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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

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For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20212023

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For the transition period from _______________ to _________________.

Commission File Number 001-40893

CATALYST BANCORP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.   Yes ◻   No ⌧

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.   Yes ◻  No ⌧

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 5(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧  No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  ◻☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐  No ☒

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There was 0 outstanding voting or non-voting common equity of the Registrant as of June 30, 2021.  The aggregate market value of the voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, computed by reference tobased upon the last saleclosing price on October 13, 2021 ($13.89), the first date of trading in$11.03 for the common stock on June 30, 2023, as reported by the Nasdaq Stock Market, was approximately $65.0$47.4 million.

Number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of March 21, 2022: 5,290,000.22, 2024: 4,560,287.

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DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Definitive Proxy Statement for the 20222024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated into Part III, Items 10 through 14.

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CATALYST BANCORP, INC.

Form 10-K

For the Year Ended December 31, 20212023

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PART I

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain forward-looking statements (as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the regulations thereunder). Forward-looking statements are not historical facts but instead represent only the beliefs, expectations or opinions of Catalyst Bancorp and its management regarding future events, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain. Forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of such words as: “believe”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “intend”, “plan”, “estimate”, or words of similar meaning, or future or conditional terms such as “will”, “would”, “should”, “could”, “may”, “likely”, “probably”, or “possibly.” Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, financial projections and estimates and their underlying assumptions; statements regarding plans, objectives and expectations with respect to future operations, products and services; and statements regarding future performance. Such statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumption, many of which are difficult to predict and generally are beyond the control of Catalyst Bancorp and its management, that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied or projected by, forward-looking statements. The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements: (1) general economic and competitive conditions, either nationally or in our market area, which if worse than expected could negatively affect aspects of the business Catalyst Bancorp including but not limited to the volume of loan originations, deposit flows, asset quality and real estate values; (2) the levels of non-interest income and expense and the amount of loan losses; (3) competitive pressure among depository institutions increasing significantly; (4) changes in inflation and in the interest rate environment causing reduced interest margins;margins or lower fair values of financial instruments; (5) general economic conditions, either nationally or in the markets in which Catalyst Bancorp is or will be doing business, being less favorable than expectedreliance on third party vendors for key services (6) political and social unrest including acts of war or terrorism; (7) the impact of the current outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19)cyber threats, attacks or events (8) legislation or changes in regulatory requirements or accounting policies and practices adversely affecting the business in which Catalyst Bancorp will be engaged.engaged; and (9) other liquidity, interest rate, and operational risks associated with our business. Catalyst Bancorp undertakes no obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that occur after the date on which such statements were made.

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Item 1. Business

BUSINESS OF CATALYST BANCORP, INC.

Catalyst Bancorp, , Inc. (“Catalyst Bancorp” or the “Company”) was incorporated by St. Landry Homestead Federal Savings Bank (“St. Landry Homestead” or the “Bank”) in February 2021 as part of the conversion of St. Landry Homestead from the mutual to the stock form of organization. In June 2022, St. Landry Homestead changed its name to Catalyst Bank (the “Bank”).

The conversion of the Bank from the mutual to the stock form of organization (the “Conversion). The Conversion“Conversion”) was completed on October 12, 2021, at which time the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of the Bank and became the holding company for the Bank. As a result of the Conversion, the Bank is a wholly owned subsidiary of Catalyst Bancorp. Concurrently with consummation of the Conversion, the Company completed its initial public offering and issued 5,290,000 shares of its common stock for an aggregate of $52.9 million. Total net proceeds from the offering were $50.8 million (including shares issued to the Company’s employee stock ownership plan (“ESOP”)). The Company contributed 50% of the net proceeds from the stock offering to the Bank. The Company retained the remainder of the net proceeds from the stock offering and used $4.2 million to make a loan to the ESOP.stock.

Catalyst Bancorp is a registered bank holding company and is authorized to pursue business activities permitted by applicable laws and regulations, which may include the acquisition of banking and financial services companies. See “Supervision and Regulation – Holding Company Regulation” for a discussion of the activities that are permitted for bank holding companies. We currently have no understandings or agreements to acquire any other financial institution, although we may determine to do so in the future.

Catalyst Bancorp’s cash flow depends on earnings from the investment of the net proceeds from the offering that it retains and any dividends it receives from the Bank. St. Landry HomesteadThe Bank is subject to regulatory limitations on the amount of dividends that it may pay. See “Supervision and Regulation – Federal Banking Regulation – Capital Distributions.” The Company neither owns nor leases any property, but instead utilizes the premises, equipment and furniture of the Bank. At the present time,  the Company employs only persons who are officers of the Bank to serve as officers of the Company. The Company does, however, use the support staff of the Bank from time to time. Catalyst Bancorp may hire additional employees, as appropriate, to the extent we expand our business in the future.

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BUSINESS OF ST. LANDRY HOMESTEAD FEDERAL SAVINGSCATALYST BANK

General.  St. Landry Homestead Federal SavingsCatalyst Bank is a federally charteredfederally-chartered community-oriented savings bank which was originally organized in 1922 under the name St. Landry Homestead Federal Savings Bank and is headquartered in Opelousas, Louisiana. St. Landry Homestead Federal Savings Bank changed its name to Catalyst Bank in June 2022. The Bank currently conducts its business from its main office as well as five additional full-service branch offices. Our branch offices are located in Eunice, Port Barre and Opelousas, in St. Landry Parish, and Lafayette and Carencro, in Lafayette Parish. Our branch offices in Opelousas and Carencro were opened in July 2019 and October 2020, respectively. Our newest branch office, located in Lafayette, Louisiana, opened for business in November 2021. St. Landry and Lafayette Parishes are in the Acadiana region of south central Louisiana. Our newest branch offices, located in Carencro and Lafayette, Louisiana, opened for business in October 2020 and November 2021, respectively.

We are primarily engaged in attracting deposits from the general public and using those funds to invest in loans and securities. Our principal sources of funds are customer deposits, repayments of loans, maturities of investments and funds borrowed from outside sources such as the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Dallas.Dallas or the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. These funds are primarily used for the origination of loans, including single-family residential first mortgage loans, commercial real estate mortgage loans, multi-family residential mortgage loans, commercial and industrial loans, construction and land loans and other loans. The Bank derives its income principally from interest earned on loans and investment securities and, to a lesser extent, from fees received in connection with the origination of loans, service charges on deposit accounts and for other services. The Bank’s primary expenses are compensation and benefits, interest expense on deposits and borrowings and other general operating expenses.

We are an active originator of residential home mortgage loans in our market area. Historically, St. Landry Homesteadthe Bank was a traditional thrift institution with an emphasis on long-term single-family residential first mortgage loans secured by residences located in our traditional market area centered in Opelousas, Louisiana. At December 31, 2021, $87.32023, $83.6 million, or 66.2%57.7% of our total loan portfolio, was comprised of single-family residential mortgage loans. Our business strategy is to enhance our products and services and embrace a full-service community bank model by re-focusing our efforts in order to attract a greater number of small-to mid-sized businesses and business professionals in our market area and to increase our holdings of commercial and multi-family residential real estate loans and commercial and industrial loans. Commercial real estate loans and commercial and industrial loans are deemed attractive due to their generally higher yields and shorter anticipated lives compared to single-family residential mortgage loans.

Market Area and Competition

Historically, our business focus has centered on areas within a short drive from our banking offices in St. Landry Parish and adjoining areas. We expanded our branch office network into neighboring Lafayette Parish by opening our Carencro office in October 2020 and our Lafayette office in November 2021. In recent years, St. LandyLandry Parish has seen littlelimited growth or expansion.expansion, while Lafayette, onhas been the other hand, has experienced morehub of economic growth and expansion. Inin the future, weAcadiana region of south-central Louisiana. We expect to focus on increasingcontinue to increase our penetration in theboth St. Landry and Lafayette area. We hope to increase our market share of banking relationshipsParishes with a focus on serving small- to mid-sized businesses and professionals.

EconomicThe oil and gas industry has had sizable influence on the economic activity in the Acadiana region of south-central Louisiana is influenced byover the oillast several decades. In recent years, Acadiana has diversified and gas industry, in addition to business services suchother sectors have emerged as drivers of the local economy, including alternative energy support services, healthcare, technology, manufacturing, finance, tourism and other service-related industries. The education/healthcare/education, healthcare and social service sectorsectors represents the largest employment sectorsectors in St. Landry

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Lending Activities

General. At December 31, 2021,2023, our loan portfolio totaled $131.8$144.9 million, or 46%53.5% of total assets. Historically, our principal lending activity has been the origination of loans collateralized by one- to four-family, also known as “single-family,” residential real estate loans located in our market area. We also originateare currently focused on increasing our commercial loan portfolio by originating commercial real estate and multi-family residential mortgage loans, commercial and industrial loans, and construction and land loans,loans. In addition, we originate consumer loans, consisting primarily of loans secured by deposits at the Bank, automobile, recreational vehicle and boat loans, and other loans.

Loan Portfolio Composition.  The following table shows the composition of our loan portfolio by type of loan at the dates indicated.

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We currently originate fixed-rate, fully amortizing mortgage loans with maturities up to 30 years. We also offer adjustable rate mortgage (“ARM”) loans where the interest rate is generally fixed for the initial three orto five years and then adjusts

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history, future operating projections, current and projected occupancy levels, location and physical condition. We also evaluate the credit and financial condition of the borrower, and if applicable, the guarantor. Generally, we impose a debt service ratio (the ratio of net cash flows from operations before the payment of debt service to debt service) of not less than 125% in the case of commercial real estate and multi-family residential loans.  We also evaluate the credit and financial condition of the borrower, and if applicable, the guarantor. Appraisal reports prepared by independent appraisers are obtained on each loan to substantiate the property’s market value, and are reviewed by us prior to the closing of the loan.

At December 31, 2023, less than 1% of our commercial real estate and multi-family residential loans were delinquent for more than 30 days, or were on non-accrual status. In aggregate, the Company recorded no charge-offs of commercial real estate and multi-family residential loans during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Construction and Land Loans. The Bank also makesAt December 31, 2023, construction and land loans. At December 31, 2021, such loans amounted to $4.1$13.9 million, or 3.1%9.6% of our total loans outstanding. The largest componentoutstanding balance of our construction and land loans atthis portfolio has more than doubled since December 31, 2021, was2022 and, as of December 31, 2023, largely consists of loans for commercial construction projects. This portfolio also includes residential construction loans and loans secured by raw land (unimproved and unplatted) and lot loanslots (land which has been subdivided and platted), which had an aggregate.

The outstanding balance of $2.1 million at such date. We had 75 of such land and lotour non-residential commercial construction loans at December 31, 2021,2023 totaled $10.2 million. Of this amount, $5.1 million was attributable to three separate purchased participation interests, which are supporting the construction of a retail health care center, an apartment complex, and a commercial subdivision development. The participation interest supporting the health care center construction was purchased during 2023 and the other participation interests were purchased during 2022. The remaining balance of our non-residential commercial construction loans at December 31, 2023 was primarily related to the purchase and renovation of a hotel and an industrial warehouse.  All non-residential commercial construction loans were performing in accordance with their terms as of December 31, 2023.

As of December 31, 2023, the outstanding balance of our land loans totaled $1.4 million with an average outstanding balance per loan of approximately $28,000.$38,000. Such loans are generally secured by properties in our market area and have maximumoriginal terms to maturity ofranging from eight to ten years in the case of raw land or eight years in the case of lot loans.years. Our policy generally is that such loans have maximum loan-to-value ratios not to exceed 70% in the case of personal land loans or 65% in the case of rawcommercial land or 70% in the case of lotloans.

Single-family residential construction loans with certain limited exceptions.

Our construction and land loanstotaled $2.4 million at December 31, 2021, included a $367,000, 36.4% participation interest in a $2.6 million acquisition, development and construction loan secured by property in a 143 acre mixed-use, master-planned development located in Scott, Louisiana, a suburb of Lafayette. Such loan has a remaining term to maturity of less than one year and has performed in accordance with its terms.

Our construction and land loans also included eight2023. Generally, the Bank’s single-family residential construction loans with an aggregate outstanding balance of $1.4 million at December 31, 2021. Of our eight single-family residential construction loans at December 31, 2021, five, with an outstanding loan balance of $1.2 million at such date, consisted of construction loans to individualsare for the construction and permanent financing (“construction/permanent loans”) of their homes.the related property. The Bank’s construction/permanent loans are structured to provide one closing for both the construction loan and the permanent financing. During the construction phase,Generally, employees of the Bank make periodic inspections of the construction site during the construction phase and loan proceeds are disbursed directly to the contractors as construction progresses. Typically, disbursements are made in five draws during the construction period. Construction/permanent loans require payment of interest only during the construction phase and are structured to be converted to fixed- or adjustable-rate permanent loans at the end of the construction phase. Prior to making a commitment to fund a construction loan, the Bank requires an appraisal. Our construction/permanent loans have a maximum loan-to-value ratio of 80% during the construction phase. The Bank’s staff also reviews and inspects each project prior to every disbursement of funds during the term of the construction loan. Loan proceeds are disbursed based on a percentage of completion. All of such loans had terms to maturity of 12 or 13less than 24 months and all were performing in accordance with their terms.at December 31, 2023.

Construction financing is generally considered to involve a higher degree of credit risk than long-term financing on improved, owner-occupied real estate. Risk of loss on a construction loan depends largely upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the property’s value at completion of construction compared to the estimated cost, including interest, of construction and other assumptions. Additionally, if the estimate of value proves to be inaccurate, the Bank may be confronted with a project, when completed, having a value less than the loan amount. The Bank has attempted to minimize

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less. Our commercial and industrial loans include unsecured loans and loans secured by equipment, machinery or other corporate, non-real estate assets. Our maximum loan to value ratio for commercial and industrial loans is generally is 80% and we typically require a minimum debt service coverage ratio of 125% on such loans. In addition, we generally obtain personal guarantees from the principals of the borrower with respect to all commercial and industrial loans.

Total commercial and industrial loans at December 31, 2023 largely consisted of loans to local businesses involved in industrial manufacturing and equipment, communications, professional services, and oil and gas support services. The five largest relationships included in our commercial and industrial loans at December 31, 2023 had total outstanding loan balances of $3.5 million, $2.8 million, $2.6 million, $1.6 million and $1.4 million, and all of which were performing in accordance with their terms. At such date, the average amount outstanding per borrower within our commercial and industrial loan portfolio was $238,000. At December 31, 2021,2023, approximately $3.7$1.4 million of our commercial and industrial loans were unsecured. This amount included 58 Small Business Administration’s (“SBA”) Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans with an aggregate outstanding balance of $2.8 million at such date.

We are seeking to increase our commercial loan portfolio. In particular, we are targeting loans from small to mid-sized businesses and business professionals located in our markets. Commercial and industrial loans generally are deemed to involve a greater degree of risk than single-family residential mortgage loans. Repayment of our commercial and industrial loans is often dependent on the cash flows of the borrower, which may be unpredictable, and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Credit support provided by the borrower for most of these loans and the probability of repayment is based on the liquidation of the pledged collateral and enforcement of a personal guarantee, if any exists. As a result, in the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from its customers. The collateral securing other loans, such as inventory or equipment, may depreciate over time, may be difficult to appraise and may fluctuate in value based on the success of the business.

Consumer Lending Activities. In our efforts to provide a full range of financial services to our customers, we offer various types of consumer loans. Our consumer loans amounted to $4.4$2.6 million, or 3.3%1.8% of our total loan portfolio at December 31, 2021.2023. Our consumer loans are largely comprised primarily of loans secured by deposits at the Bank, which amounted to $2.6$1.5 million at December 31, 2021.2023. In addition, our consumer loans include automobile loans, boat loans, recreational vehicle loans and unsecured personal loans.

Consumer loans generally have higher interest rates and shorter terms than residential loans. However, consumer loans have additional credit risk due to the type of collateral securing the loan or in some cases the absence of collateral. In the years ended December 31, 20212023 and 2020, we charged off $27,000 and $40,000, respectively,2022, net charge-offs of consumer loans.loans totaled $22,000 and $26,000, respectively.

Loan Approval Procedures and Authority. Our Board of Directors establishes the Bank’s lending policies. Our loan policy is reviewed at least annually by our management team in order to propose modifications as a result of market conditions, regulatory changes and other factors. All modifications must be approved by our Board of Directors.

Various officers or combinations of officers of the Bank have the authority within specifically identified limits to approve new loans. The maximum loan amount that may be approved by an individual officer is $300,000. Loans up to $400,000 may be approved by the President and an additional designated officer. Our Board-level Loan Committee has authority to approve loans up to $500,000. All other loans must be approved by our Board-level Loan Committee or the full Board of Directors.

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Asset Quality

General. One of our key objectives has been, and continues to be, maintaining a high level of asset quality. In addition to maintaining credit standards for new originations which we believe are sound, we are proactive in our loan monitoring, collection and workout processes in dealing with delinquent or problem loans.

When a borrower fails to make a scheduled payment, we attempt to cure the deficiency by making personal contact with the borrower. Initial contacts are generally made within 30 days after the date the payment is due. In most cases, deficiencies are promptly resolved. If the delinquency continues, late charges are assessed and additional efforts are made to collect the deficiency. Loans whichDelinquent loans are designated as "special mention," classified or which are delinquent 90 days or more are reported toreviewed and monitored by management and the Board of Directors.Directors on a regular basis.

We stop accruing interest on loans (“non-accrual” loans) when the loan is determined by management to be uncollectable due to the borrower’s failure to meet repayment terms, the borrower’s deteriorating or deteriorated financial condition, or the depreciation of underlying collateral. Interest income is not accrued on these loans until the borrower’s financial condition and payment record demonstrate an ability to service the debt.

Property acquired by the Bank through foreclosure is initially recorded at the lower of cost, which is the carrying value of the loan, or fair value at the date of acquisition, which is fair value of the related assets at the date of foreclosure, less estimated costs to sell. Thereafter, if there is a further deterioration in value, we charge earnings for the diminutiondecrease in value. The Bank’s policy is to obtainWhen appropriate, the Bank obtains an appraisal on real estate subject to foreclosure proceedings prior to the time of foreclosure. WePeriodically, we obtain re-appraisals on a periodic basis, generally on at least an annual basis, on foreclosed properties. We alsoand conduct inspections on our foreclosed properties.

We account for our impaired loans in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. An impaired loan generally is one for which it is probable, based on available information, that the lender will not collect all the amounts due under the contractual terms of the loan. Large groups of smaller balance, homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Loans collectively evaluated for impairment include smaller balance commercial real estate loans, residential real estate loans and consumer loans. These loans are evaluated as a group because they have similar characteristics and performance experience. Larger commercial real estate, construction and land development and commercial business loans are individually evaluated for impairment at least quarterly by management. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, loans identified as impaired and individually evaluated for estimated losses amounted to $2.3 million and $4.0 million, respectively.

Federal regulations and our policies require that we utilize an internal asset classification system as a means of reporting problem and potential problem assets. We have incorporated an internal asset classification system, consistent with Federal banking regulations, as a part of our credit monitoring system. We currently classify problem and potential problem assets as “special mention,” “substandard,” “doubtful” or “loss” assets. An asset is considered “substandard” if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. “Substandard” assets include those characterized by the “distinct possibility” that the insured institution will sustain “some loss” if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as “doubtful” have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified “substandard” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make “collection or liquidation in full,” on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, “highly questionable and improbable.” Assets classified as “loss” are those considered “uncollectible” and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a specific loss reserve is not warranted. Assets which do not currently expose the insured institution to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but possess weaknesses are required to be designated “special mention.”

When an insured institution classifies one or more assets, or portions thereof, as “substandard” or “doubtful,” it is required that a general valuation allowance for loan losses be established for loan losses in accordance with established methodology. General valuation allowances represent loss allowances which have been established to recognize the inherent losses associated with lending activities, but which, unlike specific allocations, have not been allocated to particular problem assets. When an insured institution classifies one or more assets, or portions thereof, as “loss,” it is required to charge off such amount.

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A bank or savings institution’s determination as to the classification of its assets and the amount of its valuation allowancesallowance for credit losses is subject to review by Federal bank regulators. While management is responsible for the establishment of the allowance for loancredit losses and for adjusting such allowance through provisions for loancredit losses, management may determine, as a result of such regulatory reviews, that an increase or decrease in the allowance or provision for loancredit losses may be necessary or that loan charge-offs are needed. The Federal banking agencies have adopted an interagency policy statement on the allowance for loan and leasecredit losses. The policy statement provides guidance for financial institutions on both the responsibilities of management for the assessment and establishment of allowances and guidance for banking agency examiners to use in determining the adequacy of general valuation guidelines. Generally, the policy statement recommends that institutions have effective systems and controls to identify, monitor and address asset quality problems; that management analyze all significant factors that affect the collectability of the portfolio in a reasonable manner; and that management establish acceptable allowance evaluation processes that meet the objectives set forth in the policy statement. ManagementOur management believes that, based on information currently available, the allowance for credit losses represents our best estimate of losses expected over the life of the loan losses is maintained at a level which covers all known and inherent losses that are both probable and reasonably estimableportfolio at each relevant reporting date. However, actual losses are dependent upon future events and, as such, further additions to the level of allowancesthe allowance for loan losses may become necessary.

Troubled Debt RestructuringsLoan Modifications. We occasionally modify loans to extend the term or make other concessions to help a borrower who is experiencing financial difficulty stay current on his or her loan and to avoid foreclosure. We consider modifications only after analyzing the borrower’s current repayment capacity, evaluating the strength of any guarantors based on documented current financial information, and assessing the current value of any collateral pledged. We generally do not forgive principal or interest on loans, but may do so if it is in our best interest and increases the likelihood that we can collect the remaining principal balance. We may modify the terms of loans to lower interest rates (which may be at below market rates), to provide for fixed interest rates on loans where fixed rates are otherwise not available, to provide for longer amortization schedules, or to provide for interest-only terms. These modifications are made only when a workout plan has been agreed to by the borrower that we believe is reasonable and attainable and in our best interests. At December 31, 20212023 and 2022, loans with modifications for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty totaled $683,000 and $1.0 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not grant any loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that resulted in a more than minor change in the timing or amount of contractual cash flows.

Allowance for Credit Losses. On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted the guidance in Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The new guidance changed the impairment model for loans and other financial assets from an incurred loss model to a model that estimates expected credit losses over the full life of the financial asset. Under the amendments in ASU No. 2016-13, the Company groups loans with similar risk characteristics into pools or segments and collectively evaluates each pool to estimate the allowance for credit losses. Loans are individually evaluated for credit losses when they do not share similar risk characteristics with our identified loan pools or segments. Refer to Note 1 of Item 8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for more detail on the Company’s policies related to its estimate of the allowance for credit losses on loans and other financial assets. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the provision for credit losses totaled $128,000, and during the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a reversal to the allowance of $375,000. The reversal during 2022 primarily reflects the reversal of provisions made for estimated loan losses during 2020 associated with our initial assessment of COVID-19’s impact on credit risk. The ratio of our allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans was 1.47% at December 31, 2023, compared to 1.35% at December 31, 2022. The increase in the ratio was largely due to the adoption of the amendments in ASU No. 2016-13.

Management reassesses the allowance for credit losses at least quarterly. Our evaluation process includes, among other things, an analysis of delinquency trends, non-performing loan trends, the level of charge-offs and recoveries, prior loss experience, total loans outstanding, the volume of loan originations, the type, size and geographic concentration of our loans, the value of collateral securing the loan, the borrower’s ability to repay and repayment performance, the number of loans requiring heightened management oversight, current and future economic conditions and industry experience. The establishment of the allowance for credit losses is significantly affected by management judgment and uncertainties and there is a likelihood that different amounts would be reported under different conditions or assumptions. Various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review our allowance for credit losses. While management is responsible for the establishment of the allowance for credit losses and for adjusting such allowance

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through provisions for credit losses, management may determine, as a result of such regulatory reviews, that an increase or decrease in the allowance or provision for credit losses may be necessary or that loan charge-offs are needed.

Investment Securities

We have authority to invest in various types of securities, including mortgage-backed securities, U.S. Treasury obligations, securities of various federal agencies and of state and municipal governments, certificates of deposit at federally insured banks and savings institutions, and federal funds. Our investment policy is approved by the Board of Directors.

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The investment policy is designed primarily to manage the interest rate sensitivity of our assets and liabilities, to generate a favorable return without incurring undue interest rate and credit risk, to complement our lending activities and to provide and maintain liquidity. The current investment policy generally permits investments in debt securities issued by the U.S. government and U.S. agencies, municipal bonds, and corporate debt obligations, as well as investments in preferred and common stock of government agencies and government sponsored enterprises such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the FHLB of Dallas (federal agency securities). The policy also permits investments in mortgage-backed securities, including pass-through securities issued and guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae.

At December 31, 2023, our investment securities portfolio totaled $84.0 million, or 31.0% of total assets at such date. The largest component of our investment securities portfolio at December 31, 2023 was pass-through mortgage-backed securities issued by Fannie Mae, Ginnie Mae and Freddie Mac, which wereamounted to $57.5 million, followed by our investment in U.S. government and federal agency obligations, which amounted to $20.4 million at such date.

Ginnie Mae securities are backed by loans insured by the Federal Housing Administration or guaranteed by the Department of Veterans Affairs. The timely payment of principal and interest on Ginnie Mae securities is guaranteed by Ginnie Mae and backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. Freddie Mac is a private corporation chartered by the U.S. Government. Freddie Mac guarantees the timely payment of interest and the ultimate return of principal on participation certificates. Fannie Mae is a private corporation chartered by the U.S. Congress with a mandate to establish a secondary market for mortgage loans. Fannie Mae guarantees the timely payment of principal and interest on Fannie Mae securities. Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae securities are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government.

Investments in mortgage-backed securities involve the risk that actual prepayments will be greater than estimated prepayments over the life of the security, which may require adjustments to the amortization of any premium or accretion of any discount relating to such instruments thereby changing the net yield on such securities. There is also reinvestment risk associated with the cash flows from such securities or in the event such securities are redeemed by the issuer. In addition, the market value of such securities may be adversely affected by changes in interest rates.

Investment securities are classified at the time of acquisition as available for sale, held to maturity or trading. Securities classified as troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”)held to maturity must be purchased with the intent and were on accrual statusability to hold that security until its final maturity, and not more than 90 days past due (“performing TDRs”) amountedcan be sold prior to $1.9 million and $3.3 million, respectively. Certain COVID-19 related loans which have been modifiedmaturity only under rare circumstances. Held-to-maturity securities are not deemed to be TDRs pursuant to provisionsaccounted for based upon the amortized cost of the CARES Act. See “CARES Act” below.security. Available-for-sale securities can be sold at any time based upon needs or market conditions. Available-for-sale securities are accounted for at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses on these securities, net of income tax provisions, reflected as accumulated other comprehensive income. At December 31, 2023, we had $70.5 million of investment securities classified as available-for-sale, $13.5 million of investment securities classified as held-to-maturity and no securities classified as trading securities.

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Delinquent Loans.Sources of Funds

General.  Deposits, loan repayments and prepayments, proceeds from investment sales, calls, maturities and pay-downs, cash flows generated from operations and borrowings from the FHLB or Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta are the primary sources of our funds for use in lending, investing and for other general purposes.

Deposits.  We offer a variety of deposit accounts with a range of interest rates and terms. Our deposits consist of checking, both interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing, money market, savings and certificate of deposit accounts. The following table showsflow of deposits is influenced significantly by general economic conditions, changes in money market rates, prevailing interest rates and competition. Our deposits are obtained predominantly from the delinquenciesareas where our branch offices are located. We have historically relied primarily on customer service and long-standing relationships with customers to attract and retain these deposits; however, market interest rates and rates offered by competing financial institutions significantly affect our ability to attract and retain deposits.

The Bank uses traditional means of attracting and retaining deposits, including in-person business development and targeted advertising in our loan portfoliomarket area. We generally do not solicit deposits from outside our market area. In addition, we solicit deposits from local government municipalities. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, our municipal deposits totaled $23.3 million and $21.0 million, respectively.

Borrowings. We utilize advances from the FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta as an alternative to retail deposits to fund operations as part of our operating strategy. Advances from the FHLB are collateralized primarily by certain of our mortgage loans and secondarily by our investment in capital stock of the dates indicated.

FHLB. FHLB advances are made pursuant to several different credit programs, each of which has its own interest rate and range of maturities. The maximum amount that the FHLB will advance to member institutions, including the Bank, fluctuates from time to time in accordance with the policies of the FHLB. At December 31, 2023 and 2022 our outstanding advances from the FHLB totaled $9.4 million and $9.2 million, respectively. ​

​In December of 2020, $10.0 million of long-term FHLB debt was restructured to longer maturities at then lower interest rates. A prepayment penalty for the restructuring of $1.2 million was treated as a discount on the debt and is being amortized as interest expense over the term of the borrowings.

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The following table sets forthAdvances from the amountsFederal Reserve Bank of Atlanta are collateralized by certain of our classifiedinvestment securities and the maximum amount available to the Bank is dependent upon the valuation of the relevant investment securities. On March 12, 2023, the Federal Reserve Board developed the Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”), which offered loans to banks with a term of up to one year. The loans are secured by pledging the banks’ U.S. treasuries, agency securities, agency mortgage-backed securities, and any other qualifying assets. These pledged securities were valued at par for collateral purposes. The Bank participated in the dates indicated.

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In addition to classified loans, our foreclosed assets, which amounted to $340,000BTFP and $415,000, respectively,had outstanding debt of $10.0 million at December 31, 20212023.

Subsidiaries

Catalyst Bank, formerly St. Landry Homestead Federal Savings Bank, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Catalyst Bancorp. The Company has no other subsidiaries and the Bank has no subsidiaries.

Employees and Human Capital Resources

At December 31, 2023, we had 48 full-time equivalent employees. None of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining group, and we believe that our relationship with our employees is excellent.

We believe that our ability to attract and retain top quality employees will be key to the Company’s future success. During the year ended December 31, 2020, were classified substandard at such dates.we hired a new President and Chief Executive Officer. Since then, we have made several additional new hires, including but not limited to: a Director of Operations, an Acadiana Market President, a Chief Financial Officer, a Chief Risk Officer, and several bankers. We expect to continue to assess our management and staffing needs and are likely to add personnel in the future in order to fully implement our business strategy.

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SUPERVISION AND REGULATION

General

As a federal savings association, Catalyst Bank is subject to examination and regulation by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the “OCC”), and is also subject to examination by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) as deposit insurer. The federal system of regulation and supervision establishes a comprehensive framework of activities in which Catalyst Bank may engage and is intended primarily for the protection of depositors and the FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund, and not for the protection of shareholders. Catalyst Bank also is a member of and owns stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas, which is one of the 11 regional banks in the Federal Home Loan Bank System.

Under this system of regulation, the regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory, enforcement, rulemaking and examination activities and policies, including rules or policies that: establish minimum capital levels; restrict the timing and amount of dividend payments; govern the classification of assets; provide oversight for the adequacy of loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes; and establish the timing and amounts of assessments and fees. Moreover, as part of their examination authority, the banking regulators assign numerical ratings to banks and savings institutions relating to capital, asset quality, management, liquidity, earnings and other factors. These ratings are inherently subjective and the receipt of a less than satisfactory rating in one or more categories may result in enforcement action by the banking regulators against a financial institution. A less than satisfactory rating may also prevent a financial institution, such as Catalyst Bank or its holding company, Catalyst Bancorp, from obtaining necessary regulatory approvals to access the capital markets, pay dividends, acquire other financial institutions or establish new branches.

In addition, we must comply with significant anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism laws and regulations, Community Reinvestment Act laws and regulations, and fair lending laws and regulations. Government agencies have the authority to impose monetary penalties and other sanctions on institutions that fail to comply with these laws and regulations, which could significantly affect our business activities, including our ability to acquire other financial institutions or expand our branch network.

As a bank holding company, Catalyst Bancorp is required to comply with the rules and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board (the “FRB”). It is required to file certain reports with the FRB and is subject to examination by and the enforcement authority of the FRB. Catalyst Bancorp also is subject to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission under the federal securities laws.

Any change in applicable laws or regulations, whether by the OCC, the FDIC, the FRB, the Securities and Exchange Commission or Congress, could have a material adverse impact on the operations and financial performance of Catalyst Bancorp and Catalyst Bank.

Set forth below is a brief description of material regulatory requirements that are applicable to Catalyst Bank and Catalyst Bancorp. The description is limited to certain material aspects of the statutes and regulations addressed, and is not intended to be a complete description of such statutes and regulations and their effects on Catalyst Bank and Catalyst Bancorp.

Federal Banking Regulation

Business Activities. A federal savings association derives its lending and investment powers from the Home Owners’ Loan Act, as amended, and applicable federal regulations. Under these laws and regulations, a federal savings association may generally invest in mortgage loans secured by residential real estate without an aggregate limit, and commercial business, commercial real estate and consumer loans, certain types of debt securities and certain other assets, subject to overall percentage of assets or capital limits. Federal savings associations are also subject to a “Qualified Thrift Lender Test,” or “QTL Test,” which generally requires that a specified percentage of overall assets be residential mortgages and related investments. However, these limitations do not apply to Catalyst Bank, as described below.

Effective July 1, 2019, the OCC issued a final rule, pursuant to a provision of the Economic Growth Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act (“EGRRCPA”), that permits a federal savings association to elect to exercise national bank powers without converting to a national bank charter. The election is available to federal savings associations that had total

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consolidated assets of $20 billion or less as of December 31, 2017. Catalyst Bank exercised the covered savings association election effective October 16, 2019.

A federal savings association that has exercised the “covered savings association” election generally has the same rights and privileges as a national bank that has its main office in the same location as the home office of the covered savings association. The covered savings association is also subject to the same duties, restrictions, liabilities and limitations applicable to a national bank. A covered savings association retains its federal savings association charter and continues to be subject to the corporate governance laws and regulations applicable to such associations, including as to its bylaws, board of directors and shareholders, capital distributions and mergers.

A covered savings association may make loans to its customers without regard to the lending restrictions applicable to federal savings associations, such as the percentage of capital or assets limits on various types of loans and the QTL Test. However, federal savings associations that have made such an election are subject to the narrower authority of national banks in certain areas such as branching and subsidiary activities in certain respects. A covered savings association may generally not retain any assets, subsidiaries or activities not permitted for national banks.

Applicable regulations authorize a federal association that has exercised the covered savings association election to terminate the election and thereby again operate as a federal savings association that has not made a covered savings association election. Catalyst Bank has no current plans to terminate its election.

Capital Requirements. Federal regulations require federally insured depository institutions to meet several minimum capital standards: a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 6.0%, a total capital to risk-based assets ratio of 8.0%, and a 4.0% Tier 1 capital to total assets leverage ratio. At December 31, 2023, Catalyst Bank’s capital exceeded all applicable requirements.

In determining the amount of risk-weighted assets for calculating risk-based capital ratios, all assets, including certain off-balance sheet assets (e.g., recourse obligations, direct credit substitutes, residual interests) are multiplied by a risk-weight factor assigned by the regulations based on the risks believed inherent in the type of asset. Higher levels of capital are required for asset categories believed to present greater risk. Common equity Tier 1 capital is generally defined as common shareholders’ equity and retained earnings. Tier 1 capital is generally defined as common equity Tier 1 and additional Tier 1 capital. Additional Tier 1 capital includes certain non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock and related surplus and minority interests in equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries. Total capital includes Tier 1 capital (common equity Tier 1 capital plus additional Tier 1 capital) and Tier 2 capital. Tier 2 capital is comprised of capital instruments and related surplus, meeting specified requirements, and may include cumulative preferred stock and long-term perpetual preferred stock, mandatory convertible securities, intermediate preferred stock and subordinated debt. Also included in Tier 2 capital is the allowance for loan and lease losses limited to a maximum of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets. Calculation of all types of regulatory capital is subject to deductions and adjustments specified in the regulations. In assessing an institution’s capital adequacy, the OCC takes into consideration not only these numeric factors, but qualitative factors as well, and has the authority to establish higher capital requirements for individual institutions where deemed necessary.

In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements.

EGRRCPA required the federal banking agencies, including the OCC, to establish a “community bank leverage ratio” of between 8% and 10% for institutions with assets of less than $10 billion. Institutions with capital complying with the ratio and otherwise meeting the specified requirements and electing the alternative framework are considered to comply with the applicable regulatory capital requirements, including the risk-based requirements. A qualifying institution may opt in and out of the community bank leverage ratio framework on its quarterly call report. Catalyst Bank has not elected to utilize the community bank leverage ratio.

Loans-to-One Borrower.Generally, a federal savings association, including a covered savings association, may not make a loan or extend credit to a single or related group of borrowers in excess of 15% of unimpaired capital and surplus. An

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additional amount may be loaned, equal to 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus, if the excess is secured by readily marketable collateral, which generally does not include real estate. At December 31, 2023, Catalyst Bank was in compliance with the loans-to-one borrower limitations.

Capital Distributions.Federal regulations govern capital distributions by a federal savings association, which include cash dividends, stock repurchases and other transactions charged to the savings association’s capital account. A federal savings association must file an application with the OCC for approval of a capital distribution if:

An application related to a capital distribution may be disapproved if:

In addition, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act generally provides that an insured depository institution may not make any capital distribution if, after making such distribution, the institution would fail to meet any applicable regulatory capital requirement. A federal savings association also may not make a capital distribution that would reduce its regulatory capital below the amount required for the liquidation account established in connection with its conversion to stock form.

Community Reinvestment Act and Fair Lending Laws. All insured depository institutions have a responsibility under the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) and related regulations to help meet the credit needs of their communities, including low- and moderate-income borrowers. The OCC is required to assess the federal savings association’s record of compliance with the Community Reinvestment Act. A savings association’s failure to comply with the provisions of the Community Reinvestment Act could, at a minimum, result in denial of certain corporate applications such as branches or mergers, or in restrictions on its activities. In addition, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act prohibit lenders from discriminating in their lending practices. The failure to comply with the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act could result in enforcement actions by the OCC, as well as other federal regulatory agencies and the Department of Justice.

The Community Reinvestment Act requires all institutions insured by the FDIC to publicly disclose their rating. Catalyst Bank received an “outstanding” Community Reinvestment Act rating in its most recent federal examination. On October 24, 2023, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”), Federal Reserve, and FDIC issued a final rule to modernize their respective CRA regulations. The revised rules substantially alter the methodology for assessing compliance with the CRA, with material aspects taking effect January 1, 2026, and revised data reporting requirements taking effect January 1, 2027. Among other things, the revised rules evaluate lending outside traditional assessment areas generated by the growth of non-branch delivery systems, such as online and mobile banking, apply a metrics-based benchmarking approach to assessment, and clarify eligible CRA activities. Those regulations are not currently effective, and management has not determined the impact of the new regulations on the Bank.

Transactions with Related Parties. An insured depository institution’s authority to engage in transactions with its affiliates is limited by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and federal regulation. An affiliate is generally a company that controls, or is under common control with, an insured depository institution such as Catalyst Bank. Catalyst Bancorp is an affiliate of Catalyst Bank because of its control of Catalyst Bank. In general, transactions between an insured

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depository institution and its affiliates are subject to certain quantitative limits and collateral requirements. Finally, transactions with affiliates must be consistent with safe and sound banking practices, not involve the purchase of low-quality assets and be on terms that are as favorable to the institution as comparable transactions with non-affiliates.

Catalyst Bank’s authority to extend credit to its directors, executive officers and 10% shareholders, as well as to entities controlled by such persons, is currently governed by the requirements of Sections 22(g) and 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation O of the FRB. Among other things, these provisions generally require that extensions of credit to insiders:

In addition, extensions of credit in excess of certain limits must be approved by Catalyst Bank’s Board of Directors. Extensions of credit to executive officers are subject to additional limits based on the type of extension involved.

Enforcement. The OCC has primary enforcement responsibility over federal savings associations and has authority to bring enforcement action against all “institution-affiliated parties,” including directors, officers, shareholders, attorneys, appraisers and accountants who knowingly or recklessly participate in wrongful action likely to have an adverse effect on a federal savings association. Formal enforcement action by the OCC may range from the issuance of a capital directive or cease and desist order to removal of officers and/or directors of the institution and the appointment of a receiver or conservator. Civil penalties cover a wide range of violations and actions. The FDIC also has the authority to terminate deposit insurance or recommend to the OCC that enforcement action be taken with respect to a particular federal savings association. If such action is not taken, the FDIC has authority to take the action under specified circumstances.

Standards for Safety and Soundness.Federal law requires each federal banking agency to prescribe certain standards for all insured depository institutions. These standards relate to, among other things, internal controls, information systems and audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate risk exposure, asset growth, compensation and other operational and managerial standards as the agency deems appropriate. Interagency guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards that the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. If the appropriate federal banking agency determines that an institution fails to meet any standard prescribed by the guidelines, the agency may require the institution to submit to the agency an acceptable plan to achieve compliance with the standard. If an institution fails to meet these standards, the appropriate federal banking agency may require the institution to implement an acceptable compliance plan. Failure to implement such a plan can result in further enforcement action, including the issuance of a cease and desist order or the imposition of civil money penalties.

Branching.A federal savings association that has elected covered savings association status is subject to the laws and regulations governing the establishment of branches by national banks. Generally, intrastate and interstate branching is authorized to the extent that the law of the state involved authorizes branching for banks that it charters. Such authority is subject to OCC approval for new branches.

Prompt Corrective Action.Federal law requires, among other things, that federal bank regulators take “prompt corrective action” with respect to institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. For this purpose, the law establishes five capital categories: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized. Under applicable regulations, an institution is deemed to be “well capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a leverage ratio of 5.0% or greater and a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 6.5% or greater. An institution is “adequately capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater, a leverage ratio of 4.0% or greater and a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 4.5% or greater. An institution is “undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 8.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a leverage ratio of less than 4.0% or a common

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equity Tier 1 ratio of less than 4.5%. An institution is deemed to be “significantly undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4.0%, a leverage ratio of less than 3.0% or a common equity Tier 1 ratio of less than 3.0%. An institution is considered to be “critically undercapitalized” if it has a ratio of tangible equity (as defined in the regulations) to total assets that is equal to or less than 2.0%.

At each successive lower capital category, an insured depository institution is subject to more restrictions and prohibitions, including restrictions on growth, restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits, restrictions or prohibitions on the payment of dividends, and restrictions on the acceptance of brokered deposits. Furthermore, if an insured depository institution is classified in one of the undercapitalized categories, it is required to submit a capital restoration plan to the appropriate federal banking agency, and the holding company must guarantee the performance of that plan. Based upon its capital levels, a bank that is classified as well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, or undercapitalized may be treated as though it were in the next lower capital category if the appropriate federal banking agency, after notice and opportunity for hearing, determines that an unsafe or unsound condition, or an unsafe or unsound practice, warrants such treatment. An undercapitalized bank’s compliance with a capital restoration plan is required to be guaranteed by any company that controls the undercapitalized institution in an amount equal to the lesser of 5.0% of the institution’s total assets when deemed undercapitalized or the amount necessary to achieve the status of adequately capitalized. If an “undercapitalized” bank fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it is “significantly undercapitalized.” “Significantly undercapitalized” banks must comply with one or more of a number of additional restrictions, including a regulatory order to sell sufficient voting stock to become adequately capitalized, requirements to reduce total assets, ceasing receipt of deposits from correspondent banks, dismissal of directors or officers, and restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits, compensation of executive officers and capital distributions by the parent holding company. “Critically undercapitalized” institutions are subject to additional measures including, subject to a narrow exception, the appointment of a receiver or conservator within 270 days after it obtains such status.

The previously referenced final rule establishing an elective “community bank leverage ratio” regulatory capital framework provides that a qualifying institution whose capital exceeds the community bank leverage ratio and opts to use that framework will be considered “well-capitalized” for purposes of prompt corrective action.

At December 31, 2023, Catalyst Bank met the criteria for being considered “well capitalized.”

Insurance of Deposit Accounts. The Deposit Insurance Fund (the “DIF”) of the FDIC insures deposits at FDIC-insured financial institutions such as Catalyst Bank, generally up to a maximum of $250,000 per separately insured depositor. The FDIC charges insured depository institutions premiums to maintain the Deposit Insurance Fund.

Under the FDIC’s risk-based assessment system, institutions deemed less risky of failure pay lower assessments. Assessments for institutions of less than $10 billion of assets are based on financial measures and supervisory ratings derived from statistical modeling estimating the probability of an institution’s failure within three years.

The FDIC has authority to increase insurance assessments. Extraordinary growth in insured deposits during the first and second quarters of 2020 caused the DIF reserve ratio to decline below the statutory minimum of 1.35 percent as of June 30, 2020. As a result, the FDIC proposed an increase in initial base deposit insurance assessment rate schedules uniformly by 2 basis points, applicable to all insured depository institutions.  In October 2022, the FDIC Board finalized the increase with an effective date of January 1, 2023, applicable to the first quarterly assessment period of 2023.  The revised assessment rate schedules are intended to increase the likelihood that the reserve ratio of the DIF reaches the statutory minimum level of 1.35 percent by September 30, 2028. Any significant increases would have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of Catalyst Bank. We cannot predict what assessment rates will be in the future.

Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that an institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. We do not know of any practice, condition or violation that may lead to termination of our deposit insurance.

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Privacy Regulations. Federal regulations generally require that Catalyst Bank disclose its privacy policy, including identifying with whom it shares a customer’s “non-public personal information,” to customers at the time of establishing the customer relationship and annually thereafter. In addition, Catalyst Bank is required to provide its customers with the ability to “opt-out” of having their personal information shared with unaffiliated third parties and not to disclose account numbers or access codes to non-affiliated third parties for marketing purposes. Catalyst Bank currently has a privacy protection policy in place and believes that such policy is in compliance with the regulations.

USA PATRIOT Act. Catalyst Bank is subject to the USA PATRIOT Act, which gives federal agencies additional powers to address terrorist threats through enhanced domestic security measures, expanded surveillance powers, increased information sharing, and broadened anti-money laundering requirements. The USA PATRIOT Act contains provisions intended to encourage information sharing among bank regulatory agencies and law enforcement bodies and imposes affirmative obligations on financial institutions, such as enhanced recordkeeping and customer identification requirements.

Cybersecurity. The federal bank regulatory agencies have adopted guidelines for establishing information security standards and cybersecurity programs for implementing safeguards under the supervision of a banking organization’s board of directors. This guidance, along with related regulatory materials, increasingly focuses on risk management, processes related to information technology and the use of third parties in the provision of financial products and services. The federal bank regulatory agencies expect financial institutions to establish appropriate security controls and to ensure that their risk management processes address the risk posed by compromised customer credentials. They also expect financial institutions to maintain sufficient business continuity planning processes to ensure rapid recovery, resumption, and maintenance of the institution’s operations after a cyberattack. If we fail to meet the expectations set forth in such regulatory guidance, we could be subject to various regulatory sanctions, including financial penalties.

In November 2021, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued a final rule to improve the sharing of information about cyber incidents that may affect the U.S. banking system. The rule, which became effective on May 1, 2022, requires a banking organization to notify its primary federal regulator within 36 hours of determining that a “computer-security incident” has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the viability of the banking organization’s operations, its ability to deliver banking products and services, or the stability of the financial sector. In addition, the rule requires a bank service provider to notify affected banking organization customers as soon as possible when the provider determines that it has experienced a computer security incident that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, banking organization customers for four or more hours.

Prohibitions Against Tying Arrangements. Federal savings associations are prohibited, subject to some exceptions, from extending credit to or offering any other service, or fixing or varying the consideration for such extension of credit or service, on the condition that the customer obtain some additional service from the institution or its affiliates or not obtain services of a competitor of the institution.

Other Regulations

Interest and other charges collected or contracted for by Catalyst Bank are subject to state usury laws and federal laws concerning interest rates. Loan operations are also subject to state and federal laws applicable to credit transactions, such as the:

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The deposit operations of Catalyst Bank also are subject to, among others, the:

Federal Home Loan Bank System

Catalyst Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank System, which consists of 11 regional Federal Home Loan Banks. The Federal Home Loan Bank provides a central credit facility primarily for member institutions, and such member institutions are required to acquire and hold shares of capital stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank. Catalyst Bank is required to own stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas in specified amounts and was in compliance with this requirement at December 31, 2023 based on its ownership of $1.5 million in capital stock of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas. Since the stock has no quoted market value, it is carried at cost and assessed for impairment. At December 31, 2023, no impairment on our stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas had been recognized.

Holding Company Regulation

Catalyst Bancorp is a bank holding company subject to regulation and supervision by the FRB under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended. The FRB has enforcement authority over Catalyst Bancorp and its non-savings institution subsidiaries. Among other things, this authority permits the FRB to restrict or prohibit activities that are determined to be a risk to Catalyst Bank.

The FRB has promulgated regulations implementing the “source of strength” doctrine that require bank holding companies to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to their subsidiary depository institutions by providing capital, liquidity and other support in times of financial stress.

Catalyst Bancorp is required to obtain the prior approval of the FRB to acquire all, or substantially all, of the assets of any bank or bank holding company. Prior FRB approval is required for Catalyst Bancorp to acquire direct or indirect ownership or control of any voting securities of any bank or bank holding company if, after such acquisition, it would, directly or indirectly, own or control more than 5% of any class of voting shares of the bank or bank holding company. The FRB has adopted a final rule, effective September 30, 2020, that revises its framework for determining whether a company, under the Bank Holding Company Act, has a “controlling influence” over a bank or bank holding company. In addition to the approval of the FRB, prior approval may also be necessary from other agencies having supervisory jurisdiction over the bank to be acquired before any bank acquisition can be completed.

A bank holding company is generally prohibited from engaging in non-banking activities, or acquiring direct or indirect control of more than 5% of the voting securities of any company engaged in non-banking activities. One of the principal exceptions to this prohibition is for activities found by the FRB to be so closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto. Some of the principal activities that the FRB has determined by regulation to be so closely related to banking are: (i) making or servicing loans; (ii) performing certain data processing services; (iii) providing discount brokerage services; (iv) acting as fiduciary, investment or financial advisor; (v) leasing personal or real property; (vi) making investments in corporations or projects designed primarily to promote community welfare; and (vii) acquiring a savings and loan association whose direct and indirect activities are limited to those permitted for bank holding companies.

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The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 authorized a bank holding company that meets specified conditions, including being “well capitalized” and “well managed,” to opt to become a “financial holding company” and thereby engage in a broader array of financial activities than previously permitted. Such activities can include insurance underwriting and investment banking.

Catalyst Bancorp is subject to the FRB’s capital adequacy guidelines for bank holding companies (on a consolidated basis) which have historically been similar to, though less stringent than, those required of banks and savings associations. The Dodd-Frank Act, however, required the FRB to promulgate consolidated capital requirements for depository institution holding companies that are no less stringent, both quantitatively and in terms of components of capital, than those applicable to institutions themselves. Consolidated regulatory capital requirements identical to those applicable to the subsidiary banks apply to bank holding companies; as is the case with institutions themselves, the capital conservation buffer was phased in between 2016 and 2019. However, the FRB has provided a “small bank holding company” exception to its consolidated capital requirements, and legislation and the related issuance of regulations by the FRB has increased the threshold for the exception to $3.0 billion. As a result, Catalyst Bancorp is not subject to the capital requirement until such time as its consolidated assets exceed $3.0 billion.

A bank holding company is generally required to give the FRB prior written notice of any purchase or redemption of then outstanding equity securities if the gross consideration for the purchase or redemption, when combined with the net consideration paid for all such purchases or redemptions during the preceding 12 months, is equal to 10% or more of the company’s consolidated net worth. The FRB may disapprove such a purchase or redemption if it determines that the proposal would constitute an unsafe and unsound practice, or would violate any law, regulation, FRB order or directive, or any condition imposed by, or written agreement with, the FRB. There is an exception to this approval requirement for well-capitalized bank holding companies that meet certain other conditions.

The FRB has issued supervisory policies regarding the payment of dividends and the repurchase of shares of common stock by bank holding companies. In general, the policy provides that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention by the holding company appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. Regulatory guidance provides for prior regulatory consultation with respect to capital distributions in certain circumstances such as where the company’s net income for the past four quarters, net of capital distributions previously paid over that period, is insufficient to fully fund the dividend or the company’s overall rate of earnings retention is inconsistent with the company’s capital needs and overall financial condition. The ability of a holding company to pay dividends may be restricted if a subsidiary bank becomes undercapitalized. The policy statement also states that a holding company should inform the FRB supervisory staff before redeeming or repurchasing common stock or perpetual preferred stock if the holding company is experiencing financial weaknesses or if the repurchase or redemption would result in a net reduction, at the end of a quarter, in the amount of such equity instruments outstanding compared with the beginning of the quarter in which the redemption or repurchase occurred. These regulatory policies may affect the ability of Catalyst Bancorp to pay dividends, repurchase shares of common stock or otherwise engage in capital distributions.

Change in Control Regulations

Under the Change in Bank Control Act, no person may acquire “control” of a bank holding company, such as Catalyst Bancorp, unless the FRB has been given 60 days’ prior written notice and has not issued a notice disapproving the proposed acquisition, taking into consideration certain factors, including the financial and managerial resources of the acquirer and the competitive effects of the acquisition. Control, as defined under federal law, means ownership, control of or holding irrevocable proxies representing more than 25% of any class of voting stock, control in any manner of the election of a majority of the institution’s directors, or a determination by the regulator that the acquirer has the power, directly or indirectly, to exercise a controlling influence over the management or policies of the institution. There is a presumption of control upon the acquisition of 10% or more of a class of voting stock if the holding company involved has its shares registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or, if the holding company involved does not have its shares registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, if no other persons will own, control or hold the power to vote a greater percentage of that class of voting security after the acquisition.

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Federal Securities Laws

Catalyst Bancorp common stock is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Catalyst Bancorp is subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions and other requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is intended to improve corporate responsibility, to provide for enhanced penalties for accounting and auditing improprieties at publicly traded companies and to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures pursuant to the securities laws.

Emerging Growth Company Status

Catalyst Bancorp is an emerging growth company. For as long as Catalyst Bancorp continues to be an emerging growth company, it may choose to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies but not to emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As an emerging growth company, Catalyst Bancorp also is not subject to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which would require that our independent auditors review and attest as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. We have elected to use the extended transition period to delay adoption of new or revised accounting pronouncements applicable to public companies until such pronouncements are made applicable to private companies. Such an election is irrevocable during the period a company is an emerging growth company. Accordingly, our financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of public companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

Catalyst Bancorp will cease to be an emerging growth company upon the earliest of: (i) the end of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of the Conversion and offering; (ii) the first fiscal year after our annual gross revenues are $1.07 billion (adjusted for inflation) or more; (iii) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities; or (iv) the end of any fiscal year in which the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeded $700 million at the end of the second quarter of that fiscal year. Accordingly, our financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of public companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

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TAXATION

Federal Taxation

General.  Catalyst Bancorp and Catalyst Bank are subject to federal income taxation in the same general manner as other corporations with some exceptions listed below. The following discussion of federal and state income taxation is only intended to summarize certain pertinent income tax matters and is not a comprehensive description of the applicable tax rules. Our tax returns have not been audited during the past five years.

Method of Accounting.  For federal income tax purposes, Catalyst Bancorp reports income and expenses on the accrual method of accounting.

Bad Debt Reserves.  The Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 eliminated the use of the reserve method of accounting for bad debt reserves by savings associations, effective for taxable years beginning after 1995. Prior to that time, Catalyst Bank was permitted to establish a reserve for bad debts and to make additions to the reserve. These additions could, within specified formula limits, be deducted in arriving at taxable income. As a result of the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, savings associations must use the experience method in computing their bad debt deduction beginning with their 1996 federal tax return. In addition, federal legislation required the recapture over a six year period of the excess of tax bad debt reserves at December 31, 1995 over those established as of December 31, 1987.

Taxable Distributions and Recapture.  Prior to the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, bad debt reserves created prior to January 1, 1988 were subject to recapture into taxable income if the Bank failed to meet certain thrift asset and definitional tests. New federal legislation eliminated these savings association related recapture rules. However, under current law, pre-1988 reserves remain subject to recapture should the Bank make certain non-dividend distributions or cease to maintain a bank charter.

At December 31, 2023, the total federal pre-1988 reserve was approximately $1.9 million. The reserve reflects the cumulative effects of federal tax deductions by the Bank for which no federal income tax provisions have been made.

State and Local Taxation

Catalyst Bancorp is subject to the Louisiana Corporation Income Tax based on our Louisiana taxable income and Louisiana Corporation Franchise Tax based on the Company’s capital not attributable to the Bank. The Corporation Income Tax applies at graduated rates from 3.5% upon the first $50,000 of Louisiana taxable income to 7.5% on all Louisiana taxable income in excess of $150,000. For these purposes, “Louisiana taxable income” means net income which is earned by us within or derived from sources within the State of Louisiana, after adjustments permitted under Louisiana law, including a federal income tax deduction. In 2022, the Corporation Franchise Tax rate was equivalent to $1.50 for each $1,000 up to $300,000 of capital employed in Louisiana, and $3 for each $1,000 in excess of $300,000 of capital employed in Louisiana. For years beginning on or after January 1, 2023, there is no franchise tax for up to $300,000 of capital employed in Louisiana, and the rate is $2.75 for each $1,000 in excess of $300,000 of capital employed in Louisiana. In addition, the Bank is subject to the Louisiana Shares Tax which is imposed on the assessed value of a company’s stock. The formula for deriving the assessed value is to calculate 15% of the sum of:

There are certain limitations in place that reduce to the amount of our shareholders’ equity subject to Louisiana Shares Tax and various items may also be subtracted in calculating a company’s capitalized earnings.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Not applicable.

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

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Item 1C. Cybersecurity

The Bank, as part of its risk management process, has implemented an information security program that encompasses the Bank’s cybersecurity efforts. The Bank’s goals of confidentiality, availability and integrity of its information are key to this process and program. The Bank’s goals of protecting confidential information and safeguarding our digital assets are foundational objectives of the program.

The Boards of Directors of the Company and Bank and the Audit Committee of the Company are responsible for ultimate oversight of cybersecurity risks managed daily by management pursuant to the Bank’s information security program. The Boards of Directors annually approve this information security program and regularly receive a report from the Bank’s Information Security Officer that outlines the steps undertaken to protect the information and data assets of the Bank and Company.  Additionally, the Information Security Officer updates the Boards of Directors through supplementary reports on issues related to Cybersecurity readiness.

The Bank’s information security program is developed and implemented by the Bank’s Information Security Officer. Together with the Bank’s Information Technology Committee, comprised of relevant information technology and business unit stakeholders within Bank management, the Information Security Officer of the Bank works to manage, control and mitigate cybersecurity risks. The Bank’s employees are regularly trained on cybersecurity awareness, and testing is performed to monitor the success of the training.  The Board of Directors receives training annually.

The Bank engages trusted third parties to audit and examine its processes, review the security of its network infrastructure, and assist the Bank in designing and implementing robust cybersecurity systems. These trusted third parties help the Bank improve and test its cybersecurity readiness.  The Bank engages third party vendors to monitor and test its network infrastructure. These third-party vendors take an active role in ensuring that the Bank’s systems are protected by testing, reviewing and advising the Bank to strengthen cybersecurity controls when necessary.

The Bank has a vendor oversight risk management process that helps to validate the security and integrity of information collected and maintained by third party vendors that the Bank uses to provide banking services. A key goal of the Bank’s vendor management program includes assessing risks, which include but are not limited to operational, strategic, reputational, cyber, and credit risks. These processes are supported by specialized vendors that assist the Bank’s management and Board of Directors with properly assessing these risks.  Finally, the Bank also has an incident response and business continuity program that is intended to address operational concerns, including cybersecurity risks, during contingency scenarios that may create unknown circumstances. This program is tested annually.  

Although the Company and Bank have not, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, experienced a cybersecurity threat or incident that materially affected their business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, there can be no guarantee that the Company or Bank will not experience such an incident in the future.

As regulated financial institutions, the Company and Bank are also subject to financial privacy laws and their cybersecurity practices are subject to oversight by the federal banking agencies. For additional information, see “Supervision and Regulation –Cybersecurity” included in Part I. Item 1 – Business of this report.

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Item 2. Properties

We currently conduct business from our main office and five full-service banking offices. The aggregate net book value of the land, building and leasehold improvements with respect to our offices at December 31, 2023 was $5.5 million. We owned all of such offices at December 31, 2023; none were leased. We believe that our current facilities are adequate to meet our present and foreseeable needs, other than routine and customary repair and maintenance needs.

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings

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Catalyst Bancorp and Catalyst Bank, formerly St. Landry Homestead, are not involved in any pending legal proceedings other than nonmaterial legal proceedings occurring in the ordinary course of business.

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Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

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Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table sets forth the high and low prices of the Company’s common stock as reported by the Nasdaq Capital Market. To date, no dividends have been declared by the Company on its common stock.

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At December 31, 2023, the Company had common shares outstanding of 4,761,326 and 228,326 of those shares were available for repurchase under the November 2023 Repurchase Plan. Since January 1, 2024 through March 22, 2024, the Company repurchased 201,039 shares of its common stock at an average cost per share of $12.12 under the November 2023 Repurchase Plan.

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Item 6. [Reserved.]

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This discussion and analysis reflects our financial statements and other relevant statistical data, and is intended to enhance your understanding of the financial condition and results of operations of Catalyst Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) and its wholly owned subsidiary, Catalyst Bank (the “Bank”), formerly known as St. Landry Homestead Federal Savings Bank (“St. Landry Homestead”). The information in this section has been derived from the audited financial statements, which appear in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information in this section should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included herein in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and the description of our business included herein in “Item 1. Business”.

Overview

Catalyst Bancorp, Inc. (“Catalyst Bancorp” or the “Company”) is the holding company for Catalyst Bank (the “Bank”), formerly known as St. Landry Homestead Federal Savings Bank. The Company was incorporated by the Bank in February 2021 as part of the conversion of the Bank from the mutual to the stock form of organization (the “Conversion”). The Conversion was completed on October 12, 2021, at which time the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of the Bank, which became the wholly-owned subsidiary of Catalyst Bancorp. The Bank officially changed its name to Catalyst Bank in June 2022.

Founded in 1922, the Bank is a community-oriented savings bank serving the banking needs of customers in the Acadiana region of south-central Louisiana. We are headquartered in Opelousas, Louisiana and serve our customers through six full-service branches located in Carencro, Eunice, Lafayette, Opelousas, and Port Barre. Our primary business consists of attracting deposits from the general public and using those funds together with funds we borrow from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Dallas, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, and other sources to originate loans to our customers and invest in securities.

Historically, we operated as a traditional thrift relying on long-term, single-family residential mortgage loans secured by properties located primarily in St. Landry Parish and adjoining areas to generate interest income. In 2021, we re-focused our business strategy to a relationship-based community bank model targeting small- to mid-sized businesses and business professionals in our market areas while continuing to serve our traditional customer base. The Conversion and offering were important factors in our efforts to become a more dynamic, profitable and growing institution.

The following is an overview of financial results for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to December 31, 2022:

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Our results of operations depend, to a large extent, on net interest income, which is the difference between the income earned on our loan and investment portfolios and interest expense on deposits and borrowings. Our net interest income is largely determined by our net interest spread, which is the difference between the average yield earned on interest-earning assets and the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities, and the relative amounts of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Results of operations are also affected by our provisions for credit losses, fee income and other non-interest income and non-interest expense. Non-interest expense principally consists of compensation, office occupancy and equipment expense, data processing, and other expense. Our results of operations are also significantly affected by general economic and competitive conditions, particularly changes in interest rates, government policies and actions of regulatory authorities. Future changes in applicable law, regulations or government policies may materially impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Business Strategy

Our business strategy is focused on embracing a relationship-oriented community bank model targeting small- to mid-sized businesses and business professionals in our market areas while continuing to serve our traditional customer base. Highlights of our business strategy, which is designed to facilitate our ability to operate and grow as a profitable community-based banking institution, include the following:

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Critical Accounting Estimates

In reviewing and understanding financial information for the Company, you are encouraged to read and understand the significant accounting policies used in preparing our financial statements. These policies are described in Note 1 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Our accounting and financial reporting policies conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and to general practices within the banking industry. Accordingly, the financial statements require certain estimates, judgments, and assumptions, which are believed to be reasonable based upon the information available. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the periods presented. The JOBS Act of 2012 contains provisions that, among other things, reduce certain reporting requirements for qualifying public companies. As an emerging growth company, we may delay adoption of new or revised accounting pronouncements applicable to public companies until such pronouncements are made applicable to private companies. We are taking advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Accordingly, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

The following accounting policies comprise those that management believes are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. These policies require numerous estimates or economic assumptions that may prove inaccurate or may be subject to variations which may significantly affect our reported results and financial condition for the period or in future periods.

Allowance for Credit Losses.  We have identified the evaluation of the allowance for credit losses as a critical accounting policy where amounts are sensitive to material variation. On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted the guidance under ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The main provisions of the ASU have been codified by the FASB under ASC 326. The amendments introduced an impairment model that is based on current expected credit losses, rather than incurred losses, to estimate credit losses on loans. For reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023, the allowance for credit losses reflects management’s current estimate of expected credit losses over the remaining life of its loans as of the end of the reporting period. For reporting periods prior to January 1, 2023, the allowance for credit losses represented management’s estimate for probable and reasonably estimable loan losses, but which had not yet been realized as of the end of the reporting period. Refer to Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for more information on the adoption of ASC 326.

The allowance for credit losses includes the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for credit losses on unfunded lending commitments, which is recorded in other liabilities on the statement of financial condition. The allowance for credit losses is established through a provision for credit losses charged to earnings. Loans, or portions of loans, are charged off against the allowance in the period that such loans, or portions thereof, are deemed uncollectible. Subsequent recoveries are added to the allowance. The allowance for loan losses totaled $2.1 million, or 1.47% of total loans, at December 31, 2023 and $1.8 million, or 1.35% of total loans, at December 31, 2022.  The increase in the allowance for loan losses from December 31, 2022 largely reflects the addition of forecasted credit losses due to the adoption ASC 326 and the impact of loan growth in 2023.

Management’s estimate of the allowance for credit losses considers factors such as changes in the types and amount of loans in the loan portfolio, historical loss experience, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, estimated losses relating to specifically identified loans, current and future economic conditions, and forecasted information. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates including, among others, average historical loss experience, expected future loss rates, the amount and timing of expected future pay-downs on existing loans and fundings on unfunded commitments, and the value of underlying collateral. All of these estimates may be susceptible to significant changes as more information becomes available.

While management uses the best information available to make loan loss allowance evaluations, adjustments to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in economic and other conditions or changes in accounting guidance. In addition, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency as an integral part of their examination processes periodically reviews our allowance for credit losses. While management is responsible for the establishment of the allowance for credit losses and for adjusting such allowance through provisions for credit losses, management may determine, as a result of

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such regulatory reviews, that an increase or decrease in the allowance or provision for credit losses may be necessary or that loan charge-offs are needed. To the extent that actual outcomes differ from management’s estimates, additional provisions to the allowance for credit losses may be required that would adversely impact earnings in future periods.

Investment Securities. Available-for-sale securities consist of investment securities not classified as trading securities or held-to-maturity securities. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value and unrealized holding gains and losses, net of tax, on available-for-sale securities are included in other comprehensive income. The fair market values of investment securities are obtained from a third party service provider, whose prices are based on a combination of observed market prices for identical or similar instruments and various matrix pricing programs. The fair market values of investment securities are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities totaled $9.2 million and $11.5 million, respectively. Unrealized losses on our available-for-sale securities relate principally to the increases in market rates of similar types of securities. The Company has not realized or recognized any losses in the statement of income for any investment securities held at December 31, 2023 or 2022.

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The adoption of ASC 326 amended the guidance applicable to measuring and recognizing losses on available-for-sale securities. Under ASC 326, expected credit related losses for available-for-sale debt securities are recorded through an allowance for credit losses, while non-credit related losses will continue to be recognized through other comprehensive income as unrealized holding gains and losses, net of tax. Under former GAAP, we assessed our investment securities for other-than-temporary impairment and any declines in fair value that were deemed other-than-temporary resulted in a direct write-down to the amortized cost basis of the related security. The allowance approach allows estimated expected credit losses to be adjusted from period-to-period, as opposed to a permanent write-down.

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For reporting periods on or after January 1, 2023 and the adoption of ASC 326, management evaluates available-for-sale securities in unrealized loss positions to determine if the decline in the fair value of each security below its amortized cost basis is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. Consideration is given to the extent to which that fair value is less than cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the issuer for a period sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

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For reporting periods prior to January 1, 2023, management evaluated securities for other-than-temporary impairment. If declines in the estimated fair value of individual investment securities below their cost were considered other-than-temporary, impairment losses were recognized in the statement of income with an offset to the carrying value of the investment security. Factors affecting the determination of whether an other-than-temporary impairment had occurred include, among other things, the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition and near term prospects of the issuer, that the Company does not intend to sell these securities, and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell before a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

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Selected Financial and Other Data

Set forth below is selected financial and other data of the Company at and for the dates indicated. The following is only a summary and should be read in conjunction with the business and financial information regarding the Company included elsewhere herein, including the financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information at and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is derived from the audited financial statements that appear elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Comparison of Financial Condition at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022

Total Assets. Total assets increased $7.6 million, or 2.9%, to $270.9 million at December 31, 2023 from $263.4 million at December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to additional borrowings in 2023 which were used to fund loan growth and invested in interest-bearing cash.

Loans. Total loans increased by $11.3 million, or 8.5%, to $144.9 million at December 31, 2023, compared to $133.6 million at December 31, 2022. During 2023, loan growth was primarily driven by commercial business. Construction loan growth was largely driven by three separate projects involving the purchase and renovation of a hotel, the construction of a retail health care center, and the purchase and renovation of an industrial warehouse. Commercial and industrial loan growth was mainly driven by loans secured by industrial equipment and accounts receivable. A significant driver of commercial real estate loan growth was a loan to finance the purchase of a multi-tenant office building in Lafayette, Louisiana.

The following table shows the composition of our loan portfolio by type of loan at the dates indicated.

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