substantially implements the GDPR, uncertainty remains regarding how data transfers to and from the U.K. will be regulated.The U.K.’s exit from the EU has created uncertainty with regard to the regulation of data protection in the UK and data transfers between the U.K., the EU, and other jurisdictions and could require us to make additional changes to the way we conduct our business and transmit data between the U.S., the U.K., the EU, and the rest of the world.
Likewise, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (CCPA) became effective on January 1, 2020. The CCPA imposes stringent data privacy and data protection requirements for the data of California residents, and provides for penalties for noncompliance of up to $7,500 per violation. It remains unclear how various provisions of the CCPA will be interpreted and enforced. More generally, data privacy and security continues to be a rapidly evolving area, and further legislative activity has arisen and will likely continue to arise in the U.S., the EU, and other jurisdictions. For example, a California ballot initiative that builds upon CCPA has been introduced for the November 2020 election,other states in the U.S. have proposed or enacted laws regarding privacy and data protection that contain obligations similar to the CCPA, and the federal
government is contemplating federal privacy legislation. In addition, laws and regulations directed at privacy and data security, and those that have been applied in those areas, may be subject to evolving interpretations or applications. The effects of recently proposed or enacted legislation, including CCPA, potentially are far-reaching and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply.
We have incurred, and may continue to incur, significant expenses to comply with evolving mandatory privacy and security standards and protocols imposed by law, regulation, industry standards, shifting consumer expectations, or contractual obligations. In particular, with laws and regulations such as the GDPR in the EU and the CCPA in the U.S. imposing new and relatively burdensome obligations, and with substantial uncertainty over the interpretation and application of these and other laws and regulations, we may face challenges in addressing their requirements and making necessary changes to our policies and practices, and we may incur significant costs and expenses in an effort to do so. Any failure, real or perceived, by us to comply with our privacy, data protection, or information security policies, changing consumer expectations, or with any evolving regulatory requirements, industry standards, or contractual obligations could cause our customers to reduce their use of our products and services, disrupt our supply chain or third party vendor or developer partnerships, and materially and adversely affect our business.
As a licensed money transmitter, we are subject to important obligations and restrictions.
We have obtained licenses to operate as a money transmitter (or its equivalent) in the United States and in the states where this is required. As a licensed money transmitter, we are subject to obligations and restrictions with respect to the investment of customer funds, reporting requirements, bonding requirements, and inspection by state regulatory agencies concerning those aspects of our business considered money transmission. Evaluation of our compliance efforts, as well as the questions of whether and to what extent our products and services are considered money transmission, are matters of regulatory interpretation and could change over time. In the past, we have been subject to fines and other penalties by regulatory authorities due to their interpretations and applications to our business of their respective state money transmission laws. In the future, as a result of the regulations applicable to our business, we could be subject to investigations and resulting liability, including governmental fines, restrictions on our business, or other sanctions, and we could be forced to cease conducting certain aspects of our business with residents ofin certain jurisdictions, be forced to otherwise change our business practices in certain jurisdictions, or be required to obtain additional licenses or regulatory approvals. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain any such licenses, and, even if we were able to do so, there could be substantial costs and potential product changes involved in maintaining such licenses, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business.
Our subsidiary Cash App Investing is a broker-dealer registered with the SEC and a member of FINRA, and therefore is subject to extensive regulation and scrutiny.
Our subsidiary Cash App Investing facilitates transactions in shares and fractionalized shares of publicly-traded stock by users of our Cash App through a third-party clearing and carrying broker, DriveWealth LLC (“DriveWealth”). Cash App Investing is registered with the SEC as a broker-dealer under the Exchange Act and is a member of FINRA. Therefore Cash App Investing is subject to regulation, examination, and supervision by the SEC and FINRA. The regulations applicable to broker-dealers cover all aspects of the securities business, including sales practices, use and safekeeping of clients’ funds and securities, capital adequacy, record-keeping, and the conduct and qualification of officers, employees, and independent contractors. As part of the regulatory process, broker-dealers are subject to periodic examinations by their regulators, the purpose of which is to determine compliance with securities laws and regulations, and from time to time may be subject to additional routine and for-cause examinations. It is not uncommon for regulators to assert, upon completion of an examination, that the broker-dealer being examined has violated certain of these rules and regulations. Depending on the nature and extent of the violations, the broker-dealer may be required to pay a fine and/or be subject to other forms of disciplinary action. Additionally, the adverse publicity arising from the imposition of sanctions could harm our reputation and cause us to lose existing customers or fail to gain new customers.
The SEC, FINRA, and state regulators have the authority to bring administrative or judicial proceedings against broker-dealers, whether arising out of examinations or otherwise, for violations of the securities laws. Administrative sanctions can include cease-and-desist orders, censure, fines, and disgorgement and may even result in the suspension or expulsion of the firm from the securities industry. Similar sanctions may be imposed upon officers, directors, representatives, and employees.
Cash App Investing has adopted, and regularly reviews and updates, various policies, controls, and procedures designed for compliance with Cash App Investing’s obligations. However, appropriately addressing these issues is complex
and difficult and our reputation could be damaged if we fail, or appear to fail, to appropriately address them. Failure to adhere to these policies and procedures may also result in regulatory sanctions or litigation against us.
In the event of any regulatory action or scrutiny, we or Cash App Investing could also be required to make changes to our business practices or compliance programs. In addition, any perceived or actual breach of compliance by Cash App Investing with respect to applicable laws, rules, and regulations could have a significant impact on our reputation, could cause us to lose existing customers, prevent us from obtaining new customers, require us to expend significant funds to remedy problems caused by breaches and to avert further breaches, and expose us to legal risk and potential liability.
Cash App Investing is subject to net capital and other regulatory capital requirements; failure to comply with these rules could harm our business.
Our subsidiary Cash App Investing is subject to the net capital requirements of the SEC and FINRA. These requirements typically specify the minimum level of net capital a broker-dealer must maintain and also mandate that a significant part of its assets be kept in relatively liquid form. Failure to maintain the required net capital may subject a firm to limitation of its activities, including suspension or revocation of its registration by the SEC and suspension or expulsion by FINRA, and ultimately may require its liquidation. Currently, Cash App Investing has relatively low net capital requirements, because it does not hold customer funds or securities, but instead facilitates the transmission and delivery of those funds on behalf of customers to DriveWealth or back to the applicable customer. However, a change in the net capital rules, a change in how Cash App Investing handles or holds customer assets, or the imposition of new rules affecting the scope, coverage, calculation, or amount of net capital requirements could have adverse effects. Finally, because Cash App Investing is subject to such net capital requirements, we may be required to inject additional capital into Cash App Investing from time to time and as such, we may have liability and/or our larger business may be affected by any of these outcomes.
It is possible that FINRA will require changes to our business practices based on our ownership of Cash App Investing, which could impose additional costs or disrupt our business.
In certain cases, FINRA has required unregistered affiliates of broker-dealers to comply with additional regulatory requirements, including, among others, handling all securities or other financial transactions through the affiliated broker-dealer or conforming all marketing and advertising materials to the requirements applicable to broker-dealers. We do not currently believe that these types of requirements apply to any aspect of our business other than the securities transactions facilitated through the Cash App. It is possible that, in the future, FINRA could require us to comply with additional regulations in the conduct of other activities (i.e., beyond the securities transactions made through the Cash App). If that were to occur, it could require significant changes to our business practices. These and other changes would impose significantly greater costs on us and disrupt existing practices in ways that could negatively affect our overarching business and profitability.
We are subject to risks related to litigation, including intellectual property claims, government investigations or inquiries, and regulatory matters or disputes.
We may be, and have been, subject to claims, lawsuits (including class actions and individual lawsuits), government or regulatory investigations, subpoenas, inquiries or audits, and other proceedings involving intellectual property, consumer protection, privacy, labor and employment, immigration, import and export practices, product labeling, competition, accessibility, securities, tax, marketing and communications practices, commercial disputes, and other matters.
proceedings. The number and significance of our legal disputes and inquiries have increased as we have grown larger, as our business has expanded in scope and geographic reach, and as our products and services have increased in complexity, and we expect that we will continue to face additional legal disputes as we continue to grow and expand.
We also receive significant media attention, and, as a public company, have a higher profile, which could result in increased litigation or other legal or regulatory proceedings. In addition, some
Some of the laws and regulations affecting the internet, mobile commerce, payment processing, business financing, and employment did not anticipate businesses like ours, and many of the laws and regulations, including those affecting us have been enacted relatively recently. As a result, there is substantial uncertainty regarding the scope and application of many of the laws and regulations to which we are subject, which increases the risk that we will be subject to claims alleging violations of those laws and regulations. WeEvolving case law and legislation over worker classification, including California Assembly Bill 5, increases litigation in this area and may alsohave ramifications as to how we operate certain segments of our business and our engagement with independent contractors. For example, a determination in, or settlement of, any legal proceeding involving us or others that determines that workers of the type we maintain are independent contractors instead are employees could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations, including, but not necessarily limited
to, as a result of monetary exposure arising from or relating to penalties, defense costs, taxes, wages, and other matters, as well as potential costs of such workers unionizing or attempting to unionize.
The scope, outcome, and impact of claims, lawsuits, government or regulatory investigations, subpoenas, inquiries or audits, and other proceedings to which we are subject cannot be accused of having, or be found to have, infringed or violated third-party intellectual property rights.
predicted with certainty. Regardless of the outcome, such investigations and legal proceedings can have a material and adverse impact on us due to their costs, diversion of our resources, and other factors. Plaintiffs may seek, and we may become subject to, preliminary or provisional rulings in the course of litigation, including preliminary injunctions requiring us to cease some or all of our operations. We may decide to settle legal disputes on terms that are unfavorable to us. We may also be accused of having, or be found to have, infringed or violated third-party intellectual property rights. Furthermore, if any litigation to which we are a party is resolved adversely, we may be subject to an unfavorable judgment that we may not choose to appeal or that may not be reversed upon appeal. We may have to seek a license to continue practices found to be in violation of a third party’s rights, or we may have to change or cease certain practices. If we are required, or choose to enter into, royalty or licensing arrangements, such arrangements may not be available on reasonable terms or at all and may significantly increase our operating costs and expenses. As a result, we may also be required to develop or procure alternative non-infringing technology or discontinue use of technology, and doing so could require significant effort and expense or may not be feasible. In addition, the terms of any settlement or judgment in connection with any legal claims, lawsuits, or proceedings may require us to cease some or all of our operations or to pay substantial amounts to the other party and could materially and adversely affect our business.
Our intellectual property rights are valuable, and any inability to protect them could reduce the value of our products, services, and brand.
Our trade secrets, trademarks, copyrights, patents, and other intellectual property rights are critical to our success. We rely on, and expect to continue to rely on, a combination of confidentiality, invention assignment, and license agreements with our employees, consultants, and third parties with whom we have relationships, as well as trademark, trade dress, domain name, copyright, trade secret, and patent rights, to protect our brand and other intellectual property rights. However, various events outside of our control may pose a threat to our intellectual property rights, as well as to our products and services. Effective protection of trademarks, copyrights, domain names, patent rights, and other intellectual property rights is expensive and difficult to maintain, both in terms of application and maintenance costs, as well as the costs of defending and enforcing those rights. The efforts we have taken to protect our intellectual property rights may not be sufficient or effective. Our intellectual property rights may be infringed, misappropriated, or challenged, which could result in them being narrowed in scope or declared invalid or unenforceable. Similarly, our reliance on unpatented proprietary information and technology, such as trade secrets and confidential information, depends in part on agreements we have in place with employees and third parties that place restrictions on the use and disclosure of this intellectual property. These agreements may be insufficient or may be breached, or we may not enter into sufficient agreements with such individuals in the first instance, in either case potentially resulting in the unauthorized use or disclosure of our trade secrets and other intellectual property, including to our competitors, which could cause us to lose any competitive advantage resulting from this intellectual property. Individuals not subject to invention assignment agreements may make adverse ownership claims to our current and future intellectual property. There can be no assurance that our intellectual property rights will be sufficient to protect against others offering products or services that are substantially similar to ours and that compete with our business.
As of December 31, 2017,2019, we had 379687 issued patents in force in the United States and abroad and 605584 filed patent applications pending in the United States and abroad, though there can be no assurance that any or all of these pending applications will ultimately be issued as patents. We also pursue registration of copyrights, trademarks, and domain names in the United States and in certain jurisdictions outside of the United States, but doing so may not always be successful or cost-effective. In general, we may be unable or, in some instances, choose not to obtain legal protection for our intellectual property, and our existing and future intellectual property rights may not provide us with competitive advantages or distinguish our products and services from those of our competitors. The laws of some foreign countries do not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and effective intellectual property protection and mechanisms may not be available in those jurisdictions. We may need to expend additional resources to defend our intellectual property in these countries, and the inability to do so could impair our business or adversely affect our international expansion. Our intellectual property rights
may be contested, circumvented, or found unenforceable or invalid, and we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing, diluting, or otherwise violating them.
Additionally, our intellectual property rights and other confidential business information are subject to risks of compromise or unauthorized disclosure if our security measures or those of our third-party service providers are unable to prevent cyber-attacks. Significant impairments of our intellectual property rights, and limitations on our ability to assert our intellectual property rights against others, could have a material and adverse effect on our business.
We may not be able to secure financing on favorable terms, or at all, to meet our future capital needs.needs, and our existing credit facility contains, and any future debt financing may contain, covenants that impact the operation of our business and pursuit of business opportunities.
We have funded our operations since inception primarily through debt and equity financings, bank credit facilities, and capitalfinance lease arrangements. While we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, marketable debt securities, and availability under our line of credit are sufficient to meet our working capital needs and planned capital expenditures, and service our debt, there is no guarantee that this will continue to be true in the future. In the future, we may require additional capital to respond to business opportunities, refinancing needs, business and financial challenges, regulatory surety bond requirements, acquisitions, or unforeseen circumstances and may decide to engage in equity, equity-linked, or debt financings or enter into additional credit facilities for other reasons, and we may not be able to secure any such additional debt or equity financing or refinancing on favorable terms, in a timely manner, or at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to grow or support our business and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited.
Our credit facility contains affirmative and negative covenants, including customary limitations on the incurrence of certain indebtedness and liens, restrictions on certain inter-company transactions, and limitations on dividends and stock repurchases. Any debt financing obtained by us in the future could also involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital-raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to operate our business, obtain additional capital, and pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. Our credit facility contains affirmative and negative covenants, including customary limitations on the incurrence of certain indebtedness and liens, restrictions on certain inter-company transactions, and limitations on the amount of dividends and stock repurchases. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events beyond our control, and breaches of these covenants could result in a default under theour existing credit facility and any future financialfinancing agreements into which we may enter. If not waived, these defaults could cause ourindebtedness outstanding indebtedness under our credit facility, our other outstanding indebtedness, including our 2022 Notes and 2023 Notes (collectively, the Notes) and any future financing agreements that we may enter into to become immediately due and payable, which event may also constitute a default under our other indebtedness, including our 0.375% convertible senior notes due 2022 (Notes).payable.
If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity convertible debt securities, or other securities convertible into equity, including convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution in their percentage ownership of our company, and any new equitysuch securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges senior to those of holders of our Class A common stock.
Servicing our Notes may require a significant amount of cash, and we may not have sufficient cash or the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of the Notes in cash, repay the Notes at maturity, or repurchase the Notes uponas required following a fundamental change,change.
As of December 31, 2019, we had $211.7 million outstanding aggregate principal amount of 2022 Notes, and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the Notes.
On March 6, 2017, we issued $440.0$862.5 million aggregate principal amount of 2023 Notes.
Prior to December 1, 2021, in the case of the 2022 Notes, and prior to February 15, 2023, in the case of the 2023 Notes, the applicable Notes are convertible at the option of the holders only under certain conditions or upon occurrence of certain events. Because the last reported sale price of our Class A common stock exceeded 130% of the applicable thresholdconversion price for the 2022 Notes for the relevant period in the calendar quarter ending December 31, 2017,2019, the 2022 Notes are convertible at the option of the holders thereof during the calendar quarter ending March 31, 2018.2020. Whether the Notes of either series will be convertible following such calendar quarter will depend on the satisfaction of this condition other conditions or such other certain eventsanother conversion condition in the future. If holders of the Notes elect to convert their Notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our Class A common stock to settle such conversion, we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the Notes being converted. In addition,Effective October 2018, we revised our prior stated policy of settling conversions through combination settlement with a specified dollar amount of $1,000 per $1,000 principal amount of Notes. We currently expect to settle future conversions solely in shares of our Class A common stock, which has the effect of including the shares of Class A common stock issuable upon conversion of the Notes in our diluted earnings per share to the extent such shares are not anti-dilutive. We will reevaluate this policy from time to time as conversion notices are received from holders of the Notes. Holders of the Notes also have the right to require us to repurchase all or a portion of their Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the applicable indenture governing the Notes) at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest. If the Notes have not previously been converted or repurchased, we will be required to repay the Notes in cash at maturity.
Our ability to make required cash payments in connection with conversions of the Notes, repurchase the Notes in the event of a fundamental change, or to repay or refinance the Notes at maturity will depend on market conditions and our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive, and other factors beyond our control. We also may not use
the cash proceeds we raised through the issuance of the Notes in an optimally productive and profitable manner. Since inception, our business has generated net losses, and we may continue to incur significant losses. As a result, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases ofrepurchase or repay the Notes surrendered therefor or pay cash with respect to Notes being converted or at their maturity.converted.
In addition, our ability to repurchase or to pay cash upon conversion or at maturity of the Notes may be limited by law or regulatory authority or agreements governing our future indebtedness.authority. Our failure to repurchase Notes atfollowing a time when the repurchase is required by the indenturefundamental change or to pay cash upon conversion (unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our Class A common stock to settle such conversion) or at maturity of the Notes as required by the applicable indenture would constitute a default under thesuch indenture. A default under the applicable indenture or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under our credit facility, our other outstanding indebtedness, or agreements governing our future indebtedness and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. If the payment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase the Notes or to pay cash upon conversion or at maturity of the Notes.
Any acquisitions, strategic investments, entries into new businesses, divestitures, and other transactions could failWe are subject to achieve strategic objectives, disrupt our ongoing operations, and harm our business.counterparty risk with respect to the convertible note hedge transactions.
In pursuingconnection with the issuance of the 2022 Notes and the 2023 Notes, we entered into convertible note hedge transactions with certain financial institutions, which we refer to as the "option counterparties." The option counterparties are financial institutions or affiliates of financial institutions, and we will be subject to the risk that one or more of such option counterparties may default under the convertible note hedge transactions. Our exposure to the credit risk of the option counterparties will not be secured by any collateral. If any option counterparty becomes subject to insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings with a claim equal to our business strategy, we routinely conduct discussionsexposure at that time under the convertible note hedge transaction. Our exposure will depend on many factors but, generally, the increase in our exposure will be correlated to the increase in our Class A common stock market price and evaluate opportunities for possible acquisitions, strategic investments, entries into new businesses, divestitures, and other transactions. We continue to seek to acquire or invest in businesses, apps, or technologies that we believe could complement or expandthe volatility of the market price of our products and services, enhance our technical capabilities, or otherwise offer growth opportunities. The identification, evaluation, and negotiation of potential acquisitions or divestitures may divert the attention of management and entail various expenses, whether or not such transactions are ultimately completed. We also have limited experience in acquiring other businesses.Class A common stock. In addition, to opportunity costs, these transactions involve large challenges and risks, whether or not such transactions are completed, including risks that: | | | | the transaction may not advance our business strategy; |
| | | | we may be unable to identify opportunities on terms acceptable to us; |
| | | | we may not realize a satisfactory return or increase our revenue; |
| | | | we may experience disruptions on our ongoing operations and divert management’s attention; |
| | | | we may be unable to retain key personnel; |
| | | | we may experience difficulty in integrating technologies, IT systems, accounting systems, culture, or personnel; |
| | | | acquired businesses may not have adequate controls, processes and procedures to ensure compliance with laws and regulations, and our due diligence process may not identify compliance issues or other liabilities; |
| | | | we may assume additional financial or legal exposure, including exposure that is known to us; |
| | | | we may have difficulty entering new market segments; |
| | | | we may be unable to retain the customers and partners of acquired businesses; |
| | | | there may be unknown, underestimated, or undisclosed commitments or liabilities, including actual or threatened litigation; |
| | | | there may be regulatory constraints, particularly competition regulations that may affect the extent to which we can maximize the value of our acquisitions or investments; and |
| | | | acquisitions could result in dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt. |
We may also choose to divest certain businesses or product lines that no longer fit with our strategic objectives. If we decide to sell assets orupon a business,default by any option counterparty, we may have difficulty obtaining financingsuffer adverse tax consequences and dilution with respect to our Class A common stock. We can provide no assurance as to the financial stability or selling on acceptable terms in a timely manner. Additionally, we may experience difficulty separating out portionsviability of or entire businesses, incur potential loss of revenue orany option counterparty.
experience negative impact on margins. Such potential transactions may also delay achievement of our strategic objectives, cause us to incur additional expenses, potentially disrupt seller relationships, and expose us to unanticipated or ongoing obligations and liabilities.
Our reported financial statements and results may be materially and adversely affected by changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the SEC, and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial statements and results and could materially and adversely affect the transactions completed before the announcement of a change. Additionally, the adoption of new or revised accounting principles may require that we make significant changes to our systems, processes, and controls.
For example, in February 2016, the FASB issued a new accounting standard for leasing which will beleasing. We adopted this new guidance on January 1, 2019, and elected the optional transition method to apply the transition provisions from the effective for us in fiscal year 2019. Whiledate of adoption. We recognized $112.0 million of operating right-of-use lease assets and $135.6 million of operating lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. Additionally, we know it will have an impact,derecognized $149 million related to the build-to-suit asset and liability upon adoption of this standard because we are still evaluatingno longer deemed to be the extent that thisowner of the related asset under construction under the new accounting standard will impact our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.standard. Changes resulting from this and other new standards may result in materially different financial statements and results and may require that we change how we process, analyze, and report financial information and that we change financial reporting controls.
If currency exchange rates fluctuate substantially in the future, our financial results, which are reported in U.S. dollars, could be adversely affected.
As we continue to expand our global operations, we become more exposed to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Our contracts are denominated primarily in U.S. dollars, and therefore the majority of our revenue areis not subject to foreign currency risk. However, fluctuations in exchange rates of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies could
adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. We incur expenses for employee compensation and other operating expenses at our non-U.S. locations in the local currency. Fluctuations in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other currencies could result in the dollar equivalent of such expenses being higher. This could have a negative impact on our reported results of operations. From time to time, we may enter into forward contracts, options, and/or foreign exchange swaps related to specific transaction exposures that arise in the normal course of our business, though we are not currently a party to any such hedging transactions. These and other such hedging activities may not eliminate our exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations. Moreover, the use of hedging instruments may introduce additional risks if we are unable to structure effective hedges with such instruments.
We may have exposure to greater-than-anticipated tax liabilities, which may materially and adversely affect our business.
We are subject to income taxes and non-income taxes in the United States and other countries in which we conduct business, and such laws and rates vary by jurisdiction. We are subject to review and audit by U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax authorities. Such tax authorities may disagree with tax positions we take and if any such tax authority were to successfully challenge any such position, our financial results and operations could be materially and adversely affected. For example, the Office of the Treasurer and Tax Collector of the City and County of San Francisco (the "Tax Collector") has issued us a formal notice relating to the Company's classification of its business activities. Although we disagree with the Tax Collector's position and are contesting this matter, the ultimate resolution is uncertain and, if the Tax Collector’s position were to prevail, we could have additional tax liabilities, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations in the periods for which such determination is made. In addition, our future tax liability could be adversely affected by changes in tax laws, rates, and regulations. The determination of our worldwide provision for income and other taxes is highly complex and requires significant judgment, and there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Although we believe our estimates are reasonable, the amount ultimately payable may differ from amounts recorded in our financial statements and may materially affect our financial results in the period or periods for which such determination is made.
Federal income tax reform could have unforeseen effects on our financial condition and results of operations.
The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("2017 Tax Act") was enacted on December 22, 2017 and contains many significant changes to U.S. Federal tax laws. The 2017 Tax Act requires complex computations that were not previously provided for under U.S. tax law. The Company has provided for an estimated effect of the 2017 Tax Act in its financial statements. The 2017 Tax Act requires significant judgments to be made in interpretation of the law and significant estimates in the calculation of the provision for income taxes. However, additional guidance may be issued by the IRS, Department of the Treasury, or other
governing bodies that may significantly differ from the Company's interpretation of the law, which could have unforeseen effects on our financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
The dual class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control within our stockholders who held our stock prior to our initial public offering, including many of our employees and directors and their affiliates; this will limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters.
Our Class B common stock has ten votes per share, and our Class A common stock has one vote per share. Stockholders who hold shares of Class B common stock, including many of our executive officers, employees, and directors and their affiliates, held approximately 80.4%69.5% of the voting power of our combined outstanding capital stock as of December 31, 2017.2019. Our executive officers and directors and their affiliates held approximately 75.2%73.9% of the voting power of our combined outstanding capital stock as of December 31, 2017.2019. Because of the ten-to-one voting ratio between our Class B and Class A common stock, the holders of our Class B common stock collectively hold more than a majority of the combined voting power of our common stock, and therefore such holders are able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval. When the shares of our Class B common stock represent less than 5% of the combined voting power of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock, the then-outstanding shares of Class B common stock will automatically convert into shares of Class A common stock.
Transfers by holders of Class B common stock will generally result in those shares converting to Class A common stock, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers to entities, including certain charities and foundations, to the extent the transferor retains sole dispositive power and exclusive voting control with respect to the shares of Class B common stock.exceptions. Such conversions of Class B common stock to Class A common stock upon transfer will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B common stock who retain their shares in the long term. If, for example, our Class B stockholders retain shares of Class B common stock constituting as little as 10% of all outstanding shares of our Class A and Class B common stock combined, they will continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our outstanding capital stock.
We will continue to incur significantly increased costs and devote substantial management time as a result of operating as a public company.
As a public company, we incur significant legal, financial, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and are required to comply with the applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as well as the rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC and the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), including changes in corporate governance practices and the establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls. Continuing to comply with these requirements may increase our legal and financial compliance costs and may make some activities more time consuming and costly. In addition, our management and other personnel must divert attention from operational and other business matters to devote substantial time to these requirements. If we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on the NYSE, which could result in potential loss of confidence by our customers and employees, loss of institutional investor interest, fewer business development opportunities, class action or shareholder derivative lawsuits, depressed stock price, limited liquidity of our Class A common stock, and other material adverse consequences. Moreover, we could incur additional compensation costs in the event that we decide to pay cash compensation closer to that of other public technology companies, which would increase our general and administrative expenses and could materially and adversely affect our profitability.
If we are unable to maintain effective disclosure controls and internal controls over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, and the market price of our Class A common stock may be materially and adversely affected.
We are continuing to develop and refine our disclosure controls and improve our internal controls over financial reporting. We have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, significant resources in order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting.
Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. Further, to the extent we acquire other businesses, the acquired company may not have a sufficiently robust system of internal controls and we may discover deficiencies. If we identify material weaknesses in our disclosure controls or internal control over financial reporting in the
future, we will be unable to assert that our internal controls are effective. If we are unable to do so, or if our auditors are unable to attest to management’s report on the effectiveness of our internal controls, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could cause the price of our Class A common stock to decline. WeIn the past, we have identified significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting in the past and have taken steps to remediate such deficiencies. However, oursuch efforts to remediate them may not be effective or prevent any future deficiency in our internal controls. We are required to disclose material changes made in our internal controls and procedures on a quarterly basis.
Any failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting could have a material and adverse effect on our business and operating results and cause a decline in the market price of our Class A common stock.
The market price of our Class A common stock has been and will likely continue to be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
The market price of our Class A common stock has been and may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. In addition to the factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, factors that could cause fluctuations in the market price of our Class A common stock include the following: | | | | price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time; |
•price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time; | | | | volatility in the market prices and trading volumes of companies in our industry or companies that investors consider comparable; |
•volatility in the market prices and trading volumes of companies in our industry or companies that investors consider comparable; | | | | changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other companies generally or of those in our industry in particular; |
| | | | sales of shares of our common stock by us or our stockholders; |
| | | | issuance of shares of our Class A common stock, whether in connection with an acquisition or upon conversion of some or all of our outstanding Notes; |
•sales of shares of our common stock by us or our stockholders; | | | | failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage and/or to provide accurate consensus results of us, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts who follow us, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors; |
•issuance of shares of our Class A common stock, whether in connection with an acquisition or upon conversion of some or all of our outstanding Notes; | | | | the financial or other projections we may provide to the public, any changes in those projections, or our failure to meet those projections; |
•reports by securities or industry analysts that are interpreted either negatively or positively by investors, failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage and/or to provide accurate consensus results of us, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts who follow us, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors; | | | | announcements by us or our competitors of new products or services; |
•the financial or other projections we may provide to the public, any changes in those projections, or our failure to meet those projections; | | | | public reaction to our press releases, other public announcements, and filings with the SEC; |
•announcements by us or our competitors of new products or services; | | | | rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry; |
•public reaction to our press releases, other public announcements, and filings with the SEC; | | | | actual or anticipated changes in our results of operations; |
•rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry; | | | | changes in the regulatory environment; |
•actual or anticipated changes in our results of operations; | | | | actual or anticipated developments in our business, our competitors’ businesses, or the competitive landscape generally; |
| | | | litigation involving us, our industry, or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors; |
•actual or perceived data security incidents that we or our service providers may suffer; | | | | announced or completed acquisitions of businesses or technologies by us or our competitors; |
| | | | new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business; |
34•seasonality in our business or our sellers' business, including seasonal fluctuations in the amount of transactions our sellers are processing; and
•from time to time we make investments in equity that is, or may become, publicly held, and we may experience volatility due to changes in the market prices of such equity investments.
| | | | changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations, or principles; | | | | actual or perceived data security incidents that we or our service providers may suffer; |
| | | | any significant change in our management; and |
| | | | general economic conditions and slow or negative growth of our markets. |
In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.
The convertible note hedge and warrant transactions may affect the value of our Class A common stock.
In connection with the issuance of the 2022 Notes and the 2023 Notes, we entered into convertible note hedge transactions with certain financial institutions, which we refer to as the “option counterparties”.option counterparties. We also entered into warrant transactions with the option counterparties pursuant to which we sold warrants for the purchase of our Class A common stock. The convertible note hedge transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution to our Class A common stock upon any conversion of the Notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted Notes, as the case may be.
The warrant transactions would separately have a dilutive effect to the extent that the market price per share of our Class A common stock exceeds the strike price of any warrants unless, subject to the terms of the warrant transactions, we elect to cash settle the warrants.
From time to time, the option counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivative transactions with respect to our Class A common stock and/or purchasing or selling our Class A common stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the Notes. This activity could cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our Class A common stock.
Anti-takeover provisions contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our amended and restated bylaws, and provisions of Delaware law could impair a takeover attempt.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our amended and restated bylaws, and Delaware law contain provisions whichthat could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors and therefore depress the trading price of our Class A common stock.
Among other things, our dual-class common stock structure provides our holders of Class B common stock with the ability to significantly influence the outcome of matters requiring stockholder approval, even if they own significantly less than a majority of the shares of our outstanding shares of common stock. Further, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws include provisions (i) creating a classified board of directors whose members serve staggered three-year terms; (ii) authorizing “blank check” preferred stock, which could be issued by our board of directors without stockholder approval and may contain voting, liquidation, dividend, and other rights superior to our common stock; (iii) limiting the ability of our stockholders to call special meetings; (iv) eliminating the ability of our stockholders to act by written consent without a meeting or to remove directors without cause; and (v) requiring advance notice of stockholder proposals for business to be conducted at meetings of our stockholders and for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors. These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management.
As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prevents certain stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding capital stock from engaging in certain business combinations without the approval of our board of directors or the holders of at least two-thirds of our outstanding capital stock not held by such stockholder.
Any provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws, or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our capital stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our Class A common stock.
Our amended and restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.
Our amended and restated bylaws provide that, unless we consent to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or other employees to us or to our stockholders; (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law; or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our amended and restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could have a material and adverse impact on our business.
If securities or industry analysts publish reports that are interpreted negatively by the investment community, publish negative research reports about our business, or cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, our share price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our Class A common stock depends, to some extent, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business, our market, or our competitors. We do not have any control over these analysts or the information contained in their reports. If one or more analysts publish research reports that are interpreted negatively by the investment community, or have a negative tone regarding our business, financial or operating performance, industry or end-markets, our share price could decline. In addition, if a majority of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.
We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.
We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, you may only receive a return on your
investment in our common stock if the trading price of our common stock increases. Investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase shares of our common stock. Our ability to pay dividends is restricted by the terms of our revolving credit facility and is also subject to limitations imposed by certain financial regulations.
Additional stock issuances could result in significant dilution to our stockholders.
We may issue additional equity securities to raise capital, make acquisitions, or for a variety of other purposes. Additional issuances of our stock may be made pursuant to the exercise or conversion of new or existing convertible debt securities, warrants, stock options, or other equity incentive awards to new and existing service providers. Any such issuances will result in dilution to existing holders of our stock. We rely on equity-based compensation as an important tool in recruiting and retaining employees. The amount of dilution due to equity-based compensation of our employees and other additional issuances could be substantial.
Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None.
Item 2. PROPERTIES
Our corporate headquarters, which include product development, sales, marketing, and business operations, are located in San Francisco, California. It consists of 338,910469,056 square feet of space under a lease that expires in 2023. We also lease 43,68959,905 square feet in New York, New York for a product development, sales, and business operations office under a lease that expires in 2025. WeIn December 2018, we entered into a lease arrangement for 355,762 square feet of office space in Oakland, California under a lease that expires in 2031. In July 2019, the Company entered into a lease arrangement for 226,258 square feet of office space in St Louis, Missouri, for a term of 15.5 years with options to extend the lease term for two 5-year terms, with a commencement date expected to be in July 2020. In addition, we also have offices in several other locations and believe our facilities are sufficient for our current needs.
Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are currently a party to, and may in the future be involved in, various litigation matters (including intellectual property litigation), legal claims, and government investigations.
We were For information regarding legal proceedings in which we are involved, see “Litigation” in a class action lawsuit concerning independent contractors in connection with our Caviar business. On March 19, 2015, Jeffry Levin, on behalf of a putative nationwide class, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California against our wholly owned subsidiary, Caviar, Inc., which, as amended, alleged that Caviar misclassified Mr. Levin and other similarly situated couriers as independent contractors and, in doing so, violated various provisionsNote 18 of the California Labor Code and California Business and Professions Codeaccompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements, which is incorporated herein by requiring them to pay various business expenses that should have been borne by Caviar. The Court compelled arbitration of Mr. Levin’s individual claims on November 16, 2015 and dismissed the lawsuit in its entirety with prejudice on May 2, 2016. On June 1, 2016, Mr. Levin filed a Notice of Appeal of the Court’s order compelling arbitration with the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Mr. Levin filed his opening appellate brief regarding the order compelling arbitration of his individual claims on October 7, 2016. We filed our answering brief on December 7, 2016, and Mr. Levin filed his reply on December 21, 2016. No hearing date was set. Mr. Levin also sought an award of penalties pursuant to the Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 (PAGA). The parties stipulated that Mr. Levin would no longer pursue this PAGA claim but that it may instead be pursued by a different courier. Subsequently, couriers Nadezhda Rosen and La’Dell Brewster filed a new PAGA-only claim in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of San Francisco (Superior Court) on November 7, 2016. Plaintiffs claimed that Caviar misclassified its couriers as independent contractors resulting in numerous violations of the California Labor Code, pursuant to which plaintiffs sought statutory penalties for those violations.In February 2017, we participated in a mediation with the parties in these Caviar misclassification suits to explore resolution of the matters at hand. After continued negotiation, the parties reached a global settlement of these suits, which has been confirmed. As a result, the Levin and Rosen lawsuits were dismissed with prejudice in their respective courts on January 24, 2018 and January 18, 2018, respectively.reference.
In addition, from time to time, we are involved in various other litigation matters and disputes arising in the ordinary course of business. We cannot at this time fairly estimate a reasonable range of exposure, if any, of the potential liability with respect to these other matters. While we do not believe, at this time, that any ultimate liability resulting from any of these other matters will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position, or liquidity, we cannot give any assurance regarding the ultimate outcome of these other matters, and their resolution could be material to our operating results for any particular period.
Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II
Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information for Common Stock
Our Class A common stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “SQ” on November 19, 2015. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our Class A common stock. There is no public trading market for our Class B common stock. The following table sets forth the high and low sales price per share of our Class A common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange for the period indicated:
| | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, 2017 | | High | | Low | | First Quarter | | $ | 18.17 |
| | $ | 13.66 |
| | Second Quarter | | $ | 24.97 |
| | $ | 16.66 |
| | Third Quarter | | $ | 29.00 |
| | $ | 22.66 |
| | Fourth Quarter | | $ | 49.56 |
| | $ | 28.78 |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2016 | | | | | | First Quarter | | $ | 15.91 |
| | $ | 8.06 |
| | Second Quarter | | $ | 15.87 |
| | $ | 8.42 |
| | Third Quarter | | $ | 12.54 |
| | $ | 8.78 |
| | Fourth Quarter | | $ | 14.82 |
| | $ | 10.88 |
|
Holders of Record As of February 22, 2018,21, 2020, there were 50102 holders of record of our Class A common stock and 10558 holders of record of our Class B common stock. Because many of our shares of Class A common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of beneficial owners of our Class A common stock represented by these record holders.
Dividend Policy
We have never declared nor paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation of our business and do not expect to pay any dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions, and other factors that our board of directors considers relevant. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
None.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities None. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Period | Total number of
Shares purchased | Average price paid
per share | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs | Maximum number (or approximate dollar value) of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs | | October 1 to October 31 | 18,812 (i) | 61.63 | — | | — | | | November 1 to November 30 | — | | — | | — | | — | | | December 1 to December 31 | 26 (ii) | | — | | — | | | Total | 18,838 | | 61.63 (iii) | — | | — | |
(i) Represents shares that have been withheld by the Company to satisfy its tax withholding and remittance obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock awards. (ii) The Company exercised a pro-rata portion of the 2022 convertible note hedges (described in Note 13, Indebtedness, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements) to offset the shares of the Company's common stock issued to settle the conversion of the 2022 Notes. The note hedges were net shares settled and the Company received 26 shares of the Company's common stock from the counterparties in December of 2019. (iii) Excludes the shares received through the exercise of the note hedges.
Performance Graph
This performance graph shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Square, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act. The following graph compares the cumulative total return to stockholders on our common stock relative to the cumulative total returns of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, or S&P 500, and the S&P North American Technology Index. An investment of $100 (with reinvestment of all dividends) is assumed to have been made in our Class A common stock and in each index on November 19, 2015, the date our Class A common stock began trading on the NYSE, and its relative performance is tracked through December 31, 2017.2019. The returns shown are based on historical results and are not intended to suggest future performance. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Company/Index | | 11/19/2015 | | 12/31/2015 | | 12/31/2016 | | 12/31/2017 | | 12/31/2018 | | 12/31/2019 | | Square, Inc. | | 100 | | | 100.15 | | | 104.28 | | | 265.26 | | | 429.15 | | | 478.65 | | | S&P 500 | | 100 | | | 98.72 | | | 110.52 | | | 134.65 | | | 128.75 | | | 169.28 | | | S&P North American Technology | | 100 | | | 99.2 | | | 111.15 | | | 151.43 | | | 154.26 | | | 217.99 | |
44 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Company/Index | | 11/19/2015 |
| | 12/31/2015 |
| | 12/31/2016 |
| | 12/31/2017 |
| | Square, Inc. | | 100 |
| | 100.15 |
| | 104.28 |
| | 265.26 |
| | S&P 500 | | 100 |
| | 98.72 |
| | 110.52 |
| | 134.65 |
| | S&P North American Technology | | 100 |
| | 99.20 |
| | 111.15 |
| | 151.43 |
|
Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2019, 2018, and 2015,2017, and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2017,2019, and 2016,2018, have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following selected consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2014,2016, and 2013,2015, and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2015,2017, 2016, and 2014,2015, are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements which are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | (in thousands, except per share data) | | | | | | | | | | Consolidated Statement of Operations Data: | | | | | | | | | | | Total net revenue | 4,713,500 | | | 3,298,177 | | | 2,214,253 | | | 1,708,721 | | | 1,267,118 | | | Total cost of revenue | 2,823,815 | | | 1,994,477 | | | 1,374,947 | | | 1,132,683 | | | 897,088 | | | Gross profit | 1,889,685 | | | 1,303,700 | | | 839,306 | | | 576,038 | | | 370,030 | | | Total operating expenses | 1,863,128 | | | 1,340,314 | | | 893,512 | | | 746,491 | | | 544,488 | | | Operating income (loss) | 26,557 | | | (36,614) | | | (54,206) | | | (170,453) | | | (174,458) | | | Net income (loss) | 375,446 | | | (38,453) | | | (62,813) | | | (171,590) | | | (179,817) | | | Deemed dividend on Series E preferred stock | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (32,200) | | | Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders | $ | 375,446 | | | $ | (38,453) | | | $ | (62,813) | | | $ | (171,590) | | | $ | (212,017) | | | Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders: | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | $ | 0.88 | | | $ | (0.09) | | | $ | (0.17) | | | $ | (0.50) | | | $ | (1.24) | | | Diluted | $ | 0.81 | | | $ | (0.09) | | | $ | (0.17) | | | $ | (0.50) | | | $ | (1.24) | | | Weighted-average shares used to compute net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders: | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | 424,999 | | | 405,731 | | | 379,344 | | | 341,555 | | | 170,498 | | | Diluted | 466,076 | | | 405,731 | | | 379,344 | | | 341,555 | | | 170,498 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | December 31, | | | | | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | (in thousands) | | | | | | | | | | | Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: | | | | | | | | | | | Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,047,118 | | | $ | 583,173 | | | $ | 696,474 | | | $ | 452,030 | | | $ | 461,329 | | | Total Investments | 1,029,759 | | | 1,005,671 | | | 373,243 | | | 87,267 | | | — | | | Settlements receivable | 588,692 | | | 364,946 | | | 620,523 | | | 321,102 | | | 142,727 | | | Customer funds | 676,292 | | | 334,017 | | | 103,042 | | | 43,574 | | | 9,446 | | | Working capital | 1,525,716 | | | 1,093,364 | | | 805,467 | | | 423,961 | | | 371,361 | | | Total assets | 4,551,258 | | | 3,281,023 | | | 2,187,270 | | | 1,211,362 | | | 894,772 | | | Customers payable | 1,273,135 | | | 749,215 | | | 733,736 | | | 431,632 | | | 224,811 | | | Long-term debt | 938,832 | | | 899,695 | | | 358,572 | | | — | | | — | | | Total stockholders’ equity | 1,715,050 | | | 1,120,501 | | | 786,333 | | | 576,153 | | | 508,048 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 | | | (in thousands, except per share data) | | Consolidated Statement of Operations Data: | | | | | | Revenue: | | | | | | | | | | | Transaction-based revenue | $ | 1,920,174 |
| | $ | 1,456,160 |
| | $ | 1,050,445 |
| | $ | 707,799 |
| | $ | 433,737 |
| | Starbucks transaction-based revenue | — |
| | 78,903 |
| | 142,283 |
| | 123,024 |
| | 114,456 |
| | Subscription and services-based revenue | 252,664 |
| | 129,351 |
| | 58,013 |
| | 12,046 |
| | — |
| | Hardware revenue | 41,415 |
| | 44,307 |
| | 16,377 |
| | 7,323 |
| | 4,240 |
| | Total net revenue | 2,214,253 |
| | 1,708,721 |
| | 1,267,118 |
| | 850,192 |
| | 552,433 |
| | Cost of revenue: | | | | | | | | | | | Transaction-based costs | 1,230,290 |
| | 943,200 |
| | 672,667 |
| | 450,858 |
| | 277,833 |
| | Starbucks transaction-based costs | — |
| | 69,761 |
| | 165,438 |
| | 150,955 |
| | 139,803 |
| | Subscription and services-based costs | 75,720 |
| | 43,132 |
| | 22,470 |
| | 2,973 |
| | — |
| | Hardware costs | 62,393 |
| | 68,562 |
| | 30,874 |
| | 18,330 |
| | 6,012 |
| | Amortization of acquired technology | 6,544 |
| | 8,028 |
| | 5,639 |
| | 1,002 |
| | — |
| | Total cost of revenue | 1,374,947 |
| | 1,132,683 |
| | 897,088 |
| | 624,118 |
| | 423,648 |
| | Gross profit | 839,306 |
| | 576,038 |
| | 370,030 |
| | 226,074 |
| | 128,785 |
| | Operating expenses: | | | | | | | | | | | Product development | 321,888 |
| | 268,537 |
| | 199,638 |
| | 144,637 |
| | 82,864 |
| | Sales and marketing | 253,170 |
| | 173,876 |
| | 145,618 |
| | 112,577 |
| | 64,162 |
| | General and administrative | 250,553 |
| | 251,993 |
| | 143,466 |
| | 94,220 |
| | 68,942 |
| | Transaction, loan and advance losses | 67,018 |
| | 51,235 |
| | 54,009 |
| | 24,081 |
| | 15,329 |
| | Amortization of acquired customer assets | 883 |
| | 850 |
| | 1,757 |
| | 1,050 |
| | — |
| | Impairment of intangible assets | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 2,430 |
| | Total operating expenses | 893,512 |
| | 746,491 |
| | 544,488 |
| | 376,565 |
| | 233,727 |
| | Operating loss | (54,206 | ) | | (170,453 | ) | | (174,458 | ) | | (150,491 | ) | | (104,942 | ) | | Interest and other (income) expense, net | 8,458 |
| | (780 | ) | | 1,613 |
| | 2,162 |
| | (962 | ) | | Loss before income tax | (62,664 | ) | | (169,673 | ) | | (176,071 | ) | | (152,653 | ) | | (103,980 | ) | | Provision for income taxes | 149 |
| | 1,917 |
| | 3,746 |
| | 1,440 |
| | 513 |
| | Net loss | (62,813 | ) | | (171,590 | ) | | (179,817 | ) | | (154,093 | ) | | (104,493 | ) | | Deemed dividend on Series E preferred stock | — |
| | — |
| | (32,200 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | Net loss attributable to common stockholders | $ | (62,813 | ) | | $ | (171,590 | ) | | $ | (212,017 | ) | | $ | (154,093 | ) | | $ | (104,493 | ) | | Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders: | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | $ | (0.17 | ) | | $ | (0.50 | ) | | $ | (1.24 | ) | | $ | (1.08 | ) | | $ | (0.82 | ) | | Diluted | $ | (0.17 | ) | | $ | (0.50 | ) | | $ | (1.24 | ) | | $ | (1.08 | ) | | $ | (0.82 | ) | | Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to common stockholders: | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | 379,344 |
| | 341,555 |
| | 170,498 |
| | 142,042 |
| | 127,845 |
| | Diluted | 379,344 |
| | 341,555 |
| | 170,498 |
| | 142,042 |
| | 127,845 |
|
Costs and expenses include share-based compensation expense as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 | | | (in thousands) | | Cost of revenue | $ | 77 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | Product development | 98,310 |
| | 91,404 |
| | 54,738 |
| | 24,758 |
| | 8,820 |
| | Sales and marketing | 17,568 |
| | 14,122 |
| | 7,360 |
| | 3,738 |
| | 1,235 |
| | General and administrative | 39,881 |
| | 33,260 |
| | 20,194 |
| | 7,604 |
| | 4,603 |
| | Total share-based compensation | $ | 155,836 |
| | $ | 138,786 |
| | $ | 82,292 |
| | $ | 36,100 |
| | $ | 14,658 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | December 31, | | | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 | | | (in thousands) | | | | Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: | | | | | | | | | | | Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 696,474 |
| | $ | 452,030 |
| | $ | 461,329 |
| | $ | 222,315 |
| | $ | 166,176 |
| | Settlements receivable | 620,523 |
| | 321,102 |
| | 142,727 |
| | 115,481 |
| | 64,968 |
| | Working capital | 805,467 |
| | 423,961 |
| | 371,361 |
| | 218,761 |
| | 124,061 |
| | Total assets | 2,187,270 |
| | 1,211,362 |
| | 894,772 |
| | 541,888 |
| | 318,341 |
| | Customers payable | 733,736 |
| | 431,632 |
| | 224,811 |
| | 148,648 |
| | 95,794 |
| | Long-term debt (Note 9) | 358,572 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 30,000 |
| | — |
| | Total stockholders’ equity | 786,333 |
| | 576,153 |
| | 508,048 |
| | 273,672 |
| | 162,294 |
|
Key Operating Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures We collect and analyze operating and financial data to evaluate the health of our business, allocate our resources, and assess our performance. In addition to revenue, net income (loss),loss, and other results under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), the following table sets forth key operating metrics and non-GAAP financial measures we use to evaluate our business. We believe these metrics and measures are useful to facilitate period-to-period comparisons of our business, and to facilitate comparisons of our performance to that of other payment processors. Each of these metrics and measures excludes the effect of our processing agreement with Starbucks which transitioned to another payments solutions provider in the fourth quarter of 2016. As we do not expect transactions with Starbucks to recur, we believe it is useful to exclude Starbucks activity to clearly show the impact Starbucks has had on our financial results historically. Our agreements with other sellers generally provide both those sellers and us the unilateral right to terminate such agreements at any time, without fine or penalty. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | (in thousands, except for GPV and per share data) | | | | | | | | | | Gross Payment Volume (GPV) (in millions) | $ | 106,239 | | | $ | 84,654 | | | $ | 65,343 | | | $ | 49,683 | | | $ | 35,643 | | | Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 416,853 | | | $ | 256,523 | | | $ | 139,009 | | | $ | 44,887 | | | $ | (41,115) | | | Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per Share: | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | $ | 0.90 | | | $ | 0.55 | | | $ | 0.30 | | | $ | 0.04 | | | $ | (0.39) | | | Diluted | $ | 0.80 | | | $ | 0.47 | | | $ | 0.27 | | | $ | 0.04 | | | $ | (0.39) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 | | | (in thousands, except for GPV and per share data) | | Gross Payment Volume (GPV) (in millions) | $ | 65,343 |
| | $ | 49,683 |
| | $ | 35,643 |
| | $ | 23,780 |
| | $ | 14,822 |
| | Adjusted Revenue | $ | 983,963 |
| | $ | 686,618 |
| | $ | 452,168 |
| | $ | 276,310 |
| | $ | 160,144 |
| | Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 139,009 |
| | $ | 44,887 |
| | $ | (41,115 | ) | | $ | (67,741 | ) | | $ | (51,530 | ) | | Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per Share: | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | $ | 0.30 |
| | $ | 0.04 |
| | $ | (0.39 | ) | | $ | (0.62 | ) | | $ | (0.46 | ) | | Diluted | $ | 0.27 |
| | $ | 0.04 |
| | $ | (0.39 | ) | | $ | (0.62 | ) | | $ | (0.46 | ) |
Gross Payment Volume (GPV) We define GPV as the total dollar amount of all card payments processed by sellers using Square, net of refunds. Additionally, GPV includes Cash App activity related to peer-to-peer payments sent from a credit card and Cash for Business. As described above, GPV excludes card payments processed for Starbucks.
Adjusted Revenue
Adjusted Revenue is a non-GAAP financial measure that we define as our total net revenue less transaction-based costs, adjusted to eliminate the effect of activity with Starbucks. As described above, Starbucks completed its previously announced transition to another payments provider and has ceased using our payments solutions altogether, and we believe that providing Adjusted Revenue metrics that exclude the impact of our agreement with Starbucks is useful to investors.
We believe it is useful to subtract transaction-based costs from total net revenue to derive Adjusted Revenue as this is a primary metric used by management to measure our business performance, and it affords greater comparability to other payments solution providers. Substantially all of the transaction-based costs are interchange and assessment fees, processing fees and bank settlement fees paid to third-party payment processors and financial institutions. While some payments solution providers present their revenue in a similar fashion to us, others present their revenue net of transaction-based costs because, unlike us, they pass through these costs directly to their sellers and are not deemed the principal in these arrangements. Under our standard pricing model, we do not pass through these costs directly to our sellers.
Adjusted Revenue has limitations as a financial measure, should be considered as supplemental in nature, and is not meant as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. These limitations include the following:
Adjusted Revenue is net of transaction-based costs, which is our largest cost of revenue item; and
other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate Adjusted Revenue differently or not at all, which reduces its usefulness as a comparative measure.
Because of these limitations, you should consider Adjusted Revenue alongside other financial performance measures, including total net revenue and our financial results presented in accordance with GAAP. The following table presents a reconciliation of total net revenue to Adjusted Revenue for each of the periods indicated:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 | | | (in thousands) | | Total net revenue | $ | 2,214,253 |
| | $ | 1,708,721 |
| | $ | 1,267,118 |
| | $ | 850,192 |
| | $ | 552,433 |
| | Less: Starbucks transaction-based revenue | — |
| | 78,903 |
| | 142,283 |
| | 123,024 |
| | 114,456 |
| | Less: transaction-based costs | 1,230,290 |
| | 943,200 |
| | 672,667 |
| | 450,858 |
| | 277,833 |
| | Adjusted Revenue | $ | 983,963 |
| | $ | 686,618 |
| | $ | 452,168 |
| | $ | 276,310 |
| | $ | 160,144 |
|
Adjusted EBITDA Adjusted Net Income (Loss), and Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per Share (Adjusted EPS) Adjusted EBITDA Adjusted Net Income (Loss), and Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per ShareEPS are non-GAAP financial measures that represent our net income (loss) and net income (loss) per share, adjusted to eliminate the effect of Starbucks transactions and certain other items as described below. We have included these non-GAAP financial measures in this Annual Report on Form 10-K because they are key measures used by our management to evaluate our operating performance, generate future operating plans, and make strategic decisions, including those relating to operating expenses and the allocation of internal resources. Accordingly, we believe these measures provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and board of directors. In addition, they provide useful measures for period-to-period comparisons of our business, as they remove the effect of certain non-cash items and certain variable charges.
•We exclude Starbucks transaction-based revenue and Starbucks transaction-based costs. As described above, Starbucks completed its previously announced transition to another payments solution provider and has ceased using our payments
solutions altogether, and we believe that providing non-GAAP financial measures that exclude the impact of Starbucks is useful to investors.
•We believe it is useful to exclude certain non-cash charges, such as amortization of intangible assets, and share-based compensation expenses, from our non-GAAP financial measures because the amount of such expenses in any specific period may not directly correlate to the underlying performance of our business operations.
•In connection with the issuance of our convertible senior notes (as described in Note 9)13), we are required to recognize non-cash interest expense related to amortization of debt discount and issuance costs. We believe that excluding these expenses from our non-GAAP measures is useful to investors because such incremental non-cash interest expense does not represent a current or future cash outflow for the Company and is therefore not indicative of our continuing operations or meaningful when comparing current results to past results. Additionally, for purposes of calculating diluted Adjusted EPS we add back cash interest expense on convertible senior notes, as if converted at the beginning of the period, if the impact is dilutive, since we intend to settle future conversions of our convertible senior notes entirely in shares.
•We exclude the litigation settlement with Robert E. Morley, (as described in Note 1), gain or loss on the saledisposal of property and equipment, gain on sale of asset group, gain or loss on revaluation of equity investment, gain or loss on debt extinguishment related to the conversion of senior notes and impairment of intangible assets, as applicable, from non-GAAP financial measures because we do not believe that these items are reflective of our ongoing business operations.
•We also exclude certain costs associated with acquisitions that are not normal recurring operating expenses, including amounts paid to redeem acquirees’ unvested share-based compensation awards, and legal, accounting and due diligence costs, and we add back the impact of the acquired deferred revenue and deferred cost adjustment, which was written down to fair value in purchase accounting. Such amounts were not included in prior periods as they were immaterial or zero.
In addition to the items above, Adjusted EBITDA as a non-GAAP financial measure also excludes depreciation, other cash interest income and expense, other income and expense and provision or benefit from income taxes, as these items are not components of our core business operations.
Non-GAAP financial measures have limitations, should be considered as supplemental in nature and are not meant as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. These limitations include the following:
•share-based compensation expense has been, and will continue to be for the foreseeable future, a significant recurring expense in our business and an important part of our compensation strategy;
•the intangible assets being amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and the non-GAAP financial measures do not reflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditures or other capital commitments; and
•non-GAAP measures do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs.
In addition to the limitations above, Adjusted EBITDA as a non-GAAP financial measure does not reflect the effect of depreciation expense and related cash capital requirements, income taxes that may represent a reduction in cash available to us, and the effect of foreign currency exchange gains or losses, which is included in other income and expense.
Other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate the non-GAAP financial measures differently or not at all, which reduces their usefulness as comparative measures.
Because of these limitations, you should consider the non-GAAP financial measures alongside other financial performance measures, including net loss and our other financial results presented in accordance with GAAP.
The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss to Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods indicated (in thousands): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | Net income (loss) | | $ | 375,446 | | | $ | (38,453) | | | $ | (62,813) | | | $ | (171,590) | | | $ | (179,817) | | | Starbucks transaction-based revenue | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (78,903) | | | (142,283) | | | Starbucks transaction-based costs | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 69,761 | | | 165,438 | | | Share-based compensation expense | | 297,863 | | | 216,881 | | | 155,836 | | | 138,786 | | | 82,292 | | | Depreciation and amortization | | 75,598 | | | 60,961 | | | 37,279 | | | 37,745 | | | 27,626 | | | Litigation settlement expense | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 48,000 | | | — | | | Interest expense (income), net | | 21,516 | | | 17,982 | | | 10,053 | | | (533) | | | 1,163 | | | Other (income) expense, net | | 273 | | | (18,469) | | | (1,595) | | | (247) | | | 450 | | | Provision for income taxes | | 2,767 | | | 2,326 | | | 149 | | | 1,917 | | | 3,746 | | | Loss (gain) on disposal of property and equipment | | 1,008 | | | (224) | | | 100 | | | (49) | | | 270 | | | Gain on sale of asset group | | (373,445) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Acquisition related and other costs | | 9,739 | | | 4,708 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Acquired deferred revenue adjustment | | 7,457 | | | 12,853 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Acquired deferred costs adjustment | | (1,369) | | | (2,042) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Adjusted EBITDA | | $ | 416,853 | | | $ | 256,523 | | | $ | 139,009 | | | $ | 44,887 | | | $ | (41,115) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 | | Net loss | $ | (62,813 | ) | | $ | (171,590 | ) | | $ | (179,817 | ) | | $ | (154,093 | ) | | $ | (104,493 | ) | | Starbucks transaction-based revenue | — |
| | (78,903 | ) | | (142,283 | ) | | (123,024 | ) | | (114,456 | ) | | Starbucks transaction-based costs | — |
| | 69,761 |
| | 165,438 |
| | 150,955 |
| | 139,803 |
| | Share-based compensation expense | 155,836 |
| | 138,786 |
| | 82,292 |
| | 36,100 |
| | 14,658 |
| | Depreciation and amortization | 37,279 |
| | 37,745 |
| | 27,626 |
| | 18,586 |
| | 8,272 |
| | Litigation settlement expense | — |
| | 48,000 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | Interest and other (income) expense, net | 8,458 |
| | (780 | ) | | 1,613 |
| | 2,162 |
| | (962 | ) | | Provision for income taxes | 149 |
| | 1,917 |
| | 3,746 |
| | 1,440 |
| | 513 |
| Loss (gain) on sale of property and equipment
| 100 |
| | (49 | ) | | 270 |
| | 133 |
| | 2,705 |
| | Impairment of intangible assets | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 2,430 |
| | Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 139,009 |
| | $ | 44,887 |
| | $ | (41,115 | ) | | $ | (67,741 | ) | | $ | (51,530 | ) |
The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss to Adjusted Net Income (Loss) and Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per Share for each of the periods indicated (in thousands, except per share data):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 | | | Net loss | $ | (62,813 | ) | | $ | (171,590 | ) | | $ | (179,817 | ) | | $ | (154,093 | ) | | $ | (104,493 | ) | | | Net income (loss) | | Net income (loss) | | $ | 375,446 | | | $ | (38,453) | | | $ | (62,813) | | | $ | (171,590) | | | $ | (179,817) | | | Starbucks transaction-based revenue | — |
| | (78,903 | ) | | (142,283 | ) | | (123,024 | ) | | (114,456 | ) | Starbucks transaction-based revenue | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (78,903) | | | (142,283) | | | Starbucks transaction-based costs | — |
| | 69,761 |
| | 165,438 |
| | 150,955 |
| | 139,803 |
| Starbucks transaction-based costs | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 69,761 | | | 165,438 | | | Share-based compensation expense | 155,836 |
| | 138,786 |
| | 82,292 |
| | 36,100 |
| | 14,658 |
| Share-based compensation expense | | 297,863 | | | 216,881 | | | 155,836 | | | 138,786 | | | 82,292 | | | Amortization of intangible assets | 7,615 |
| | 9,013 |
| | 7,503 |
| | 2,133 |
| | 54 |
| Amortization of intangible assets | | 15,000 | | | 13,103 | | | 7,615 | | | 9,013 | | | 7,503 | | | Litigation settlement expense | — |
| | 48,000 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| Litigation settlement expense | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 48,000 | | | — | | | Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | 14,223 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | | 39,139 | | | 32,855 | | | 14,223 | | | — | | | — | | | Loss (gain) on sale of property and equipment | 100 |
| | (49 | ) | | 270 |
| | 133 |
| | 2,705 |
| | | Impairment of intangible assets | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 2,430 |
| | | Adjusted Net Income (Loss) | $ | 114,961 |
| | $ | 15,018 |
| | $ | (66,597 | ) | | $ | (87,796 | ) | | $ | (59,299 | ) | | | Loss (gain) on revaluation of equity investment | | Loss (gain) on revaluation of equity investment | | 12,326 | | | (20,342) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Loss on extinguishment of long-term debt | | Loss on extinguishment of long-term debt | | — | | | 5,028 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Loss (gain) on disposal of property and equipment | | Loss (gain) on disposal of property and equipment | | 1,008 | | | (224) | | | 100 | | | (49) | | | 270 | | | | Gain on sale of asset group | | Gain on sale of asset group | | (373,445) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Acquisition related and other costs | | Acquisition related and other costs | | 9,739 | | | 4,708 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Acquired deferred revenue adjustment | | Acquired deferred revenue adjustment | | 7,457 | | | 12,853 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Acquired deferred cost adjustment | | Acquired deferred cost adjustment | | (1,369) | | | (2,042) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Adjusted Net Income (Loss) - basic | | Adjusted Net Income (Loss) - basic | | $ | 383,164 | | | $ | 224,367 | | | $ | 114,961 | | | $ | 15,018 | | | $ | (66,597) | | | Cash interest expense on convertible senior notes | | Cash interest expense on convertible senior notes | | 5,108 | | | 1,292 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Adjusted Net Income (Loss) - diluted | | Adjusted Net Income (Loss) - diluted | $ | 388,272 | | | $ | 225,659 | | | $ | 114,961 | | | $ | 15,018 | | | $ | (66,597) | | | | Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per Share: | | | | | | | | | | Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per Share: | | | Basic | $ | 0.30 |
| | $ | 0.04 |
| | $ | (0.39 | ) | | $ | (0.62 | ) | | $ | (0.46 | ) | Basic | $ | 0.90 | | | $ | 0.55 | | | $ | 0.30 | | | $ | 0.04 | | | $ | (0.39) | | | Diluted | $ | 0.27 |
| | $ | 0.04 |
| | $ | (0.39 | ) | | $ | (0.62 | ) | | $ | (0.46 | ) | Diluted | $ | 0.80 | | | $ | 0.47 | | | $ | 0.27 | | | $ | 0.04 | | | $ | (0.39) | | | | Weighted-average shares used to compute Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per Share: | | | | | | | | | | Weighted-average shares used to compute Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per Share: | | | Basic | 379,344 |
| | 341,555 |
| | 170,498 |
| | 142,042 |
| | 127,845 |
| Basic | 424,999 | | | 405,731 | | | 379,344 | | | 341,555 | | | 170,498 | | | Diluted | 426,519 |
| | 370,258 |
| | 170,498 |
| | 142,042 |
| | 127,845 |
| Diluted | 486,381 | | | 478,895 | | | 426,519 | | | 370,258 | | | 170,498 | |
Basic
To calculate the diluted Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per Share is computed by dividing the Adjusted Net Income (Loss) byEPS we adjust the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period.
Diluted Adjusted Net Income Per Share is computed by dividing Adjusted Net Income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding adjusted for the dilutive effect of all potential shares of common stock.
In periods when we recorded an Adjusted Net Loss, the Diluteddiluted Adjusted Net Loss Per ShareEPS is the same as Basicbasic Adjusted Net Loss Per ShareEPS because the effects of potentially dilutive items were anti-dilutive given the Adjusted Net Loss position.
Item 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
You should read the following discussion and analysis in conjunction with the information set forth under “Selected Financial Data” and our consolidated financial statements and relatedthe notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The statements in this discussion regarding our expectations of our future performance;performance, liquidity, and capital resources; our plans, estimates, beliefs, and expectations that involve risks and uncertainties; and other non-historical statements in this discussion are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements.
Overview
We started Square in February 2009 to enable businesses (sellers) to accept card payments, an important capability that was previously inaccessible to many businesses. However, sellers also need many innovative solutions to thrive, and we have since expanded to provide them additional products and services and to give these businessesthem access to the samea cohesive ecosystem of tools as largeto help them manage and grow their businesses. SquareSimilarly, with Cash App, we have built a parallel ecosystem of financial services to help individuals manage their money.
Our seller ecosystem is a cohesive commerce ecosystem that helps our sellers start, run and grow their businesses.businesses, and consists of over 30 distinct software, hardware, and financial services products. We combine sophisticatedmonetize these products through a combination of transaction, subscription, and service fees. Our suite of cloud-based software with affordable hardware to enable sellers to turn mobile and computing devices into powerful payment and point-of-sale solutions. We focus on technology and designsolutions are integrated to create productsa seamless experience and services that are cohesive, fast, self-serve,enable a holistic view of sales, customers, employees, and dependable.
The foundation of our ecosystem is a full service, managed payments offering. Once a seller downloads the Square Point of Sale mobile app, they can quickly and easily take their first payment, because we can typically bring them onto our system in minutes.locations. With our offering, a seller can accept payments in person via magnetic stripe (a swipe), EMV (Europay, MasterCard, and Visa) (a dip), or NFC (Near Field Communication) (a tap); or online via Square Invoices, Square Virtual Terminal, or the seller’s website. Once on our system,We also provide hardware to facilitate commerce for sellers, gain accesswhich includes magstripe readers, contactless and chip readers, Square Stand, Square Register, Square Terminal, and third-party peripherals. During the first quarter of 2019, we launched Square Card, a business prepaid card that enables sellers to technology and features such as reporting and analytics, next-day settlements, digital receipts, payment dispute and chargeback management, security, and Payment Card Industry (PCI) compliance.
Our commerce ecosystemspend the balance they have stored with Square. Sellers can also includes powerful point-of-sale software and services that help sellers make informed business decisions through the use of analytics and reporting. As a result, sellersdeposit funds into their Square stored balance so they can manage orders, inventory, locations, employees, and payroll; engage and growall of their sales with customers; andbusiness expenses in one place. Sellers also gain access to business loans through our Square Capital service. Some of these advanced point-of-sale features are broadly applicable to our seller base and include Employee Management and Customer Engagement. We have also extended our ecosystem to serve sellers with more specific needs. Our Build with Square developer platform (application programming interface or APIs) allows businesses with individualized needs to customize their business solutions while processing payments on Square and taking advantage of all the services in our ecosystem, including integration with third-party applications. In addition, certain verticals, such as service and retail sellers, benefit from specific features such as Invoices, Appointments, and Square for Retail. We monetize these features through either a per transaction fee, a subscription fee, or a service fee.
In the same way that we have empowered businesses with fast, simple, and cohesive tools, we see an opportunity with Cash App to build a similar ecosystem of services for individuals. Cash App offers individuals access to a fast, easy way to send and receive money electronically to and from individuals and businesses. We also offer our Cash App customers the ability to store their funds as well as use their funds via a Visa debit card. We have also recently added functionality to the Cash App to enable customers to buy and sell bitcoin.
We also serve sellers through Caviar, our food ordering platform that helps restaurants reach new customers and increase sales without additional overhead. Caviar revenue consists of seller fees charged to restaurants, delivery fees, and service fees from consumers. All fees are recognized upon delivery of the food, net of refunds.
With Square Capital, we facilitate the offering of loans to sellers based on theirthe seller's payment processing history, and the product is broadly available across our seller base. We currently fund a majority of these loans from arrangements with institutional third-party investors who purchase these loans.history. We recognize revenue upon the sale of the loans to third-party investors or over time as the sellers pay down the outstanding amounts for the loans that we hold as available for sale. We also earn a servicing fee from third-party investors that we record as revenue as we provide the services.
We also provide hardware to facilitate commerce for sellers. This hardware includes magstripe reader, contactless and chip readers, chip card readers, Square Stand, Square Register and third-party peripherals.
sale. We have grown rapidly to serve millions of sellers that represent a diverse set of industries including(including services, food-related business, and retail services, and food-related businesses,businesses) and sizes, ranging from a single vendor at a farmers’ market to multi-location businesses. TheseSquare sellers also span geographies, including the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, and the United Kingdom.
Operating Metric Overview (Our Cash App ecosystem provides financial tools for individuals to store, send, receive, spend and invest money. With Cash App, customers can fund their account with a bank account or debit card, send and receive P2P (peer-to-peer) payments, and receive direct deposit payments. Customers can make purchases with their Cash Card, a Visa prepaid card that is linked to the balance stored in thousands, exceptCash App. With Cash Boost, customers receive instant discounts when they make Cash Card purchases at designated merchants. Customers can also use their stored funds to buy and sell bitcoin and equity investments within Cash App.
On October 31, 2019, we completed the sale of Caviar to DoorDash, Inc. for GPV, percentages$410 million in gross proceeds comprised of a combination of $310 million in cash and per share data)$100 million in DoorDash, Inc.'s preferred stock. Caviar offered a food ordering, delivery, and catering services to customers.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2016 to 2017 | | 2015 to 2016 | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | % Change | | % Change | | Gross Payment Volume (GPV) (in millions) | $ | 65,343 |
| | $ | 49,683 |
| | $ | 35,643 |
| | 32 | % | | 39 | % | | Total net revenue | $ | 2,214,253 |
| | $ | 1,708,721 |
| | $ | 1,267,118 |
| | 30 | % | | 35 | % | | Adjusted Revenue | $ | 983,963 |
| | $ | 686,618 |
| | $ | 452,168 |
| | 43 | % | | 52 | % | | Net loss attributable to common stockholders | $ | (62,813 | ) | | $ | (171,590 | ) | | $ | (212,017 | ) | | | | | | Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 139,009 |
| | $ | 44,887 |
| | $ | (41,115 | ) | | | | | | Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders: | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | $ | (0.17 | ) | | $ | (0.50 | ) | | $ | (1.24 | ) | | | | | | Diluted | $ | (0.17 | ) | | $ | (0.50 | ) | | $ | (1.24 | ) | | | | | | Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per Share: | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | $ | 0.30 |
| | $ | 0.04 |
| | $ | (0.39 | ) | | | | | | Diluted | $ | 0.27 |
| | $ | 0.04 |
| | $ | (0.39 | ) | | | | |
Components of Results of Operations Revenue Transaction-based revenue. We charge our sellers a transaction fee for managed payments solutions that is generally calculated based on a percentage of the total transaction amount processed. We also selectively offer custom pricing for certain larger sellers. Starbucks transaction-based revenue. During the fourth quarter of 2016, Starbucks completed its previously announced transition to another payments solution provider. Prior to this date we charged a percentage of the total transaction amount for payments solutions we offered to certain Starbucks-owned stores in the United States.
Subscription and services-based revenue. In addition to managed payments and point-of-sale services, we offer our sellers a range of products and services, with Instant Deposit, Caviar, and Revenue from Cash App, Square Capital, and Instant Transfers for sellers currently comprisingcomprise the majority of our subscription and services-based revenue. Cash App subscription and services-based revenue is primarily comprised of transaction fees from Cash App Instant Deposit and Cash Card. Our other subscription and services-based products include Cash App,website hosting and domain name registration services, Gift Cards, Square Appointments, Customer Engagement, Employee Management, Payroll, Square Card, and other subscriptionproduct offerings. Subscriptions and services-based products offered through our Square Marketplace.revenue also included revenue generated from Caviar, a food ordering and delivery platform that we sold in the fourth quarter of 2019. Instant Deposit is a functionality within the Cash App and our managed payment solutions that enables customer to instantly deposit funds into their bank accounts.accounts, while Cash Card offers Cash App customers the ability use their stored funds via a Visa prepaid card that is linked to the balance the customer stores in Cash App. We charge a per transaction fee which we recognize as revenue when customers instantly deposit funds to their bank account.account, use their Cash Card to make a purchase, or withdraw funds.
Revenue for Caviar, our food ordering platform, is derived from seller fees, which are a percentage of total food order value, delivery fees, and service fees paid by the consumer based on total food order value.
Square Capital facilitates loans to sellers that are offered through a partnership bank and are generally repaid through withholding a percentage of the collections of the seller's receivables processed by us. DuringWe also facilitate loans to the first quartercustomers of 2016, we fully
transitioned from offering merchant cash advances (MCAs)certain sellers as well as to loans.the sellers of its partners who do not process payments with us. The loans are generally originated by a bank partner, from whom we purchase the loans obtaining all rights, title, and interest. Our intention is to sell the rights, title, and interest in these loans to third-party investors for an upfront fee when the loans are sold. We are retained by the third-party investors to service the loans and earn a servicing fee for facilitating the repayment of these receivables through our payments solutions.
Hardware revenue. Hardware revenue includes revenue from sales of contactless and chip readers, chip card readers, Square Stand, Square Register, Square Terminal, and third-party peripherals. Third-party peripherals include cash drawers, receipt printers, and barcode scanners, all of which can be integrated with Square Stand, Square Register, or Square Terminal to provide a comprehensive point-of-sale solution. In
Bitcoin revenue. Cash App customers have the fourth quarter of 2017, we began selling Square Register, our first all-in-one offering that combines our hardware, point-of-sale software,ability to purchase bitcoin, a cryptocurrency denominated asset, from the Company. We recognize revenue when customers purchase bitcoin and payments technology.it is transferred to the customer's account. Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin Transaction-based costs. Transaction-based costs consist primarily of interchange and assessment fees, processing fees, and bank settlement fees paid to third-party payment processors and financial institutions. Starbucks transaction-based costs. Starbucks transaction-based costs consist of the same components as our overall transaction-based costs, as applicable to the previously described Starbucks transaction.
Subscription and services-based costs. Subscription and services-based costs consist primarily of Caviar-related costs which include paymentsrelated to third-party couriersCash App including Instant Deposit and Cash Card as well as Instant Transfer for deliveries andsellers. Caviar costs were also a significant component of the cost of equipment provided to sellers. Cost of revenue for other subscription and services-based products consists primarily of the amortization relatedcosts, prior to the developmentsale of software for certain subscription and services-based products.Caviar. Hardware costs. Hardware costs consist primarily of product costs associated with contactless and chip readers, chip card readers,Square Terminal, Square Stand, Square Register, and third-party peripherals. Product costs include manufacturing-related overhead and personnel costs, certain royalties, packaging, and fulfillment costs. Hardware is sold primarily as a means to grow our transaction-based revenue and, as a result, generating positive gross margins from hardware sales is not the primary goal of the hardware business.
Bitcoin costs. Bitcoin cost of revenue is comprised of the amounts we pay to purchase bitcoin, which will fluctuate in line with the price of bitcoin in the market.
Amortization of acquired technology. These costs consist of amortization related to technologies acquired through acquisitions that have the capability of producing revenue. These amounts were not material to our financial statements. Operating Expenses Operating expenses consist of product development, sales and marketing, general and administrative expenses, transaction loan and advanceloan losses, and amortization of acquired customer assets. For product development and general and administrative expenses, the largest single component is personnel-related expenses, including salaries, commissions and bonuses, employee benefit costs, and share-based compensation. In the case of sales and marketing expenses, a significant portion is related to paid advertising expensesthe Cash App peer-to-peer transactions and Cash Card issuance costs, in addition to paid advertising and personnel-related expenses. Operating expenses also include allocated overhead costs for facilities, human resources, and IT. Product development. Product development expenses currently represent the largest component of our operating expenses and consist primarily of expenses related to our engineering, data science, and design personnel; fees and supply costs related to maintenance and capacity expansion at third-party data center facilities; hardware related development and tooling costs; and fees for software licenses, consulting, legal, and other services that are directly related to growing and maintaining our portfolio of products and services. Additionally, product development expenses include the depreciation of product-related infrastructure and tools, including data center equipment, internally developed software, and computer equipment. We continue to focus our product development efforts on adding new features and apps, and on enhancing the functionality and ease of use of our offerings. Our ability to realize returns on these investments is substantially dependent upon our ability to successfully address current and emerging requirements of sellers and buyers through the development and introduction of these new products and services. While we expect total product development expenses to increase as we invest further in engineering and design personnel, over time we also expect our product development expenses to decline as a percentage of total net revenue.
Sales and marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of fourthree components. The first component includes costs associated with free Cash App peer-to-peer transactions and related transaction losses, and Cash Card issuance costs. The second component is comprised of costs incurred to acquire new sellers through various paid advertising channels, including online search, online display, direct mail, direct response television, mobile advertising, affiliates, and referrals, all of which are expensed as incurred.
The secondthird component includes expenses related to our direct sales, account management, local and product marketing, retail and ecommerce, partnerships, and communications personnel. The third component includes costs associated with free Cash App peer-to-peer transactions. The fourth component includes the costs associated with the manufacturing and distribution of our magstripe reader, which is offered for free on our website and provided through various marketing events and distribution channels. New sellers who purchase a magstripe reader from one of our retail distribution partners are offered a rebate equal to the price paid. The cost to us of manufacturing and distributing magstripe readers are partially offset by amounts received from retail distribution partners. As our sellers transition to using our contactless and chip reader, we expect to distribute relatively fewer magstripe readers, thus reducing that component of our sales and marketing expenses. While we expect sales and marketing expenses to increase as the scale of our business grows, over the long term we also expect sales and marketing expenses to decline as a percentage of total net revenue. Over the short term, however, sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of total net revenue may demonstrate variability based on the timing and magnitude of marketing and customer acquisition initiatives.
General and administrative. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of expenses related to our support, finance, legal, customer success, Square Capital operations, Caviar operations, risk operations, human resources, and administrative personnel. General and administrative expenses also include costs related to fees paid for professional services, including legal, tax, and accounting services. While we expect general
Transaction and administrative expenses to increase in dollar amount to support our growth and costs of compliance associated with being a public company, over time we expect general and administrative expenses to decline as a percentage of total net revenue.
Transaction, loan and advance losses. We are exposed to transaction losses due to chargebacks as a result of fraud or uncollectibility. ExamplesWe incur loan losses whenever the amortized cost of transactionloans that have been retained exceeds their fair value.
Transaction losses include chargebacks for unauthorized credit card use and inability to collect on disputes between buyers and sellers over the delivery of goods or services.services, as well as losses on Cash App activity related to peer-to-peer payments sent from a credit card, Cash for Business, and Cash Card. We base our reserve estimates on prior chargeback history and current period data points indicative of transaction loss. We reflect additions to the reserve in current operating results, while we make charges torealized losses are offset against the reserve when we incur losses.
reserve. The establishment of appropriate reserves for transaction losses is an inherently uncertain process, and ultimate losses may vary from the current estimates. We regularly update our reserve estimates as new facts become known and events occur that may affect the settlement or recovery of losses. For the period from January 1, 20152017 through December 31, 2017,2019, our transaction losses accounted for approximately 0.1% of GPV.total aggregate GPV for the same period.
Loan losses related to loans that have been retained byare determined at the Company are recorded whenever the amortized cost of aindividual loan exceeds its fair value,level, with such charges being reversed for subsequent increases in fair value but only to the extent that such reversals do not result in the amortized cost of a loan exceeding its fair value. To determine the fair value of loans, the Company utilizes industry standard modeling, such as discounted cash flow models, to arrive at an estimate of fair value.
Amortization of acquired customer assets. Amortization of acquired customer assets includes customer relationships, restaurant relationships, courier relationships, subscriber relationships, and partner relationships. These amounts were not material to our financial statements.
Gain on sale of asset group
Gain on sale of asset group represents the excess of the proceeds from the disposal of the Caviar business less the carrying values of the net assets sold.
Interest and Other Income and Expense, net
Interest and other income and expense, net consists primarily of gains or losses arising from marking to market of an equity investment, interest expense related to our long-term debt, interest income on our investment in marketable debt securities, and foreign currency-related gains and losses.
Provision for Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes consists primarily of federal, state, local, and foreign tax. Our effective tax rate fluctuates from period to period due to changes in the mix of income and losses in jurisdictions with a wide range of tax rates, the effect of acquisitions, changes resulting from the amount of recorded valuation allowance, permanent differences between U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and local tax laws, certain one-time items, and changes in tax contingencies. As discussed in further detail in Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the 2017 Tax Act contains many significant changes to U.S. Federal tax laws. The 2017 Tax Act requires complex computations that were not previously provided for under U.S. tax law. The Company has provided for an estimated effect of the 2017 Tax Act in its financial statements. The 2017 Tax Act requires significant judgments to be made in interpretation of the law and significant estimates in the calculation of the provision for income taxes. SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("SAB 118") was issued in December 2017. The Company will continue to monitor and assess potential impacts of the 2017 Tax Act in accordance with SAB 118.
Deemed Dividend on Series E Preferred Stock
For the year ended December 31, 2015, we issued 10,299,696 shares of our common stock to certain holders of Series E preferred stock in the form of a deemed stock dividend of $32.2 million. There were no similar occurrences in any other period presented.
Results of Operations
Revenue (in thousands, except for percentages) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2018 to 2019 | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | | | % Change | | | | Transaction-based revenue | $ | 3,081,074 | | | $ | 2,471,451 | | | | | 25 | % | | | | Subscription and services-based revenue | 1,031,456 | | | 591,706 | | | | | 74 | % | | | | Hardware revenue | 84,505 | | | 68,503 | | | | | 23 | % | | | | Bitcoin revenue | 516,465 | | | 166,517 | | | | | 210 | % | | | | Total net revenue | | $ | 4,713,500 | | | $ | 3,298,177 | | | | | 43 | % | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2016 to 2017 | | 2015 to 2016 | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | % Change | | % Change | | Transaction-based revenue | $ | 1,920,174 |
| | $ | 1,456,160 |
| | $ | 1,050,445 |
| | 32 | % | | 39 | % | | Starbucks transaction-based revenue | — |
| | 78,903 |
| | 142,283 |
| | (100 | )% | | (45 | )% | | Subscription and services-based revenue | 252,664 |
| | 129,351 |
| | 58,013 |
| | 95 | % | | 123 | % | | Hardware revenue | 41,415 |
| | 44,307 |
| | 16,377 |
| | (7 | )% | | 171 | % | | Total net revenue | $ | 2,214,253 |
| | $ | 1,708,721 |
| | $ | 1,267,118 |
| | 30 | % | | 35 | % |
Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 20172019 and 20162018
Total net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, increased by $505.5$1,415.3 million, or 30%43%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.2018.
Transaction-based revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017,2019 increased by $464.0$609.6 million or 32%25%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.2018. This increase was attributable to the growth in GPVGross Payment Volume (GPV) processed of $15.7 billion, or 32%,which increased by 25% for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to $65.3 billion from $49.7 billion.the year ended December 31, 2018. We continuecontinued to benefit from the growth in payment transaction amounts processed volumes from our existing sellers, in addition to meaningful contributions from new sellers. Additionally, GPV from larger sellers, which we define as all sellers that generate more than $125,000 in annualized GPV, represented 48%54% of our GPV infor the fourth quarter of 2017,year ended December 31, 2019, an increase from 43% in50% for the fourth quarter of 2016.year ended December 31, 2018. We continuecontinued to see ongoing success with attracting and retaining large sellers and enabling large sellertheir growth, which we believe will help us continue to drive strong GPV growth as we scale.
During the fourth quarter of 2016, Starbucks completed its previously announced transition to another payments solution provider. Accordingly, we did not record any Starbucks transaction-based revenue in the year ended December 31, 2017, and we do not expect transaction-based revenue from Starbucks in the future.
Subscription and services-based revenue for the year ended December 31, 20172019 increased by $123.3$439.8 million or 95%74%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The increases were2018. Growth was driven primarily driven by continued growth of Instant Deposit, Caviar, andCash App, Square Capital, whichand Instant Transfers for sellers. The acquisition of Weebly, completed in aggregate grew by $103.0 million whenthe second quarter of 2018, also contributed to the increase in revenues with a full year of revenues in 2019 compared to the prior year.only a portion of 2018. Subscription and services-based revenue grew to 11%contributed 22% of total net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to 18% in the year ended December 31, 2017, up from 8% in the year ended December 31, 2016.2018.
Hardware revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017, decreased2019 increased by $2.9$16.0 million or 7%23%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we had experienced elevated2018. The increase primarily reflects growth in shipments of our contactless and chip reader driven by the fulfillment of the majority of the backlog of pre-orders received in the first half of 2016,Square Terminal following its launch in the fourth quarter of 2015. There was no similar activity during2018 in the year ended December 31, 2017. This was offsetUS and subsequent launches in part by growthcertain international markets in our salesthe second half of our Square Stand and third-party peripherals driven primarily by new features and product offerings.2019.
Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
Total netBitcoin revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016,2019 increased by $441.6$349.9 million or 210% compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase was due to an increase in customer demand in 2019. The amount of bitcoin revenue recognized will fluctuate depending on the volatility of bitcoin prices in the market and customer demand.
Cost of Revenue (in thousands, except for percentages) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2018 to 2019 | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | | | % Change | | | | Transaction-based costs | $ | 1,937,971 | | | $ | 1,558,562 | | | | | 24 | % | | | | Subscription and services-based costs | 234,270 | | | 169,884 | | | | | 38 | % | | | | Hardware costs | 136,385 | | | 94,114 | | | | | 45 | % | | | | Bitcoin costs | 508,239 | | | 164,827 | | | | | 208 | % | | | | Amortization of acquired technology | 6,950 | | | 7,090 | | | | | (2) | % | | | | Total cost of revenue | $ | 2,823,815 | | | $ | 1,994,477 | | | | | 42 | % | | |
Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018
Total cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019, increased by $829.3 million, or 42%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2018.
Transaction-based costs for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased by $379.4 million or 24%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. This increase was primarily attributable to the growth in GPV processed of 25% for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to the year ended December 31, 2018.
Subscription and services-based costs for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased by $64.4 million or 38% compared to the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily reflecting the growth of Cash App including costs associated with the growth of Cash Card and Instant Deposit. Caviar contributed approximately 45% of total subscription and services-based costs in the year ended December 31, 2019. As described above, on October 31, 2019, we completed the sale of the Caviar business, and accordingly Caviar will no longer contribute to the subscription and services-based cost of revenue.
Hardware costs for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased by $42.3 million or 45%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. The change in hardware costs reflects the growth in our sales of Square Terminal as described above. The increase was also due to costs incurred with hardware promotions in certain international markets, as well as a larger proportion of hardware sales recognized through retail channels, which have lower margins.
Bitcoin costs for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased by $343.4 million or 208%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2018. Bitcoin costs of revenue comprises of the amounts we pay to purchase bitcoin, which will fluctuate in line with bitcoin revenue.
Product Development (in thousands, except for percentages) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2018 to 2019 | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | | | % Change | | | | Product development | $ | 670,606 | | | $ | 497,479 | | | | | 35 | % | | | | Percentage of total net revenue | 14 | % | | 15 | % | | | | | | |
Product development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019, increased by $173.1 million, or 35%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015.
Transaction-based revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016, increased by $405.7 million, or 39%, compared2018, due primarily to the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase was attributable to growth in GPV processed of $14.0 billion, or 39%, to $49.7 billion from $35.6 billion. We benefited from positive dollar-based retention from our existing sellers, in addition to meaningful contributions from new sellers. Additionally, GPV from larger sellers, represented 43% of our GPV in the fourth quarter of 2016, following:
•an increase from 39%of $138.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2015.
Starbucks transaction-based revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016, decreased by $63.4 million, or 45%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. Starbucks-related payment volume declined throughout 2016 and during the fourth quarter of 2016, as Starbucks completed its previously announced transition to another payments solution provider.
Subscription and services-based revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by $71.3 million, or 123%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase was primarily driven by continued growth and expansion of Square Capital and Caviar, and to a lesser extent, the launch and expansion of new products and services, including Instant Deposit. During the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, Square Capital and Caviar were the largest contributors to subscription and services-based revenue. Subscription and services-based revenue grew to 8% of total net revenue in the year ended December 31, 2016, up from 5% in the year ended December 31, 2015.
Hardware revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016, increased by $27.9 million, or 171%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase primarily reflected growth in shipments of our contactless and chip reader following its launch in the fourth quarter of 2015. To a lesser extent, we generated increased sales across all of our other paid hardware products, including Square Stand, our chip card reader, and third-party peripherals.
Total Cost of Revenue (in thousands, except for percentages)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2016 to 2017 | | 2015 to 2016 | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | % Change | | % Change | | Transaction-based costs | $ | 1,230,290 |
| | $ | 943,200 |
| | $ | 672,667 |
| | 30 | % | | 40 | % | | Starbucks transaction-based costs | — |
| | 69,761 |
| | 165,438 |
| | (100 | )% | | (58 | )% | | Subscription and services-based costs | 75,720 |
| | 43,132 |
| | 22,470 |
| | 76 | % | | 92 | % | | Hardware costs | 62,393 |
| | 68,562 |
| | 30,874 |
| | (9 | )% | | 122 | % | | Amortization of acquired technology | 6,544 |
| | 8,028 |
| | 5,639 |
| | (18 | )% | | 42 | % | | Total cost of revenue | $ | 1,374,947 |
| | $ | 1,132,683 |
| | $ | 897,088 |
| | 21 | % | | 26 | % |
Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016
Total cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017, increased by $242.3 million, or 21%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
Transaction-basedpersonnel costs for the year ended December 31, 2017, increased by $287.1 million, or 30%, compared2019, related to our engineering, data science, and design teams, as we continue to improve and diversify our products. The acquisition of Weebly in the second quarter of 2018 also contributed to the year ended December 31, 2016. This increase was attributable to growth in GPV processed of $15.7 billion, or 32%. Transaction-based costs increased to a lessor extent than transaction-based revenue primarily as a result of growth in Invoices, Virtual Terminal, and E-Commerce API payments, which have higher margins than our card-present transactions, as well as improvements in our transaction cost profile, partially offset by the impact of custom pricing for certain larger sellers. Transaction-based margin as a percentage of GPV was 1.06% for the year ended December 31, 2017, up from 1.03% for the year ended December 31, 2016.
As noted above, Starbucks completed its previously announced transition to another payments solution provider. Accordingly, we did not record any Starbucks transaction-basedpersonnel costs in the year ended December 31, 2017 and we do not expect Starbucks transaction-based costs2019 with a full year of operations in the future.
Subscription and services-based costs for the year ended December 31, 2017, increased by $32.6 million2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily reflecting increase in costs associated with the growthonly a portion of Caviar and, to a lesser extent, an increase in costs associated with the growth of Instant Deposit.
Hardware costs for the year ended December 31, 2017, decreased by $6.2 million, or 9%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Hardware costs decreased to a greater extent than hardware revenue mainly as a result of the growth in sales of third-party peripherals which have relatively better terms than our other hardware products. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded $4.9 million in inventory reserves, revaluations, and write-offs compared to $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. This includes a $2.3 million charge recorded as a result of the bankruptcy of one of our distribution partners during the third quarter of 2017.
Amortization of acquired technology assets for the year ended December 31, 2017, decreased by $1.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, as a result of certain technology assets reaching end of life.
Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
Total cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016, increased by $235.6 million, or 26%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015.
Transaction-based costs for the year ended December 31, 2016, increased by $270.5 million, or 40%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase was attributable to growth in GPV processed of $14.0 billion, or 39%, and is consistent with the growth in transaction-based revenue.
Starbucks transaction-based costs for the year ended December 31, 2016, decreased by $95.7 million, or 58%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. As noted above, Starbucks-related payment volume declined throughout 2016, and during the fourth quarter of 2016, Starbucks completed its previously announced transition to another payments solution provider. Additionally, Starbucks transaction-based costs decreased by a greater percentage than Starbucks transaction-based revenue as a result of Starbucks' agreement to pay us increased processing rates effective October 1, 2015.
Subscription and services-based costs for the year ended December 31, 2016, increased by $20.7 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, primarily reflecting increased costs associated with the growth of Caviar. To a lesser extent, we also incurred increased amortization costs related to the development of certain subscription and services-based products.
Hardware costs for the year ended December 31, 2016, increased by $37.7 million, or 122%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. Hardware costs grew more slowly than hardware revenue mainly as a result of the growth in sales of our contactless and chip reader, which have relatively better terms than Square Stand.
Amortization of acquired technology assets for the year ended December 31, 2016, increased by $2.4 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase was primarily related to new technology assets obtained through acquisitions that occurred in 2015.
Product Development (in thousands, except for percentages)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2016 to 2017 | | 2015 to 2016 | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | % Change | | % Change | | Product development | $ | 321,888 |
| | $ | 268,537 |
| | $ | 199,638 |
| | 20 | % | | 35 | % | | Percentage of total net revenue | 15 | % | | 16 | % | | 16 | % | |
| |
|
Product development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017, increased by $53.4 million, or 20%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to an increase of $39.2 million in personnel related costs mainly in our engineering, product, data science and design teams.2018. The increase in personnel related costs includes an increase in share-based compensation expense of $6.9 million.
Product development expenses$66.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, increased by $68.92019;
•an increase of $13.5 million or 35%, compared toin depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2015, primarily due2019, as a result of additions in property and equipment including capitalized software, data center equipment, and leasehold improvements to help our business scale and as a result of assets acquired through the acquisition of Weebly; and
•an increase of $62.9$15.4 million in personnel relatedsoftware and data center operating costs mainlyas a result of increased capacity needs and expansion of our cloud-based services. This increase was partially offset by reduced spend on development of new hardware products in our engineering, product, data science and design teams.2019 compared to 2018. The increasehigher hardware spend in personnel related2018 included costs includes an increaseincurred in share-based compensation expensedevelopment of $36.7 million.the Square Terminal that was launched in the fourth quarter of 2018.
Sales and Marketing (in thousands, except for percentages) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2018 to 2019 | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | | | % Change | | | | Sales and marketing | $ | 624,832 | | | $ | 411,151 | | | | | 52 | % | | | | Percentage of total net revenue | 13 | % | | 12 | % | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2016 to 2017 | | 2015 to 2016 | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | % Change | | % Change | | Sales and marketing | $ | 253,170 |
| | $ | 173,876 |
| | $ | 145,618 |
| | 46 | % | | 19 | % | | Percentage of total net revenue | 11 | % | | 10 | % | | 11 | % | |
| |
|
Sales and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, increased by $79.3$213.7 million, or 46%52%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2016,2018, primarily due to the following:
•an increase of $25.2$146.4 million in Cash App marketing costs for the year ended December 31, 2019, associated with increased volume of activity with our Cash App peer-to-peer transfer service as resultand related transaction losses, Cash Card issuance costs in line with an increase in customers, and advertising. We offer the Cash Card and certain peer-to-peer service to our Cash App customers for free, and we consider these to be marketing tools to encourage the usage of continued growth and expansion of this product;Cash App;
•an increase of $23.6$24.6 million in advertising costs for our Seller Ecosystem services for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily from increased online direct mail and mobile marketing campaigns during the year;for managed payment and Square online store services; and
•an increase of $22.4$18.2 million in sales and marketing personnel costs for the year ended December 31, 2019, to enable growth initiatives. The increase in personnel related costs includes an increase in share-based compensation expense of $3.4$3.9 million.
Sales
General and marketingAdministrative (in thousands, except for percentages) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2018 to 2019 | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | | | % Change | | | | General and administrative | $ | 436,250 | | | $ | 339,245 | | | | | 29 | % | | | | Percentage of total net revenue | 9 | % | | 10 | % | | | | | | |
General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016,2019, increased by $28.3$97.0 million, or 19%29%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015,2018, primarily due to the following:
•an increase of $17.8$43.5 million in salesgeneral and marketingadministrative personnel costs for the year ended December 31, 2019, mainly as a result of additions to our customer support, finance, and legal personnel as we continued to add resources and skills to support our long-term growth in the business.as our business continues to scale. The increase in personnel related costs includes an increase in share-based compensation expense of $6.8 million.$10.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019; and
an•the remaining increase of $4.7 million inis primarily due to software and subscription costs, associated with our Cash App peer-to-peer transfer service;local business-related taxes, facilities expenses, third-party legal and other professional fees, and other administrative expenses.
paid marketing expenditures were stable compared to the prior year.
GeneralTransaction and AdministrativeLoan Losses (in thousands, except for percentages)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2018 to 2019 | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | | | % Change | | | | Transaction and loan losses | $ | 126,959 | | | $ | 88,077 | | | | | 44 | % | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2016 to 2017 | | 2015 to 2016 | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | % Change | | % Change | | General and administrative | $ | 250,553 |
| | $ | 251,993 |
| | $ | 143,466 |
| | (1 | )% | | 76 | % | | Percentage of total net revenue | 11 | % | | 15 | % | | 11 | % | |
| |
|
GeneralTransaction and administrative expensesloan losses for the year ended December 31, 2017, decreased2019, increased by $1.4$38.9 million, or 44%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily due to the following:
•transaction losses increased by $28.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to growth in GPV in our seller business as well as growth of our Cash App platform. Seller transaction losses remained below 0.1% of GPV, underscoring our continued discipline in risk management; and
•an increase of $10.0 million in loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2019, as a result of the growth and aging of our Square Capital loan portfolio as well as certain new loan products for which we continue to train our risk models.
Gain on Sale of Asset Group, Interest Expense, Net, and Other Income, Net (in thousands, except for percentages)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2018 to 2019 | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | | | % Change | | | | Gain on sale of asset group | $ | (373,445) | | | $ | — | | | | | NM | | | | | Interest expense, net | 21,516 | | | 17,982 | | | | | 20 | % | | | | Other expense (income), net | 273 | | | (18,469) | | | | | NM | | | |
Gain on sale of asset group represents the excess of the proceeds from sale of the Caviar business of $410 million less the carrying value of the net assets sold and selling expenses, as analyzed in Note 8, Sale of Asset Group, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Interest expense, net, for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased by $3.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Excluding a $48.0 million non-recurring expense related to the settlement of legal proceedings with Robert E. Morley that was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2016, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $46.6 million, due to the following:
an increase of $24.8 million in general and administrative personnel costs, mainly as a result of additions to our finance, legal, compliance, customer success, Square Capital operations, Caviar operations and internal business systems personnel as we continue to add resources and skills as our business scales and drive long-term growth. The increase in personnel related costs includes an increase in share-based compensation expense of $6.6 million; and
the remaining increase is primarily due to increased third-party legal, finance, consulting, and corporate level expenses such as facilities expansion as our business and personnel continue to scale and diversify.
General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016, increased by $108.5 million, or 76%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, due to the following:
a $48.0 million non-recurring expense related to the settlement of legal proceedings with Robert E. Morley, with no similar activity in the prior year;
an increase $37.5 million in general and administrative personnel costs, mainly customer success, legal, compliance, risk, finance, Square Capital operations, and Caviar operations personnel that together will drive long-term operating efficiencies as our business scales. The increase in personnel related costs includes an increase in share-based compensation expense of $13.1 million; and
the remaining increase primarily due to increased third-party legal, finance, consulting, and certain software license expenses primarily related to our first year of operations as a public company.
Transaction, Loan and Advance Losses (in thousands, except for percentages)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2016 to 2017 | | 2015 to 2016 | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | % Change | | % Change | | Transaction, loan and advance losses | $ | 67,018 |
| | $ | 51,235 |
| | $ | 54,009 |
| | 31 | % | | (5 | )% |
Transaction, loan and advance losses for the year ended December 31, 2017, increased by $15.8 million, or 31%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to growth in GPV. Transaction losses increased to a lesser extent than GPV growth due to ongoing investment in data science and improvements in our risk operations to mitigate exposure to transaction losses, offset by the netting effect of the following:
an $8.0 million charge recorded to loan losses in year ended December 31, 2017, with no similar charges during the prior year, as a result of the growth and increasing maturity of our Square Capital loan portfolio, and continued refinement of inputs to our loan loss estimation methodology. We record loan losses when the amortized cost of a loan exceeds the estimated fair value of the loan, as determined at the individual loan level;
an out of period adjustment of $5.5 million recorded in the year ended December 31, 2016, as a result of a correction to the calculation of our reserve for transaction losses, with no similar charges during the current year.
Transaction, loan and advance losses for the year ended December 31, 2016, decreased by $2.8 million, or 5%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, due to better use of data science and improvements in our risk operations to mitigate exposure to transaction losses despite the growth in GPV during 2016, and due to the net effect of the following:
an $8.5 million charge recorded in the year ended December 31, 2015, comprised of a $4.4 million charge related to fraud loss from a single seller and an increase of $4.1 million loss provision made to reflect updates to our risk model; and
an out of period adjustment of $5.5 million recorded in the year ended December 31, 2016, as a result of a correction to the calculation of our reserve for transaction losses.
Amortization of Acquired Customer Assets (in thousands, except for percentages)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2016 to 2017 | | 2015 to 2016 | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | % Change | | % Change | | Amortization of acquired customer assets | $ | 883 |
| | $ | 850 |
| | $ | 1,757 |
| | 4 | % | | (52 | )% |
Amortization of acquired customer assets for the year ended December 31, 2017, remained relatively flat compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, as a result of certain customer assets reaching end of life offset by additional customer assets acquired.
Amortization of acquired customer assets for the year ended December 31, 2016, decreased by $0.9 million, or 52%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, as a result of certain customer assets reaching end of life.
Interest and Other Income and Expense, net (in thousands, except for percentages)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2016 to 2017 | | 2015 to 2016 | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | % Change | | % Change | | Interest and other (income) expense, net | $ | 8,458 |
| | $ | (780 | ) | | $ | 1,613 |
| | NM | | (148 | )% |
Interest and other (income) expense, net, for the year ended December 31, 2017, changed by $9.2 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2016,2018. These changes were primarily due to interest expense related to our convertible notes offset in part by interest income earned on our investmentinvestments in marketable securities and foreign exchange rate gains.
Interest and other (income)debt securities. The interest expense net, forrelated to the convertible notes is a function of the average balance of convertible notes outstanding in each of the periods. The issuance of the convertible notes in May 2018 resulted in a higher average balance in the year ended December 31, 2016, changed by $2.4 million, or 148%,2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2015,2018.
Other expense (income), net was primarily driven by interestthe amounts of gains or losses arising from the revaluation of our equity investment in Eventbrite, Inc. ("Eventbrite") and income earned onfrom our investment in marketable securities offsetting interest expense and driven by fluctuations in foreign exchange rates.
Provision for Income Taxes (in thousands, except for percentages)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2016 to 2017 | | 2015 to 2016 | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | % Change | | % Change | | Provision for income taxes | $ | 149 |
| | $ | 1,917 |
| | $ | 3,746 |
| | (92 | )% | | (49 | )% |
Provision for income taxes fordebt securities. In the year ended December 31, 2017, decreased2019, we recorded a loss of $12.3 million on the revaluation of the investment in Eventbrite, offset by $1.8the amortization of and realized gains on the sale of investments in marketable securities of $9.7 million, compared toforeign exchange gains of $1.7 million, and other sources of income. In December 2019, the Company sold its entire equity investment in Eventbrite and as a result this investment will not impact the results in future periods. In the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily related to2018, we recorded a gain on revaluation of equity investment in Eventbrite of $20.3 million and a gain of $4.4 million in amortization of investments in marketable securities, offset in part by a $5.0 million loss on extinguishment of long-term debt associated with the federal income tax benefit resulting from the release of the valuation allowance on certain deferred tax assets2022 Notes due to the enactmentdifference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value.
Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017
For a discussion of the 2017 Tax Act.
ProvisionResults of Operations, including a discussion of the financial results for income taxes for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, decreased by $1.8 million2018 compared to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, primarily related2017, refer to the reduction in federal income tax expense.
Deemed Dividend on Series E Preferred Stock (in thousands, except for percentages)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2016 to 2017 | | 2015 to 2016 | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | % Change | | % Change | | Deemed dividend on Series E preferred stock | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | (32,200 | ) | | NM | | NM |
For the year ended December 31, 2015, we issued 10,299,696 sharesPart I, Item 7 of our common stock to certain holders of Series E preferred stock, inForm 10-K filed with the form of a deemed stock dividend of $32.2 million. There were no similar occurrences in any other period presented.SEC on February 27, 2019.
Quarterly Results of Operations The following tables set forth selected unaudited quarterly statements of operations data for the last eight quarters. The information for each of these quarters has been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and, in the opinion of management, includes all adjustments, which consist only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the results of operations for these periods. This data should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These quarterly operating results are not necessarily indicative of the results we may achieve in future periods.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Three Months Ended, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dec. 31,
2019 | | Sep. 30,
2019 | | Jun. 30,
2019 | | Mar. 31,
2019 | | Dec. 31,
2018 | | Sep. 30,
2018 | | Jun. 30,
2018 | | Mar. 31,
2018 | | (in thousands, except per share data) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (unaudited) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Revenue: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Transaction-based revenue | $ | 832,180 | | | $ | 816,622 | | | $ | 775,510 | | | $ | 656,762 | | | $ | 667,802 | | | $ | 655,384 | | | $ | 625,228 | | | $ | 523,037 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Subscription and services-based revenue | 281,415 | | | 279,801 | | | 251,383 | | | 218,857 | | | 194,117 | | | 166,203 | | | 134,332 | | | 97,054 | | | Hardware revenue | 22,267 | | | 21,766 | | | 22,260 | | | 18,212 | | | 18,166 | | | 17,558 | | | 18,362 | | | 14,417 | | | Bitcoin revenue | 177,567 | | | 148,285 | | | 125,085 | | | 65,528 | | | 52,443 | | | 42,963 | | | 37,016 | | | 34,095 | | | Total net revenue | 1,313,429 | | | 1,266,474 | | | 1,174,238 | | | 959,359 | | | 932,528 | | | 882,108 | | | 814,938 | | | 668,603 | | | Cost of revenue: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Transaction-based costs | 519,241 | | | 519,312 | | | 490,349 | | | 409,069 | | | 420,846 | | | 414,456 | | | 395,349 | | | 327,911 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Subscription and services-based costs | 50,276 | | | 63,352 | | | 60,119 | | | 60,523 | | | 52,654 | | | 47,078 | | | 39,784 | | | 30,368 | | | Hardware costs | 40,504 | | | 35,672 | | | 33,268 | | | 26,941 | | | 25,647 | | | 23,229 | | | 25,536 | | | 19,702 | | | Bitcoin costs | 174,438 | | | 146,167 | | | 122,938 | | | 64,696 | | | 51,951 | | | 42,408 | | | 36,596 | | | 33,872 | | | Amortization of acquired technology | 1,921 | | | 1,934 | | | 1,719 | | | 1,376 | | | 1,376 | | | 2,277 | | | 1,857 | | | 1,580 | | | Total cost of revenue | 786,380 | | | 766,437 | | | 708,393 | | | 562,605 | | | 552,474 | | | 529,448 | | | 499,122 | | | 413,433 | | | Gross profit | 527,049 | | | 500,037 | | | 465,845 | | | 396,754 | | | 380,054 | | | 352,660 | | | 315,816 | | | 255,170 | | | Operating expenses: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Product development | 173,284 | | | 168,771 | | | 174,201 | | | 154,350 | | | 141,811 | | | 135,773 | | | 114,800 | | | 105,095 | | | Sales and marketing | 185,231 | | | 149,467 | | | 156,421 | | | 133,713 | | | 119,305 | | | 116,337 | | | 98,243 | | | 77,266 | | | General and administrative | 118,164 | | | 115,980 | | | 100,508 | | | 101,598 | | | 95,445 | | | 85,527 | | | 82,772 | | | 75,501 | | | Transaction and loan losses | 32,132 | | | 32,722 | | | 34,264 | | | 27,841 | | | 24,474 | | | 23,596 | | | 21,976 | | | 18,031 | | | Amortization of acquired customer assets | 890 | | | 1,003 | | | 1,294 | | | 1,294 | | | 2,127 | | | 1,294 | | | 672 | | | 269 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total operating expenses | 509,701 | | | 467,943 | | | 466,688 | | | 418,796 | | | 383,162 | | | 362,527 | | | 318,463 | | | 276,162 | | | Operating income (loss) | 17,348 | | | 32,094 | | | (843) | | | (22,042) | | | (3,108) | | | (9,867) | | | (2,647) | | | (20,992) | | | Gain on sale of asset group | (373,445) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Interest expense, net | 6,060 | | | 5,632 | | | 5,143 | | | 4,681 | | | 5,176 | | | 7,224 | | | 3,470 | | | 2,112 | | | Other expense (income), net | (6,715) | | | (5,541) | | | 1,230 | | | 11,299 | | | 19,439 | | | (37,800) | | | (815) | | | 707 | | | Income (loss) before income tax | 391,448 | | | 32,003 | | | (7,216) | | | (38,022) | | | (27,723) | | | 20,709 | | | (5,302) | | | (23,811) | | | Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 508 | | | 2,606 | | | (476) | | | 129 | | | 481 | | | 1,066 | | | 604 | | | 175 | | | Net income (loss) | $ | 390,940 | | | $ | 29,397 | | | $ | (6,740) | | | $ | (38,151) | | | $ | (28,204) | | | $ | 19,643 | | | $ | (5,906) | | | $ | (23,986) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Net income (loss) per share: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | $ | 0.91 | | | $ | 0.07 | | | $ | (0.02) | | | $ | (0.09) | | | $ | (0.07) | | | $ | 0.05 | | | $ | (0.01) | | | $ | (0.06) | | | Diluted | $ | 0.83 | | | $ | 0.06 | | | $ | (0.02) | | | $ | (0.09) | | | $ | (0.07) | | | $ | 0.04 | | | $ | (0.01) | | | $ | (0.06) | | | Weighted-average shares used to compute net income (loss) per share: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | 430,136 | | | 427,124 | | | 423,305 | | | 419,289 | | | 413,984 | | | 409,690 | | | 403,301 | | | 395,948 | | | Diluted | 485,394 | | | 466,099 | | | 423,305 | | | 419,289 | | | 413,984 | | | 474,915 | | | 403,301 | | | 395,948 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
58 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Three Months Ended, | | | Dec. 31,
2017 | | Sep. 30,
2017 | | Jun. 30,
2017 | | Mar. 31,
2017 | | Dec. 31,
2016 | | Sep. 30,
2016 | | Jun. 30,
2016 | | Mar. 31,
2016 | | | (in thousands, except per share data) | | | (unaudited) | | Revenue: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Transaction-based revenue | $ | 524,612 |
| | $ | 510,019 |
| | $ | 482,065 |
| | $ | 403,478 |
| | $ | 402,496 |
| | $ | 388,347 |
| | $ | 364,864 |
| | $ | 300,453 |
| | Starbucks transaction-based revenue | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 34 |
| | 7,164 |
| | 32,867 |
| | 38,838 |
| | Subscription and services-based revenue | 79,402 |
| | 65,051 |
| | 59,151 |
| | 49,060 |
| | 40,518 |
| | 35,320 |
| | 29,717 |
| | 23,796 |
| | Hardware revenue | 12,021 |
| | 10,089 |
| | 10,289 |
| | 9,016 |
| | 8,869 |
| | 8,171 |
| | 11,085 |
| | 16,182 |
| | Total net revenue | 616,035 |
| | 585,159 |
| | 551,505 |
| | 461,554 |
| | 451,917 |
| | 439,002 |
| | 438,533 |
| | 379,269 |
| | Cost of revenue: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Transaction-based costs | 333,377 |
| | 328,043 |
| | 311,092 |
| | 257,778 |
| | 260,006 |
| | 254,061 |
| | 234,857 |
| | 194,276 |
| | Starbucks transaction-based costs | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (49 | ) | | 4,528 |
| | 28,672 |
| | 36,610 |
| | Subscription and services-based costs | 24,559 |
| | 18,169 |
| | 17,116 |
| | 15,876 |
| | 11,431 |
| | 12,524 |
| | 10,144 |
| | 9,033 |
| | Hardware costs | 16,783 |
| | 18,775 |
| | 14,173 |
| | 12,662 |
| | 12,118 |
| | 15,689 |
| | 14,015 |
| | 26,740 |
| | Amortization of acquired technology | 1,486 |
| | 1,556 |
| | 1,695 |
| | 1,807 |
| | 1,886 |
| | 1,886 |
| | 1,886 |
| | 2,370 |
| | Total cost of revenue | 376,205 |
| | 366,543 |
| | 344,076 |
| | 288,123 |
| | 285,392 |
| | 288,688 |
| | 289,574 |
| | 269,029 |
| | Gross profit | 239,830 |
| | 218,616 |
| | 207,429 |
| | 173,431 |
| | 166,525 |
| | 150,314 |
| | 148,959 |
| | 110,240 |
| | Operating expenses: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Product development | 92,633 |
| | 82,547 |
| | 78,126 |
| | 68,582 |
| | 64,889 |
| | 70,418 |
| | 68,638 |
| | 64,592 |
| | Sales and marketing | 76,821 |
| | 66,533 |
| | 59,916 |
| | 49,900 |
| | 49,406 |
| | 46,754 |
| | 39,220 |
| | 38,496 |
| | General and administrative | 66,318 |
| | 64,312 |
| | 62,988 |
| | 56,935 |
| | 53,027 |
| | 52,075 |
| | 50,784 |
| | 96,107 |
| | Transaction, loan and advance losses | 16,833 |
| | 19,893 |
| | 18,401 |
| | 11,891 |
| | 13,034 |
| | 12,885 |
| | 17,455 |
| | 7,861 |
| | Amortization of acquired customer assets | 234 |
| | 222 |
| | 222 |
| | 205 |
| | 147 |
| | 164 |
| | 222 |
| | 317 |
| | Total operating expenses | 252,839 |
| | 233,507 |
| | 219,653 |
| | 187,513 |
| | 180,503 |
| | 182,296 |
| | 176,319 |
| | 207,373 |
| | Operating loss | (13,009 | ) | | (14,891 | ) | | (12,224 | ) | | (14,082 | ) | | (13,978 | ) | | (31,982 | ) | | (27,360 | ) | | (97,133 | ) | | Interest and other (income) expense, net | 2,839 |
| | 1,854 |
| | 3,266 |
| | 499 |
| | 153 |
| | 111 |
| | (327 | ) | | (717 | ) | | Loss before income tax | (15,848 | ) | | (16,745 | ) | | (15,490 | ) | | (14,581 | ) | | (14,131 | ) | | (32,093 | ) | | (27,033 | ) | | (96,416 | ) | | Provision (benefit) for income taxes | (185 | ) | | (647 | ) | | 472 |
| | 509 |
| | 1,036 |
| | 230 |
| | 312 |
| | 339 |
| | Net loss | (15,663 | ) | | (16,098 | ) | | (15,962 | ) | | (15,090 | ) | | (15,167 | ) | | (32,323 | ) | | (27,345 | ) | | (96,755 | ) | | Deemed dividend on Series E preferred stock | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | Net loss attributable to common stockholders | $ | (15,663 | ) | | $ | (16,098 | ) | | $ | (15,962 | ) | | $ | (15,090 | ) | | $ | (15,167 | ) | | $ | (32,323 | ) | | $ | (27,345 | ) | | $ | (96,755 | ) | | Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | $ | (0.04 | ) | | $ | (0.04 | ) | | $ | (0.04 | ) | | $ | (0.04 | ) | | $ | (0.04 | ) | | $ | (0.09 | ) | | $ | (0.08 | ) | | $ | (0.29 | ) | | Diluted | $ | (0.04 | ) | | $ | (0.04 | ) | | $ | (0.04 | ) | | $ | (0.04 | ) | | $ | (0.04 | ) | | $ | (0.09 | ) | | $ | (0.08 | ) | | $ | (0.29 | ) | | Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to common stockholders: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | 390,030 |
| | 383,951 |
| | 376,357 |
| | 366,737 |
| | 356,343 |
| | 343,893 |
| | 334,488 |
| | 331,324 |
| | Diluted | 390,030 |
| | 383,951 |
| | 376,357 |
| | 366,737 |
| | 356,343 |
| | 343,893 |
| | 334,488 |
| | 331,324 |
|
Costs and expenses include share-based compensation expense as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Three Months Ended, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dec. 31,
2019 | | Sep. 30,
2019 | | Jun. 30,
2019 | | Mar. 31,
2019 | | Dec. 31,
2018 | | Sep. 30,
2018 | | Jun. 30,
2018 | | Mar. 31,
2018 | | (in thousands) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Share-Based Compensation | | (unaudited) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cost of revenue | | $ | 67 | | | $ | 38 | | | $ | 29 | | | $ | 21 | | | $ | 18 | | | $ | 18 | | | $ | 30 | | | $ | 31 | | | Product development | | 55,726 | | | 56,321 | | | 56,144 | | | 42,649 | | | 40,788 | | | 39,525 | | | 33,806 | | | 30,482 | | | Sales and marketing | | 6,416 | | | 6,269 | | | 7,833 | | | 6,202 | | | 6,094 | | | 6,108 | | | 5,634 | | | 4,961 | | | General and administrative | | 17,674 | | | 14,798 | | | 15,460 | | | 12,216 | | | 12,125 | | | 13,262 | | | 12,649 | | | 11,350 | | | Total share-based compensation | $ | 79,883 | | | $ | 77,426 | | | $ | 79,466 | | | $ | 61,088 | | | $ | 59,025 | | | $ | 58,913 | | | $ | 52,119 | | | $ | 46,824 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Three Months Ended, | | | Dec. 31,
2017 | | Sep. 30,
2017 | | Jun. 30,
2017 | | Mar. 31,
2017 | | Dec. 31,
2016 | | Sep. 30,
2016 | | Jun. 30,
2016 | | Mar. 31,
2016 | | | (in thousands) | | Share-Based Compensation | (unaudited) | | Cost of revenue | $ | 30 |
| | $ | 29 |
| | $ | 18 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | Product development | 28,564 |
| | 25,254 |
| | 25,136 |
| | 19,356 |
| | 21,340 |
| | 23,949 |
| | 24,168 |
| | 21,947 |
| | Sales and marketing | 4,699 |
| | 4,579 |
| | 4,355 |
| | 3,935 |
| | 4,159 |
| | 3,697 |
| | 3,363 |
| | 2,903 |
| | General and administrative | 11,232 |
| | 10,186 |
| | 10,084 |
| | 8,379 |
| | 8,388 |
| | 9,133 |
| | 9,391 |
| | 6,348 |
| | Total share-based compensation | $ | 44,525 |
| | $ | 40,048 |
| | $ | 39,593 |
| | $ | 31,670 |
| | $ | 33,887 |
| | $ | 36,779 |
| | $ | 36,922 |
| | $ | 31,198 |
|
The following table sets forth the key operating metrics and non-GAAP financial measures we use to evaluate our business for each of the periods indicated: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Three Months Ended, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dec. 31,
2019 | | Sep. 30,
2019 | | Jun. 30,
2019 | | Mar. 31,
2019 | | Dec. 31,
2018 | | Sep. 30,
2018 | | Jun. 30,
2018 | | Mar. 31,
2018 | | (in thousands, except for GPV and per share data) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Key Operating Metrics and non-GAAP Financial Measures | | (unaudited) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Gross Payment Volume (GPV) (in millions) | | $ | 28,639 | | | $ | 28,228 | | | $ | 26,785 | | | $ | 22,587 | | | $ | 22,958 | | | $ | 22,498 | | | $ | 21,372 | | | $ | 17,827 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Adjusted EBITDA | | $ | 118,529 | | | $ | 131,323 | | | $ | 105,304 | | | $ | 61,697 | | | $ | 81,310 | | | $ | 70,997 | | | $ | 68,322 | | | $ | 35,894 | | | Adjusted Net Income Per Share: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | $ | 0.25 | | | $ | 0.28 | | | $ | 0.23 | | | $ | 0.13 | | | $ | 0.16 | | | $ | 0.16 | | | $ | 0.15 | | | $ | 0.07 | | | Diluted | $ | 0.23 | | | $ | 0.25 | | | $ | 0.21 | | | $ | 0.11 | | | $ | 0.14 | | | $ | 0.13 | | | $ | 0.13 | | | $ | 0.06 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Three Months Ended, | | | Dec. 31,
2017 | | Sep. 30,
2017 | | Jun. 30,
2017 | | Mar. 31,
2017 | | Dec. 31,
2016 | | Sep. 30,
2016 | | Jun. 30,
2016 | | Mar. 31,
2016 | | | (in thousands, except for GPV and per share data) | | Key Operating Metrics and non-GAAP Financial Measures | (unaudited) | | GPV (in millions) | $ | 17,888 |
| | $ | 17,386 |
| | $ | 16,421 |
| | $ | 13,647 |
| | $ | 13,694 |
| | $ | 13,248 |
| | $ | 12,451 |
| | $ | 10,290 |
| | Adjusted Revenue | $ | 282,658 |
| | $ | 257,116 |
| | $ | 240,413 |
| | $ | 203,776 |
| | $ | 191,877 |
| | $ | 177,777 |
| | $ | 170,809 |
| | $ | 146,155 |
| | Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 41,184 |
| | $ | 34,304 |
| | $ | 36,496 |
| | $ | 27,025 |
| | $ | 29,793 |
| | $ | 11,623 |
| | $ | 12,554 |
| | $ | (9,083 | ) | | Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per Share: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | $ | 0.09 |
| | $ | 0.08 |
| | $ | 0.08 |
| | $ | 0.05 |
| | $ | 0.06 |
| | $ | 0.01 |
| | $ | 0.02 |
| | $ | (0.05 | ) | | Diluted | $ | 0.08 |
| | $ | 0.07 |
| | $ | 0.07 |
| | $ | 0.05 |
| | $ | 0.05 |
| | $ | 0.01 |
| | $ | 0.02 |
| | $ | (0.05 | ) |
The following table presents a reconciliation of total net revenue to Adjusted Revenue for each of the periods indicated:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Three Months Ended, | | | Dec. 31,
2017 | | Sep. 30,
2017 | | Jun. 30,
2017 | | Mar. 31,
2017 | | Dec. 31,
2016 | | Sep. 30,
2016 | | Jun. 30,
2016 | | Mar. 31,
2016 | | | (in thousands) | | Adjusted Revenue Reconciliation | (unaudited) | | Total net revenue | $ | 616,035 |
| | $ | 585,159 |
| | $ | 551,505 |
| | $ | 461,554 |
| | $ | 451,917 |
| | $ | 439,002 |
| | $ | 438,533 |
| | $ | 379,269 |
| | Less: Starbucks transaction-based revenue | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 34 |
| | 7,164 |
| | 32,867 |
| | 38,838 |
| | Less: transaction-based costs | 333,377 |
| | 328,043 |
| | 311,092 |
| | 257,778 |
| | 260,006 |
| | 254,061 |
| | 234,857 |
| | 194,276 |
| | Adjusted Revenue | $ | 282,658 |
| | $ | 257,116 |
| | $ | 240,413 |
| | $ | 203,776 |
| | $ | 191,877 |
| | $ | 177,777 |
| | $ | 170,809 |
| | $ | 146,155 |
|
The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss to Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods indicated: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Three Months Ended, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dec. 31,
2019 | | Sep. 30,
2019 | | Jun. 30,
2019 | | Mar. 31,
2019 | | Dec. 31,
2018 | | Sep. 30,
2018 | | Jun. 30,
2018 | | Mar. 31,
2018 | | (in thousands) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Adjusted EBITDA Reconciliation | | (unaudited) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Net income (loss) | | $ | 390,940 | | | $ | 29,397 | | | $ | (6,740) | | | $ | (38,151) | | | $ | (28,204) | | | $ | 19,643 | | | $ | (5,906) | | | $ | (23,986) | | | Share-based compensation expense | | 79,883 | | | 77,426 | | | 79,466 | | | 61,088 | | | 59,025 | | | 58,913 | | | 52,119 | | | 46,824 | | | Depreciation and amortization | | 18,719 | | | 19,125 | | | 18,783 | | | 18,971 | | | 22,638 | | | 15,835 | | | 12,328 | | | 10,160 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Interest expense, net | | 6,060 | | | 5,632 | | | 5,143 | | | 4,681 | | | 5,176 | | | 7,224 | | | 3,470 | | | 2,112 | | | Other expense (income), net | | (6,715) | | | (5,541) | | | 1,230 | | | 11,299 | | | 19,439 | | | (37,800) | | | (815) | | | 707 | | | Provision (benefit) for income taxes | | 508 | | | 2,606 | | | (476) | | | 129 | | | 481 | | | 1,066 | | | 604 | | | 175 | | | Loss (gain) on disposal of property and equipment | | 580 | | | 128 | | | 281 | | | 19 | | | (1,005) | | | 806 | | | 73 | | | (98) | | | Gain on sale of asset group | | (373,445) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Acquisition related and other costs | | 1,260 | | | 1,564 | | | 6,133 | | | 782 | | | — | | | 345 | | | 4,363 | | | — | | | Acquired deferred revenue adjustment | | 928 | | | 1,224 | | | 1,849 | | | 3,456 | | | 4,521 | | | 5,892 | | | 2,440 | | | — | | | Acquired deferred costs adjustment | | (189) | | | (238) | | | (365) | | | (577) | | | (761) | | | (927) | | | (354) | | | — | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 118,529 | | | $ | 131,323 | | | $ | 105,304 | | | $ | 61,697 | | | $ | 81,310 | | | $ | 70,997 | | | $ | 68,322 | | | $ | 35,894 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Three Months Ended, | | | Dec. 31,
2017 | | Sep. 30,
2017 | | Jun. 30,
2017 | | Mar. 31,
2017 | | Dec. 31,
2016 | | Sep. 30,
2016 | | Jun. 30,
2016 | | Mar. 31,
2016 | | | (in thousands) | | Adjusted EBITDA Reconciliation | (unaudited) | | Net loss | $ | (15,663 | ) | | $ | (16,098 | ) | | $ | (15,962 | ) | | $ | (15,090 | ) | | $ | (15,167 | ) | | $ | (32,323 | ) | | $ | (27,345 | ) | | $ | (96,755 | ) | | Starbucks transaction-based revenue | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (34 | ) | | (7,164 | ) | | (32,867 | ) | | (38,838 | ) | | Starbucks transaction-based costs | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (49 | ) | | 4,528 |
| | 28,672 |
| | 36,610 |
| | Share-based compensation expense | 44,525 |
| | 40,048 |
| | 39,593 |
| | 31,670 |
| | 33,887 |
| | 36,779 |
| | 36,922 |
| | 31,198 |
| | Depreciation and amortization | 9,632 |
| | 9,085 |
| | 9,125 |
| | 9,437 |
| | 9,928 |
| | 9,681 |
| | 9,018 |
| | 9,118 |
| | Litigation settlement (benefit) expense | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (2,000 | ) | | 50,000 |
| | Interest and other (income) expense, net | 2,839 |
| | 1,854 |
| | 3,266 |
| | 499 |
| | 153 |
| | 111 |
| | (327 | ) | | (717 | ) | | Provision (benefit) for income taxes | (185 | ) | | (647 | ) | | 472 |
| | 509 |
| | 1,036 |
| | 230 |
| | 312 |
| | 339 |
| Loss (gain) on sale of property and equipment
| 36 |
| | 62 |
| | 2 |
| | — |
| | 39 |
| | (219 | ) | | 169 |
| | (38 | ) | | Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 41,184 |
| | $ | 34,304 |
| | $ | 36,496 |
| | $ | 27,025 |
| | $ | 29,793 |
| | $ | 11,623 |
| | $ | 12,554 |
| | $ | (9,083 | ) |
The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss to Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per Share for each of the periods indicated:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Three Months Ended, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dec. 31,
2019 | | Sep. 30,
2019 | | Jun. 30,
2019 | | Mar. 31,
2019 | | Dec. 31,
2018 | | Sep. 30,
2018 | | Jun. 30,
2018 | | Mar. 31,
2018 | | (in thousands, except per share data) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Adjusted Net Income Per Share: | | (unaudited) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Net income (loss) | | $ | 390,940 | | | $ | 29,397 | | | $ | (6,740) | | | $ | (38,151) | | | $ | (28,204) | | | $ | 19,643 | | | $ | (5,906) | | | $ | (23,986) | | | Share-based compensation expense | | 79,883 | | | 77,426 | | | 79,466 | | | 61,088 | | | 59,025 | | | 58,913 | | | 52,119 | | | 46,824 | | | Amortization of intangible assets | | 3,714 | | | 3,841 | | | 3,958 | | | 3,487 | | | 4,028 | | | 4,384 | | | 2,816 | | | 1,875 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | | 9,963 | | | 9,843 | | | 9,725 | | | 9,608 | | | 10,005 | | | 11,627 | | | 6,830 | | | 4,393 | | | Loss (gain) on revaluation of equity investment | | (4,141) | | | (2,462) | | | 4,842 | | | 14,087 | | | 16,566 | | | (36,908) | | | — | | | — | | | Loss on extinguishment of long-term debt | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 3,403 | | | 1,625 | | | — | | | — | | | Loss (gain) on disposal of property and equipment | | 580 | | | 128 | | | 281 | | | 19 | | | (1,005) | | | 806 | | | 73 | | | (98) | | | Gain on sale of asset group | | (373,445) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Acquisition related and other costs | | 1,260 | | | 1,564 | | | 6,133 | | | 782 | | | — | | | 345 | | | 4,363 | | | — | | | Acquired deferred revenue adjustment | | 928 | | | 1,224 | | | 1,849 | | | 3,456 | | | 4,521 | | | 5,892 | | | 2,440 | | | — | | | Acquired deferred cost adjustment | | (189) | | | (238) | | | (365) | | | (577) | | | (761) | | | (927) | | | (354) | | | — | | | Adjusted Net Income - basic | $ | 109,493 | | | $ | 120,723 | | | $ | 99,149 | | | $ | 53,799 | | | $ | 67,578 | | | $ | 65,400 | | | $ | 62,381 | | | $ | 29,008 | | | Cash interest expense on convertible senior notes | | 1,277 | | | 1,277 | | | 1,277 | | | 1,277 | | | 1,292 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Adjusted Net Income - diluted | $ | 110,770 | | | $ | 122,000 | | | $ | 100,426 | | | $ | 55,076 | | | $ | 68,870 | | | $ | 65,400 | | | $ | 62,381 | | | $ | 29,008 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Adjusted Net Income Per Share: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | $ | 0.25 | | | $ | 0.28 | | | $ | 0.23 | | | $ | 0.13 | | | $ | 0.16 | | | $ | 0.16 | | | $ | 0.15 | | | $ | 0.07 | | | Diluted | $ | 0.23 | | | $ | 0.25 | | | $ | 0.21 | | | $ | 0.11 | | | $ | 0.14 | | | $ | 0.13 | | | $ | 0.13 | | | $ | 0.06 | | | Weighted-average shares used to compute Adjusted Net Income Per Share: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | 430,136 | | | 427,124 | | | 423,305 | | | 419,289 | | | 413,984 | | | 409,690 | | | 403,301 | | | 395,948 | | | Diluted | 485,394 | | | 486,404 | | | 486,532 | | | 487,056 | | | 488,177 | | | 495,621 | | | 470,022 | | | 461,761 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Three Months Ended, | | | Dec. 31,
2017 | | Sep. 30,
2017 | | Jun. 30,
2017 | | Mar. 31,
2017 | | Dec. 31,
2016 | | Sep. 30,
2016 | | Jun. 30,
2016 | | Mar. 31,
2016 | | | (in thousands, except per share data) | | Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per Share: | (unaudited) | | Net loss | $ | (15,663 | ) | | $ | (16,098 | ) | | $ | (15,962 | ) | | $ | (15,090 | ) | | $ | (15,167 | ) | | $ | (32,323 | ) | | $ | (27,345 | ) | | $ | (96,755 | ) | | Starbucks transaction-based revenue | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (34 | ) | | (7,164 | ) | | (32,867 | ) | | (38,838 | ) | | Starbucks transaction-based costs | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (49 | ) | | 4,528 |
| | 28,672 |
| | 36,610 |
| | Share-based compensation expense | 44,525 |
| | 40,048 |
| | 39,593 |
| | 31,670 |
| | 33,887 |
| | 36,779 |
| | 36,922 |
| | 31,198 |
| | Amortization of intangible assets | 1,747 |
| | 1,804 |
| | 1,943 |
| | 2,121 |
| | 2,090 |
| | 2,076 |
| | 2,134 |
| | 2,713 |
| | Litigation settlement expense | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (2,000 | ) | | 50,000 |
| | Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | 4,335 |
| | 4,277 |
| | 4,221 |
| | 1,390 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | Loss (gain) on sale of property and equipment | $ | 36 |
| | $ | 62 |
| | $ | 2 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 39 |
| | $ | (219 | ) | | $ | 169 |
| | $ | (38 | ) | | Adjusted Net Income (Loss) | $ | 34,980 |
| | $ | 30,093 |
| | $ | 29,797 |
| | $ | 20,091 |
| | $ | 20,766 |
| | $ | 3,677 |
| | $ | 5,685 |
| | $ | (15,110 | ) | | Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per Share: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | $ | 0.09 |
| | $ | 0.08 |
| | $ | 0.08 |
| | $ | 0.05 |
| | $ | 0.06 |
| | $ | 0.01 |
| | $ | 0.02 |
| | $ | (0.05 | ) | | Diluted | $ | 0.08 |
| | $ | 0.07 |
| | $ | 0.07 |
| | $ | 0.05 |
| | $ | 0.05 |
| | $ | 0.01 |
| | $ | 0.02 |
| | $ | (0.05 | ) | | Weighted-average shares used to compute Adjusted Net Income (Loss) Per Share: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Basic | 390,030 |
| | 383,951 |
| | 376,357 |
| | 366,737 |
| | 356,343 |
| | 343,893 |
| | 334,488 |
| | 331,324 |
| | Diluted | 450,703 |
| | 432,284 |
| | 418,468 |
| | 404,319 |
| | 382,531 |
| | 370,746 |
| | 365,731 |
| | 331,324 |
|
Quarterly Trends
Transaction-based revenue is highly correlated with the level of GPV generated by sellers using our managed payments services. Historically our transaction-based revenue has been strongest in our fourth quarter and weakest in our first quarter, as our sellers typically generate additional GPV during the holiday season. We believe that this seasonality has affected and will continue to affect our quarterly results; however, to date its effect has been masked by our rapid growth. There was no Starbucks transaction-based revenue in 2017, after Starbucks transaction-based revenue declined throughout 2016, leading up to the completion of Starbucks' transition to another payments solution provider during the fourth quarter of 2016. Accordingly, we do not expect revenue from Starbucks to recur in the future.
Subscription and services-based revenue generally demonstrates less seasonality than transaction-based revenue. The sequential increase iswas primarily driven by continued growth of Cash App, Square Capital, and Instant Deposit for sellers. On October 31, 2019, we completed the sale of the Caviar business, and Square Capital.accordingly we will no longer recognize any revenue from Caviar.
Hardware revenue generally demonstrates less seasonality than transaction-based revenue, with most fluctuations tied to periodic product launches, promotions, or other arrangements with our retail partners. Recent product launches include Square Register in the fourth quarter of 2017 and Square Terminal during the fourth quarter of 2018. During the fourth quarter of 2017, we started offering our Cash App customers the ability to purchase bitcoin from us. Bitcoin revenue comprises the total sale amount we receive from bitcoin sales to customers and is recorded upon transfer of bitcoin to the customer's account. The sale amount generally includes a small margin added to the price we pay to purchase bitcoin and accordingly, the amount of bitcoin revenue will fluctuate depending on the volatility of market bitcoin prices and customer demand.
Changes in product development expenses primarily reflect the timing of additions of engineering, product, and design personnel. To a lesser extent, they also reflect the timing of fees and supply costs related to maintenance and capacity expansion at third-party data center facilities, development and tooling costs related to the design, testing, and shipping of our hardware products, and fees for software licenses, consulting, legal, and other services that are directly related to growing and maintaining our products and services. Changes in sales and marketing expenses reflect the variable nature of the timing and magnitude of paid marketing and customer acquisition initiatives across our advertising channels. Changes in sales and marketing expenses are also affected by the timing of additions of direct sales, account management, local, product and paid marketing, retail and ecommerce, partnerships, and communications personnel. Additionally, sales and marketing expenses are affected by the timing and magnitude of costs related to our Cash App peer-to-peer transfer service and Cash Card issuance costs. We offer the total shipmentsCash Card and peer-to-peer service to our Cash App customers for free and we consider these to be marketing tools intended to encourage the usage of our magstripe readers in a given period, as they include the cost of manufacturing and distributing those readers.Cash App. Changes in general and administrative expenses primarily reflect the timing of additions of finance, legal, risk operations, human resources, and administrative personnel, as well as the timing of non income tax payments and reserves. They also reflect the timing of costs related to customer successsupport personnel and systems, as well as fees paid for professional services, including legal and financial services. During
Gain on sale of asset group represents the first quarternet gain we made on the sale of 2016, general and administrative expenses included $50.0 million of non-recurringthe Caviar business. Changes in interest expense (income), net are driven by interest expense related to legal proceedings with Robert E. Morley, whichour convertible notes and interest income earned on our investment in marketable debt securities. Changes in other expense (income), net was settledprimarily due to gains or losses arising from revaluation of a publicly traded equity investment in Eventbrite and the following quarter, with no similar activitysubsequent mark to market of this investment. In December 2019, the Company sold the investment in the other periods presented.Eventbrite and as a result will not be impacted by mark to market revaluations related to this investment in future periods. To a lesser extent this balance is also impacted by foreign exchange gains or losses.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The following table summarizes our cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and investments in marketable debt securities (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 696,474 |
| | $ | 452,030 |
| | $ | 461,329 |
| | Short-term restricted cash | 28,805 |
| | 22,131 |
| | 13,537 |
| | Long-term restricted cash | 9,802 |
| | 14,584 |
| | 14,686 |
| | Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 735,081 |
| | 488,745 |
| | 489,552 |
| | Short-term investments | 169,576 |
| | 59,901 |
| | — |
| | Long-term investments | 203,667 |
| | 27,366 |
| | — |
| | Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments in marketable securities | 1,108,324 |
| | 576,012 |
| | 489,552 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | | | Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,047,118 | | | $ | 583,173 | | | | | Short-term restricted cash | 38,873 | | | 33,838 | | | | | Long-term restricted cash | 12,715 | | | 15,836 | | | | | Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 1,098,706 | | | 632,847 | | | | | Investments in short-term debt securities | 492,456 | | | 540,991 | | | | | Investments in long-term debt securities | 537,303 | | | 464,680 | | | | | Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments in marketable debt securities | $ | 2,128,465 | | | $ | 1,638,518 | | | |
The following table summarizes our cash flow activities (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 127,711 |
| | $ | 23,131 |
| | $ | 21,123 |
| | Net cash used in investing activities: | (340,611 | ) | | (114,241 | ) | | (43,218 | ) | | Net cash provided by financing activities | 454,933 |
| | 90,741 |
| | 264,763 |
| | Effect of foreign exchange rate on cash and cash equivalents | 4,303 |
| | (438 | ) | | (1,775 | ) | | Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 246,336 |
| | $ | (807 | ) | | $ | 240,893 |
|
Our principal sources of liquidity are our cash and cash equivalents, and investments in marketable debt securities. As of December 31, 2017,2019, we had $1.1$2.1 billion of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments in marketable debt securities, which were held primarily in cash deposits, money market funds, U.S. government and agency securities, commercial paper, and corporate bonds. We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Our investments in marketable debt securities are classified as available-for-sale. In November 2015,
As of December 31, 2019, we completed our initial public offeringheld $1.1 billion in which we received total net proceeds of $245.7 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $14.7 million and other offering expenses of $6.9 million. Prior to our initial public offering, ouraggregate principal source of liquidity was private salesamount of convertible preferred stock with total cash proceeds to ussenior notes, comprised of $544.9 million. On March 6, 2017, we issued $440.0$211.7 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes (Notes) that mature on March 1, 2022 unless earlier converted or repurchased,(2022 Notes) and $862.5 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes that mature on May 15, 2023 (2023 Notes). The 2022 Notes bear interest at a rate of 0.375% payable semi-annually on March 1 and September 1 of each year. Theyear, while the 2023 Notes are convertiblebear interest at an initial conversiona rate of 43.57490.50% payable semi-annually on May 15 and November 15 of each year. These notes can be converted or repurchased prior to maturity if certain conditions are met. We currently expect to settle future conversions of the notes entirely in shares of the Company's Class A common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Notes, which is equivalentand will reevaluate this policy from time to an initialtime as conversion price of approximately $22.95 per share of Class A common stock. In connection with the offeringnotices are received from holders of the Notes, we entered into convertible note hedge transactions with certain financial institutions (Counterparties) whereby we have the option to purchase a total of approximately 19.2 million shares of our Class A common stock at a price of approximately $22.95 per share. The total cost of the convertible note hedge transactions was approximately $92.1 million. In addition, we sold warrants to the Counterparties whereby the Counterparties have the option to purchase a total of approximately 19.2 million shares of our Class A common stock at a price of approximately $31.18 per share. We received approximately $57.2 million in cash proceeds from the sale of these warrants. Taken together, the purchase of the convertible note hedges and sale of the warrants are intended to offset any actual dilution from the conversion of the Notes. The net proceeds from this transaction, after issuance costs was approximately $393.4 million. See Note 9, Indebtedness, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more details on these transactions.notes.
In addition, we have a revolving secured credit facility that matures in November 2020. To date, no funds have been drawn under the credit facility, with $375.0 million remaining available. Historically the Company has amended and extended the maturity of this facility and plans to extend or renew prior to its maturity in November 2020. Loans under the credit facility bear interest at our option of (i) a base rate based on the highest of the prime rate, the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, and an adjusted LIBOR rate for a one-month interest period, in each case plus a margin ranging from 0.00% to 1.00%, or (ii) an adjusted LIBOR rate plus a margin ranging from 1.00% to 2.00%. This margin is determined based on our total leverage ratio for the preceding four fiscal quarters. We are obligated to pay other customary fees for a credit facility of this size and type including an annual administrative agent fee of $0.1 million and an unused commitment fee of 0.15%.
See Note 13, Indebtedness, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more details on these transactions.
As described above, on July 31, 2019, we entered into a definitive agreement with DoorDash, Inc. for the sale of the Caviar business. The sale closed on October 31, 2019, and the Company received $410 million in gross proceeds comprised of a combination of $310 million in cash and $100 million in DoorDash, Inc.'s preferred stock.
We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, investment in marketable debt securities, and availability under our line of credit will be sufficient to meet our working capital needs, including any expenditures related to strategic transactions and investment commitments that we may from time to time enter into, and planned capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. From time to time, we may seek to raise additional capital through equity, equity-linked, and debt
financing arrangements. We cannot be assuredprovide assurance that any additional financing will be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.
Short-term restricted cash of $28.8$38.9 million as of December 31, 20172019 reflects pledged cash deposited into savings accounts at the financial institutions that process our sellers' payments transactions and as collateral pursuant to an agreement with the originating bank for the Company's loan product. We use the restricted cash to secure letters of credit with these financial institutions to provide collateral for liabilities arising from cash flow timing differences in the processing of these payments. We have recorded this amount as a current asset on our consolidated balance sheets given the short-term nature of these cash flow timing differences and that there is no minimum time frame during which the cash must remain restricted. Additionally, this balance includes certain amounts held as collateral pursuant to multi-year lease agreements, discussed in the paragraph below, which we expect to become unrestricted within the next year. Long-term restricted cash of $9.8$12.7 million as of December 31, 2017 reflects2019 is primarily related to cash deposited into money market accountsfunds that is used as collateral pursuant to multi-year lease agreements entered into in 2012 and 2014 for our office buildings.agreements. The Company has recorded this amount as a non-current asset on the consolidated balance sheets as the lease terms extend beyond one year.
We experience significant day-to-day fluctuations in our cash and cash equivalents, due to fluctuations in settlements receivable, and customers payable, and hence working capital. These fluctuations are primarily due to:
•Timing of period end. For periods that end on a weekend or a bank holiday, our cash and cash equivalents, settlements receivable, and customers payable amountsbalances typically will be morehigher than for periods ending on a weekday, as we settle to our sellers for payment processing activity on business days; and •Fluctuations in daily GPV. When daily GPV increases, our cash and cash equivalents, settlements receivable, and customers payable amounts increase. Typically our settlements receivable, and customers payable balances at period end represent one to four days of receivables and disbursements to be made in the subsequent period. Customers payable, excluding amounts attributable to Cash App stored funds, and settlements receivable balances typically move in tandem, as pay-out and pay-in largely occur on the same business day. However, customers payable balances will be greater in amount than settlements receivable balances due to the fact that a subset of funds are held due to unlinked bank accounts, risk holds, and chargebacks. Also, customer funds obligations, which are included in customers payable, may cause customers payable to trend differently than settlements receivable. Holidays and day-of-week may also cause significant volatility in daily GPV amounts.
Cash Flow Activities
The following table summarizes our cash flow activities (in thousands): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | | | Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 465,699 | | | $ | 295,080 | | | | | Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities: | 95,193 | | | (905,848) | | | | | Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (98,874) | | | 515,755 | | | | | Effect of foreign exchange rate on cash and cash equivalents | 3,841 | | | (7,221) | | | | | Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 465,859 | | | $ | (102,234) | | | |
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities consisted of net loss adjusted for certain non-cash items including gain or loss on revaluation of equity investment, depreciation and amortization, non-cash interest and other expense, share-based compensation expense, transaction loan and advanceloan losses, deferred income taxes, and gain (loss) on disposal of property and equipment, non-cash lease expense, gain on sale of asset group, as well as the effect of changes in operating assets and liabilities, including working capital.
For the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, cash provided by operating activities was $127.7$465.7 million, primarily asdue to a result of:
Net lossnet income of $62.8$375.4 million, offset byadjusted for the add back of non-cash itemsexpenses of $574.5 million consisting primarily of share-based compensation, of $155.8 million, transaction and loan and advance losses, of $67.0 million, and depreciation and amortization, of $37.3 million. These items areand non-cash interest and other expenses largely driven by growth and expansion of our business activities.
Additional cash provided from changes in operating assets and liabilities, including increases in customers payable of $301.8 million, and increases in settlements payable of $63.6 million. Customers payable and settlements payable balances increased significantly as the year ended on a Sunday and transactions over a weekend will not settle until the following week. These balances are largely offset by settlements receivable, described below, which moves in tandem.
These wereactivities, offset in part by the gain on sale of Caviar of $373.4 million in the fourth quarter. The cash usedgenerated from operating activities was negatively affected by a net outflow from changes in operatingother assets and liabilities including increases in settlements receivable of $305.8 million for reasons aforementioned, increases in customer funds of $59.5 million as result of an increasing customer base with stored funds on the Cash App, charge-offs to accrued transaction losses of $46.1 million arising as a result of growth in GPV, and due to the net activity related to loans held for sale of $39.3 million arising from increased loan purchases.$110.8 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2016,2018, cash provided by operating activities was $23.1$295.1 million primarily asdue to a result of: Netnet loss of $171.6$38.5 million, offset byadjusted for the add back of non-cash itemsexpenses of $379.4 million consisting primarily of share-based compensation, of $138.8 million, transaction and loan and advance losses, of $51.2 million, and depreciation and amortization, and non-cash interest and other expenses, largely driven by growth and expansion of $37.7 million.
Additionalour business activities. The cash providedgenerated from operating activities was negatively affected by a net outflow from changes in operatingother assets and liabilities including increases in customers payable of $206.6 million, increases in settlements payable of $38.0 million and decreases in other current assets of $16.1$45.9 million.
These were offset in part by cash used from changes in operating assets and liabilities, including increases in settlements receivable of $177.7 million, charge-offs to accrued transaction losses of $47.9 million, the net activity related to loans held for sale of $41.3 million and increases in customer funds of $34.1 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2015, cash provided by operating activities was $21.1 million, primarily as a result of:
Net loss of $179.8 million, offset by non-cash items consisting primarily of share-based compensation of $82.3 million, transaction, loan and advance losses of $54.0 million, and depreciation and amortization of $27.6 million.
Additional cash provided from changes in operating assets and liabilities, including increases in customers payable of $76.0 million, increases in settlements payable of $13.1 million and increases in accrued expenses of $21.5 million.
These were offset in part by cash used from changes in operating assets and liabilities, including increases in settlements receivable of $31.8 million, charge-offs to accrued transaction losses of $34.7 million and increases in other current assets of $25.8 million.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Cash flows used in investing activities primarily relate to capital expenditures to support our growth, investments in marketable debt securities, investment in privately held entity, and business acquisitions.
For the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, cash used inprovided by investing activities was $340.6$95.2 million, primarily as a result of the purchasenet cash proceeds from sale of marketable securitiesasset group of $544.9$309.3 million related to the sale of the Caviar business and proceeds from sale of equity investment in Eventbrite of $33.0 million, offset in part by proceeds from maturities and salesthe net investments of marketable securities including investments from customer funds of $257.3$149.0 million. Additional uses of cash in investing activities were a result of purchases of property and equipment of $62.5 million, business combinations, net of cash acquired of $20.4 million, and other investments of $15.3 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, cash used in investing activities was $905.8 million, primarily as a result of the net investments of marketable debt securities of $630.9 million. We increased our investment portfolio using proceeds from the financing activities described below. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company started investing a portion of customer funds in short-term marketable debt securities. Such uses of cash include net investments of marketable debt securities from customer funds of $99.8 million. Additional uses of cash were a result of a strategic investment in a privately held entitybusiness acquisitions, net of $25.0cash acquired of $112.4 million and the purchase of property and equipment of $26.1$61.2 million to help us scale.
For the year ended December 31, 2016, cash used in investing activities was $114.2 million, primarily as a result of the purchase of marketable securities of $164.8 million, offset in part by proceeds from maturities and sales of marketable securities of $77.4 million. Additional uses of cash were as a result of the purchase of property and equipment of $25.4 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2015, cash used in investing activities was $43.2 million, primarily as a result of capital expenditures of $37.4 million and business acquisitions of $4.5 million.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities For the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, cash used in financing activities was $98.9 million, primarily as a result of payments for employee tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units of $212.3 million offset in part by proceeds from issuances of common stock from the exercise of options and purchases under the employee stock purchase plan, net of $118.5 million. For the year ended December 31, 2018, cash provided by financing activities was $454.9$515.8 million, primarily as a result of $393.4$795.2 million in net proceeds from the 2023 Notes offering and as a result of proceeds from issuances of common stock from the exercise of options and purchases under the employee stock purchase plan, net of $162.5$133.9 million, offset in part by the settlementcash payment of a warrant with Starbucks$219.4 million for the principal amount of $54.8 millioncertain 2022 Notes upon conversion and payments for employee tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units of $44.7 million. We intend to use the proceeds from financing activities to support general corporate purposes and help us grow to scale.
For the year ended December 31, 2016 cash provided by financing activities was $90.7 million, primarily as a result of proceeds from issuances of common stock from the exercise of options, warrants, and employee stock purchase plan of $96.4 million, offset in part by payments in offering costs related to our initial public offering of $5.5$189.1 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2015, cash provided by financing activities was $264.8 million, as a result of proceeds from our initial public offering of $251.3 million, proceeds from our issuance of convertible preferred stock of $30.0 million, proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $13.8 million, and an excess tax benefit from share-based award activity of $1.1 million, offset in part by principal payments on debt of $30.0 million and payments of debt issuance costs of $1.4 million.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
Our principal commitments consist of convertible senior notes, operating leases, capital leases, and purchase commitments. The following table summarizes our commitments to settle contractual obligations in cash as of December 31, 2017.2019.
| | | | Payments due by period | | Payments due by period | | | | | Total | | Less than 1 year | | 1 - 3 years | | 3 - 5 years | | More than 5 years | | Total | | | Less than 1 year | | | 1 - 3 years | | | 3 - 5 years | | | More than 5 years | | | (in thousands) | | (in thousands) | | | | Convertible senior notes, including interest | $ | 446,738 |
| | $ | 1,650 |
| | $ | 3,300 |
| | $ | 441,788 |
| | $ | — |
| Convertible senior notes, including interest | $ | 1,090,506 | | | $ | 5,109 | | | $ | 221,280 | | | $ | 864,117 | | | $ | — | | | Operating leases | 106,890 |
| | 18,740 |
| | 34,812 |
| | 33,955 |
| | 19,383 |
| Operating leases | 534,778 | | | 42,173 | | | 133,609 | | | 105,905 | | | 253,091 | | | Capital leases | 6,496 |
| | 2,656 |
| | 3,805 |
| | 35 |
| | — |
| | | Finance leases | | Finance leases | 2,446 | | | 2,446 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Purchase commitments | 20,387 |
| | 20,387 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| Purchase commitments | 53,311 | | | 53,311 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Total | $ | 580,511 |
| | $ | 43,433 |
| | $ | 41,917 |
| | $ | 475,778 |
| | $ | 19,383 |
| Total | $ | 1,681,041 | | | $ | 103,039 | | | $ | 354,889 | | | $ | 970,022 | | | $ | 253,091 | |
Convertible Senior Notes On May 25, 2018, we issued $862.5 million in aggregate principal amount of 2023 Notes that mature on May 15, 2023, unless earlier converted or repurchased, and bear interest at a rate of 0.50% payable semi-annually on May 15 and November 15 of each year. See Note 13, Indebtedness, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more details on this transaction. On March 6, 2017, we issued $440.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Notes that mature on March 1, 2022, unless earlier converted or repurchased, and bear interest at a rate of 0.375% payable semi-annually on March 1 and September 1 of each year. See Note 9, 13, Indebtedness, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more details on this transaction. Lease Commitments
We have entered into various non-cancelable operating leases for certain offices with contractual lease periods expiring between 20182020 and 2025.2031. We recognized total rental expenses under operating leases of $12.9$32.5 million, $11.3$23.3 million, and $12.8$12.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2019, 2018, and 2015,2017, respectively.
Purchase commitments We had non-cancelable purchase obligations to hardware suppliers for $20.4$53.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.2019.
Off-balanceOff-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements during the periods presented.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. GAAP requires us to make certain estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in our financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience, anticipated future trends, and other assumptions we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Because these accounting policies require significant judgment, our actual results may differ materially from our estimates.
We believe accounting policies and the assumptions and estimates associated with accrued transaction losses and revenue recognition have the greatest potential effect on our consolidated financial statements. Therefore, we consider these to be our critical accounting policies and estimates.
Accrued Transaction Losses
We are exposed to transaction losses due to chargebacks as a result of fraud or uncollectibility of transaction payments. We estimate accrued transaction losses based on available data as of the reporting date, including expectations of future chargebacks, and historical trends related to loss rates. During the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, we recorded Seller
transaction losses of $53.0$88.1 million, which as a percentage of GPV were less than 0.1%, and continues to show improvement relative to historical averages. We expect transaction losses to increase to a lesser extent than GPV growth due to ongoing investment in data science and improvements in our risk operations to mitigate exposure to transaction losses.
Revenue RecognitionContingencies
ApplicationAs disclosed in Note 18 of the various accounting principles in U.S. GAAP requiresNotes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, we have potential exposure related to a tax dispute with the Tax Collector. Depending on the outcome of the tax dispute, we estimate that we make judgmentscould incur losses associated with taxes, interest, and estimates relatedpenalties that range from approximately $0 to the classification, measurement and recognition of revenue. Complex arrangements may require significant contract interpretation to determine the appropriate accounting. Specifically, the determination of whether we are a principal$63 million in the delivery of managed payments solutionsaggregate for the fiscal years 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. Additional taxes, interest and penalties for future periods could be material as well. Estimating the amount losses that we should record in our financial statements for the potential exposure requires us to sellersmake assumptions and therefore recognize the transaction fees we earn as revenue on a gross basis, or we are an agent and hence recognize revenue on a net basis can requireapply considerable judgment. WeThe eventual outcome could differ materially from the estimates we have concluded that we aremade in the principal in these arrangements because we: (i) are the merchant of record and the primary obligor to the seller, (ii) are responsible for processing the payment, (iii) have latitude in establishing pricing with respect to the sellers and other terms of service, (iv) have sole discretion in selecting the third party to settlement the transaction, and (v) assume the credit risk for the transactions processed. Accordingly, we recognize the transaction fees we earn as revenue on gross basis. Changes in judgments with respect to these assumptions and estimates could impact the amount of revenue recognized.financial statements.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” described in Note 1 of the accompanying notesNotes to our consolidated financial statements.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We have operations both within the United States and globally, and we are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business, including the effects of interest rate changes and foreign currency fluctuations. Information relating to quantitative and qualitative disclosures about these market risks is described below.
Interest Rate Sensitivity
Our cash and cash equivalents, and marketable debt securities as of December 31, 2017,2019, were held primarily in cash deposits, money market funds, U.S. government and agency securities, commercial paper, and corporate bonds. The fair value of our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable debt securities would not be significantly affected by either an increase or decrease in interest rates due mainly to the short-term nature of a majority of these instruments. Additionally, we have the ability to hold these instruments until maturity if necessary to reduce our risk. Any future borrowings incurred under our credit facility would accrue
interest at a floating rate based on a formula tied to certain market rates at the time of incurrence (as described above). A hypothetical 100 basis point increase or decrease in interest rates would not have a material effect on our financial results.
Foreign Currency Risk
Most of our revenue is earned in U.S. dollars, and therefore our revenue is not currently subject to significant foreign currency risk. Our foreign operations are denominated in the currencies of the countries in which our operations are located, and may be subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly changes in the Japanese Yen, Canadian Dollar, Australian Dollar, Euro, and British Pound. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may cause us to recognize transaction gains and losses in our statement of operations. A 10% increase or decrease in current exchange rates would not have a material impact on our financial results.
Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
SQUARE, INC. INDEX TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The supplementary financial information required by this Item 8 is included in Part II, Item 7 under the caption "Quarterly Results of Operations," which is incorporated herein by reference.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
TheTo the Stockholders and the Board of Directors and Stockholders
of Square, Inc.:
OpinionsOpinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheetssheet of Square, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016,2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss,income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year periodyear ended December 31, 2017,2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework(2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as ofat December 31, 2017 and 2016,2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year periodyear ended December 31, 2017,2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission 2013 framework and our report dated February 26, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
| | | | | | | | | | | Accrued transaction losses | | Description of the Matter | | As discussed in Notes 1 and 11 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company is exposed to transaction losses from chargebacks, which represent potential losses due to disputes between a seller and its customer or due to fraudulent transactions. The Company established a reserve for these estimated potential losses of $34.8 million at December 31, 2019. The Company’s reserve is estimated based on available data as of the reporting date, including expectations of future chargebacks, and historical trends related to loss rates. | | | | | | Auditing management’s estimate of the reserve for transaction losses was challenging because management’s estimate required a high degree of judgement in evaluating historical trends related to loss rates and expectations of future chargebacks. |
| | | | | | | | | How We
Addressed the
Matter in Our
Audit | | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s controls over the process for determining the reserve for transaction losses. For example, we tested controls over management’s review of the methodology to determine estimated losses, the completeness and accuracy of underlying loss rate data used in the estimation of potential losses from chargebacks, and assumptions made about future chargebacks. | | | | | | To test the Company’s reserve for transaction losses, our audit procedures included, among others, evaluating the Company’s methodology and testing the underlying data and assumptions used by management to estimate potential losses. We compared the Company’s historical estimated potential losses with actual results to assess the Company’s methodology to estimate potential losses. We evaluated the completeness and accuracy of the loss rate data used in the calculation of the Company’s reserve for transaction losses by agreeing such data to third-party data. In addition, we evaluated any adjustments made by management to the Company’s methodology to estimate potential losses, to reflect expectations of future chargebacks, including the basis for concluding whether such adjustments were warranted. We also reviewed subsequent events, which included actual chargebacks, and considered whether they corroborated the Company’s conclusion. |
| | | | | | | | | | | Accounting for loss contingencies | | Description of the Matter | | As discussed in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company is involved in various litigation matters, legal claims and other investigations. The Company accrues a liability for an estimated loss if the potential loss from any litigation or claim is considered probable, and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The Company also performs an assessment of the materiality of loss contingencies where a loss is either reasonably possible or it is reasonably possible that an exposure to loss exists in excess of the amount accrued. If it is reasonably possible that such a loss or an additional loss may have been incurred and the effect on the consolidated financial statements is material, the Company discloses the nature of the loss contingency and an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made within the notes to the consolidated financial statements. | | | | | | Auditing management’s determination of whether a loss for a contingency is probable and reasonably estimable, reasonably possible or remote, and the related disclosures, was subjective and required significant judgment. In particular, these determinations were sensitive to the uncertainties related to the ultimate outcome of the loss contingency, the status and uncertainty of the litigation and/or the appeals process, the jurisdiction where the lawsuit was filed, and the status of any settlement discussions associated with the loss contingency. | | | | How We
Addressed the
Matter in Our
Audit | | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of the controls related to the Company’s process for identification, recognition, measurement and disclosure of loss contingencies. For example, we tested controls over management’s assessment of whether a loss is probable or reasonably possible. | | | | | | To test the Company’s loss contingencies and related disclosures, our audit procedures included, among others, assessing the completeness of the litigation matters, legal claims and other investigations subject to evaluation by the Company and evaluating the Company’s assessment of the probability of outcome for loss contingencies and measurement and disclosure of probable and reasonably possible losses. These procedures included inquiring of management and internal and external legal counsel to confirm our understanding of the claims against the Company, evaluating responses to inquiry letters sent to internal and external legal counsel, obtaining written representations from executives of the Company related to loss contingencies, inspecting court rulings and correspondence from counterparties, and inspecting any settlement agreements. |
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2019. February 26, 2020
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Square, Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Square, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway 2013 framework (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, Square, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,2019, based on criteria establishedthe COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued byaccordance with the Committee of Sponsoring Organizationsstandards of the Treadway Commission.Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of December 31, 2019, the related consolidated statement of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes and our report dated February 26, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Form 10-K. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits.audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”)PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our auditsaudit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the auditsaudit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements.
Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also includedrisk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provideaudit provides a reasonable basis for our opinions.opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and
expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP February 26, 2020
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Stockholders and Board of Directors Square, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Square, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company adopted Accounting Standard Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, effective January 1, 2018.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2011.from 2011 to 2019.
San Francisco, California
February 27, 20182019
SQUARE, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In thousands, except share and per share data) | | | | December 31, | | December 31, | | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | Assets | | | | Assets | | | | | Current assets: | | | | Current assets: | | | Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 696,474 |
| | $ | 452,030 |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,047,118 | | | $ | 583,173 | | | Short-term investments | 169,576 |
| | 59,901 |
| | | Restricted cash | 28,805 |
| | 22,131 |
| | | Investments in short-term debt securities | | Investments in short-term debt securities | 492,456 | | | 540,991 | | | Settlements receivable | 620,523 |
| | 321,102 |
| Settlements receivable | 588,692 | | | 364,946 | | | Customer funds | 103,042 |
| | 43,574 |
| Customer funds | 676,292 | | | 334,017 | | | Loans held for sale | 73,420 |
| | 42,144 |
| Loans held for sale | 164,834 | | | 89,974 | | | Other current assets | 86,454 |
| | 60,543 |
| Other current assets | 250,409 | | | 198,804 | | | Total current assets | 1,778,294 |
| | 1,001,425 |
| Total current assets | 3,219,801 | | | 2,111,905 | | | Property and equipment, net | 91,496 |
| | 88,328 |
| Property and equipment, net | 149,194 | | | 142,402 | | | Goodwill | 58,327 |
| | 57,173 |
| Goodwill | 266,345 | | | 261,705 | | | Acquired intangible assets, net | 14,334 |
| | 19,292 |
| Acquired intangible assets, net | 69,079 | | | 77,102 | | | Long-term investments | 203,667 |
| | 27,366 |
| | | Restricted cash | 9,802 |
| | 14,584 |
| | | Investments in long-term debt securities | | Investments in long-term debt securities | 537,303 | | | 464,680 | | | Build-to-suit lease asset | | Build-to-suit lease asset | — | | | 149,000 | | | Operating lease right-of-use assets | | Operating lease right-of-use assets | 113,148 | | | — | | | Other non-current assets | 31,350 |
| | 3,194 |
| Other non-current assets | 196,388 | | | 74,229 | | | Total assets | $ | 2,187,270 |
| | $ | 1,211,362 |
| Total assets | $ | 4,551,258 | | | $ | 3,281,023 | | | Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | | | | Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | | | | | Current liabilities: | | | | Current liabilities: | | | Accounts payable | $ | 16,763 |
| | $ | 12,602 |
| | | | Customers payable | 733,736 |
| | 431,632 |
| Customers payable | $ | 1,273,135 | | | $ | 749,215 | | | Settlements payable | 114,788 |
| | 51,151 |
| Settlements payable | 95,834 | | | 54,137 | | | Accrued transaction losses | 26,893 |
| | 20,064 |
| | | Accrued expenses | 52,280 |
| | 39,543 |
| | | Other current liabilities | 28,367 |
| | 22,472 |
| | | Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | | Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 297,841 | | | 215,189 | | | | Operating lease liabilities, current | | Operating lease liabilities, current | 27,275 | | | — | | | | Total current liabilities | 972,827 |
| | 577,464 |
| Total current liabilities | 1,694,085 | | | 1,018,541 | | | Long-term debt (Note 9) | 358,572 |
| | — |
| | | Long-term debt | | Long-term debt | 938,832 | | | 899,695 | | | Build-to-suit lease liability | | Build-to-suit lease liability | — | | | 149,000 | | | Operating lease liabilities, non-current | | Operating lease liabilities, non-current | 108,830 | | | — | | | Other non-current liabilities | 69,538 |
| | 57,745 |
| Other non-current liabilities | 94,461 | | | 93,286 | | | Total liabilities | 1,400,937 |
| | 635,209 |
| Total liabilities | 2,836,208 | | | 2,160,522 | | | Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) |
| |
| | | Commitments and contingencies (Note 18) | | Commitments and contingencies (Note 18) | | | | | Stockholders’ equity: |
| | | Stockholders’ equity: | | | | | Preferred stock, $0.0000001 par value: 100,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. None issued and outstanding at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016. | — |
| | — |
| | | Class A common stock, $0.0000001 par value: 1,000,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016; 280,400,813 and 198,746,620 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. | — |
| | — |
| | | Class B common stock, $0.0000001 par value: 500,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016; 114,793,262 and 165,800,756 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. | — |
| | — |
| | | Preferred stock, $0.0000001 par value: 100,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. NaN issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. | | Preferred stock, $0.0000001 par value: 100,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. NaN issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. | — | | | — | | | Class A common stock, $0.0000001 par value: 1,000,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018; 352,386,562 and 323,546,864 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. | | Class A common stock, $0.0000001 par value: 1,000,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018; 352,386,562 and 323,546,864 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. | — | | | — | | | Class B common stock,$0.0000001 par value: 500,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018; 80,410,158 and 93,501,142 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. | | Class B common stock,$0.0000001 par value: 500,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018; 80,410,158 and 93,501,142 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. | — | | | — | | | Additional paid-in capital | 1,630,386 |
| | 1,357,381 |
| Additional paid-in capital | 2,223,749 | | | 2,012,328 | | | Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (1,318 | ) | | (1,989 | ) | | | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 1,629 | | | (6,053) | | | Accumulated deficit | (842,735 | ) | | (779,239 | ) | Accumulated deficit | (510,328) | | | (885,774) | | | Total stockholders’ equity | 786,333 |
| | 576,153 |
| Total stockholders’ equity | 1,715,050 | | | 1,120,501 | | | Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 2,187,270 |
| | $ | 1,211,362 |
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 4,551,258 | | | $ | 3,281,023 | |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
SQUARE, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (In thousands, except per share data) | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Revenue: | | | | | | Revenue: | | | | | | | Transaction-based revenue | $ | 1,920,174 |
| | $ | 1,456,160 |
| | $ | 1,050,445 |
| Transaction-based revenue | $ | 3,081,074 | | | $ | 2,471,451 | | | $ | 1,920,174 | | | Starbucks transaction-based revenue | — |
| | 78,903 |
| | 142,283 |
| | | Subscription and services-based revenue | 252,664 |
| | 129,351 |
| | 58,013 |
| Subscription and services-based revenue | 1,031,456 | | | 591,706 | | | 252,664 | | | Hardware revenue | 41,415 |
| | 44,307 |
| | 16,377 |
| Hardware revenue | 84,505 | | | 68,503 | | | 41,415 | | | Bitcoin revenue | | Bitcoin revenue | 516,465 | | | 166,517 | | | — | | | Total net revenue | 2,214,253 |
| | 1,708,721 |
| | 1,267,118 |
| Total net revenue | 4,713,500 | | | 3,298,177 | | | 2,214,253 | | | Cost of revenue: | | | | | | Cost of revenue: | | | | | | | Transaction-based costs | 1,230,290 |
| | 943,200 |
| | 672,667 |
| Transaction-based costs | 1,937,971 | | | 1,558,562 | | | 1,230,290 | | | Starbucks transaction-based costs | — |
| | 69,761 |
| | 165,438 |
| | | Subscription and services-based costs | 75,720 |
| | 43,132 |
| | 22,470 |
| Subscription and services-based costs | 234,270 | | | 169,884 | | | 75,720 | | | Hardware costs | 62,393 |
| | 68,562 |
| | 30,874 |
| Hardware costs | 136,385 | | | 94,114 | | | 62,393 | | | Bitcoin costs | | Bitcoin costs | 508,239 | | | 164,827 | | | — | | | Amortization of acquired technology | 6,544 |
| | 8,028 |
| | 5,639 |
| Amortization of acquired technology | 6,950 | | | 7,090 | | | 6,544 | | | Total cost of revenue | 1,374,947 |
| | 1,132,683 |
| | 897,088 |
| Total cost of revenue | 2,823,815 | | | 1,994,477 | | | 1,374,947 | | | Gross profit | 839,306 |
| | 576,038 |
| | 370,030 |
| Gross profit | 1,889,685 | | | 1,303,700 | | | 839,306 | | | Operating expenses: | | | | | | Operating expenses: | | | | | | | Product development | 321,888 |
| | 268,537 |
| | 199,638 |
| Product development | 670,606 | | | 497,479 | | | 321,888 | | | Sales and marketing | 253,170 |
| | 173,876 |
| | 145,618 |
| Sales and marketing | 624,832 | | | 411,151 | | | 253,170 | | | General and administrative | 250,553 |
| | 251,993 |
| | 143,466 |
| General and administrative | 436,250 | | | 339,245 | | | 250,553 | | | Transaction, loan and advance losses | 67,018 |
| | 51,235 |
| | 54,009 |
| | | Transaction and loan losses | | Transaction and loan losses | 126,959 | | | 88,077 | | | 67,018 | | | Amortization of acquired customer assets | 883 |
| | 850 |
| | 1,757 |
| Amortization of acquired customer assets | 4,481 | | | 4,362 | | | 883 | | | | Total operating expenses | 893,512 |
| | 746,491 |
| | 544,488 |
| Total operating expenses | 1,863,128 | | | 1,340,314 | | | 893,512 | | | Operating loss | (54,206 | ) | | (170,453 | ) | | (174,458 | ) | | | Interest and other (income) expense, net | 8,458 |
| | (780 | ) | | 1,613 |
| | | Loss before income tax | (62,664 | ) | | (169,673 | ) | | (176,071 | ) | | | Operating income (loss) | | Operating income (loss) | 26,557 | | | (36,614) | | | (54,206) | | | Gain on sale of asset group | | Gain on sale of asset group | (373,445) | | | — | | | — | | | Interest expense, net | | Interest expense, net | 21,516 | | | 17,982 | | | 10,053 | | | Other expense (income), net | | Other expense (income), net | 273 | | | (18,469) | | | (1,595) | | | Income (loss) before income tax | | Income (loss) before income tax | 378,213 | | | (36,127) | | | (62,664) | | | Provision for income taxes | 149 |
| | 1,917 |
| | 3,746 |
| Provision for income taxes | 2,767 | | | 2,326 | | | 149 | | | Net loss | (62,813 | ) | | (171,590 | ) | | (179,817 | ) | | | Deemed dividend on Series E preferred stock | — |
| | — |
| | (32,200 | ) | | | Net loss attributable to common stockholders | $ | (62,813 | ) | | $ | (171,590 | ) | | $ | (212,017 | ) | | | Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders: | | | | | | | | Net income (loss) | | Net income (loss) | $ | 375,446 | | | $ | (38,453) | | | $ | (62,813) | | | Net income (loss) per share: | | Net income (loss) per share: | | | | | | | Basic | $ | (0.17 | ) | | $ | (0.50 | ) | | $ | (1.24 | ) | Basic | $ | 0.88 | | | $ | (0.09) | | | $ | (0.17) | | | Diluted | $ | (0.17 | ) | | $ | (0.50 | ) | | $ | (1.24 | ) | Diluted | $ | 0.81 | | | $ | (0.09) | | | $ | (0.17) | | | Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to common stockholders: | | | | | | | | Weighted-average shares used to compute net income (loss) per share: | | Weighted-average shares used to compute net income (loss) per share: | | | | | | | Basic | 379,344 |
| | 341,555 |
| | 170,498 |
| Basic | 424,999 | | | 405,731 | | | 379,344 | | | Diluted | 379,344 |
| | 341,555 |
| | 170,498 |
| Diluted | 466,076 | | | 405,731 | | | 379,344 | |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
SQUARE, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSSINCOME (LOSS) (In thousands)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Net income (loss) | $ | 375,446 | | | $ | (38,453) | | | $ | (62,813) | | | Net foreign currency translation adjustments | 1,879 | | | (4,496) | | | 1,900 | | | Net unrealized gain on revaluation of intercompany loans | 75 | | | 303 | | | 385 | | | Net unrealized gain (loss) on marketable debt securities | 5,728 | | | (542) | | | (1,614) | | | Total comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 383,128 | | | $ | (43,188) | | | $ | (62,142) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | Net loss | $ | (62,813 | ) | | $ | (171,590 | ) | | $ | (179,817 | ) | | Net foreign currency translation adjustments | 1,900 |
| | (716 | ) | | (356 | ) | | Net unrealized gain (loss) on revaluation of intercompany loans | 385 |
| | (11 | ) | | (22 | ) | | Net unrealized loss on marketable securities | (1,614 | ) | | (77 | ) | | — |
| | Total comprehensive loss | $ | (62,142 | ) | | $ | (172,394 | ) | | $ | (180,195 | ) |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
SQUARE, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (In thousands, except for number of shares) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Convertible preferred stock | | | | | Class A and B common stock | | | | Additional paid-in | | Accumulated other comprehensive | | Accumulated | | Total stockholders’ | | | Shares | | | Amount | | Shares | | Amount | | capital | | income (loss) | | deficit | | equity | | Balance at December 31, 2016 | | — | | | $ | — | | | 364,547,376 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 1,357,381 | | | $ | (1,989) | | | $ | (779,239) | | | $ | 576,153 | | | Net loss | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (62,813) | | | (62,813) | | | Shares issued in connection with: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Exercise of stock options | — | | | — | | | 24,510,745 | | | — | | | 144,774 | | | — | | | — | | | 144,774 | | | Purchases under employee stock purchase plan | — | | | — | | | 1,670,045 | | | — | | | 17,859 | | | — | | | — | | | 17,859 | | | Vesting of restricted stock units | — | | | — | | | 5,964,153 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Vesting of early exercised stock options and other | | — | | | — | | | | | — | | | 661 | | | — | | | — | | | 661 | | | Repurchase of common stock | | — | | | — | | | (24,209) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Change in other comprehensive loss | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 671 | | | — | | | 671 | | | Share-based compensation | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 159,509 | | | — | | | — | | | 159,509 | | | Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units | | — | | | — | | | (1,474,035) | | | — | | | (44,682) | | | — | | | — | | | (44,682) | | | Conversion feature of convertible senior notes, due 2022, net of allocated debt issuance costs | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 83,901 | | | — | | | — | | | 83,901 | | | Purchase of bond hedges in conjunction with issuance of convertible senior notes, due 2022 | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (92,136) | | | — | | | — | | | (92,136) | | | Sale of warrants in conjunction with issuance of convertible senior notes, due 2022 | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 57,244 | | | — | | | — | | | 57,244 | | | Payment for termination of Starbucks warrant | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (54,808) | | | — | | | — | | | (54,808) | | | Cumulative adjustment due to adoption of new standard | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 683 | | | — | | | (683) | | | — | | | Balance at December 31, 2017 | | — | | | $ | — | | | 395,194,075 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 1,630,386 | | | $ | (1,318) | | | $ | (842,735) | | | $ | 786,333 | | | Net loss | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (38,453) | | | (38,453) | | | Shares issued in connection with: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Exercise of stock options | — | | | — | | | 13,402,680 | | | — | | | 106,962 | | | — | | | — | | | 106,962 | | | Vesting of early exercised stock options and other | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 177 | | | — | | | — | | | 177 | | | Purchases under employee stock purchase plan | — | | | — | | | 826,356 | | | — | | | 26,888 | | | — | | | — | | | 26,888 | | | Vesting of restricted stock units | — | | | — | | | 8,046,640 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Issuance of common stock in connection with business combination | | — | | | — | | | 2,649,590 | | | — | | | 140,107 | | | — | | | — | | | 140,107 | | | Replacement stock awards issued in connection with acquisition | | — | | | — | | | 24,613 | | | — | | | 899 | | | — | | | — | | | 899 | | | Repurchase of common stock | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Change in other comprehensive loss | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (4,735) | | | — | | | (4,735) | | | Share-based compensation | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 226,182 | | | — | | | — | | | 226,182 | | | Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units | | — | | | — | | | (3,013,394) | | | — | | | (189,124) | | | — | | | — | | | (189,124) | | | Conversion feature of convertible senior notes, due 2023, net of allocated costs | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 154,019 | | | — | | | — | | | 154,019 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Convertible preferred stock | | Class A and B common stock | | Additional paid-in | | Accumulated other comprehensive | | Accumulated | | Total stockholders’ | | | | Shares | | Amount | | Shares | | Amount | | capital | | loss | | deficit | | equity | | Balance at December 31, 2014 | 135,252,809 |
| | $ | 514,945 |
| | 154,603,683 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 155,166 |
| | $ | (807 | ) | | $ | (395,632 | ) | | $ | 273,672 |
| | | Net loss | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (179,817 | ) | | (179,817 | ) | | Shares issued in connection with: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Issuance of common stock upon initial public offering, net of issuance costs | — |
| | — |
| | 29,700,000 |
| |
|
| | 245,726 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 245,726 |
| | | Series E preferred stock financing | 1,940,058 |
| | 29,952 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 29,952 |
| | | Conversion of Series A, B, C, D & E preferred stock upon initial public offering to common stock | (137,192,867 | ) | | (544,897 | ) | | 137,192,867 |
| | | | 544,897 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | | Deemed dividend on Series E preferred stock | — |
| | — |
| | 10,299,696 |
| | — |
| | 32,200 |
| | — |
| | (32,200 | ) | | — |
| | | Exercise of stock options | — |
| | — |
| | 5,544,785 |
| | — |
| | 14,766 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 14,766 |
| | | Issuance of common stock related to acquisitions | — |
| | — |
| | 3,591,014 |
| | — |
| | 35,776 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 35,776 |
| | | Issuance of common stock | — |
| | — |
| | 3,777 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | Vesting of early exercised stock options | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 4,958 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 4,958 |
| | Contribution of common stock | — |
| | — |
| | (5,068,238 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | Repurchase of common stock | — |
| | — |
| | (918,139 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | Change in other comprehensive loss | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (378 | ) | | — |
| | (378 | ) | | Share-based compensation | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 82,292 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 82,292 |
| | Tax benefit from share-based award activity | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,101 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,101 |
| | Balance at December 31, 2015 | — |
| | $ | — |
| | 334,949,445 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 1,116,882 |
| | $ | (1,185 | ) | | $ | (607,649 | ) | | $ | 508,048 |
| | | Net loss | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (171,590 | ) | | (171,590 | ) | | Shares issued in connection with: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Exercise of stock options and warrants | — |
| | — |
| | 24,413,821 |
| | — |
| | 82,438 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 82,438 |
| | | Purchases under employee stock purchase plan | — |
| | — |
| | 1,852,900 |
| | — |
| | 14,201 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 14,201 |
| | | Vesting of restricted stock units | — |
| | — |
| | 3,392,726 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | Vesting of early exercised stock options | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 2,313 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 2,313 |
| | Cancellation of shares related to business combinations | — |
| | — |
| | (228 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | Repurchase of common stock | — |
| | — |
| | (61,288 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | Change in other comprehensive loss | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (804 | ) | | — |
| | (804 | ) | | Share-based compensation | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 141,547 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 141,547 |
| | Balance at December 31, 2016 | — |
| | $ | — |
| | 364,547,376 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 1,357,381 |
| | $ | (1,989 | ) | | $ | (779,239 | ) | | $ | 576,153 |
| | | Net loss | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (62,813 | ) | | (62,813 | ) | | Shares issued in connection with: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Exercise of stock options | — |
| | — |
| | 24,510,745 |
| | — |
| | 144,774 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 144,774 |
| | | Purchases under employee stock purchase plan | — |
| | — |
| | 1,670,045 |
| | — |
| | 17,859 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 17,859 |
| | | Vesting of restricted stock units | — |
| | — |
| | 5,964,153 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Convertible preferred stock | | | | | Class A and B common stock | | | | Additional paid-in | | Accumulated other comprehensive | | Accumulated | | Total stockholders’ | | | Shares | | | Amount | | Shares | | Amount | | capital | | income (loss) | | deficit | | equity | | Purchase of bond hedges in conjunction with issuance of convertible senior notes, due 2023 | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (172,586) | | | — | | | — | | | (172,586) | | | Sale of warrants in conjunction with issuance of convertible senior notes, due 2023 | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 112,125 | | | — | | | — | | | 112,125 | | | Issuance of common stock in conjunction with the conversion of senior notes, due 2022 | | — | | | — | | | 7,288,907 | | | — | | | (20,962) | | | — | | | — | | | (20,962) | | | Exercise of bond hedges in conjunction with the conversion of senior notes, due 2022 | | — | | | — | | | (6,901,567) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Cumulative adjustment due to adoption of ASC 606 | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (4,586) | | | (4,586) | | | Recovery of common stock in connection with indemnification settlement agreement | | — | | | — | | | (469,894) | | | — | | | (2,745) | | | — | | | — | | | (2,745) | | | Balance at December 31, 2018 | | — | | | $ | — | | | 417,048,006 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 2,012,328 | | | $ | (6,053) | | | $ | (885,774) | | | $ | 1,120,501 | | | Net income | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 375,446 | | | 375,446 | | | Shares issued in connection with: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Exercise of stock options | — | | | — | | | 10,176,170 | | | — | | | 82,340 | | | — | | | — | | | 82,340 | | | Vesting of early exercised stock options and other | — | | | — | | | 426 | | | — | | | 36 | | | — | | | — | | | 36 | | | Purchases under employee stock purchase plan | — | | | — | | | 673,661 | | | — | | | 36,174 | | | — | | | — | | | 36,174 | | | Vesting of restricted stock units | — | | | — | | | 8,338,035 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cancellation of restricted stock awards | | — | | | — | | | (90,342) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Change in other comprehensive loss | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 7,682 | | | — | | | 7,682 | | | Share-based compensation | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 306,201 | | | — | | | — | | | 306,201 | | | Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units | | — | | | — | | | (3,077,807) | | | — | | | (212,264) | | | — | | | — | | | (212,264) | | | Issuance of common stock in conjunction with the conversion of senior notes, due 2022 | | — | | | — | | | 127 | | | — | | | 3 | | | — | | | — | | | 3 | | | Exercise of bond hedges in conjunction with the conversion of senior notes, due 2022 | | — | | | — | | | (250,763) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | Recovery of common stock in
connection with indemnification settlement agreement | | — | | | — | | | (20,793) | | | — | | | (1,069) | | | — | | | — | | | (1,069) | | | Balance at December 31, 2019 | | — | | | $ | — | | | 432,796,720 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 2,223,749 | | | $ | 1,629 | | | $ | (510,328) | | | $ | 1,715,050 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Convertible preferred stock | | Class A and B common stock | | Additional paid-in | | Accumulated other comprehensive | | Accumulated | | Total stockholders’ | | | | Shares | | Amount | | Shares | | Amount | | capital | | loss | | deficit | | equity | | Vesting of early exercised stock options and other | — |
| | — |
| | | | — |
| | 661 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 661 |
| | Repurchase of common stock | — |
| | — |
| | (24,209 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | Change in other comprehensive loss | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 671 |
| | — |
| | 671 |
| | Share-based compensation | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 159,509 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 159,509 |
| | Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units | — |
| | — |
| | (1,474,035 | ) | | — |
| | (44,682 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (44,682 | ) | | Conversion feature of convertible senior notes, due 2022, net of allocated debt issuance costs | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 83,901 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 83,901 |
| | Purchase of bond hedges in conjunction with issuance of convertible senior notes, due 2022 | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (92,136 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (92,136 | ) | | Sale of warrants in conjunction with issuance of convertible senior notes, due 2022 | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 57,244 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 57,244 |
| | Payment for termination of Starbucks warrant | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (54,808 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (54,808 | ) | | Cumulative adjustment due to adoption of new standard (Note 12) | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 683 |
| | — |
| | (683 | ) | | — |
| | Balance at December 31, 2017 | — |
| | — |
| | 395,194,075 |
| | — |
| | 1,630,386 |
| | (1,318 | ) | | (842,735 | ) | | 786,333 |
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
SQUARE, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | Cash flows from operating activities: | | | | | | | Net loss | $ | (62,813 | ) | | $ | (171,590 | ) | | $ | (179,817 | ) | | Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: | | | | | | | Depreciation and amortization | 37,279 |
| | 37,745 |
| | 27,626 |
| | Non-cash interest and other expense | 14,421 |
| | (49 | ) | | 270 |
| | Share-based compensation | 155,836 |
| | 138,786 |
| | 82,292 |
| | Excess tax benefit from share-based payment activity | — |
| | — |
| | (1,101 | ) | | Transaction, loan and advance losses | 67,018 |
| | 51,235 |
| | 54,009 |
| | Deferred provision (benefit) for income taxes | (1,385 | ) | | 58 |
| | 26 |
| | Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | | | | | | | Settlements receivable | (305,831 | ) | | (177,662 | ) | | (31,810 | ) | | Customer funds | (59,468 | ) | | (34,128 | ) | | (6,462 | ) | | Purchase of loans held for sale | (1,184,630 | ) | | (668,976 | ) | | (816 | ) | | Sales and principal payments of loans held for sale | 1,145,314 |
| | 627,627 |
| | 21 |
| | Other current assets | (26,119 | ) | | 16,116 |
| | (25,841 | ) | | Other non-current assets | (3,274 | ) | | 631 |
| | 1,220 |
| | Accounts payable | 4,515 |
| | (2,147 | ) | | 7,831 |
| | Customers payable | 301,778 |
| | 206,574 |
| | 76,009 |
| | Settlements payable | 63,637 |
| | 38,046 |
| | 13,105 |
| | Charge-offs to accrued transaction losses | (46,148 | ) | | (47,931 | ) | | (34,655 | ) | | Accrued expenses | 12,207 |
| | (409 | ) | | 21,450 |
| | Other current liabilities | 3,683 |
| | 6,056 |
| | 6,655 |
| | Other non-current liabilities | 11,691 |
| | 3,149 |
| | 11,111 |
| | Net cash provided by operating activities | 127,711 |
| | 23,131 |
| | 21,123 |
| | Cash flows from investing activities: | | | | | | | Purchase of marketable securities | (544,910 | ) | | (164,766 | ) | | — |
| | Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities | 168,224 |
| | 43,200 |
| | — |
| | Proceeds from sale of marketable securities | 89,087 |
| | 34,222 |
| | — |
| | Purchase of property and equipment | (26,097 | ) | | (25,433 | ) | | (37,432 | ) | | Proceeds from sale of property and equipment | — |
| | 296 |
| | — |
| | Payments for investment in privately held entity | (25,000 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | Payment for acquisition of intangible assets | — |
| | (400 | ) | | (1,286 | ) | | Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (1,915 | ) | | (1,360 | ) | | (4,500 | ) | | Net cash used in investing activities: | (340,611 | ) | | (114,241 | ) | | (43,218 | ) | | Cash flows from financing activities: | | | | | | | Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes, net | 428,250 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | Purchase of convertible senior note hedges | (92,136 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | Proceeds from issuance of warrants | 57,244 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | Payment for termination of Starbucks warrant | (54,808 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock, net | — |
| | — |
| | 29,952 |
| | Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon initial public offering, net of offering costs |
| | — |
| | 251,257 |
| | Payments of offering costs related to initial public offering | — |
| | (5,530 | ) | | — |
| | Principal payments on debt | — |
| | — |
| | (30,000 | ) | | Payments of debt issuance costs | — |
| | — |
| | (1,387 | ) | | Principal payments on capital lease obligation | (1,439 | ) | | (168 | ) | | — |
| | Proceeds from the exercise of stock options and purchases under the employee stock purchase plan, net | 162,504 |
| | 96,439 |
| | 13,840 |
| | Payments for tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units | (44,682 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | Excess tax benefit from share-based payment award | — |
| | — |
| | 1,101 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Cash flows from operating activities: | | | | | | | Net income (loss) | $ | 375,446 | | | $ | (38,453) | | | $ | (62,813) | | | Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: | | | | | | | Depreciation and amortization | 75,598 | | | 60,961 | | | 37,279 | | | Non-cash interest and other expense | 34,547 | | | 31,257 | | | 14,421 | | | Loss on extinguishment of long-term debt | — | | | 5,047 | | | — | | | Non-cash lease expense | 29,696 | | | — | | | — | | | Share-based compensation | 297,863 | | | 216,881 | | | 155,836 | | | Replacement stock awards issued in connection with acquisition | — | | | 899 | | | — | | | Gain on sale of asset group | (373,445) | | | — | | | — | | | Loss (gain) on revaluation of equity investment | 12,326 | | | (20,342) | | | — | | | Recovery of common stock in connection with indemnification settlement agreement | (1,069) | | | (2,745) | | | — | | | Transaction and loan losses | 126,959 | | | 88,077 | | | 67,018 | | | Change in deferred income taxes | (1,376) | | | (646) | | | (1,385) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | | | | | | | Settlements receivable | (248,271) | | | 245,795 | | | (305,831) | | | Customer funds | (204,208) | | | (131,004) | | | (59,468) | | | Purchase of loans held for sale | (2,266,738) | | | (1,609,611) | | | (1,184,630) | | | Sales and principal payments of loans held for sale | 2,168,682 | | | 1,579,834 | | | 1,145,314 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Customers payable | 523,795 | | | 15,597 | | | 301,778 | | | Settlements payable | 41,697 | | | (60,651) | | | 63,637 | | | Charge-offs to accrued transaction losses | (78,325) | | | (58,192) | | | (46,148) | | | Other assets and liabilities | (47,478) | | | (27,624) | | | 2,703 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Net cash provided by operating activities | 465,699 | | | 295,080 | | | 127,711 | | | Cash flows from investing activities: | | | | | | | Purchase of marketable debt securities | (992,583) | | | (1,000,346) | | | (544,910) | | | Proceeds from maturities of marketable debt securities | 430,888 | | | 197,454 | | | 168,224 | | | Proceeds from sale of marketable debt securities | 548,619 | | | 171,992 | | | 89,087 | | | Purchase of marketable debt securities from customer funds | (311,499) | | | (148,096) | | | — | | | Proceeds from maturities of marketable debt securities from customer funds | 158,055 | | | — | | | — | | | Proceeds from sale of marketable debt securities from customer funds | 17,493 | | | 48,334 | | | — | | | Purchase of property and equipment | (62,498) | | | (61,203) | | | (26,097) | | | | | | | | | Purchase of other investments | (15,250) | | | — | | | (25,000) | | | Proceeds from sale of equity investment | 33,016 | | | — | | | — | | | Purchase of intangible assets | — | | | (1,584) | | | — | | | Proceeds from sale of asset group | 309,324 | | | — | | | — | | | Business combinations, net of cash acquired | (20,372) | | | (112,399) | | | (1,915) | | | Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities: | 95,193 | | | (905,848) | | | (340,611) | | | Cash flows from financing activities: | | | | | | | Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes, net | — | | | 855,663 | | | 428,250 | | | Purchase of convertible senior note hedges | — | | | (172,586) | | | (92,136) | | | Proceeds from issuance of warrants | — | | | 112,125 | | | 57,244 | | | Principal payment on conversion of senior notes | — | | | (219,384) | | | — | | | | | | | | | Payment for termination of Starbucks warrant | — | | | — | | | (54,808) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Proceeds from the exercise of stock options and purchases under the employee stock purchase plan, net | 118,514 | | | 133,850 | | | 162,504 | | | Payments for tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock units | (212,264) | | | (189,124) | | | (44,682) | | | Other financing activities | (5,124) | | | (4,789) | | | (1,439) | | | Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (98,874) | | | 515,755 | | | 454,933 | | | Effect of foreign exchange rate on cash and cash equivalents | 3,841 | | | (7,221) | | | 4,303 | | | Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 465,859 | | | (102,234) | | | 246,336 | | | Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of the year | 632,847 | | | 735,081 | | | 488,745 | | | Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of the year | $ | 1,098,706 | | | $ | 632,847 | | | $ | 735,081 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Net cash provided by financing activities | 454,933 |
| | 90,741 |
| | 264,763 |
| | Effect of foreign exchange rate on cash and cash equivalents | 4,303 |
| | (438 | ) | | (1,775 | ) | | Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 246,336 |
| | (807 | ) | | 240,893 |
| | Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of the year | 488,745 |
| | 489,552 |
| | 248,659 |
| | Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of the year | $ | 735,081 |
| | $ | 488,745 |
| | $ | 489,552 |
|
SQUARE, INC. NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1 - DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Business
Square, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, Square or the Company) creates tools that helpempower businesses, sellers start, run, and grow their businesses.individuals to participate in the economy. Square enables sellers to accept card payments and also provides reporting and analytics, and next-day settlement, and chargeback protection.settlement. Square’s point-of-sale software and other business services help sellers manage inventory, locations, and employees; access financing; engage customers;buyers; build a website or online store; and grow sales. Cash App is an easy way for businesses and individuals to send, spend, and receive money andstore money. On October 31, 2019, the Company completed the sale of the Caviar isbusiness, a food ordering service for pickup and delivery that helps restaurants reach new customers.service. Square was founded in 2009 and is headquartered in San Francisco, with offices in the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, Ireland, and the United Kingdom.UK.
Reclassifications and Other Adjustments
As a result of the Company’s adoption of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-18, Restricted Cash, on January 1, 2017, the Company reclassified changes in restricted cash balances from investing activities in the statement of cash flows to changes in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, $8.5 million and $1.9 million, respectively, was reclassified from cash outflows from investing activities to changes in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash.
During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company has reclassified certain prior period balances to conform to the current period presentation. In particular the Company has combined the Customer funds obligation and Customers payable into a single caption called Customers payable on the consolidated balance sheet. This classification change was made because both accounts reflect customer amounts that are held by Square that are obligations to the customer.
Litigation Settlement
On June 8, 2016, a final, definitive settlement agreement (Settlement Agreement) was entered into by Robert E. Morley, REM Holdings 3, LLC, Jack Dorsey, Jim McKelvey, and the Company. The Settlement Agreement required an aggregate total payment of $50.0 million to plaintiffs, including meaningful contributions by Mr. Dorsey and Mr. McKelvey. The Company made a payment of $48.0 million to plaintiffs and met its obligations under the Settlement Agreement. This amount was classified within general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. On June 17, 2016, the Court entered an Order dismissing the complaints in their entirety, with prejudice.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, as well as related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, the Company’s financial condition or operating results will be materially affected. The Company bases its estimates on past experience and other assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances, and the Company evaluates these estimates on an ongoing basis.
Estimates, judgments, and assumptions in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, those related to revenue recognition, accrued transaction losses, contingencies, valuation of the debt component of convertible senior notes, valuation of loans held for sale, goodwill, andacquired intangible assets and deferred revenue, income and other taxes, operating and financing lease right-of-use assets and related liabilities, assessing the likelihood of adverse outcomes from claims and disputes, and share-based compensation.
Revenue Recognition
TheOn January 1, 2018, the Company recognizesadopted Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the Company's historic revenue when persuasive evidencerecognition methodology under ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. Refer to Note 2 for the impact of an arrangement exists, delivery of obligations to its customers has occurred, the related fees are fixed or determinable, and collectibility is reasonably assured. this adoption.
Revenue is generated fromrecognized when control of the following:promised goods or services is transferred to customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.
Transaction-based revenue and Starbucks transaction-based revenue
The Company charges its sellers a transaction fee for managed payments solutions that is generally calculated as a percentage of the total transaction amount processed. The Company selectively offers custom pricing for certain sellers. The Company had a processing agreement with Starbucks, for certain Starbucks-owned stores in the United States. During the fourth quarter of 2016, Starbucks completed its previously announced transition to another payments solution provider.
The Company recognizescollects the transaction fees a seller pays to the Company as revenue upon authorization of a transaction byamount from the seller's customer's bank. Revenue is recognizedbank, net of refunds, which arise from reversals of transactions initiated byacquiring interchange and assessment fees, processing fees, and bank settlement fees paid to third-party payment processors and financial institutions. The Company retains its fees and remits the net amount to the sellers.
The Company acts as the merchant of record for its sellers and works directly with payment card networks and banks so that its sellers do not need to manage the complex systems, rules, and requirements of the payments industry. AsThe Company satisfies its performance obligations and therefore recognizes the merchanttransaction fees as revenue upon authorization of record, Square is liablea transaction by the seller's customer's bank. The Company applies the optional exemption allowed under ASC 606 not to disclose consideration attributable to performance obligations for settlementfuture transaction processing since the term of the contract with a seller is not defined and any future consideration on the contract would be dependent on the value and volume of transactions processed in the Company processes for itsfuture, which are not determinable.
Revenue is recognized net of refunds, which arise from reversals of transactions initiated by sellers.
The gross transaction fees collected from sellers are recognized as revenue on a gross basis as the Company is the primary obligorprincipal in the delivery of the managed payments solutions to the sellers. The Company has concluded it is the principal because as the merchant of record, it controls the services before delivery to the seller, andit is primarily responsible for the delivery of the services to its sellers, and it has discretion in setting prices charged to sellers. The Company also has the unilateral ability to accept or reject a transaction based on criteria established by the Company. As the merchant of record, Square is liable for the costs of processing the payment, has latitude in establishing pricing with respect to thetransactions for its sellers, and other termsrecords such costs within cost of service, has sole discretion in selecting the third party to perform the settlement, and assumes the credit risk for the transaction processed.revenue.
Subscription and services-based revenue
Subscription and services-based revenue is primarily generated bycomprised of revenue the Company generates from Instant Deposit Caviar,and Cash Card, Square Capital, website hosting and domain name registration services, and various other software as a service (SaaS) products.
Instant Deposit is a functionality within the Cash App and the Company's managed payment solutionspayments solution that enables customercustomers, including individuals and sellers, to instantly deposit funds into their bank accounts. The Company charges a per transaction fee which we recognizeis recognized as revenue when customers instantly deposit funds to their bank account. The Company also offers Cash App customers the ability to use funds stored in the Cash App via a Visa prepaid card (Cash Card), for which the Company charges a per transaction fee that is recorded as revenue.
Caviar is a food ordering platform that facilitates food delivery services for restaurants. Caviar revenue consists of fees charged to restaurants, as sellers, and delivery and service fees charged to customers. All fees are recognized upon delivery of the food, net of refunds.
Square Capital facilitates a loan that is offered through a partnership with an industrial bank that is generallyeither repaid through withholding a percentage of the collections of the seller's receivables processed by the Company. During the first quarter of 2016, the Company fully transitioned from offering merchant cash advances (MCAs) to loans.or a specified monthly amount. The Company generally facilitates loans to its sellers pre-qualified through a pre-qualification process that includes an analysis of the aggregated data of the seller’s business which includes, but is not limited to, the seller’s historical processing volumes, transaction count, chargebacks, growth, and length of time as a Square customer. The Company also facilitates loans to the customers of certain sellers as well as to the sellers of its partners who do not process payments through the Company. The loans are generally originated by a bank partner, from whom the Company purchases the loans obtaining all rights, title, and interest. The loans have no stated coupon rate but the seller is charged a one-time origination fee by the bank partner based upon their risk rating, which is derived primarily from processing activity. It is the Company’s intent to sell all of its rights, title, and interest of these loans to third-party investors for an upfront fee when the loans are sold. The Company records the net amounts paid to the bank as the cost of the loans purchased and subsequently records a gain on sale of the loans to the third-party investors.investors as revenue upon transfer of title. The Company is retained by the third-party investors to service the loans and earns a servicing fee for facilitating the repayment of these receivables through its managed payments solutions. The Company recognizes the gain on sale of the loans to the investors as revenue upon transfer of title to investors. The Company records servicing revenue as servicing is delivered. For the loans which are not immediately sold to third-party investors, the Company recognizes a portion of the expected seller repayments over the cost of the loans as revenue in proportion to the loan principal reduction.
SoftwareFollowing the acquisition of Weebly in May 2018, the Company offers customers website hosting services for a fee that is generally billed at inception. The Company also acts as a service providesreseller of domain names registration services for a registrar for a fee, which is also generally billed at inception. The Company considers that it satisfies its performance obligations over time and as such recognizes revenue ratably over the term of the relevant arrangements, which vary from one month to twenty four months for website hosting, and one year to ten years for domain name registration.
SaaS represents software products and solutions that provide customers with access to various technologies for a fee which is recognized as revenue ratably as the service is provided. The Company's contracts with customers are generally for a term of one month and renew automatically each month. The Company invoices its customers monthly. The Company considers that it satisfies its performance obligations over time each month as it provides the SaaS services to customers and hence recognizes revenue ratably over the month.
Subscription and services revenue also included revenue generated from Caviar, a food ordering platform that facilitated food delivery services that was sold by the Company on October 31, 2019. The performance obligations were the delivery of food orders from restaurants to customers and the provision of catered meals to corporate customers. For delivery of food orders, the Company charged fees to restaurants, as sellers, and also charged delivery and service fees to individuals. For provision of catered meals the Company charged corporate customers a fee. All fees were billed upon delivery of food orders or catered meals, when the Company considers that it has satisfied its performance obligations. Revenue was recognized upon delivery of the food orders or catered meals, net of refunds. Refunds were estimated based on historical experience.
Hardware revenue
HardwareThe Company generates revenue is generated from salesthrough the sale of contactlesshardware through e-commerce and chip readers, chip card readers, Square Stand, Square Register and third-party peripherals. Hardware revenue is recorded net of returns and is recognizedthrough its retail distribution channels. The Company satisfies its performance obligation upon delivery of hardware to theits customers who include end user customers, distributors, and retailers. The Company allows for customer returns which are accounted for as variable consideration. The Company estimates these amounts based on historical experience and satisfactionreduces revenue recognized. The Company invoices end user customers upon delivery of the other basic revenue recognition criteria. products to customers, and payments from such customers are due upon invoicing. Distributors and retailers have payment terms that range from 30 to 90 days after delivery.
The Company considers deliveryoffers hardware installment sales to customers with terms ranging from three to twenty four months. The Company allocates a portion of the consideration received from these arrangements to a financing component when it determines that a significant financing component exists. The financing component is subsequently recognized as financing revenue separate from hardware revenue, within subscription and services-based revenue, over the terms of the arrangement with the customer. Pursuant to practical expedients afforded under ASC 606, the Company does not recognize a financing component for hardware installment sales that have occurred once titlea term of one year or less.
Bitcoin revenue
During the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company started offering its Cash App customers the ability to purchase bitcoin, a cryptocurrency denominated asset, from the Company. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and risk of loss has beenrecords revenue when bitcoin is transferred to the end customer.customer's account.
Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligations
The Company's contracts with customers generally do not include multiple performance obligations with differing patterns of revenue recognition, except for domain name registration offered with website hosting services sold after May 31, 2018 following the acquisition of Weebly (Note 7). The Company records deferredoffers its customers the option to buy website hosting bundled with domain name registration, and infrequently the Company has offered its hardware customers free managed payments solutions with the purchase of its hardware as part of a marketing promotion. For such arrangements, the Company allocates revenue when it receives payments in advance ofto each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. The Company determines standalone selling prices based on the delivery of products.prices charged to customers since the Company's products and services are normally sold on a stand alone basis.
Cost of Revenue
Transaction-based costs and Starbucks transaction-based costs
Transaction-based costs and Starbucks transaction-based costs consist primarily of interchange and assessment fees, processing fees and bank settlement fees paid to third-party payment processors and financial institutions. Contracts with third-party payment processors are typically for a term of two to four years.
Subscription and services-based costs
Subscription and services-based costs consist primarily of Caviar-related costs, which includeincluded processing fees, payments to third-party couriers for deliveries and the cost of equipment provided to sellers. TheseCaviar-related costs for catered meals also included food costs and personnel costs. Subscriptions and services-based costs also include costs associated with Cash App transactions when customers instantly deposit funds to their bank accountCard and for transactions conducted with a Cash Card, credit card or Cash for Business. Cost of revenue for other subscription and services-based costs consists primarily of the amortization related to the development of certain subscription and services-based products.Instant Deposit.
Hardware costs
Hardware costs consist of all product costs associated with contactless and chip readers, chip card readers, Square Stand, Square Register, Square Terminal and third-party peripherals. Product costs include manufacturing-related overheadconsist of third-party manufacturing costs.
Bitcoin costs
Bitcoin cost of revenue comprises of the amounts the Company pays to purchase bitcoin, which will fluctuate in line with the price of bitcoin in the market.
Other Costs
Other costs such as employee costs including share based compensation, rent, and personnel costs, certain royalties, packaging,occupancy charges are generally not allocated to cost of revenues and fulfillment costs.are reflected in operating expenses.
Advertising CostsSales and Marketing Expenses
Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and included in sales and marketing expense onin the consolidated statements of operations. Total advertising costs for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 2016,were $142.7 million, $101.9 million, and 2015 were $81.9 million, $58.3 million,respectively. Costs associated with the Cash Card and $58.3 million, respectively.certain peer-to-peer service offered to the Cash App customers for free are included in sales and marketing expenses as the Company consider these to be marketing tools to encourage the usage of Cash App.
Share-based Compensation
Share-based compensation expense relates to stock options, restricted stock awards (RSAs), restricted stock units (RSUs), and purchases under the Company’s 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) which is measured based on the grant-date fair value. The fair value of RSAs and RSUs is determined by the closing price of the Company’s common stock on each grant date.Thedate. The fair value of stock options and employee stock purchase planESPP shares granted to employees is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option valuation model. This share-based compensation expense valuation model requires the Company to make assumptions and judgments regarding the variables used in the calculation. These variables include the expected term (weighted average period of time that the options granted are expected to be outstanding), the expected volatility of the Company’s stock, expected risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. The Company uses the simplified calculation of expected term, as the Company does not have sufficient historical data to use any other method to estimate expected term. Expected volatility is based on a weighted average of the historical volatilities of the Company's common stock along with several entities with characteristics similar to those of the Company. The Company will continue to weight its own volatility more heavily as more of its own historical stock price information becomes available. Once its own historical data is equal to that of the expected term of option grants a peer group is no longer considered necessary. The expected risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected life of the option. Share-based compensation expense is recorded on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For the year ended December 31, 2016 and prior, theThe Company recorded share-based compensation expense net of estimated forfeitures. On January 1, 2017, as a result of the Company's
adoption of ASU No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, the Company elected to accountaccounts for forfeitures as they occur.
The fair value of stock options granted to non-employees, including consultants, is initially measured upon the date of grant and remeasured over the vesting period using the same methodology described above. These non-employees provide service to the Company on an ongoing basis, therefore, the performance commitment for each non-employee grant is not considered probable until the award is earned over time. The expected term for non-employee grants is the contractual term and share-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over this term. Share-based compensation expense related to non-employees has not been material for any of the periods presented.
Income and Other Taxes
The Company reports income taxes under the asset and liability approach. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, as well as net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax amounts are determined by using the enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.
A valuation allowance reduces the deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized.
The Company usesconsiders historical information, tax planning strategies, the expected timing of the reversal of existing temporary differences, and may rely on financial projections to support its netposition on the recoverability of deferred tax assets, which containassets. The Company’s judgment regarding future profitability contains significant assumptions and estimates of future operations. If such assumptions were to differ significantly from actual future results of operations, it may have a material impact on the Company’s ability to realize its deferred tax assets. At the end of each period, the Company assesses the ability to realize the
deferred tax assets. If it is more likely than not that the Company would not realize the deferred tax assets, then the Company would establish a valuation allowance for all or a portion of the deferred tax assets.
The Company recognizes the effect of uncertain income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Company records interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in the provision for income tax expense on the consolidated statements of operations.
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
The Company considers all highly liquid investments, including money market funds, with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.
As of December 31, 20172019 and 2016,2018, restricted cash of$28.8 $38.9 million and $22.1$33.8 million, respectively, is related to pledged cash deposited into savings accounts at the financial institutions that process the Company's sellers' payment transactions and as collateral pursuant to an agreement with the originating bank for the Company's loan product.The Company uses the restricted cash to secure letters of credit with the financial institution to provide collateral for cash flow timing differences in the processing of these payments. The Company has recorded this amount as a current asset on the consolidated balance sheets due to the short-term nature of these cash flow timing differences and that there is no minimum time frame during which the cash must remain restricted. Additionally, this balance includes certain amounts held as collateral pursuant to multi-year lease agreements, discussed in the paragraph below whichthat we expect to become unrestricted within the next year.
As of December 31, 20172019 and 2016,2018, the remaining restricted cash of $9.8$12.7 million and $14.6$15.8 million, respectively, is primarily related to cash deposited into money market funds that is usedheld as collateral pursuant to multi-year lease agreements entered into in 2012 and 2014 (Note 14)18). The Company has recorded this amount as a non-current asset on the consolidated balance sheets as the terms of the related leases extend beyond one year.
Concentration of Credit Risk
For the years ended December 31, 20172019, 2018 and 2016,2017, the Company had no0 customer whothat accounted for greater than 10% of total net revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company had no customer other than Starbucks who accounted for greater than 10% of total net revenue. The Company terminated its relationship with Starbucks during the year ended December 31, 2016.
The Company had three3 third-party payment processors that represented approximately 46%48%, 42%29%, and 8%9% of settlements receivable as of December 31, 2017.2019. The same three3 parties represented approximately 52%45%, 35%33%, and 10%9% of settlements receivable as of December 31, 2016.2018. All other third-party processors were insignificant.
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, marketable debt securities, settlements receivables, customer funds, and loans held for sale. The associated risk of concentration for cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash is mitigated by banking with creditworthy institutions. At certain times, amounts on deposit exceed federal deposit insurance limits. The associated risk of concentration for marketable debt securities is mitigated by holding a diversified portfolio of highly rated investments. Settlements receivable are amounts due from well-established payment processing companies and normally take one or two business days to settle which mitigates the associated risk of concentration. The associated risk of concentration for loans held for sale is partially mitigated by credit evaluations that are performed prior to facilitating the offering of loans and ongoing performance monitoring of the Company’s loan customers.
Investments in marketable debt securities
The Company's short-term and long-term investments include marketable debt securities such as government and agency securities, corporate bonds, commercial paper and municipal securities. The Company determines the appropriate classification of its investments in marketable debt securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. The Company has classified and accounted for its marketable debt securities as available-for-sale. Investments are reviewed periodically to identify possible other-than-temporary impairments. If any impairment is considered other-than-temporary, the Company writes down the investment to its fair value and records the corresponding charge through other income (expense), net on its consolidated statements of operations. The Company carries these investments at fair value, and report the unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, as a component of stockholders’ equity, except for unrealized losses determined to be other-than-temporary, which we record within other expense (income), net. We determine any realized gains or losses on the sale of marketable debt securities on a specific identification method, and we record such gains and losses as a component of other expense (income), net.
Investments in equity securities
The Company holds marketable and non-marketable equity investments, over which the Company does not have a controlling interest or significant influence. Marketable equity investments are measured using quoted prices in active markets with changes recorded in Other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations. Non-marketable equity investments have no readily determinable fair values and are measured using the measurement alternative, which is defined as cost, less impairment, adjusted for observable price changes from orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. Adjustments are recorded in Other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations.
Non-marketable equity investments are valued using significant unobservable inputs or data in an inactive market and the valuation requires our judgment due to the absence of market prices and inherent lack of liquidity. The carrying value for these investments is not adjusted if there are no observable transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer or if there are no identified events or changes in circumstances that may indicate impairment. Valuations of non-marketable equity investments are inherently complex due to the lack of readily available market data. In addition, the determination of whether an orderly transaction is for an identical or similar investment requires significant management judgment, including understanding the differences in the rights and obligations of the investments and the extent to which those differences would affect the fair values of those investments.
The Company assesses the impairment of its non-marketable equity investments on a quarterly basis. The impairment analysis encompasses an assessment of the severity and duration of the impairment and a qualitative and quantitative analysis of other key factors including the investee’s financial metrics, market acceptance of the investee’s product or technology, other competitive products or technology in the market, general market conditions, and the rate at which the investee is using its cash. If the investment is considered to be impaired, the Company will record an impairment in Other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations and establish a new carrying value for the investment.
Customer funds
Customer funds held in deposit represent Cash App customers' stored balances that customers would later use to send money or make payments, or customers cash in transit. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company started investing a portion of these stored balances in short-term marketable debt securities (Note 4). The Company determines the appropriate classification of the investments in marketable debt securities within customer funds at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. The Company has classified and accounted for its marketable debt securities within customer funds as available-for-sale.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities and non-financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. Fair value accounting establishes a three-level hierarchy priority for disclosure of assets and liabilities recorded at fair value. The ordering of priority reflects the degree to which objective prices in external active markets are available to measure fair value. The classification of assets and liabilities within the hierarchy is based on whether the inputs to the valuation methodology used for measurement are observable or unobservable.
The Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company determines fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels:
•Level 1 Inputs: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date.
•Level 2 Inputs: Other than quoted prices included in Level 1 Inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
•Level 3 Inputs: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at measurement date.
Loans Held for Sale
The Company classifies customer loans as held for sale upon purchase from aan industrial bank partner, as there is an available market for such loans and it is the Company’s intent to sell all of its rights, title, and interest in these loans to third-party investors. Loans held for sale are recorded at the lower of amortized cost or fair value determined on an individual loan basis. To determine the fair value the Company utilizes industry-standard valuation modeling, such as discounted cash flow models, taking into account the estimated timing and amounts of periodic repayments. The Company recognizes a charge within transaction loan and advanceloan losses on the consolidated statement of operations whenever the amortized cost of a loan exceeds its fair value, with such charges being reversed for subsequent increases in fair value, but only to the extent that such reversals do not result in the amortized cost of a loan exceeding its fair value. A loan that is initially designated as held for sale may be reclassified to held for investment if and when the Company's intent for that loan changes. There have been no reclassifications made to date.
Settlements Receivable Settlements receivable represents amounts due from third-party payment processors for customer transactions. Settlements receivable are typically received within one or two business days of the transaction date. No valuation allowances have been established, as funds are due from large, well-established financial institutions with no historical collections issue.
Inventory
Customer Funds
Customer funds held represent Cash App customers' stored balances that customers would later use to send money or make payments, or customers cash in transit. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company held these stored balances as short term bank deposits.
Inventory
Inventory is comprised of contactless and chip readers, chip card readers, Square Stand, Square Register, Square Terminal and third-party peripherals, as well as component parts that are used to manufacture these products. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost (generally on a first-in, first-out basis) or net realizable value. Inventory that is obsolete or in excess of forecasted usage is written down to its net realizable value based on the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business. The Company's inventory is held at the Company'sthird party warehouses as well as at third partyand contract manufacturer premises.
Deferred Magstripe Reader CostsRevenue
Deferred revenue is primarily comprised of payments for website hosting and domain name registration received from customers at inception of the arrangements prior to the services being rendered. Deferred revenue also includes unearned revenue related to managed payments services offered in conjunction with hardware sales for which the cash payments from customers are received and due upon the sale of the hardware.
Cryptocurrency transactions
During the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company started offering its Cash App customers the ability to purchase bitcoin, a cryptocurrency denominated asset, from the Company. The Company capitalizespurchases bitcoin from private broker dealers or from Cash App customers. Upon purchase, the Company records the cost of its magstripe readers, which are included inbitcoin within other current assets on thein its consolidated balance sheets. TheUpon sale, the Company records the total sale amount capitalized representsreceived from customers as bitcoin revenue and the associated cost as cost of the readers, including packaging and shipping costs,revenue. The Company does not hold bitcoin for speculation purposes. The carrying value of bitcoin held on-hand by the Company was $1.0 million and $0.2 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company assesses the carrying value of bitcoin held by the Company at each consolidated balance sheet date. Oncereporting date and records an impairment charge if the readers are shipped to a third-party distributor or an end-customer, they are recorded as marketing expensecarrying value exceeds the fair value. Losses on bitcoin for the consolidated statements of operations.years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 were insignificant.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at historical cost less accumulated depreciation, which is computed on a straight-line basis over the asset’s estimated useful life. The estimated useful lives of property and equipment are described below: | | | | | | | | | | Property and Equipment | | Useful Life | | Capitalized software | | 18 months | | Computer and data center equipment | | ThreeTwo to three years | | Furniture and fixtures | | Seven years | | Leasehold improvements | | Lesser of estimated useful lifeten years or remaining lease term |
When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from their respective accounts, and any gain or loss on such sale or disposal is reflected in operating expenses.
Capitalized Software
The Company capitalizes certain costcosts incurred in developing internal-use software when capitalization requirements have been met. Costs prior to meeting the capitalization requirements are expensed as incurred. Capitalized costs are included in property and equipment, net, and amortized on a straight-lined basis over the estimated useful life of the software and included in product development costs or allocated to subscription and service-based costs on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company capitalized $9.8$22.5 million, $7.9$24.0 million and $4.5$9.8 million of internally developed software during the years ended December 31, 2017, 20162019, 2018 and 2015,2017, respectively, and recognized $6.6$18.9 million, $7.1$10.6 million and $3.2$6.6 million of amortization expense during the years ended December 31, 2017, 20162019, 2018 and 2015,2017, respectively.
Leases
The Company leases office space and equipment under non-cancellable capitalfinance and operating leases with various expiration dates.
The Company adopted Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 842, Leases (ASC 842)on January 1, 2019, and elected the optional transition method to apply the transition provisions from the effective date of adoption, which requires the Company to report the cumulative effect of the adoption of the standard on the date of adoption with no changes to the prior period balances. Pursuant to the practical expedients, the Company elected not to reassess: (i) whether expired or existing contracts are or contain leases, (ii) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, or, (iii) initial direct costs for any existing leases. The Company elected to apply the short-term lease measurement and recognition exemption to its leases where applicable. Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at the present value of the future lease payments, generally for the base noncancellable lease term, at the lease commencement date for each lease. The interest rate used to determine the present value of the future lease payments is the Company's incremental borrowing rate because the interest rate implicit in most of the Company's leases is not readily determinable. The Company's incremental borrowing rate is estimated to approximate the interest rate that the Company would pay to borrow on a collateralized basis with similar terms and payments as the lease, and in economic environments where the leased asset is located. Operating lease right-of-use assets also include any prepaid lease payments and lease incentives. The Company's lease agreements generally contain lease and non-lease components. Non-lease components, which primarily include payments for maintenance and utilities, are combined with lease payments and accounted for as a single lease component. The Company includes the fixed non-lease components in the determination of the right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities. The Company records the totalamortization of the right of use asset and the accretion of lease liability as a component of rent expense in the consolidated statement of operations. The accounting for finance leases remained substantially unchanged.
Upon adoption of ASC 842, the Company recognized $112.0 million of operating right-of-use lease assets and $135.6 million of operating lease liabilities on a straight-line basis overits consolidated balance sheet. Additionally, the lease term.Company derecognized $149.0 million related to the build-to-suit asset and liability upon adoption of this standard because the Company was no longer deemed to be the owner of the related asset under construction under the new standard.
When lease agreements provide allowances for leasehold improvements, the Company assesses whether it is the owner of the leasehold improvements for accounting purposes. When the Company concludes that it is the owner, it capitalizes the leasehold improvement assets and recognizes the related depreciation expense on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset, and reduces rent expense onasset. Additionally, the Company recognizes the amounts of allowances to be received from the lessor as a straight-line basis over the termreduction of the lease byliability and the amount
associated right of use asset. When the allowances provided. The Company classifiesconcludes that it is not the cashowner, the payments forthat the Company makes towards the leasehold improvements within investing activities while reimbursements fromare accounted as a component of the landlords are classified within operating activities.lease payments.
The Company records a liability for the estimated fair value for any asset retirement obligation (ARO) associated with its leases, with an offsetting asset. In the determination of the fair value of AROs, the Company uses various assumptions and judgments, including such factors as the existence of a legal obligation, estimated amounts and timing of settlements, and discount and inflation rates. The liability is subsequently accreted while the asset is depreciated. As of December 31, 2017,2019, the Company had a liability for ARO,AROs, gross of accretion, of $3.6 million and an associated asset, net of depreciation, of $2.3$1.6 million.
Business Combinations
The purchase price of an acquisition is allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition dates. The excess of total consideration over the fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of
assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments would be recorded on the consolidated statements of operations.
Long-Lived Assets, including Goodwill and Acquired Intangibles
The Company evaluates the recoverability of property and equipment and finite lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset or an asset group to estimateestimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated. If the carrying amount of the long–lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values, and third–partparty independent appraisals, as considered necessary. For the periods presented, the Company had recorded no impairment charges.
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired in a business combination. The Company performs a goodwill impairment test annually on December 31 and more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. An impairment loss is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. The Company has concluded that its business operations as a whole comprise 1 reporting unit. The Company has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether events or circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount and determine whether further action is needed. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, the Company determines it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then performing the two-step impairment test is unnecessary. For the periods presented, the Company had recorded no impairment charges.
Acquired intangibles consist of acquired technology and customer relationships associated with various acquisitions. Acquired technology is amortized over its estimated useful life on a straight-line basis within cost of revenue. Customer relationships acquired are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives within operating expenses. The Company evaluates the remaining estimated useful life of its intangible assets being amortized on an ongoing basis to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization.
Assets Held for Sale
The Company classifies an asset group (‘asset’) as held for sale in the period that (i) it has approved and committed to a plan to sell the asset, (ii) the asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition, (iii) an active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to sell the asset have been initiated, (iv) the sale of the asset is probable and transfer of the asset is expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year (subject to certain events or circumstances), (v) the asset is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value, and (vi) it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn. The Company initially and subsequently measures a long-lived asset that is classified as held for sale at the lower of its carrying value or fair value less any costs to sell. Any loss resulting from this measurement is recognized in other income (expenses), net, in the consolidated statement of operations. Conversely, gains are generally not recognized on the sale of a long-lived asset until the date of sale. Upon designation as an asset held for sale, the Company stops recording depreciation or amortization expense on the asset. The Company assesses the fair value of assets held for sale less any costs to sell at each reporting period until the asset is sold or is no longer classified as held for sale. Upon sale of the asset any excess of the sale proceeds over the carrying value of the asset is recorded as a gain on sale of asset group in the consolidated statement of operations.
Customers Payable
Customers payable represents the transaction amounts, less revenue earned by the Company, owed to sellers or Cash App customers. The payable amount comprises amounts owed to customers due to timing differences as wethe Company typically settlesettles within one business day, amounts held by the Company in accordance with its risk management policies, and amounts held for customers who have not yet linked a bank account. This balance also includes the Company's liability for customer funds held on deposit in the Cash App.
Accrued Transaction Losses
The Company establishes a reserve for estimated transaction losses due to chargebacks, which represent a potential loss due to disputes between a seller and their customer or due to a fraudulent transaction. This also includes estimated transaction losses on Cash App activity related to peer-to-peer payments sent from a credit card, Cash for Business and Cash Card. The reserve is estimated based on
available data as of the reporting date, including expectations of future chargebacks, and historical trends related to loss rates. Additions to the reserve are reflected in current operating results, while charges to the reserve are made whenrealized losses are recognized.offset against the reserve. These amounts are classified within transaction and advanceloan losses on the consolidated statements of operations.operations, except for the amounts associated with the peer-to-peer service offered to Cash App customers for free that is classified within sales and marketing expenses.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recently adopted accounting pronouncements
In May 2014,June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance within ASU 2015-04, ASU 2016-08, ASU 2016-10, ASU 2016-12, and ASU 2016-20. The new guidance will replace all current U.S. GAAP guidance about revenue recognition, including industry specific guidance. The core principal of this new guidance is that revenue is recognized when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration for which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new guidance will also change how companies account for certain incremental costs to obtain a customer contract, such as sales commissions, by requiring that such costs be capitalized and charged to expense over the period of expected benefit. This guidance is effective for the Company’s interim and annual financial statements beginning January 1, 2018. The guidance can be adopted either through the full retrospective approach,2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, which requires restatement of all periods presented with a cumulative effect adjustment as of the beginning of the earliest period presented, or through a modified retrospective approach, which requires a cumulative effect adjustment as of the date of adoption. The modified retrospective approach also requires additional disclosures, for the year of adoption, of the impact of the new guidance to each of the financial statements line items and qualitative explanation of the significant changes between the reported results under the new revenue guidance and the previous revenue guidance. The Company adopted this new guidance on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. Apart from the incremental disclosure requirements it is the Company’s conclusion that the new guidance will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements, financial reporting systems, processes or controls.
In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, as part of its simplification initiative. The previous guidance required an entity to measure inventory at the lower of cost or market. Market could be replacement cost, net realizable value, or net realizable value less a normal profit margin. Under the new guidance, inventory is measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value, which would eliminate the other two options that currently exist for market replacement cost and net realizable value less a normal profit margin. The amendment is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this new guidance on January 1, 2017, and it did not have any effect on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. This guidance is intended to improve the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. This guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted with certain restrictions. The new guidance could result to volatility of other income (expense), net, in future periods as a result of the remeasurement of the equity securities through earnings upon the occurrence of future observable price changes. The Company adopted this new guidance on January 1, 2018, and it did not have any effect on the consolidated financial statements.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which will require, among other items, lessees to recognize a right of use asset and a related lease liability for most leases on the balance sheet. Qualitative and quantitative disclosures will be enhanced to better understand the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. This guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not plan to early adopt this guidance. The Company’s operating leases primarily comprise of office spaces, with the most significant leases relating to corporate headquarters in San Francisco and an office in New York. While the Company continues to evaluate the impact of adopting this guidance on its consolidated financial statements, it does expect to record right to use assets and related lease liabilities on its consolidated balance sheets upon adoption, which will increase total assets and liabilities.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting,
which is intended to simplify several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. This guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this new guidance on January 1, 2017. As part of the adoption, the Company elected to account for forfeitures as they occur. As this guidance requires a modified retrospective approach when eliminating the forfeiture rate, the Company recorded an adjustment of $0.7 million to increase accumulated deficit and additional paid-in capital as of January 1, 2017. With respect to classification of excess tax benefits on the Statement of Cash Flows, the Company has elected to apply this guidance on a prospective basis. Thus, the prior periods have not been adjusted. The remaining areas of simplification in this guidance did not have an impact on the consolidated financial statements.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held. It also eliminates the concept of other-than-temporary impairment and requires credit losses related to available for sale debt securities to be recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a reduction in the amortized cost basis of the securities. This guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted.years. The Company is currently evaluatingadopted this guidance effective January 1, 2020 and has applied the impact thisguidance prospectively. The Company has determined that the new guidance maydoes not have a material impact on the balances reported in its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In August 2016,will include additional disclosures in the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. This guidance addresses several cash flow issuesfirst reporting period subsequent to adoption. Beginning with the objectivefirst quarter of reducing2020, the existing diversityCompany will expand disclosures in practice. Specific issues addressedthe financial statements to discuss how it develops its expected credit loss estimates, the methodology applied to estimate the allowance for credit losses, and the factors that influence the Company's estimates. For available for sale debt securities with unrealized losses where the Company concludes that an allowance for credit losses is not necessary, the Company will disclose the associated fair value of such securities as well as the basis for conclusions that an allowance for credit losses was not necessary, aggregated by major investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in this guidance include, but are not limiteda continuous unrealized loss position. For available for sale debt securities subject to credit losses, the Company will disclose the methodology and significant inputs used to measure the allowance for credit losses, the Company’s policy of recognizing uncollectible available for sale debt prepayment or extinguishment costs, contingent consideration payments made aftersecurities, and provide a business combination and applicationtabular roll forward of the predominance principle. This guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The amendments should be applied retrospectively. The Company adopted this new guidance on January 1, 2018, and it did not have any effect on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.credit losses by major security type.
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory, which amends existing guidance on the recognition of current and deferred income tax impacts for intra-entity asset transfers other than inventory. The current guidance requires companies to defer the income tax effects of intercompany transfers of all assets, until the asset has been sold to an outside party whereas the new guidance will not allow the deferral of income tax effects of intercompany transfers of assets except for inventory. This standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this guidance should be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The Company adopted this new guidance on January 1, 2018, and it did not have any effect on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Restricted Cash, which provides guidance on the classification of restricted cash to be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning of period and end of period total amounts on the statement of cash flows. This standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company early adopted this guidance on January 1, 2017, and adjusted its consolidated statements of cash flow for each of the periods presented.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business. The amendment seeks to clarify the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The definition of a business affects many areas of accounting including acquisitions, disposals, goodwill, intangible assets and consolidation. This standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The amendments should be applied prospectively on or after the effective dates. The Company adopted this new guidance on January 1, 2018, and it did not have any effect on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.Impairment. The new guidance eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill assuming a hypothetical purchase price allocation (i.e., Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test) to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. This standard should be adopted when the Company performs its annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted.permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2020 and will apply the guidance for the 2020 annual goodwill impairment test which will be performed as of December 31. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which will remove, modify, and add disclosure requirements for fair value measurements to improve the overall usefulness of such disclosures. This guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted for any removed or modified disclosure requirements. Transition is on a prospective basis for the new and modified disclosures, and on a retrospective basis for disclosures that have been eliminated. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2020 and has applied the guidance prospectively, and will include additional disclosures required by the new guidance relating to significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements in the first quarter of 2020.
Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, which is intended to align the requirements for capitalization of implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract with the existing guidance for internal-use software. This guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The guidance provides flexibility in adoption, allowing for either retrospective adjustment or prospective adjustment for all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material the impact on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In March 2017,April 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-08, Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities, which amends2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments. The amendments clarify the amortization periodscope of the credit losses standard and among other things. With respect to hedge accounting, the amendments address partial-term fair value hedges and fair value hedge basis adjustments, among other things. On recognizing and measuring financial instruments, they address the scope of the guidance, the requirement for remeasurement to fair value when using the measurement alternative, and certain purchased callable debt securities held at a premium, shortening such period to the earliest call date.disclosure requirements among other things. This standardguidance is effective for annual periodsfinancial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018,2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted as long an entity has also adopted the amendments in ASU 2016-13. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes: Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, as part of its overall simplification initiative to reduce costs and complexity of applying accounting standards while maintaining or improving the usefulness of the information provided to users of financial statements. Among other things, the new guidance simplifies intraperiod tax allocation and reduces the complexity in accounting for income taxes with year-to-date losses in interim periods. The guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The amendments inCompany does not expect the adoption of this guidance should be applied onto have a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating thematerial impact this new guidance may have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Scope
NOTE 2 - REVENUE
Adoption of Modification Accounting, which clarifies when to account for a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award as a modification. This standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years,ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with early adoption permitted. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis. Customers
The Company adopted this new guidance onrecorded a net reduction to retained earnings of $4.6 million as of January 1, 2018, and it did not have anydue to the cumulative impact of adopting ASC 606, primarily related to the effect on revenue and associated cost of revenue from hardware sold through the consolidated financial statementsretail distribution channels and related disclosures.hardware installment sales. The impact to revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018 was an increase of $6.4 million as a result of applying ASC 606.
The Company does not recognize a financing component for hardware installment sales that have a term of one year or less.
The following table presents the Company's revenue disaggregated by revenue source (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Revenue from Contracts with Customers: | | | | | | | Transaction-based revenue | $ | 3,081,074 | | | $ | 2,471,451 | | | $ | 1,920,174 | | | Subscription and services-based revenue | 883,922 | | | 499,010 | | | 185,485 | | | Hardware revenue | 84,505 | | | 68,503 | | | 41,415 | | | Bitcoin revenue | 516,465 | | | 166,517 | | | — | | | Revenue from other sources: | | | | | | | Subscription and services-based revenue | $ | 147,534 | | | $ | 92,696 | | | $ | 67,179 | |
The deferred revenue balances were as follows (in thousands): | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | Deferred revenue, beginning of the period | $ | 36,451 | | | $ | 5,893 | | | Less: cumulative impact of the adoption of ASC 606 | — | | | (4,303) | | | Deferred revenue, beginning of the period, as adjusted | 36,451 | | | 1,590 | | | Deferred revenue, end of the period | 44,331 | | | 36,451 | | | Deferred revenue arising from business combination | — | | | 22,800 | | | Revenue recognized in the period from amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period | $ | 31,510 | | | $ | 1,590 | |
NOTE 3 - INVESTMENTS IN DEBT SECURITIES
The Company's short-term and long-term investments as of December 31, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Gains | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Short-term debt securities: | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | $ | 131,124 | | | $ | 409 | | | $ | (11) | | | $ | 131,522 | | | Corporate bonds | 67,169 | | | 580 | | | (28) | | | 67,721 | | | | | | | | | | | Municipal securities | 6,667 | | | 109 | | | — | | | 6,776 | | | U.S. government securities | 264,069 | | | 1,083 | | | (17) | | | 265,135 | | | Foreign securities | 21,270 | | | 48 | | | (16) | | | 21,302 | | | Total | $ | 490,299 | | | $ | 2,229 | | | $ | (72) | | | $ | 492,456 | | | | | | | | | | | Long-term debt securities: | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | $ | 63,645 | | | $ | 612 | | | $ | (189) | | | $ | 64,068 | | | Corporate bonds | 141,307 | | | 1,832 | | | (61) | | | 143,078 | | | Municipal securities | 9,594 | | | 151 | | | (39) | | | 9,706 | | | U.S. government securities | 294,682 | | | 1,287 | | | (190) | | | 295,779 | | | Foreign securities | 24,625 | | | 86 | | | (39) | | | 24,672 | | | Total | $ | 533,853 | | | $ | 3,968 | | | $ | (518) | | | $ | 537,303 | |
The Company's short-term and long-term investments as of December 31, 2018 are as follows (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Gains | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Short-term debt securities: | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | $ | 80,160 | | | $ | 32 | | | $ | (70) | | | $ | 80,122 | | | Corporate bonds | 109,807 | | | 80 | | | (368) | | | 109,519 | | | | | | | | | | | Municipal securities | 27,839 | | | 52 | | | (59) | | | 27,832 | | | U.S. government securities | 292,615 | | | 161 | | | (509) | | | 292,267 | | | Foreign securities | 31,263 | | | 4 | | | (16) | | | 31,251 | | | Total | $ | 541,684 | | | $ | 329 | | | $ | (1,022) | | | $ | 540,991 | | | | | | | | | | | Long-term debt securities: | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | $ | 114,444 | | | $ | 194 | | | $ | (78) | | | $ | 114,560 | | | Corporate bonds | 159,783 | | | 419 | | | (950) | | | 159,252 | | | Municipal securities | 28,453 | | | 167 | | | (26) | | | 28,594 | | | U.S. government securities | 153,743 | | | 553 | | | (172) | | | 154,124 | | | Foreign securities | 8,122 | | | 28 | | | — | | | 8,150 | | | Total | $ | 464,545 | | | $ | 1,361 | | | $ | (1,226) | | | $ | 464,680 | |
The amortized cost of investments classified as cash equivalents approximated the fair value due to the short-term nature of the investments.
For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, gains or losses realized on the sale of investments were not material. Investments are reviewed periodically to identify possible other-than-temporary impairments. As the Company has
the ability and intent to hold these investments with unrealized losses for a reasonable period of time sufficient for the recovery of fair value, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired for any of the periods presented.
The Company's gross unrealized losses and fair values for those investments that were in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, aggregated by investment category and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position are as follows (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | December 31, 2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | Less than 12 months | | | | Greater than 12 months | | | | Total | | | | Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Short-term debt securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | $ | 23,896 | | | $ | (9) | | | $ | 4,996 | | | $ | (2) | | | $ | 28,892 | | | $ | (11) | | | Corporate bonds | 5,507 | | | (27) | | | 2,502 | | | (1) | | | 8,009 | | | (28) | | | Municipal securities | 1,004 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 1,004 | | | — | | | U.S. government securities | 21,481 | | | (8) | | | 14,984 | | | (9) | | | | 36,465 | | | (17) | | | Foreign securities | 13,499 | | | (16) | | | — | | | — | | | | 13,499 | | | (16) | | | Total | $ | 65,387 | | | $ | (60) | | | $ | 22,482 | | | $ | (12) | | | | $ | 87,869 | | | $ | (72) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Long-term debt securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | $ | 16,740 | | | $ | (189) | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | | $ | 16,740 | | | $ | (189) | | | Corporate bonds | 16,708 | | | (61) | | | — | | | — | | | | 16,708 | | | (61) | | | Municipal securities | 1,005 | | | (39) | | | — | | | — | | | | 1,005 | | | (39) | | | U.S. government securities | 42,210 | | | (162) | | | — | | | (28) | | | | 42,210 | | | (190) | | | Foreign securities | 16,383 | | | (39) | | | — | | | — | | | | 16,383 | | | (39) | | | Total | $ | 93,046 | | | $ | (490) | | | | | | $ | (28) | | | | $ | 93,046 | | | $ | (518) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | December 31, 2018 | | | | | | | | | | | | Less than 12 months | | | | Greater than 12 months | | | | Total | | | | Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Short-term debt securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | $ | 78,134 | | | $ | (70) | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | | $ | 78,134 | | | $ | (70) | | | Corporate bonds | 38,052 | | | (61) | | | 62,479 | | | (307) | | | | 100,531 | | | (368) | | | Municipal securities | 2,251 | | | (1) | | | 22,915 | | | (58) | | | | 25,166 | | | (59) | | | U.S. government securities | 240,979 | | | (148) | | | 41,131 | | | (361) | | | | 282,110 | | | (509) | | | Foreign securities | 27,280 | | | (16) | | | — | | | — | | | | 27,280 | | | (16) | | | Total | $ | 386,696 | | | $ | (296) | | | $ | 126,525 | | | $ | (726) | | | | $ | 513,221 | | | $ | (1,022) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Long-term debt securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | $ | 20,504 | | | $ | (29) | | | $ | 10,133 | | | $ | (49) | | | | $ | 30,637 | | | $ | (78) | | | Corporate bonds | 119,333 | | | (824) | | | 20,306 | | | (126) | | | | 139,639 | | | (950) | | | Municipal securities | 9,701 | | | (14) | | | 3,260 | | | (12) | | | | 12,961 | | | (26) | | | U.S. government securities | 25,850 | | | (32) | | | 24,576 | | | (140) | | | | 50,426 | | | (172) | | | Foreign securities | 1,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | 1,000 | | | — | | | Total | $ | 176,388 | | | $ | (899) | | | $ | 58,275 | | | $ | (327) | | | | $ | 234,663 | | | $ | (1,226) | |
The contractual maturities of the Company's short-term and long-term investments as of December 31, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Amortized Cost | | Fair Value | | Due in one year or less | $ | 490,299 | | | $ | 492,456 | | | Due in one to five years | 533,853 | | | 537,303 | | | Total | $ | 1,024,152 | | | $ | 1,029,759 | |
NOTE 4 - CUSTOMER FUNDS
The following table presents the assets underlying customer funds (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | December 31,
2019 | | December 31,
2018 | | Cash | $ | 422,459 | | | $ | 158,697 | | | Cash Equivalents: | | | | | Money market funds | 233 | | | 18 | | | U.S. agency securities | 8,585 | | | 39,991 | | | U.S. government securities | 6,984 | | | 35,349 | | | Short-term debt securities: | | | | | U.S. agency securities | — | | | 27,291 | | | U.S. government securities | 238,031 | | | 72,671 | | | Total | $ | 676,292 | | | $ | 334,017 | |
The Company's investments within customer funds as of December 31, 2019 are as follows (in thousands): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Gains | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Short-term debt securities: | | | | | | | | | U.S. government securities | $ | 237,909 | | | $ | 144 | | | $ | (22) | | | $ | 238,031 | | | Total | $ | 237,909 | | | $ | 144 | | | $ | (22) | | | $ | 238,031 | |
The Company's investments within customer funds as of December 31, 2018 are as follows (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Gains | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Short-term debt securities: | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | $ | 27,293 | | | $ | 2 | | | $ | (4) | | | $ | 27,291 | | | U.S. government securities | 72,662 | | | 12 | | | (3) | | | 72,671 | | | Total | $ | 99,955 | | | $ | 14 | | | $ | (7) | | | $ | 99,962 | |
The amortized cost of investments classified as cash equivalents approximated the fair value due to the short-term nature of the investments.
For the periods presented, gains or losses realized on the sale of investments were not material. Investments are reviewed periodically to identify possible other-than-temporary impairments. As the Company has the ability and intent to hold these investments with unrealized losses for a reasonable period of time sufficient for the recovery of fair value, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired for any of the periods presented.
The gross unrealized losses and fair values for those investments that were in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, aggregated by investment category and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position are as follows (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | December 31, 2019 | | | | | | | | | | | | Less than 12 months | | | | Greater than 12 months | | | | Total | | | | Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Short-term debt securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | U.S. government securities | $ | 56,984 | | | $ | (22) | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | | $ | 56,984 | | | $ | (22) | | | Total | $ | 56,984 | | | $ | (22) | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | | $ | 56,984 | | | $ | (22) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | December 31, 2018 | | | | | | | | | | | | Less than 12 months | | | | Greater than 12 months | | | | Total | | | | Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Short-term debt securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | $ | 11,843 | | | $ | (4) | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | | $ | 11,843 | | | $ | (4) | | | U.S. government securities | 34,818 | | | (3) | | | — | | | — | | | | 34,818 | | | (3) | | | Total | $ | 46,661 | | | $ | (7) | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | | $ | 46,661 | | | $ | (7) | |
The contractual maturities of the Company's investments within customer funds as of December 31, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Amortized Cost | | Fair Value | | Due in one year or less | $ | 237,909 | | | $ | 238,031 | | | Due in one to five years | — | | | — | | | Total | $ | 237,909 | | | $ | 238,031 | |
NOTE 25 - FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS The Company measures its cash equivalents, customer funds, short-term and long-term marketable debt securities, and marketable equity investments at fair value. The Company classifies these investments within Level 1 or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy because the Company values these investments using quoted market prices or alternative pricing sources and models utilizing market observable inputs. The Company’s financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis are classified as follows (in thousands): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | December 31, 2019 | | | | | | December 31, 2018 | | | | | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Cash Equivalents: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Money market funds | $ | 213,576 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 218,109 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | U.S. agency securities | — | | | 19,976 | | | — | | | — | | | 46,423 | | | — | | | Commercial paper | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | U.S. government securities | 46,914 | | | — | | | — | | | 86,239 | | | — | | | — | | | Foreign securities | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 23,981 | | | — | | | Customer Funds: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Money market funds | 233 | | | — | | | — | | | 18 | | | — | | | — | | | U.S. agency securities | — | | | 8,585 | | | — | | | — | | | 67,282 | | | — | | | U.S. government securities | 245,015 | | | — | | | — | | | 108,020 | | | — | | | — | | | Short-term debt securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | — | | | 131,522 | | | — | | | — | | | 80,122 | | | — | | | Corporate bonds | — | | | 67,721 | | | — | | | — | | | 109,519 | | | — | | | Commercial paper | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | Municipal securities | — | | | 6,776 | | | — | | | — | | | 27,832 | | | — | | | U.S. government securities | 265,135 | | | — | | | — | | | 292,267 | | | — | | | — | | | Foreign securities | — | | | 21,302 | | | — | | | — | | | 31,251 | | | — | | | Long-term debt securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | — | | | 64,068 | | | — | | | — | | | 114,560 | | | — | | | Corporate bonds | — | | | 143,078 | | | — | | | — | | | 159,252 | | | — | | | Municipal securities | — | | | 9,706 | | | — | | | — | | | 28,594 | | | — | | | U.S. government securities | 295,779 | | | — | | | — | | | 154,124 | | | — | | | — | | | Foreign securities | — | | | 24,672 | | | — | | | — | | | 8,150 | | | — | | | Other: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Marketable equity investment | — | | | — | | | — | | | 45,342 | | | — | | | — | | | Total | $ | 1,066,652 | | | $ | 497,406 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 904,119 | | | $ | 696,966 | | | $ | — | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | December 31, 2017 | | December 31, 2016 | | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Cash and cash equivalents: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Money market funds | $ | 387,698 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 207,168 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | Commercial paper | — |
| | 24,695 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 7,496 |
| | — |
| | Municipal securities | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,000 |
| | — |
| | Short-term securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | — |
| | 15,083 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 9,055 |
| | — |
| | Corporate bonds | — |
| | 57,798 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 6,980 |
| | — |
| | Commercial paper | — |
| | 17,428 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 17,298 |
| | — |
| | Municipal securities | — |
| | 23,700 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 8,028 |
| | — |
| | U.S. government securities | 55,567 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 18,540 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | Long-term securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | — |
| | 20,169 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 3,502 |
| | — |
| | Corporate bonds | — |
| | 91,413 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 12,914 |
| | — |
| | Municipal securities | — |
| | 26,224 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 2,492 |
| | — |
| | U.S. government securities | 65,861 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 8,458 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | Total | $ | 509,126 |
| | $ | 276,510 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 234,166 |
| | $ | 68,765 |
| | $ | — |
|
The carrying amounts of certain financial instruments, including cash equivalents, settlements receivable, customer funds, accounts payable, customers payable, accrued expenses and settlements payable, approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature.
The Company estimates the fair value of its convertible senior notes based on their last actively traded prices (Level 1) or market observable inputs (Level 2). The estimated fair value and carrying value of the convertible senior notes were as follows (in thousands): | | | | | | | | December 31, 2019 | | | December 31, 2018 | | | | December 31, 2017 | | Carrying Value | | Fair Value (Level 2) | | Carrying Value | | Fair Value (Level 2) | | | Carrying Value | | Fair Value (Level 2) | | | Convertible senior notes | $ | 358,572 |
| | $ | 719,356 |
| | | 2023 Notes | | 2023 Notes | $ | 748,564 | | | $ | 962,516 | | | $ | 718,522 | | | $ | 901,468 | | | 2022 Notes | | 2022 Notes | 190,268 | | | 578,817 | | | 181,173 | | | 515,693 | | | Total | $ | 358,572 |
| | $ | 719,356 |
| Total | $ | 938,832 | | | $ | 1,541,333 | | | $ | 899,695 | | | $ | 1,417,161 | |
A summaryThe estimated fair value and carrying value of loans disclosed at fair value on a recurring basisheld for sale is as follows (in thousands):
| | | | December 31, 2017 | | December 31, 2016 | | December 31, 2019 | | | December 31, 2018 | | | | Carrying Value | | Fair Value (Level 3) | | Carrying Value | | Fair Value (Level 3) | | Carrying Value | | Fair Value (Level 3) | | Carrying Value | | Fair Value (Level 3) | | | Loans held for sale | $ | 73,420 |
| | $ | 76,070 |
| | $ | 42,144 |
| | $ | 42,633 |
| Loans held for sale | $ | 164,834 | | | $ | 173,360 | | | $ | 89,974 | | | $ | 93,064 | | | | Total | $ | 73,420 |
| | $ | 76,070 |
| | $ | 42,144 |
| | $ | 42,633 |
| Total | $ | 164,834 | | | $ | 173,360 | | | $ | 89,974 | | | $ | 93,064 | | |
For the yearyears ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, the Company recorded a charge for the excess of amortized cost over the fair value of the loans of $23.2 million, $13.2 million, and $8.0 million. No charges were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.million, respectively. If applicable, the Company will recognize transfers into and out of levels within the fair value hierarchy at the end of the reporting period in which the actual event or change in circumstance occurs. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 20162019, 2018 and 2015,2017, the Company did not have any transfers in or out of Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 assets or liabilities.
NOTE 3 - INVESTMENTS
The Company determines the appropriate classification of its investments in marketable securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. The Company has classified and accounted for its marketable securities as available-for-sale.
The Company's short-term and long-term investments as of December 31, 2017 are as follows (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Gains | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Short-term securities: | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | $ | 15,122 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | (39 | ) | | $ | 15,083 |
| | Corporate bonds | 57,855 |
| | 22 |
| | (79 | ) | | 57,798 |
| | Commercial paper | 17,428 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 17,428 |
| | Municipal securities | 23,743 |
| | 8 |
| | (51 | ) | | 23,700 |
| | U.S. government securities | 55,729 |
| | 1 |
| | (163 | ) | | 55,567 |
| | Total | $ | 169,877 |
| | $ | 31 |
| | $ | (332 | ) | | $ | 169,576 |
| | | | | | | | | | | Long-term securities: | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | $ | 20,288 |
| | $ | 2 |
| | $ | (121 | ) | | $ | 20,169 |
| | Corporate bonds | 91,959 |
| | 25 |
| | (571 | ) | | 91,413 |
| | Municipal securities | 26,371 |
| | 13 |
| | (160 | ) | | 26,224 |
| | U.S. government securities | 66,362 |
| | 19 |
| | (520 | ) | | 65,861 |
| | Total | $ | 204,980 |
| | $ | 59 |
| | $ | (1,372 | ) | | $ | 203,667 |
|
The Company's short-term and long-term investments as of December 31, 2016 are as follows (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Gains | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Short-term securities: | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | $ | 9,048 |
| | $ | 7 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 9,055 |
| | Corporate bonds | 17,318 |
| | — |
| | (20 | ) | | 17,298 |
| | Commercial paper | 6,980 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 6,980 |
| | Municipal securities | 8,037 |
| | — |
| | (9 | ) | | 8,028 |
| | U.S. government securities | 18,537 |
| | 3 |
| | — |
| | 18,540 |
| | Total | $ | 59,920 |
| | $ | 10 |
| | $ | (29 | ) | | $ | 59,901 |
| | | | | | | | | | | Long-term securities: | | | | | | | | | U.S. agency securities | $ | 3,502 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 3,502 |
| | Corporate bonds | 12,939 |
| | — |
| | (25 | ) | | 12,914 |
| | Municipal securities | 2,505 |
| | — |
| | (13 | ) | | 2,492 |
| | U.S. government securities | 8,478 |
| | — |
| | (20 | ) | | 8,458 |
| | Total | $ | 27,424 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | (58 | ) | | $ | 27,366 |
|
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, gains or losses realized on the sale of investments were not material. Investments are reviewed periodically to identify possible other-than-temporary impairments. As the Company has the ability and intent to hold these investments with unrealized losses until a recovery of fair value, or for a reasonable period of time sufficient for the recovery of fair value, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired for any of the periods presented.
The contractual maturities of the Company's short-term and long-term investments as of December 31, 2017 are as follows (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | Amortized Cost | | Fair Value | | Due in one year or less | $ | 169,877 |
| | $ | 169,576 |
| | Due in one to five years | 204,980 |
| | 203,667 |
| | Total | $ | 374,857 |
| | $ | 373,243 |
|
NOTE 46 - PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET The following is a summary of property and equipment, less accumulated depreciation and amortization (in thousands): | | | | | | | | December 31,
2019 | | December 31,
2018 | | Leasehold improvements | | Leasehold improvements | $ | 111,942 | | | $ | 107,611 | | | Computer equipment | | Computer equipment | 106,469 | | | 80,093 | | | Capitalized software | | Capitalized software | 81,984 | | | 58,908 | | | Office furniture and equipment | | Office furniture and equipment | 27,328 | | | 20,699 | | | | December 31,
2017 | | December 31,
2016 | | | Computer equipment | $ | 66,186 |
| | $ | 52,915 |
| | | Office furniture and equipment | 14,490 |
| | 10,737 |
| | | Leasehold improvements | 77,073 |
| | 73,366 |
| | | Capitalized software | 35,063 |
| | 24,642 |
| | | Total | 192,812 |
| | 161,660 |
| Total | 327,723 | | | 267,311 | | | Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (101,316 | ) | | (73,332 | ) | Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (178,529) | | | (124,909) | | | Property and equipment, net | $ | 91,496 |
| | $ | 88,328 |
| Property and equipment, net | $ | 149,194 | | | $ | 142,402 | |
Depreciation and amortization expense on property and equipment was $29.7$60.6 million, $28.7$46.8 million, and $20.1$29.7 million, for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.
NOTE 57 - ACQUISITIONS Weebly, Inc. On May 31, 2018, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of Weebly, a technology company that offers customers website hosting and domain name registration solutions. The acquisition of Weebly enabled the Company to combine Weebly’s web presence tools with the Company's in-person and online offerings to create a cohesive solution for sellers to start or grow an omnichannel business. The acquisition expanded the Company’s customer base globally and added a new recurring revenue stream.
The purchase consideration was comprised of $132.4 million in cash and 2,418,271 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock with an aggregate fair value of $140.1 million based on the closing price of the Company’s Class A common stock on the acquisition date. As part of the acquisition, the Company paid an aggregate of $17.7 million in cash and shares to settle outstanding vested and unvested employee options, of which $2.6 million was accounted for as post-combination compensation expense and is excluded from the purchase consideration. Third-party acquisition-related costs were insignificant. The results of Weebly's operations have been included in the consolidated financial statements since the closing date. The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination. This method requires, among other things, that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized at their fair values as of the acquisition date and that the difference between the fair value of the consideration paid for the acquired entity and the fair value of the net assets acquired be recorded as goodwill, which is not amortized but is tested at least annually for impairment. The table below summarizes the consideration paid for Weebly and the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the closing date (in thousands, except share data). | | | | | | | Consideration: | | | Cash | $ | 132,432 | | | Stock (2,418,271 shares of Class A common stock) | 140,107 | | | $ | 272,539 | | | Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed: | | | Current assets (inclusive of cash acquired of $25,758) | $ | 46,978 | | | Intangible customer assets | 42,700 | | | Intangible technology assets | 14,900 | | | Intangible trade name | 11,300 | | | Intangible other assets | 961 | | | Total liabilities assumed (including deferred revenue of $22,800) | (37,509) | | | Total identifiable net assets acquired | 79,330 | | | Goodwill | 193,209 | | | Total | $ | 272,539 | |
The Company prepared an initial determination of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date using preliminary information. Subsequently, the Company recognized measurement period adjustments to the purchase consideration and the fair value of certain liabilities assumed as a result of further refinements in the Company’s estimates. These adjustments were prospectively applied. The effect of these adjustments on the purchase price allocation was an increase in goodwill, current assets and tax liabilities assumed of $3.7 million, $2.3 million and $4.7 million, respectively. There was no impact to the consolidated statements of operations as result of these adjustments. As of December 31, 2019, $0.5 million of cash and 8,873 shares of the total consideration were withheld as security for indemnification obligations related to general representations and warranties, in addition to certain potential tax exposures.
Goodwill from the Weebly acquisition was primarily attributable to the value of expected synergies created by incorporating Weebly solutions into the Company's technology platform and the value of the assembled workforce. None of the goodwill generated from the Weebly acquisition or the acquired intangible assets are expected to be deductible for tax purposes. Additionally the acquisition would have resulted in recognition of deferred tax assets arising mainly from the net of deferred tax assets from acquired net operating losses (NOLs) and research and development credits, and deferred tax liabilities associated with intangible assets and deferred revenue. However, the realization of such deferred tax assets depends primarily on the Company's post-acquisition ability to generate taxable income in future periods. Accordingly, a valuation allowance was recorded against the net acquired deferred tax asset in accounting for the acquisition.
The acquisition of Weebly did not have a material impact on the Company's reported revenue or net loss amounts for any period presented. Accordingly, pro forma financial information has not been presented. Other acquisitions
The Company spent an aggregate of $20.4 million, $9.9 million, and $1.9 million, net of cash acquired, in connection with other immaterial acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which resulted in the recognition of additional intangible assets and goodwill. Pro forma financial information has not been presented for any of these acquisitions as the impact to our consolidated financial statements was not material.
NOTE 8 - SALE OF ASSET GROUP
On October 31, 2019, the Company completed the sale of certain assets that comprised its Caviar business to DoorDash, Inc. (DoorDash) for $410 million in gross proceeds comprised of $310 million in cash and $100 million of DoorDash, Inc.'s preferred stock. The Company agreed to indemnify DoorDash for potential losses and costs that may arise from certain legal and other matters. The Caviar business, which offered food ordering and delivery services to customers, was a small component of the Company's overall business comprising less than 5% of the Company's consolidated total assets and revenues. The sale was in line with the Company's strategy of focusing investment on its larger and growing seller and Cash App businesses. Accordingly the sale of the Caviar business did not represent a strategic shift that will have a major effect on the Company's operations and financial results, and did not therefore qualify for reporting as a discontinued operation.
The following table summarizes the calculation of the gain on the sale of Caviar business (in thousands): | | | | | | | Consideration received: | | | Cash | $ | 310,000 | | | Preferred Stock | 100,000 | | | $ | 410,000 | | | | | Net assets sold: | | | Intangible and other assets, net | $ | 8,659 | | | Goodwill | 4,221 | | | Disposal costs and other adjustments | 23,675 | | | $ | 36,555 | | | | | Gain on sale of asset group | $ | 373,445 | |
NOTE 9 - GOODWILL
Goodwill is recorded when the consideration paid for an acquisition of a business exceeds the fair value of identifiable net tangible and intangible assets acquired. As
The change in carrying value of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, goodwill in the period was $58.3 million and $57.2 million, respectively.as follows (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 58,327 | | | | | Acquisitions completed during the year ended December 31, 2018 | 203,378 | | | | | Balance at December 31, 2018 | 261,705 | | | | | Acquisitions completed during the year ended December 31, 2019 | 10,832 | | | | | Sale of asset group (Note 8) | (4,221) | | | | | Other adjustments | (1,971) | | | | | Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 266,345 | | | |
The Company performed its annual goodwill impairment test as of December 31, 2017.2019. The Company determined that the consolidated business operations as a whole is represented by a single reporting unit and through qualitative analysis concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was greater than its carrying amount. As a result, the two-step goodwill impairment test was not required, and no0 impairments of goodwill were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2017.2019.
NOTE 610 - ACQUIRED INTANGIBLE ASSETS
DuringThe Company entered into various transactions accounted for as business combinations during the years ended December 31, 20172019 and 2016,December 31, 2018, that involved the Company did not make any material acquisitions.acquisition of intangible assets. Refer to Note 7 for further details.
The following table presents the detail of acquired intangible assets as of the periods presented (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Balance at December 31, 2019 | | | | | | Cost | | Accumulated Amortization | | Net | | | | | | | | Technology assets | $ | 53,900 | | | $ | (31,873) | | | $ | 22,027 | | | Customer assets | 44,000 | | | (6,934) | | | 37,066 | | | Trade name | 11,300 | | | (4,473) | | | 6,827 | | | Other | 5,299 | | | (2,140) | | | 3,159 | | | Total | $ | 114,499 | | | $ | (45,420) | | | $ | 69,079 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Balance at December 31, 2017 | | Cost | | Accumulated Amortization | | Net | | Patents | $ | 1,285 |
| | $ | (559 | ) | | $ | 726 |
| | Technology Assets | 29,158 |
| | (21,329 | ) | | 7,829 |
| | Customer Assets | 10,319 |
| | (4,540 | ) | | 5,779 |
| | Total | $ | 40,762 |
| | $ | (26,428 | ) | | $ | 14,334 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Balance at December 31, 2018 | | | | | | Cost | | Accumulated Amortization | | Net | | | | | | | | Technology assets | $ | 45,978 | | | $ | (28,420) | | | $ | 17,558 | | | Customer assets | 57,109 | | | (8,068) | | | 49,041 | | | Trade name | 11,300 | | | (1,648) | | | 9,652 | | | Other | 2,246 | | | (1,395) | | | 851 | | | Total | $ | 116,633 | | | $ | (39,531) | | | $ | 77,102 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Balance at December 31, 2016 | | Cost | | Accumulated Amortization | | Net | | Patents | $ | 1,285 |
| | $ | (454 | ) | | $ | 831 |
| | Technology Assets | 29,075 |
| | (14,702 | ) | | 14,373 |
| | Customer Assets | 7,745 |
| | (3,657 | ) | | 4,088 |
| | Total | $ | 38,105 |
| | $ | (18,813 | ) | | $ | 19,292 |
|
All intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. The weighted average amortization periods for acquired patents, technology, and customer intangible assets, and acquired trade name are approximately 135 years, 412 years, and 94 years, respectively. Amortization expense associated with acquired
The changes to the carrying value of intangible assets was $7.6 million, $9.0 million, and $7.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.were as follows (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Acquired intangible assets, net, beginning of the period | $ | 77,102 | | | $ | 14,334 | | | $ | 19,292 | | | Acquisitions | 14,559 | | | 75,871 | | | 2,657 | | | Amortization expense | (15,000) | | | (13,103) | | | (7,615) | | | Sale of asset group (Note 8) | (7,582) | | | — | | | — | | | Acquired intangible assets, net, end of the period | $ | 69,079 | | | $ | 77,102 | | | $ | 14,334 | |
The total estimated annual future amortization expense of these intangible assets as of December 31, 2017,2019 is as follows (in thousands): | | | | | | | 2020 | $ | 12,800 | | | 2021 | 11,829 | | | 2022 | 10,134 | | | 2023 | 8,917 | | | 2024 | 5,940 | | | Thereafter | 19,459 | | | Total | $ | 69,079 | |
| | | | | | | 2018 | | $ | 6,226 |
| | 2019 | | 3,442 |
| | 2020 | | 1,479 |
| | 2021 | | 846 |
| | 2022 | | 611 |
| | Thereafter | 1,730 |
| | Total | $ | 14,334 |
|
NOTE 711 - OTHER CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS (CURRENT)
Other Current Assets
The following table presents the detail of other current assets (in thousands): | | | | December 31,
2017 | | December 31,
2016 | | December 31,
2019 | | December 31,
2018 | | Inventory, net | $ | 16,777 |
| | $ | 13,724 |
| Inventory, net | $ | 47,683 | | | $ | 28,627 | | | Restricted cash | | Restricted cash | 38,873 | | | 33,838 | | | Processing costs receivable | 21,083 |
| | 10,049 |
| Processing costs receivable | 67,281 | | | 46,102 | | | Prepaid expenses | 14,473 |
| | 7,365 |
| Prepaid expenses | 22,758 | | | 21,782 | | | Accounts receivable, net | 8,606 |
| | 6,191 |
| Accounts receivable, net | 33,863 | | | 22,393 | | | Deferred hardware costs | 7,931 |
| | 4,546 |
| | | Deferred magstripe reader costs | 2,469 |
| | 3,911 |
| | | Merchant cash advance receivable, net | 125 |
| | 4,212 |
| | | Other | 14,990 |
| | 10,545 |
| Other | 39,951 | | | 46,062 | | | Total | $ | 86,454 |
| | $ | 60,543 |
| Total | $ | 250,409 | | | $ | 198,804 | |
Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities The following table presents the detail of accrued expenses (in thousands): | | | | | | | | | | | | | December 31,
2019 | | December 31,
2018 | | Accrued expenses | $ | 128,387 | | | $ | 82,354 | | | Accrued transaction losses (i) | 34,771 | | | 33,682 | | | Accounts payable | 42,116 | | | 36,416 | | | Deferred revenue, current | 38,104 | | | 31,474 | | | Square Payroll payable (ii) | 27,969 | | | 7,534 | | | Other | 26,494 | | | 23,729 | | | Total | $ | 297,841 | | | $ | 215,189 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | December 31,
2017 | | December 31,
2016 | | Accrued payroll | $ | 9,103 |
| | $ | 5,799 |
| | Accrued professional fees | 5,638 |
| | 5,788 |
| | Accrued advertising and other marketing | 6,723 |
| | 5,008 |
| | Processing costs payable | 10,145 |
| | 10,871 |
| | Accrued non income tax liabilities | 6,155 |
| | 3,562 |
| | Accrued hardware costs | 2,496 |
| | 3,148 |
| | Other accrued liabilities | $ | 12,020 |
| | $ | 5,367 |
| | Total | $ | 52,280 |
| | $ | 39,543 |
|
Other Current Liabilities
(i) The Company is exposed to transaction losses that arise due to chargebacks as a result of fraud or uncollectibility. The following table presentssummarizes the detailactivities of other current liabilitiesthe Company’s reserve for transaction losses (in thousands): | | | | | | | | | | | December 31,
2017 | | December 31,
2016 | Square Capital payable (i) | $ | 7,671 |
| | $ | 4,907 |
| Square Payroll payable (ii) | 2,850 |
| | 4,769 |
| | Deferred revenue | 5,893 |
| | 5,407 |
| | Current portion of deferred rent | 3,311 |
| | 2,862 |
| | Accrued redemptions | 1,036 |
| | 1,628 |
| | Other | 7,606 |
| | 2,899 |
| | Total | $ | 28,367 |
| | $ | 22,472 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | | | Accrued transaction losses, beginning of the year | $ | 33,682 | | | $ | 26,893 | | | | | Provision for transaction losses | 79,414 | | | 64,981 | | | | | Charge-offs to accrued transaction losses | (78,325) | | | (58,192) | | | | | Accrued transaction losses, end of the year | $ | 34,771 | | | $ | 33,682 | | | |
(i) Square Capital payable represents unpaid amounts arising from the purchase of loans or loan repayments collected on behalf of third parties.
(ii)Square Payroll payable represents amounts received from Square Payroll product customers that will be utilized to settle the customerscustomers' employee payroll and related obligations.
NOTE 812 - OTHER CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS (NON-CURRENT)
Other Non-Current Assets
The following table presents the detail of other non-current assets (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | December 31,
2019 | | December 31,
2018 | | Investment in non-marketable equity securities | $ | 110,000 | | | $ | — | | | Investment in marketable equity securities | — | | | 45,342 | | | Non-current lease prepayments | 45,738 | | | — | | | Restricted cash | 12,715 | | | 15,836 | | | Other | 27,935 | | | 13,051 | | | Total | $ | 196,388 | | | $ | 74,229 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | December 31,
2017 | | December 31,
2016 | Investment in privately held entity (i) | $ | 25,000 |
| | $ | — |
| | Deposits | 2,738 |
| | 1,775 |
| | Debt issuance costs | 788 |
| | 1,063 |
| | Deferred tax assets | 519 |
| | 306 |
| | Other | 2,305 |
| | 50 |
| | Total | $ | 31,350 |
| | $ | 3,194 |
|
(i)In August, 2017, the Company invested $25.0 million in Eventbrite, a leader in event technology providing a platform that facilitates ticket sales, as well as promotion and management of events. In conjunction with the investment, the Company entered into an agreement with Eventbrite specifying terms under which the Company would provide payment processing services to Eventbrite and its customers for a five year term in the countries in which the Company operates. This agreement is subject to automatic one year renewals thereafter unless terminated by either party. Eventbrite and the Company have a common member on their respective boards of directors. The Company has not estimated the fair value of the investment as it has determined that it is not practicable to determine such fair value, and there are no identified events or changes in circumstances that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value.
Other Non-Current Liabilities The following table presents the detail of other non-current liabilities (in thousands): | | | | | | | | | | | | | December 31,
2019 | | December 31,
2018 | | Statutory liabilities (i) | $ | 54,762 | | | $ | 54,748 | | | Deferred rent, non-current (ii) | — | | | 23,003 | | | Deferred revenue, non-current | 6,227 | | | 4,977 | | | Other | 33,472 | | | 10,558 | | | Total | $ | 94,461 | | | $ | 93,286 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | December 31,
2017 | | December 31,
2016 | Statutory liabilities (ii) | $ | 40,768 |
| | $ | 29,497 |
| | Deferred rent | 20,349 |
| | 23,119 |
| | Deferred tax liabilities | 644 |
| | 476 |
| | Other | 7,777 |
| | 4,653 |
| | Total | $ | 69,538 |
| | $ | 57,745 |
|
(ii)(i) Statutory liabilities represent loss contingencies that may arise from the Company's interpretation and application of certain guidelines and rules issued by various federal, state, local, and foreign regulatory authorities.
(ii) The adoption of ASC 842 on January 1, 2019 resulted in the reclassification of deferred rent as an offset to right-of-use lease assets.
NOTE 913 - INDEBTEDNESS
Revolving Credit Facility
In November 2015, the Company entered into a revolving credit agreement with certain lenders, which extinguished the prior revolving credit agreement and provided for a $375.0 million revolving secured credit facility maturing in November 2020. This revolving credit agreement is secured by certain tangible and intangible assets.
Loans under the credit facility bear interest, at the Company’s option of (i) a base rate based on the highest of the prime rate, the federal funds rate plus 0.50% and an adjusted LIBOR rate for a one-month interest period in each case plus a margin ranging from 0.00% to 1.00%, or (ii) an adjusted LIBOR rate plus a margin ranging from 1.00% to 2.00%. This margin is
determined based on the Company’s total leverage ratio for the preceding four fiscal quarters. The Company is obligated to pay other customary fees for a credit facility of this size and type including an annual administrative agent fee of $0.1 million and an unused commitment fee of 0.15%. To date no funds have been drawn under the credit facility, with $375.0 million remaining available. The Company paid $0.6 million in unused commitment fees for both the years ended December 31, 20172019 and 2016.2018. As of December 31, 2017,2019, the Company was in compliance with all financial covenants associated with this credit facility.
Convertible Senior Notes due in 2023
On May 25, 2018, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of $862.5 million of convertible senior notes (2023 Notes). The 2023 Notes mature on May 15, 2023, unless earlier converted or repurchased, and bear interest at a rate of 0.50% payable semi-annually on May 15 and November 15 of each year. The 2023 Notes are convertible at an initial conversion rate of 12.8456 shares of the Company's Class A common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2023 Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $77.85 per share of Class A common stock. Holders may convert their 2023 Notes at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding February 15, 2023 only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s Class A common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day; (2) during the 5 business day period after any 5 consecutive trading day period (the measurement period) in which the trading price (as defined in the indenture governing the 2023 Notes) per $1,000 principal amount of 2023 Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s Class A common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day; or (3) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events, including certain distributions, the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the 2023 Notes) or a transaction resulting in the Company’s Class A common stock converting into other securities or property or assets. On or after February 15, 2023, up until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, a holder may convert all or any portion of its 2023 Notes regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon conversion, the Company will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of its Class A common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of its Class A common stock, at the Company’s election. The Company's current policy is to settle conversions entirely in shares of the Company's Class A common stock. The Company will reevaluate this policy from time to time as conversion notices are received from holders of the 2023 Notes. The circumstances required to allow the holders to convert their 2023 Notes were not met during the year ended December 31, 2019.
In accounting for the issuance of the 2023 Notes, the Company separated the 2023 Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar debt instrument that does not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was $155.3 million and was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the 2023 Notes. The equity component is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount ("debt discount") is amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2023 Notes at an effective interest rate of 4.69% over the contractual terms of the 2023 Notes.
Debt issuance costs related to the 2023 Notes comprised of discounts and commissions payable to the initial purchasers of $6.0 million and third party offering costs of $0.8 million. The Company allocated the total amount incurred to the liability and equity components of the 2023 Notes based on their relative values. Issuance costs attributable to the liability component were $5.6 million and will be amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the contractual term. Issuance costs attributable to the equity component were netted with the equity component in stockholders’ equity.
Convertible Senior Notes due in 2022
On March 6, 2017, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of $400.0$440.0 million of convertible senior notes (Notes) and an additional 10% or $40.0 million pursuant to the exercise in full of the option to the initial purchasers to cover over-allotments.(2022 Notes). The 2022 Notes mature on March 1, 2022, unless earlier converted or repurchased, and bear interest at a rate of 0.375% payable semi-annually on March 1 and September 1 of each year. The 2022 Notes are convertible at an initial conversion rate of 43.5749 shares of the Company's Class A common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2022 Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $22.95 per share of Class A common stock. Holders may convert their 2022 Notes at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding December 1, 2021 only under the following circumstances: (1) during any calendar quarter (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s Class A common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day; (2) during the five5 business day period after any five5 consecutive trading day period (the measurement period) in which the trading price (as defined in the indenture governing the 2022 Notes) per $1,000 principal amount of 2022 Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s Class A common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day; or (3) upon the occurrence of specified corporate events, including certain distributions, the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the 2022 Notes) or a transaction resulting in the Company’s Class A common stock converting into other securities or property or assets. On or after December 1, 2021, up until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, a holder may convert all or any portion of its 2022 Notes regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon conversion, the Company will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of its Class A common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of its Class A common stock, at the Company’s election. It is the Company’s current intent and policy to settle conversions through combination settlement with a specified dollar amount of $1,000 per $1,000 principal amount of Notes. The circumstances required to allow the holders to convert their 2022 Notes were met as ofstarting January 1, 2018. As2018 and continued to be met through December 31, 2019. In 2018, certain holders of February 27, 2018, nothe 2022 Notes converted an aggregate principal amount of $228.3 million of their Notes. The Company settled the conversions through a combination of $219.4 million in cash and issuance of 7.3 million shares of the Company's Class A common stock. Conversions in the year ended December 31, 2019 were not material. The Company currently expects to settle future conversions entirely in shares of the Company's Class A common stock. The Company will reevaluate this policy from time to time as conversion notices are received from holders have converted theirof the 2022 Notes.
In accounting for the issuance of the 2022 Notes, the Company separated the 2022 Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar debt instrument that does not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was $86.2 million and was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the 2022 Notes. The equity component is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount ("debt discount")discount is amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2022 Notes at an effective interest rate of 5.34% over the contractual terms of the 2022 Notes.
Debt issuance costs related to the 2022 Notes comprised of discounts and commissions payable to the initial purchasers of $11.0 million and third party offering costs of $0.8 million. The Company allocated the total amount incurred to the liability and equity components of the 2022 Notes based on their relative values. Issuance costs attributable to the liability component were $9.4 million and will be amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the contractual term. Issuance costs attributable to the equity component were netted with the equity component in stockholders’ equity.
The debt component associated with the 2022 Notes consistedthat were converted was accounted for as an extinguishment of debt, with the Company recording loss on extinguishment of $5.0 million, as the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of such 2022 Notes. The equity component associated with the 2022 Notes that were converted was accounted for as a reacquisition of equity upon the conversion of such 2022 Notes. Accordingly, the excess of the followingfair value of the consideration issued to settle the conversion over the fair value of the debt component of $21.0 million was accounted for as a reduction to the additional paid in capital.
The net carrying amount of the Notes were as follows (in thousands): | | | | | | | December 31, 2017 | | Principal | $ | 440,000 |
| | Less: unamortized debt discount | (73,384 | ) | | Less: unamortized debt issuance costs | (8,044 | ) | | Net carrying amount | $ | 358,572 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Principal outstanding | | Unamortized debt discount | | Unamortized debt issuance costs | | Net carrying value | | December 31, 2019 | | | | | | | | | 2023 Notes | $ | 862,500 | | | $ | (110,518) | | | $ | (3,418) | | | $ | 748,564 | | | 2022 Notes | 211,726 | | | (19,312) | | | (2,146) | | | 190,268 | | | Total | $ | 1,074,226 | | | $ | (129,830) | | | $ | (5,564) | | | $ | 938,832 | | | | | | | | | | | December 31, 2018 | | | | | | | | | 2023 Notes | $ | 862,500 | | | $ | (138,924) | | | $ | (5,054) | | | $ | 718,522 | | | 2022 Notes | 211,728 | | | (27,569) | | | (2,986) | | | 181,173 | | | Total | $ | 1,074,228 | | | $ | (166,493) | | | $ | (8,040) | | | $ | 899,695 | |
The net carrying amount of the equity component of the Notes waswere as follows (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Amount allocated to conversion option | | Less: allocated issuance costs | | Equity component, net | | December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 | | | | | | | 2023 Notes | $ | 155,250 | | | $ | (1,231) | | | $ | 154,019 | | | 2022 Notes | 41,481 | | | (1,108) | | | 40,373 | | | Total | $ | 196,731 | | | $ | (2,339) | | | $ | 194,392 | |
| | | | | | | December 31, 2017 | | Debt discount related to value of conversion option | $ | 86,203 |
| | Less: allocated debt issuance costs | (2,302 | ) | | Equity component, net | $ | 83,901 |
|
The Company recognized interest expense on the Notes as follows (in thousands, except for percentages):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Contractual interest expense | $ | 5,108 | | | $ | 4,023 | | | $ | 1,351 | | | Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | 39,139 | | | 32,855 | | | 14,223 | | | Total | $ | 44,247 | | | $ | 36,878 | | | $ | 15,574 | |
| | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2017 | Contractual interest expense based on 0.375% per annum | 1,351 |
| Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | 14,223 |
| Total | 15,574 |
| Effective interest rate of the liability component | 5.34 | % |
The effective interest rate of the liability component is 4.69% and 5.34% for the 2023 Notes and 2022 Notes, respectively.
Convertible Note Hedge and Warrant Transactions
In connection with the offering of the 2023 Notes, the Company entered into convertible note hedge transactions (2023 convertible note hedges) with certain financial institutions (Counterparties)institution counterparties (2018 Counterparties) whereby the Company has the option to purchase a total of approximately 11.1 million shares of its Class A common stock at a price of approximately $77.85 per share. The total cost of the 2023 convertible note hedge transactions was $172.6 million. In addition, the Company sold warrants (2023 warrants) to the 2018 Counterparties whereby the 2018 Counterparties have the option to purchase a total of 11.1 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at a price of approximately $109.26 per share. The Company received $112.1 million in cash proceeds from the sale of the 2023 warrants. Taken together, the purchase of the 2023 convertible note hedges and sale of the 2023 warrants are intended to reduce dilution from the conversion of the 2023 Notes and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of the converted 2023 Notes, as the case may be, and to effectively increase the overall conversion price from
approximately $77.85 per share to approximately $109.26 per share. As these instruments are considered indexed to the Company's own stock and are considered equity classified, the 2023 convertible note hedges and 2023 warrants are recorded in stockholders’ equity, are not accounted for as derivatives and are not remeasured each reporting period. The net costs incurred in connection with the 2023 convertible note hedge and 2023 warrant transactions were recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets.
In connection with the offering of the 2022 Notes, the Company entered into convertible note hedge transactions (2022 convertible note hedges) with certain financial institution counterparties (2017 Counterparties) whereby the Company has the option to purchase a total of approximately 19.2 million shares of its Class A common stock at a price of approximately $22.95 per share. The total cost of the 2022 convertible note hedge transactions was approximately $92.1 million. In addition, the Company sold warrants (2022 warrants) to the 2017 Counterparties whereby the 2017 Counterparties have the option to purchase a total of approximately 19.2 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at a price of approximately $31.18 per share. The Company received approximately $57.2 million in cash proceeds from the sale of thesethe 2022 warrants. Taken together, the purchase of the 2022 convertible note hedges and sale of the 2022 warrants are intended to reduce dilution from the conversion of the 2022 Notes and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of the converted 2022 Notes, as the case may be, and to effectively increase the overall conversion price from approximately $22.95 per share to approximately $31.18 per share. As these instruments are considered indexed to the Company's own stock and are considered equity classified, the 2022 convertible note hedges and 2022 warrants are recorded in stockholders’ equity, are not accounted for as derivatives and are not remeasured each reporting period. The net costs incurred in connection with the 2022 convertible note hedge and 2022 warrant transactions were recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company exercised a pro-rata portion of the 2022 convertible note hedges to offset the shares of the Company's Class A common stock issued to settle the conversion of the 2022 Notes discussed above. The 2022 convertible note hedges were net share settled, and the Company received 6.9 million shares of the Company's Class A common stock from the 2017 Counterparties in 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company received an additional 0.3 million shares of the Company's Class A common stock.
NOTE 10 - ACCRUED TRANSACTION LOSSES The Company is exposed to transaction losses due to chargebacks as a result of fraud or uncollectibility.
The following table summarizes the activities of the Company’s reserve for transaction losses (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | Accrued transaction losses, beginning of the year | $ | 20,064 |
| | $ | 17,176 |
| | $ | 8,452 |
| | Provision for transaction losses | 52,977 |
| | 50,819 |
| | 43,379 |
| | Charge-offs to accrued transaction losses | (46,148 | ) | | (47,931 | ) | | (34,655 | ) | | Accrued transaction losses, end of the year | $ | 26,893 |
| | $ | 20,064 |
| | $ | 17,176 |
|
NOTE 1114 - INCOME TAXES
The domestic and foreign components of lossincome (loss) before income taxes are as follows (in thousands): | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Domestic | $ | (10,900 | ) | | $ | (145,499 | ) | | $ | (157,229 | ) | Domestic | $ | 456,335 | | | $ | 44,538 | | | $ | (10,900) | | | Foreign | (51,764 | ) | | (24,174 | ) | | (18,842 | ) | Foreign | (78,122) | | | (80,665) | | | (51,764) | | | Loss before income taxes | $ | (62,664 | ) | | $ | (169,673 | ) | | $ | (176,071 | ) | | | Income (loss) before income taxes | | Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | 378,213 | | | $ | (36,127) | | | $ | (62,664) | |
The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows (in thousands): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Current: | | | | | | | Federal | $ | 114 | | | $ | (4) | | | $ | (1,192) | | | State | 930 | | | 752 | | | 739 | | | Foreign | 3,099 | | | 2,224 | | | 1,987 | | | Total current provision for income taxes | 4,143 | | | 2,972 | | | 1,534 | | | Deferred: | | | | | | | Federal | (777) | | | (404) | | | (1,169) | | | State | (399) | | | 35 | | | 57 | | | Foreign | (200) | | | (277) | | | (273) | | | Total deferred provision for income taxes | (1,376) | | | (646) | | | (1,385) | | | Total provision for income taxes | $ | 2,767 | | | $ | 2,326 | | | $ | 149 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | Current: | | | | | | | Federal | $ | (1,192 | ) | | $ | 63 |
| | $ | 1,662 |
| | State | 739 |
| | 527 |
| | 836 |
| | Foreign | 1,987 |
| | 1,269 |
| | 1,222 |
| | Total current provision for income taxes | 1,534 |
| | 1,859 |
| | 3,720 |
| | Deferred: | | | | | | | Federal | (1,169 | ) | | 173 |
| | 67 |
| | State | 57 |
| | 18 |
| | 11 |
| | Foreign | (273 | ) | | (133 | ) | | (52 | ) | | Total deferred provision for income taxes | (1,385 | ) | | 58 |
| | 26 |
| | Total provision for income taxes | $ | 149 |
| | $ | 1,917 |
| | $ | 3,746 |
|
The following is a reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company's effective tax rate: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Balance at December 31, | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Tax at federal statutory rate | 21.0 | % | | 21.0 | % | | 34.0 | % | | State taxes, net of federal benefit | 0.1 | | | (1.1) | | | (0.4) | | | Foreign rate differential | 1.4 | | | (14.7) | | | (14.9) | | | Non-deductible meals | 0.3 | | | (3.4) | | | (0.3) | | | Other non-deductible expenses | 1.5 | | | (1.7) | | | (0.7) | | | Credits | (13.9) | | | 164.8 | | | 41.5 | | | Other items | (0.5) | | | 2.3 | | | (1.2) | | | Change in valuation allowance | 34.9 | | | (718.5) | | | (119.5) | | | Impact of U.S. tax reform | — | | | — | | | (209.1) | | | Share-based compensation | (45.8) | | | 549.0 | | | 243.5 | | | Change in uncertain tax positions | 0.5 | | | (4.1) | | | (2.4) | | | Termination of warrant | — | | | — | | | 29.3 | | | Sale of Caviar business line | 1.2 | | | — | | | — | | | Total | 0.7 | % | | (6.4) | % | | (0.2) | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Balance at December 31, | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | Tax at federal statutory rate | 34.0 | % | | 34.0 | % | | 34.0 | % | | State taxes, net of federal benefit | (0.4 | ) | | (0.1 | ) | | (0.2 | ) | | Foreign rate differential | (14.9 | ) | | (2.4 | ) | | (1.8 | ) | | Nondeductible expenses | (1.0 | ) | | (0.9 | ) | | (1.1 | ) | | Credits | 41.5 |
| | 8.5 |
| | 8.2 |
| | Other items | (1.2 | ) | | 0.2 |
| | 0.1 |
| | Change in valuation allowance | (119.5 | ) | | (37.4 | ) | | (38.6 | ) | | Impact of U.S. tax reform | (209.1 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| Share-based compensation (i) | 243.5 |
| | (2.4 | ) | | (2.2 | ) | | Change in uncertain tax positions | (2.4 | ) | | (0.6 | ) | | (0.5 | ) | | Termination of warrant | 29.3 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | Total | (0.2 | )% | | (1.1 | )% | | (2.1 | )% |
(i) Starting in 2017, excess tax benefits from share-based award activity are reflected in the provision for income taxes.
The tax effects of temporary differences and related deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Balance at December 31, | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Deferred tax assets: | | | | | | | Capitalized costs | $ | 23,708 | | | $ | 30,131 | | | $ | 35,608 | | | Accrued expenses | 33,044 | | | 31,494 | | | 23,553 | | | Net operating loss carryforwards | 575,245 | | | 485,562 | | | 244,197 | | | Tax credit carryforwards | 183,977 | | | 133,275 | | | 60,567 | | | Property, equipment and intangible assets | — | | | — | | | 7,390 | | | Share-based compensation | 38,427 | | | 38,265 | | | 35,728 | | | Deferred Interest | 4,072 | | | 8,290 | | | — | | | Other | 3,424 | | | 105 | | | 2,519 | | | Operating Lease, net | 5,761 | | | — | | | — | | | Total deferred tax assets | 867,658 | | | 727,122 | | | 409,562 | | | Valuation allowance | (859,564) | | | (719,040) | | | (409,043) | | | Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance | 8,094 | | | 8,082 | | | 519 | | | Deferred tax liabilities: | | | | | | | Property, equipment and intangible assets | (6,862) | | | (7,361) | | | — | | | Indefinite-lived intangibles | (253) | | | (275) | | | (644) | | | Total deferred tax liabilities | (7,115) | | | (7,636) | | | (644) | | | Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) | $ | 979 | | | $ | 446 | | | $ | (125) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Balance at December 31, | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | Deferred tax assets: | | | | | | | Capitalized costs | $ | 35,608 |
| | $ | 61,897 |
| | $ | 67,051 |
| | Accrued expenses | 23,553 |
| | 29,421 |
| | 27,964 |
| | Net operating loss carryforwards | 244,197 |
| | 65,507 |
| | 36,633 |
| | Tax credit carryforwards | 60,567 |
| | 38,927 |
| | 25,349 |
| | Property, equipment and intangible assets | 7,390 |
| | 5,721 |
| | — |
| | Share-based compensation | 35,728 |
| | 52,091 |
| | 36,689 |
| | Other | 2,519 |
| | 1,640 |
| | 1,469 |
| | Total deferred tax assets | 409,562 |
| | 255,204 |
| | 195,155 |
| | Valuation allowance | (409,043 | ) | | (254,898 | ) | | (195,103 | ) | | Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance | 519 |
| | 306 |
| | 52 |
| | Deferred tax liabilities: | | | | | | | Property, equipment and intangible assets | (644 | ) | | (476 | ) | | (163 | ) | | Total deferred tax liabilities | (644 | ) | | (476 | ) | | (163 | ) | | Net deferred tax liabilities | $ | (125 | ) | | $ | (170 | ) | | $ | (111 | ) |
On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("2017 Tax Act"). The 2017 Tax Act makes broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code, including, but not limited to, (1) reducing the U.S. Federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%; (2) requiring companies to pay a one-time transition tax on certain unrepatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries; (3) in part eliminating U.S. Federal income taxes on dividends from foreign subsidiaries; (4) requiring a current inclusion in U.S. Federal taxable income of certain unrepatriated earnings of controlled foreign corporations; (5) eliminating the corporate alternative minimum tax ("AMT") and changing how existing AMT credits can be realized; (6) creating the base erosion anti-abuse tax ("BEAT"), a new minimum tax; (7) creating a new limitation on deductible interest expense; and (8) changing rules related to uses and limitations of net operating loss carryforwards created in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017.
In connection with the Company's analysis of the impact of the 2017 Tax Act, it recorded a net tax benefit of $1.3 million in the period ended December 31, 2017. The net benefit consists of the release of the valuation allowance on the Company's AMT credit carryforward, which will be refunded in tax years 2018-2021. In addition, the 2017 Tax Act reduces the corporate tax rate to 21%, effective January 1, 2018. Consequently, the Company has recorded a decrease of $63.6 million, with an offset to the valuation allowance, to its U.S. Federal and state deferred tax assets. The Company has also completed its analysis of the deemed repatriation transition tax and has concluded that it will not owe any transition tax. Additionally, on December 22, 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118") to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the 2017 Tax Act. The Company has recognized the tax impacts related to refundable AMT credits and revaluation of deferred tax assets, offset by the valuation allowance, and included these amounts in its consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017. The ultimate impact may differ from the amounts recorded due to, among other things, additional analysis, changes in interpretations and assumptions as applicable, and additional regulatory guidance that may be issued. Any difference is not expected to be material. The accounting is expected to be complete when the 2017 U.S. corporate income tax return is filed in 2018.
Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income, the timing and amount of which are uncertain. Due to the history of losses generated in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions, the Company believes that it is more likely than not that its deferred tax assets in these jurisdictions will not be realized as of December 31, 2017.2019. Accordingly, the Company retained a full valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets in these jurisdictions. The amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable in future periods may change as management continues to reassess the underlying factors it uses in estimating future taxable income.
The valuation allowance increased by approximately $154.1$140.5 million, $59.8$310.0 million, and $69.7$154.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2019, 2018, and 2015,2017, respectively.
As of December 31, 2017,2019, the Company had $774.2$2,012.8 million of Federal, $594.2federal, $2,311.3 million of state, and $131.7$300.1 million of foreign net operating loss carryforwards, which will begin to expire in 20352031 for Federalfederal and 2021 for state tax purposes. The foreign net operating loss carryforwards do not expire. As of December 31, 2017,2019, the Company had $42.6$141.7 million of Federal, $31.1federal, $88.2 million of state, and $1.6$4.1 million of Canadian research credit carryforwards. The Federalfederal credit carryforward will begin to expire in 2029, the state credit carryforward has no expiration date, and the Canadian credit carryforward will begin to expire in 2035.2037. The Company also has a Federalfederal AMT credit carryforwardcarryforwards of $1.3$1.4 million that will be refunded over the 2018-2021 tax years under the 2017 Tax Act. The Company has California Enterprise Zone credit carryforwards of $2.8$3.4 million, which will begin to expire in 2023. Utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards and credits may be subject to annual limitations due to the ownership change limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and similar state provisions. The annual limitations may result in the expiration of net operating losses and credits before they are able to be utilized. The Company does not expect any previous ownership changes, as defined under Section 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code, to result in a limitation that will reduce the total amount of net operating loss carryforwards and credits that can be utilized.
As of December 31, 2017,2019, the unrecognized tax benefit was $70.8$217.6 million, of which $4.5$7.6 million would impact the annual effective tax rate if recognized and the remainder of which would result in a corresponding adjustment to the valuation allowance. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefit is presented below (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Balance at the beginning of the year | $ | 198,540 | | | $ | 70,799 | | | $ | 92,134 | | | Gross increases and decreases related to prior period tax positions | (11,571) | | | 513 | | | — | | | Gross increases and decreases related to current period tax positions | 30,676 | | | 119,261 | | | 4,193 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Reductions related to lapse of statute of limitations | (149) | | | (142) | | | (91) | | | Gross increases and decreases related to U.S. tax reform | — | | | — | | | (25,437) | | | Gross increases and decreases related to acquisition | 78 | | | 8,109 | | | — | | | Balance at the end of the year | $ | 217,574 | | | $ | 198,540 | | | $ | 70,799 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | Balance at the beginning of the year | $ | 92,134 |
| | $ | 90,372 |
| | $ | 78,031 |
| | Gross increases and decreases related to prior period tax positions | — |
| | 5,190 |
| | — |
| | Gross increases and decreases related to current period tax positions | 4,193 |
| | (3,428 | ) | | 12,341 |
| | Reductions related to lapse of statute of limitations | (91 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | Gross increases and decreases related to U.S. tax reform | (25,437 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | Balance at the end of the year | $ | 70,799 |
| | $ | 92,134 |
| | $ | 90,372 |
|
The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters as a component of income tax expense. As of December 31, 2017,2019, there were no0 significant accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions. It is reasonably possible that over the next 12-month period the Company may experience a decrease in its unrecognized tax benefits as a result of tax examinations or lapses of statute of limitations. The estimated decrease in unrecognized tax benefits may range up to $13$5.7 million. The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and various state and foreign jurisdictions. The Company is currently under examination in California for tax years 2013 and 2014 and other jurisdictionsin Texas for tax years 2013-2016.2015-2017. The Company’s various tax years starting with 2009 to 20162018 remain open in various taxing jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2017,2019, the Company has not provided deferred U.S. income taxes or foreign withholding taxes on temporary differences resulting from earnings for certain non-U.S. subsidiaries, which are permanently reinvested outside the U.S. Cumulative undistributed earnings for these non-U.S. subsidiaries as of December 31, 20172019 are $4.1$5.8 million. Furthermore, the Company has accumulated deficits such that no U.S. tax is expected to be due as a result of U.S. tax reform related to IRC Section 965.
NOTE 1215 - STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Initial Public Offering
In November 2015, the Company completed its IPO in which it issued and sold 29,700,000 shares of Class A common stock at a public offering price of $9.00 per share. The total net proceeds received from the IPO were $245.7 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $14.7 million and other offering expenses of approximately $6.9 million.
Convertible Preferred Stock
As of December 31, 2017,2019, the Company is authorized to issue 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock, with a $0.0000001 par value. NoNaN shares of preferred stock are outstanding as of December 31, 2017.2019.
Deemed Dividend on Series E Preferred Stock
On November 24, 2015, upon the closing of the IPO, certain holders of Series E preferred stock were issued an incremental 10,299,696 shares of Class B common stock pursuant to the Company's Restated Certificate of Incorporation dated as of September 8, 2014, as amended (the "2014 Certificate"). The 2014 Certificate allowed for an adjustment to the Series E original conversion price based on a prescribed formula upon the Company's IPO. The conversion of the Series E preferred stock resulted in a beneficial conversion feature, analogous to a deemed dividend. The beneficial conversion feature was calculated as the difference between fair value of the Company's common stock ultimately issued, based on the commitment date fair value of the Company's common stock, and the initial proceeds received for the Series E preferred stock. As a result, the Company recorded a one-time $32.2 million deemed stock dividend that resulted in an increase to net loss to arrive at net loss attributable to common stockholders.
Common Stock
The Company has authorized the issuance of Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Holders of the Company's Class A common stock and Class B common stock are entitled to dividends when, as and if, declared by the Company's board of directors, subject to the rights of the holders of all classes of stock outstanding having priority rights to dividends. As of December 31, 2017,2019, the Company did not declare any dividends. Holders of shares of Class A common stock are entitled to one1 vote per share, while holders of shares of Class B common stock are entitled to ten10 votes per share. Shares of the Company's Class B common stock are convertible into an equivalent number of shares of its Class A common stock and generally convert into shares of its Class A common stock upon transfer. Class A common stock and Class B common stock are referred to as common stock throughout these Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, unless otherwise noted. The holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock have no preemptive or other subscription rights and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions with respect to such shares.
Class A common stock and Class B common stock are referred to as "common stock" throughout these Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, unless otherwise noted. As of December 31, 2017,2019, the Company was authorized to issue 1,000,000,000 shares of Class A common stock and 500,000,000 shares of Class B common stock, each with a par value of $0.0000001
$0.0000001 per share. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had outstanding 280,400,8132019, there were 352,386,562 shares of Class A common stock and 114,793,26280,410,158 shares of Class B common stock outstanding. Options and awards granted following the Company's November 2015 initial public offering are related to underlying Class A common stock. Additionally, holders of Class B common stock are able to convert such shares into Class A common stock.
Warrants
On August 7, 2012, the Company entered into a processing agreement with Starbucks and issued warrants to purchase 15,761,575 shares of common stock that would become exercisable if certain performance conditions, specified in the agreement as subsequently amended between 2012 and 2015, were achieved. In 2015, warrants to purchase 6,304,620 shares of common stock were canceled.
On February 24, 2017, the Company and Starbucks entered into a Warrant Cancellation and Payment Agreement pursuant to which the Company paid Starbucks cash consideration of approximately $54.8 million in return for the termination of the Warrant to Purchase Stock dated August 7, 2012, as amended, that provided Starbucks with the right to purchase an aggregate of approximately 9.5 million shares of the Company’s common stock.
In conjunction with the 2022 Notes offering, the Company sold warrants whereby the Counterparties have the option to purchase a total of approximately 19.2 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at a price of $31.18 per share.
The Company received $57.2 million in cash proceeds from NaN of the sale of these warrants. See Note 9, Indebtedness, for more details on this transaction.
Aswarrants were exercised as of December 31, 2017,2019.
In conjunction with the 2023 Notes offering, the Company had outstandingsold the 2023 warrants whereby the counterparties have the option to purchase an aggregatea total of 19,172,956approximately 11.1 million shares of its capitalthe Company’s Class A common stock withat a weighted average exercise price of approximately $31.18$109.26 per share. NaN of the warrants were exercised as of December 31, 2019.
Indemnification Arrangements
During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company received 20,793 and 469,894 shares of common stock, respectively, that were forfeited back to the Company as indemnification against liabilities related to certain acquired businesses preacquisition matters. The receipt of the forfeited shares was accounted for as equity repurchases.
Conversion of 2022 Notes and Exercise of the 2022 Convertible Note Hedges
In connection with the conversion of certain of the 2022 Notes in 2018, the Company issued 7.3 million shares of Class A common stock. The Company also exercised a pro-rata portion of the 2022 convertible note hedges and received 7.2 million shares of Class A common stock from the counterparties to offset the shares issued.
Stock Plans
The Company maintains two2 share-based employee compensation plans: the 2009 Stock Option Plan (2009 Plan) and the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (2015 Plan). The 2015 Plan serves as the successor to itsthe 2009 Plan. The 2015 Plan became effective as of November 17, 2015. Outstanding awards under the 2009 Plan continue to be subject to the terms and conditions of the 2009 Plan. Since November 17, 2015, 0 additional awards have been nor will be granted in the future under the 2009 Plan.
Under the 2015 Plan, shares of shares of the Company's Class A common stock are reserved for the issuance of incentive and nonstatutory stock options (ISOs), non-statutory stock options (NSOs)(ISOs and NSOs, respectively), restricted stock awards RSUs,(RSAs), restricted stock units (RSUs), performance shares, and stock bonuses to qualified employees, directors, and consultants. The shares mayawards must be granted at a price per share not less than the fair market value at the date of grant. Initially, 30,000,000 shares were reserved under the 2015 Plan and any shares subject to options or other similar awards granted under the 2009 Plan that expire, are forfeited, are repurchased by the Company or otherwise terminate unexercised will become available under the 2015 Plan. The number of shares available for issuance under the 2015 Plan will be increased on the first day of each fiscal year, in an amount equal to the least of (i) 40,000,000 shares, (ii) 5% of the outstanding shares of the Company's common stock on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, or (iii) such number of shares determined by the administrator. As of December 31, 2017,2019, the total number of shares subject to stock options, RSAs and RSUs outstanding under the 2015 Plan was 25,971,95819,340,627 shares, and 45,785,51584,133,011 shares were available for future issuance. Under the 2009 Plan, shares of common stock are reserved for the issuance of ISOs or NSOs to eligible participants. The options may be granted at a price per share not less than the fair market value at the date of grant. Options granted generally vest over a four-year4 year term from the date of grant, at a rate of 25% after one year, then monthly on a straight-line basis thereafter. Generally, options granted are exercisable for up to 10 years from the date of grant. The Plan allows for early exercise of employee stock options whereby the option holder is allowed to exercise prior to vesting. Any unvested shares
are subject to repurchase by the Company at their original exercise prices. As of December 31, 2017,2019, the total number of options and RSUs outstanding under the 2009 Plan was 42,615,65818,196,638 shares. No additional shares will be issued under 2009 Plan, effective November 17, 2015. In January 2015, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer contributed 5,068,238 shares of common stock back to the Company for no consideration. The purpose of the contribution was to retire such shares in order to offset stock ownership dilution to existing investors in connection with future issuances under the 2009 Plan.
A summary of stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 20172019 is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share data): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Number of stock options outstanding | | Weighted
average
exercise
price | | Weighted
average
remaining
contractual
term
(in years) | | Aggregate
intrinsic
value | | Balance at December 31, 2016 | 73,261,562 |
| | $ | 7.70 |
| | 7.28 | | $ | 443,711 |
| | Granted | 1,216,959 |
| | 17.2 |
| | | | | | Exercised | (24,510,745 | ) | | 5.91 |
| | | | | | Forfeited and canceled | (2,697,685 | ) | | 11.36 |
| | | | | | Balance at December 31, 2017 | 47,270,091 |
| | $ | 8.67 |
| | 6.52 | | $ | 1,229,103 |
| | Options vested and expected to vest at | | | | | | | | | December 31, 2017 | 47,270,091 |
| | $ | 8.67 |
| | 6.52 | | $ | 1,229,103 |
| | Options exercisable at | | | | | | | | | December 31, 2017 | 44,252,865 |
| | $ | 8.37 |
| | 6.38 | | $ | 1,163,690 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Number of Stock Options Outstanding | | Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price | | Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term
(in years) | | Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value | | Balance at December 31, 2018 | 33,152,881 | | | $ | 9.52 | | | 5.45 | | $ | 1,543,793 | | | Granted | 1,184,657 | | | 72.15 | | | | | | | Exercised | (10,176,170) | | | 8.09 | | | | | | | Forfeited | (541,564) | | | 39.88 | | | | | | | Balance at December 31, 2019 | 23,619,804 | | | $ | 12.66 | | | 4.89 | | $ | 1,191,746 | | | | | | | | | | | Options exercisable as of December 31, 2019 | 22,107,017 | | | $ | 9.77 | | | 4.63 | | $ | 1,168,770 | |
Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the Company’s estimated fair value of its common stock and the exercise price of outstanding, “in-the-money” options. Aggregate intrinsic value for stock options exercised through December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 2016,was $616.3 million, $720.1 million, and 2015 was $464.1 million, $202.6 million, and $49.8 million, respectively. The total weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted was $5.97, $5.80$30.58, $16.25 and $5.87$5.97 per share for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Restricted Stock Activity
The Company issues restricted stock units (RSUs)RSAs and RSUs under the 2015 Plan, which typically vest over a term of four years.
Activity related to RSAs and RSUs during the year ended December 31, 20172019 is set forth below: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Number of
shares | | Weighted
Average Grant
Date Fair Value | | Unvested as of December 31, 2018 | 17,934,728 | | | $ | 31.34 | | | Granted | 7,028,055 | | | 70.61 | | | Vested | (8,023,399) | | | 30.19 | | | Forfeited | (3,021,923) | | | 40.25 | | | Unvested as of December 31, 2019 | 13,917,461 | | | $ | 49.90 | |
| | | | | | | | | | Number of
RSUs | | Weighted
average grant
date fair value | | Unvested at December 31, 2016 | 15,443,391 |
| | $ | 12.09 |
| | Granted | 14,256,257 |
| | 21.21 |
| | Vested | (5,964,153 | ) | | 12.83 |
| | Forfeited | (2,417,970 | ) | | 13.29 |
| | Unvested at December 31, 2017 | 21,317,525 |
| | $ | 17.84 |
|
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
On November 17, 2015, the Company’s 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) became effective. The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a discount through payroll deductions of up to 15% of their eligible compensation, (or 25% for offering periods that commence after November 1, 2019), subject to any plan limitations. The ESPP provides for 12-month offering periods. The offering periods are scheduled to start on the first trading day on or after May 15 and November 15 of each year, except for the first offering period, which commenced on November 19, 2015 and ended on November 15, 2016.year. Each offering period includes two2 purchase periods, which begin on the first trading day on or after November 15 and May 15, and ending on the last trading day on or before May 15 and November 15, respectively. Employees are able to purchase shares at 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the first trading day of the offering period or the last trading day of the purchase period. The number of shares available for sale under the ESPP will be increased annually on the first day of each fiscal year, equal to the least of (i) 8,400,000 shares, (ii) 1% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock as of the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, or (iii) such other amount as determined by the administrator.
As of December 31, 2017, 3,522,9452019, 5,022,962 shares had been purchased under the ESPP and 7,672,02214,294,425 shares were available for future issuance under the ESPP. The Company recorded $6.0$18.9 million, $9.0 million, and $5.1$6.0 million of share-based compensation expense related to the ESPP during the year ended December 31, 20172019, 2018, and 2016,2017, respectively.
Share-Based Compensation
The fair value of stock options granted was estimated using the following weighted-average assumptions: | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | | Dividend yield | — | % | | — | % | | — | % | Dividend yield | — | % | | — | % | | — | % | | Risk-free interest rate | 1.88 | % | | 1.54 | % | | 1.73 | % | Risk-free interest rate | 2.37 | % | | 2.92 | % | | 1.88 | % | | Expected volatility | 32.22 | % | | 42.74 | % | | 47.68 | % | Expected volatility | 40.48 | % | | 30.87 | % | | 32.22 | % | | Expected term (years) | 6.02 |
| | 6.08 |
| | 6.02 |
| Expected term (years) | 6.02 | | 6.19 | | 6.02 |
Effective August 31, 2015, the Company modified all of its nonstatutory stock option grants to extend the exercise term for terminated employees who have completed two years of service. During the year ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, share-based compensation expense includes $1.9 million, $2.6 million, and $3.3 million, respectively, related to the vested portion of the impacted options as a result of the modification. The Company will incur an additional $1.9 million of share-based compensation expense over the remaining vesting periods of the impacted options.
The following table summarizes the effects of share-based compensation on the Company's consolidated statements of operations (in thousands): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Cost of revenue | $ | 155 | | | $ | 97 | | | $ | 77 | | | Product development | 210,840 | | | 144,601 | | | 98,310 | | | Sales and marketing | 26,720 | | | 22,797 | | | 17,568 | | | General and administrative | 60,148 | | | 49,386 | | | 39,881 | | | Total | $ | 297,863 | | | $ | 216,881 | | | $ | 155,836 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | Cost of revenue | $ | 77 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | Product development | 98,310 |
| | 91,404 |
| | 54,738 |
| | Sales and marketing | 17,568 |
| | 14,122 |
| | 7,360 |
| | General and administrative | 39,881 |
| | 33,260 |
| | 20,194 |
| | Total | $ | 155,836 |
| | $ | 138,786 |
| | $ | 82,292 |
|
The Company recorded $18.9 million, $9.0 million, and $6.0 million of share-based compensation expense related to the Company's 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan during the year ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company capitalized $3.7$8.2 million, $9.3 million, and $2.8$3.7 million of share-based compensation expense related to capitalized software during the year ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, and 2016. There was no similar activity during the year ended December 31, 2015.respectively. As of December 31, 2017,2019, there was $423.8$687.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards that isare expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.802.73 years.
NOTE 1316 - NET LOSSINCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE
Basic net lossincome (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholdersincome (loss) by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. ForDiluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income by the year ended December 31, 2015,weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding adjusted for the dilutive effect of all potential shares of common stock. In the years when the Company reported a net loss, attributable to common stockholders includes the impact of the issuance of 10,299,696 shares of the Company's common stock to certain holders of Series E preferred stock, in the form of a deemed stock dividend of $32.2 million. Diluteddiluted loss per share is the same as basic loss per share for all years presented because the effects of potentially dilutive items were anti-dilutive given the Company’s net loss attributable to common stockholders.anti-dilutive. The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net lossincome (loss) per share (in thousands, except per share data): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Net income (loss) | $ | 375,446 | | | $ | (38,453) | | | $ | (62,813) | | | Basic shares: | | | | | | | Weighted-average common shares outstanding | 425,728 | | | 406,313 | | | 380,921 | | | Weighted-average unvested shares | (729) | | | (582) | | | (1,577) | | | Weighted-average shares used to compute basic net income (loss) per share | 424,999 | | | 405,731 | | | 379,344 | | | Diluted shares: | | | | | | | Stock options and restricted stock units | 30,602 | | | — | | | — | | | Convertible senior notes | — | | | — | | | — | | | Common stock warrants | 10,432 | | | — | | | — | | | Employee stock purchase plan | 43 | | | — | | | — | | | Weighted-average shares used to compute diluted net income (loss) per share | $ | 466,076 | | | $ | 405,731 | | | $ | 379,344 | | | | | | | | | Net income (loss) per share: | | | | | | | Basic | $ | 0.88 | | | $ | (0.09) | | | $ | (0.17) | | | Diluted | $ | 0.81 | | | $ | (0.09) | | | $ | (0.17) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | Net loss | $ | (62,813 | ) | | $ | (171,590 | ) | | $ | (179,817 | ) | | Deemed dividend on Series E preferred stock | — |
| | — |
| | (32,200 | ) | | Net loss attributable to common stockholders | $ | (62,813 | ) | | $ | (171,590 | ) | | $ | (212,017 | ) | | Basic shares: | | | | | | | Weighted-average common shares outstanding | 380,921 |
| | 344,393 |
| | 175,139 |
| | Weighted-average unvested shares | (1,577 | ) | | (2,838 | ) | | (4,641 | ) | | Weighted-average shares used to compute basic net loss per share | 379,344 |
| | 341,555 |
| | 170,498 |
| | Diluted shares: | | | | | | | Weighted-average shares used to compute diluted net loss per share | 379,344 |
| | 341,555 |
| | 170,498 |
| | | | | | | | | Loss per share attributable to common stockholders: | | | | | | | Basic | $ | (0.17 | ) | | $ | (0.50 | ) | | $ | (1.24 | ) | | Diluted | $ | (0.17 | ) | | $ | (0.50 | ) | | $ | (1.24 | ) |
Additionally, since the Company expects to settle the principal amount of its outstanding Notes in cash, the Company uses the treasury stock method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of the conversion spread on diluted net income per share, if applicable. The conversion spread will have a dilutive impact on diluted net income per share of common stock when the average market price of the Company’s common stock for a given period exceeds the conversion price of $22.95 per share for the Notes. Because the Company has reported a net loss for all periods presented, diluted loss per share is the same as basic loss per share for those periods.
The following potential common shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted net lossincome (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders because their effect would have been anti-dilutive for the periods presented (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Stock options and restricted stock units | 13,867 | | | 60,589 | | | 68,588 | | | Common stock warrants | 19,820 | | | 25,798 | | | 19,173 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Convertible senior notes | 20,305 | | | 23,820 | | | — | | | Unvested shares | 728 | | | 582 | | | 1,300 | | | Employee stock purchase plan | 165 | | | 140 | | | 157 | | | Total anti-dilutive securities | 54,885 | | | 110,929 | | | 89,218 | |
114 | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | Stock options and restricted stock units | 68,588 |
| | 88,705 |
| | 111,148 |
| | Common stock warrants | 19,173 |
| | 9,457 |
| | 9,544 |
| | Unvested shares | 1,300 |
| | 1,892 |
| | 3,420 |
| | Employee stock purchase plan | 157 |
| | 216 |
| | 172 |
| | Total anti-dilutive securities | 89,218 |
| | 100,270 |
| | 124,284 |
|
NOTE 17 - RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS In July 2019, the Company entered into a lease agreement to lease certain office space located in St. Louis, Missouri, from an affiliate of one of the Company’s co-founders and current member of its board and directors, Mr. Jim McKelvey, under an operating lease agreement as discussed in Note 18, Commitments and Contingencies. The lease commencement date is expected to be in July 2020. The term of the agreement is 15.5 years with total future minimum lease payments over the term of approximately $42.7 million. The Company has not yet recognized a right of use asset and lease obligation under this agreement as of December 31, 2019.
NOTE 1418 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Operating and CapitalFinance Leases The Company’s operating leases are primarily comprised of office facilities, with the most significant leases relating to corporate headquarters in San Francisco and an office in New York. The Company's leases have remaining lease terms of 1 year to 12 years, some of which include options to extend for 5 year terms, or include options to terminate the leases within 1 year. None of the options to extend the leases have been included in the measurement of the right of use asset or the associated lease liability.
In December 2018, the Company entered into a lease arrangement for 355,762 square feet of office space in Oakland, California for a term of 12 years with options to extend the lease term for 2 5 year terms. The lease commencement date is January 15, 2020 with total lease payments over the term of approximately $276 million. Under the terms of this lease, the Company is required to make certain payments during the construction stage of the office space, which the Company will record as a prepaid lease asset. In July 2019, the Company entered into a lease arrangement for 226,258 square feet of office space in St Louis, Missouri, with an affiliate of one of the Company’s co-founders, Mr. Jim McKelvey, who is also a Company stockholder and a member of its board of directors, for a term of 15.5 years with options to extend the lease term for 2 5 year terms. The Company also has an option to terminate the lease for up to 50% of the leased space any time between January 1, 2024 and December 31, 2026, as well as an option to terminate the lease for the entire property on January 1, 2034. Termination penalties specified in the lease agreement will apply if the Company exercises any of the options to terminate the lease. The lease commencement date is expected to be in July 2020 with total future minimum lease payments over the term of approximately $42.7 million.
Additionally, the Company has entered into various non-cancelable operatingfinance leases for certain officesdata center equipment, with contractualremaining lease periods expiring between 2018 and 2025. terms of approximately 2 years. The Company recognized total rental expenses under operating leasescomponents of $12.9 million, $11.3 million, and $12.8 million duringlease expense for the yearsyear ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.2019 were as follows (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | 2019 | | | | Fixed operating lease costs | $ | 29,422 | | | | | Variable operating lease costs | 5,737 | | | | | Short term lease costs | 2,512 | | | | | Sublease income | (3,381) | | | | | Finance lease costs | | | | | Amortization of finance right-of-use assets | 5,029 | | | | | Interest on finance lease liabilities | — | | | | | Total lease costs | $ | 39,319 | | | |
Other information related to leases was as follows:
| | | | | | | December 31,
2019 | | Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term: | | | Operating leases | 4.5 years | | Finance leases | 0.7 years | | Weighted Average Discount Rate: | | | Operating leases | 4 | % | | Finance leases | — | % |
Cash flows related to leases were as follows (in thousands): | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | 2019 | | Cash flows from operating activities: | | | Payments for operating lease liabilities | $ | 33,340 | | | Cash flows from financing activities: | | | Principal payments on finance lease obligation | $ | 5,029 | | | Supplemental Cash Flow Data: | | | Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations | $ | 40,555 | |
Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases (with initial lease terms in excess of one year) and future minimum capitalfinance lease payments as of December 31, 20172019 are as follows (in thousands): | | | | | | | | | | | | | Finance | | Operating | | Year: | | | | | 2020 | $ | 2,446 | | | $ | 42,173 | | | 2021 | — | | | 65,503 | | | 2022 | — | | | 68,106 | | | 2023 | — | | | 62,847 | | | 2024 | — | | | 43,058 | | | Thereafter | — | | | 253,091 | | | Total | $ | 2,446 | | | $ | 534,778 | | | Less: amount representing interest | — | | | 13,494 | | | Less: leases executed but not yet commenced | — | | | 383,669 | | | Less: lease incentives and transfer to held for sale | — | | | 1,510 | | | Total | $ | 2,446 | | | $ | 136,105 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | Capital | | Operating | | Year: | | | | | 2018 | $ | 2,656 |
| | $ | 18,740 |
| | 2019 | 2,540 |
| | 17,438 |
| | 2020 | 1,265 |
| | 17,374 |
| | 2021 | 35 |
| | 16,968 |
| | 2022 | — |
| | 16,987 |
| | Thereafter | — |
| | 19,383 |
| | Total | $ | 6,496 |
| | $ | 106,890 |
| | Less amount representing interest | (14 | ) | | | | Present value of capital lease obligations | 6,482 |
| | | | Less current portion of capital lease obligation | (2,650 | ) | | | | Non-current portion of capital lease obligation | $ | 3,832 |
| | |
The current portion of the finance lease liability is included within other current liabilities while the non-current portion is included within other non-current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The associated finance lease assets are included in property and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets.
The Company recognized total rental expenses for operating leases of $32.5 million, $23.3 million, and $12.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Litigation
The Company is currently a party to, and may in the future be involved in, various litigation matters, (including intellectual property litigation), legal claims, and government investigations.
The Company was involved in a class action lawsuit concerning independent contractors in connection with the Company’s Caviar business. On March 19, 2015, Jeffry Levin, on behalf of a putative nationwide class, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California against the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Caviar, Inc., which, as amended, alleged that Caviar misclassified Mr. Levin and other similarly situated couriers as independent contractors and, in doing so, violated various provisions of the California Labor Code and California Business and Professions Code by requiring them to pay various business expenses that should have been borne by Caviar. The Court compelled arbitration of Mr. Levin’s individual claims on November 16, 2015 and dismissed the lawsuit in its entirety with prejudice on May 2, 2016. On June 1, 2016, Mr. Levin filed a Notice of Appeal of the Court’s order compelling arbitration with the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Mr. Levin filed his opening appellate brief regarding the order compelling arbitration of his individual claims on October 7, 2016. The Company filed its answering brief on December 7, 2016, and Mr. Levin filed his reply on December 21, 2016. No hearing date was set. Mr. Levin also sought an award of penalties pursuant to the Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 (PAGA). The parties stipulated that Mr. Levin would no longer pursue this PAGA claim but that it may instead be pursued by a different courier. Subsequently, couriers Nadezhda Rosen and La’Dell Brewster filed a new PAGA-only claim in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of San Francisco (Superior Court) on November 7, 2016. Plaintiffs claimed that Caviar misclassified its couriers as independent contractors resulting in numerous violations of the California Labor Code, pursuant to which plaintiffs sought statutory penalties for those violations.In February 2017, the Company participated in a mediation with the parties in these Caviar misclassification suits to explore resolution of the matters at hand. After continued negotiation, the parties reached a global settlement of these suits, which has been confirmed. As a result, the Levin and Rosen lawsuits were dismissed with prejudice in their respective courts on January 24, 2018 and January 18, 2018, respectively.
The Company has received a Notice of Tax Audit Deficiency (“Notice”) from the Office of the Treasurer & Tax Collector of the City and County of San Francisco (“Tax Collector”),(Tax Collector) has issued decisions for fiscal years 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2015, informing the Company2017 that the Tax Collector believes the Company’s primary business activity is financial services rather than information, services, and accordingly, the Company would be liable for the Gross Receipts Tax and Payroll Expense Tax under the rules for financial services business activities. The demand NoticeWe are required to pay tax assessments prior to contesting any such assessments. This requirement is for an immaterial amount andcommonly referred to as “pay-to-play.” In connection with the tax audits, the Company is challengingpaid an additional $1.3 million for fiscal years 2014 and 2015 in the Noticefirst quarter of 2018, and an additional $8.4 million for fiscal years 2016 and 2017 in the fourth quarter of 2019, as assessed by the Tax Collector, even though the
Company strongly disagrees with the Tax Collector’s assessment of the Company’s primary business activity. The Company believes its position has merit and intends to vigorously defend its position, which it believes has merit. Shouldpursue all available remedies. On September 6, 2019, the Company filed a lawsuit against the Tax Collector prevail,and the City and County of San Francisco in San Francisco County Superior Court for a refund of the additional amount of $1.3 million paid for the fiscal years of 2014 and 2015. The Company has filed a petition for redetermination with respect to the fiscal years 2016 and 2017. While the Company believes it has strong arguments, there is no assurance that courts will rule in the Company’s favor. Should the Company not reach a settlement or prevail in its legal challenge against the application of San Francisco’s Gross Receipts Tax to its business, the Company estimates that it could incur losses associated with taxes, interest, and penalties that range from approximately $0 to $63 million in the aggregate for the fiscal years 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019, over and above the taxes the Company has already paid under the information classification. Additional taxes, interest, and penalties for future periods could be obligated to pay additional taxes together with any associated penalties and interest for subsequent years that together, in aggregate, could be material.material as well. The Company is currently unableregularly assesses the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from tax disputes such as this and examinations for all open years to estimatedetermine the rangenecessity and adequacy of any tax reserves. Given the uncertainty of the possible loss givenoutcome, the uncertainties associatedCompany has not recorded reserves for the exposure related to the dispute with this matter, including uncertainties about the Tax Collector’s rationale for its position and about the amounts that may ultimately be subject to such taxes.Collector on San Francisco’s Gross Receipts Tax.
In addition, from time to time, the Company is involved in various other litigation matters and disputes arising in the ordinary course of business. The Companycannot at this time fairly estimate a reasonable range of exposure, if any, of the potential liability with respect to these other matters. While the Company does not believe, at this time, that any ultimate liability resulting from any of these other matters will have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations, financial position, or liquidity, the Company cannot give any assurance regarding the ultimate outcome of these other matters, and their resolution could be material to the Company's operating results for any particular period.
NOTE 1519 - SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (CODM) for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. The Company’s CODM is the chief executive officer who reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. As such, the Company’s operations constitute a single operating segment and one1 reportable segment. Revenue Revenue by geography is based on the billing addresses of the merchants.sellers or customers. The following table sets forth revenue by geographic area (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Revenue | | | | | | | United States | $ | 4,472,473 | | | $ | 3,138,859 | | | $ | 2,120,088 | | | International | 241,027 | | | 159,318 | | | 94,165 | | | Total net revenue | $ | 4,713,500 | | | $ | 3,298,177 | | | $ | 2,214,253 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | Revenue | | | | | | | United States | $ | 2,120,088 |
| | $ | 1,643,852 |
| | $ | 1,224,566 |
| | International | 94,165 |
| | 64,869 |
| | 42,552 |
| | Total net revenue | $ | 2,214,253 |
| | $ | 1,708,721 |
| | $ | 1,267,118 |
|
No individual country from the international markets contributed in excess of 10% of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016,2019, 2018, and 2015.2017.
Long-Lived Assets
The following table sets forth long-lived assets by geographic area (in thousands): | | | | | | | | | | | | | December 31, | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | Long-lived assets | | | | | United States | $ | 586,702 | | | $ | 471,970 | | | International | 11,064 | | | 9,239 | | | Total long-lived assets | $ | 597,766 | | | $ | 481,209 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | December 31, | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | Long-lived assets | | | | | United States | $ | 158,820 |
| | $ | 162,118 |
| | International | 5,337 |
| | 2,675 |
| | Total long-lived assets | $ | 164,157 |
| | $ | 164,793 |
|
NOTE 1620 - SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
The supplemental disclosures of cash flow information consist of the following (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Supplemental Cash Flow Data: | | | | | | | Cash paid for interest | $ | 5,677 | | | $ | 4,125 | | | $ | 1,374 | | | Cash paid for income taxes | 2,744 | | | 1,622 | | | 1,254 | | | Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities: | | | | | | | Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations | 40,555 | | | — | | | — | | | Change in purchases of property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued expenses | (419) | | | 15,067 | | | 143 | | | Unpaid business combination purchase price | 8,411 | | | 3,995 | | | 2,115 | | | Non-cash proceeds from sale of asset group | 100,000 | | | — | | | — | | | Fair value of common stock issued related to business combination | — | | | (140,107) | | | — | | | Recovery of common stock in connection with indemnification settlement agreement | 789 | | | 2,745 | | | — | | | Fair value of common stock issued to settle the conversion of senior notes, due 2022 | — | | | (571,408) | | | — | | | Fair value of shares received to settle senior note hedges, due 2022 | — | | | 544,276 | | | — | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | Supplemental Cash Flow Data: | | | | | | | Cash paid for interest | $ | 1,374 |
| | $ | 570 |
| | $ | 981 |
| | Cash paid for income taxes | 1,254 |
| | 395 |
| | 1,916 |
| | Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities: | | | | | | | Change in purchases of property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued expenses | 143 |
| | 2,554 |
| | 5,593 |
| | Unpaid business acquisition purchase price | 2,115 |
| | 240 |
| | — |
| | Conversion of Series A, B, C, D & E preferred stock upon initial public offering to common stock | — |
| | — |
| | 544,897 |
| | Unpaid offering costs related to initial public offering | — |
| | — |
| | 5,530 |
| | Deemed dividend on Series E preferred stock | — |
| | — |
| | 32,200 |
| | Fair value of shares issued related to acquisitions | — |
| | — |
| | 35,776 |
|
Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2017,2019, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 20172019 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Our management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria established in “Internal Control - Integrated Framework” (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on that assessment, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017.2019. The effectiveness of the Company’sour internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 20172019 has been audited by KPMGErnst & Young, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.
Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required by this item will be set forthincluded under the captions "Board of Directors and Corporate Governance" and "Executive Officers" in our definitive proxy statementProxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later thanSEC within 120 days afterof the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 20172019 (Proxy Statement) and is incorporated herein by reference. The information required by this item regarding delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K will be included under the caption "—Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" in connection with our 2018 annual meeting of stockholders (thethe Proxy Statement),Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by this item will be set forthincluded under the captions "Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Director Compensation," "Executive Compensation," and "Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation" in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required by this item will be set forthincluded under the captions "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" and "Equity Compensation Plan Information" in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by this item will be set forthincluded under the captions "Certain Relationships, Related Party and Other Transactions" and "Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Director Independence" in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES The information required by this item will be set forthincluded under the caption "Ratification Of Appointment Of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV Item 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) The following documents are filed as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: (1)Consolidated Financial Statements:
Our Consolidated Financial Statements are listed in the “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” under Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (2)Financial Statement Schedules:
Schedules not listed above have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable or is shown in the financial statements or notes herein. (3)Exhibits
The documents listed in the following Exhibit Index of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are incorporated by reference or are filed with this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in each case as indicated therein (numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K):
EXHIBIT INDEX | | | | | | | | | | | | Incorporated by Reference | | Exhibit Number | | Description | Form | File No. | Exhibit | Filing Date | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 3.1 | November 24, 2015 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 3.1 | November 3, 2017 | | | | S-1/A | 333-207411 | 4.1 | November 6, 2015 | | | | S-1 | 333-207411 | 4.2 | October 14, 2015 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 4.1 | March 6, 2017 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 4.2 | March 6, 2017 | | | | S-1/A | 333-207411 | 10.1 | November 6, 2015 | | | | 10-Q | 001-37622 | 10.1 | August 2, 2017 | | | | 10-K | 001-37622 | 10.3 | March 10, 2016 | | | | S-1 | 333-207411 | 10.4 | October 14, 2015 | | | | S-1 | 333-207411 | 10.5 | October 14, 2015 | | | | 10-K | 001-37622 | 10.6 | February 24, 2017 | | | | S-1 | 333-207411 | 10.7 | October 14, 2015 | | | | 10-K | 001-37622 | 10.8 | March 10, 2016 | | | | S-1/A | 333-207411 | 10.9 | November 6, 2015 | | | | S-1/A | 333-207411 | 10.11 | November 6, 2015 | | | | S-1/A | 333-207411 | 10.12 | November 6, 2015 | | | | 10-K | 001-37622 | 10.13 | February 24, 2017 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Incorporated by Reference | | | | | Exhibit Number | | Description | Form | File No. | Exhibit | Filing Date | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 2.1 | April 26, 2018 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 3.1 | November 24, 2015 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 3.1 | November 3, 2017 | | | | S-1/A | 333-207411 | 4.1 | November 6, 2015 | | | | S-1 | 333-207411 | 4.2 | October 14, 2015 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 4.1 | March 6, 2017 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 4.2 | March 6, 2017 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 4.1 | May 25, 2018 | | 4.6 | | Form of 0.50% Convertible Senior Note due 2023 (included in Exhibit 4.5). | 8-K | 001-37622 | 4.2 | May 25, 2018 | | | | | | | | | | | S-1/A | 333-207411 | 10.1 | November 6, 2015 | | | | 10-Q | 001-37622 | 10.1 | August 2, 2017 | | | | 10-Q | 001-37622 | 10.1 | August 1, 2019 | | | | S-1 | 333-207411 | 10.4 | October 14, 2015 | | | | S-1 | 333-207411 | 10.5 | October 14, 2015 | | | | 10-K | 001-37622 | 10.6 | February 27, 2019 | | | | S-1 | 333-207411 | 10.7 | October 14, 2015 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 10.1 | January 31, 2020 | | | | 10-K | 001-37622 | 10.8 | | March 10, 2016 | | | | S-1/A | 333-207411 | 10.12 | November 6, 2015 | | | | 10-Q | 001-37622 | 10.6 | May 4, 2017 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 10.1 | January 4, 2019 | | | Office Lease by and between the Registrant and Hudson 1455 Market, LLC, dated as of October 17, 2012, as amended on March 22, 2013, January 22, 2014, June 6, 2014, February 1, 2015, April 27, 2015, June 18, 2015, October 5, 2016, and October 6, 2016. | 10-Q | 001-37622 | 10.7 | May 4, 2017 | | | | 10-K | 001-37622 | 10.15 | February 27, 2018 | | | | 10-Q | 001-37622 | 10.5 | August 1, 2018 | | | | 10-Q | 001-37622 | 10.6 | August 1, 2018 | | | | S-1/A | 333-207411 | 10.14 | November 6, 2015 | | | | S-1/A | 333-207411 | 10.14A | November 16, 2015 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 10.1 | February 27, 2017 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 10.1 | May 21, 2018 | | | | S-1 | 333-207411 | 10.15 | October 14, 2015 | | | | S-1 | 333-207411 | 10.16 | October 14, 2015 | | | | S-1 | 333-207411 | 10.17 | October 14, 2015 | | | | 10-K | 001-37622 | 10.23 | February 27, 2019 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 10.2 | March 6, 2017 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 10.3 | March 6, 2017 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 10.2 | | May 25, 2018 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 10.3 | | May 25, 2018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 10-Q | 001-37622 | 10.6 | May 4, 2017 | | | Office Lease by and between the Registrant and Hudson 1455 Market, LLC, dated as of October 17, 2012, as amended on March 22, 2013, January 22, 2014, June 6, 2014, February 1, 2015, April 27, 2015, June 18, 2015, October 5, 2016, and October 6, 2016. | 10-Q | 001-37622 | 10.7 | May 4, 2017 | | | | | | | | | | | S-1/A | 333-207411 | 10.14 | November 6, 2015 | | | | S-1/A | 333-207411 | 10.14A | November 16, 2015 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 10.1 | February 27, 2017 | | | | S-1 | 333-207411 | 10.15 | October 14, 2015 | | | | S-1 | 333-207411 | 10.16 | October 14, 2015 | | | | S-1 | 333-207411 | 10.17 | October 14, 2015 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 10.1 | February 24, 2017 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 10.1 | March 6, 2017 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 10.2 | March 6, 2017 | | | | 8-K | 001-37622 | 10.3 | March 6, 2017 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 101.INS | | XBRL Instance Document. | | | | | | 101.SCH | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. | | | | | | 101.CAL | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. | | | | | | 101.DEF | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. | | | | | | 101.LAB | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document. | | | | | | 101.PRE | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. | | | | |
____________________
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | Indicates management contract or compensatory plan. |
| | | | | #101.INS | The Registrant has omitted portions of | | XBRL Instance Document – the relevant exhibit and filed such exhibit separately withinstance document does not appear in the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to a request for confidential treatment under Rule 406 ofInteractive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.Inline XBRL document.. |
| | | | †101.SCH | The certifications attached | | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. | | | | | | 101.CAL | | | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. | | | | | | 101.DEF | | | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. | | | | | | 101.LAB | | | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document. | | | | | | 101.PRE | | | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. | | | | | | 104 | | | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Exhibit 32.1 that accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K are deemed furnishedInline XBRL and not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.Exhibit 101). | | | | |
____________________
+Indicates management contract or compensatory plan. # The Registrant has omitted portions of the relevant exhibit and filed such exhibit separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to a request for confidential treatment under Rule 406 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. † The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 that accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K are deemed furnished and not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.
Item 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY None.
SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Date: February 27, 201826, 2020 SQUARE, INC. By: /s/ Jack Dorsey Jack Dorsey President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chairman
POWER OF ATTORNEY
Each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Jack Dorsey, Sarah FriarAmrita Ahuja and Hillary Smith,Sivan Whiteley, and each of them, as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully for all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their, his or her substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:
| | | | | | | | | | Signature | Title | Date | | /s/ Jack Dorsey | President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chairman (Principal Executive Officer) | February 27, 201826, 2020 | | Jack Dorsey | | | /s/ Sarah FriarAmrita Ahuja | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) | February 27, 201826, 2020 | Sarah FriarAmrita Ahuja | | | | /s/ Ajmere Dale | Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) | February 27, 201826, 2020 | | Ajmere Dale | | | | /s/ Roelof Botha | Director | February 27, 201826, 2020 | | Roelof Botha | | | | /s/ Amy Brooks | Director | February 26, 2020 | | Amy Brooks | | | | /s/ Paul Deighton | Director | February 27, 201826, 2020 | | Paul Deighton | | | | /s/ Randy Garutti | Director | February 27, 201826, 2020 | | Randy Garutti | | | | /s/ Jim McKelvey | Director | February 27, 201826, 2020 | | Jim McKelvey | | | | /s/ Mary Meeker | Director | February 27, 201826, 2020 | | Mary Meeker | | | | /s/ Anna Patterson | Director | February 27, 201826, 2020 | | Anna Patterson | | | | /s/ Naveen Rao | Director | February 27, 201826, 2020 | | Naveen Rao | | | /s/ Ruth Simmons | Director | February 27, 2018 | Ruth Simmons | | /s/ Lawrence Summers | Director | February 27, 201826, 2020 | | Lawrence Summers | | | | /s/ David Viniar | Director | February 27, 201826, 2020 | | David Viniar | | |
|
