ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10‑K10-K

DECEMBER 30, 20172023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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PART I

Item 1. Business.

General Development of the Business.

Universal Forest Products,UFP Industries, Inc. (“we” or “our”) is a holding company with subsidiaries throughout North America, Europe, Asia, and in Australia that design, manufacture and supply products made from wood, wood compositecomposites, and other productsmaterials to three markets: retail, industrial,packaging, and construction. The Company isWe are headquartered in Grand Rapids, Michigan. For more information about Universal Forest Products,UFP Industries, Inc., or itsour affiliated operations, go to www.ufpi.com.

Information relating to current developments in our business is incorporated by reference from our Annual Report to Shareholders for the fiscal year ended December 30, 20172023 ("20172023 Annual Report") under the caption "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." Selected portions of the 20172023 Annual Report are filed as Exhibit 13 with this Form 10‑K10-K Report.

Financial Information About Segments.

ASC 280, Segment Reporting (“ASC 280”) defines operating segments as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance.

Our operating segments that are stand-alone reportablebusiness segments consist of UFP Retail Solutions, UFP Packaging and UFP Construction and align with the end markets we serve. Among other things, this structure allows for a specialized and consistent sales approach among Company operations, efficient use of resources and capital, and quicker introduction of new products and services. We manage the operations of our North, South,individual locations primarily through a market-centered reporting structure under which each location is included in a business unit and West.business units are included in our Retail, Packaging, and Construction segments. In the case of locations that serve multiple segments, results are allocated and accounted for by segment.

The exception to this market-centered reporting and management structure is our International segment, which comprises our Mexico, Canada, Europe, Asia and Australia operations, and sales and buying offices in other parts of the world. Our International segment and Ardellis, our insurance captive, are referred to as “All Other” throughout this report.

The Corporate segment includes purchasing, transportation, corporate ventures, and administrative functions that serve our operating segments. Operating results of Corporate primarily consists of over (under) allocated costs. The operating results of UFP Real Estate, Inc., which owns and leases real estate, and UFP Transportation Ltd., which owns, leases and operates transportation equipment, are also included in Corporate. Inter-company lease and services charges are assessed to our operating segments that are aggregated intofor the All Other reportable segment are the Alternative Materials, International, idX,use of these assets and Corporate divisions. Separate financial information about our segments is incorporated by reference from Note N of the Consolidated Financial Statements presented under Item 8 herein.services at fair market value rates.

Narrative Description of Business.

Historically, we owned and operated a number of manufacturing facilities across North America that served our various markets, and we managed those operations primarily on a geographic basis. As part of that structure, the managers of those facilities and geographic business units were responsible for and compensated on the basis of each facility's, unit's, and region's respective financial performance. This structure fostered a strong entrepreneurial and sales culture, as well as significant revenue growth – from 2011 to 2019 our revenues increased from $1.8 billion to $4.4 billion. We design, manufacturebelieve that the duration and durability of our relationships with many of our customers, which extend over several decades with certain key customers, is a reflection of our strong sales culture and intense focus on providing custom solutions.

The growth in our business, and in the size and number of our customers, generated an increased need for a deeper understanding of the markets we serve, as well as the need to offer more complete solutions, services, and products for existing and prospective customers. That need, combined with our growth objectives, required a structure that would reorient the company’s focus from geography to end markets. Our 2020 restructuring accomplished that objective and now allows us to better serve our customers, recognize and exploit market opportunities, enhance the efficiency of our operations, and improve the deployment of capital. At the same time, we continue to maintain our existing compensation philosophy and practices of rewarding the financial performance of our plants, business units, and segments, based upon pre-bonus operating profits and return on investment, to preserve our strong entrepreneurial and sales culture.

Our business segments are functionally interdependent and are supported by common corporate services, such as accounting and finance, information technology, human resources, legal and compliance, and others. We regularly invest in automation and create best practices to improve the efficiency of our manufacturing facilities across each of the segments. The results and improvements from these investments are shared among the segments. This exchange of improvements and ideas has also prompted better and faster innovation for new products, processes, and product improvements.

Importantly, the restructuring allows us to better evaluate market conditions and opportunities, while effectively allocating capital and resources to the appropriate segments and business units. Also, we believe that the diversification and manner in which we operate our business provides an inherent hedge against the inevitable business cycles that our markets experience and over which we have little control. Accordingly, our goal is to provide stable earnings and cash flows to our shareholders. Our diversification and operating practices also mitigate the impact of volatile lumber market conditions experienced by traditional lumber companies.

Retail Solutions segment. Our Retail Solutions segment is comprised of the following business units: ProWood, Deckorators and UFP-Edge. The segment is focused on distinct product offerings which are grouped by brands and business units. These groupings may change periodically as opportunities to gain efficiencies occur or development of products that deliver increased scale and synergy are developed.

ProWood. Our ProWood business unit manufactures and sells pressure-treated lumber products, including decking, fencing, and lattice, as well as decorative and functional lawn and garden products to building products retailers across the nation. This business unit includes our branded ProWood line of pressure-treated and fire-retardant products used primarily for outdoor decking environments, including associated accessories. It also includes our branded Outdoor Essentials line of lawn and garden products, consisting of wood and wood-alternativevinyl fencing and lattice, garden beds and planters, pergolas, picnic tables, and other landscaping products. Numerous pressure-treaters exist on local and regional scales with none approaching the volume sold by UFP. We estimate we produce approximately 28% of all residential treated wood, 9% of all wood fencing, and 8% of all fire-retardant wood products.

Deckorators. This business unit includes the manufacture of wood plastic composite and our patented Surestone mineral based composite decking and related decking accessories, including aluminum railing systems, balusters, post caps, and similar products, for nationalas well as customized, aluminum fencing. Customers include big box home improvement retailers, regional home centers and other retailers, structural lumberwholesale distributors. We estimate we manufacture 6% of all composite decking and otherrailing in the U.S.

UFP-Edge. This business unit manufactures and sells exterior siding, pattern, trim and facia products. These products for the manufactured housing industry,include traditional wood, engineered wood components for residential and commercial construction, specialtymodified wood packaging, components and packing materials for various industries, and customized interior fixtures used insiding with a variety of retailfinish and commercial structures. Each of our markets, Retail, Industrialprofile alternatives as well as primed wood trim boards and Construction, are discussed in the paragraphs which follow. Our locations generally serve customers in multiple markets.

Retail. The customers comprising this market are national home center retailers, retail-oriented regional lumberyardsfacia. It also includes interior pattern and contractor-oriented lumberyards. Generally, terms of sale are established for annual or bi-annual periods,trim products, as well as pre-painted and orders are placed with our regional facilities in accordance with established terms. One customer, The Home Depot, accounted for approximately 19% of our total sales in fiscal 2017, 20% in 2016,primed shiplap and 19% in 2015.

We currently supply customers in this market from many of our locations. These regional facilities are able to supply mixed truckloads of products which can be delivered to customers with rapid turnaround from receipt of an order. Freight costs are a factor in the ability to competitively service this market, especially with treated wood products because of their heavier weight. The close proximity of our regional facilities to the various outlets of these customersproject boards. UFP-Edge is a factor when negotiating annual sales programs.

The products offered to customers in this market include dimensional lumber (both preserved and unpreserved) and various "value-added products," some of which are sold under our trademarks. In addition to our conventional lumber products, we offer a large portfolio of outdoor living products, including wood composite decking and decorative lawn and garden products. Products sold to this market include those sold under the following trademarks: (1) ProWood  (2) Deckorators (3) UFP-Edge. We also sell engineered wood components to this market, which include roof trusses, wall panelshome improvement retailers and engineered floor systems (see "Construction Market" below).two-step distributors.

We supply customers in this segment from many of our locations. Our facilities supply mixed truckloads of products, delivered to customers with rapid turnaround. Freight costs are a factor in the ability to competitively service this market, especially with treated wood products due to their weight. The proximity of our manufacturing facilities to customer locations is factored into annual sales programs. The Retail segment services two of our largest customers, The Home Depot and Lowes, which accounted for approximately 17% and 12%, respectively, of our total net sales in fiscal 2023, 15% and 11%, respectively, in 2022, and 16% and 10%, respectively, in 2021.

See Note M "Segment Reporting" of our Annual Report to Shareholders for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2023 for our disaggregated net sales by business unit for our Retail Solutions segment.

Packaging segment. Formerly known as our Industrial Marketsegment, it is comprised of the following business units: Structural Packaging, PalletOne, and Protective Packaging Solutions.

Structural Packaging. This business unit designs, engineers, manufactures and tests custom packaging products primarily made of wood and metal. These products are custom designed, often including mixed materials, and manufactured based upon specific customer needs and requirements. We defineserve a wide variety of regional, national, and global customers in several end markets such as building materials, durable goods, agricultural, moving and storage, heavy equipment and automotive. We utilize combinations of various materials through industrial engineering and testing to promote the best value and functionality for our customers. In Structural Packaging there are regional companies that produce similar product lines, and small single-location competitors in most of our markets. We estimate our domestic market share in Structural Packaging to be 10-12%.

PalletOne. This business unit designs and manufactures pallets primarily made of wood and heat-treated wood. Our pallets are designed and manufactured in numerous sizes and configurations and are used by our customers for shipping a wide assortment of consumer and industrial market as manufacturersproducts. This business unit also includes a recycling operation of previously used pallets. Keys to our success in this business unit are low-cost production through expanded automation, including robotics and agricultural customers who use pallets, specialty crates, wooden boxes,high efficiency pallet machines, and the procurement of competitively priced industrial grade wood fiber. In 2022 the company acquired a 50% equity stake in Dempsey Wood Products, LLC, which produces pallet lumber and other containers usedindustrial wood products in Orangeburg, South Carolina. The lumber Dempsey produces is a crucial product for packaging, shippingpallet operations and material handling purposes,has been in short supply as welllarger mills produce less of this type of lumber. PalletOne’s investment in Dempsey helps it secure and grow a critical long-term supply source. There are numerous local and regional pallet manufacturers that compete with PalletOne. We estimate that, as various other products, used inthe largest supplier, we manufacture approximately 10% of new machine-built pallets nationally.

Protective Packaging Solutions. This business unit consists of a wide variety of different applications. Manyproducts, such as corrugate, foam, labels, strapping and films. These products are primarily sold as additional offerings to our structural packaging products and pallets and are generally sold as a means of providing a more complete solution to our customers' packaging needs and requirements. Over the last five years, we have added additional products soldand services to this market may be produced frombusiness unit to meet the by-productincreasing demand of other manufactured products, therebyour customers to provide a wider array of innovative solutions to their packaging and shipping needs. Through the acquisitions of Advantage Label in Grand Rapids, MI, and Titan Manufacturing, a highly-automated corrugate converter in Flower Mound, TX, UFP has become a manufacturer of labels and corrugate boxes, two significant growth categories for UFP Packaging.

Competitive advantages for UFP Packaging include: being a low cost pallet producer due to our supply agreements, investments in vertical integration, and level of automation in our manufacturing plants; our scale and ability to serve large global, national and regional customers; design and engineering expertise, coupled with our ability to manufacture structural packaging with mixed materials, allowing us to increaseprovide creative, value-added solutions to our raw material yields while expandingcustomers; single-source supplier offering a wide breadth of products, allowing customers to buy more efficiently.

We plan to acquire companies across the industrial packaging spectrum with capabilities in product categories that allow us to fill geographical gaps that enhance our business. Competition is fragmented and includes virtually every supplierability to offer valuable packaging solutions to our customers.

See Note M "Segment Reporting" of lumber convenientour Annual Report to Shareholders for the customer. We service this market withfiscal year ended December 30, 2023 for our dedicated localdisaggregated net sales teams and through national sales support efforts.by business unit for our Packaging segment.

Construction Market.segment. Our construction marketsegment is made upcomprised of the following business units – Factory-Built Housing, Site-Built Construction, Commercial Construction, and Concrete Forming.

Factory-Built Housing. This business unit designs and manufactures roof trusses, cut-to-size dimensional and board lumber, plywood, and oriented strand board, all intended for use in the construction of manufactured housing. Our customers in three submarkets - manufactured housing, residential construction and commercial construction.

The customers comprising the manufactured housingthis market are producers of mobile, modular and prefabricated homes and, to a lesser extent, recreational vehicles (RV). Products sold to customers in this market consist primarily of roof trusses, lumber cut and shaped to the customer’s specification, plywood, oriented strand board and dimensional lumber, all intended for use in the construction of manufactured housing. Sales are made by personnel located at each regional facility based on customer orders.cargo trailers. Our principal competitive advantages include our product knowledge, the strength of our engineering support services, the close proximity of our regional facilities to our customers, our purchasing and manufacturing expertise and our ability to provide national sales programs to certain customers. These factors have enabled us to accumulate significant market shareAs a result of these advantages, we estimate we produce approximately 45% of all roof trusses used in factory-built housing in the products we supply.United States. We also distribute products such as siding, electrical, plumbing, and plumbingmany other specialty products to manufacturedfactory-built housing and RV customers. Customer vertical integration strategies have affected us in certain regions, and we’ve taken steps to mitigate this risk by increasing our value as a supplier through innovation and low cost production.

TheSite-Built Construction. This business unit designs and manufactures roof and floor trusses, wall panels, I-joists and lumber packages as well as engineered wood components used to frame residential and light commercial projects. Recent acquisitions, including Atlantic Prefab, Inc., Exterior Designs, LLC, and Patriot Building Systems, LLC, and Endurable Building Products have given the company manufacturing capability in alternate material components such as metal trusses, sheathed and pre-finished light gauge metal wall panels and aluminum balconies, decks and rail accessories. We’ve made a variety of investments in automation, allowing us to enhance efficiency and capacity in numerous UFP Construction operations. Our recently launched proprietary smartphone application, TrussTrax, provides a convenient, simple way for builders to track orders, shipments and engineered documents 24 hours a day, and has enjoyed wide customer adoption. Our customers comprising the residential constructionin this market are primarily large-volume, multi-tract builders and smaller volume custom builders. We also supply builders engaged in multi-family and light commercial construction. In addition,We currently estimate that approximately 65% of the unit's business is for single-family homes while 35% is for multi-family structures.

Competition in site-built construction consists of numerous national and regional building products dealers who also manufacture components and/or provide framing services, as well as regional manufacturers of engineered wood components. We believe our primary competitive advantages relate to the engineering and design capabilities of our staff, purchasing and manufacturing expertise, product quality, timeliness of delivery, and financial strength, as well as providing a comprehensive turn-key package, including installation in selected markets. As a result of these strengths, we supplyestimate we produce approximately 12% of all engineered wood forms and related products to set or form concrete for various structures including large parking garages, stadiums and bridges.components used in housing in the United States. Generally, terms of sale and pricing are determined based on contracts we enteredenter into with our customers.

We currently supply customers in these markets from manufacturing facilities located in many different states. These facilities manufacture various engineered wood components usedstates, primarily located in the non-urban Northeast, mid-Atlantic, Southeast, Texas, and Colorado. We have intentionally avoided markets that have experienced more severe demand volatility for housing. Also, the states in which we have a presence are forecast to frame residential or light commercial projects, including roof and floor trusses, wall panels, I-joists and lumber packages.continue to benefit from migration trends in the United States. Freight costs are a factor in the ability to competitively service this market due to the space requirements of these products on each truckload. We also provide framing services for customersbuilders in certain regional markets in which we erect the wood structure.

Commercial Construction. Our commercial construction business unit primarily includes the operations of idX Holdings, Inc. idX is a designer, manufacturer and installer of highly customized interior fixtures, casework and architectural millwork used in a variety of retail and commercial structures. This business unit serves customers throughout North America and to a lesser extent, Asia and Europe, in healthcare, hospitality, quick service restaurants, retail, and financial, offering comprehensive, streamlined solutions and customized products while managing programs from concept through completion, on a global scale. We believe we are one of the top five custom interior environment providers globally and the largest diversified custom solutions provider.

Concrete Forming. This business unit designs, manufactures and supplies wood forms and related products that providing a comprehensive turn-key package,are used by our customers to set or form concrete for various structures, including installation, provideslarge parking garages, stadiums, commercial structures, and infrastructure projects such as bridges. Our customers in this business unit include general contractors as well as distributors. We believe we are unique in our ability to deliver highly engineered, factory-built solutions to job sites.

We believe the diversification of the end markets we serve in our Construction segment as well as the breadth of our products and services represent a competitive advantage.

Competition in this market is primarily fragmented, but we do compete with a small number of national and regional retail contractor yards who also manufacture components and provide framing services, as well as regional manufacturers of components. We believe our primary competitive advantages relate to the engineering and design capabilitiesSee Note M "Segment Reporting" of our regional staff,Annual Report to Shareholders for the fiscal year ended December 30, 2023 for our disaggregated net sales by business unit for our Construction segment.

UFP Purchasing/Suppliers. Our purchasing team manages and manufacturing expertise, product quality, timelinesspurchases wood fiber for each of delivery,our segments. The three main end markets for softwood lumber in North America – retail, construction, and financial strength.

Suppliers.packaging – align with our three business segments We are one of the largest domestic buyersconverter of solid sawn softwood lumber from North American primary producers (lumber mills). For 2023, we estimate we purchased approximately 8% of the 51.5 billion board feet of North America softwood lumber production. The volume and variety of lumber dimensions purchased allows us to consume all grades and dimensions of what many of our mill suppliers produce, effecting and maintaining long-term, beneficial relationships with many of those suppliers. In turn, this has allowed us to better manage our raw materials inventory (including vendor-managed inventory), lower our costs, and mitigate the volatility of lumber prices.

We use primarily southern yellow pine in our pressure-treating operations and our site-built component plantshousing, structural packaging, and machine-built pallet operations in the Southeastern United States, which we obtainStates. Southern yellow pine is sourced from mills located throughoutranging from Texas to the states comprising the Sunbelt. Other species weCarolinas. We also use include "spruce-pine-fir"spruce-pine-fir from various provinces inboth Eastern and Western Canada; hemlock, douglas fir and cedar from the Pacific Northwest; inland species of pine, plantation grown radiata and southern yellow pines from South America; and various European

Seasonality. Information required for seasonality disclosures is incorporated by reference from Item 1A. Risk Factors under the caption “Seasonality and weather conditions, including those arising from climate change, could adversely affect us.”

EmployeesHuman Capital Management. On December 30, 2017,2023, we had approximately 10,00015,800 employees.

Financial Information About Geographic Areas.

The dominant portion For nearly 70 years, the success of our operationscompany has rested on the skill, motivation and sales occurperformance of our employees. We treat our people honestly and fairly, creating career paths and training opportunities to develop and expand their scope of responsibilities and financial rewards. This approach to human capital, which is embedded in the United States. Separate financial information about foreignCompany's culture, has fostered an environment where our employees often commit their respective careers to UFP Industries, Inc.

Environmental, Social, and domesticGovernance. Matters of sustainability, health and safety, employee welfare, supply chain management, and community engagement are managed by our executive team, with oversight from our Nominating and Corporate Governance and Personnel and Compensation Committees. In March 2023, we published on our website our fiscal year 2022 “Governance Report,” detailing our responsible practices as well as our future outlook. We anticipate publishing on our website our fiscal year 2023 Governance Report during the second quarter of 2024.

Our manufacturing operations have a long history of environmental stewardship through efficiency and exportenergy savings, waste management, and responsible product sourcing. We quantified our 2022 Scope 1 and Scope 2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in our fiscal year 2022 Governance Report and plan to disclose our 2023 Scope 1 and Scope 2 GHG emissions in 2024.

We are driven by operational excellence throughout the enterprise and by cultivating a unique culture that provides significant opportunity for professional and personal growth. In managing our human capital, we have focused our efforts on employee health and safety, equal opportunity for all, and learning and development.

At UFP we welcome all who are willing to work hard. We do not discriminate in hiring, promotion, or opportunity – we believe the best performers should be rewarded commensurately. We prefer hiring people with potential and helping them grow and achieve their goals within our company. To provide opportunity to a broader base of our teammates we removed the requirement of a 4-year degree for sales is incorporated by referenceand management positions and give credit for work experience. We use our internal training programs and UFP Business School to help employees gain functional knowledge and hone the skills and competencies that allow them advancement to greater roles and responsibilities.

We have a long history of supporting talented and hard-working employees go from Note N "Segment Reporting"factory floor to management, sales and operations roles. These transformations require diligence and dedication, and they demonstrate that regardless of background, our teammates at UFP have a chance to make a better life for themselves and their families. We also recognize the Consolidated Financial Statements presented under Item 8 herein.need to hire talented individuals from outside the company who bring special expertise and innovative skills to UFP.

Available Information.

Our Internet address is www.ufpi.com. Through our Internet website under "Financial Information" in the Investor Relations section, we make available free of charge, as soon as reasonably practical after such information has been filed with the SEC, our annual report on Form 10‑K,10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10‑Q,10-Q, current reports on Form 8‑K,8-K, and amendments to those reports filed pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act. Also available through our Internet website under "Corporate"Our Company - Governance" in the Investor Relations section is our Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

We are subjectPressures from various global and national macroeconomic events, including recessionary concerns, heightened inflation, uncertainty regarding future interest rates, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, recent adverse weather conditions, escalating tensions in the Middle East, the continuation of the Russia-Ukraine war, and potential governmental responses to regional, nationalthese events have created, and globalcontinue to create, significant economic conditions. A declineuncertainty and could materially and adversely impact our financial performance. The extent to which these macroeconomic pressures may impact our business, results of operations, costs and financial condition will depend on future developments, which continue to be highly uncertain and difficult to predict. While we have planned for and anticipate a mild U.S. recession continuing into 2024, any one or more of the above macroeconomic factors could result in economic conditions throughout the United States could reduce demand fora more severe and longer recessionary cycle, which would have an adverse and potentially material impact on our products.business and financial performance.

We may be impacted by a declinesignificant change in the value of the U.S. dollar. dollar and our results of operations may be harmed by currency fluctuations and inflation. We purchase a variety of raw materials and finished goods from sources around the world and export certain products. The impact of a change in U.S. dollar exchange rates, and inflation, would impact our import purchases and export sales, which totaled $132.6$391.2 million and $110.8$246.3 million, respectively, in 2017.2023. In addition, many of our industrialpackaging customers export their products.products; consequently, any adverse impact on those customers from currency fluctuations and inflation may have an adverse impact on our sales to those customers.

Our growth may be limited by the customer demand in the markets we serve, including our construction market which is highly cyclical. Our sales growth is dependent, in part, upon the growth of the markets we serve. If our markets do not achieve anticipated growth, or if we fail to maintain our market share, financial results could be impaired.

We are subject to fluctuations in the price of lumber. We experience significant fluctuations in the cost of commodity lumber products from primary producers (the "Lumber Market"). A variety of factors over which we have no control, including government and environmental regulations, weather conditions, economic conditions, and natural disasters, impact the cost of lumber products and our selling prices. While we attempt to minimize our risk from severe price fluctuations, substantial, prolonged trends in lumber prices can affect our sales, cost of materials, and gross profits. Our products are generally priced to the customer based on a quoted, fixed selling price or "indexed" to the Lumber Market with a fixed dollar adder to cover conversion costs and profit. The impact on our profitability from changes in lumber prices is discussed in the "Historical“Historical Lumber Prices"Prices” and "Impact of the Lumber Market on Our Operating Results" captions of our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section under Item 7 of this Form 10‑K.10-K. Our lumber costs, including plywood, as a percentage of grossnet sales were 49.1%, 48.4%, and 48.9%43.5% in 2017, 2016,  and 2015, respectively.2023.

Our growth may be limited by the markets we serve, including our construction market which is highly cyclical.  Our sales growth is dependent, in part, upon the growth of the markets we serve. If our markets do not achieve anticipated growth, or if we fail to maintain our market share, financial results could be impaired.

A significant portion of our sales are concentrated with one customertwo customers. Our sales to The Home Depot and Lowes comprised 19%17% and 12%, respectively, of our total net sales in 2017, 20%fiscal 2023, 15% and 11%, respectively, in 2016,2022, and 19%16% and 10%, respectively, in 2015.2021.

Economic and credit market conditions impact our ability to collect a greater percentage of our receivables. Economic and credit conditions may impact our bad debt expense. We continue to monitor our customers’ credit profiles carefully and make changes in our terms when necessary in response to this risk. Bad debt expense as a percentage of sales was 0.03%, 0.06%, and 0.05% in 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

We may be impacted by vertical integration strategies. In certain markets and product lines, our customers or vendors could pursue vertical integration strategies that could have an adverse effect on our sales. We strive to add value and be a low-cost producer while maintaining competitive pricing in each of our markets to mitigate this risk.

We may be impacted by excessindustry capacity among suppliers. There isof products we supply. From time to time, we may experience excess capacity among suppliers of certain products in some of the markets we serve. Our selling prices and gross margins have beenprofitability are impacted during periods of shortages or excess industry capacity relative to market demand. We may also experience limited capacity among suppliers of certain products as a result of supply chain challenges, which may impact our profitability and are likelyability to continue to be impacted by this excess capacity.meet sales objectives.

Our growth may be limited by our ability to make successful acquisitions. A key component of our growth strategy is to complete business combinations. Business combinations involve inherent risks, including assimilation and successfully managing growth. While we conduct extensive due diligence and have taken steps to ensure successful assimilation, factors beyond our control could influence the resultsrelative success of these acquisitions.

We may be adversely affected by the impact of environmental and safety regulations. We are subject to the requirements of federal, state, and local environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations. There can be no assurance that we are at all times in complete compliance with all of these requirements. We have made and will continue to make capital and other expenditures to comply with environmental regulations. If additional laws and regulations are enacted, which restrict our ability to manufacture and market our products, including our treated lumber products, it could adversely affect our sales and profits. Changes in the interpretation of existing laws could also adversely impact our financial results.

The current version of federal health care legislation may significantly increase our costs. The federal health care legislation enacted in 2010 and future regulations called for under the legislation may have a significant cost implication for our company. Our total health care costs totaled approximately $58.9 million, $52.7 million, and $41.3 million in 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively.

Seasonality and weather conditions, including those arising from climate change, could adversely affect us. Some aspects of our business are seasonal in nature and results of operations vary from quarter to quarter. In addition, the majority of our products sold to the Retail and Construction markets are used or installed in outdoor construction applications; therefore, short-term sales volume, productivity and gross profits can be negatively affected by adverse weather conditions, particularly in our first and fourth quarters. To the extent changes in the world’s climate have a greater impact on adverse weather conditions, we would expect more variability in our business operations and results. Climate change, which could result in more and more severe and adverse weather events, would likely create greater volatility in our financial results. In addition, it is possible that new legislation or regulation enacted to address the impact of climate change could increase costs for us and our suppliers, including costs associated with raw materials, energy, production, transportation, environmental monitoring and reporting, and capital expenditures.

Inbound and outbound transportation costs represent a significant part of our cost structure. An increase in fuel and other operating expenses will significantly increase our costs. While we attempt to pass these costs along to our customers, there can be no assurance that they would agree to these price increases. Our total inbound and outbound transportation costs were approximately 9.0%9.4%, 9.6%7.4%, and 9.9%7.3% of net sales in 2017, 2016,2023, 2022, and 2015,2021, respectively.

New alternatives may be developed to replace traditional treated wood products. The manufacturers of wood preservatives continue to develop new preservatives. While we believe treated products are reasonably priced relative to alternative products such as composites or vinyl, new alternatives may impact the sales of treated wood products. In addition, new preservatives could increase our cost of treating products in the future. See Footnote N “Segment Reporting” within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for our sales by product category.

Cybersecurity breaches or a failure in our e-commerce operations could interfere with operations. disrupt our business. We rely upon information technology systems and network products and the secure operation of these systems and products. Despite security measures, these systems and products may be vulnerable to physical damage, hackers, computer viruses, or breaches due to errors or malfeasance by employees, vendors, or customers. We have experienced such events in the past and, although past events were immaterial, future events may occur and may be material. Additionally, consumers are increasingly shopping online and through mobile commerce applications. As a result, we are vulnerable to additional risks and uncertainties associated with e-commerce sales, including rapid changes in technology, website downtime and other technical failures, security breaches, cyber-attacks, consumer privacy concerns, changes in state tax regimes and government regulation of internet activities. Our failure to successfully respond to these risks and uncertainties could reduce our e-commerce sales and increase our costs, which could negatively impact our results of operations. In addition, there is no guarantee that we will be able to expand our e-commerce business. Our competitors may have e-commerce businesses that are substantially larger and more developed than ours, which could place us at a competitive disadvantage.

We may be impacted by new tariffs and duties on U.S. imports and foreign export sales. Instability of established free trade agreements may lead to raw material and finished goods price volatility. An increase in foreign tariffs on U.S. goods could curtail our export sales to other countries which was approximately $246.3 million in 2023. Increased tariffs and duties on U.S. imports will increase pricing by adding duty cost, where the duty is sustainable in light of overall unit price, or otherwise constrain supply by eliminating historical production sources by country or commodity type with unsustainable duties. Our purchases that are impacted by tariffs were approximately $391.2 million in 2023, including UFP’s U.S. import of Canadian Softwood Lumber of approximately $223.8 million, which is the largest imported commodity. In addition, there is a risk that U.S. tariffs on imports and countering tariffs on U.S. exports could trigger broader international trade conflicts that could adversely impact our business.

Our financial results could be negatively impacted by costs associated with product liability, casualty, manufacturing and construction defects, and other claims. From time to time, we are exposed to claims relating to product liability, casualty events, manufacturing and construction defects, and similar claims, including as the result of the conduct of our employees and subcontractors. These claims could have a negative impact on our results of operation and financial condition, including through increased litigation costs, insurance-related costs, and damage to our reputation and customer relationships.

We may be adversely affected by the impact of pandemics and similar outbreaks. Disease outbreaks, such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic, could have an adverse impact on the Company's operations and financial results. These outbreaks may adversely impact our business, consolidated results of operations and financial condition. Any such outbreak, as well as measures taken by governmental authorities and businesses to limit the spread of any outbreak, may result in adverse changes in customer demand and our sales, interfere with the ability of our employees and suppliers to perform and function in a manner consistent with targeted objectives and otherwise adversely impact the efficiency of our operations. This may cause us to materially curtail certain segments and could have a material adverse effect on the results of our operations and cash flow.

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Adverse economic conditions and our customers’ ability to operate may impact their ability to pay. This may result in higher write-offs of receivables than we normally experience. We continue to monitor our customers’ business activities, payment patterns, and credit profiles carefully and make changes in our terms when necessary in response to this risk. As a result, our accounts receivable aging as of December 30, 2023 was approximately 91% current. Our bad debt expense as a percentage of sales was 0.03%, 0.15%, and 0.01%, in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. During the most difficult collection period of the Great Recession, from 2008 through 2010, our bad debt expense as a percentage of sales averaged 0.25%.

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

Not applicable.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

Risk Management and Strategy.

Risks from Cybersecurity Threats. Information relating to risks from cybersecurity threats is included in this report in Item 1A under the caption “Cybersecurity breaches or a failure in our e-commerce operations and could disrupt our business.”

We manage and oversee a cybersecurity risk program designed to evaluate potential threats, vulnerabilities, and the potential impact on our operations, data, and stakeholders. This program undergoes regular reviews and updates to address emerging risks. Our process for addressing risk aligns with industry standards as outlined in the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, NIST Risk Management Framework, and CIS Top 18 Security Controls.

We utilize a three-step process to effectively manage cybersecurity risks:

Identify We establish an understanding of our critical operational assets and those that could be attractive to potential threat actors. We consider any cyber activity that could diminish an asset’s value, hinder our ability to use or access the asset, or covertly allow a threat actor to gain access to an asset as a potential risk.

Assess We evaluate the exposure of our assets to identified cyber risks and the potential impacts on our operations or reputation if we were unable to access or utilize an asset or realize its value, or if a threat actor gained access to an asset or its value. We also assess the potential materiality of these risks based on their potential impact on our operations or reputation.

Manage We apply a multi-layered defense strategy to maintain our ability to access or utilize an asset or its value and prevent threat actors from gaining or increasing their access to an asset or its value. We prioritize our defensive mechanisms, including administrative, procedural, and technical controls, based on their cost-effectiveness and their ability to reduce risk.

Periodically, we engage consultants and other third parties to assist in the continued improvement of our cybersecurity program. These engagements are designed to enhance our cybersecurity posture, and we work closely with these experts to help us identify and address vulnerabilities. Examples of these engagements include penetration testing, risk assessments, and cybersecurity control audits.

We maintain policies and procedures to oversee and identify cybersecurity risks associated with our third-party service providers, especially those with access to customer and employee data. Our selection and oversight of these providers incorporate cybersecurity considerations, including contractual and other mechanisms to mitigate and continually monitor risks.

We undertake proactive activities to prevent, detect, and minimize the impact of cybersecurity incidents. We maintain an incident response plan to respond to breaches and minimize disruption to our operations swiftly. The incident response process is consistently tested and reviewed through simulated incidents. To bolster the incident response process, we have business continuity, contingency, and recovery plans to ensure operational resilience during a cybersecurity incident. Previous cybersecurity incidents guide continuous improvements in our governance, policies, procedures, and technology. We use these lessons to strengthen our cybersecurity defenses.

Cybersecurity threats and risks, to include any previous cybersecurity incidents, have not materially affected, or are not reasonably likely to materially affect, our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. We have not, as of the date of this filing, experienced a cybersecurity breach that has materially affected our business or financial condition. However, because our business involves the collection, transmission, and storage of certain customer and employee data, it is possible that we could be susceptible to various cybersecurity threats, including cyberattacks, unauthorized access, and similar events.

We are committed to the ongoing identification and management of cybersecurity risks as part of our business strategy, financial planning, and capital allocation. We strive to incorporate cybersecurity considerations into all aspects of our operations. As the cybersecurity landscape evolves, so does our strategy to identify and mitigate these risks. We continuously work towards enhancing our processes to ensure an effective cybersecurity posture.

Board of Directors and Management Governance.

Board of Directors Oversight. We recognize the critical importance of cybersecurity and data protection and understand the potential harm to our business from cybersecurity incidents. Accordingly, we place a high priority on mitigating risks associated with cybersecurity threats and any cybersecurity incidents.

Company management maintains primary responsibility for the risk management of the Company, including cybersecurity risks. The Board’s Audit Committee is responsible for the oversight of risks associated with cybersecurity threats. The Audit Committee Charter provides that the Committee is responsible for reviewing management’s assessment of the Company’s information technology process framework and practices and the controls implemented to monitor and mitigate information technology risks. In addition, as part of the Audit Committee’s quarterly meetings and as provided for in its Charter, the Committee receives reports and briefings from the Company’s Chief Information Officer (CIO), Director of Cybersecurity, and management’s cybersecurity team. Those reports and briefings include management’s review of emerging cybersecurity developments and threats, the Company’s risk relating to cybersecurity, and the Company’s strategy to mitigate data protection and cybersecurity risks. The Audit Committee has the authority to obtain advice and input from external cybersecurity resources to assist in its oversight functions.

Management’s Role. Our management team is actively engaged in assessing and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats. We have established a robust framework for identifying, evaluating, and mitigating these risks.

Responsibility for Cybersecurity Risks. Our CIO has developed expertise in cybersecurity, compliance, enterprise architecture and design, data analytics, digital transformation, and customer service through years of experience in the information technology space. Our Director of Cybersecurity is designated as the senior executive responsible for cybersecurity and reports directly to our CIO. He has a comprehensive information technology background with 30 years of information technology experience, to include 10 years of systems architecture and design, 12 years of management, and 14 years of service in managing, or assisting in managing, cybersecurity related risks.

To support the CIO and Director of Cybersecurity in managing cybersecurity risks, we established a cross-functional cybersecurity team that includes experts in various aspects of information security. Combined, this team of employees includes individuals with over 85 years of prior work experience in cybersecurity and data protection. These individuals are responsible for the day-to-day implementation of our cybersecurity program.

Additionally, the cybersecurity management team regularly consults with additional resources, to include attorneys, accountants, human resources personnel, and other information technology specialists, to determine materiality for cybersecurity related risks and incidents. There is an established Incident Response Plan that clearly identifies escalation measures based on the impact to our organization.

Processes for Monitoring and Mitigating Risks and Incidents.We employ a comprehensive set of processes to monitor and mitigate cybersecurity risks. These processes include:

These processes are designed to prevent cybersecurity incidents, but also allows our organization to quickly detect and respond to incidents if they do occur. They are regularly reviewed and updated to adapt to evolving cybersecurity threats.

If any incidents occur, we have a comprehensive Incident Response Plan in place. The Plan includes materiality qualifiers based on the size and scope of the incident. Furthermore, there is an escalation matrix that identifies who is directly involved with managing the incident based on the severity. An Incident Report is compiled for all incidents, regardless of materiality. Management reviews the incident reports and ensures all incidents are mitigated and remediated effectively. These reports are shared with the CIO, CFO, and Audit Committee so they can effectively manage resources to reduce risk and prevent future incidents.

Reporting to the Board. As noted above, our CIO, Director of Cybersecurity, and cybersecurity team provide quarterly updates and reports to our Audit Committee on cybersecurity risks as well as a review of the processes described above. Our management personnel are also required to provide more frequent updates to the Audit Committee on major developments regarding cybersecurity matters. The Committee, in turn, provides regular updates to the Board on these matters.

Item 2. Properties.

Our corporate headquarters building is located in suburban Grand Rapids, Michigan. We currently have approximately 127219 facilities located throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Depending upon function and location, these facilities typically utilize office, manufacturing, and indoor and outdoor storage space. Of these facilities, approximately 6 facilities are closed

The following tables summarize our property locations assigned by the primary segment the plant serves.

* Due to the nature of our business and are currently listed for sale or are being leased.historical operating strategy, many of our locations service more than one segment.

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We own all of our properties, free from any significant mortgage or other encumbrance, except for approximately 3674 facilities which are leased. We believe all of these operating facilities are adequate in capacity and condition to service our existing markets.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

Information regarding our legal proceedings is set forth in Note ML of our Consolidated Financial Statements which are presented under Item 8 of this Form 10‑K10-K and are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Additional Item: Executive Officers of the Registrant.

Our executive officers are appointed annually by our Board of Directors. There are no family relationships among these officers and our directors nor any arrangement or understanding between any of these officers and any other person pursuant to which the officer was appointed.

The following table lists the names, ages, and positions of our executive officers as of February, 1, 2018. Executive officers are elected annually by the Board of Directors at the first meeting of the Board following the annual meeting of shareholders.2024.

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Matthew J. Missad joined us in 1985. In February 1996, Mr. Missad was promoted to Executive Vice President of the Company. On July 13, 2011, Mr. Missad became Chief Executive Officer of the Company.

Patrick M. WebsterMichael R. Cole joined us in 1985. Mr. Webster became Vice President of1993 from the Far West Region in 1999, on July 1, 2007, he became President of UFP Western Division, Inc., and on January 1, 2009 became President and Chief Operating Officer of the Company.

Michael R. Cole, CPA, CMA, joined us in 1993.international public accounting firm Deloitte & Touche. In December 1999, he was promoted to Vice President of Finance. On July 19, 2000, Mr. Cole became Chief Financial Officer of the Company.

Allen T. Peters joined us in 1997.  In 2004 he became the General Manager of Operations of our plant in Harrisonville, MO and in 2007 became Regional Vice President of our Gulf Region. On January 1, 2011, Mr. Peters became President of UFP Western Division, Inc.

Patrick M. Benton joined us in 1993. In 2008 he became Operations Vice President of the South Texas Region, and on July 1, 2014, he became Executive Vice President of UFP Eastern Division – North. On February 1, 2017, Mr. Benton became President of the UFP Northern Division, and on January 1, 2020, he became President of UFP Construction, LLC.

Jonathan E. WestScott A. Worthington joined us in 1994.1997. In 20072014, he becamewas promoted to Regional Vice President of the Southeast Region,South Texas Region. On January 1, 2020, he became President of UFP Packaging, LLC.

William D. Schwartz, Jr. joined us in 1998. He became Operations Vice President in 2014 and onExecutive Vice President of Purchasing and Transportation in 2020. On July 1, 2014,2022, he became Executive Vice President of UFP Eastern Division – South.

Robert D. Coleman, joined us in 1979. On January 1, 1999, Mr. Coleman was named the Executive Vice President of Manufacturing of the Company.

C. Scott Greene joined us in 1991. In 2000, Mr. GreeneOperations Services and on September 26, 2022, he became President of UFP Eastern Division, Inc.Retail Solutions, LLC.

David A. Tutas joined us in 2003 as a staff counsel. In 2007, he was promoted to Director of Legal Services. On OctoberAugust 1, 2011, Mr. Greene became Executive Vice President of New Business Development and on October 14,he was promoted to General Counsel. On January 18, 2013, he became Executive Vice PresidentSecretary of Marketing.