UNITED STATES

 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C.  20549

AMENDMENT No 1 TO FORM 10-K ON FORM 10-K/A

(X)   ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ending December 31, 20212022

(  )    TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from______to______

Commission File Number: 0-3024

NUVERA COMMUNICATIONS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Minnesota                                                        41-0440990

(State or other jurisdiction of                                       (I.R.S.

27 North Minnesota Street

New Ulm, Minnesota 56073

(Address of principal executive offices)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code:  (507) 354-4111

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12 (g) of the Act: 

Title of each class                                                      Trading Symbol                            Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock - $1.66 par value                                     NUVR                                                                   OTCQB Marketplace

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes  ☐   No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.  Yes  ☐ No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes  ☒  No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  ☒  No  ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “non-accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. ☐  Large accelerated filer  ☒☐  Accelerated filer  ☐☒  Non-accelerated filer  ☒  Smaller reporting company  ☐  Emerging growth company ☐    

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐     

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes  ☐  No  ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:  None.

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common stock was sold, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter was $101,073,100.$76,536,362. This calculation is based upon the closing price of $23.50$18.63 of the stock on June 30, 2021,2022, as quoted on the OTCQB Marketplace. Without asserting that any director or executive officer of the registrant, or person owning 5% or more of the registrant’s common stock, is an affiliate, the shares of which they are the beneficial owners have been deemed to be owned by affiliates solely for this calculation.

As of March 16, 2022,2023, the registrant had 5,060,0535,093,213 shares of common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the 20222023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 26, 202225, 2023 are incorporated herein by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. Such proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.2022.

Note to Amendment No. 1 to Form 10-K on Form 10-K/A.

On March 16, 2023, Nuvera Communications, Inc. filed its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. After filing, the Company discovered that the filing did not show a conformed opinion on the audited financial statements from the independent registered public accounting firm. The Company is filing this Amendment No. 1 to Form 10-K on Form 10-K/A to include the conformed signature, correct the location of Item 15 Exhibits and Financial Statements Schedule and the Signature page. The Company also has made a few substantive changes in this Amendment No. 1 to Form 10-K on Form 10-K/A to the original Form 10-K filing.

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NOTE ABOUT FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) encourages companies to disclose forward-looking information so that investors can better understand a company’s future prospects and make informed investment decisions. Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including those relating to the impact on future revenue sources, pending and future regulatory orders, continued expansion of the fiber communications network and expected changes in the sources of our revenue and cost structure resulting from our entrance into new communications markets, are forward-looking statements and are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements reflect, among other things, our current expectations, plans and strategies, and anticipated financial results. These forward-looking statements reflect, among other things, our current expectations, plans, strategies, and anticipated financial results. There are a number of risks, uncertainties and conditions that may cause ourthe actual results of Nuvera Communications, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“Nuvera,” the “Company,” “we” or “our” or “us”) to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Many of these circumstances are beyond our ability to control or predict. Moreover, forward-looking statements necessarily involve assumptions on our part. These forward-looking statements generally are identified by the words “believes,“believe,” “expects,“expect,” “anticipates,“anticipate,” “estimates,“estimate,” “projects,“project,” “intends,“intend,” “plans,“plan,” “should” “may,” “will,” “would,” “seeks,” “targets,” “continues,” “should,” “will be,” “will continue,” or similar expressions. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, performance or achievements of Nuvera Communications, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“Nuvera,” the “Company,” “we” or “our” or “us”) to be different from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties may include, but are not limited to: i) unfavorable general economic conditions that could negatively affect our operating results; ii) substantial regulatory change and increased competition; iii) our possible pursuit of acquisitions could be expensive or not successful; iv) we may not accurately predict technological trends or the success of new products; v) shifts in our product mix may result in declines in our operating profitability; vi) possible consolidation among our customers; vii) a failure in our operational systems or infrastructure could affect our operations; viii) data security breaches; ix) possible replacement of key personnel; x) elimination of governmental network support we receive; xi) our current debt structure may change due to increases in interest rates or our ability to comply with lender loan covenants and xii) possible customer payment defaults. For these forward-looking statements, we claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in federal securities laws. Shareholders and the investing public should understand that these forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties which could affect our actual results and cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements that appear throughout this report. Furthermore, these statements speak only as of the date they are made. Except as required under federal securities laws or the rules and regulations of the SEC, we disclaim any intention or obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements. Undue reliance should not be placed on forward-looking statements. 

Website Access to SEC Reports

Our website at www.nuvera.net provides information about our products and services, along with general information about Nuvera and its management and financial results. Copies of our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, can be obtained, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practical after these reports are electronically filed or furnished to the SEC. To obtain this information, visit our website noted above and select “About Us – Investors” to view Nuvera SEC filings,” or call (844) 354-4111. The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding public companies, including Nuvera Communications, Inc. Any reports filed with the SEC may also be obtained from the SEC’s Reference Room at 100F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549.

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Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

Our Board of Directors (BOD) has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that is applicable to all directors, the chief executive officer (CEO), chief financial officer (CFO) and to all other employees of Nuvera. All employees of Nuvera have undergone training on this Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. The information required by Item 406 of Regulation S-K is contained under “Code of Business Conduct” in the definitive proxy statement (2022(2023 Proxy Statement) and is incorporated by reference. Our BOD has also adopted written charters for its committees that comply with the NASDAQ Global Select Market. Copies of the committee charters are available on our website above or by contacting us at (844) 354-4111.  

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PART I

Item 1.   Business

Company Overview and History

Nuvera is a diversified communications company headquartered in New Ulm, Minnesota with more than 116117 years of experience in the communications business. We operate in one principal business segment: the Communications Segment.

Our principal line of business is the operation of seven communications companies. Our original business was founded in 1905 and consisted of the operation of a single communications company (New Ulm Rural Telephone Company). In 1984, we changed our name to New Ulm Telecom, Inc. In 1986, we acquired Western Telephone Company (WTC). In 1993, we acquired Peoples Telephone Company (PTC). In 2008, we acquired Hutchinson Telephone Company (HTC). In 2012, we acquired Sleepy Eye Telephone Company (SETC). In 2018, we acquired Scott-Rice Telephone Co. (Scott-Rice). Our businesses consist of connecting customers to our advanced fiber communications network, providing managed services, switched service and dedicated private lines, connecting customers to long distance service providers and providing many other services associated with our businesses. Our businesses also provide Internet protocol television (IPTV), cable television services (CATV), Internet access services, including high-speed broadband access, and long distance service. We also install and maintain communications systems to the areas in and around our service territories in southern Minnesota and northern Iowa. In 2008 we acquired Hutchinson Telecommunications, Inc. This company operates in and around the city of Litchfield, Minnesota and operates under less regulatory oversight than our other communications companies. In 2010, we acquired the cable TV system in the city of Glencoe and operate Glencoe under the Hutchinson Telecommunications, Inc. communications company. This company offers the same services as our other communications companies. In 2000, we changed our marketing name to NU-Telecom and operated under that name in our markets. In 2018, we changed our marketing name to Nuvera and currently operate under that name in our markets.

We are closely monitoring the impact on our business of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. For a discussion of the risks related to COVID-19, refer to Part I – Item 1A – “Risk Factors” and Part II – Item 7 – “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”.

Recent Business Development

On December 15, 2021, the Company announced plans to build and deploy gigabit-speed (Gig or Gbps) fiber internetInternet across its network creating crucial access to the fastest speeds available for rural communities, small cities and suburban areas across Minnesota. “This is a transformational moment for Nuvera as we make a future-focused investment in the communities we serve by providing the most reliable fiber-to-the-premise (FTTP) access to Gig-speed services,” said Glenn Zerbe, CEO. “Our homes, businesses and communities need reliable and affordable connections to school, workplaces and entertainment, as an important and growing part of everyday life.” “Nuvera’s investment in fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) network infrastructure will allow more underserved communities across Minnesota to leverage the quality of life and economic opportunity that access to a state-of-the-art network provides now and for years to come.come,” said State Sen.Senator Nick Frentz, DFL-North Mankato. Nuvera’s Gig-speed end-to-end fiber network is building and rolling out now. Service will be available for thousands of customers in 2022. The company will continue to build and deploy the Gig-speed service over the next few years. “We’re excited to create ‘Nuvera Gig Cities’ in the communities we serve while also expanding access to fiber-based internetInternet service at a range of speeds,” said Zerbe. “Nuvera’s fiber network gives customers affordable access to a range of speeds from 100 MbpsMegabits per second (Mbps) to 1 Gig at prices that are the same whether you’re in rural Goodhue or suburban Prior Lake.”

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While Nuvera’s goal is to bring Gig-speed service to as many communities as possible, the initial buildout will focus on the following cities and surrounding communities:

●         ●  New Ulm

●         ●  Hutchinson

●         ●  Glencoe

●         ●  Goodhue

●         ●  Litchfield

●          ●         Redwood Falls

●         ●  Prior Lake

●          ●         Elko New Market

●         ●  Savage

●          ●         Sleepy Eye

●         ●  Springfield

●          ●         Aurelia, IA

Nuvera’s fiber internetInternet prices range from $50 per month to $125 per month for Gig-speed services. Customers can choose the right speed at an affordable price, including low-income households through Federal programs.

Our operations are currently conducted throughThe Communications Segment operates the following subsidiaries:communications companies and has investment ownership interests as follows:

Communications Segment

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We report the business operations of our seven communications companies and their associated services as a single segment that we refer to as the Communications Segment. 

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The Communications Segment operates the following communications companies: Nuvera, HTC, PTC, Scott-Rice, SETC, WTC Litchfield and Glencoe,Litchfield, Minnesota. Nuvera, HTC, Scott-Rice, SETC, WTC Litchfield and GlencoeLitchfield are independent communications companies that are regulated by the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission at the state level, while PTC is an independent communications company that is regulated by the Iowa Utilities Board at the state level. Our communications companycompanies located in Redwood Falls and Litchfield and Glencoe isare currently not under the same level of regulatory oversight as our other communications companies. As of December 31, 20212022 we served 32,52032,675 broadband connections and 17,21615,426 access lines in the Minnesota communities of Bellechester, Courtland, Elko, Evan, Goodhue, Hanska, Hutchinson, Klossner, Litchfield, Mazeppa, Elko New Market, New Ulm, Prior Lake, Redwood Falls, Sanborn, Savage, Searles, Sleepy Eye, Springfield and White Rock, as well as the adjacent rural areas of Blue Earth, Brown, Goodhue, McLeod, Meeker, Nicollet, Redwood, Rice, Scott and Wabasha counties in south central Minnesota. We also serve the community of Aurelia, Iowa as well as the adjacent rural areas surrounding Aurelia. The Communications Segment also operates multiple IPTV and CATV systems in Minnesota (including the cities of Cologne, Courtland, Elko, Glencoe, Goodhue, Hanska, Hutchinson, Litchfield, Mayer, Elko New Market, New Germany, New Ulm, Plato, Prior Lake, Redwood Falls, Sanborn, Savage, Sleepy Eye and Springfield) and one IPTV system in Aurelia, Iowa. These systems serve 10,1729,099 customers. 

The Communications Segment derives its principal revenues from (i) voice service charges to its residential and business subscribers, (ii) access charges to Interexchange Carriers (IXCs) for providing the carriers access to our local phone networks and (iii) the provisioning of video and data services.

None of our communications companies are dependent upon any single customer or small group of customers. No single customer accounted for 10% or more of our consolidated revenues in any of the last two years.

We provide a variety of business communication services to small, medium and large business customers, including many services over our advanced fiber-optic (fiber) network. The services we offer include scalable high speed broadband Internet access and voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) phone services, which range from basic service plans to virtual hosted systems. Our hosted VoIP package utilizes our soft switching technology and enables our customers to have the flexibility of employing new telephone advances and features without investing in a new telephone system. This package bundlesincludes voice service, calling features, IP business telephones and unified messaging, which integrates multiple technologies into a single system and allows the customer to receive and listen to voice messages through e-mail. 

In addition to Internet and VoIP services, we also offer a variety of commercial data connectivity services in select markets including private line and Ethernet services to provide high bandwidth across point-to-point and multiple site networks.

We receive the majority of our revenues through the following sources:

Voice Service – We receive recurring revenue for basic voice services that enable end-user customers to make and receive telephone calls within a defined local calling area for a flat monthly fee. In addition to subscribing to basic local telephone services, our customers may choose from multiple voice service plans with a variety of custom calling features such as call waiting, call forwarding, caller identification and voicemail. Our VoIP digital phone service is also available as an alternative to the traditional telephone line.   

Network Access – We provide access services to other communications carriers for the use of our facilities to terminate or originate long distance calls on our fiber network. Additionally, we bill monthly subscriber line charges (SLCs) to substantially all of our customers for access to the public switched network. These monthly SLCs are regulated and approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). In addition, network access revenue is derived from several federally administered pooling arrangements designed to provide support and distribute funding to us.

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Video Service – We provide a variety of enhanced video services on a monthly recurring basis to our customers. Depending on geographical market availability, our video services range from limited basic service to advanced digital TV, which includes several plans each with hundreds of local, national music channels including premium and pay-per-view channels as well as video-on-demand service. Certain customers may also subscribe to our advanced video services, which consist of high-definition (HD) TV, digital video recorders (DVR) and Whole Home DVR. Our Whole Home DVR allows customers the ability to watch recorded shows on any TV in the house, record multiple shows at one time and utilize an intuitive on-screen guide and user interface. Video subscribers also have access to our TV Everywhere service which allows subscriber access to full episodes of available shows, movies and live screens using a computer or mobile device. We also receive monthly recurring revenue from our subscribers for providing commercial TV programming in competition with local CATV, satellite dish TV and off-air TV service providers. We serve twenty-two communities with our IPTV services and five communities with our CATV services.

Data Service – We provide high speed Internet to business and residential customers depending on the nature of the network facilities that are available, the level of service selected and the location. Our revenue is earned based on the offering of various flat rate packages based on the level of service, data speeds and features. We also provide e-mail and managed services, such as web hosting and design, on-line file back up and on-line file storage.  

Alternative Connect America Cost Model (A-Cam)/Federal Universal Service Fund (FUSF) – The Company currently receives funding based on the A-CAM, with the exception of Scott-Rice, which receives funding from the FUSF. Scott-Rice’s settlements from the National Exchange Carriers Association (NECA) pools are based on nationwide average schedules, which includes the pooling and redistribution of revenues based on a company’s actual or average costs. See below for a discussion regarding A-CAM and FUSF.

Other – Our customers are billed for toll and long-distance services on either a per call or flat-rate basis. This also includes the offering of directory assistance, operator service and long distance private lines. We also generate revenue from directory publishing through an outside vendor, sales and service of customer premise equipment (CPE), bill processing and other customer services. Our directory publishing revenue in our telephone directories recurs monthly. We also provide retail sales and service of cellular phones and accessories through Telespire, a national wireless provider. We resell these wireless services as Nuvera Wireless, our branded product. We receive both recurring revenue for our wireless services, as well as revenue collected for the sale of wireless phones and accessories. 

StrategySales and Marketing

The key components of our overall marketing strategy include:

●Positioning ourselves as a single point of contact for our customers’ communications needs;

●Providing customers with a broad array of data, voice and communications solutions;

●Identifying and broadening commercial customer needs by developing solutions and providing integrated service offerings;

●Offering digital self-service tools and apps including an enhanced website, automated consumer online orders, appointment reminders, robust wireless home networking (Wi-Fi) apps, user guides and troubleshooting tools and videos;

●Providing excellent customer service, including centralized customer support to coordinate installation of new services, repair and maintenance functions and creating more self-service tools through our online customer portal;

●Developing and delivering new services to meet evolving customer needs and market demands; and

●Leveraging our local presence and strong reputation across our market areas.

We currently offer our services through customer service call centers, our website and commissioned sales representatives.  Our visioncustomer service call centers and dedicated sales teams serve as the primary sales channels for consumer, commercial and carrier services.  Our sales efforts are supported by digital media, direct mail, bill inserts, radio, TV and Internet advertising, public relations activities, community events and customer promotions. We sell our Gig consumer fiber broadband service through our fiber network, which we launched in late 2021 in select markets.  

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In addition to our customer service call centers, customers can contact us through our website, online chat and social media channels. Our online customer portal enables customers to pay their bills, manage their accounts, order new services and utilize self-service help and support. Our priority is to transformcontinue enhancing our comprehensive customer care system in order to produce a high level of customer satisfaction and loyalty, which is important to our ability to reduce churn and generate recurring revenues.

Business Strategies

Transform our Company into a dominate fiber Gigdominant fiber; gig broadband provider. provider

On December 15, 2021, the Company announced plans to build and deploy Gig-speed fiber internetInternet across its network creating crucial access to the fastest speeds available for rural communities, small cities and suburban areas across Minnesota. The five-year build plan, which began in late 2021, will when complete, include approximately 69,00060,000 location passings to fiber enabling Gig-capable services by 2025. In 2022, we plan to upgrade more than 8,000upgraded 11,133 locations with fiber services and faster broadband speeds.speeds and plan to upgrade more than 17,000 locations in 2023. This marks the biggest fiber deployment project in our Company’s history. In addition, to best-in-class upload and download speeds, we believe the resulting fiber network will offer better reliability, improved speed consistency, and a lower operating cost relative to competing broadband network technologies. Given these benefits, we believe that our fiber deployment strategy will allow us to realize meaningful improvements to our operating results, broadband subscriber penetration and customer retention.  

We believe our customers place a value on the fact that we are a local company whose goal is to meet their total communications needs. The success of this vision depends on the following strategies:

●      We have and will continue to upgrade our fiber networks through our five-year build plan and enhance our products and services to take advantage of the latest technology including advanced high-bandwidth capabilities and services, expansion of our fiber network for wholesale and retail customers, Fiber-to-the-Tower services for wireless carriers and last mile fiber builds to residential and business customers. We intend to continue to introduce new services that draw upon our core competencies and we believe are attractive to our target customers. In considering new services and market expansion, we look for market opportunities that we believe present growth opportunities.

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●      As consumer demands for bandwidth continue to increase, our focus is on enhancing our broadband services, and progressively increasing broadband speeds. We began an extensive FTTP overbuild in portions of New Ulm in 2021.2021 and all of our service territories in 2022. We currently offer speeds of up to 1 Gbps in select areas where fiber is available, and up to 100 Megabits per second (Mbps)Mbps and 60 Mbps in areas where 1 Gbps is not yet available. As we continue to increase broadband speeds, we are also able to simultaneously expand the array of services and content offerings that the fiber network provides.

●      We market services to our residential and business customers either individually or as a bundled package.customers. Data connections continue to increase as a result of consumer trends towards increased Internet usage and our enhanced product and service offerings.

●      Our consumer broadband speed allows us to continue to meet the needs of our customers and the demand for higher speed resulting from the growing trend of over-the-top (OTT) content viewing. The availability of faster speeds also complements our wireless home networking (Wi-Fi)Wi-Fi and supports our TV everywhere service and allows our subscribers to watch their favorite programs at home or away on a computer, smartphone or tablet.

●      We tailor our services to commercial customers by developing solutions to fit their specific needs. We provide services to a wide range of commercial customers from sole proprietors and other small businesses to multi-location corporations. Our business suite of services includes local and long-distance calling plans, hosted voice services using network servers, the added capacity for multiple phone lines, scalable broadband Internet, online back up and business directory listings.

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●      We believe that we have several advantages over our competition, including an advanced fiber communications network, competitive pricing and costs, outstanding service quality, a strong reputation, a high level of commitment to the communities we serve and a direct billing relationship with a vast majority of the customers we serve in our service territories. We manage the potential decline in communications network access and voice service revenues by offering value-added services such as higher Internet speeds, HD IPTV, DVR services, managed services, customized communications solutions, along with outstanding customer service as a competitive differentiator.

●      We continue to seek ways to improve our internal processes and gain operational efficiencies. While focusing resources on revenue growth and market share gains, we continually challenge our management team and employees at all levels to seek efficiencies and enhance our customers’ experience. We continue to invest in our fiber networks and train our employees to achieve customer service excellence.

●      Our current customer base provides a recurring revenue stream generating stable cash flow. Our focus remains on growing our services and supporting product lines so as to generate sufficient cash flow to fund our current operations, service our debt, fund our capital expenditure needs, pay dividends and expand our business. We have allocated resources to maintain and upgrade our fiber network while focusing on optimizing returns by completing strategic capital outlays that will make our fiber network more efficient and cost effective while providing the products and services that our customers desire in the markets we serve.

●      We intend to continue to pursue a disciplined process of evaluating acquisitions of businesses as well as organic growth opportunities of market expansion and/or products which are complementary to our business portfolio.  

●      Across all of our service territories, we have successfully managed capital expenditures to optimize returns through disciplined planning and targeted investment of capital. For example, strategic investments in our fiber networks allows significant flexibility to expand our commercial footprint, offer competitive products and services and provide services in a cost-efficient manner while maintaining our reputation as a high-quality service provider. We will continue to invest in strategic growth initiatives to enhance and expand our fiber network to new markets and customers in order to optimize new business, backhaul and wholesale opportunities.

●      Commercial services are expected to be a key growth area in the future. We are focused on enhancing our broadband and commercial product suite and are continually enhancing our commercial product offerings to meet the needs of our business customers. We overbuilt our existing networks with advanced fiber networks in the commercial areas of New Ulm, Prior Lake and Hutchinson in 2021, 2020 and 2019. We tailor our services for business customers by developing solutions to fit their specific needs. Additionally, we are continuously enhancing our suite of managed and cloud services, which increases efficiency and enables greater scalability and reliability for businesses. We are utilizing multiple software platforms to gather relevant leads and for customer relations management.

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●      In addition to Internet and VoIP services, we also offer a variety of commercial data connectivity services in select markets including Ethernet services; software defined wide area network (SD-WAN), a software-based network technology that provides a simplified management and automation of SD-WAN connections; multi-protocol label switching; and private line services to provide high bandwidth connectivity across point-to-point and multiple site networks. We offer a suite of cloud-based services, which includes a hosted unified communications solution that replaces the customer’s on-site phone systems and data networks, managed network security services and data protection services, including back-up and disaster recovery.

Competition

We compete in a rapidly evolving and highly competitive industry, and expect competition will continue to intensify as consolidations and mergers occur within the industry. Regulatory developments and technological advances over the past several years have increased opportunities for alternative communications service providers, which in turn have increased competitive pressures on our business. These alternative providers often face fewer regulations and have lower cost structures than we do. In addition, several of our competitors have consolidated with other communication providers and as a result are generally larger, have more financial and business resources and have greater geographical reach to provide services. Our competitive advantages include: our strong commitment and presence in the communities we serve, knowledge of these markets, our experienced voice service and support team, and our ability to offer more flexible communications solutions than our larger competitors.

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The long-range effect of competition on the delivery of communications services and equipment will depend on technological advances, regulatory actions at both the federal and the state levels, court decisions, and possible additional future federal and state legislation. Past federal and state legislation have tended to expand competition in the communications industry. 

Alternatives to our service include customers leasing private line switched voice and data services in or adjacent to our service territories that permit the bypassing of our communications facilities. In addition, microwave transmission services, wireless communications, fiber/coaxial cable deployment, VoIP, satellite and other services also permit the bypassing of our local exchange network. These alternatives to local exchange service represent a potential threat to our long-term ability to provide local exchange services at economical rates.

In order to meet the competition present in our industry, we have deployed neware deploying the latest FTTH technology to enabledeliver our local exchange networks to capture operating efficienciesdata, video and voice services at a higher bandwidth, enabling us to provide additional newour services to our new and existing customer base. These new technologies include the latest release of digital switching technology for all of our switches and the installation of a Common Channel Signaling System No. 7 out-of-band system for all of our access lines. We have also connected fiber rings (redundant route designs that allow traffic to be re-routed in the event of network problems) that protect our local fiber networks and enable them to provide a reliable level of service to our customers. The value of our local fiber network is also enhanced by the ability of our operating companies to offer access to high-speed Internet with broadband access to our access lines. Broadband technology allows customer access to high-speed Internet and traditional voice connectivity over the same connection. In addition, our businesses have further enhanced our fiber networks to allow the offering of video services over the same facilities that provide our customers with voice and Internet access. This technology is available to approximately 93% of our access lines.at much higher speeds. 

We compete in the cities of Redwood Falls, Litchfield and Glencoe, Minnesota. These communications companies are currently not under the same level of regulatory oversight as our communications companies. Lumen Technologies is the existing communications company in these markets. Competition also exists in the other communities and areas served by us for traditional telephone service from wireless communications providers and we also expect competition to increase from service providers offering VoIP. We experience competition in the Minnesota communities of Elko, Glencoe, Hutchinson, Litchfield, Elko New Market, New Ulm, Prior Lake, Redwood Falls, Savage, Sleepy Eye and Springfield in the provisioning of video services. Comcast is the existing incumbent provider of video services in the New Ulm market. Mediacom is the existing incumbent provider of video services in the Elko, Hutchinson, Litchfield, Elko New Market, Prior Lake, Redwood Falls, Savage, Sleepy Eye and Springfield markets. Several other communications providers compete with us in our markets in providing Internet services. We have responded to these competitive pressures by creating active programs to market our products bundle our services and enhance our infrastructure to create higher customer value.  

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We are experiencing competition for some of our other services from IXCs, such as customer billing services, dedicated private lines and network switching. The provisioning of these services is contractual in nature and is primarily directed by the IXCs. Other services, such as directory advertising, operator services and cellular communications are open to competition, based primarily on service and customer experience.

We expect competition to remain a significant factor affecting our operating results and that the nature and extent of that competition will continue to increase in the future. See Part I – Item 1A – “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Our Business”.

Human Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2021,2022, we employed approximately 213 employees, including part-time employees. We also use temporary employees in the normal course of our business. Our employees are the cornerstone of our success. We are committed to providing meaningful, challenging work and opportunities for professional growth in a positive environment. To attract and retain qualified and experienced employees, we offer competitive compensation and benefit packages, which we believe are competitive within the industry and the local markets in which we operate. Our benefit packages, may include, among other things,items, incentive compensation based on the achievement of financial targets, healthcare and insurance benefits, health savings and flexible spending accounts, a 401(k) savings plan with an employer match, paid time off, and wellness and employee assistance programs. Additionally, for certain eligible employees, we provide long-term incentive compensation, in the form of restrictednon-qualified stock units (RSU’s)options (Options). In addition, we are committed to providing employees continuing education and training programs in order for employees to achieve career goals and professional growth.

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We embrace diversity and inclusion and seek to hire and retain high-quality employees of all backgrounds and experiences. Honoring our employees as individuals is key to our culture. We believe diversity of backgrounds contributes to different ideas, which in turn drives better results for customers. We respect differences and diversity as qualities that enhance our efforts as a team and believe embracing diversity and a culture of inclusion makes our company a better place to work. We believe in and support the principles incorporated in all anti-discrimination and equal employment laws.

We also strive to create and provide a safe, healthful and secure workplace that is free from discrimination or harassment. Our workplace policies and procedures protect against behavior that creates an offensive, hostile, or intimidating work environment. Safety is a top priority and we have a strong, ongoing commitment to ensure employees are committed to workplace healthproperly trained and safety.have appropriate safety and emergency equipment. In 2020, in response to the Coronavirus (COVID-19)COVID-19 pandemic, we implemented safety protocols and procedures to protect our employees, customers and business partners. These procedures included transitioning as many employees as possible to remote work-from-home arrangements, providing additional safety training and personal protective equipment for customer-facingcustomer and business-facing employees, and complying with social distancing and other health and safety measures as required by federal, state and local governmental agencies.

Materials and Supplies

The materials and supplies that are necessary for our operations are available from a variety of sources. We are not dependent on any particular supplier or group of affiliated suppliers for our equipment needs.

Regulation

The following summary provides a high-level overview, but may not include all present and proposed federal, state and local legislation and regulations affecting the communications industry. Some legislation and other regulations are currently the subject of judicial proceedings, legislative hearings and administrative proposals that could change the manner in which this industry operates. At this time, we cannot predict the outcome of any of these developments or their potential impact on us. Regulation can change rapidly in the communications industry and these changes could have an adverse effect on us in the future.

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Overview

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP), rules and regulations of the SEC and, where applicable, conform to the accounting principles as prescribed by federal and state telephone utility regulatory authorities.

The services we offer are subject to varying levels of regulatory oversight. Federal and state regulatory agencies share responsibility for enforcing statutes and rules relative to the provision of communications services. Our interstate communications services are subject to regulation by the FCC. Intrastate services are governed by the relevant state regulatory commission. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 (TA96) and the rules enacted under it also gave oversight of interconnection arrangements and access to network elements to the state commissions. Our TV services are governed by FCC rules and municipal franchise agreements. There are also varying levels of regulatory oversight depending on the nature of the services offered or if the services are offered by a communications company.

Our communications company located in Redwood Falls, Litchfield and Glencoe provides services with less regulatory oversight than our communications companies. A company must file for interexchange authority to operate with the appropriate public utility commission in each state it serves. Our communications company located in Redwood Falls, Litchfield and Glencoe provides a variety of services to both residential and business customers in multiple jurisdictions.

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Federal Regulatory Framework

All carriers must comply with the FCC Act of 1934 (FCA34) as amended that requires, among other things, that our interstate services be provided at just and reasonable rates and on non-discriminatory terms and conditions. The TA96 amended the FCA34 and has had a dramatic effect on the competitive environment in the communications industry. In addition to these laws, we are also subject to rules promulgated by the FCC and could be affected by any regulatory decisions or orders they issue.

The TA96 and Local Competition

The primary goal of the TA96 and the FCC’s rules promulgated under it was to open local communications markets to competition while enhancing universal service. To some extent, Congress pre-empted the local authority of states to oversee local communications services.

The TA96 imposes a number of requirements on all local communications providers including:

●         To interconnect directly or indirectly with other carriers; 

●         To allow others to resell services;

●         To provide for number portability to allow end-users to retain their telephone number when changing providers;

●         To ensure dialingdialling parity;

●         To ensure that competitor customers have non-discriminatory access to telephone numbers, operator services, directory assistance and directory listing services; and

●         To allow competitors access to telephone poles, ducts, conduits and rights-of-way, and to establish reciprocal compensation arrangements for the transport and termination of communications traffic.

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Access Charges

Access charges refer to the compensation received by local exchange carriers (LECs) for the use of their networks by an IXC. We provide two types of access services: special access and switched access. Special access is provided through dedicated circuits that connect other carriers to our network and is structured on a flat monthly fee basis. Switched access rates that are billed to other carriers are based on a per-minute of use fee basis. The FCC regulates prices that we charge for interstate access charges. There has been a trend toward lowering the rates charged to carriers accessing local networks and the application of a SLC as a flat rate on end-user bills. Regulation, competition, carriers optimizing their network costs and lower demand for dedicated lines have resulted in lower access rates and overall lower minutes of use on our network, which has affected our network access revenues.  

Interstate access rates are established by the nationwide pooling of companies known as NECA. The FCC established NECA in 1983 to develop and administer interstate access service rates, terms and conditions. Revenues are pooled and redistributed on the basis of each company’s actual or average costs. There has been a change in the composition of interstate access charges in recent years, shifting more of the charges to the end user and reducing the amount of access charges paid by IXCs. We believe this trend will continue. 

Intrastate access rates are filed with the regulatory commissions in Minnesota and Iowa.

Wireline Interstate

Our communications companies participate in the NECA common line pool where end-user common line funds collected are pooled. A portion of our communications companies’ revenue are based on settlements distributed from this pool. Our communications companies also participates in the NECA traffic-sensitive pool. These pool settlements are adjusted periodically.

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Access rates for our communications company located in Redwood Falls, Litchfield and Glencoe were established according to an order issued by the FCC in 2001. Under that order, the switched access rates charged by a competitive carrier can be no higher than the rates charged by the communications company with whom we compete.  

Intercarrier Compensation (ICC) and FUSF Reform 

The FCC released the National Broadband Plan in April 2010 recommending significant changes to the access charge policy and processes. This was followed on November 18, 2011, by FCC Order 11-161 (the Transformation Order), with comprehensive rules reforming all forms of intercarrier compensationICC and implementing a new support mechanism for the deployment of broadband. Generally, the intercarrier compensationICC reform sets forth a path towards a “bill & keep” regime which eliminates compensation for termination of traffic received from another carrier. The timeline for this transition had numerous steps depending on the type of traffic exchanged and the regulated status of the affected LEC.    

These rules have been clarified in several orders on Reconsideration and have had an impact on our companies by reducing our terminating intercarrier compensation,ICC, including intrastate and interstate access charges.  

The FCC Transformation Order also confirmed the applicability of access charges on VoIP traffic and eliminated reciprocal compensation charges for termination of local wireless traffic. Despite these changes IXCs and others are still quite aggressive in disputing carrier access charges and/or the applicability of access charges to their traffic.

Due to the combination of rate reforms instituted by the FCC, competitive substitution by wireless and other carriers and decreased use of the switched network, the aggregate amount of interstate network access charges paid by long distance carriers to access providers such as our company, has decreased and we project that this decline will continue. For the year ended December 31, 2021,2022, communications network access revenue represented 8.6%7.2% of our operating revenue, down from 9.4%8.6% for the year ended December 31, 2020.2021. This excludes any funding received from FUSF and the A-CAM for broadband funding (see below for more information).

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FUSF

The FUSF was originally established to overcome geographic differences in costs of providing voice service and to enable all citizens to communicate over networks regardless of geographical location and/or personal income. The FCC established universal service policies at the national level under terms contained in the Telecommunications Act of 1934. The TA96 requires explicit FUSF mechanisms and enlarged the scope of universal service to include four distinct programs:

●         High-Cost program that supports local carriers operating in high-cost regions of the country to ensure reasonably based telephone rates;    

●         Lifeline (low-income) Subscribers program that includes the Link Up and Lifeline programs that provide support for service initiation and monthly fees and have eligibility based on subscriber income;

●         Rural Health Care Providers program that supports communication services used by rural health care providers and provides them with toll free access to an Internet service provider; and

●         Schools and Libraries program, also called the E-Rate program that provides support funding to schools and libraries for communications services, Internet access and internal connections.

In its Transformation Order released November 18, 2011, the FCC adopted rules which dramatically reform the universal service program and intercarrier compensationICC regime. These rules eliminated the legacy Local Switching support, but also provide for a new Connect America Fund (CAF) support for rate of return carriers to make up some of their access revenue reductions and provide direct support to PriceCap carriers (i.e. the larger, national LECs such as Verizon and AT&T) for broadband build outs. The new rules have caused rates for end users to increase as intercarrier compensationICC is reduced and the legacy mandate for ubiquitous voice service shifts toward broadband availability as a key outcome of the program. 

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FUSF high-cost payments are distributed by NECA and are only available to carriers that have been designated as an eligible telecommunications carrier (ETC) by a state commission. Each of our communications companies has been designated as an ETC. Our communications company located in Redwood Falls, Litchfield and Glencoe is also eligible to be designated as ETCs if it meets the requirements of the program and meet a public interest standard as determined by the appropriate state regulatory agency. Our communications company located in Redwood Falls, Litchfield and Glencoe is currently not receiving FUSF support. All ETCs must certify annually to the Universal Service Administrative Company or their appropriate state regulatory commission that the funds they receive from the FUSF are being used in the manner intended. The states must then certify to the FCC which carriers have met this standard. The Transformation Order expands the information that must be reported to the State Commissions to include information on broadband availability, plans for expansion to unserved and underserved areas, in addition to information about voice services. To some extent, these levels of scrutiny make the receipt of a consistent level of FUSF payments each year more difficult to predict.   

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we received an aggregate of $2,770,698 from FUSF, consisting of $1,467,845 of CAF support and $1,302,853 of Broadband Loop Support. Our net FUSF in 2022 comprised 4.2% of our total revenue for the year. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we received an aggregate of $2,793,354 from FUSF, consisting of $1,559,009 of CAF support and $1,234,345 of Broadband Loop Support.  Our net FUSF in 2021 comprised 4.2% of our total revenue for the year. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we received an aggregate of $3,135,119 from FUSF, consisting of $1,700,248 of CAF support and $1,345,316 of Broadband Loop Support.  Our net FUSF in 2020 comprised 4.8% of our total revenue for the year. We receive no State universal service funding as the states in which we operate have not established state universal service funding mechanisms. 

In 2019, the Company elected to receive funding from A-CAM, with the exception of Scott-Rice, which still receives funding from the FUSF.

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A-CAM

The FUSF was established as part of the TA96 and provides subsidies to communications providers as means of increasing the availability and affordability of advanced communications services. In 2011, significant reform was introduced, including the creation of the CAF, to help modernize the FUSF and promote support of these communications services in the nation’s high-cost areas. In 2016, the FCC announced additional reform to further transition the CAF from supporting the provision of voice services to the provision of broadband services. On March 30, 2016, the FCC issued a Report and Order (2016 Order) that adopts the following changes to the FUSF for rate-of-return carriers:

●         Establishes a voluntary cost model;   

●         Creates specific broadband deployment obligations; 

●         Provides a mechanism for support of broadband-only deployment; 

●         Gradually reduces the authorized rate-of-return from 11.25 percent to 9.75 percent;

●         Eliminates support in those local areas served by unsubsidized competitors;

●         Establishes “glide-path” transition periods for all the new changes; and

●         Maintains the $2 billion budget established by the 2011 Transformation Order.

While the 2011 FUSF Transformation Order established CAF Phase I and CAF Phase II as high-cost support mechanisms for the price-cap carriers (i.e., the larger, national LECs such as Verizon and AT&T), it was not as specific about how subsidies would change for the rate-of-return carriers (i.e., the smaller LECs, including all rural LECs). In contrast, the 2016 Order focused on the rate-of-return carriers, announced specific changes to existing funding mechanisms as well as a new funding mechanism, and provided rural communications providers with greater certainty about future support.

One of the major changes introduced by the 2016 Order was the creation of the A-CAM, a new CAF support mechanism for rate-of-return carriers. Utilization of the A-CAM was voluntary; and rate-of-return carriers may have instead chose to continue relying on the legacy support mechanism known as interstate common line support, but then modified and renamed CAF Broadband Loop Support. Each carrier needed to decide which support mechanism to elect, and must have chosen one or the other, per state.

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On February 25, 2019, the FCC issued Public Notice DA 19-115, which contained revised offers of A-CAM support and associated revised service deployment obligations. On February 27, 2019, the Company’s BOD authorized and directed the Company to accept the FCC’s revised offer of A-CAM support and the revised associated service deployment obligations. Under the revised FCC offer Notice, the Company will be entitled to annually receive (i) $596,084 for its Iowa operations and (ii) $8,354,481 for its Minnesota operations. The Company will receive the revised A-CAM offer over the next 10 years starting in 2019. The Company will use the support that it receives through the A-CAM program to meet its defined broadband build-out obligations, which the Company is currently completing. A letter of acceptance to elect the revised A-CAM support was filed by the Company with the FCC on March 8, 2019. The FCC accepted the Company’s letter on March 11, 2019. 

Build-out obligations: A-CAM carriers under the original A-CAM program must complete deployment of 10 Mbps downstream/1 Mbps upstream service to a number of eligible locations equal to 40 percent of fully funded locations by the end of 2020, to 50 percent of fully funded locations by the end of 2021, to 60 percent of fully funded locations by the end of 2022, to 70 percent of fully funded locations by the end of 2023, to 80 percent of fully funded locations by the end of 2024, to 90 percent of fully funded locations by the end of 2025, and to 100 percent of fully funded locations by the end of 2026. A-CAM carriers who elected additional funding and additional obligations under the revised A-CAM program must complete deployment of 25 Mbps downstream/3 Mbps upstream service to a number of eligible locations equal to 40 percent of fully funded locations by the end of 2022, to 50 percent of fully funded locations by the end of 2023, to 60 percent of fully funded locations by the end of 2024, to 70 percent of fully funded locations by the end of 2025, to 80 percent of fully funded locations by the end of 2026, to 90 percent of fully funded locations by the end of 2027, and to 100 percent of fully funded locations by the end of 2028. As of December 31, 2021,2022, Nuvera has completed the deployment of 10/1 service to 92.0%94.6% of its funded locations and 25/3 service to 50.4%57.3% of its funded locations in Minnesota, and has completed deployment of 10/1 service to 100% of its funded locations and 25/3 service to 78.2% of its funded locations in Iowa.

Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Infrastructure Act) passed on March 31, 2021 and included $65.0 billion toward broadband. The broadband Internet portion of the Infrastructure Act is aimed at increasing Internet coverage for more universal access, including for rural, low-income, and tribal communities. 65% of this funding is set aside specifically for underserved communities. Additionally, this measure is designed to help make Internet access more affordable and increase digital literacy.

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TableThe Infrastructure Act set aside $42.5 billion for Broadband Equity, Access and Deployment grants. The National Telecommunications and Information Administration administers the grant program and is in the process of Contentssoliciting comments before issuing final rules.

Privacy and Data Security Regulation

The FCA34 generally restricts the nonconsensual collection and disclosure to third parties of communication company customers’ personally identifiable information by communication companies, except for rendering service, conducting legitimate business activities related to the service, and responding to legal requests. We are also subject to various state and federal regulations that provide protections for customer proprietary network information (CPNI) related to our voice services. The FCC expects broadband Internet access service providers such as us to take reasonable, good faith steps to comply with existing statutory requirements to protect broadband CPNI and plans to propose new privacy and data security rules for broadband Internet service providers. The FCC has recently imposed substantial civil penalties and remediation obligations on several companies for alleged privacy and data security violations.

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The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) exercises authority over privacy protections, generally, using its existing authority over unfair and deceptive acts or practices to apply greater restrictions on the collection and use of personally identifiable and other information relating to customers. It also has undertaken numerous enforcement actions against parties that do not provide sufficient security protections against the loss of unauthorized disclosure of this type of information. We also are subject to stringent data security and data retention requirements on website operators and online services. Other privacy-oriented laws have been extended by courts to online video providers and are increasingly being used in privacy lawsuits, including class actions, against providers of video materials online.

We are also subject to state and federal laws and regulations regarding data security that primarily apply to sensitive personal information that could be used to commit identity theft. Most states have security breach notification laws that generally require a business to give notice to consumers and government agencies when certain information has been disclosed, due to a security breach, and the FCC has adopted security breach rules for voice services. Several states have also enacted general data security requirements to safeguard consumer information, including the proper disposal of consumer information.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology, in cooperation with other federal agencies and owners and operators of United States critical infrastructure, have developed a voluntary framework that provides a prioritized, flexible, repeatable, performance-based and cost-effective approach to cybersecurity risk. It is compendiums of existing cross-sector cyber-defense processes, practices and protocols that can help companies identify, assess and manage their cyber risks and vulnerabilities, and several governmental agencies have encouraged compliance with this framework. Additionally, in December 2015, Congress enacted the Cybersecurity Act of 2015, which is intended to encourage and facilitate the sharing of security threat and defensive measure information with government agencies and other companies, in order to strengthen the country’s overall cybersecurity protections. Finally, there are pending legislative proposals that could impose new requirements on owners and operators of critical infrastructure and the FCC is considering expanding its cybersecurity guidelines or adopting new cybersecurity requirements.    

Network Architecture and Technology

We have and plan to continue to make significant investments in our technologically advanced fiber communications networks and continue to enhance and expand our fiber network by deploying technologies to provide additional capacity to our customers. As a result, we are able to deliver high-quality, reliable data, video and voice services in the markets we serve. Our wide-ranging fiber network provides an easy reach into existing and new areas. By bringing the fiber network into the customer premises, we can increase our service offerings, quality and bandwidth services. Our existing fiber network enables us to efficiently respond and adapt to changes in technology and is capable of supporting the rising customer demand for bandwidth in order to support the growing amount of wireless data devices in our customer’s homes and businesses.

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Our fiber networks are supported by advanced 100% digital switches, with a core fiber network connecting all of our remote exchanges. We continue to replace our copper cable network to increase bandwidth in order to provide additional products and services to our marketable homes. We are replacing our existing copper cable with fiber cable throughout our network and to all customer premises that take our services, resulting in a 100% fiber network that supports all of the inter-office and host-remote links, as well as all business parks within our service areas that take our service. In addition, this fiber infrastructure provides the connectivity required to provide broadband and long-distance services to our residential and commercial customers. Our fiber network utilizes FTTP and fiber-to-the-node networks to offer bundled residential and commercial services.

We operate advanced fiber networks which we own or have entered into long-term leases for fiber network access. At December 31, 2021,2022, our fiber networks consisted of approximately 2,7802,987 route miles.

At December 31, 2021,2022, we passed 7,41311,133 locations with FTTP. We intend to continue to make strategic enhancements to our fiber network including improvements in overall network reliability and increases to our broadband speeds. We offer data speeds of up to 1 Gbps in select markets, and up to 100 Mbps and 60 Mbps in markets where 1 Gbps is not yet available, depending on the geographical region.

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We also provide fixed wireless broadband service to homes and small businesses from 2930 towers, six of which we own, with the remaining towers being leased. TwelveThirteen of these towers utilize Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) spectrum. Having secured 21 licenses in twelve CBRS spectrum counties in Minnesota and Iowa, we plan to add ten towers in 2022 and additional towers beyond 2022.Iowa. This allows us to offer high-speed Internet to unserved, under-served and hard to serve rural areas.

Environmental Regulation

We are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, storage, disposal of, and exposure to, hazardous materials, the release of pollutants into the environment and the remediation of contamination. We could be subject to environmental laws that impose liability for the entire cost of cleanup at a contaminated site, regardless of fault or the lawfulness of the activity that resulted in contamination. We believe that our operations are in compliance with all applicable environmental laws and regulations.

Employees

As of March 1, 20222023 we had 193202 full-time equivalent employees dedicated to Nuvera’s operations. In addition, as of March 1, 20222023 we had an additional 109 full-time equivalent employees that are employed by Nuvera but are dedicated to IES. IES is a minority equity subsidiary of Nuvera and Nuvera acts as the managing entity for IES.

Intellectual Property

Intellectual property is necessary for our operations but is not material to our overall operations.

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Executive Officers of the Registrant

The names and ages of all our executive officers and the positions held by them as of March 1, 2022,2023, are as follows:

Our executive officers are appointed annually and serve at the discretion of our BOD. Mr. Zerbe, President and CEO; Ms. Bornhoft, Vice-President, COO and Corporate Secretary; and Mr. Kawlewski, CFO and Treasurer have written employment contracts. There are no familial relationships between any director and executive officers.

Mr. Zerbe has been President and CEO since September of 2019. Prior to that time, he served as Vice President of Sales for Frontier Communications Corporation until March 2019, where he held positions of increasing responsibility since joining Frontier in 2011. Prior to his employment with Frontier, Mr. Zerbe had more than 20 years of sales, marketing and management experience in the communications industry, with companies such as Spanlink, Cisco Systems, SBC, AT&T and IBM. Mr. Zerbe serves as Chairman of the Board for IES and BBV, allboth equity subsidiaries of ours. In addition, Mr. Zerbe serves on the Board of Governors of FM and FiberComm, LC, also equity subsidiaries of ours.

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Ms. Bornhoft has been Vice President, COO and Corporate Secretary since 1998. Ms. Bornhoft has been employed with the Company since 1990. Ms. Bornhoft serves as a board member for BBV, in addition to serving as President for both IES and BBV, both equity subsidiaries of ours.

Mr. Kawlewski has been CFO and Treasurer since 2009. Mr. Kawlewski also serves as the Treasurer for IES and BBV, both equity subsidiaries of ours.

Item 1A.          Risk Factors.

Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to those described below, that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and the trading price of our common stock.

Risks Relating to Our Business

We expect to continue to face significant competition in all parts of our business and the level of competition could intensify among our customer channels. The communications industry is highly competitive. We face actual and potential competition from many existing and emerging companies, including other incumbent and competitive communications companies, long-distance carriers and resellers, wireless companies, Internet service providers, satellite companies and CATV companies, and, in some cases, new forms of providers who are able to offer competitive services through software applications requiring a comparatively small initial investment. Due to consolidations and strategic alliances within the industry, we cannot predict the number of competitors we will face at any given time.

The wireless business has expanded significantly and has caused many subscribers with traditional telephone and land-based Internet access services to give up those services and rely exclusively on wireless service. In addition, consumers’ options for viewing TV shows have expanded as content becomes increasingly available through alternative sources. Some providers, including TV and CATV content owners, have initiated OTT services that deliver video content to TV, computers and other devices over the Internet. OTT services can include episodes of highly-rated TV series in their current broadcast seasons. They can also include original content and broadcast or sports content similar to those that we carry, but that is distinctive and exclusively available through the alternative source. Consumers can pursue each of these options without foregoing any of the other options. We may not be able to successfully anticipate and respond too many of the various competitive factors affecting the industry, including regulatory changes that may affect our competitors and us differently, new technologies, services and applications that may be introduced, changes in consumer preferences, demographic trends, and discount or bundled pricing strategies by competitors.

Competitors in the markets we serve may enjoy certain business advantages, including size, financial resources, favorable regulatory position, a more diverse product mix, brand recognition and connection to virtually all of our customers and potential customers. The largest cable operators also enjoy certain business advantages, including size, financial resources, ownership of or superior access to desirable programming and other content, a more diverse product mix, brand recognition and first-in-field advantages with a customer base that generates positive cash flow for its operations.  Our competitors continue to add features, increase data speeds and adopt aggressive pricing and packaging for services comparable to the services we offer. Their success in selling services that are competitive with ours among our various customer channels could lead to revenue erosion in our business. We face intense competition in our markets for long-distance, Internet access, video service and other ancillary services that are important to our business and to our growth strategy.  If we do not compete effectively we could lose customers, revenue and market share.

We must adapt to rapid technological changes. If we are unable to take advantage of technological developments, or if we adopt and implement them at a slower rate than our competitors, we may experience a decline in the demand for our services. Our industry operates in a technologically complex environment. New technologies are continually developed and existing products and services undergo constant improvement. Emerging technologies offer consumers a variety of choices for their communication and broadband needs. To remain competitive, we will need to adapt to future changes in technology to enhance our existing offerings and to introduce new or improved offerings that anticipate and respond to the varied and continually changing demands of our various customer channels. Our business and results of operations could be adversely affected if we are unable to match the benefits offered by competing technologies on a timely basis and at an acceptable cost, or if we fail to employ technologies desired by our customers before our competitors do so.

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New technologies, particularly alternative methods for the distribution, access and viewing of content, have been, and will likely continue to be, developed that will further increase the number of competitors that we face and drive changes in consumer behavior. Consumers seek more control over when, where and how they consume content and are increasingly interested in communication services outside of the home and in newer services in wireless Internet technology and devices such as tablets, smartphones and mobile wireless routers that connect to such devices. These new technologies, distribution platforms and consumer behaviors may have a negative impact on our business.

In addition, evolving technologies can reduce the costs of entry for others, resulting in greater competition and significant new advantages for competitors. Technological developments could require us to make significant new capital investments in order to remain competitive with other service providers. If we do not replace or upgrade our network and its technology on a timely basis, we may not be able to compete effectively and could lose customers. We may also be placed at a cost disadvantage in offering our services. Technology changes are also allowing individuals to bypass communications companies and cable operators entirely to make and receive calls, and to provide for the distribution and viewing of video programming without the need to subscribe to traditional voice and video products and services. Increasingly, this can be done over wireless facilities and other emerging mobile technologies in addition to traditional wired networks. Wireless companies are aggressively developing networks using next-generation data technologies, which are capable of delivering high-speed Internet service via wireless technology to a large geographic footprint. As these technologies continue to expand in availability and reliability, they could become an effective alternative to our high-speed Internet services. Although we use fiber-optics in parts of our networks and are building a new FTTP network, including in some residential areas, we continue to rely on coaxial cable and copper transport media to serve customers in many areas. The facilities we use to offer our video services, including the interfaces with customers, are undergoing a rapid evolution, and depend in part on the products, expertise and capabilities of third-parties. If we cannot develop new services and products to keep pace with technological advances, or if such services and products are not widely embraced by our customers, our results of operations could be adversely impacted.

Shifts in our product mix may result in a decline in operating profitability. Margins vary among our products and services. Our profitability may be impacted by technological changes, customer demands, regulatory changes, the competitive nature of our business and changes in the product mix of our sales. These shifts may also result in our long-lived assets becoming impaired or our inventory becoming obsolete. We review long-lived assets for potential impairment if certain events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may be present.

Public health threats, such as the outbreak of COVID-19, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and stock price.  We may face risks associated with public health threats or outbreaks of epidemic, pandemic or communicable diseases, such as the outbreak of the COVID-19 and its variants.  The COVID-19 pandemic had in the short-term and may in the long-term adversely impact the global economy, financial markets and supply chains. The outbreak had resulted in federal, state and local governments implementing mitigation measures, including shelter-in-place orders, travel restrictions, limitations on business, school closures, vaccination and testing requirements and other measures. Governments had enacted fiscal and monetary stimulus measures to counteract the impacts of COVID-19.

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As a critical infrastructure provider, we have continued to operate our business and provide services to our customers. Although we are considered an essential business, the outbreak of COVID-19 and any preventive or protective actions implemented by governmental authorities may have a material adverse effect on our operations, customers and suppliers and could do so for an indefinite period of time. Adverse economic and market conditions as a result of COVID-19 could also adversely affect the demand for our products and services and may also impact the ability of our customers to satisfy their obligations to us. In addition, concerns regarding the economic impact of COVID-19 have caused volatility in financial and other capital markets which has and may continue to adversely affect the market price of our common stock and our ability to access capital markets. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have transitioned a substantial number of our employees to telecommuting and remote work arrangements, which may increase the risk of a security breach or cybersecurity attack on our information technology systems that could impact our business.

We cannot reasonably estimate at this time the resulting future financial impact of COVID-19 on our business, but the prolonged effect of it could have a material adverse effect to our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and unpredictable, including the severity and duration of the outbreak, current and new variants of COVID-19, the availability and distribution of effective treatments and vaccines, the effectiveness of actions taken to contain or mitigate its effects and any resulting economic downturn, recession or depression in the markets we serve.

We receive support from various funds established under federal and state laws, and the continued receipt of that support is not assured. A significant portion of our revenues come from network access and subsidies. An order adopted by the FCC in 2011 (2011 Order) significantly impacted the amount of support revenue we receive from the Universal Service Fund (USF), CAF and ICC. The 2011 Order reformed core parts of the USF, broadly recast the existing ICC scheme, established the CAF to replace support revenues provided by the USF and redirected support from voice services to broadband services.

We receive subsidy payments from various federal and state universal service support programs, including high-cost support, Lifeline and E-Rate programs for schools and libraries. The total cost of the various FUSF programs has increased significantly in recent years, putting pressure on regulators to reform the programs and to limit both eligibility and support. We cannot predict future changes that may impact the subsidies we receive. However, a reduction in subsidies support may directly affect our profitability and cash flows.

A disruption in our networks and infrastructure could cause service delays or interruptions, which could cause us to lose customers and incur additional expenses. Our customers depend on reliable service over our fiber network. The primary risks to our network infrastructure include physical damage to lines, security breaches, capacity limitations, power surges or outages, software defects and disruptions beyond our control, such as natural disasters and acts of terrorism. From time to time in the ordinary course of business, we experience short disruptions in our service due to factors such as physical damage, inclement weather and service failures of our third-party service providers. We could experience more significant disruptions in the future. Disruptions may cause service interruptions or reduced capacity for customers, either of which could cause us to lose customers and incur unexpected expenses.

A cyber-attack may lead to unauthorized access to confidential customer, personnel and business information that could adversely affect our business. Attempts by others to gain unauthorized access to organizations' information technology systems are becoming more frequent and sophisticated, and are sometimes successful. These attempts may include covertly introducing malware to companies' computers and networks, impersonating authorized users or "hacking" into systems. We seek to prevent, detect and investigate all security incidents that do occur, however we may be unable to prevent or detect a significant attack in the future. Significant information technology security failures could result in the theft, loss, damage, unauthorized use or publication of our confidential business information, which could harm our competitive position, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, expose us to litigation or otherwise adversely affect our business. If a security breach results in misuse of our customers' confidential information, we may incur liability as a result.

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Our operations require substantial capital expenditures and our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity may be impacted if funds for capital expenditures are not available when needed. We require significant capital expenditures to maintain, upgrade and enhance our network facilities and operations. While we have historically been able to fund capital expenditures from cash generated from operations and borrowings under our revolving credit facility, the other risk factors described in this section could materially reduce cash available from operations or significantly increase our capital expenditure requirements, which may result in our inability to fund the necessary level of capital expenditures to maintain, upgrade or enhance our network. This could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

We may be unable to obtain necessary hardware, software and operational support from third-party vendors. We depend on third-party vendors to supply us with a significant amount of hardware, software and operational support necessary to provide certain of our services, to maintain, upgrade and enhance our network facilities and operations, and to support our information and billing systems. Some of our third-party vendors are our primary source of supply for certain products and services for which there are few substitutes. The global supply chains have been and may continue to be impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused a delay in the development, manufacturing and shipping of products and in some cases an increase in product costs. If any of these vendors should experience financial difficulties, experience supply chain issues, have demand that exceeds their capacity or can no longer meet our specifications or provide products or services we need or at reasonable prices, our ability to provide some services may be hindered, in which case our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Video content costs are substantial and continue to increase. We expect video content costs to continue to be one of our largest operating costs associated with providing video service. Video programming content includes network programming designed to be shown in linear channels, as well as the programming of local over-the-air TV stations that we retransmit. The cable industry has experienced continued increases in the cost of programming, especially the cost of sports programming and local broadcast station retransmission content. Programming costs are generally assessed on a per-subscriber basis, and therefore, are directly related to the number of subscribers to which the programming is provided. Our relatively small subscriber base limits our ability to negotiate lower per-subscriber programming costs. Larger providers can often qualify for discounts based on the number of their subscribers. This cost difference can cause us to experience reduced operating margins, while our competitors with a larger subscriber base may not experience similar margin compression. In addition, escalators in existing content agreements can result in cost increases that exceed general inflation. While we expect video content costs to continue to increase, we may not be able to pass such cost increases on to our customers, especially as an increasing amount of programming content becomes available via the Internet at little or no cost. Also, some competitors or their affiliates own programming in their own right and we may not be able to secure license rights to that programming. As our programming contracts with content providers expire, there is no assurance that they will be renewed on acceptable terms or that they will be renewed at all, in which case we may not be able to provide such programming as part of our video services packages and our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Our ability to attract and/or retain certain key management and other personnel in the future could have an adverse effect on our business. We rely on the talents and efforts of key management personnel, many of whom have been with our company or in our industry for decades. While we maintain long-term and emergency transition plans for key management personnel and believe we could either identify internal candidates or attract outside candidates to fill any vacancy created by the loss of any key management personnel, the loss of one or more of our key management personnel could have a negative impact on our business.

Acquisitions present many risks and we may be unable to realize the anticipated benefits of acquisitions. From time to time, we make acquisitions and investments or enter into other strategic transactions. In connection with these types of transactions, we may incur unanticipated expenses; fail to realize anticipated benefits; have difficulty integrating the acquired businesses; disrupt relationships with current and new employees, customers and vendors; incur significant indebtedness or have to delay or not proceed with announced transactions. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

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We may face significant challenges in combining the operations of an acquired business with ours in a timely and efficient manner. The failure to successfully integrate an acquired business and to successfully manage the challenges presented by the integration process may result in our inability to achieve anticipated benefits of the acquisition, including operational and financial synergies. Even if we are successful in integrating acquired businesses, we cannot guarantee that the integration will result in the complete realization of anticipated financial synergies or that they will be realized within the expected time frames.

Risks Relating to Current Economic Conditions

Weak economic conditions may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Downturns in the economic conditions in the markets and industries we serve could adversely affect demand for our products and services and have a negative impact on our results of operations. Economic weakness or uncertainty may make it difficult for us to obtain new customers and may cause our existing customers to reduce or discontinue their services to which they subscribe. This risk may be worsened by the expanded availability of free or lower cost services, such as streaming or OTT services or substitute services, such as wireless phones and public Wi-Fi networks. Weak economic conditions may also impact the ability of third parties to satisfy their obligations to us.

Risks Relating to Our Common Stock

The price of our common stock may be volatile and may fluctuate substantially, which could negatively affect holders of our common stock. The market price of our common stock may fluctuate widely as a result of various factors including, but not limited to, period-to-period fluctuations in our operating results, the volume of the sales of our common stock, the limited number of holders of our common stock and the resulting limited liquidity in our common stock, dilution, developments in the communications industry, the failure of securities analysts to cover our common stock, changes in financial estimates by securities analysts, competitive factors, regulatory developments, labor disruptions, general market conditions and market conditions affecting the stock of communications companies. Communications companies have, in the past, experienced extreme volatility in the trading prices and volumes of their securities, which has often been unrelated to operating performance. High levels of market volatility may have a significant adverse effect on the market price of our common stock. In addition, in the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in their stock price. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert management's attention and resources, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and/or the market price of our common stock.

Our organizational documents could limit or delay another party’s ability to acquire us and, therefore, could deprive our investors of a possible takeover premium for their shares. A number of provisions in our Articles of Incorporation could make it difficult for another company to acquire us. Among other things, these provisions:

●Restrict any one individual or entity from beneficially owning more than seven percent of the outstanding capital stock of the corporation.

We also are subject to laws that may have a similar effect. For example, federal and certain state telecommunications laws and regulations generally prohibit a direct or indirect transfer of control over a business without prior regulatory approval. These laws and regulations make it difficult for another company to acquire us, and therefore, could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock.

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Risks Relating to Our Indebtedness and Our Capital Structure

We have a substantial amount of debt outstanding due to our FTTP initiatives, which could adversely affect our business and restrict our ability to fund working capital and planned capital expenditures. As of December 31, 2022, we had $79.9 million of debt outstanding. Our substantial amount of expected indebtedness could adversely impact our business, including:

We cannot guarantee that we will generate sufficient revenues to service our debt and have adequate funds left over to achieve or sustain profitability in our operations, meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs or compete successfully in our markets.

We may not be able to refinance our existing debt if necessary, or we may only be able to do so at a higher interest rate. We may be unable to refinance or renew our credit facilities and our failure to repay all amounts due on the maturity dates would cause a default under the credit agreement. Alternatively, any renewal or refinancing may occur on less favorable terms. If we refinance our credit facilities on terms that are less favorable to us than the terms of our existing debt, our interest expense may increase significantly, which could impact our results of operations and impair our ability to use our funds for other purposes.

Our variable-rate debt subjects us to interest rate risk, which could impact our cost of borrowing and operating results. Certain of our debt obligations are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. Increases in interest rates could negatively impact our results of operations and operating cash flows. We utilize Interest Rate Swap Agreements (IRSAs) to convert a portion of our variable-rate debt to a fixed-rate basis. However, we do not maintain interest rate hedging agreements for all of our variable-rate debt and our existing hedging agreements may not fully mitigate our interest rate risk, may prove disadvantageous or may create additional risks. Changes in fair value of cash flow hedges that have been de-designated or determined to be ineffective are recognized in earnings. Significant increases or decreases in the fair value of these cash flow hedges could cause favorable or adverse fluctuations in our results of operations.

Risks Related to the Regulation of Our Business

We are subject to a complex and uncertain regulatory environment, and we face compliance costs and restrictions greater than those of many of our competitors. Our businesses are subject to regulation by the FCC and other federal, state and local entities. Rapid changes in technology and market conditions have resulted in changes in how the government addresses communications, video programming and Internet services. Many businesses that compete with our communications companies are comparatively less regulated. Some of our competitors are either not subject to utilities regulation or are subject to significantly fewer regulations. In contrast to our subsidiaries regulated as cable operators and satellite video providers, competing on-demand and OTT providers and motion picture and digital video disc firms have almost no regulation of their video activities. Recently, federal and state authorities have become more active in seeking to address critical issues in each of our product and service markets. The adoption of new laws or regulations, or changes to the existing regulatory framework at the federal, state or local level, could require significant and costly adjustments that could adversely affect our business plans. New regulations could impose additional costs or capital requirements, require new reporting, impair revenue opportunities, potentially impede our ability to provide services in a manner that would be attractive to our customers and potentially create barriers to enter new markets or to acquire new lines of business. We face continued regulatory uncertainty in the immediate future. Not requiredonly are these governmental entities continuing to move forward on these matters, their actions remain subject to reconsideration, appeal and legislative modification over an extended period of time, and it is unclear how their actions will ultimately impact our business. We cannot predict future developments or changes to the regulatory environment or the impact such developments or changes may have on us.

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Increased regulation of the Internet could increase our cost of doing business. Current laws and regulations governing access to, or commerce on, the Internet are limited. As the significance of the Internet continues to expand, federal, state and local governments may adopt new rules and regulations applicable to, or apply existing laws and regulations to, the Internet. During 2017, the FCC adopted an order eliminating its previous classification of Internet service as a telecommunications service regulated under Title II of the TA96. This effectively limits the FCC’s authority over Internet Service Providers. The FCC retained rules requiring Internet Service Providers to disclose practices associated with blocking, throttling and paid prioritization of Internet traffic. The FCC order has been challenged in court and the outcome of the challenge cannot be determined at this time.  

The outcome of pending matters before the FCC and the FTC and any potential congressional action cannot be determined at this time but could lead to increased costs for the Company in connection with our provision of Internet services, and could affect our ability to compete in the markets we serve.

We are subject to extensive laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, natural resources and worker health and safety. Our operations and properties are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, natural resources and worker health and safety, including laws and regulations governing and creating liability in connection with the management, storage and disposal of hazardous materials, asbestos and petroleum products. We are also subject to laws and regulations governing air emissions from our fleet vehicles. As a smaller reporting company.result, we face several risks, including:

The cost of complying with environmental requirements could be significant. Similarly, the adoption of new environmental laws or regulations, or changes in existing laws or regulations or their interpretations, could result in significant compliance costs or unanticipated environmental liabilities.

Our business may be impacted by new or changing tax laws or regulations and actions by federal, state, and/or local agencies, or by how judicial authorities apply tax laws.  Our operations are subject to various federal, state and local tax laws and regulations. In connection with the products and services we sell, we calculate, collect, and remit various federal, state, and local taxes, surcharges and regulatory fees to numerous federal, state and local governmental authorities. In many cases, the application of tax laws is uncertain and subject to differing interpretations, especially when evaluated against new technologies and communications services, such as broadband Internet access and cloud related services. Tax laws are dynamic and subject to change as new laws are passed and new interpretations of the law are issued or applied. Changes in tax laws, or changes in interpretations of existing laws, could materially affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. For example, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, a major federal tax reform, that had a significant impact on our tax obligations and effective income tax rate.  

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Item 1B.  Unresolved Staff Comments

Not required for a smaller reporting company.

Item 2.   Properties

We are primarily focused on the provision of communication services and our properties are used primarily for administrative support and to house and safeguard our operating equipment. On December 31, 2021,2022, our gross property, plant and equipment totaled $228,735,284$265,823,857 (net balance of $81,149,354)$106,191,564).

OurWe own our corporate headquarters, which are currently located at 27 North Minnesota Street, New Ulm, Minnesota. We also own office facilities and related equipment for administrative personnel, central office buildings and operations in Minnesota and Iowa.

In addition to land and structures, our property consists of equipment necessary for the provision of communication services, including central office equipment, CPE and connections, pole lines, towers, remote terminals, aerial and underground cable and wire facilities and associated outside plant for use in providing our services, telephone switches, fiber networks and fiber communications network equipment, vehicles, furniture and fixtures, computers and other equipment.

In addition to plant and equipment we wholly-own, we utilize poles, towers, cable and conduit systems jointly-owned with other entities and lease space on facilities from other entities. These arrangements are in accordance with written agreements customary in the industry. We also have appropriate easements, rights of way and other arrangements for the accommodation of our pole lines, underground conduits, aerial and underground cables and wires. 

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We believe our properties are suitable and adequate to provide modern and effective communications services within our service areas, including local dial-tone, long distance service, broadband, TV and dedicated and switched long-haul transport. We also believe our properties and equipment are adequately insured. See Note 6 – “Long-Term Debt” for descriptions of the mortgages and collateral relating to the above referenced properties. See Note 1 – “Business Description and Summary Ofof Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 4 – “Property, Plant and Equipment” for a description of our depreciation policies and information relating to the above referenced properties and equipment and their respective depreciation.

Item 3.   Legal Proceedings

Other than routine litigation incidental to us, there are no pending material legal proceedings to which we are a party or to which any of our property is subject.  

Item 4.   Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable.

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PART II

Item 5.   Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock is quoted on the OTCQB Marketplace under the symbol "NUVR." As of March 1, 20222023 there were 1,2531,240 registered stockholders and approximately 977905 beneficial owners of Nuvera stock.

The Company’s Articles of Incorporation restrict any one individual or entity from beneficially owning more than seven percent of the outstanding capital stock of the corporation. Specific details of this restriction are contained in Article III of the Company’s Articles of Incorporation.  

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Repurchases of Nuvera common stock are made to support the Company’s stock-based employee compensation plans and for other corporate purposes. In May 2019, Nuvera announced the adoption of a $4.0 million stock repurchase program running through the end of 2021. Under the stock repurchase program, repurchases cancould be made from time to time using a variety of methods, including through open market purchase or in privately negotiated transactions in compliance with the rules of the SEC and other applicable legal requirements. The Company did not repurchase any shares in the second, third and fourth quarters of 2022 and there are no dollar amounts set aside for future repurchases under any stock repurchase plans.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities (registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act)

The following table summarizes stock repurchases for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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In two transactions that closed on February 25, 2022 and February 28, 2022, Nuvera purchased 75,000 shares each from two shareholders, for a total of 150,000 shares at a price of $21.25 per share for a total purchase price of $3,187,500. The shares were purchased pursuant to a privately negotiated purchase agreement between Nuvera and the shareholders. The stock purchase was authorized by the Nuvera BOD and a waiver was obtained from CoBank, ACB (CoBank) to facilitate the sale. See Nuvera’s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 2, 2022 for more information regarding this stock purchase. 

Dividends and Restrictions

On May 6, 2020, the Company’s BOD decided that, given the continuing uncertainty about the severity and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and its potential effect on the country’s economy generally and on the Company’s future sales and profitability specifically, as well as the Company’s need to preserve its liquidity and capital resources, the Company would (i) suspend declaring and paying a dividend in the second quarter of 2020 and (ii) temporarily suspend future purchases under its Stock Repurchase Program.   

On August 25, 2020, the Company’s BOD determined that it would (i) continue to suspend declaring and paying a dividend in the third quarter of 2020 and (ii) continue to temporarily suspend future purchases under its Stock Repurchase Program.    

On November 30, 2020, the Company’s BOD determined that it would (i) declare and pay a dividend in the fourth quarter of 2020 and (ii) resume purchases under its Stock Repurchase Program. The Company announced that it had successfully adjusted its operations including securing sufficient operating funds during a time of market uncertainty and can now look forward to recovering with the nation and return as an even stronger company and community in 2021.     

We declared a quarterly dividend of $0.14 per share for the fourth, third, second and first quarters of 2022, which totaled $711,841 for the fourth, third, and second quarters and $708,407 for the first quarter. We declared a quarterly dividend of $0.14 per share for the fourth, third and second quarters of 2021 and $0.13 per share for the first quarter of 2021, which totaled $729,407 for the fourth quarter, $729,188 for the third quarter, $729,749 for the second quarter and $676,090 for the first quarter. We declared a quarterly dividend

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Table of $0.13 per share for the first and fourth quarters of 2020, which totaled $674,171 for the first quarter and $675,883 for the fourth quarter. Contents

A quarterly cash dividend of $0.14 per share will be paid on March 15, 20222023 to stockholders of record at the close of business on March 7, 2022.

6, 2023. We expect to continue to pay quarterly dividends during 2022,2023, but only if and to the extent declared by our BOD on a quarterly basis and subject to various restrictions on our ability to do so (described below). Dividends on our common stock are not cumulative.

There are security and loan agreements underlying our current CoBank ACB (CoBank) credit facility that contain restrictions on our distributions to stockholders and investment in, or loans, to others. See below and Note 6 – “Long-Term Debt” for additional information.

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Our loan agreements include restrictions on our ability to pay cash dividends to our stockholders. However, we are allowed to pay dividends (a) (i) in an amount up to $2,700,000$3,000,000 in any year if our “Total Leverage Ratio,” that is, the ratio of our “Indebtedness” to “EBITDA” (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization – as defined in the loan documents), is greater than 2.00 to 1.00, and (ii) in any amount if our Total Leverage Ratio is less than 2.00 to 1.00, and (b) in either case, if we are not inlong as no default or potentialevent of default under the loan agreements. On December 31, 2020, our Total Leverage Ratio fell below 2.00, thus eliminating any restrictions on our ability to pay cash dividends to our stockholders. Our current Total Leverage Ratio as of December 31, 2021, was 1.83.  have occurred.

Our BOD reviews quarterly dividend declarations based on our anticipated earnings, capital requirements and our operating and financial conditions. The cash requirements of our current dividend payment practices are in addition to our other expected cash needs. Should our BOD determine a dividend will be declared, we expect we will have sufficient availability from our current cash flows from operations to fund our existing cash needs and the payment of our dividends. In addition, we expect we will have sufficient availability under our revolving credit facility to fund dividend payments in addition to any fluctuations in working capital and other cash needs.

Item 6.   Reserved

Item 7.   Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our historical financial statements and the related notes contained elsewhere in this report.

Overview

Nuvera has an advanced fiber communications network and offers a diverse array of communications products and services. We provide broadband Internet access, video services and managed and hosted solutions services. In addition we provide local voice service and network access to other communications carriers for connections to our fiber networks. In addition, we providenetworks as well as long distance service, broadband Internet access, video services, and managed and hosted solutions services.service.

Our operations consist primarily of providing services to customers for a monthly charge. Because many of these services are recurring in nature, backlog orders and seasonality are not significant factors. Our working capital requirements include financing the construction of our advanced fiber networks. We also require capital to maintain our advanced fiber networks and infrastructure; fund the payroll costs of our highly skilled labor force; maintain inventory to service capital projects, our advanced fiber network and our communication equipment customers; pay dividends and provide for the carrying value of trade accounts receivable, some of which may take several months to collect in the normal course of business.

COVID-19

We continue to closely monitor the impact on our business of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. We have and are continuing to take precautions to ensure the safety of our employees, customers and business partners, while assuring business continuity and reliable service and support to our customers. Health and safety measures implemented include transitioning to remote work-from-home policies, proof of COVID-19 vaccination, and mandatory mask wearing for our employees that are not vaccinated, redesigning and investing in our office spaces to accommodate a more healthy air quality environment, providing our field technicians and customer-facing personnel with personal protective equipment and additional safety training, practicing social distancing and adding calling in advance for work that must be performed inside customer premises. We are proactively monitoring and augmenting our network capacity, to meet the higher demands for data usage during the pandemic as a result of increased usage from work from home and remote learning applications. As a result of the pandemic, the demand for bandwidth upgrades have increased for our consumer, commercial and carrier customers. Our existing network enables us to efficiently respond and adapt to the increase in internetInternet traffic during this time.

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While we have not seen a significant adverse impact to our financial results from COVID-19 to date, the extent of the future impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business is uncertain and difficult to predict. Capital markets and the United States economy have also been significantly impacted by the pandemic. Adverse economic and market conditions as a result of COVID-19 could also adversely affect the demand for our products and services and may also impact the ability of our customers to satisfy their obligations to us. If the pandemic continues to cause significant negative impacts to economic conditions, our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity could be materially and adversely affected.

In 2021,2022, we have seen an increase in our overall revenues remain steady primarily due to internetInternet growth mentioned above, however,above. However, we continue to see an accelerated loss in our voice service and video service customers as those customers make choices about their entertainment needs and personal finances in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. We have also experienced increased costs in 20212022 which have affected our margins. In addition, we are anticipating increased inflation and future supply chain issues in the inventory, equipment and fiber we use in our business and have therefore purchased a large amount of these items in order to mitigate these potential issues and not disrupt our business operations.  

With respect to liquidity, we continue to evaluate costs and spending across our organization. This includes evaluating discretionary spending and non-essential capital investment expenditures. As of December 31, 2021,2022, we have $8.9M$10.1 million on our bank revolver available for use in the event that the need arises. In addition, we have a $40.0 million delayed draw term loan available to fund our fiber expansion plans.

We will continue to actively monitor the situation and may take further actions that alter our operations as may be required by federal, state or local authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, suppliers and shareholders.

Executive Summary

Highlights:

●     On December 8, 2022, the Company was awarded four broadband grants from the Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development (DEED). The grants will provide up to 45.0% to 50.0% of the total cost of building fiber connections to homes and businesses for improved high-speed Internet in unserved and underserved communities and businesses in the Company’s service area. The Company is eligible to receive $8,594,688 of approximately $18,139,749 total project costs. The Company will provide the remaining 55.0% to 50% matching funds. Construction and expenditures for these projects will begin in the spring of 2023. We have not received any funds for these projects as of December 31, 2022.

●On July 15, 2022, Nuvera and CoBank entered into (i) an Agreement Regarding Amendments to Loan Documents and (ii) an Amended and Restated Revolving Loan Promissory Note. The agreements amended our existing credit facility with CoBank and secured a new credit facility in the aggregate principal amount of $130.0 million. Under the Agreements, among other things, (i) the Company received a $50.0 million term loan to replace existing debt, (ii) a $50.0 million delayed draw term loan, (iii) the Company’s revolving loan was increased from $20.0 million to $30.0 million, (iv) the maturity date of the term loans were set at July 15, 2029, and the maturity day of the revolving loan was set at July 15, 2027, and (iii) the Company operating subsidiaries’ agreed to extend their previous guarantees, security interests and mortgages to cover the increased amount of the revolving note. The financing was secured to facilitate the Company’s advanced fiber-build plans announced on December 15, 2021. Refer to the Company’s 8-K filing with the SEC on July 20, 2022 for further details regarding the new credit agreements with CoBank.

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●On December 15, 2021, the Company announced plans to build and deploy Gig fiber internetInternet across its network creating crucial access to the fastest speeds available for rural communities, small cities and suburban areas across Minnesota. “This is a transformational moment for Nuvera as we make a future-focused investment in the communities we serve by providing the most reliable FTTP access to Gig-speed services,” said Glenn Zerbe, CEO. “Our homes, businesses and communities need reliable and affordable connections to school, workplaces and entertainment, as an important and growing part of everyday life.” “Nuvera’s investment in fiber-to-the-homeFTTH network infrastructure will allow more underserved communities across Minnesota to leverage the quality of life and economic opportunity that access to a state-of-the-art network provides now and for years to come.come,” said State Sen.Senator Nick Frentz, DFL-North Mankato. Nuvera’s Gig-speed end-to-end fiber network is building and rolling out now. Service will be available for thousands of customers in 2022. The company will continue to build and deploy the Gig-speed service over the next few years. “We’re excited to create ‘Nuvera Gig Cities’ in the communities we serve while also expanding access to fiber-based internetInternet service at a range of speeds,” said Zerbe. “Nuvera’s fiber network gives customers affordable access to a range of speeds from 100 Mbps to 1 Gig at prices that are the same whether you’re in rural Goodhue or suburban Prior Lake.” While Nuvera’s goal is to bring Gig-speed service to as many communities as possible, the initial buildout will focus on the following cities and surrounding communities:

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o   New Ulm

o   Hutchinson

o   Glencoe

o   Goodhue

o   Litchfield

o   Redwood Falls

o   Prior Lake

o   Elko New Market

o   Savage

o   Sleepy Eye

o   Springfield

o   Aurelia, IA

Nuvera’s fiber internetInternet prices range from $50 per month to $125$100 per month for Gig-speed services. Customers can choose the right speed at an affordable price, including low-income households through Federal programs.

●      On January 29, 2021, the Company was awarded five broadband grants from the Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development (DEED).DEED. The grants will provide up to 35.4% of the total cost of building fiber connections to homes and businesses for improved high-speed internetInternet in unserved or underserved communities and businesses in the Company’s service area. The Company is eligible to receive $1,918,037 of the approximately $5,419,617 total project costs. The Company will provide the remaining 64.6% matching funds. Construction and expenditures for these projects began in the spring of 2021. We have not received any funds$396,360 for these projects as of December 31, 2021.   2022.

●      On April 16, 2020, Nuvera received a $2,889,000 loan under the Small Business Administration’s (SBA) PayrollAdministration (SBA’s) Paycheck Protection ProgramPlan (PPP). The PPP was designed to provide a direct incentive for small businesses to keep their workers employed during the COVID-19 crisis. The SBA forgave loans if all employees were kept on the payroll for a required period of time under the program starting April 16, 2020, and the loan funds were used for payroll, rent and utilities. Nuvera retained employment of all employees through this period and followed all the SBA rules regarding this loan. The Company applied for debt forgiveness in August 2020. On February 3, 2021, the Company was notified by Citizens, the lender on the Company’s PPP Loan that Citizens has received payment in full from the United States federal government for the amount of the Company’s PPP Loan and the Company’s PPP Loan had been fully forgiven.

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●      In January 2020, the Company was awarded a broadband grant from the DEED. The grant will provide up to 36.5% of the total cost of building fiber connections to homes and businesses for improved high-speed internetInternet in unserved or underserved communities and businesses in the Company’s service area. The Company is eligible to receive $730,000 of the approximately $2,000,000 total project costs. The Company will provide the remaining 63.5% matching funds. Construction and expenditures for these projects began in the spring of 2020 and were completed under budget in the third quarter of 2021. We have received $724,465 for these projects as of December 31, 2021.2022.

●      Net income in 20212022 totaled $12,251,921,$7,196,702, which was a $2,416,109,$5,055,219, or 24.6% increase41.3% decrease compared to 2020.2021. This increasedecrease was primarily due to PPP Loan Forgiveness, partially offset by a decrease in operating income, increased interest expense and the PPP loan forgiveness that occurred in 2021, all of which are described below.

●      Consolidated revenue for 20212022 totaled $65,837,521,$65,714,469, which was a $926,450 increase$123,052 decrease compared to 2020.2021. This increasedecrease was primarily due to increasesdecreases in voice service, network access revenue, video services, FUSF subsidies and dataother revenues, partially offset by decreasesincreases in local service, network access, and other revenues,data services, all of which are described below.

Business Trends

Included below is a synopsis of business trends management believes will continue to affect usour business in 2022.

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Voice and switched access revenues are expected to continue to be adversely impacted by future declines in access lines due to competition in the communications industry from CATV providers, VoIP providers, wireless, other competitors, emerging technologies and the on-going effects of COVID-19. As we experience access line losses, our switched access revenue will continue to decline consistent with industry-wide trends. A combination of changing minutes of use, carriers optimizing their network costs, lower demand for dedicated lines and downward rate pressures may affect our future voice and switched access revenues. Access line losses totaled 2,9541,790 or 14.65%10.40% in 20212022 compared to 20202021 due to the reasons mentioned above.

The expansion of our advanced fiber communications network, growth in broadband connection sales along with continued migration to higher connectivity speeds and the sales of Internet value-added services such as on-line data backup, and hosted and managed service solutions are expected to continue to offset the revenue declines from the access line trends discussed above.

To be competitive, we continue to emphasize the bundling ofinvest in our products and services. Our customers have the option to bundle local phone, high-speed Internet, long distance and video services. These bundles provide our customers with one convenient location to obtain all of their communications and entertainment options, a convenient billing solution and bundle discounts. We believe that product bundles positively impact our customer retention, and the associated discounts provide our customers the best value for their communications and entertainment options. We have an advanced fiber broadband network which, along with the bundling of our voice, Internet and video services allows us to meet customer demands for products and services. We continue to focus on the research and deployment of advanced technological products that include broadband services, wireless services, private line, VoIP, digital video, IPTV and hosted and managed services.

We continue to evaluate our operating structure to identify opportunities for increased operational efficiencies and effectiveness. This involves evaluating opportunities for task automation, network efficiency and the balancing of our workforce based on the current needs of our customers.

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Financial results for the Communications Segment for the years ended December 31, 20212022 and 20202021 are included below:

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Revenue

Voice Service – We receive recurring revenue for basic voice services that enable customers to make and receive telephone calls within a defined local calling area for a flat monthly fee. In addition to subscribing to basic local voice services, our customers may choose from a variety of custom calling features such as call waiting, call forwarding, caller identification and voicemail. Voice service revenue was $6,175,847,$5,694,428, which was $510,114$481,419 or 7.6%7.8% lower in 20212022 compared to 2020.2021. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in access lines, which continues to be impacted by the on-going effects of COVID-19, which has accelerated an industry trend of customers moving to other communications options, partially offset by a combination of rate increases introduced into several of our markets in the first quarters of 2021 and 2020.past few years.   

The number of access lines we serve as a company have been decreasing, which is consistent with a general industry trend, as customers are increasingly utilizing other technologies, such as wireless phones and IP services. To help offset declines in voice service revenue, we implemented an overall strategy that continues to focus on selling a competitive bundle of services. Our focus on marketing competitive service bundles to our customers creates value for the customer and aids in the retention of our voice lines.

Network Access– We provide access services to other communications carriers for the use of our facilities to terminate or originate traffic on our network. Additionally, we bill SLCs to substantially all of our customers for access to the public switched network. These monthly SLCs are regulated and approved by the FCC. In addition, network access revenue was derived from several federally administered pooling arrangements designed to provide network support and distribute funding to communications companies. Network access revenue was $5,652,372,$4,759,084, which was $433,718$893,288 or 7.1%15.8% lower in 20212022 compared to 2020.2021. This decrease was primarily due to lower minutes of use on our network and lower special access revenues, which continues to be impacted by the on-going effects of COVID-19, which has accelerated an industry trend of customers moving to other communications options.

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In recent years, IXCs and others have become more aggressive in disputing both interstate carrier access charges and the applicability of access charges to their network traffic. We believe that long distance and other communication providers will continue to challenge the applicability of access charges either before the FCC or directly with the LECs. We cannot predict the likelihood of future claims and cannot estimate the impact.

Video Service – We receive monthly recurring revenue from our subscribers for providing commercial TV programming in competition with local CATV, satellite dish TV and off-air TV service providers. We serve twenty-two communities with our IPTV services and five communities with our CATV services. Video service revenue was $12,597,289,$12,497,458, which was $372,715$99,831 or 3.0% higher0.8% lower in 20212022 compared to 2020.2021. This increasedecrease was primarily due to a decrease in video customers, partially offset by a combination of rate increases introduced into several of our markets partially offset by a decrease inover the past few years. Our video customers, which continuesservice revenues continue to be impacted by the on-going effects of COVID-19, which has accelerated an industry trend of customers moving to other video options.    

Data Service – We provide high speed Internet to business and residential customers. Our revenue is earned based on the offering of various flat rate packages based on the level of service, data speeds and features. We also provide e-mail and managed services, such as web hosting and design, on-line file back up and on-line file storage. Data service revenue was $25,495,739,$27,028,332, which was $2,118,013$1,532,593 or 9.1%6.0% higher in 20212022 compared to 2020.2021. This increase was primarily due to an increase in data customers, customers upgrading their packages and speeds and the implementation of a monthly equipment charge to our customers in 2021.customers. We expect continued growth in this area will be driven by completing our advanced FTTP network, expansion of our service areas and marketing managed service solutions to businesses.

A-CAM/FUSF – In 2019, the Company elected to receive funding from A-CAM, with the exception of Scott-Rice, which still receives funding from the FUSF. See Note 2 – “Revenue Recognition” for a discussion regarding FUSF.

A-CAM/FUSF support totaled $11,743,918,$11,721,412, which was $341,765$22,506 or 2.8%0.2% lower in 20212022 compared to 2020.2021. This decrease was primarily due to lower FUSF support received for Scott-Rice due to lower traffic on our network resulting from our declining access lines.   

Other Revenue – Our customers are billed for toll and long-distance services on either a per call or flat-rate basis. This also includes the offering of directory assistance, operator service and long distance private lines. We also generate revenue from directory publishing through an outside vendor, sales and service of CPE, bill processing and other customer services. Our directory publishing revenue in our telephone directories recurs monthly. We also provide retail sales and service of cellular phones and accessories through Telespire, a national wireless provider. We resell these wireless services as Nuvera Wireless, our branded product. We receive both recurring revenue for our wireless services, as well as revenue collected for the sales of wireless phones and accessories. Other revenue was $4,172,356,$4,013,755, which was $278,681$158,601 or 6.3%3.8% lower in 20212022 compared to 2020.2021. This decrease was primarily due to decreases in the sales and installation of CPE, and lower long-distance revenues.

Cost of Services (Excluding Depreciation and Amortization)

Cost of services (excluding depreciation and amortization) was $29,034,757,$30,179,770, which was $1,139,386$1,145,013 or 4.1%3.9% higher in 20212022 compared to 2020.2021. This increase was primarily due to higher programming costs from video content providers, higher costs associated with increased maintenance and support agreements on our equipment and software, and increased costs to maintain a highly-skilled workforce. We have experienced increased inflation in our operations in 20212022 and expect future inflationary pressures could affect our costs to operate our business.     

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $10,377,186,$9,916,482, which was $522,843$460,704 or 5.3% higher4.4% lower in 20212022 compared to 2020.2021. This increase was primarily due to higherdecrease reflects cost containment efforts implemented in 2022, partially offset by increased costs associated with professional and consulting services.our FTTP network initiative. We have experienced increased inflation in our operations in 20212022 and expect future inflationary pressures could affect our costs to operate our business.    

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization was $12,538,778,$14,108,246, which was $395,448$1,569,468 or 3.3%12.5% higher in 20212022 compared to 2020.2021. This increase was primarily due to accelerated depreciation on our copper cable networks as we transition to a new advanced FTTP network and increases in our advanced FTTP network assets, reflecting our continual investment in technology and infrastructure in order to meet our customers’ demands for products and services.     

Operating Income

Operating income was $13,886,800,$11,509,971, which is $1,131,227was $2,376,829 or 7.5%17.1% lower in 20212022 compared to 2020.2021. This decrease was primarily due to higher operating expenses, partially offset by higher operating revenues,costs of services and depreciation, all of which are described above.

See Consolidated Statements of Income Below (for discussion)discussion below)

Other Income (Expense) and Interest Expense   

Other income in 20212022 and 2020,2021, included a patronage credit earned with CoBank, which was a result of our debt agreements with them. The patronage credit allocated and received in 20212022 was $625,490,$567,468, compared to $647,369$625,490 allocated and received in 2020.2021. CoBank determines and pays the patronage credit annually, generally in the first quarter of the calendar year, based on its results from the prior year. We record these patronage credits as income when they are received.

Interest and dividend income decreased $22,375increased $78,688 in 20212022 compared to 2020.2021. This decreaseincrease was primarily due to a decreaseincreases in dividend income earned on our investments.

Interest expense decreased $376,500increased $1,357,317 in 20212022 compared to 2020.2021. This decreaseincrease was primarily due to lowerhigher outstanding debt balances and increased interest rates on our non-swapped debt in connection with our increased term debt credit facility and our increased revolving credit facility with CoBank.CoBank to support our fiber-build initiative.   

On February 3, 2021, the Company was notified by Citizens, the lender on the Company’s PPP Loan, that Citizens hashad received payment-in-full from the United States federal government for the amount of the Company’s PPP Loan and the Company’s PPP Loan had been fully forgiven resulting in a gain on debt forgiveness of $2,912,433, which was the total of the PPP Loan plus accrued interest on the loan.

The Company recognized a $217,876 unrealized gain on one of its investments for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Other investment income increased $79,580$106,698 in 20212022 compared to 2020.2021. Other investment income is primarily from our equity ownerships in several partnerships and limited liability companies.  

Income Taxes

Income tax expense decreased by $329,340$1,033,310 in 20212022 compared to 20202021 as we recorded income tax expense of $2,698,663 in 2022 and $3,731,973 in 2021 and $4,061,313 in 2020.2021. The decrease in income taxes was primarily due to a decrease indecreased operating income and the PPP Loan forgiveness being tax exempt at the federal and state level.increased interest expense. The effective income tax rate was approximately 27.3% for 2022 and 23.4% for 2021 and 29.2% 2020.2021. The difference between the effective tax rate and the federal statutory tax rate are reconciled in Note 8 – “Income Taxes.” 

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Non-GAAP Measures

In addition to the results reported with GAAP, we also use certain non-GAAP measures such as EBITDAnet earnings before interest expense, income taxes, and depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) and adjusted EBITDA to evaluate operating performance and to facilitate the comparison of our historical results and trends. These financial measures are not a measure of financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income as a measure of performance and net cash provided by operating activities as a measure of liquidity. They are not, on their own, necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs as determined in accordance with GAAP. The calculation of these non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Reconciliations of these non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP are provided below.

EBITDA is defined as net earnings before interest expense, income taxes, and depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is comprised of EBITDA, adjusted for certain items as permitted or required under our credit facility as described in the reconciliations below. These measures are a common measure of operating performance in the communications industry and are useful, with other data, as a means to evaluate our ability to fund our estimated uses of cash.

The following table is a reconciliation of net income to adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 20212022 and 2020.2021.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Capital Structure

Nuvera’s total capital structure (long-term and short-term debt obligations, net of unamortized loan fees plus stockholders’ equity) was $181,134,049 at December 31, 2022, reflecting 56.6% equity and 43.4% debt. This compares to a capital structure of $146,277,211 at December 31, 2021, reflecting 67.4% equity and 32.6% debt. This compares to a capital structure of $141,570,577 at December 31, 2020, reflecting 61.9% equity and 38.1% debt. In the communications industry, debt financing is most often based on operating cash flows. Specifically, our current use of our credit facilities is in a ratio of approximately 1.833.13 times debt to EBITDA (as defined in the loan documents), which is well within acceptable limits for our agreements and our industry. Our management believes adequate operating cash flows and other internal and external resources, such as our cash on hand, and revolvingnew credit facility are available to finance ongoing operating requirements, including capital expenditures, business development, debt service and temporary financing of trade accounts receivable. In addition, the Company expects that a new credit facility will be obtained from our current lenders, CoBank, in either the first or second quarter of 2022 to accommodate the Company’s fiber-build plans and fund operations.

Liquidity Outlook

Our short-term and long-term liquidity needs arise primarily from (i) capital expenditures; (ii) working capital requirements needed to support our growth; (iii) debt service; (iv) dividend payments on our stock and (v) potential acquisitions.

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Our primary sources of liquidity for the year ended December 31, 20212022 were proceeds from cash generated from operations and cash reserves held at the beginning of the period. As of December 31, 2021,2022, we had a working capital surplus of $2,545,129.$18,161,983. In addition, as of December 31, 2021,2022, we had $8.9$10.1 million available under our revolving credit facility to fund any short-term working capital needs. Also we have a $40.0 million delayed draw term loan available to fund our fiber expansion plans. The working capital surplus as of December 31, 20212022 was primarily the result of increased inventories to support our fiber-build initiative and a lower current portion due ondelay in principal payments to CoBank as a part of our long-term debt.new debt facility with them.     

We have not conducted a public equity offering. We operate with original equity capital, retained earnings and additions to indebtedness in the form of senior debt and bank lines of credit.

Cash Flows

We expect our liquidity needs to include capital expenditures, payment of interest and principal on our indebtedness, income taxes and dividends. We use our cash inflow to manage the temporary increases in cash demand and utilize our revolving credit facility to manage more significant fluctuations in liquidity caused by growth initiatives.

While it is often difficult for us to predict the impact of general economic conditions, including the impact of COVID-19 on us, we believe that we will be able to meet our current and long-term cash requirements primarily through our operating cash flows and anticipated debt financing and anticipate that we will be able to plan for and match future liquidity needs with future internal and available external resources.  

We periodically seek to add growth initiatives by either expanding our network or our markets through organic or internal investments or through strategic acquisitions. We believe we can adjust the timing or the number of our initiatives according to any limitations which may be imposed by our capital structure or sources of financing.

Impact of COVID-19 on Our Cash Flows

The global spread of COVID-19 and the various attempts to contain it may create volatility with our future cash flows. Our future cash flows are could be impacted by our customer’s inability to pay for or keep their existing services, or their inability to acquire our services due to their personal financial hardships created by COVID-19. We may not be able to expand our network, acquire new customers or service existing customers based on our future cash flow position. We continue to monitor our discretionary spending in reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic. We have experienced disruptions in our business as we implemented modifications to preserve adequate liquidity and ensure that our business can continue to operate during this uncertain time. 

Cash Flows

We expect our liquidity needs to include capital expenditures, payment of interest and principal on our indebtedness, income taxes and dividends. We use our cash inflow to manage the temporary increases in cash demand and utilize our revolving credit facility to manage more significant fluctuations in liquidity caused by growth initiatives.

While it is often difficult for us to predict the impact of general economic conditions, including the impact of COVID-19 on us, we believe that we will be able to meet our current and long-term cash requirements primarily through our operating cash flows and anticipated debt financing and anticipate that we will be able to plan for and match future liquidity needs with future internal and available external resources. 

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We periodically seek to add growth initiatives by either expanding our network or our markets through organic or internal investments or through strategic acquisitions. We believe we can adjust the timing or the number of our initiatives according to any limitations which may be imposed by our capital structure or sources of financing.

The following table summarizes our cash flow: