UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20162017

OR

For the transition period from            to           

Commission file number 001-34375

CYTORI THERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (858) 458-0900

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Preferred Stock Purchase Rights

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (Check one).

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  ☐    No  ☒

The aggregate market value of the common stock of the registrant held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2016,2017, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $42.3$36.4 million based on the closing sales price of the registrant’s common stock on June 30, 20162017 as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market, of $2.09$1.10 per share.

As of January 31, 2017,2018, there were 21,966,42459,819,615 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I

Item 1. Business

References to “Cytori,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Cytori Therapeutics, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. References to “Notes” refer to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included herein (refer to Item 8).

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report contains certain statements that may be deemed “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of U.S. securities laws.  All statements, other than statements of historical fact, that address activities, events or developments that we intend, expect, project, believe or anticipate and similar expressions or future conditional verbs such as will, should, would, could or may occur in the future are forward-looking statements. Such statements are based upon certain assumptions and assessments made by our management in light of their experience and their perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors they believe to be appropriate.

These statements include, without limitation, statements about our anticipated expenditures, including research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses; the potential size of the market for our products; future  development and/or expansion of our products and therapies in our markets, our ability to generate  product or development revenues and the sources of such revenues; our ability to effectively manage our gross profit margins; our ability to obtain regulatory approvals; expectations as to our future performance; portions of the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section of this report, including our potential need for additional financing and the availability thereof; and the potential enhancement of our cash position through development, marketing, and licensing arrangements.   Our actual results will likely differ, perhaps materially, from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including: the early stage of our product candidates and therapies, the results of our research and development activities, including uncertainties relating to the clinical trials of our product candidates and therapies; our need and ability to raise additional cash; the outcome of our partnering/licensing efforts; our joint ventures, risks associated with laws or regulatory requirements applicable to us, market conditions, product performance, potential litigation, and competition within the regenerative medicine field, to name a few. The forward-looking statements included in this report are subject to a number of additional material risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to the risks described under the “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I above, which we encourage you to read carefully

We encourage you to read the risks described under “Risk Factors” carefully.  We caution you not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements contained in this report.  These statements, like all statements in this report, speak only as of the date of this report (unless an earlier date is indicated) and we undertake no obligation to update or revise the statements except as required by law.  Such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and actual results will likely differ, perhaps materially, from those suggested by such forward-looking statements.

This Annual report on Form 10-K refers to trademarks such as Cytori Cell Therapy, Habeo Cell Therapy, Celution, Celase, Intravase, Puregraft and StemSource. Solely for convenience, our trademarks and tradenames referred to in this Form 10-K may appear without the ® or ™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate in any way that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to these trademarks and tradenames.

General

Our strategyobjective is to build a profitable and growing specialty therapeutics company focused on rare and niche opportunities frequently overlooked by larger companies but requiring breadth of scope, expertise and focus often not possessed by or available to smaller companies.company.  To meet this objective, we have thus far, identifiedacquired and are developing two therapeutic developmenttechnology platforms discussed below, and candidate therapeutics in our pipeline that hold promise for treating millions of patients and represent significant market potential.potential for increasing shareholder value. Our current corporate activities fall substantially into one of two key areas related to our two therapeutic developmentadvancing these platforms: Cytori Cell Therapy^TMNanomedicine and Cytori Nanomedicine^TM.  Cell Therapy.

The Cytori Nanomedicine platform features a versatile liposomal nanoparticle technology for drug encapsulation that has thus far provided the foundation to bring two promising drugs into mid/late stage clinical trials.  Nanoparticle encapsulation is promising because it can help improve the delivery and metabolism of many drugs, thus potentially enhancing the therapeutic profile and patient benefits.  Our lead drug candidate, ATI-0918 is a generic version of pegylated liposomal encapsulated doxorubicin.  Pegylated liposomal encapsulated doxorubicin is a heavily relied upon chemotherapeutic used in many cancer types on a global basis.  We believe that data from a 60-patient European study of ATI-0918 has met the statistical criteria for bioequivalence to Janssen’s Caelyx®, the current reference listed drug in Europe.  We intend that these bioequivalence data will serve as a basis for our planned regulatory submission to the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, for ATI-0918. We are currently evaluating our strategic options to bring ATI-0918 to the U.S., China, and other markets.  Our second nanomedicine drug candidate is ATI-1123, a novel and new chemical entity which is a nanoparticle-encapsulated form of docetaxel, also a workhorse chemotherapeutic drug used for many cancers.  A Phase I clinical trial of ATI-1123 has been completed and published, and we are investigating possible expansion of this

trial to Phase II, most likely in conjunction with a development partner.  Finally, in connection with our acquisition of the ATI-0918 and ATI-1123 drug candidates, we have acquired know-how (including proprietary processes and techniques) and a scalable nanoparticle manufacturing plant in San Antonio, Texas from which we intend to manufacture commercial quantities of our nanoparticle drugs.

Cytori Cell Therapy, or CCT, platform, is based on the scientific discovery that the human adipose or fat tissue compartment is a source of a unique mixed population of stem, progenitor and regenerative cells that may hold substantial promise in the treatment of numerous diseases.diseases and conditions.  To bring this promise to health providers and their patients, we are developing novel therapies prepared and administered at the processes and procedures viapatient’s bedside with proprietary hardware- and software-basedtechnologies that include therapy-specific reusable, automated, standardized Celution devices, and single-use reagents andCelution consumable sets, to enable doctors to have access to a variety of therapies at the bedside derived fundamentally from each patient’s own adipose tissue. Celase reagent, and Intravase reagent.  Our lead product candidate, isHabeo™ Cell Therapy, was evaluated in a Cytori-sponsored U.S. randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multi-center clinical trial, STAR (Scleroderma Treatment with Celution Processed Adipose Derived Regenerative Cells), for the treatment of impaired hand function in patients with scleroderma.  On July 24, 2017, we announced top-line, preliminary data and presented the full data analysis on October 18, 2017.  The STAR trial enrolled and evaluated 88 patients with scleroderma, including 51 patients within the diffuse cutaneous subset and 37 with limited cutaneous scleroderma.  While the primary and secondary endpoints did not reach statistical significance at 24 or 48 weeks, the trial data reported clinically meaningful improvement in the primary and secondary endpoints of both hand function and scleroderma-associated functional disability, for Habeo treated patients compared to placebo, in the pre-specified subgroup of patients with diffuse cutaneous scleroderma. Further, on January 22, 2018, we have recently completed a U.S. pivotalannounced the investigator-initiated and Cytori-supported SCLERADEC-II clinical trial for this indicationin France using our Habeo^TM Cell Therapy product. We have additionalcompleted its enrollment and data is anticipated in the second half of 2018. Additional CCT treatments are in various stages of development.development in the areas of urology, wounds, and orthopedics.  Further, our CCT platform is the subject of investigator-initiated trials conducted by our partners, licensees and other third parties, some of which are supported by us and/or

funded by government agencies and other funding sources.sources, detailed in an announcement on November 13, 2017.  Currently, we internally manufacture orthe Celution devices and consumables in the United States and the United Kingdom and source our CCT-related productsCelase and Intravase reagents from third parties.a third-party supplier.  We are exploring contract manufacturing organization options for the Celution System to reduce overhead and product costs of goods sold.  We also have obtained regulatory approval to sell some of our CCT products, including our Celution devices and consumable kits,consumables and associated reagents, in certain markets outside the United States.U.S.  In those markets, we have been able to further develop and improve our core technologies, gain expanded clinical and product experience and data, and generate sales.

Our Development Pipeline

Cytori Nanomedicine platform features

In February 2017, we completed our acquisition of the assets of Azaya Therapeutics, Inc., or Azaya, pursuant to the terms of an Asset Purchase Agreement, dated January 26, 2017.  Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, we acquired equipment and certain intellectual property, including a versatileportfolio of investigational therapies and novel protein-stabilized liposomal nanoparticle technologyrelated assets, and assumed certain liabilities, from Azaya in exchange for drug encapsulation that has thus far provided the foundationissuance of 1,173,241 of shares of our common stock in the amount of $2.3 million, assumption of approximately $1.8 million in Azaya’s payables, and the obligation to bringpay Azaya future milestones, earn-outs and licensing fees. The acquisition of Azaya brought two promising drugsadditional product candidates, ATI-0918 and ATI-1123, into early/late stage clinical trials.  By encapsulating certain drugs,the Cytori pipeline and we can createintend to develop and potentially commercialize both, novel compounds and improve the performance via reformulated versions of existing drugs.  Nanoparticle encapsulation is promising because it can help improve the trafficking and metabolism of many drugs, thus potentially enhancing the therapeutic profile and patient benefits.  Our lead drug candidate, most likely in conjunction with a commercial partner.

ATI-0918 is a complex generic versionformulation of liposomal encapsulated doxorubicin. Liposomal encapsulated doxorubicinthe widely used oncology drug, Doxil®/Caelyx®, which is a heavily relied upon chemotherapeutic usedpegylated liposomal encapsulation of doxorubicin and approved in manythe U.S. for ovarian cancer, types on a global basis.  We believe thatmultiple myeloma, and Kaposi’s Sarcoma; and in the European Union for breast cancer, ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma, and Kaposi’s Sarcoma. The current approval pathway for ATI-0918 is to leverage existing bioequivalence data from a 60-patientto Caelyx® for approval in the European Union and to demonstrate bioequivalence to Sun Pharma’s Lipodox®, the reference standard, in the U.S.  A study of ATI-0918 has met the statistical criteria forto demonstrate ATI-0918’s bioequivalence to Caelyx®, the current reference listed drug in Europe.  Wefor purposes of EMA approval, has been completed and we intend thatfor these bioequivalence data willto serve as athe basis for our planned regulatory submission of a marketing authorization application for ATI-0918 to the European Medicines Agency,EMA. We are also making plans to perform a bioequivalence study of ATI-0918 compared against Lipodox® to serve as the basis for submission of an abbreviated new drug application, or EMA, ANDA, for ATI-0918.  Our second nanomedicine drug candidate is ATI-1123,U.S. FDA approval. We currently anticipate that any U.S. bioequivalence trial for ATI-0918 would be funded by a new chemical entity whichdevelopment partner or licensee.

ATI-1123 is a nanoparticle-encapsulatednovel liposomal formulation of docetaxel.  Generic forms of docetaxel are currently FDA approved and marketed for non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck cancer, gastric adenocarcinoma, and hormone refractory prostate cancer.  Its side effects include hair loss, bone marrow suppression, and allergic reactions. There is currently no form of liposomal docetaxel alsoapproved or commercially available. There is a standardprotein (albumin) bound form of a similar chemotherapeutic drug, used for many cancers.  paclitaxel known as Abraxane®, which demonstrated some clinical advantages to paclitaxel. ATI-1123 has shown promising results in preclinical animal models that suggest it may have superior qualities to docetaxel, including actions against some tumor types that are not amenable to treatment by docetaxel. A phasePhase I clinical trialstudy of ATI-1123 has been completed and we

published (Cancer Chemother Pharmacol (2014) 74:1241–1250), in late stage refractory patients and has shown some activity in several tumor types (mostly stable disease). We are investigating possible expansion of this trialcurrently evaluating opportunities to phasebring ATI-1123 into Phase II most likelystudies in conjunction with aseveral indications, including small cell lung cancer, via potential development partner.  In addition, we are early in the long-term research and development of encapsulated regenerative medicine drugs, focused first on the treatment of scleroderma and related connective disorders.  Finally, in connection with our acquisition of the ATI-0918 and ATI-1123 drug candidates, we have acquired know-how (including proprietary processes and techniques) and a scalable nanoparticle manufacturing plant in San Antonio, Texas from which we intend to test, validate and eventually  manufacture commercial quantities of our nanoparticle drugs.

Development Pipeline

partner or licensee.

Cytori Cell Therapy

OurThe primary near-term goal is for CytoriHabeo Cell Therapy to be the first cell therapy to marketproduct approved for the treatment of impaired hand function in patients with scleroderma, through Cytori-sponsored and supported clinical development efforts. The Cytori-sponsored Scleroderma Treatment with Celution Processed Adipose Derived Regenerative Cells, or

In the U.S., the STAR clinical trial is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase III pivotal clinical trial in the U.S. The purpose of the STAR trial is to evaluateevaluated the safety and efficacy of a single

administration of Habeo™ Cell Therapy (formerly named ECCS-50)for impaired hand function in patients with scleroderma affecting the hands and fingers. We initiated thescleroderma. The first sites for our STAR trial were initiated in July 2015 and we completed final enrollment of 88 patients was completed in June 2016. We anticipate obtaining 48-week follow-upAs noted above, preliminary assessment of unblinded top-line data show that treatment of ADRC’s was safe and while not meeting the primary endpoint for all scleroderma patients, subjects with diffuse scleroderma appeared to exhibit clinically meaningful improvement in mid-2017. Onceseveral parameters of both hand function and scleroderma-associated functional disability, for Habeo™ treated patients compared to placebo. In Europe, the studyinvestigator-initiated and Cytori-supported SCLERADEC-II (Subcutaneous Injection of Autologous Adipose Tissue-derived Stromal Vascular Fraction into the Fingers of Patients with Systemic Sclerosis) clinical trial is unblindedevaluating the safety and data are available, subjects randomizedefficacy of a single administration of Habeo Cell Therapy for impaired hand function in patients with scleroderma.  The first sites were initiated in October 2015 and final enrollment of 40 patients was completed in January 2018. Data is anticipated in the second half of 2018.

In Japan, Cytori held an informal consultation meeting with the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, or PMDA, to discuss the placebofeasibility of potential Habeo development strategies and clinical trial designs for a single approval trial based on the results from the U.S. STAR clinical trial.  Cytori believes that a single arm 20 patient clinical trial of Habeo Cell Therapy for diffuse scleroderma will be given the option of being treated within a crossover arm of the study.required to obtain approval.

With respect to the remainder of our current cellular therapeuticsCCT clinical pipeline:

In addition to our targeted therapeutic development, we have continued to commercialize our Cytori Cell TherapyCCT technology under select medical device approvals, clearances and registrations to customers in Asia-Pacific, Europe, Japan and other regions. These customers are a mix of research customers evaluating new therapeutic applications of Cytori Cell TherapyCCT and commercial customers, including our licensing partners, distributors, and end user hospitals, clinics and physicians, that use our Celution cell processing system (as further described in “Sales, Marketing and Service” below)System mostly for treatment of patients in private pay procedures. In Japan, our largest commercial market, we gained increased utilization of our products in the private pay marketplace in 2016 due to several factors, including increased clarity around the November 2014 Regenerative Medicine Law (implemented in November 2015 as it relates to regenerative medicine products like Cytori Cell Therapy)CCT) and we project that our sales of Celution consumable sets and market presence in Japan will continue to grow in 2017.2018.  The sale of Celution systems, consumablesdevices and consumable sets, reagents, and ancillary products contribute a margin that partially offsets our operating expenses and will continue to play a role in fostering familiarity within the medical community with our technology. It also provides us with valuable product and customer feedback.

Scleroderma

Habeo Cell Therapy for Impaired Hand Function in Scleroderma and Secondary Raynaud’s Phenomenon

Scleroderma is a rare and chronic connective tissue disease generally classified as an autoimmune disorder associated with fibrosisrheumatic disorder. An estimated 300,000 Americans have scleroderma, about one-third of whom have the systemic form of the skin,disease, known as systemic sclerosis, or SSc. SSc is further sub-classified as diffuse cutaneous and destructive changes in blood vesselslimited cutaneous SSc. Diffuse subset tends to produce more severe manifestations with significant hand dysfunction and multipleinternal organ systems as the resultinvolvement. Diffuse scleroderma accounts for between one third

and one half of a generalized overproductionall cases of collagen. Scleroderma affects approximately 50,000 patients in the United States (womensystemic sclerosis. Women are affected four times more frequently than men)men and the condition is typically detected between the ages of 30 and 50. More than 90 percent90% of scleroderma patients haveare afflicted with hand involvement that is typically progressive and can result in chronic pain, blood flow changes and severe dysfunction. A small number of treatments are occasionally used off-label for hand scleroderma, but and they do little to modify disease progression or substantially improve symptoms. Treatmentsymptoms with some challenging side-effects. Current treatment options are directed at protecting the hands from injury and detrimental environmental conditions as well as the use of vasodilators.  When the disease is advanced, immunosuppressiveprostanoids, Endothelin-1 receptor antagonists, and other medicationsimmunosuppressants may be used but are often accompanied by side effects.  If these medications are unsuccessful, health providers may perform a sympathectomy to remove nerves to increase blood flow and decrease long-term pain.

The STAR trial is a 48-week, 19 site, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled pivotal clinical trialSome of 88the first scleroderma patients in the U.S. for the treatment of impaired hand function in scleroderma. The trial evaluates the safety and efficacy of a single administration of Habeotreated with Cytori Cell Therapy in patients with scleroderma affecting the hands and fingers. The STAR trial uses the Cochin Hand Function Scale, or CHFS, a validated measure of hand function, as the primary endpoint measured at 24 weeks and 48 weeks (approximately 6 and 12 months) after a single administration of Habeo Cell Therapy or placebo. Pending the 48 week results, patients in the placebo group will be eligible for crossover to the active arm of the trial after all patients have completed 48 weeks of follow-up. We anticipate study results in mid-2017. The STAR trial is predicated on was through SCLERADEC I, a completed, investigator-initiated, 12-patient, open-label, Phase I pilot trial termed SCLERADEC I, sponsored by Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, or AP-HM, in Marseille, France. The SCLERADEC ISCLERADEC-I trial received partial support from Cytori. The six-month results were published in the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases in May 2014 and demonstrated approximately a 50 percent improvement at six months across four important and validated

endpoints used to assess the clinical status in patients with scleroderma with impaired hand function. Two-year follow up data in the SCLERADEC I trial was presented at the Systemic Sclerosis World Congress in February 2016 and published in the journal Current Research in Translational Medicine in November 2016 and demonstrated sustained improvement in the following four key endpoints: the Cochin Hand Function Scale, or CHFS, SHAQ, RCS,the Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire, Raynaud’s Condition Score, and hand pain, as assessed by a standard visual analogue scale.

Further, on December 5, 2016, we released topline results for three-year follow-up data showing sustained benefits materially consistent with those shown in two-year data.

In 2014, Drs. Guy Magalon and Brigitte Granel, under the sponsorship of AP-HM, submitted a study for review for a follow-up randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in France using Cytori Cell Therapy, to bepartially supported by us.Cytori. The trial, named SCLERADEC II, received approval from the French government in April 2015. Enrollment of this trial commenced in October 2015 and is ongoing.  Enrollment is expected to be completedthe last patient treated was in 2017, approximately one year later than originally projected, due to delaysJanuary 2018. We anticipate data in French regulatory approvalsthe second half of participating sites.2018. Patients will be followed at six-month post-treatment and compared with placebo treated patients. PendingThe SCLERADEC II trial includes an open-label crossover arm in which patients originally randomized to the placebo arm may be eligible to be treated with their cryopreserved cells after the aforementioned six-month data have been analyzed and reviewed by an independent monitoring committee.  Eligible patients electing to receive treatment with these cryopreserved cells will be followed for both safety and efficacy for six months.

Based on the results of SCLERADEC I, we initiated the STAR trial, a 48-week, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled pivotal clinical trial of 88 patients at 19 sites in the placebo group will be eligibleU.S. to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Habeo Cell Therapy for crossover using scleroderma patients with impaired hand function. The STAR trial used the CHFS, a validated measure of hand function, as the primary endpoint measured at 24 weeks and 48 weeks (approximately 6 and 12 months) after a single administration of Habeo cells storedCell Therapy or placebo. Of the 88 patients enrolled in STAR, 51 had diffuse cutaneous scleroderma while 37 had the limited form of the disease.

On July 24, 2017, we announced top-line, preliminary data from the STAR trial. The results from the STAR Trial showed that that treatment of ADRC’s was safe and while not meeting the primary endpoint for all SSc patients, subjects with diffuse SSc appeared to exhibit clinically meaningful improvement in several hand parameters of both hand function and scleroderma-associated functional disability, for Habeo™ treated patients compared to placebo. We recently released a more detailed assessment of STAR Trial data at the timeWorld Scleroderma Congress this past February. Further, we anticipate feedback from our FDA pre-submission meeting later this quarter, which will provide us with a clearer picture of the initial procedure. This crossover arm will open after all patients have completed six-month follow up. We anticipate study resultsoptimal path forward with this therapy in 2018, however, the trial timeline is controlled in full by the sponsoring institution.U.S.

In November 2016, the US FDA Office of Orphan Products Development granted Cytori an orphan drug designation for cryopreserved or centrally processed ECCS-50 (Habeo)Habeo for scleroderma.

In January 2017, we announced our intention to broaden our investigation of Habeo Cell Therapy beyond systemic scleroderma to include secondary Raynaud’s Phenomenon, or SRP.   This expansion of Cytori’s research and development efforts is based upon: (i)April 2016, the 36-month follow-up dataEuropean Commission, acting on the positive recommendation from the SCLERADEC I trial, which reportedEuropean Medicines Agency Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products, issued orphan drug designation to a 90 percent reduction in the Raynaud’s Condition Score, which assesses the frequency and severity of Raynaud’s attacks experienced by patients with Raynaud’s Phenomenon, or RP; (ii) earlier limited published data reporting an association between use of Habeo Cell Therapy and improvement in vascular architecture, hand color, and other direct and indirect indicators of vascular function, and (iii) our internal preclinical data regarding the potential role of Habeo Cell Therapy in the stabilization of the vascular endothelium, an important contributor to the vascular dysfunction found in patients with RP. SRP is a problem that affects millions of patients worldwide.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a disease of the entire joint involving the cartilage, joint lining, ligaments and underlying bone. The breakdown of tissue leads to pain, joint stiffness and reduced function. It is the most common form of arthritis and affects an estimated 13.9% of US adults over the age of 25, and 33.6% of U.S. adults over the age of 65. Current treatments include physical therapy, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, viscosupplement injections, and total knee replacement. A substantial medical need exists as present medications have limited efficacy and joint replacement is a relatively definitive treatment for those with the most advanced disease.

ACT-OA, was a 94-patient, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study involving two dosesbroad range of Cytori Cell Therapy a low dose and a high dose, and was conducted over 48 weeks. The randomization was 1:1:1 between the control, low and high dose groups. The trial was completed in June 2015. The goal of this proof-of-concept trial was to help determine: (1) safety and feasibility of the ECCO-50 therapeutic for osteoarthritis, (2) provide dosing guidance and (3) explore key trial endpoints useful for a Phase III trial.

We completed top-line analysis of the final 48-week data in July 2016.  A total of 94 patients were randomized (33 placebo, 30 low dose ECCO-50, 31 high dose ECCO-50). In general, a clear difference between low and high dose ECCO-50 was not observed and therefore the data for both groups have been combined.  We evaluated numerous endpoints that can be summarized as follows:

In summary, the ACT-OA Phase II trial demonstrated feasibility of same day fat harvesting, cell processing and intraarticular administration of autologous ADRCs (ECCO-50) with a potential for a beneficial effect of ECCO-50. The accumulated data and experienced gained will be critical in considering designs of further clinical trials in osteoarthritis and other potential indications.  In addition, we are actively pursuing partnering and commercialization opportunities for ECCO-50 to further develop our knee osteoarthritis program and also to support our growing commercial sales into the knee osteoarthritis market in Japan.  EU/3/16/1643.

Stress Urinary Incontinence

Another therapeutic target under evaluation by Cytori, in combination withled by the University of Nagoya and three other sites and partially supported by the Japanese MHLW, is stress urinary incontinence in men following surgical removal of the prostate gland, which is based on positive data reported in a peer reviewed journal resulting from the use of ADRCs prepared by our Celution System. The ADRESU trial is a 45 patient, investigator-initiated, open-label, multi-center, single arm trial that was approved by the Japanese MHLW in July 2015 and is being led by both Momokazu Gotoh, MD, Ph.D., Professor and Chairman of the Department of Urology and Tokunori Yamamoto, MD, Ph.D., Associate Professor Department of Urology at University of Nagoya Graduate School of Medicine. ADRESU is based on promising pilot trial data published in the International Journal of Urology in 2014 and presented at the International Continence Society in 2017. The primary endpoint for the ADRESU trial will be the number of patients who experience reduction of urinary leakage volume (as measured by the weight of diaper pads used over 24 hours) 52 weeks after treatment. If the endpoint is successfully achieved, the data will be used to seek approval of Cytori Cell Therapy for this indication.Trial enrollment began in

September 2015, and in December 2016,February 2018, the trial achieved 50% enrollment.is over 90% enrolled. Full enrollment is expected by the second quarter of 2018 with top-line results available in late 2018 or 2019. This clinical trial is primarily sponsored and funded by the Japanese government, including a grant provided by AMED.

Cutaneous and Soft Tissue Thermal and Radiation Injuries

We are also developing Cytori Cell Therapy, or DCCT-10, for the treatment of thermal burns. In the third quarter of 2012, we were awarded a contract by BARDA valued at up to $106 million to develop a medical countermeasure for thermal burns. The total award under the BARDA contract has been intended to support all clinical, preclinical, regulatory and technology development activities needed to complete the FDA approval process for use of DCCT-10 in thermal burn injury under a device-based pre-market authorization, or PMA, regulatory pathway and to provide preclinical data in burn complicated by radiation exposure.

Pursuant to this contract, BARDA initially awarded us approximately $4.7 million over the initial two-year base period to fund preclinical research and continued development of our Celution System to improve cell processing. In August 2014, BARDA determined that Cytori had completed the objectives of the initial phase of the contract, and exercised its first contract option in the amount of approximately $12 million. In December 2014 and September 2016, BARDA exercised additional contract options pursuant to which it provided us with $2.0 million and $2.5 million in supplemental funds, respectively. These additional funds supported continuation of our research, regulatory, clinical and other activities required for submission of an IDE request to the FDA for RELIEF, a pilot clinical trial using DCCT-10 for the treatment of thermal burns. We submitted ourIn April 2017, we received approval of an IDE application tofrom the FDA in the fourth quarter of 2016. Upon receipt of IDE approval, if granted, we anticipate that BARDA will provide funding to cover costs associated with execution of theconduct a pilot clinical trial and related activities.

The latest BARDAof CCT in patients with thermal burn injuries. This trial is referred to as the RELIEF clinical trial. In May 2017, we announced BARDA’s exercise of Option 2 of up to approximately $13.4 million to fund RELIEF. We initiated RELIEF in 2017 through amendments to our contract modification, entered into in September 2016, is scheduled to terminate in April 2017, but is subject to a no-cost extension at our request and subject to BARDA’s approval.  We are in active negotiations with BARDA, regarding entry into a new contract or contract option, which, if executed, would provide funding for the proposed RELIEF pilot trial and related costs and expenses.

Other recent developments for Cytori Cell Therapy

Cytori Nanomedicine2018.

In February 2017, we completed our acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Azaya Therapeutics, Inc., or Azaya, pursuant to the terms of an Asset Purchase Agreement, dated January 26, 2017 by and between us and Azaya.  Pursuant toaccordance with the terms of the agreement, we acquired equipment, inventory, certain intellectual property including,Amendments, BARDA will provide us with reimbursement of costs incurred, plus payment of a portfoliofixed fee, in the aggregate amount of investigational therapies and related assets, and assumed certain liabilities, from Azayaup to approximately $13.4 million, or the Funding Amount.  We are responsible for further costs in exchange forexcess of the issuanceFunding Amount, if any, to meet the objectives of $2.0 millionthe Pilot Trial. The Amendments also extend the term of shares of our common stock, assumption of

approximately $1.9 million in Azaya’s trade payables and related charges,the BARDA Agreement and the obligation to pay Azaya future milestones, earn-outs and licensing fees. The acquisitionperiod of Azaya brought two additional product candidates, ATI-0918 and ATI-1123, into the Cytori pipeline and we intend to develop and potentially commercialize both compounds.

ATI-0918 is a complex generic formulationperformance of Option 2 of the market leading Doxil®/Caelyx®, which is a liposomal encapsulation of doxorubicin and approved for use in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma, and Kaposi’s Sarcoma. The current approval pathway for ATI-0918 isBARDA Agreement to demonstrate bioequivalence to Caelyx® for approval in the EU and to Lipodox® in the U.S. A study to demonstrate ATI-0918’s bioequivalence to Caelyx®, for purposes of EMA approval, has been completed and we intend for these data to serve as the basis for our submission of a marketing authorization application for ATI-0918 to the EMA. We are also making plans to perform a bioequivalence study of ATI-0918 to the U.S. reference listed drug to serve as the basis for submission of an application for U.S. FDA approval. We currently anticipate that any U.S. bioequivalence trial for ATI-0918 would be funded by a development partner or licensee.

ATI-1123 is a liposomal formulation of docetaxel.  Docetaxel is currently approved for non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck cancer, gastric adenocarcinoma, and hormone refractory prostate cancer.  Its side effects include hair loss, bone marrow suppression, and allergic reactions. It is currently available as a generic drug. There is no form of docetaxel as a liposomal formulation. There is a protein (albumin) bound form of a similar chemotherapeutic drug, paclitaxel known as Abraxane®, which demonstrated some clinical advantages to paclitaxel. ATI-1123 has shown superiority to docetaxel in several animal models including some tumor types not amenable to treatment by docetaxel. A Phase I study of ATI-1123 has been completed in late stage refractory patients and has shown some activity in several tumor types (mostly stable disease). We are currently evaluating clinical scenarios to bring into Phase II studies in several indications.November 30, 2020. 

Sales, Marketing and Service

Cytori Nanomedicine™

Our Cytori Nanomedicine pipeline includes both early and late stage nanomedicine product candidates, patented liposomal encapsulated docetaxel (ATI-1123) and generic pegylated liposomal encapsulated doxorubicin (ATI-0918), respectively.  We are actively seeking regional and global partnerships with either leading pharmaceutical companies or wholesale distributors for both of these product candidates, with priority on ATI-0918 in Europe where a generic form of liposomal doxorubicin is neither approved nor available.

Cytori Cell Therapy^TM

We sell Celution cell processing systems, or Celution Systems, StemSource cell and tissue banking systems, or StemSource Systems, and surgical accessories and instrumentation to hospitals, clinics, physicians, researchers and other customers for commercial and research purposes, including performance of investigator-initiated studies. Our proprietary enzymatic reagents, which we market and sell under the brand names Celase®Celase and Intravase®,Intravase, are sold as part of our Celution Systems and StemSource Systems (with respect to Celase), or under certain circumstances, are sold separately.

We sell our Celution and StemSource Systems through a combination of a direct sales force, third-party distributors, independent sales representatives, and licensees.  Our strategy is to grow and leverage our installed base of Celution and StemSource devices at cell processing facilities, clinics, hospitals and research labs to drive recurring sales of our proprietary disposables.consumable sets and gain valuable customer feedback.  To increase product familiarity and usage among current customers, we launch product enhancements, expand the approved indications for use, perform clinical and technical training, provide on-site case support, and facilitate facility-level licensing with regional and/or national regulatory bodies.

In Japan, we sell our products through our wholly owned subsidiary, Cytori Therapeutics, K.K., which has a direct sales capability.  We currently intend to increase our direct sales personnel in Japan over time.  In the Bahamas, Chile, Europe, South Korea, Russia and Vietnam, we sell our full product portfolio either directly to customers or through numerous third-party distributors.  In the U.S., we are limited to selling only research reagents and surgical accessories and instrumentation directly to

customers.  Bimini Technologies, LLC, through its wholly owned subsidiary Kerastem Technologies, LLC, has a global exclusive license to sell our Celution cell processing systems for hair applications.  Lorem Vascular has an exclusive license to sell our full product portfolio in all fields of use, excluding hair applications, in Australia, China, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore.

In early 2016, we commenced the process of implementing a managed access program, or MAP, We also have engaged with partners to potentially leverage Managed Access Programs (also known as early access program or named patient program) for our Habeo Cell Therapyprograms) in conjunction with Idis Managed Access, part of Clinigen Group plc, or Idis, in select countries across Europe, the Middle East and Africa, or EMEA, for patients with impaired hand function due to scleroderma.  Initially, we have focused on select countries within these regions and intend to expand our focus over time, depending on interest and participation in our MAP, our strategic focus, and other factors.  Our MAP is intended to drive awareness of Habeo Cell Therapy in advance of anticipated commercial launch and also to provide useful pricing and clinical date. Though we have generated significant interest in the MAP, we have yet to treat a patient under it. We intend to continue to appropriately invest resources in our MAP.various locations.

As of December 31, 2016,2017, we had threetwo individuals in our global marketing team responsible for market assessments and business plans, competitive intelligence, distribution strategy, product management, social media and websites, forecasting, pricing and reimbursement, customer communication, relationship management, events and trade shows, and service.  We create awareness of and demand for our products among physicians and researchers through digital advertising, e-marketing campaigns, and webinars, pre-clinical and clinical publications, patient advocacy group partnerships, sales collateral, and industry and medical society meetings.

As of December 31, 2016,2017, we had threetwo Cytori employeesemployees/contractors in our field service team responsible for providing Celution and StemSource installations, maintenance, training, troubleshooting, and hardware and software update/upgrade services to new and existing customers.  This team also initiates and closes sites participating in Cytori-sponsored clinical trials.

For the year ended December 31, 2016,2017, our sales were concentrated with respect to two distributors and threefive direct customers, which comprised 65%68% of our product revenue recognized.  TwoOne licensee and one direct customerscustomer accounted for 57%77% of total outstanding accounts receivable (excluding receivables from BARDA) as of December 31, 2016.

Cytori Nanomedicine™

Our Cytori Nanomedicine pipeline includes both early and late stage nanomedicine product candidates, patented liposomal encapsulated docetaxel (ATI-1123) and generic liposomal encapsulated doxorubicin (ATI-0918), respectively.  We are actively seeking regional and global partnerships with either pharmaceutical manufacturers or wholesale distributors for both of these product candidates, with priority on ATI-0918 in Europe where a generic form of liposomal doxorubicin is neither approved nor available.

Customers and Partners

In Japan, Europe, the Middle East, the Asia-Pacific region and Latin America, we offer our Cytori Systems and StemSource Systems through direct sales representatives, distributors and licensing partners, to hospitals, clinics and researchers, including for purposes of performing investigator-initiated and funded studies.

Pursuant to our Sale and Exclusive License/Supply Agreement with Bimini Technologies, LLC, or Bimini Agreement, with Bimini, we granted Bimini a global exclusive license to our Cytori Cell Therapy devices and consumable products for hair applications only, excluding systemic or intravascular delivery of adipose-derived regenerative cells, or ADRCs.  Bimini’s current focus is onHair loss affects more than 40 million men and 21 million women in the aesthetics cash-pay market.U.S. alone.  The global hair loss treatment market generates more than $7 billion annually and currently has limited options for men (grades I-III) and women (grades I-II) with early stage hair loss.  Through Kerastem, its wholly owned subsidiary, Bimini is conducting ancompleted a FDA-approved Phase II multi-center, randomized, single-blinded, and controlled clinical trial in the United States,U.S., called STYLE (A Trial of Cell Enriched Adipose For Androgenetic Alopecia), to study the safety and feasibility of Kerastem’s solutiontherapy for female and male pattern baldness. The Kerastem therapy is a one-time treatment that utilizes adipose (fat) derived regenerative cells combined with purified fat delivered to the affected area of scalp.  In September 2016, Bimini announced completion of its STYLE trial enrollment of 70 patients at four clinical trial sites within the United States.  We anticipate that six- month follow-upU.S.  In December 2017, Bimini announced six-month top-line data from this Phase II clinical trial will be availableSTYLE.  The low dose ADRC plus Puregraft fat treatment group achieved a statistically significant increase in mid-2017.mean terminal hair count, when compared to control, in men with early stage hair loss (Norwood Grades I-III). An average increase of 29 terminal hairs per cm² of scalp was observed, corresponding to a 17% increase (p < 0.05) from baseline.  All treatment arms of STYLE were safe with no serious adverse events reported. Outside of the United States, Bimini is engaged in market development efforts in Europe and Japan for the hair market. The Kerastem Hair Therapy is CE mark approved in the EU for sales to patients with alopecia, or hair loss. Under the Bimini Agreement, Bimini is required, among other things, to pay an eight percent (8%) royalty on its net sales of our products for contemplated hair applications.

Pursuant to our Amended and Restated License/Supply Agreement, or Lorem Agreement, with Lorem Vascular Pte. Ltd., or Lorem Vascular, we granted Lorem Vascular an exclusive license in all fields of use (excluding hair applications subject to Bimini’s license) to our Cytori Cell Therapy products for sale into China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and Australia.  In April 2015, Cytori and Lorem Vascular announced that China Food and Drug Administration had granted regulatory clearance to the Celution System.  Under the Lorem Agreement, Lorem Vascular committed to pay up to $500 million in license fees in the form of revenue milestones. In addition, Lorem Vascular is required to pay usCytori 30% of their gross profits in China, Hong Kong and Malaysia for the term of the Lorem Agreement.  Lorem Vascular has certain minimum product purchase obligations, including purchase obligations triggered by achievement of applicable regulatory clearance for our products in China, which regulatory clearance was achieved as of April 2015.  Lorem Vascular has partially satisfied these related product purchase obligations, and as a result, we are currently in discussions with Lorem Vascular regarding restructuring of its obligations and our rights under the Lorem agreement.  We cannot guarantee that our restructuring discussions with Lorem Vascular will be successful.  Should we be unable to conclude these negotiations to our satisfaction, a dispute may ensue.  See, also, our discussions of the regulatory landscape in China for our products as well as discussions regarding our relationship with Lorem Vascular in the “Risk Factors” section and in the “Competition” and “Governmental Regulation” sections of this “Business” section below.

Refer to Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of geographical concentration of sales.

Manufacturing

Cytori Cell Therapy

We currently manufacture or source our Cytori Cell Therapy products at our headquarters in San Diego, California and in Wales, in the United Kingdom. We believe that our manufacturing capabilities will be sufficient to enable us to meet anticipated demand for these products in 2017. We are, and the manufacturer of any future therapeutic products would be, subject to periodic inspection by regulatory authorities and distribution partners. The manufacturer of devices and products for human use is subject to regulation and inspection from time to time by the FDA for compliance with the FDA’s Quality System Regulation, or QSR, requirements, as well as equivalent requirements and inspections by state and non-U.S. regulatory authorities, such as our Notified Body in Europe and the California Food and Drug Branch.

We source the raw materials for the Celution device, Celution consumable kit and other products that we manufacture from a variety of sources. Most of these components are available from multiple vendors either as off-the-shelf items or as custom fabrication.  We purchase our Celase and Intravase regents from Roche Diagnostics Corporation, or Roche.  While we have significant inventory of these reagents in inventory, we do not have a second source to provide us with these reagents should our supply arrangement with Roche terminate or be suspended, or should Roche be unable to meet its supply obligations thereunder.

Cytori Nanomedicine

We are in the process of aobtaining facility re-start and validations at our recently acquired nanoparticle manufacturing facility located in San Antonio, Texas.   Once validation is complete, the facility and processes are designed to comply with cGMP per FDA and EMA regulations to manufacture drug candidates for clinical, research, development and commercial use. Upon approval of our drug candidates, our manufacturing capabilities will encompassinclude validated manufacturing processes for drug product as well as a quality assurance product release process with the ability to ultimately scale-up the process to meet increasing market demands. We believe our strategic investments in the analytical and manufacturing capabilities, including personnel from drug discovery through drug development, will allow us to advance our product candidates more quickly. Expertise gained in manufacturing ATI-0918 may be applied to other formulations in the future, further leveraging our capabilities. Our San Antonio facility enables us to produce drug substance in a cost-effective manner while retaining control over the process and timing. As needed, the use of a qualified Clinical Manufacturing Organization may be utilized to perform various manufacturing processes as we deem appropriate to meet our operational objectives.

Our current principal suppliers for our Cytori NanomedicinesNanomedicine business are LGM Pharma, which supplies our active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API (doxorubicin HC1), as well as Lipoid, LLC and Dishman Netherlands, B.V., which supply us with other raw materials used in the manufacture of our ATI-0918 and ATI-1123 drug candidates.  Each of these suppliers is currently a sole source supplier.

Cytori Cell Therapy

We currently manufacture Celution Systems in our headquarters in San Diego, California. As a part of our September 2017 corporate restructuring, we are in the process of consolidating manufacturing of our disposable systems to a single third party manufacturer. We have sufficient inventory on hand to meet global demand while we execute and complete our outsourcing plan. As a manufacturer, our products are subject to periodic inspection by regulatory authorities and distribution partners. Manufacturers of devices and products for human use are subject to regulation and inspection from time to time by the FDA for compliance with the FDA’s Quality System Regulation, or QSR, requirements, as well as equivalent requirements and inspections by state and non-U.S. regulatory authorities, such as Notified Bodies in Europe and the California Food and Drug Branch.

Raw materials for the Celution device, Celution consumable kit and other products are sourced from a variety of suppliers. Most of these components are available from multiple vendors either as off-the-shelf items or as custom fabrication.  However, we purchase our Celase and Intravase regents exclusively from Roche Diagnostics Corporation, or Roche.  While we have significant inventory of these reagents in inventory, we do not have a second source to provide us with these reagents should our supply arrangement with Roche terminate or be suspended, or should Roche be unable to meet its supply obligations thereunder.

Competition

We compete primarily on the basis of the safety and efficacy of our therapies across a broad range of clinical indications to address significant unmet medical and market needs, supported by our brand name, pricing, products, published clinical data, regulatory approvals, and reimbursement.  We believe that our continued success depends on our ability to:

Cytori Nanomedicine

ATI-0918, our generic pegylated liposomal encapsulated doxorubicin product candidate is expected to face competition from both patented and generic nanomedicine products for the treatment of breast cancer (BC), ovarian cancer (OC), multiple myeloma (MM), and/or Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) in all geographies.  New nanoparticle-doxorubicin monotherapies and drug combination therapies

represent next generation approaches intended to be safer and more effective than today’s patented and generic pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD).

Our ATI-1123 product candidate is expected to face competition from both Sanofi’s Taxotere, which is approved for 11 indications and available in 90 countries with a majority of sales from China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, and generic docetaxel which is available from major suppliers in the U.S., Europe and Japan including, but not limited to, Accord, Actavis, Dr. Reddy’s Labs, GLS Pharma, Hospira, Sun Pharma, Teva, and Winthrop.  Further competition may result from advances made by companies currently developing nanoparticle-docetaxel products including, but not limited to, Adocia, Cristal Therapeutics, Merrimack, and Oasmia Pharmaceutical.

Cytori Cell Therapy

According to the Alliance for Regenerative Medicine, there over 700 companies worldwide and 801 clinical trials underway within the global regenerative medicine market.  Per Allied Market Research, this market is projected to reach $30.2 billion by 2022 and to be dominated by the cell therapy segment.

Today, we compete directly against companies within the autologous adipose-derived cell therapy segment offering manual, semi-automated, or full automated cell processing and/or banking systems used with or without tissue dissociation reagents.  Our primary competitors include, but are not limited to, Adisave, Biosafe Group, GID Group, Healeon Medical, Human Med AG, InGeneron, Medikan International, PNC International, SERVA Electrophoresis GmbH, and Tissue Genesis.  None of these companies are conducting clinical trials for the treatment of hand dysfunction in scleroderma patients.  However, they are engaged in a number of clinical trials around the world.

A study published in 2016 reported that there were 570 medical clinics in the U.S. advertising and offering stem cell treatments, including those derived from adipose tissue, directly to patients.  It is unclear whether the FDA will allow these clinics to continue to operate in this fashion and whether they will pose a threat to our business if and at such time that we obtain PMA approval to commercialize Habeo Cell Therapy in the U.S.

In the future, we also anticipate encountering competition from companies developing and offering drugs for the treatment of scleroderma including, but not limited to, Actelion Pharmaceuticals, Allergan, Apricus Biosciences, Bayer, Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Covis Pharma, CSL Behring, Genentech, and United Therapeutics.  No companies today have approved drugs indicated for improving hand function in scleroderma patients while only Tracleer® (Bosentan) is approved in Europe for the prevention of new digital ulcers in scleroderma patients.  Habeo Cell Therapy is expected to compete with or be used in conjunction with second and/or third line therapies including, but not limited to, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, botulinum toxin A, angiotensin II receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, alpha blockers, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, topical nitrates, IV prostanoids, endothelin receptor antagonists, immunosuppressants, and surgical interventions.

Cytori Nanomedicine™

ATI-0918, our generic liposomal encapsulated doxorubicin product candidate is expected to face competition from both patented and generic nanomedicine products for the treatment of breast cancer (BC), ovarian cancer (OC), multiple myeloma (MM), and/or Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) in all geographies.  New nanoparticle-doxorubicin monotherapies and drug combination therapies represent third generation approaches intended to be safer and more effective than today’s patented and generic pegylated liposomal doxorubicin.

Our ATI-1123 product candidate is expected to face competition from both Sanofi’s Taxotere, which is approved for 11 indications and available in 90 countries with a majority of sales from China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, and generic docetaxel which is available from major suppliers in the U.S., Europe and Japan including, but not limited to, Accord, Actavis, Dr. Reddy’s Labs, GLS Pharma, Hospira, Sun Pharma, Teva, and Winthrop.  Further competition may result from advances made by companies currently developing nanoparticle-docetaxel products including, but not limited to, Adocia, Cristal Therapeutics, and Oasmia Pharmaceutical.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses were $16.2$11.7 million and $19.0$16.2 million for the years ended December 31, 20162017 and 2015,2016, respectively.  These expenses have supported the basic research, product development and clinical activities necessary to bring our products to market.

Our research and development efforts in 20162017 focused predominantly on the following areas:

If we are unable to successfully partner with other companies to commercialize our product candidates, our business could materially suffer.

A key part of our business strategy is to leverage strategic partnerships/collaborations to commercialize our product candidates.  We do not have the financial, human or other resources necessary to develop, commercialize, launch or sell our therapeutic offerings in all of the geographies that we are targeting, and thus it is important that we identify and partner with third parties who possess the necessary resources to bring our products to market.  We expect that any such partners will provide regulatory and reimbursement/pricing expertise, sales and marketing resources, and other expertise and resources vital to the success of our product offerings in their territories.  We further expect, but cannot guarantee, that any such partnering arrangements will include upfront cash payments to us in return for the rights to develop, manufacture, and/or sell our products in specified territories, as well as downstream revenues in the form of milestone payments and royalties.  

We are currently prioritizing our efforts to find a strategic partner for our Habeo, Cell Therapy, formerly ECCS-50, which is specifically intended for treatment of hand dysfunction in scleroderma patients.among other assets.  For various reasons, including the data from our STAR clinical trial and the novelty of our cellular therapeutic approach, the regulatory and reimbursement environments for Habeo Cell Therapy in certain markets, including Europe and the Asia-Pacific region, are complex and uncertain. There can be no assurance that regulatory agencies or authorities in the U.S., Europe, the Asia-Pacific region or elsewhere will grant conditional or full regulatory approval for Habeo Cell Therapy on the timeframes we anticipate, or at all, nor can we guarantee that government or commercial payers will grant us favorable reimbursement for use of Habeo. In fact, we anticipate that our STAR data will result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts for Habeo, Cell Therapy.or cause us to abandon or materially alter our regulatory approval strategies for Habeo.  Further, even if we receive regulatory approval and favorable reimbursement, there is no guarantee that a market will develop for Habeo Cell Therapy at our intended price points, or at all. These commercialization risks could affect prospective partners’ or collaborators’ willingness to enter into partnering arrangements on terms acceptable to us, or at all.  Prospective partners may be unwilling to enter into an agreementHabeo collaboration/partnering agreements with us unless and until we announce positive top-line data fromin light of our STAR clinical trial which announcement is expected to occur in or around mid-2017.  If the STAR and/or SCLERADEC II clinical trial data do not meet their primary endpoints, wedata.  We anticipate that it will be difficult to thereafter find a commercialization partner for

our Habeo Cell Therapy on favorable terms, if at all.  If we do conclude a partnering arrangement for our Habeo Cell TherapyFurther, if data from the recently enrolled French investigator-initiated and Cytori-supported SCLERADEC-II trial are not positive, or if the trial is discontinued prior to announcementreceipt of STAR clinical trial data, any such agreement may contain certain payment conditions, termination rights or other rightsthe regulatory and obligations that would be triggered by positive or negative STAR data.  

commercial hurdles for Habeo will further increase, especially in the EU.

We are also prioritizing our efforts to find a strategic partner to help commercialize and sell our ATI-0918 drug candidate, initially in Europe, the U.S., and China, and secondarily, to fund development and commercialization of our ATI-1123 product candidate. We do not currently have the commercial expertise or resources to market and sell either ATI-0918 or ATI-1123.  There can be no assurance that we will enter into partnering agreements for either ATI-0918 or ATI-1123 with suitable partners on terms acceptable to us, or at all.  At present, we do not intend to expend significant resources on development of ATI-1123.  However, regardless of whether we enter into a partnering agreement for ATI-0918, we willmay still incur significant near-term costs and expenses inrelated to manufacturing, testing validation, and validating it and in performing necessary regulatory and clinical work necessary to ready our EMA marketing dossier for submission.support a generic drug application submission to EMA.  If we cannot find a suitable partner for our ATI-0918 product candidate, our business could be significantly harmed.

We aremay also solicitingsolicit partnering interest in our ECCO-50 therapeuticCell Therapy for use in knee osteoarthritis, but we anticipate that our partnering efforts with respect to this indication will be subordinate to our Habeo Cell Therapy and ATI-0918 partnering efforts. Further, while consistent trends were observed in most secondary endpoints relative to the placebo group in our ACT-OA knee osteoarthritis trial, the 12-week endpoint of single pain on walking question did not achieve statistical significance, so there can be no assurance that our partnering efforts for our ECCS-50ECCO-50 therapeutics will be successful.  

In addition, we may seek development and/or commercial partners for the other therapeutic indications set forth in our clinical pipeline, including:

There can be no assurance that thesethis male SUI and SRP pipeline indicationsindication will be attractive to prospective partners. The male SUI market is small (approximately $45.0 million), in Japan.  We anticipate that the failure to achieve the primary and the long-term viability of both indications, especially SRP, issecondary endpoints in substantial part dependent upon receipt of positiveour STAR and/trial could materially hamper our efforts to identify prospective cell therapy partners or SCLERADEC II clinical data.  

to negotiate cell therapy partnering transactions on terms favorable to us, or at all.    

Even if we succeed in securing partners for our lead or other product candidates, our partners may fail to develop or effectively commercialize our product candidates. Partnerships and collaborations involving our products and product candidates pose a number of risks, including the following:

As a result, partnering agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of our lead product candidates or other product candidates in the most efficient manner or at all.

Our current business strategy is high-risk.

Our current business strategy is to aggressively develop and commercialize our Cytori Cell Therapy and Cytori Nanomedicine platforms, while simultaneously controlling expenses and preserving and growing our existing contract and

commercial salesproduct revenues.   We also believe that there are synergies between our existing cellular therapeutic technologies and our oncology drug assets that we can exploit and commercialize.commercialize in the long-term with significant investment.

Our current business strategy is a high-risk strategy for a number of reasons including the following:

Our business is sensitive to general economic, business and industry conditions.

We are exposed to general economic, business and industry conditions, both in the United States and globally. Adverse global economic and financial conditions are difficult to predict and mitigate against, and therefore the potential impact is difficult to estimate. Negative trends in the economy, including trends resulting from an actual or perceived recession, tightening credit markets, such as significant reductions in available capital and liquidity from banks and other credit providers, substantial volatility in equity

and currency values worldwide, prolonged recessionary or slow growth periods, increased cost of commodities, including oil, actual or threatened military action by the United States, and threats of terrorist attacks in the United States and abroad, could cause a reduction of investment in and available funding for companies in certain industries, including ours and those of our customers. Thus, our business operations and ability to raise capital has been, and may in the future, be adversely affected by downturns in current credit conditions, financial markets and the global economy.

We face intense competition, and if our competitors market and/or develop products that are marketed more effectively, approved more quickly than our product candidates or demonstrated to be safer or more effective than our products, our commercial opportunities could be reduced or eliminated.

The life science industry is characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary therapeutics.  We face competition from a number of sources, some of which may target the same indications as our products or product candidates, including small and large, domestic and multinational, medical device, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, government agencies and private and public research institutions, many of which have greater financial resources, sales and marketing capabilities, including larger, well-established sales forces, manufacturing capabilities, experience in obtaining regulatory approvals for product candidates and other resources than we do.

We expect that product candidates in our pipeline, if approved, to compete on the basis of, among other things, product efficacy and safety, time to market, price, coverage and reimbursement by third-party payers, extent of adverse side effects and convenience of treatment procedures.  One or more of our competitors may develop other products that compete with ours, obtain necessary approvals for such products from the FDA, EMA, MHLW or other agencies, if required, more rapidly than we do or develop alternative products or therapies that are safer, more effective and/or more cost effective than any products developed by us. The competition that we will encounter with respect to any of our product candidates that receive the requisite regulatory approval and classification and are marketed willmay have an effect on our product prices, market share and results of operations. We may not be able to differentiate any products that we are able to market from those of our competitors, successfully develop or introduce new products that are less costly or offer better results than those of our competitors, or offer purchasers of our products payment and other commercial terms as favorable as those offered by our competitors. In addition, competitors may seek to develop alternative formulations of or technological approaches to our product candidates and/or alternative cell therapy or drug delivery technologies that address our targeted indications.

Cytori Cell Therapy:  Cytori Cell Therapy may face competition from cell therapies derived from autologous or allogeneic tissue sources such as adipose tissue, bone marrow and cord blood, and processed using alternative approaches, methods and

technologies such as cryopreserved, cultured, expanded, manual, non-enzymatic, selectively isolated cell therapies, and other therapeutic approaches including those administered using oral, subcutaneous, topical and intravenous routes.  If approved for the treatment of hand dysfunction and/or Raynaud’s Phenomenon in scleroderma patients, Habeo Cell Therapy will likely compete against other products and product candidates.  Johns Hopkins University, in collaboration with Allergan, recently completed and reported results fromGlaxoSmithKline is sponsoring a U.S. Phase III2 multi-center clinical trial evaluating injection of Botox into the hands ofto evaluate GSK2330811 in patients with scleroderma-associated Raynaud’s Syndrome.  Further,systemic sclerosis.  Corbus Pharmaceuticals is conducting the international multicenter Phase 3 RESOLVE-1 study, a Phase IIdouble-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study assessing the efficacy and safety of lenabasum for the treatment of systemic sclerosis.  The study will enroll approximately 354 subjects at 70 sites in North America, Europe, Israel, Japan, South Korea, and Australia. The planned duration of treatment with study drug is 52 weeks. Subjects will be randomized 1:1:1 to receive lenabasum 5 mg twice per day, lenabasum 20 mg twice per day, or placebo twice per day.  The primary efficacy outcome of the RESOLVE-1 will be change from baseline in modified Rodnan Skin Score, a measure of skin fibrosis and a standard clinical trial evaluating Resunab (JBT-101)outcome in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis and has reported positive topline results showing a clear signal of clinical benefit. University of Pittsburgh, in collaboration with the NIAMS,National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, is conducting a Phase II clinical trial evaluating Lipitor’s (atorvastatin) effect on blood vessel function and Raynaud symptoms in patients with early diffuse systemic sclerosis.   Primus Pharmaceuticals is sponsoring a U.S. multi-center clinical trial to evaluate Diosmiplex in patients with Raynaud’s disease.  Covis Pharmaceuticals has completed a Phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate Vascana in patients with Raynaud’s Phenomenon secondary to Connective Tissue Disease.  Apricus Biosciences has completed a Phase 2 clinical trial for Vascana in patients with Raynaud’s Phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis.  StanfordThe University of Michigan, in collaboration with United Therapeutics,Pfizer, is sponsoringperforming a Phase 1/2 clinical trial evaluating oral Orenitram (treprostinil) for thestudy to evaluate tofacitinb treatment of Calcinosis in patientssubjects with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis.scleroderma.  Bayer is a collaborator in a Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating Adempas (riociguat) in patients with scleroderma-associated digital ulcers.  Bristol-Myers Squibb and NIAIDNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases are collaborators in a Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating Abatacept in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis.  Invtiva Pharma is sponsoring a Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating IVA337 in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis.  The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul St. Mary’s Hospital is sponsoring ainvolved in clinical trialtrials evaluating autologous stromal vascular fraction injected into the fingers of patients with systemic sclerosis.  Sanofi is sponsoring a Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating SAR156597 in patients with diffuse systemic sclerosis. Hoffman-La Roche is sponsoring Phase 3 clinical trials evaluating Actemra (tocilizumab) in patients with systemic sclerosis.  MostUMC Utrecht is conducting the Phase 1/2 MANUS trial which aims to examine the safety, feasibility and potential efficacy of intramuscularly injected allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells as treatment of digital ulcers of systemic sclerosis.  Many of these studies use the primary and secondary outcome measures as used in our STAR clinical trial.

Our Cytori Cell Therapy may also face competition from lower pricepriced, alternative cell therapies, including manually processed, or “home brewed” ADRCs or fat grafts that are harvested and used to treat patients for a wide range of indications. There are hundreds of stromal vascular fraction or SVF, clinics within the United States alone that purport to offer cell therapy treatments for ailments ranging from facial rejuvenation to stroke.  Though the FDA has indicated that it intends to regulate this “home brew” industry, if it fails to do so, then companies without FDA approvals may continue to offer cell therapy treatments on an “off-label,” unapproved basis at substantially

lower prices then we intend to command.  Similar clinics existingexist in every other market in which we currently or intend to compete.    Further, it is possible that positive STAR or SCLERADEC II clinical data, if possible, could be used by our cheaper cost competitors to tout their own cell therapy offerings, which could significantly harm our business.    

Cytori Nanomedicines:Nanomedicine:  We may face competition for our ATI-0918 asset (which is intended for the treatment of breast and ovarian cancers, multiple myeloma, and Kaposi’s sarcoma) from multiple drug classes including antiretrovirals, chemotherapies, corticosteroids, histone deacetaylase inhibitors, hormone therapies, immunotherapies, and targeted therapies, as well as companies seeking approvals in Europe or the United States for their pegylated liposomal doxorubicin products. In particular, if a competitor is first to the European market with an EMA-approved generic pegylated liposomal doxorubicin that is bioequivalent to Caelyx, our projections and market assumptions for our ATI-0918 would have to be materially altered and our business could be harmed.  Taiwan Liposome Company has reported their intent to filethat they filed a Marketing Authorization Application, or MAA, with the EMA in the first half of 2017 for its generic Doxisome (TLC177)TLC177 product, which is ahead of our schedule for submitting our MAA for ATI-0918.  Further, Dr. Reddy’s, Sun Pharma, and Teva are performing bioequivalence studies against Caelyx, data from which they may use to support EMA MAAs as well.  In the United States, we may face competition for ATI-0918 from multiple generic formulations of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin.  Sun Pharma’s Lipodox product isand Dr. Reddy’s DOXOrubicin HCl Liposome products are currently approved in the United States and   both Taiwan Liposome Company (Doxisome) and Actavis havehas reported that they haveit has filed ANDAsan ANDA with the FDA.  Shanghai F-Z (Libaoduo)Further, Watson, Tolmar, Panacea Biotec, Emcure, Cadila, Cipla, and Dr. Reddy’s LabsAurobindo are conducting ongoingperforming bioequivalence studies versusagainst Lipodox, data from which they may decide to use to support FDA submissions for approval of their pegylated liposomal doxorubicin products.ANDAs.  

Companies that currently have activeor have had development programs for nanoparticle-docetaxel products thatand may be future competitors for our ATI-1123assetATI-1123 asset include:

Competitors may have greater experience in developing therapiesdrugs or devices, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory clearances or approvals, manufacturing and commercialization. It is possible that competitors may obtain patent protection, approval, or clearance from the FDA or achieve commercialization earlier than we can, any of which could have a substantial negative effect on our business. Compared to us, many of our potential competitors have substantially greater:

As a result of these factors, our competitors may obtain regulatory approval of their products more quickly than we are able to or may obtain patent protection or other intellectual property rights that limit or block us from developing or commercializing our product candidates. Our competitors may also develop products that are more effective, more useful, better tolerated, subject to fewer or less severe side effects, more widely prescribed or accepted or less costly than ours and may also be more successful than we are in manufacturing and marketing their products. If we are unable to compete effectively with the marketed therapeutics of our competitors or if such competitors are successful in developing products that compete with any of our product candidates that are approved, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects may be materially adversely affected.

Our clinical trials may fail to demonstrate acceptable levels of safety and efficacy for Habeo Cell Therapy or any of our other product candidates, which could prevent or significantly delay their regulatory approval and commercialization.commercialization, which would have a material and adverse impact on our business.

Clinical testing of our products is a long, expensive and uncertain process, and the failure or delay of a clinical trial can occur at any stage.  Many factors, currently known and unknown, can adversely affect clinical trials and the ability to evaluate a product candidate’s efficacy. During the course of treatment, patients can die or suffer other adverse events for reasons that may or may not be related to the proposed product being tested. Even if initial results of preclinical and nonclinical studies or clinical trial results are promising, we may obtain different results in subsequent trials or studies that fail to show the desired levels of safety and efficacy, or we may not obtain applicable regulatory approval for a variety of other reasons.  For instance, the investigator-initiated 12-patient, open-label SCLERADEC I trial investigating use of Habeo Cell Therapy for hand complications of scleroderma, sponsored by the Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, or AP-HM, located in Marseille, France, has reported strong clinical data suggesting safety and efficacy of a single treatment of Habeo Cell Therapyout to three years after treatment.  However, the six and 12 month results of the STAR trial failed to demonstrate statistical significance of the primary and secondary endpoints. Therefore, there can be no assurances that ourAP-HM’s current STAR clinical trial or AP-HM’s currently enrolling SCLERADEC II clinical trial will be successful.  These trials areThis trial is testing broader human use of Habeo Cell Therapy in blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial settings, as opposed to SCLERADEC I’s open-label, single arm, uncontrolled, unblinded format. In addition, we recently released a more detailed assessment of STAR Trial data at the World Scleroderma Congress this past February, and in late 2017, submitted a request for a a pre-submission meeting with FDA, which shall happen later this quarter, and shall provide us with a clearer picture of the optimal path forward with Habeo Cell therapy in the U.S. Many companies in our industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials, despite promising results in earlier trials.  If the results of our Phase III STAR clinical trial and the Phase IIIFDA pre-submission meeting are not favorable, or if our Cytori-supported SCLERADEC II clinical trial do not meet their primary endpoints, we will likely be unable to obtain regulatory approval for our Habeo Cell Therapy, and may be forced to abandon our scleroderma development program, which would severely affect our business.

Further, with respect to the conduct and results of clinical trials generally, in the United States, Europe, Japan and other jurisdictions, the conduct and results of clinical trials can be delayed, limited suspended, or otherwise adversely affected for many reasons, including, among others:

In addition, Cytori Cell Therapy is currently the subject of a number of investigator-initiated trials, including the SCLERADEC II clinical trial in France and the ADRESU clinical trial in Japan. While these investigator-initiated trials are useful to help enhance awareness and use of our cell therapy technologies and products, and to identify potential therapeutic targets, there are also associated risks. We do not control the design and conduct of these trials, thus any data integrity issues or patient safety arising out of any of these trials would be beyond our control, yet could adversely affect our reputation and damage the clinical and commercial prospects for our Cytori Cell Therapy product candidates.

We also face clinical trial-related risks with regard to our reliance on other third parties in the performance of many of the clinical trial functions, including CROs, that help execute our clinical trials, the hospitals and clinics at which our trials are conducted, the clinical investigators at the trial sites, and other third partythird-party service providers. Failure of any third-party service provider to adhere to applicable trial protocols, laws and regulations in the conduct of one of our clinical trials could adversely affect the conduct and results of such trial (including possible data integrity issues), which could seriously harm our business.  

Our success depends in substantial part on our ability to obtain regulatory approvals for Habeo Cell Therapy and ATI-1123.  However, we cannot be certain that we will receive regulatory approval for these product candidates or our other product candidates.  

We have only a limited number of product candidates in development, and our business depends substantially on their successful development and commercialization.  Our product candidates will require development, regulatory review and approval in multiple jurisdictions, substantial investment, access to sufficient commercial manufacturing capacity and significant marketing

efforts before we can generate any revenues from sales of our product candidates. The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, sale, marketing and distribution of drug products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory authorities in the United States and other countries, whose regulations differ from country to country.

We are not permitted to market our product candidates in the United States until we receive approval from the FDA, or in any foreign countries until we receive the requisite approval from the regulatory authorities of such countries (including centralized marketing authorization from the European Medicines Agency), and we may never receive such regulatory approvals. Obtaining regulatory approval for a product candidate is a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process, and may not be obtained. Any failure to obtain regulatory approval of any of our product candidates would limit our ability to generate future revenues (and any failure to obtain such approval for all of the indications and labeling claims we deem desirable could reduce our potential revenue), would potentially harm the development prospects of our product candidates and would have a material and adverse impact on our business.

Even if we successfully obtain regulatory approvals to market our product candidates, our revenues will be dependent, in part, on our ability to commercialize such products as well as the size of the markets in the territories for which we gain regulatory approval. If the markets for our product candidates are not as significant as we estimate, our business and prospects will be harmed

Regarding to our two current lead commercialization candidates, Habeo Cell Therapy and ATI-0918:

If a product candidate is not approved in a timely fashion on commercially viable terms, or if development of any product candidate is terminated due to difficulties or delays encountered in the regulatory approval process, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, and we willmay become more dependent on the development of other proprietary products and/or our ability to successfully acquire other products and technologies. There can be no assurance that any product candidate will receive regulatory approval in a timely manner, or at all.

If our products candidate and technologies receive regulatory approval but do not achieve broad market acceptance, especially by physicians, the revenues that we generate will be limited.

The commercial success of any of our approved products or technologies will depend upon the acceptance of these products and technologies by physicians, patients and the medical community. The degree of market acceptance of these products and technologies will depend on a number of factors, including, among others:

Our Celution technology and products compete against cell-based therapies derived from alternate sources, such as bone marrow, umbilical cord blood and, potentially, embryos. Some of our competitors with products based on these other cell-based therapies have substantially greater financial, human and technical resources than we do.  In addition, some of them have approved products with therapeutic claims, established revenues and broad market recognition. Physicians historically are slow to adopt new technologies like ours regardless of the perceived merits when older technologies, as the current standard of care, continue to be supported by established providers. Overcoming such inertia often requires significant marketing expenditures or definitive product performance and/or pricing superiority.

We face similar competitive pressures with our Cytori Nanomedicine product candidates.  As a generic pegylated liposomal encapsulation of doxorubicin, ATI-0918, if approved and launched commercially, will potentially compete against Caelyx and Myocet® (manufactured by Teva) in Europe and againstDoxil, Lipodox®, and DOXOrubicin HCl Liposome in the United States.  These existing competitive liposomal doxorubicin products have been on the market for many years, have gained widespread physician acceptance and are marketed by competitors with substantially greater resources than we have.  Further, our ATI-1123 product candidate, if developed and commercialized, would compete against a number of established docetaxel drugs, including Taxotere® (Sanofi S.A.) and numerous existing generic docetaxel products.products, as well as other potential liposomal docetaxel products being developed and commercialized by competitors.

We expect physicians’ inertia and skepticism to also be a significant barrier as we attempt to gain market penetration with our future products. We believe we will continue to need to finance lengthy time-consuming clinical studies to provide evidence of the medical benefit of our products and resulting therapies in order to overcome this inertia and skepticism.

Overall, our efforts to educate the medical community on the benefits of any of our products or technologies for which we obtain marketing approval from the FDA or other regulatory authorities and gain broad market acceptance may require significant resources and may never be successful. If our products and technologies do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, pharmacists and patients, we may not generate sufficient revenue from these products to become or remain profitable.

Many potential applications of our product candidates are pre-commercial, which subjects us to development and marketing risks.

Our products candidates are at various stages of development.  Successful development and market acceptance of our products is subject to developmental risks, including risk of negative clinical data from  current and anticipated trials, failure of inventive imagination, ineffectiveness, lack of safety, unreliability, manufacturing hurdles, failure to receive necessary regulatory clearances or approvals, high commercial cost, preclusion or obsolescence resulting from third parties’ proprietary rights or superior or equivalent products, competition from copycat products and general economic conditions affecting purchasing patterns. There can be no assurance that we or our partners will successfully develop and commercialize our product candidates, or that our competitors will not develop competing technologies that are less expensive or superior. Failure to successfully develop and market our product candidates would have a substantial negative effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Regarding our cell therapy products, we believe that our long-term viability and growth will depend in large part on our ability to establish the safety and efficacy of our cell therapies through clinical trials and studies. Though we generate revenues from commercial sales of our Celution products, there is no proven path for commercializing Cytori Cell Therapy in a way to earn a durable profit commensurate with the medical benefit. We have been engaged for a number of years in commercial sales of our Celution devices and consumable kits in Japan, Europe, and certain AsianAsia Pacific markets, and our cell banking products in Japan, Europe, and certain Asian markets, but we have not achieved significant growth due in significant part to our inability thus far to obtain therapeutic, on-label use that is reimbursed by payers. Thus, we do not expect the market for our products to appreciably increase until we have positive clinical data from a validated, Phase III, controlled, randomized trial that reports safety and efficacy of our cellular therapeutic in a discrete disease state or condition.  However, there can be no assurance that one or more clinical trials of our cell therapy product candidates will yield positive results.

Regarding our Cytori Nanomedicine program, our ATI-0918 generic drug candidate is pre-commercial.  Our ATI-0918 bioequivalence trial results and accompanying manufacturing and other data are subject to review and feedback by the EMA prior to our submission of our marketing authorization application, or MAA, to the EMA.  There can be no assurances that the EMA will view the results of the bioequivalence trial favorably. Further, we are required to complete certain manufacturing, drug stability and other activities before we submit our MAA to the EMA. There can be no assurance that the EMA will deem our MAA sufficient grant us marketing authorization within the timelines we currently project, or at all.

Our ATI-1123 drug candidate is in early clinical stages and is subject to all of the attendant risks of an early-stage drug. Should we wish to commercialize ATI-0918 in the United States, we believe we will need to conduct a clinical trial to demonstrate bioequivalence to the then-current reference drug in the United States (currently Lipodox®). Any such bioequivalency trial would be time and resource intensive would take years to complete at considerable expense, and could ultimately fail to demonstrate ATI-0918’s bioequivalence to the reference drug. Also, we intend to find a partner to develop our ATI-1123 drug candidate, but and if we are unsuccessful in doing so, our ATI-1123 development program could be delayed or suspended.  

If we or any party to a key collaboration, licensing, development, acquisition or similar arrangement fails to perform material obligations under such arrangement, or any arrangement is terminated for any reason, there could be an adverse effect on our business..

We are currently party to certain licensing, collaboration and acquisition agreements under which we may make or receive future payments in the form of milestone payments, maintenance fees, royalties and/or minimum product purchases. We are dependent on our collaborators to commercialize Cytori Cell Therapy in certain countries and in certain indications for us to realize any financial benefits from these collaborations. Our collaborators may not devote the attention and resources to such efforts to be successful. In addition, in the event that a party fails to perform under a key collaboration agreement, or if a key collaboration agreement is terminated, the reduction in anticipated revenues could delay or suspend our commercialization efforts in certain countries. Specifically, the termination of a key collaboration agreement by one of our collaborators could materially impact our ability to enter into additional collaboration agreements with new collaborators on favorable terms.

Risks relating to our current material collaborations (excluding our BARDA partnership, which is discussed below in these “Risk Factors”) include the following:

If we or our distributors or collaborators fail to comply with regulatory requirements applicable to the development, manufacturing, and marketing of our products, regulatory agencies may take action against us or them, which could significantly harm our business.

Our products and product candidates, along with the clinical development process, the manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, labeling, advertising and promotional activities for these products, are subject to continual requirements and review by the FDA and state and foreign regulatory bodies. Regulatory authorities subject a marketed product, its manufacturer and the manufacturing facilities to continual review and periodic inspections. We, our distributors and collaborators, and our and their respective contractors, suppliers and vendors, will be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements, including complying with regulations and laws regarding advertising, promotion and sales of products, required submissions of safety and other post-market information and reports, registration requirements, Clinical Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) regulations (including requirements relating to quality control and quality assurance, as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation), and the requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping requirements. Regulatory agencies may change existing requirements or adopt new requirements or policies. We, our distributors and collaborators, and our and their respective contractors, suppliers and vendors, may be slow to adapt or may not be able to adapt to these changes or new requirements.

Failure to comply with regulatory requirements may result in any of the following:

To the extent any of our customers fail to use our products in compliance with applicable regulations, regulators could try to hold us responsible if they believe we facilitated or were otherwise somehow responsible for our customer's non-compliance.

We currently sell our CelutionCelution-based Cell Therapy products in numerous markets outside of the United States for research and commercial use. These markets have different, and in some cases, less burdensome, regulatory schemes applicable to our products than in the United States.  To the extent any of our customers, whether inside or outside the United States, use or further market our products in their home market or in other markets in a way that does not comply with applicable local regulations, regulators could try to hold us responsible if they believe we facilitated or were otherwise responsible for the customer’s actions. While we take measures in an effort to protect us against these types of risks, we cannot ensure you that such measures would prevent us from becoming subject to any such claims.

We and our products are subject to extensive regulation, and the requirements to obtain regulatory approvals in the United States and other jurisdictions can be costly, time-consuming and unpredictable.  If we or our partners are unable to obtain timely regulatory approval for our product candidates, our business may be substantially harmed.

Cytori Cell Therapy:  Our Celution system family of products and components of the Stemsource cell banks, must receive regulatory clearances or approvals from the FDA and from foreign regulatory bodies prior to commercial sale in those jurisdictions.  Our Cytori Cell Therapy platform, including the Celution device, Celase and Intravase reagents, and consumable kits, is subject to

stringent government regulation in the United States by the FDA under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, and by the EMA and other regulatory agencies outside of the United States under their respective regulatory regimes.

The regulatory process for our cell therapy products can be lengthy, expensive, and uncertain. Before any new medical device may be introduced to the U.S. market, the manufacturer generally must obtain FDA clearance or approval through either the 510(k) pre-market notification process or the lengthier pre-market approval, or PMA, process. It generally takes from three to 12 months from submission to obtain 510(k) pre-market clearance, although it may take longer. Approval of a PMA could take four or more years from the time the process is initiated. The 510(k) and PMA processes can be expensive, uncertain, and lengthy, and there can be no assurance of ultimate clearance or approval. Our Celution^® products under development today and in the foreseeable future will be subject to the lengthier PMA process. Securing FDA clearances and approvals may require the submission of extensive clinical data and supporting information to the FDA. Failure to comply with applicable requirements can result in application integrity proceedings, fines, recalls or seizures of products, injunctions, civil penalties, total or partial suspensions of production, withdrawals of existing product approvals or clearances, refusals to approve or clear new applications or notifications, and criminal prosecution.  

For us to market our products in Europe, Canada, Japan and certain other non-U.S. jurisdictions, we need to obtain and maintain required regulatory approvals or clearances and must comply with extensive regulations regarding safety, manufacturing processes and quality. These regulations, including the requirements for approvals or clearances to market, may differ from the FDA regulatory scheme. International sales also may be limited or disrupted by political instability, price controls, trade restrictions and changes in tariffs. Additionally, fluctuations in currency exchange rates may adversely affect demand for our products by increasing the price of our products in the currency of the countries in which the products are sold.

Medical devices are also subject to post-market reporting requirements for deaths or serious injuries when the device may have caused or contributed to the death or serious injury, as well as for certain device malfunctions that would be likely to cause or contribute to a death or serious injury if the malfunction were to recur. If safety or effectiveness problems occur after the product reaches the market, the FDA may take steps to prevent or limit further marketing of the product. Additionally, the FDA actively enforces regulations prohibiting marketing and promotion of devices for indications or uses that have not been cleared or approved by the FDA.  While we believe that our current activities are in compliance with FDA regulations relating to marketing and promotion, if regulators were to determine that our commercialization efforts, or those of our distributors, collaborators or customers, involve improper marketing and promotion of our products in violation of FDA regulations, our business could be substantially negatively affected.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain the necessary 510(k) clearances or PMA approvals to market and manufacture our other products in the United States for their intended use on a timely basis, if at all. Delays in receipt of or failure to receive such clearances or approvals, the loss of previously received clearances or approvals or failure to comply with existing or future regulatory requirements could have a substantial negative effect on our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will obtain regulatory approvals or clearances in all of the other countries where we intend to market our products, or that we will not incur significant costs in obtaining or maintaining foreign regulatory approvals or clearances, or that we will be able to successfully commercialize current or future products in various foreign markets. Delays in receipt of approvals or clearances to market our products in foreign countries, failure to receive such approvals or clearances or the future loss of previously received approvals or clearances could have a substantial negative effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Cytori Nanomedicines:Nanomedicine:  The worldwide regulatory process for our Cytori NanomedicinesNanomedicine drug candidates can be lengthy and expensive, with no guarantee of approval.

Before any new drugs may be introduced to the U.S. market, the manufacturer generally must obtain FDA approval through either an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, process for generic drugs off patent that allow for bioequivalence to an existing reference listed drug, or RLD, or the lengthier new drug approval, or NDA, process, which typically requires multiple successful Phase IIIand

successive clinical trials to generate clinical data supportive of safety and efficacy along with extensive pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic preclinical testing to demonstrate safety.  Our lead drug product under development (ATI-0918) is eligible ANDA process, while our ATI-1123 drug candidate is subject to the significantly lengthier NDA process.  Approval of an ANDA could take four or more years from the time the process is initiated due to the requirement for clinical trials. NDA drugs could take significantly longer due to the additional preclinical requirements along with the typical requirement for two successful Phase III clinical studies.

In Europe, as in the United States, there are two regulatory steps to complete before a drug candidate is approved to be marketed in the European Union. These two steps are clinical trial application and marketing authorization application. Clinical trial applications are approved at the member state level, whereas marketing authorization applications are approved at both the member state and centralized levels. Both ATI-0918 and ATI-1123 willmay follow the centralized procedure for EMA regulatory approval.  The centralized procedure allows the applicant to obtain a marketing authorization that is valid throughout the EU. Similar to the FDA process, the EMA centralized process requires bioequivalence data for generic drug candidates such as ATI-0918, and robust clinical data for non-generic drug candidates like ATI-01123ATI-1123 similar to clinical data required for NDA drug candidates.

There are numerous risks arising out of the regulation of our ATI-0918 and ATI-1123 drug candidates include the following:

Changing, new and/or emerging government regulations may adversely affect us.

Cytori Cell Therapy:  Government regulations can change without notice. Given the fact that we operate in various international markets, our access to such markets could change with little to no warning due to a change in government regulations that suddenly up-regulate our product(s) and create greater regulatory burden for our cell therapy and cell banking technology products.

Our ability to receive regulatory approvals for our Cytori Cell Therapy products and to sell into foreign markets is complex, due in part to by the nature of our Celution platform and manufacturing process. The platform consists of our Celution device that processes the patient’s own adipose (fat) tissue to create a heterogeneous mixture of regenerative cells. In the United States, this heterogeneous mixture of cells is subject to classification as a drug, but the FDA has made the determination that our Cytori Cell Therapy will be regulated as a Class III PMA medical device. However, foreign regulatory bodies must assess our particular platform and manufacturing process to make their own determination whether our Cytori Cell Therapy product candidates should receive medical device or drug classifications.  For example, the European Commission has granted orphan drug designation for the use of Cytori Cell Therapy (currently branded as Habeo Cell Therapy) in treatment of system sclerosis. The EMA has not made a determination whether it would classify Habeo Cell Therapy as an ATMP or a medical device. Though we believe that Habeo Cell Therapy will be classified by the EMA as an ATMP, we cannot guarantee that the EMA will not arrive at a different determination at such time that we ask a determination to be made.  Regardless of the EMA’s ultimate determination, we will also be required to comply with the particular regulatory requirements of each of the member states of the European Economic Area (comprised of 28 European Union, or EU, member states plus Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway) with respect to our cell therapy offerings, a process which we anticipate will require considerable time, effort and expense.  We expect that regulatory bodies in other jurisdictions will engage in similar analyses of our Cytori Cell Therapy, and we cannot predict then outcomes of these analyses.

In Japan, the Japanese Diet recently passed the Act regarding Ensuring of Safety of Regenerative Medicine, or the Regenerative Medicine Law, and the revisions to the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law as applied to drugs, medical devices and regenerative medicine.  The Regenerative Medicine Law initially caused some confusion for regenerative companies operating in Japan, but we believe that this law, as currently implemented, benefits Cytori and its customers by allowing an expedited path for our customers in Japan to obtain licenses under the Regenerative Medicine Law to treat patients with Cytori Cell Therapy. However, we cannot be certain that the Regenerative Medicine Law will not be repealed or that current interpretations and implementation of the Regenerative Medicine Law will not change in a manner adverse to our business. Further, we currently import and sell our products in Japan under Class I notifications that we obtained several years ago.  However, at the request of Japanese regulators, we are in the process of obtaining Class III approvals for our Celution device and consumable kits. Though we are pursuing these Class III

approvals process without any anticipated interruption to our commercial activities, it is possible that other jurisdictions in which we currently sell may require similar heightened regulatory approvals but with potential restrictions on our ability to market and sell our Cytori Cell Therapy products in such territories during the application process and review period for the required regulatory approval(s).approvals.

Any regulatory review committees and advisory groups and any contemplated new guidelines may lengthen the regulatory review process, require us to perform additional studies, increase our development costs, lead to changes in regulatory positions and interpretations, delay or prevent approval and commercialization of our product candidates or lead to significant post-approval limitations or restrictions. As we advance our product candidates, we willmay be required to consult with these regulatory and advisory groups, and comply with applicable guidelines. If we fail to do so, we may be required to delay or discontinue development of our product candidates. Delay or failure to obtain, or unexpected costs in obtaining, the regulatory approval necessary to bring a product candidate to market could decrease our ability to generate sufficient revenue to maintain our business. Divergence in regulatory criteria for different regulatory agencies around the globe could result in the repeat of clinical studies and/or preclinical studies to satisfy local territory requirements, resulting in the repeating of studies and/or delays in the regulatory process.  Some territories may require clinical data in their indigenous population, resulting in the repeat of clinical studies in whole or in part. Some territories may object to the formulation ingredients in the final finished product and may require reformulation to modify or remove objectionable components; resulting in delays in regulatory approvals.  Such objectionable reformulations include, but are not limited to, human or animal components, BSE/TSE risks, banned packaging components, prohibited chemicals, banned substances, etc. There can be no assurances that FDA or foreign regulatory authorities will accept our pre-clinical and/or clinical data.  

Due to the fact that there are new and emerging cell therapy and cell banking regulations that have recently been drafted and/or implemented in various countries around the world, the application and subsequent implementation of these new and emerging regulations have little to no precedence. Therefore, the level of complexity and stringency is not known and may vary from country to country, creating greater uncertainty for the international regulatory process.

Anticipated or unanticipated changes in the way or manner in which the FDA or other regulators regulate products or classes/groups of products can delay, further burden, or alleviate regulatory pathways that were once available to other products. There are no guarantees that such changes in the FDA’s or other regulators’ approach to the regulatory process will not deleteriously affect some or all of our products or product applications.

Cytori Nanomedicines:Nanomedicine:  Our nanotechnologynanoparticle technology is also subject to government regulations that are subject to change.  Our lead drug product, ATI-0918 is regulated under bioequivalence rules that rely on a reference listed drug, or RLD, for equivalence in the United States and other jurisdictions.  Government agencies can change the reference listed drug or reference drug without notice.  These changes in the RLD could invalidate clinical studies and require the initiation of new clinical studies for determining equivalence to a newly assigned RLD.  Furthermore, bioequivalence studies may need to be repeated in certain foreign entities as some governments may require additional confirmatory studies in their patient populations.  These additional requirements could result in additional clinical studies or delays in the regulatory process.  Other risks with the RLD criteria are in the criteria for demonstrating bioequivalence.  Bioequivalence criteria may not be identical in all geographical regions, resulting in the requirement for new bioequivalence studies to demonstrate equivalence to a more stringent standard.  Additionally, bioequivalence criteria rely on the products being “off patent” in the territory.  Patent expiration dates may vary in different regions which may result in bioequivalence regulatory pathways being delayed in some territories.   Current regulatory pathways such as the abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, pathway, of we are currently relying on, are subject to change and may cease to be viable regulatory pathways in the future.  

Our pipeline oncology products, such as ATI-1123, are being developed under existing government criteria, which are subject to change in the future. Clinical and/or pre-clinical criteria in addition to cGMP manufacturing requirements may change and impose additional regulatory burdens. Clinical requirements are subject to change which may result in delays in completing the regulatory process. Divergence in regulatory criteria for different regulatory agencies around the globe could result in the repeat of clinical studies and/or preclinical studies to satisfy local jurisdictional requirements, which would significantly lengthen the regulatory process and increase uncertainty of outcome.  Some jurisdictions may require clinical data in their indigenous population, resulting in the repeat of clinical studies in whole or in part. Some jurisdictions may object to the formulation ingredients in the final finished product and may require reformulation to modify or remove objectionable components; resulting in delays in regulatory approvals.  Such objectionable reformulations include, but are not limited to, human or animal components, bovine spongiform encephalopathy/

transmissible spongiform encephalopathy risks, banned packaging components, prohibited chemicals, banned substances, etc.  There can be no assurance that the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities will accept our pre-clinical and/or clinical data.

We may have difficulty obtaining appropriate and sufficient pricing and reimbursement for our cell therapy products.

New and emerging cell therapy and cell banking technologies, such as those provided by the Cytori Cell Therapy family of products, may have difficulty or encounter significant delays in obtaining health care reimbursement in some or all countries around the world due to the novelty of our cell therapy and cell banking technology and subsequent lack of existing reimbursement

schemes/pathways. Therefore, the creation of new reimbursement pathways may be complex and lengthy with no assurances that such reimbursements will be successful. The lack of health insurance reimbursement or reduced or minimal reimbursement pricing may have a significant impact on our ability to successfully sell our cell therapy and cell banking technology product(s)products into a county or region at pricing that is profitable and that adequately compensates Cytori for its development costs, which would negatively impact our operating results.  

Habeo Cell Therapy, our lead indication, is intended to treat hand manifestations of systemic scleroderma, which is a rare, or orphan, disease.  As such, we anticipate that Habeo Cell Therapy will be priced to reflect its orphan status in our prior target markets for this indication. In the United States and in Europe, we anticipate that this pricing will be supported by Habeo Cell Therapy meeting primary endpoints from the STAR and SCLERADEC II clinical trials. Further, in Europe, we expect that Habeo Cell Therapy will be classified as an ATMP with orphan drug status, and if we are the first ATMP approved for this indication in Europe, we will receive certain benefits, including market exclusivity (subject to certain caveats).  Status as an approved ATMP with orphan drug designation could provide us with a strong platform from which to seek higher reimbursement.  However, the level of reimbursement Habeo Cell Therapy will receive will be directly related to the quantity and quality of clinical evidence reported by these STAR and SCLERADEC II clinical trials. It is possible that our clinical trial data are sufficient to support regulatory approval of Habeo Cell Therapy, but not sufficient to support pricing at a level that makes Habeo Cell Therapy attractive to potential partners or to make it economically viable for us to directly commercialize Habeo Cell Therapy. Further, if the STAR and SCLERADEC II clinical trials are not successful, we may not be in a position to seek regulatory approval at all, and we may be required to suspend or abandon our Habeo Cell Therapy commercialization efforts.

Our European managed access program for Habeo Cell Therapy may not be successful, which in turn could adversely affect our Habeo Cell Therapy commercialization efforts.

Our managed access program, or MAP (also known as early access program or named patient program), is intended to provide access in select countries across Europe, the Middle East and Africa, or EMEA,and Latin America to our Habeo Cell Therapy for patients with impaired hand function due to scleroderma in advance of anticipated commercialization of Habeo Cell Therapy.  Our MAP will has faced and willmay continue to face numerous challenges, including the following:

Orphan drug designation may not ensure that we will enjoy market exclusivity in a particular market, and if we fail to obtain or maintain orphan drug designation or other regulatory exclusivity for some of our product candidates, our competitive position would be harmed.

A product candidate that receives orphan drug designation can benefit from potential commercial benefits following approval. Under the U.S. Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a product candidate as an orphan drug if it is intended to treat a rare disease or condition, defined as affecting a patient population of fewer than 200,000 in the United States, or a patient population greater than 200,000 in the United States where there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing the drug will be recovered from sales in the United States. In the European Union, or EU, the EMA’s Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products, or COMP, grants orphan drug designation to promote the development of products that are intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition affecting not more than 10,000 persons in the EU. Currently, this designation provides market exclusivity in the U.S. and the European Union for seven years and ten years, respectively, if a product is the first such product approved for such orphan indication. This market exclusivity does not, however, pertain to indications other than those for which the drug was specifically designated in the approval, nor does it prevent other types of drugs from receiving orphan designations or approvals in these same indications. Further, even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA can subsequently approve a drug with similar chemical structure for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the new drug is clinically superior to the orphan product or a market shortage occurs. In the EU, orphan exclusivity may be reduced to six years if the drug no longer satisfies the original designation criteria or can be lost altogether if the marketing authorization holder consents to a second orphan

drug application or cannot supply enough drug, or when a second applicant demonstrates its drug is “clinically superior” to the original orphan drug.

In April 2016, the European Commission, acting on the positive recommendation from the COMP, issued orphan drug designation to a broad range of Cytori Cell Therapy formulations when used for the treatment of systemic sclerosis.  In November 2016, the U.S. FDA Office of Orphan Products Development granted us an orphan drug designation for cryopreserved or centrally processed ECCS-50 (Habeo) for scleroderma.  Either or both of such orphan drug designations may fail to result in or maintain orphan drug exclusivity upon approval, which would harm our competitive position.

We generate 71% of our sales revenues from Japan, with 76%83% of those revenues generated by sales to four customers and 49% of these revenues generated by sales to one customer.customers.  This concentration of sales in one territory, and to one small group of customers in Japan, makes us vulnerable to the loss of our key customers and to adverse changes in the Japanese market.  

In 2016,2017, we generated approximately $3.3$1.9 million in sales revenues in Japan, representing 71% of our overall global sales revenues.  76%83% of the Japan sales revenues were from four key customers, and 49% of these sales revenues were from one key customer.customers. We expect a relatively small number of customers to account for a majority of our revenues for the foreseeable future. This concentration of sales in one country, and in a small subset of customers within such country, represents a risk to our business. Our existing business in Japan, and our prospects for further growth of product sales in Japan, are subject to a number of risks, including the following:

Further, a loss of one or more of our key customers, a dispute or disagreement with one of these key customers, a significant deterioration in the financial condition of one of these key customers, or a significant reduction in the amount of our products ordered by any key customer could adversely affect our revenue, results of operations and cash flows.  

If we experience an interruption in supply from a material sole source supplier, our business may be harmed

We acquire some our components and other raw materials from sole source suppliers. If there is an interruption in supply of our raw materials from a sole source supplier, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain adequate quantities of the raw materials within a reasonable time or at commercially reasonable prices. Interruptions in supplies due to pricing, timing, availability or other issues with our sole source suppliers could have a negative impact on our ability to manufacture products and product candidates, which in turn could adversely affect commercial sales of our commercially available Cytori Cell Therapy products, delay our development and commercialization efforts and cause us to potentially breach our supply or other obligations under our agreements with certain other counterparties.

We source our Celase and Intravase reagents, which are used to process patients’ autologous adipose (fat) tissue, under an exclusive manufacturing arrangement with Roche Diagnostics Corporation, or Roche.  We do not have a second qualified supplier to manufacture these reagents, and we estimate that it would take approximately two years to qualify another manufacturing source for our reagents.  Though we have significant inventory related to these reagents on hand which we believe are sufficient to satisfy currently anticipated internal and customer demand for at least the next three years, ifIf our agreement with Roche were to terminate or if Roche were otherwise unable to manufacture sufficient volumes of the reagents to meet our customer demand, our business could be materially and adversely affected.  

We are dependent on sole source suppliers to manufacture the API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) and certain other components of our Cytori NanomedicinesNanomedicine drug candidates.  There are no assurances that these sole source suppliers will enter into supply agreements with us to provide contractual assurance to us around supply and pricing. Regardless whether a sole source supplier enters into a written supply arrangement with us, such supplier could still delay, suspend or terminate supply of raw materials to us for

a number of reasons, including manufacturing or quality issues, payment disputes with us, bankruptcy or insolvency, or other occurrences.  

If a sole source supplier ceases supply of raw materials necessary there is no guarantee that we will find an alternative supplier for the necessary raw materials on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Further the qualification process for a new vendor could take months or even years, and any such day in qualification could significantly harm our business.   

We may engage in strategic transactions that could impact our liquidity, increase our expenses and present significant distractions to our management.

From time to time we may consider strategic transactions, such as acquisitions of companies, asset purchases and out-licensing or in-licensing of products, product candidates or technologies. For example, in February 2017, we acquired intellectual property and a portfolio of investigational oncology therapies from Azaya Therapeutics.  This acquisition materially impacted our liquidity and will materially increase our expenses (including a substantial increase in employee headcount). Further, growth of the Cytori Nanomedicine business will require significant management time and attention. Additional potential transactions that we may consider include a variety of different business arrangements, including spin-offs, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, restructurings, divestitures, business combinations and investments. Any such transaction may require us to incur non-recurring or other charges, may increase our near and long-term expenditures and may pose significant integration challenges or disrupt our management or business, which could adversely affect our operations and financial results. For example, these transactions may entail numerous operational and financial risks, including:

Accordingly, although there can be no assurance that we will undertake or successfully complete any additional transactions of the nature described above, any additional transactions that we do complete could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We are exposed to risks related to our international operations, and failure to manage these risks may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.  

We have operations in several regions around the world, including the United States, Japan, the Asia-Pacific region and Europe. Our global operations may be subject to risks that limit our ability to operate our business. We sell our products globally, which exposes us to a number of risks that can arise from international trade transactions, local business practices and cultural considerations, including, among others:

We also face risks associated with currency exchange and convertibility, inflation and repatriation of earnings as a result of our foreign operations. We are also vulnerable to appreciation or depreciation of foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar. Although we have significant operations in Asia, a substantial portion of transactions are denominated in U.S. dollars. As appreciation against the U.S. dollar increases, it will result in an increase in the cost of our business expenses abroad. Conversely, downward fluctuations in the value of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar may make our products less price competitive than local solutions. From time to time, we may engage in currency hedging activities, but such activities may not be able to limit the risks of currency fluctuations.

We must maintain quality assurance certification and manufacturing approvals.

The manufacture of our products is, and the manufacture of any future drug and/or cell-related therapeutic products would be, subject to periodic inspection by regulatory authorities and distribution partners. The manufacture of drugs and devices products for human use is subject to regulation and inspection from time to time by the FDA for compliance with the FDA’s cGMP (current good manufacturing practices), Quality System Regulation, or QSR requirements, as well as equivalent requirements and inspections by state and non-U.S. regulatory authorities. There can be no assurance that the FDA or other authorities will not, during the course of an inspection of existing or new facilities, identify what they consider to be deficiencies in our compliance with QSRs or other requirements and request, or seek remedial action.

Failure to comply with such regulations or a potential delay in attaining compliance may adversely affect our manufacturing activities and could result in, among other things, injunctions, civil penalties, FDA refusal to grant pre-market approvals or clearances of future or pending product submissions, fines, recalls or seizures of products, total or partial suspensions of production and criminal prosecution. There can be no assurance that after such occurrences that we will be able to obtain additional necessary regulatory approvals or clearances on a timely basis, if at all. Delays in receipt of or failure to receive such approvals or clearances, or the loss of previously received approvals or clearances could have a substantial negative effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

BARDA may terminate or suspend its agreement with us, or suspend, delay or reduce its funding of our development hereunder, which could delay and/or adversely affect our business and our ability to further develop our Celution System.

DCCT-10.

In September 2012, we were awarded a contract, or the BARDA Agreement, with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, or BARDA, a division of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The objective of the BARDA Agreement is to develop our cell therapy technology for use as a new countermeasure for a combined injury involving thermal burn and radiation exposure that would be employed following a mass-casualty event.  The original total value of the cost-plus-fixed-fee BARDA Agreement was up to an aggregate of $106 million, which aggregate potential value has decreased somewhat as we and BARDA have gained more insight into anticipated and actual budgets for different phases of our development work.  

We have received over $20$23.5 million in cost-plus-fixed-fee funding from BARDA to fund our preclinical research, development, and developmentclinical research to conduct a pilot clinical trial, referred to as RELIEF clinical trial, of Cytori Cell Therapy for thermal burn, or DCCT-10, and to fund development of our Celution cell processing system.  There are additional contract options under the BARDA Agreement to provide over $80$60 million in additional funds to:

The current contract modification to the BARDA Agreement executed by us and BARDA in September 2016 will expire inIn April 2017.  We are in active discussions with BARDA regarding BARDA’s continued funding of our DCCT-10 development program, but there is no guarantee that2017, we will reach agreement with BARDA regarding an extension of our existing contract modification, execution of a new contract modification, or execution of a new agreement.  If we are unable to enter into a new contract or contract modification with BARDA, we may cease to receive funds from BARDA as soon April 2017.  If this occurs, we would likely severely curtail, suspend or even terminate our DCCT-10 program, and our business would be harmed.

Further should we cease to receive BARDA funding, certain of our product development efforts, including development of our next generation Celution devices, could be harmed.  

Further, we are currently in the process of seeking FDAreceived approval of ouran Investigational Device Exemption, or IDE, application for our proposed RELIEF Phase Ifrom the FDA to conduct a pilot clinical trial to assess the safety and feasibility of intravenous administration of DCCT-10 as aCCT in patients with thermal burn countermeasure.  If the FDA approves our IDE application, theninjuries. In May 2017, we announced BARDA’s approval and agreementexercise of Option 2 of up to approximately $13.4 million to fund theRELIEF. We initiated RELIEF in 2017 and expect to enroll first patients into this trial will be required to proceed. Therein 2018. But there can be no assurance that BARDA will agree to fund the entire cost of the trial. If BARDA declines to fund the full costs of the trial, we may be required to terminate our DCCT-10 development program.

BARDA may suspend or terminate the BARDA Agreement, or decline to enter into a new agreement upon termination of the BARDA Agreement, for a number of reasons, including our failure to achieve key objectives or milestones or failure to comply with the operating procedures and processes approved by BARDA and its audit agency, the Defense Contract Audit Agency. There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with BARDA’s operating procedures and processes, achieve the necessary clinical milestones or whether we will be able to successfully develop our DCCT-10 product candidate under the contract. 

Our contract with BARDA will expire in September 2017. Though we intend to negotiate a new agreement with BARDA, there is no guarantee that we will be able to do so.  Any new agreement with BARDA may be on terms less favorable to us than our current agreement.

Our current BARDA Agreement will expire in September 2017, and there is no guarantee that we will execute a new contract with BARDA.  We anticipate that if the FDA approves our RELIEF pilot trial IDE application, and if BARDA agrees to fund this trial, that any BARDA funding for this trial would be awarded under our existing contract. However, we do not anticipate that any additional funds will be awarded to us under the current BARDA Agreement.   Thus, it is likely that our current BARDA Agreement will expire with only approximately $30 million of the total original contract value of $106 million having been awarded to us. Any subsequent awards for a pivotal clinical trial of our DCCT-10 therapeutic, for regulatory activities in anticipation of FDA approval, and for other related development and commercialization activities, would be granted (if at all) under a new contract with BARDA. There can be no guarantee that BARDA and we will enter into a new agreement on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we do enter into a new contract with BARDA, it might provide for lower funding caps and other material terms less favorable to us than the current BARDA Agreement. Further, we would expect that any contract with BARDA would be unlikely to fund the continued development of our latest generation Celution systems.  If we do not enter into a new contract with BARDA when our current BARA Agreement

expires that provides for continued funding of our DCCT-10 development efforts, we will likely be required to suspend or terminate our thermal burn program.

The BARDA contract has certain contracting requirements that allow the U.S. Government to unilaterally control its contracts.  If the U.S. Government suspends, cancels, or otherwise terminates our contract with them, we could experience significant revenue shortfalls, and our financial condition and business may be adversely affected.

Contracts with U.S. Government agencies typically contain termination provisions unfavorable to the other party, and are subject to audit and modification by the U.S. Government at its sole discretion, which will subject us to additional risks. These risks include the ability of the U.S. Government to unilaterally:

BARDA is able to terminate its contracts with us, either for its best interests or if we default by failing to perform in accordance with or to achieve the milestones set forth in the contract schedules and terms. Termination-for-convenience provisions generally enable us to recover only our costs incurred or committed and settlement expenses on the work completed prior to termination. Changes to, or an unexpected termination of, this contract could result in significant revenue shortfalls. If revenue shortfalls occur and are not offset by corresponding reductions in expenses, our business could be adversely affected. We cannot anticipate if, when or to what extent BARDA might revise, alter or terminate its contract with us in the future.

Under our contract with BARDA, our operations, and those of our contractors, are subject to audit by the U.S. Government, a negative outcome to which could adversely affect our financial conditions and business operations.

U.S. Government agencies, such as the Department of Health and Human Services, or DHHS, and the Defense Contract Audit Agency, or the DCAA, routinely audit and investigate government contractors and recipients of federal grants. These agencies evaluate a contractor’s performance under its contracts, cost structure and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and standards.

The DHHS and the DCAA also review the adequacy of, and a contractor’s compliance with, its internal control systems and policies, including the contractor’s purchasing, property, estimating, compensation and management information systems. Any costs found to be improperly allocated to a contract will not be reimbursed, while such costs already reimbursed must generally be repaid. If an audit identifies improper or illegal activities, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including, but not limited to:

If we are unable to identify, hire and/or retain key personnel, we may not be able to sustain or grow our business.

Our ability to operate successfully and manage our potential future growth depends significantly upon our ability to attract, retain, and motivate highly skilled and qualified research, technical, clinical, regulatory, sales, marketing, managerial and financial

personnel. We compete for talent with numerous companies, as well as universities and non-profit research organizations.  In the near term, we intend to hire a significant number of scientists, quality and regulatory personnel, and other technical staff with the requisite expertise to support and expand our Cytori NanomedicinesNanomedicine business. The manufacturing of these oncology drug assets is a highly complex process that requires significant experience and know-how. If we are unable to attract personnel with the necessary skills and

experience to reestablish and expand our Cytori NanomedicinesNanomedicine business, which is currently conducted out of our San Antonio, Texas facility, our business could be harmed.

Our future success also depends on the personal efforts and abilities of the principal members of our senior management and scientific staff to provide strategic direction, manage our operations, and maintain a cohesive and stable environment. In particular, we are highly dependent on our executive officers, especially Marc Hedrick, M.D., our Chief Executive Officer, and Tiago Girão, our Chief Financial Officer, and John Harris, our Vice President and General Manager of Cell Therapy.Officer.  Given their leadership, extensive technical, scientific and financial expertise and management and operational experience, these individuals would be difficult to replace. Consequently, the loss of services of one or more of these named individuals could result in product development delays or the failure of our collaborations with current and future collaborators, which, in turn, may hurt our ability to develop and commercialize products and generate revenues.  We have not entered into any employment agreements with our executive officers or key personnel, nor do we maintain key man life insurance on the lives of any of the members of our senior management. Although we have a stock option plan pursuant to which we provide our executive officers with various economic incentives to remain employed with us, these incentives may not be sufficient to retain them. The loss of key personnel for any reason or our inability to hire, retain, and motivate additional qualified personnel in the future could prevent us from sustaining or growing our business.

Our restructuring activities may not be successful, and our restructuring activities may cause uncertainty regarding the future of our business and may adversely impact employee hiring and retention, our stock price and our results of operations and financial condition.

On September 1, 2017, we announced a corporate restructuring intended to significantly reduce expenses.  The restructuring reduced our workforce by approximately 50%. The restructuring plan also includes renegotiating certain of our material contracts, such as the termination of a lease to move our headquarters announced on February 23, 2018, and reassessing certain other obligations.  

Our ability to achieve the anticipated benefits, including the anticipated cost savings, of our restructuring activities within expected timeframes is subject to many estimates, assumptions and uncertainties. Additional restructuring or reorganization activities may also be required in the future, which could further increase the risks associated with these activities. There is no assurance that we will successfully implement, or fully realize the anticipated impact of, our restructuring or execute successfully on our restructuring plan, in the timeframes we desire or at all. If we fail to realize the anticipated benefits from these measures, or if we incur charges or costs in amounts that are greater than anticipated, our financial condition and operating results may be adversely affected. Additionally, our restructuring efforts, including a significant reduction in our employee headcount, may disrupt our staff and our business, and we may not be successful, or as successful, in advancing our existing Cytori Cell Therapy and Cytori Nanomedicine candidates, or in discovering or developing new Cytori Cell Therapy and Cytori Nanomedicine candidates as a result of lower staffing levels and potential reductions in our spending on these programs due to the restructuring.

The changes and potential changes to our operations and the workforce reduction measures as a result of the restructuring, may introduce uncertainty regarding our prospects and may result in disruption of our business. As a result of these actions, we incurred significant expenses and charges, including the approximately $570,000 charge incurred as a result of restructuring and cancelation of our San Diego headquarters lease announced on February 2018, and we may incur additional expenses and charges related to these actions. In addition, these changes and measures could distract our employees, decrease employee morale and make it more difficult to retain and hire new talent, and harm our reputation. These changes and activities caused our stock price to decline, and may cause it to further decline in the future. As a result of these or other similar risks, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

We face potential product liability exposure, and if successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability if our insurance coverage for those claims is inadequate.

The commercial use of our products and clinical use of our products and product candidates expose us to the risk of product liability claims. This risk exists even if a product or product candidate is approved for commercial sale by applicable regulatory authorities and manufactured in facilities regulated by such authorities. Our products and product candidates are designed to affect important bodily functions and processes. Any side effects, manufacturing defects, misuse or abuse associated with our products or our product candidates could result in injury to a patient or even death. For example, ATI-0918 is cytotoxic, or toxic to living cells, and, if incorrectly or defectively manufactured or labeled, or incorrectly dosed or otherwise used in a manner not contemplated by its label, could result in patient harm and even death. In addition, a liability claim may be brought against us even if our products or product candidates merely appear to have caused an injury.

Product liability claims may be brought against us by consumers, health care providers, pharmaceutical companies or others selling or otherwise coming into contact with our products or product candidates, if approved, among others. If we cannot successfully

defend ourselves against product liability claims, we will incur substantial liabilities. In addition, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:

We have obtained product liability insurance coverage for commercial product sales and clinical trials with a $10 million per occurrence and annual aggregate coverage limit. Our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover all of our product liability related expenses or losses and may not cover us for any expenses or losses we may suffer.  Moreover, insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive, and, in the future, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost, in sufficient amounts or upon adequate terms to protect us against losses due to product liability. If we determine that it is prudent to increase our

product liability coverage, we may be unable to obtain this increased product liability insurance on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Large judgments have been awarded in class action or individual lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated side effects.  A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause our stock price to decline and, if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could decrease our cash and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our employees, principal investigators, consultants and collaboration partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with laws and regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include failures to comply with FDA regulations, to provide accurate information to the FDA, to comply with manufacturing standards we have established, to comply with federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, to report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations restrict or prohibit a wide range of activity relating to pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commissions, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation, or, given we are a listed company the United States, breach of insider trading laws. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

Our operations are subject to anti-corruption laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the United Kingdom Bribery Act, and other anticorruption laws that apply in countries where we do business.

Anti-corruption laws generally prohibit us and our employees and intermediaries from bribing, being bribed or making other prohibited payments to government officials or other persons to obtain or retain business or gain some other business advantage. We participate in collaborations and relationships with third parties whose actions could potentially subject us to liability under these anti-corruption laws. In addition, we cannot predict the nature, scope or effect of future regulatory requirements to which our international operations might be subject or the manner in which existing laws might be administered or interpreted.

There is no assurance that we will be completely effective in ensuring our compliance with all applicable anti-corruption laws or other laws including trade related laws. If we are not in compliance with these laws, we may be subject to criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other sanctions and remedial measures, and legal expenses, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. Likewise, any investigation of any potential violations of these laws

by respective government bodies could also have an adverse impact on our reputation, our business, results of operations and financial condition.

A failure to adequately protect private health information could result in severe harm to our reputation and subject us to significant liabilities, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Throughout the clinical trial process, we may obtain the private health information of our trial subjects. There are a number of state, federal and international laws protecting the privacy and security of health information and personal data. As part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009, or ARRA, Congress amended the privacy and security provisions of the Healthcare Information Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA. HIPAA imposes limitations on the use and disclosure of an individual’s healthcare information by healthcare providers conducting certain electronic transactions, healthcare clearinghouses, and health insurance plans, collectively referred to as covered entities. The HIPAA amendments also impose compliance obligations and corresponding penalties for non-compliance on certain individuals and entities that provide services to or perform certain functions on behalf of healthcare providers and other covered entities involving the use or disclosure of individually identifiable health information, collectively referred to as business associates. ARRA also made significant increases in the penalties for improper use or disclosure of an individual’s health information under HIPAA and extended enforcement authority to state attorneys general. The amendments also create notification requirements to federal regulators, and in some cases local and national media, for individuals whose health information has been inappropriately accessed or disclosed. Notification is not required under HIPAA if the health information that is improperly used or disclosed is deemed secured in accordance with certain encryption or other standards developed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS. Most states have laws requiring notification of affected individuals and state regulators in the event of a breach of personal information, which is a broader class of information than the health information protected by HIPAA. Many state laws impose significant data security requirements, such as encryption or mandatory contractual

terms to ensure ongoing protection of personal information. Activities outside of the U.S. implicate local and national data protection standards, impose additional compliance requirements and generate additional risks of enforcement for non-compliance. The EU’s Data Protection Directive, Canada’s Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act and other data protection, privacy and similar national, state/provincial and local laws may also restrict the access, use and disclosure of patient health information abroad. We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to ensure ongoing compliance with applicable privacy and data security laws, to protect against security breaches and hackers or to alleviate problems caused by such breaches.

We and our collaborators must comply with environmental laws and regulations, including those pertaining to use of hazardous and biological materials in our business, and failure to comply with these laws and regulations could expose us to significant liabilities.

We and our collaborators are subject to various federal, state and local environmental laws, rules and regulations, including those relating to discharge of materials into the air, water and ground, those relating to manufacturing, storage, use, transportation and disposal of hazardous and biological materials, and those relating to the health and safety of employees with respect to laboratory activities required for the development of our products and activities.  In particular, our Cytori Nanomedicine products and processes involve the controlled storage, use and disposal of certain cytotoxic, or toxic to living cells, materials. Even if we and these suppliers and collaborators comply with the standards prescribed by law and regulation, the risk of accidental contamination or injury from hazardous materials, or other violations of applicable environmental laws, rules or regulations cannot be completely eliminated. In the event of any violation of such laws, rules or regulations, we could be held liable for any damages that result, and any liability could exceed the limits or fall outside the coverage of any insurance we may obtain and could exceed our financial resources. We may not be able to maintain insurance on acceptable terms, or at all. We may incur significant costs in complying with environmental laws, rules and regulations.

Increased information technology security threats and more sophisticated and targeted computer crime could pose a risk to our systems, networks, and products.

Increased global information technology security threats and more sophisticated and targeted computer crime pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks and the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our data and communications. While we attempt to mitigate these risks by employing a number of measures, including employee refreshers, monitoring of our networks and systems, and maintenance of backup and protective systems, our systems, networks and products remain potentially vulnerable to advanced persistent threats. Depending on their nature and scope, such threats could potentially lead to the compromising of confidential information and communications, improper use of our systems and networks, manipulation and destruction of data, defective products, production downtimes and operational disruptions, which in turn could adversely affect our reputation, competitiveness and results of operations.

The results of the United Kingdom’s referendum on withdrawal from the European Union may have a negative effect on global economic conditions, financial markets and our business.

In June 2016, a majority of voters in the United Kingdom elected to withdraw from the European Union in a national referendum.  The referendum was advisory, and the terms of any withdrawal are subject to a negotiation period that could last at least two years after the government of the United Kingdom formally initiates a withdrawal process.  Nevertheless, the referendum has created significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union, including with respect to the laws and regulations that will apply as the United Kingdom determines which European Union laws to replace or replicate in the event of a withdrawal.  The referendum has also given rise to calls for the governments of other European Union member states to consider withdrawal.  These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, have had and may continue to have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and may significantly reduce global market liquidity and restrict the ability of key market participants to operate in certain financial markets.  Any of these factors could depress economic activity and restrict our access to capital, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and reduce the price of our securities.

Risks Related to our Financial Position and Capital Requirements

The statements in this section, as well as statements described elsewhere in this annual report, or in other SEC filings, describe risks that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, which could also cause the trading price of our equity securities to decline. These risks are not the only risks that we face. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could also be affected by additional factors that are not presently known to us or that we currently consider to be immaterial to our operations

We have incurred losses since inception, we expect to incur significant net losses in the foreseeable future and we may never become profitable.

We have almost always had negative cash flows from operations and have incurred net operating losses each year since we started business. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, we incurred net loss of $22.0 million and $19.4 million, respectively, our net cash used in operating activities was $19.5 million and $20.5 million, respectively, and, at December 31, 2016, our accumulated deficit was $379.1 million. We expect to continue to incur net losses and negative cash flow from operating activities for at least the next year.  As our focus on development of Cytori Cell Therapy, the Celution system platform and development of therapeutic applications for Cytori Cell Therapy has increased, losses have resulted primarily from expenses associated with research and development and clinical trial-related activities, as well as general and administrative expenses. While we have implemented and continue to implement cost reduction measures where possible, we nonetheless expect to continue operating in a loss position on a consolidated basis and expect that recurring operating expenses will be at even higher levels for at least the next year to perform clinical trial and other development activities for our Cytori Cell Therapy and Cytori Nanomedicines products and product candidates, including additional pre-clinical research, clinical trial-related activities, pre-commercialization activities (including regulatory and reimbursement analysis and market research), and marketing.

Our ability to generate sufficient revenues from any of our products, product candidates or technologies to achieve profitability will depend on a number of factors including, but not limited to:

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with our commercialization and product development efforts, we are unable to predict the extent of our future losses or when or if we will become profitable and it is possible we will never become profitable. If we do not generate significant sales from any of our product candidates that may receive regulatory approval, there would likely be a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects which could result in our inability to continue operations.

We will need substantial additional funding to develop our products and for our future operations. If we are unable to obtain the funds necessary to do so, we may be required to delay, scale back or eliminate our product development activities or may be unable to continue our business.

We have had, and we will continue to have, an ongoing need to raise additional cash from outside sources to continue funding our operations to profitability, including our continuing substantial research and development expenses. We do not currently believe that our cash balance and the revenues from our operations will be sufficient to fund the development and marketing efforts required to reach profitability without raising additional capital from accessible sources of financing in the near future.  Although it is difficult to predict future liquidity requirements, we believe that our $12.6 million in cash and cash equivalents on hand as of December 31, 2016 will be sufficient to fund our currently contemplated operations at least through June 2017.  Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

We have secured capital historically from grant revenues, collaboration proceeds, and debt and equity offerings. We will need to secure substantial additional capital to fund our future operations. We cannot be certain that additional capital will be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.  Our ability to raise capital was adversely affected when the FDA put a hold on our ATHENA cardiac trials in mid-2014, which had an adverse impact to stock price performance and our corresponding ability to restructure our debt.  More recently, a continued downward trend in our stock price resulting from a number of factors, including (i) general economic and industry conditions, (ii) challenges faced by the regenerative medicine industry as a whole, (iii) the market’s unfavorable view of certain of our recent equity financings conducted in 2014 and 2015 (which financings were priced at a discount to market and included 100% warrant coverage), (iv) market concerns regarding our continued need for capital (and the effects of any future capital raising transactions we may consummate) (v) market perceptions of our ATHENA and ACT-OA clinical trial data; and (vi) our recent NASDAQ Stock Market LLC, or Nasdaq, listing deficiency issues and resultant 1-for-15 reverse stock split, have made it more difficult to procure additional capital on terms reasonably acceptable to us. Though our recent acquisition of the Cytori Nanomedicine business from Azaya Therapeutics, including our ATI-0918 and ATI-1123 drug candidates, appear to have been viewed favorably by our investors and the marketplace, we cannot assure you that this acquisition will not ultimately be viewed negatively and thus further hamper our efforts to attract additional capital. If we are unsuccessful in our efforts to raise any such additional capital, we may be required to take actions that could materially and adversely harm our business, including a possible significant reduction in our research, development and administrative operations (including reduction of our employee base), surrendering of our rights to some technologies or product opportunities, delaying of our clinical trials or regulatory and reimbursement efforts, or curtailing of or even ceasing operations.    

Our financing plans include pursuing additional cash through use of our at-the-market, or ATM, offering program, or ATM, strategic corporate partnerships, licensing and sales of equity.  In addition, in December 2016, we entered into a purchase agreement, or the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement, with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC, or Lincoln Park, pursuant to which we may direct Lincoln Park to purchase up to $20.0 million in shares of our common stock from time to time over a 30-month period, commencing upon the satisfaction of certain conditions, including that a registration statement be declared effective by the SEC.  While we have an established history of raising capital through these platforms, and we are currently involved in negotiations with multiple parties, there is no guarantee that adequate funds will be available when needed from additional debt or equity financing, development and commercialization partnerships or from other sources or on terms acceptable to us.  In addition, under current SEC regulations, at any time during which the aggregate market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates, or public float, is less than $75.0 million, the amount we can raise through primary public offerings of securities in any twelve-month period using shelf registration statements, including sales under our ATM offering program, is limited to an aggregate of one-third of our public float. As of December 31, 2016, our public float was 21.5 million shares, the value of which was $32.5 million based upon the closing price of our common stock of $1.51 on such date. The value of one-third of our public float calculated on the same basis was approximately $11.0 million.

Further, our Loan and Security Agreement with Oxford Finance, LLC, or Oxford, as further described below, requires us to maintain a minimum of $5.0 million in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents on hand to avoid an event of default under the Loan and Security Agreement. Based on our cash and cash equivalents on hand of approximately $12.6 million at December 31, 2016, and our obligation to make payments of principal of $590,000 plus accrued interest in monthly installments, we estimate that we must raise additional capital and/or obtain a waiver or restructure the Loan and Security Agreement on or before May 2017 to avoid defaulting under our $5 million minimum cash/cash equivalents covenant. If we are unable to avoid an event of default under the Loan and Security Agreement, our business could be severely harmed.  See the Risk Factor below regarding the Loan and Security Agreement.

In addition to the funding sources previously mentioned, we continue to seek additional capital through product revenues and state and federal development programs, including additional funding opportunities though our current BARDA contract.

Our level of indebtedness, and covenant restrictions under such indebtedness, could adversely affect our operations and liquidity.

Under our Loan and Security Agreement with Oxford, as collateral agent and lender, Oxford made a term loan to us in an aggregate principal amount of $17,700,000, or the Term Loan, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Loan and Security Agreement. 

The Term Loan accrues interest at a floating rate equal to the three-month LIBOR rate (with a floor of 1.00%) plus 7.95% per annum. Prior to January 2017, we made interest-only payments on the Term Loan. However, as of January 2017, we are required to make payments of principal (in the amount of $590,000 per month) and accrued interest in equal monthly installments of approximately $725,000 to amortize the Term Loan through June 1, 2019, the maturity date.  All unpaid principal and accrued and unpaid interest with respect to the Term Loan is due and payable in full on June 1, 2019.

As security for our obligations under the Loan and Security Agreement, we granted a security interest in substantially all of our existing and after-acquired assets, subject to certain exceptions set forth in the Loan and Security Agreement and excluding our intellectual property assets, which are subject to a negative pledge by us.  If we are unable to discharge these obligations, Oxford could foreclose on these assets, which would, at a minimum, have a severe material effect on our ability to operate our business.

        Our indebtedness to Oxford could adversely affect our operations and liquidity, by, among other things:

The Loan and Security Agreement requires us to maintain at least $5 million in unrestricted cash and/or cash equivalents and includes certain reporting and other covenants, that, among other things, restrict our ability to (i) dispose of assets, (ii) change the business we conduct, (iii) make acquisitions, (iv) engage in mergers or consolidations, (v) incur additional indebtedness, (vi) create liens on assets, (vii) maintain any collateral account, (viii) pay dividends, (ix) make investments, loans or advances, (x) engage in certain transactions with affiliates, and (xi) prepay certain other indebtedness or amend other financing arrangements. If we fail to comply with any of these covenants or restrictions, such failure may result in an event of default, which if not cured or waived, could result in Oxford causing the outstanding loan amount ($17.7 million as of December 31, 2016) to become immediately due and payable. If the maturity of our indebtedness is accelerated, we may not have, or be able to timely procure, sufficient cash resources to satisfy our debt obligations, and such acceleration would adversely affect our business and financial condition.

In addition, our indebtedness under the Loan and Security Agreement is secured by a security interest in substantially all of our existing and after-acquired assets, excluding our intellectual property assets (which are subject to a negative pledge), and therefore, if we are unable to repay such indebtedness, Oxford could foreclose on these assets, which would, at a minimum, have a severe material effect on our ability to operate our business. 

The report of our independent registered public accounting firm contains an emphasis paragraph regarding the substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a “going concern.”

The audit report of our independent registered public accounting firm covering the December 31, 2016 consolidated financial statements contains an explanatory paragraph that states that our recurring losses from operations, liquidity position, and debt service requirements raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.  This going concern opinion could materially limit our ability to raise additional funds through the issuance of new debt or equity securities or otherwise. Future reports on our financial statements may also include an explanatory paragraph with respect to our ability to continue as a going concern.  To date, our operating losses have been funded primarily from outside sources of invested capital and gross profits.  We have had, and we will likely continue to have, an ongoing need to raise additional cash from outside sources to fund our future operations. However, no assurance can be given that additional capital will be available when required or on terms acceptable to us. If we are unsuccessful in our efforts to raise any such additional capital, we would be required to take actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, including significant reductions in our research, development and administrative operations (including reduction of our employee base), possible surrender or other disposition of our rights to some technologies or product opportunities, delaying of our clinical trials or curtailing or ceasing operations.   We also cannot give assurance that we will achieve sufficient revenues in the future

to achieve profitability and cash flow positive operations to allow us to continue as a going concern.  The perception that we may not be able to continue as a going concern may cause third parties to choose not to deal with us due to concerns about our ability to meet our contractual obligations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may not be able to access the full amounts available under the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement, which could prevent us from accessing the capital we need to continue our operations, which could have an adverse effect on our business.

In December 2016, we entered into the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which we may direct Lincoln Park to purchase up to $20.0 million of shares of our common stock from time to time over a 30-month period, commencing upon the satisfaction of certain conditions, including that a registration statement be declared effective by the SEC. Thereafter, on any trading day selected by us, we may sell shares of common stock to Lincoln Park in amounts up to 100,000 shares per regular sale (such purchases, Regular Purchases) up to the aggregate commitment of $20.0 million. If the market price of our common stock is not below $2.00 per share on the purchase date, then the Regular Purchase amount may be increased to 150,000 shares. If the market price is not below $3.00 per share on the purchase date, then the Regular Purchase amount may be increased to 300,000 shares. Although there are no upper limits on the per share price Lincoln Park may pay to purchase our common stock, we may not sell more than $1.0 million in shares of common stock to Lincoln Park per any individual Regular Purchase. The purchase price of Regular Purchases will be based on the prevailing market prices of shares of our common stock, which shall be equal to the lesser of the lowest sale price of the common shares during the purchase date and the average of the three lowest closing sale prices of the common shares during the ten business days prior to the purchase date.

In addition to Regular Purchases, we may in our sole discretion direct Lincoln Park on each purchase date to make accelerated purchases on the following business day up to the lesser of (i) three times the number of shares purchased pursuant to such Regular Purchase or (ii) 30% of the trading volume on the accelerated purchase date at a purchase price equal to the lesser of (i) the closing sale price on the accelerated purchase date and (ii) 97% of the accelerated purchase date’s volume weighted average price (such purchases, Accelerated Purchases). We cannot submit an Accelerated Purchase notice if the market price of our common stock is below $1.00.

In addition to Regular Purchases and Accelerated Purchases described above, we may also direct Lincoln Park, on any business day that the closing price of our common stock is not below $1.00, to purchase additional amounts of our common stock, which we refer to as an Additional Purchase whereby, pursuant to each Additional Purchase we may sell up to $1.0 million of common stock in each Additional Purchase notice, provided, however, that (i) we may not deliver to Lincoln Park more than two separate Additional Purchase notices and (ii) at least 30 business days must pass between our delivery of the first Additional Purchase notice to Lincoln Park and our delivery of the second Additional Purchase notice.  The purchase price for each such Additional Purchase shall be equal to the lower of (i) 97% of the purchase price under a Regular Purchase on the date we give notice for the related Additional Purchase, or (ii) $2.00 per share.

Depending on the prevailing market price of our common stock, we may not be able to sell shares to Lincoln Park for the maximum $20.0 million over the term of the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement. For example, under the rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market, in no event may we issue more than 19.99% of our shares outstanding (which is approximately 4,315,814 shares based on 21,579,071 shares outstanding prior to the signing of the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement) under the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement unless we obtain stockholder approval or an exception pursuant to the rules of the NASDAQ Capital Market is obtained to issue more than 19.99%. This limitation will not apply if, at any time the exchange cap is reached and at all times thereafter, the average price paid for all shares issued and sold under the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement is equal to or greater than $1.6674, which was the consolidated closing bid price of our common stock on December 22, 2016 including an increment for the commitment shares we issued and may issue to Lincoln Park. We are not required or permitted to issue any shares of common stock under the Purchase Agreement if such issuance would breach our obligations under the rules or regulations of the NASDAQ Capital Market.  In addition, Lincoln Park will not be required to purchase any shares of our common stock if such sale would result in Lincoln Park’s beneficial ownership exceeding 9.99% of the then outstanding shares of our common stock.  Our inability to access a portion or the full amount available under the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement, in the absence of any other financing sources, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The sale or issuance of our common stock to Lincoln Park may cause dilution and the sale of the shares of common stock acquired by Lincoln Park, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause the price of our common stock to fall.

In December 2016, we entered into the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which Lincoln Park has committed to purchase up to $20.0 million of our common stock. Concurrently with the execution of the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement, we issued 127,419 shares of our common stock to Lincoln Park as an initial fee for its commitment to purchase shares of our common stock under the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement. Further, for each additional purchase by Lincoln Park, we will issue additional commitment shares in commensurate amounts up to a total of 382,258 shares based upon the relative proportion of the aggregate

amount of $20.0 million purchased by Lincoln Park. The purchase shares that may be sold pursuant to the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement may be sold by us to Lincoln Park at our discretion from time to time over a 30-month period. The purchase price for the shares that we may sell to Lincoln Park under the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement will fluctuate based on the price of our common stock. Depending on market liquidity at the time, sales of such shares may cause the trading price of our common stock to fall.

We generally have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of our shares to Lincoln Park.  Additional sales of our common stock, if any, to Lincoln Park will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. Lincoln Park may ultimately purchase all, some or none of the shares of our common stock that may be sold pursuant to the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement and, after it has acquired shares, Lincoln Park may sell all, some or none of those shares. Therefore, sales to Lincoln Park by us could result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of our common stock. Additionally, the sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock to Lincoln Park, or the anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect sales.

Material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting have occurred in the past and could occur in the future.

We are required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment includes disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting, as well as a statement that our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

We identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting for the year ended December 31, 2013, which may have adversely affected investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common stock. While no such material weakness was identified for the years ended December 31, 2016 or December 31, 2015, we cannot assure you that additional material weaknesses will not be identified in the future.

If we are unable to effectively remediate any material weaknesses in a timely manner, or if we identify one or more additional material weaknesses in the future, investors could lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

We may not be able to correctly estimate or control our future operating expenses, which could lead to cash shortfalls.

Our budgeted expense levels are based in part on our expectations concerning future revenues from sales as well our assessment of the future investments needed to expand our commercial organization and support research and development activities. We may be unable to reduce our expenditures in a timely manner to compensate for any unexpected events or a shortfall in revenue. Accordingly, a shortfall in demand for our products or other unexpected events could have an immediate and material impact on our business and financial condition.

Our operating results have been and will likely continue to be volatile.

Our prospects must be evaluated in light of the risks and difficulties frequently encountered by emerging companies and particularly by such companies in rapidly evolving and technologically advanced biotech, pharmaceutical and medical device fields. From time to time, we have tried to update our investors’ expectations as to our operating results by periodically announcing financial guidance. However, we have in the past been forced to revise or withdraw such guidance due to lack of visibility and predictability of product demand.

Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property

Our success depends in part on our ability to protect our intellectual property.  It is difficult and costly to protect our proprietary rights and technology, and we may not be able to ensure their protection.

Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent, trademark and trade secret protection of our platform technology and current product candidates, including but not limited to our Cytori Cell Therapy and Cytori Nanomedicine products and product candidates, including Habeo Cell Therapy, ATI-0918 and ATI-1123, as well as successfully defending our intellectual property against third-party challenges.  Our ability to stop unauthorized third parties from making using selling, offering to sell or importing our platform technology and/or our product candidates is dependent upon the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents or trade secrets that cover these activities.  

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage.  For example:

The patent positions of pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and medical device companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. No consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in patents in these fields has emerged to date in the United States. There have been recent changes regarding how patent laws are interpreted, and both the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or PTO, and Congress have recently made significant changes to the patent system. There have been three U.S. Supreme Court decisions that now show a trend of the Supreme Court which is distinctly negative on patents. The trend of these decisions along with resulting changes in patentability requirements being implemented by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office could make it increasingly difficult for us to obtain and maintain patents

on our products. We cannot accurately predict future changes in the interpretation of patent laws or changes to patent laws which might be enacted into law. Those changes may materially affect our patents, our ability to obtain patents and/or the patents and applications of our collaborators and licensors. The patent situation in these fields outside the United States is even more uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our patent protection. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in the patents we own or to which we have a license or third-party patents.

Intellectual property law outside the United States is uncertain and in many countries is currently undergoing review and revisions. The laws of some countries do not protect our patent and other intellectual property rights to the same extent as United States laws. Third parties may attempt to oppose the issuance of patents to us in foreign countries by initiating opposition proceedings. Opposition proceedings against any of our patent filings in a foreign country could have an adverse effect on our corresponding patents that are issued or pending in the United States. It may be necessary or useful for us to participate in proceedings to determine the validity of our patents or our competitors’ patents that have been issued in countries other than the United States. This could result in substantial costs, divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We currently have pending patent applications in Europe, Australia, Japan, Canada, China, South Korea, Brazil, South Africa, among other jurisdictions.

Our intellectual property related to Cytori Nanomedicine was acquired from Azaya.  As ATI-0918 is a generic drug, we did not acquire any patents related to ATI-0918.  We acquired two issued patents and one patent application related to ATI-1123 from Azaya, and intend to file additional patent applications around our ATI-1123 drug candidate.  There is no guaranty that any patent applications we file on ATI-1123 will issue, or if issued, that we will be to use and enforce these patents as an effective component of our intellectual property strategy.  

Failure to obtain or maintain patent protection or protect trade secrets, for any reason (or third-party claims against our patents, trade secrets, or proprietary rights, or our involvement in disputes over our patents, trade secrets, or proprietary rights, including involvement in litigation), could have a substantial negative effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to protect our trade secrets.

We may rely on trade secrets to protect our technology, especially with respect to the Cytori NanomedicinesNanomedicine products, as well as in areas where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. Trade secrets are difficult to protect, and we have limited control over the protection of trade secrets used by our collaborators and suppliers. Although we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets, our employees, consultants, contractors, outside scientific collaborators and other advisors may unintentionally or willfully disclose our information to competitors. Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally obtained and is using any of our trade secrets is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, state laws in the Unites States vary, and their courts as well as courts outside the United States are sometimes less willing to protect trade secrets. Moreover, our competitors may independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how. If our confidential or proprietary information is divulged to or acquired by third parties, including our competitors, our competitive position in the marketplace will be harmed and our ability to successfully penetrate our target markets could be severely compromised.

We may be subject to claims that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

As is common in the device, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, we employ individuals who were previously employed at other device, biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although no claims against us are currently pending, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management, which would adversely affect our financial condition.

We may incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patent and other intellectual property rights, and we may be unable to protect our rights to our products and technology.

Litigation may be necessary to enforce or confirm the ownership of any patents issued or licensed to us, or to determine the scope and validity of third-party proprietary rights, which would result in substantial costs to us and diversion of effort on our part. If our competitors claim technology also claimed by us and prepare and file patent applications in the United States, we may have to participate in interference proceedings declared by the USPTO or a foreign patent office to determine priority of invention, which could result in substantial costs to and diversion of effort, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us. Any such litigation or interference proceeding, regardless of outcome, could be expensive and time-consuming.

Successful challenges to our patents through oppositions, reexamination proceedings or interference proceedings could result in a loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. If we are unsuccessful in actions we bring against the patents of other parties, and it is determined that we infringe the patents of third-parties, we may be subject to litigation, prevented from commercializing potential products in the relevant jurisdiction and/or may be required to obtain licenses to those patents or develop or obtain alternative technologies, any of which could harm our business. Furthermore, if such challenges to our patent rights are not resolved in our favor, we could be delayed or prevented from entering into new collaborations or from commercializing certain products, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Competitors or third parties may infringe on or upon our patents. We may be required to file patent infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours is not valid or is unenforceable or that the third party’s technology does not in fact infringe upon our patents. An adverse determination of any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our related pending patent applications at risk of not issuing. Litigation may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our management. We may not be able to prevent misappropriation of our proprietary rights, particularly in countries outside the United States where patent rights may be more difficult to enforce. Further, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential or sensitive information could be compromised by disclosure in the event of litigation. In addition, during the course of litigation there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our operations or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.  

If we are sued for infringing intellectual property rights of third parties, it will be costly and time consuming, and an unfavorable outcome in that litigation would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our commercial success will also depend, in part, on our ability to avoid infringing on patents issued by others. There may be issued patents of third parties of which we are currently unaware, that are infringed or are alleged to be infringed by our product candidate or proprietary technologies. Because some patent applications in the United States may be maintained in secrecy until the patents are issued, patent applications in the United States and many foreign jurisdictions are typically not published until eighteen months after filing, and publications in the scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that others have not filed patent applications for technology covered by our owned and in-licensed issued patents or our pending applications, or that we or, if applicable, a licensor were the first to invent the technology. Our competitors may have filed, and may in the future file, patent applications covering our product candidates or technology similar to ours. Any such patent application may have priority over our patent applications or patents, which could further require us to obtain rights to issued patents covering such technologies.

We may be exposed to, or threatened with, future litigation by third parties having patent or other intellectual property rights alleging that our product candidates and/or proprietary technologies infringe their intellectual property rights. These lawsuits are costly and could adversely affect our results of operations and divert the attention of managerial and technical personnel. There is a risk that a court would decide that we or our commercialization partners are infringing the third party's patents and would order us or our partners to stop the activities covered by the patents. In addition, there is a risk that a court will order us or our partners to pay the other party damages for having violated the other party's patents.

If a third-party's patent was found to cover our products, proprietary technologies or their uses, we could be enjoined by a court and required to pay damages and could be unable to commercialize our product candidates or use our proprietary technologies unless we or they obtained a license to the patent. A license may not be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, during litigation, the patent holder could obtain a preliminary injunction or other equitable relief which could prohibit us from making, using or selling our products, technologies or methods pending a trial on the merits, which could be years away.

Risks Relating to the Securities Markets and an Investment in Our Stock

The market price of our common stock may be volatile and fluctuate significantly, which could result in substantial losses for stockholders.

The market price of our common stock has been, and may continue to be, subject to significant fluctuations. Among the factors that may cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate are the risks described in this “Risk Factors” section and other factors, including:

In addition, the stock market in general, the Nasdaq markets and the market for cell therapy development companies in particular may experience a loss of investor confidence. A loss of investor confidence may result in extreme price and volume fluctuations in our common stock that are unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of our business, our financial condition or results of operations, which may materially harm the market price of our common stock and result in substantial losses for stockholders.

Future sales of our common stock may depress our share price.price.

As of December 31, 2016,2017, we had 21,707,89057,825,729 shares of our common stock outstanding. Sales of a number of shares of common stock in the public market, including pursuant to the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement, or our ATM program, or the expectation of such sales, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.  We may also sell additional common stock or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for common stock in subsequent public or private offerings or other transactions, which may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

We have granted demand registration rights for the resale of certain shares of our common stock to each of Astellas Pharma Inc. and Green Hospital Supply, Inc. pursuant to common stock purchase agreements previously entered into with each of these stockholders. An aggregate of approximately 300,000 shares of our common stock are subject to these demand registration rights. If we receive a written request from any of these stockholders to file a registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, covering its shares of unregistered common stock, we are required to use reasonable efforts to prepare and file with the SEC within 30 business days of such request a registration statement covering the resale of the shares for an offering to be made on a continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act.

We have also granted registration rights to Azaya, with respect to the 1,173,241 shares of our common stock that we issued in the name of Azaya at the closing of our acquisition of the Cytori Nanomedicine assets.  Under the terms of our asset purchase agreement with Azaya, we are required to use best efforts to have a registration statement covering these shares filed with the SEC, and are thereafter required to use commercially reasonable efforts to have the registration declared effective by the SEC. Though Azaya is subject to certain volume limitations regarding its sales of our common stock, once Azaya is able to sell these shares, any such sales could put pressure on our stock and depress our share price.

Our stockholders may experience substantial dilution in the value of their investment if we issue additional shares of our capital stock.

Our charter allows us to issue up to 75,000,000 shares of our common stock and to issue and designate the rights of, without stockholder approval, up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock. To raise additional capital, we may in the future sell additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock at prices that are lower than the prices paid by existing stockholders, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders, which could result in substantial dilution to the interests of existing stockholders.

We could be delisted from Nasdaq, which could seriously harm the liquidity of our stock and our ability to raise capital.

Following notice from Nasdaq staff in June 2015 and December 2015, we had a hearing in January 2016 relating to our noncompliance with the $1.00 minimum bid price per share requirement.  The NASDAQNasdaq Hearing Panel granted us until May 31, 2016 to come into compliance with the minimum bid price requirement, including requirements relating to obtaining stockholders approval

of a reverse stock split that would bring our stock price above $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive trading days.  We transferred the listing of our common stock from the NASDAQNasdaq Global Market to the NASDAQNasdaq Capital Market in February 2016.  In May 2016, we consummated a 1-for-15 reverse stock split pursuant to which the minimum bid price per share of our common stock rose above $1.00.  Pursuant to a letter dated May 26, 2016, the Nasdaq staff delivered notice to us that we had regained compliance with Nasdaq’s minimum bid price rule. However,

On September 5, 2017, we may be unablereceived notice from Nasdaq staff relating to maintain complianceour noncompliance with our currentthe $1.00 minimum bid price obligationper share requirement. Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we were granted a 180 calendar day compliance period, or until March 5, 2018, to regain compliance with the other listing requirements, which could causeminimum bid price requirement. To regain compliance, the closing bid price of our shares of common stock must meet or exceed $1.00 per share for at least 10 consecutive business days during the 180 calendar day compliance period. We requested an additional 180 calendar day compliance period, or until September 4, 2018, to regain compliance and was granted such extension on March 6, 2018.  During the additional compliance period, our shares of common stock will continue to be listed and traded on Nasdaq.

In our request for an additional 180 calendar day compliance period we notified Nasdaq of our intention to cure the minimum bid price deficiency by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary. However, if we are notable to cure the deficiency, or if we are otherwise not eligible, Nasdaq would notify us that our securities would be subject to lose eligibilitydelisting. In the event of such a notification, we may appeal the Nasdaq staff’s determination to delist our securities, but there can be no assurance the Nasdaq staff would grant our request for continued listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market or any comparable trading market.   listing.

If we cease to be eligible to trade on the NASDAQNasdaq Capital Market:

We may be or become the target of securities litigation, which is costly and time-consuming to defend.

In the past, following periods of market volatility in the price of a company’s securities, the reporting of unfavorable news or continued decline in a company’s stock price, security holders have often instituted class action litigation. The market value of our securities has steadily declined over the past several years for a variety of reasons, including the announcement of the results of our STAR clinical trial in July 2017, and for other reasons discussed elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, which heightens our litigation risk.  If we become involved in this type offace such litigation, regardless of the outcome, we could incur substantial legal costs and our management’s attention could be diverted from the operation of our business, causing our business to suffer.  Any adverse determination in any such litigation or any amounts paid to settle any such actual or threatened litigation could require that we make significant payments.

We may issue debt and equity securities or securities convertible into equity securities, any of which may be senior to our common stock as to distributions and in liquidation, which could negatively affect the value of our common stock.

In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by entering into debt or debt-like financing that is unsecured or secured by up to all of our assets, or by issuing additional debt or equity securities, which could include issuances of secured or unsecured commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior notes, subordinated notes, guarantees, preferred stock, hybrid securities, or securities convertible into or exchangeable for equity securities. In the event of our liquidation, our lenders and holders of our debt and preferred securities would receive distributions of our available assets before distributions to the holders of our common stock. Because our decision to incur debt and issue securities in future offerings may be influenced by market conditions and other factors

beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings or debt financings. Further, market conditions could require us to accept less favorable terms for the issuance of our securities in the future.

If you hold warrants issued pursuant to our rights offering,offerings, you may be limited in your ability to engage in certain hedging transactions that could provide you with financial benefits.

In June 2016, we closed our 2016 rights offering to subscribe for units at a subscription price of $2.55 per unit, or the 2016 Rights Offering. Pursuant to the 2016 Rights Offering, we sold to our stockholders of record (as of May 20, 2016) an aggregate of 6,704,852 units consisting of 6,704,852 shares of common stock and 3,352,306 warrants, or CYTXW Warrants, with each CYTXW Warrant exercisable for one share of common stock at an exercise price of $3.06 per share.

In November 2017, we closed our 2017 rights offering to subscribe for units at a subscription price of $1,000 per unit, or the 2017 Rights Offering (together with the 2016 Rights Offering, the Rights Offerings). Pursuant to the 2017 Rights Offering, we sold to our stockholders of record (as of October 27, 2017) an aggregate of 10 million units consisting of 10,000 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred stock and 18,000,000 warrants, or CYTXS Warrants (together with the CYTXW Warrants the, Warrants), with each CYTXS Warrant exercisable for one share of common stock at an exercise price of $0.3333 per share. Holders of Warrants and CYTXS Warrants were required to represent to us that they will not enter into any short sale or similar transaction with respect to our common stock for so long as they continue to hold Warrants or CYTXS Warrants.  These requirements prevent our Warrant holders from pursuing certain investment strategies that could provide them greater financial benefits than they might have realized had they not been required to make this representation.

Absence of a public trading market for the CYTXW Warrants may limit the ability to resell the CYTXW Warrants.

The CYTXW Warrants are listed for trading on Nasdaq under the symbol “CYTXW,” but there can be no assurance that a robust market will exist for the CYTXW Warrants. Even if a market for the CYTXW Warrants does develop, the price of the CYTXW Warrants may fluctuate and liquidity may be limited. If the CYTXW Warrants cease to be eligible for continued listing on Nasdaq, or if the market for the CYTXW Warrants does not fully develop (or subsequently weakens), then purchasers of the CYTXW Warrants may be unable to resell the CYTXW Warrants or sell them only at an unfavorable price for an extended period of time, if at all. Future trading prices of the CYTXW Warrants will depend on many factors, including:

Absence of a public trading market for the CYTXS Warrants may limit your ability to resell the Warrants.

There is no established trading market for the CYTXS Warrants issued pursuant to this 2017 Rights Offering, and the CYTXS Warrants may not be widely distributed. We have applied to list the CYTXS Warrants for trading on Nasdaq under the symbol “CYTXS,” but there can be no assurance that the CYTXS Warrants will meet minimum listing criteria to be accepted for listing on Nasdaq or that a market will develop for the CYTXS Warrants. Even if a market for the CYTXS Warrants does develop, the price of the CYTXS Warrants may fluctuate and liquidity may be limited. If the CYTXS Warrants are not accepted for listing on Nasdaq or if a market for the CYTXS Warrants does not develop, then purchasers of these warrants may be unable to resell them or sell them only at an unfavorable price for an extended period of time, if at all. Future trading prices of the CYTXS Warrants will depend on many factors, including:

The market price of our common stock may fall below or never exceed the exercise price of the Warrants issued in connection with the Rights Offering.Offerings.

The CYTXW Warrants issued pursuant to the 2016 Rights Offering became exercisable upon issuance and will expire thirty (30) months from the date of issuance. The market price of our common stock may never exceed the exercise price of the CYTXW Warrants prior to their date of expiration.  The CYTXS Warrants issued pursuant to the 2017 Rights Offering become exercisable

upon approval of the increase in authorized shares by our stockholders and will expire thirty (30) months thereafter.  The market price of our common stock may fall below the exercise price of the CYTXS Warrants prior to their date of expiration and before holders have exercised the CYTXS Warrants. Any Warrants not exercised by their date of expiration will expire worthless and we will be under no further obligation to the Warrant holder.

The Warrants contain features that may reduce Warrant holders’ economic benefit from owning them.

The Warrants contain features that allow us to redeem the Warrants and that prohibit Warrant holders from engaging in certain investment strategies.  We may redeem the CYTXW Warrants for $0.01 per CYTXW Warrant once the closing price of our common stock has equaled or exceeded $7.65 per share, subject to adjustment, for ten consecutive trading days, provided that we may do so only upon not less than thirty (30) days’ prior written notice of redemption. We may redeem the CYTXS Warrants for $0.01 per CYTXS Warrant once the closing price of our common stock has equaled or exceeded $0.8333 per share, subject to adjustment, for ten consecutive trading days, provided that we may not do so prior to the first anniversary of closing of the 2017 Rights Offering, and only upon not less than thirty (30) days’ prior written notice of redemption.  If we give notice of redemption, applicable Warrant holders will be forced to sell or exercise their Warrants or accept the redemption price. The notice of redemption could come at a time when it is not advisable or possible for Warrant holders to exercise the Warrants. As a result, Warrant holders may be unable to benefit from owning the Warrants being redeemed. In addition, for so long as Warrant holders continue to hold Warrants, they will not be permitted to enter into any short sale or similar transaction with respect to our common stock.  This could prevent Warrant holders from pursuing investment strategies that could provide them greater financial benefits from owning the Warrants.

Since the Warrants are executory contracts, they may have no value in a bankruptcy or reorganization proceeding.

In the event a bankruptcy or reorganization proceeding is commenced by or against us, a bankruptcy court may hold that any unexercised Warrants are executory contracts that are subject to rejection by us with the approval of the bankruptcy court. As a result, holders of the Warrants may, even if we have sufficient funds, not be entitled to receive any consideration for their Warrants or may receive an amount less than they would be entitled to if they had exercised their Warrants prior to the commencement of any such bankruptcy or reorganization proceeding.

Our charter documents contain anti-takeover provisions.

Certain provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change of control that stockholders may consider favorable. These provisions could also prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove members of our Board of Directors. Stockholders who wish to participate in these transactions may not have the opportunity to do so. These provisions:

We are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which may, unless certain criteria are met, prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of the voting rights on our common stock, from merging or combining with us for a prescribed period of time.

We presently do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock.

WeWe have never paid cash dividends in the past, and wewe currently anticipate that no cash dividends will be paid on the common stock in the foreseeable future. Furthermore, our Loan and Security Agreement with Oxford currently prohibits our issuance of cash dividends. This could make an investment in our common stock inappropriate for some investors, and may serve to narrow our potential sources of additional capital.  While our dividend policy will be based on the operating results and capital needs of the business, it is anticipated that all earnings, if any, will be retained to finance the future expansion of our business.

If securities and/or industry analysts fail to continue publishing research about our business, if they change their recommendations adversely, or if our results of operations do not meet their expectations, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

decline.

The trading market for our common stock may be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. In addition, it is likely that in some future period our operating results will be below the expectations of securities analysts or investors. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock, or if our results of operations do not meet their expectations, our stock price could decline.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

Item 2. Properties

We lease 77,58517,535 square feet at 3020 and 3030 Callan Road, San Diego, California that we use for our corporate headquarters and manufacturing facilities. The related lease agreement, as amended, provides for a monthly rent that commenced at a rate of $1.80 per square foot, with an annual increase of $0.05$1.50 per square foot. The lease term is 88 months,on a month-to-month basis, commenced on JulyNovember 1, 20102017 and expiringexpires on OctoberDecember 31, 2017.2018.

We also entered into two lease agreements for our San Antonio, Texas locations. We pay an aggregate of approximately $12,000 in rent per month for these properties.  The leases for these properties will expire in June 2022.

Additionally, we entered into several lease agreements for international office locations. For these properties, we pay an aggregate of approximately $28,000$35,000 in rent per month.  The lease for the property in Japan will expire in May 2017April 2022 and the lease for the property in the United Kingdom will expire in June 2019.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we have been involved in routine litigation incidental to the conduct of our business. As of December 31, 2016,2017, we were not a party to any material legal proceeding.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Prices

From August 2000 (our initial public offering in Germany) until September 2007, our common stock was quoted on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the symbol “XMPA” (formerly XMP). In September 2007, our stock closed trading on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.  In December 2005, our common stock commenced trading on the NASDAQNasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “CYTX.”  From December 2005 until February 2006, our common stock traded on the NASDAQNasdaq Capital Market, from February 2006 until February 2016, it traded on the NASDAQNasdaq Global Market, and since February 2016, it has traded on the NASDAQNasdaq Capital Market.  Our common stock has, from time to time, traded on a limited, sporadic and volatile basis.  The following tables show the high and low sales prices for our common stock for the periods indicated, as reported on the NASDAQNasdaq Global Market or the NASDAQNasdaq Capital Market, as applicable. These prices do not include retail markups, markdowns or commissions.

Common Stock

All of our outstanding shares have been deposited with the Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTCC) since December 9, 2005.

As of January 31, 2016,2018, we had approximately 2126 record holders of our common stock.  Because many of our shares are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of individual stockholders represented by these record holders.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid any dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying any in the foreseeable future. Furthermore, our Loan and Security Agreement currently prohibits our issuance of cash dividends on common stock.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table gives information as of December 31, 20162017 about shares of our common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights and shares remaining available for issuance under all of our equity compensation plans:

Comparative Stock Performance Graph

The following graph shows how an initial investment of $100 in our common stock would have compared to an equal investment in the NASDAQNasdaq Composite Index and the NASDAQNasdaq Biotechnology Index during the period from December 31, 20102012 through December 31, 2016.2017. The performance shown is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The selected data presented below under the captions “Statements of Operations Data,” “Statements of Cash Flows Data” and “Balance Sheet Data” for, and as of the end of, each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2016,2017, are derived from, and should be read in conjunction with, our audited consolidated financial statements. The consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 20162017 and 2015,2016, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, which have been audited by BDO USA, LLP, as of December 31, 2016 and KPMG LLP as of December 31, 2015, which arean independent registered public accounting firms,firm, and their reportsreport thereon, areis included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

The information contained in this table should also be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this report:

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (in thousands)

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands)