Securities ~~Registered Pursuant~~registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒☐ No ☐☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell ~~Company~~company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The Aggregate Market Value on June ~~29, 2018,~~28, 2019, of the registrant’s Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately ~~$909~~$621.3 million based on the closing per share price of ~~$25.86~~$17.80 on that date.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s Common Stock as of January 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the most recent practicable date, was ~~35,603,164.~~35,376,787.

Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the ~~2019~~2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

All of the statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, other than historical facts, are forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, the statements made in the “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” As a general matter, forward-looking statements are those focused upon anticipated events or trends, expectations and beliefs relating to matters that are not historical in nature. The words “could,” “should,” “may,” “feel,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “preliminary,” “expect,” “believe,” “estimate,” “intend,” “intent,” “plan,” “will,” “foresee,” “project,” “forecast,” or the negative thereof or variations thereon, and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements.

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for these forward-looking statements. In order to comply with the terms of the safe harbor, The Manitowoc Company, Inc. (the “Company” or “Manitowoc”) notes that forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors relating to the Company's operations and business environment, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond the control of the Company. These known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those matters expressed in, anticipated by or implied by such forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties and other factors include, but are not limited to:

These statements reflect the current views and assumptions of management with respect to future events. Except to the extent required by the federal securities laws, the Company does not undertake, and hereby disclaims, any duty to update these forward-looking statements, even though its situation and circumstances may change in the future. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report. The inclusion of any statement in this report does not constitute an admission by the Company or any other person that the events or circumstances described in such statement are material.

The Manitowoc Company, Inc. (“Manitowoc”, or the “Company”~~, “we”, “us” and “our”~~) was founded in 1902 and has over a ~~116-year~~117-year tradition of providing high-quality, customer-focused products and support services to ~~our markets, and for the year ended December 31, 2018, we had net sales of approximately $1.8 billion.~~its markets. Manitowoc is one of the ~~world’s~~world's leading providers of engineered lifting solutions. ~~We design, manufacture, market, sell~~Manitowoc, through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, designs, manufactures, markets, and ~~support one of the most~~supports comprehensive product lines of mobile telescopic cranes, tower cranes, lattice-boom crawler cranes, and boom ~~trucks. Our crane products are principally marketed~~trucks under the ~~Manitowoc,~~ Grove, ~~Potain and~~Manitowoc, National Crane, ~~brand names. We support customers globally with financing~~Potain, Shuttlelift and leasing options through Manitowoc Finance, which is a program that utilizes third-party leasing companies. We serve a wide variety of customers, including dealers, rental companies, contractors and government entities, across the petrochemical, industrial, commercial construction, power and utilities, infrastructure and residential construction end markets. Additionally, our Manitowoc Crane Care ~~offering leverages Manitowoc’s installed base of approximately 144,000 cranes~~brand names. The Company has three reportable segments, the Americas segment, Europe and Africa (“EURAF”) segment and Middle East and Asia Pacific (“MEAP”) segment. The segments were identified using the “management approach,” which designates the internal organization that is used by management for making operating decisions and assessing performance. Refer to provide aftermarket parts and services to enable our customers to manage their fleets more effectively and deliver best in class total cost of ownership. Due to the ongoing and predictable maintenance needed by cranes, as well as the high cost of crane downtime, Manitowoc Crane Care provides us with a consistent stream of recurring aftermarket revenue. We are a Wisconsin corporation, and our principal executive offices are located at 11270 West Park Place, Suite 1000, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53224.Note 17, “Segments” for additional information.

Unless otherwise indicated, references to Manitowoc, the Company, we, our and us refer to The Manitowoc Company, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

The Manitowoc Way is a culture of continuous improvement which encompasses the core values and growth strategies that add value for our key stakeholders - customers, shareholders and employees. Customers are the priority of The Manitowoc Way as we build strong relationships by listening to them, understanding their needs and quickly responding with creative products and services. As shareholders understand the value-driven relationship we prioritize with our customers, they continue to invest resources in order to support our growth.

Employee commitment to the goals and vision of The Manitowoc Way enables us to use ~~those~~shareholder invested resources to create a stronger organization. The Manitowoc Way empowers employees to develop innovative products and services that meet the needs of our customers. The culture of The Manitowoc Way fosters employee engagement to quickly recognize opportunities and to capitalize on them to add value. Innovation and velocity are the core of The Manitowoc Way, driving differentiation from our competitors.

We design, manufacture and distribute a diversified line of crawler-mounted lattice-boom cranes, which we sell under the Manitowoc brand name. We also design and manufacture an expansive line of top-slewing and self-erecting tower cranes, which we sell under the Potain brand name. We design and manufacture mobile telescopic cranes, which we sell under the Grove, ~~brand name,~~Shuttlelift and ~~a comprehensive line of hydraulically powered telescopic boom trucks, which we sell under the~~ National Crane brand ~~name.~~names. We also provide crane product parts and services and crane rebuilding, remanufacturing and training services, which are delivered under the Manitowoc Crane Care brand name. ~~In some cases our products are manufactured for us or distributed for us under strategic alliances.~~ Our crane products are used in a wide variety of applications throughout the world, including energy production/distribution and utility, petrochemical and industrial, infrastructure, such as road, bridge and airport construction, as well as commercial and residential construction.

We sell our entire product offering and full line of services in most regions of the world. Moreover, we report under a geographic reporting structure to better align with the location of our customers and the unique market dynamics of each geographic region. The main products we sell in each region are:

Lattice-boom crawler cranes. Under the Manitowoc brand name, we design, manufacture, market and sell lattice-boom crawler cranes. Lattice-boom crawler cranes weigh less and provide higher lifting capacities than a mobile telescopic crane of similar boom length. The lattice-boom crawler cranes are the only category of crane that can pick and move simultaneously with a full-rated load. The lattice-boom sections, together with the crane base, are transported to and erected at a project site. We offer our lattice-boom crawler crane customers various attachments that provide our cranes with greater capacity in terms of height, movement and lifting.

These cranes are used to lift material and equipment in a wide variety of applications, including heavy construction, bridge and highway, infrastructure and energy-related projects. These cranes are also used by the value-added crane rental industry, which serves all the aforementioned end markets. Lattice boom crawler cranes are produced in the U.S.

Tower cranes. Under the Potain brand name, we design, manufacture, market and sell tower cranes primarily used in the commercial and residential construction end markets. Tower cranes offer the ability to lift and distribute material at the point of use, more quickly and accurately than other types of lifting machinery, without utilizing substantial square footage on the ground. We offer a complete line of tower crane products, including top slewing, luffing jib, topless, self-erecting and special cranes for large building projects.

Top-slewing tower cranes are the most traditional form of tower ~~cranes. Self-erecting~~ cranes ~~are bottom-slewing cranes which have a counterweight located at the bottom of the mast~~ and ~~are able to be erected, used and dismantled on job sites without assist cranes.~~

~~Top-slewing tower cranes~~ have a tower and multi-sectioned horizontal jib. These cranes rotate from the top of their mast and can increase in height with the project. Top-slewing cranes are transported in separate pieces and assembled at the construction site in one to three days depending on the height. These cranes are generally sold to medium to large building and construction groups, as well as to rental companies. These cranes are produced in France, Portugal, India and China.

Topless tower cranes are a type of top-slewing crane and, unlike all others, have no cathead or jib tie-bars on the top of the mast. The cranes are utilized primarily when overhead height is constrained or in situations where several cranes are installed close together. Topless tower cranes are produced in France, Portugal, India and China.

Luffing jib tower cranes, which are a type of top-slewing crane, have an angled rather than horizontal jib. Unlike other tower cranes which have a trolley that controls the lateral movement of the load, luffing jib cranes move their load by changing the angle of the jib. The angle is modified using either a cable controlled by a luffing winch or hydraulic cylinder. The cranes are utilized primarily in urban areas where space is constrained or in situations where several cranes are installed close together. Luffing jib tower cranes are produced in France and China.

Self-erecting cranes are bottom-slewing cranes which have a counterweight located at the bottom of the mast and are able to be erected, used and dismantled on job sites without assist cranes.Self-erecting tower cranes are mounted on axles or transported on a trailer. The lower segment of the range unfolds in four sections, two for the mast and two for the jib. The smallest of our models unfolds in less than eight minutes; larger models erect in a few hours. Self-erecting cranes rotate from the bottom of their mast and are utilized primarily in low to medium rise construction and residential applications. Self-erecting tower cranes are produced in France and Italy.

Mobile telescopic cranes. Under the Grove, Shuttlelift and National Crane brand names, we design, manufacture, market and sell mobile telescopic cranes utilized in industrial, commercial, construction and maintenance applications. Mobile telescopic cranes consist of a telescopic boom mounted on a carrier with the ability to easily move in or between job sites, with some permitted on public roadways. We currently offer the following six types of mobile telescopic cranes: rough-terrain, all-terrain, truck-mounted, telescopic crawler, industrial and boom truck.

Rough-terrain cranes are designed to lift materials and equipment on rough or uneven terrain, and their versatility allows them to carry out many different lifts within the boundaries of given sites. These cranes cannot be driven on public roadways, and, accordingly, must be transported by truck to a job site. Rough-terrain cranes are produced in the U.S. and ~~Italy.~~Italy and sold under the Grove brand name.

All-terrain cranes are versatile cranes designed to perform a wide range of lifts on rough or uneven terrain. These cranes are highly maneuverable and roadable at highway speeds. All-terrain cranes are produced in ~~Germany.~~Germany and sold under the Grove brand name.

Truck-mounted cranes provide simple set-up, long reach, high capacity booms and are roadable at highway speeds. These cranes are produced in the ~~U.S.~~U.S and sold under the Grove brand name.

Telescopic crawler cranes are designed to lift materials on rugged terrain. These cranes consist of a telescopic boom superstructure mounted on a crawler crane chassis. These cranes combine excellent gradeability and lift capacity with 100 percent pick and carry capabilities. These cranes are purchased as complete units from a strategic ~~manufacturer.~~manufacturing partner and sold under the Grove brand name.

Industrial cranes are designed primarily for plant maintenance, storage yard and material handling applications. These cranes allow for lifting and carrying loads on a smooth, flat surface. ~~We manufacture industrial~~These cranes are manufactured in the U.S. and sold under the Grove and Shuttlelift brand names.

We offer our hydraulic boom truck products under the National Crane brand name. A boom truck is a hydraulically powered telescopic crane mounted on a conventional truck chassis. Telescopic boom trucks are used primarily for lifting material on a job site. These cranes are produced in the U.S.

Backlog, orders and customers. The year-end backlog of products includes accepted orders that have been placed on a production schedule that ~~we expect~~are expected to be shipped and billed primarily within one year. ~~Our~~The Company’s backlog of unfilled orders at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 ~~and 2016~~ was $475.1 million, $670.6 million and $606.6 million, ~~and $323.8 million,~~ respectively. ~~Our~~The Company’s backlog at the end of ~~2018 increased~~2019 decreased from the end of ~~2017~~2018 due primarily to ~~higher customer~~slowing market demand ~~for mobile hydraulic products~~ in the Americas region ~~partially offset by slowing demand for our products~~and $4.8 million of unfavorable changes in ~~the EURAF and MEAP regions.~~foreign exchange currency exchange rates.

Orders for the year ended December 31, ~~2018 increased 3%~~2019 decreased 14.2% to ~~$1,910.7~~$1,638.6 million from ~~$1,864.2~~$1,910.7 million for the same period in ~~2017.~~2018. The ~~increase~~decrease was primarily due to ~~strengthening~~slowing market demand ~~for our mobile hydraulic and towers products~~ in the Americas ~~region, along with increased aftermarket demand across all regions. This was partially offset by slowing demand for new cranes in the Europe~~ and ~~Africa (“EURAF”) and Middle East and Asia Pacific (“MEAP��)~~MEAP regions. Orders were ~~favorably~~unfavorably impacted by ~~$24.4~~$29.9 million year over year due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

We dodid not have any customers that individually comprise more than 10% of our consolidated net ~~sales.~~sales in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

We operate ~~ten~~eleven manufacturing facilities (including remanufacturing facilities) that utilize a variety of processes. In general, the manufacturing process involves the fabrication and machining of raw materials, primarily steel, which are then manufactured into sub-assemblies. Sub-assemblies are then assembled with purchased components into a complete machine. In our manufacturing operations, we maintain advanced manufacturing, quality assurance and testing equipment and utilize extensive process automation. We have also invested in Product Verification Centers at our major manufacturing facilities to support new product development, testing and qualification of sub-systems and final product designs.

We train employees dedicated to leading the implementation of The Manitowoc Way, a business system that seeks to enhance customers' experiences with our products and services. Our team is comprised of ~~members~~individuals with diverse backgrounds in operations, quality, lean principles, finance, product and process engineering. The Manitowoc Way includes lean tools to eliminate waste from processes to provide better value for customers, and it assesses customer satisfaction and implements measures to improve the customer ~~experiences.~~experience. The Manitowoc Way improvement projects have contributed to manufacturing efficiency gains, materials management improvements, steady quality improvements and reduction of lead times, as well as enabled us to free up manufacturing space.

We purchase a wide variety of raw materials to manufacture our products. Our primary raw materials are structural and rolled steel, which are purchased from various ~~domestic and international suppliers.~~suppliers from around the world. We also purchase engines and electrical equipment and other semi- and fully-processed materials. Our policy is to maintain alternate sources of supply for our critical materials and parts wherever possible, and by doing so, we mitigate the risk of being dependent on a single source for any particular raw material or supply.

We utilize patent rights to protect our intellectual property and our position as a leading provider of engineered lift solutions. We hold numerous patents across the world pertaining to our products and also have pending applications for additional patents. In addition, we have various registered and unregistered trademarks, copyrights and licenses. We believe our patents, trademarks and copyrights are adequately protected in customary fashions under applicable laws. We actively enforce our patents, trademarks and copyrights and this intellectual property, in which we have invested, is collectively of material importance to our business.

Our first quarter is typically the slowest quarter of the year due to seasonal conditions in the northern hemisphere impacting customer buying behavior.

We sell ~~all of~~ our products in highly competitive end markets. We compete in each of our end markets based on product design, quality of products, ~~and~~ aftermarket support services, product performance, maintenance costs, energy and resource savings and other contributions to sustainability and price. Given the ~~potential for equipment failure causing expensive~~expense operational disruption can cause, our customers generally view quality and reliability as critical factors in their purchasing decision. We believe that we benefit from the following competitive advantages which create customer loyalty: strong brand names with competitive resale values, a reputation for quality and reliable products and aftermarket support and solution services, an established network of global distributors and customer relationships, broad product line offerings in the markets we serve and a commitment to customer-focused engineering design and product innovation. The following table sets forth our primary competitors:

We believe our extensive engineering, research and development capabilities are key drivers of our success. We engage in research and development activities at dedicated locations. We have a staff of in-house engineers and technicians on three continents, supplemented with external engineering resources, who are responsible for improving our existing products and developing new products.

Our team of engineers focuses on developing high performance, low maintenance, innovative products intended to create significant brand loyalty among customers. Design engineers work closely with our manufacturing and marketing ~~staff~~staffs and our customers, enabling us to identify changing end-user requirements, implement new technologies and effectively introduce product innovations. Closely managed relationships with dealers, distributors and end users help us identify their needs, not only for products, but for the service and support that are critical to their profitable operations. As part of our ongoing commitment to provide superior products, we intend to continue our efforts to design products that meet evolving customer demands and reduce the period from product conception to product introduction.

As of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, we employed approximately ~~5,000~~4,900 people. A large majority of our European employees belong to various European trade ~~unions,~~unions. Additionally, we have one trade union in China and one trade union in ~~India and~~India. We have no trade unions in North America. ~~The union contract in India is expected to be renegotiated in 2019 and involves 124 employees.~~

We make available, free of charge, at our website ~~site~~ (www.manitowoc.com), our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, our proxy statements and any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Although some documents available on our website are filed with the SEC, the information generally found on our website is not part of this or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC.

The SEC also maintains electronic versions of our reports on its website at www.sec.gov.

The Company's financial position, results of operations and cash flows are subject to various risks, many of which are not exclusively within the Company's control, which may cause actual performance to differ materially from historical or projected future performance. Investors should consider carefully information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K in light of the risk factors described below.

Because we participate in end markets that are highly competitive, our net sales and profits could decline as we respond, or fail to effectively respond, to competition.

We sell most of our products in highly competitive end markets. We compete in each of those end markets based on product design, quality of products, quality and responsiveness of product support services, product performance, maintenance costs and price. Some of our competitors may have greater financial, marketing, manufacturing and distribution resources than we do. These competitors may, among others:

We cannot be certain that our products and services will continue to compete successfully with those of our competitors or that we will be able to retain our customer base or improve or maintain our profit margins on sales to our customers, any of which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Sales of our products are cyclical and/or are otherwise sensitive to volatile or variable factors. A downturn or weakness in overall economic activity or fluctuations in those other factors can have a material adverse effect on us.

Historically, sales of products that we manufacture and sell have been subject to cyclical variations caused by changes in general economic conditions and other factors. In particular, demand for our products is cyclical and is impacted by the strength of the economy, generally, the availability of financing and other factors, including crude oil prices, that may have an effect on the level of construction activity on an international, national or regional basis. During periods of expansion in construction activity, we generally have benefited from increased demand for our products. Conversely, during recessionary periods, we have been adversely affected by reduced demand for our products, and challenging conditions can continue well beyond the end of such periods. Furthermore, any future economic recession may impact leveraged companies, such as Manitowoc, more than competing companies with less leverage and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Demand for our products also depend in part on federal, state, local and foreign governmental spending and appropriations, including infrastructure, security and defense outlays. Reductions in governmental spending can reduce demand for our products, which in turn, can negatively affect our performance. Our sales depend in part upon our customers’ replacement or repair cycles. Adverse economic conditions may cause customers to forego or postpone new purchases in favor of repairing existing machinery.

If we are unable to sufficiently adjust to market conditions, among other potential adverse effects on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, we could fail to deliver on planned results, fall short of analyst and investor expectations, incur high fixed costs and/or fail to benefit from higher than expected customer demand resulting in loss of market share.

Many of our foreign competitors benefit from government policies that give them a competitive advantage in the United States, including currency devaluation and erecting trade barriers that prevent American manufacturers from selling cranes in those markets. Low-cost competition from China and other developing markets could also result in decreased demand for our products. If competition in our industry intensifies or if our current competitors lower their prices for competing products, we may lose sales or be required to lower the prices we charge for our products, which may undermine our ability to generate returns on our investments.

Our operational results are dependent on how well we can scale our manufacturing capacity and resources to the level of our customers’ demand.

We sell our products in industries that require manufacturers to make highly efficient use of manufacturing capacity. Insufficient or excess capacity threatens our ability to generate competitive profit margins and may expose us to liabilities such as contractual commitments. Although from time to time we close or consolidate facilities, adapting or modifying our capacity is difficult, as modifications take substantial time to execute, are inherently disruptive and costly and, in some cases, may require regulatory approval. Additionally, delivering product during process or facility modifications requires special coordination. The cost and resources required to adapt our capacity, such as through facility acquisitions, facility closings or process moves between facilities, may negate any planned cost reductions or may result in costly delays, product quality issues or material shortages, all of which could adversely affect our operational results and our reputation with our customers.

Large or rapid increases in the cost of raw materials or components parts, substantial decreases in their availability, or our dependence on particular suppliers of raw materials and component parts could materially and adversely affect our operating results.

We use large amounts of steel, among other items, in the manufacture of our products. Occasionally, market prices of some of our key raw materials increase significantly, including as a result of tariffs or other trade barriers. If in the future we are not able to reduce product costs in other areas or pass raw material price increases on to our customers, our margins could be adversely affected. In addition, because we maintain limited raw material and component inventories, even brief unanticipated delays in delivery by suppliers - including those due to capacity constraints, labor disputes, impaired financial condition of suppliers, weather emergencies or other natural disasters - may impair our ability to satisfy our customers and could adversely affect our financial performance.

The Company purchases ~~certain~~one branded ~~cranes~~crane and parts under strategic alliances from third-party suppliers which are then sold into our markets. If we are not able to effectively manage pricing from these suppliers, our financial performance could be adversely affected. Likewise, if our suppliers terminate these agreements and we are unable to procure alternate products at substantially similar competitive pricing, our financial performance could be adversely affected.

Our goodwill and other intangible assets represent a material amount of our total assets; as a result, impairments have had, and future impairment may have, a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

At December 31, 2018, goodwill and other intangible assets totaled $350.9 million, or about 23% of our total assets. We assess annually whether there has been impairment in the value of our goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets. Based on that assessment in 2018, we recorded a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $82.2 million in our EURAF reporting unit. If future operating performance were to fall below current projections or if there are material changes to management’s assumptions, we could be required to recognize additional non-cash charges to operating earnings for goodwill and/or other intangible asset impairment. Goodwill or intangible asset impairments have had, and any future impairments may have, a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

~~Our results of operations are subject to exchange rate and other currency risks. A significant movement in exchange rates could adversely impact our results of operations and cash flows.~~

Some of our operations are and will continue to be conducted by subsidiaries in foreign countries. The results of the operations and the financial position of these subsidiaries will be reported in the relevant foreign currencies and then translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable exchange rates for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements, which are stated in U.S. dollars. The exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar have fluctuated significantly in recent years and may continue to fluctuate in the future. Such fluctuations may have a material effect on our results of operations and financial position and may significantly affect the comparability of our results between financial periods.

We also incur currency transaction risk whenever one of our operating subsidiaries enters into a transaction using a different currency than its functional currency. We attempt to reduce currency transaction risk whenever one of our operating subsidiaries enters into a material transaction using a different currency than its functional currency by:

~~However, we may not be able to hedge this risk completely or at an acceptable cost, which may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows in future periods.~~

~~If we do not develop new and innovative products or if customers in our markets do not accept them, our results could be negatively affected.~~

Our products must be kept current to meet our customers’ needs. To remain competitive, we therefore must develop new and innovative products on an on-going basis. If we fail to make innovations or the market does not accept our new products, our sales and results would likely suffer. We invest significantly in the research and development of new products. These expenditures do not always result in products that will be accepted by the market. To the extent they do not, whether as a function of the product or the business cycle, we will have increased expenses without significant sales to benefit us. Failure to develop successful new products may also cause potential customers to purchase competitors’ products, rather than products manufactured by us.

~~Because we participate in end markets that are highly competitive, our net sales and profits could decline as we respond, or fail to effectively respond, to competition.~~

Our ongoing and expected restructuring plans and other cost savings initiatives may not be as effective as we anticipate and we may fail to realize the cost savings and increased efficiencies that we expect from these actions. Our operating results could be negatively affected by our inability to effectively implement such restructuring plans and other cost saving initiatives.

We continually seek ways to simplify or improve processes, eliminate excess capacity and reduce costs in all areas of our operations, which from time to time includes restructuring activities. We have implemented significant restructuring activities across our global manufacturing, sales and distribution footprint, which includes workforce reductions and facility consolidations.

Our restructuring actions may not be as effective as we anticipate, and we may fail to realize the cost savings we expect from these actions. Actual charges, costs and adjustments due to restructuring activities may vary materially from our estimates. Our ability to realize anticipated cost savings, synergies and revenue enhancements may be affected by a number of factors, including our ability to effectively eliminate duplicative back office overhead and overlapping sales personnel, rationalize manufacturing capacity, synchronize information technology systems, consolidate warehousing and distribution facilities, and shift production to more economical facilities. Our restructuring plans will require significant cash and non-cash integration and implementation costs or charges in order to achieve those cost savings, which could offset any such savings and other benefits.

Although we have considered the impact of local regulations, negotiations with employee representatives and the related costs associated with our restructuring activities, factors beyond the control of management may affect the timing of these projects and therefore affect when savings will be achieved under the plans. Further, our operating results could be negatively affected if we are not successful in completing the restructuring projects in the time frames contemplated or if additional issues arise during the projects that add costs to or disrupt our operations.

~~We have significant manufacturing and sales of our products outside of the United States and such international operations may be subject to a number of risks specific to these countries.~~

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, approximately 57%, 61% and 60%, respectively, of our net sales were attributable to products sold outside of the United States. Expanding the Company’s international sales is part of our growth strategy. Our international operations across many different jurisdictions may be subject to a number of risks specific to these countries, including:

These factors may harm our results of operations, and any measures that we may implement to reduce the effect of volatile currencies and other risks of our international operations may not be effective. In our experience, entry into new international markets requires considerable management time as well as start-up expenses for market development, hiring and establishing office facilities before any significant revenue is generated. As a result, initial operations in a new market may operate at low margins or may be unprofitable.

~~Our international sales and operations are subject to applicable laws relating to trade, export controls and foreign corrupt practices, the violation of which could adversely affect our operations.~~

We must comply with all applicable international trade, customs, export controls and economic sanctions laws and regulations of the United States and other countries. We are also subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-bribery laws that generally bar bribes or gifts to foreign governments or officials. The existing presidential administration in the United States has taken, and make take additional, actions that may inhibit international trade by U.S.-based companies. Changes in trade sanctions laws may restrict our business practices, including cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries or with sanctioned parties, and may result in modifications to compliance programs. Violation of these laws or regulations could result in sanctions or fines and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

If we do not meet customers’ product quality, reliability standards and expectations, we may experience increased or unexpected product warranty claims and other adverse consequences to our business.

Product quality and reliability are significant factors influencing customers' decisions to purchase our products. Inability to maintain the high quality of our products relative to the perceived or actual quality of similar products offered by competitors could result in the loss of market share, loss of revenue, reduced profitability, an increase in warranty costs, government investigations and/or damage to our reputation.

Product quality and reliability are determined in part by factors that are not entirely within our control. We depend on our suppliers for parts and components that meet our standards. If our suppliers fail to meet those standards, we may not be able to deliver the quality of products that our customers expect, which may impair our reputation, resulting in lower revenue and higher warranty costs.

We provide our customers a warranty covering workmanship, and in some cases materials, on products we manufacture. Our warranty generally provides that products will be free from defects for periods ranging from 12 months to 60 months. If a product fails to comply with the warranty, we may be obligated, at our expense, to correct any defect by repairing or replacing the defective product. Although we maintain warranty reserves in an amount based primarily on the number of units shipped and on historical and anticipated warranty claims, there can be no assurance that future warranty claims will follow historical patterns or that we can accurately anticipate the level of future warranty claims. An increase in the rate of warranty claims or the occurrence of unexpected warranty claims, for which we are not insured or where we cannot recover from our vendors to the extent their materials or workmanship were defective, could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

~~We may incur additional expenses and delays due to technical problems or other interruptions at our manufacturing facilities.~~

Disruptions in operations due to technical problems or other interruptions such as floods or fire would adversely affect the manufacturing capacity of our facilities. Such interruptions could cause delays in production and cause us to incur additional expenses such as charges for expedited deliveries for products that are delayed. Additionally, our customers may have the ability to cancel purchase orders in the event of any delays in production and may decrease future orders if delays are persistent. Additionally, to the extent that such disruptions do not result from damage to our physical property, these may not be covered by our business interruption insurance. Any such disruptions may adversely affect our business, operations, and financial results.

~~We face risks related to sales through distributors and other third parties.~~

We sell a portion of our products through third parties such as distributors, agents and channel partners (collectively referred to as distributors). Using third parties for distribution exposes us to many risks, including competitive pressure, concentration risk, credit risk, and compliance risks. Distributors may sell products that compete with our products, and we may need to provide financial and other incentives to focus distributors on the sale of our products. We may rely on one or more key distributors for a product, and the loss of these distributors could negatively impact our sales. Distributors may face financial difficulties, including bankruptcy, which could harm our collection of accounts receivable and financial results. Violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act or similar laws by distributors or other third-party intermediaries could have a material impact on our business. Failing to manage risks related to our use of distributors may reduce sales, increase expenses, and weaken our competitive position.

We depend on our key executive officers, managers and skilled personnel and may have difficulty retaining and recruiting qualified employees.

Our success depends to a large extent upon the continued services of our executive officers, senior management personnel, managers and other skilled personnel and our ability to recruit and retain skilled personnel to maintain and expand our operations. We could be affected by the loss of any of our executive officers who are responsible for formulating and implementing our business plan and strategy. In addition, we need to recruit and retain additional management personnel and other skilled employees. However, competition is high for skilled technical personnel among companies that rely on engineering and technology, and the loss of qualified employees or an inability to attract, retain and motivate additional skilled employees required for the operation and expansion of our business could hinder our ability to conduct design, engineering and manufacturing activities successfully and develop marketable products. We may not be able to attract the skilled personnel we require or retain those whom we have trained at our own cost. If we are not able to do so, our business and our ability to continue to grow could be negatively affected and we could face additional competition from those employees who leave and work for our competitors.

We may not be able to maintain our engineering, technological and manufacturing expertise.

The markets for our products are characterized by changing technology and evolving process development. The continued success of our business will depend upon our ability to:

•hire, retain and expand our pool of qualified engineering and technical personnel;

•successfully anticipate or respond to changes in manufacturing processes in a cost-effective and timely manner; and

•successfully anticipate or respond to changes in cost to serve in a cost-effective and timely manner.

We cannot be certain that we will develop the capabilities required by our customers in the future. The emergence of new technologies, industry standards or customer requirements may render our equipment, inventory or processes obsolete or uncompetitive. We may have to acquire new technologies and equipment to remain competitive. The acquisition and implementation of new technologies and equipment may require us to incur significant expense and capital investment, which could reduce our margins and affect our operating results. When we establish new facilities, we may not be able to maintain or develop our engineering, technological and manufacturing expertise due to a lack of trained personnel, effective training of new staff or technical difficulties with machinery. Failure to anticipate and adapt to customers’ changing technological needs and requirements or to hire and retain a sufficient number of engineers and maintain engineering, technological and manufacturing expertise may have a material adverse effect on our business.

Any disruption in our information systems could disrupt our operations and would be adverse to our business and financial operations.

We may incur additional expenses and delays due to technical problems or other interruptions at our manufacturing facilities.

Some of our customers may not be able to obtain financing with third parties to purchase our products, and we may incur expenses associated with our assistance to customers in securing third-party financing.

A portion of our sales are financed by third-party finance companies on behalf of our customers. The availability of financing from third parties is affected by general economic conditions, the creditworthiness of our customers and the estimated residual value of our equipment. In certain transactions, we provide residual value guarantees and buyback commitments to our customers or to third-party financial institutions. Deterioration in the credit quality of our customers or the overall health of the finance industry could negatively impact our customers’ ability to obtain the resources needed to make purchases of our equipment or their ability to obtain third-party financing. In addition, if the actual value of the equipment for which we have provided a residual value guaranty declines below the amount of our guaranty, we may incur additional costs, which may negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

deliver the quality of products that our customers expect, which may impair our reputation, resulting in lower revenue and higher warranty costs.

If our manufacturing processes and products do not comply with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, or if we manufacture products containing design or manufacturing defects, demand for our products may decline and we may be subject to product liability claims.

Our designs, manufacturing processes and facilities need to comply with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. We may also have the responsibility to ensure that products we design satisfy safety and regulatory standards including those applicable to our customers and to obtain any necessary certifications. As a result, products that we manufacture may at times

contain manufacturing or design defects, and our manufacturing processes may be subject to errors or not be in compliance with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements or demands of our customers. Potential defects in the products we manufacture or design, whether caused by a design, manufacturing or component failure or error, or deficiencies in our manufacturing processes, may result in delayed shipments to customers, replacement costs or reduced or canceled customer orders. If these defects or deficiencies are significant, our business reputation may also be damaged. The failure of the products that we manufacture or our manufacturing processes and facilities to comply with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements may subject us to legal fines or penalties and, in some cases, require us to shut down or incur considerable expense to correct a manufacturing process or facility.

Any manufacturing or design defects may also result in product liability claims. Furthermore, customers use some of our products in potentially hazardous applications that can cause injury or loss of life and damage to property, equipment or the environment. We may be named as a defendant in product liability or other lawsuits asserting potentially large claims if an accident occurs at a location where our equipment and services have been or are being used. Certain of our businesses also have experienced claims relating to past alleged asbestos exposure. We have not to date incurred material costs related to these asbestos claims. We vigorously defend ourselves against current claims and intend to do so against future claims. We also maintain certain insurance policies which may limit our financial exposures. Any significant liabilities which are not covered by insurance could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operation and cash flows. Likewise, a substantial increase in the number of claims that are made against us or the amounts of any judgments or settlements could materially and adversely affect our reputation and our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

~~We may not be able~~Compliance or the failure to ~~maintain our engineering, technological~~comply with regulations and ~~manufacturing expertise.~~

~~The markets for our products are characterized by changing technology and evolving process development. The continued success of our business will depend upon our ability to:~~

•~~hire, retain and expand our pool of qualified engineering and technical personnel~~;

•~~successfully anticipate or respond to changes in manufacturing processes in a cost-effective and timely manner; and~~

~~•successfully anticipate or respond to changes in cost to serve in a cost-effective and timely manner.~~

Changes in laws or regulations, or a failure to comply with laws and ~~capital investment, which could reduce our margins and~~regulations, may adversely affect our ~~operating results. When~~business, investments and results of operations. We are subject to laws and regulations enacted by national, regional and local governments, including non-U.S. governments. In particular, we ~~establish new facilities, we~~are required to comply with certain SEC and other legal requirements. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws and regulations may ~~not~~ be ~~able~~difficult, time consuming and costly. Those laws and regulations and their interpretation and application may also change from time to ~~maintain or develop our engineering, technological~~time and manufacturing expertise due to a lack of trained personnel, effective training of new staff or technical difficulties with machinery. Failure to anticipate and adapt to customers’ changing technological needs and requirements or to hire and retain a sufficient number of engineers and maintain engineering, technological and manufacturing expertise maythose changes could have a material adverse effect on our ~~business.~~

~~Any disruption in our information systems could disrupt our operations~~business, investments and ~~would be adverse~~results of operations. In addition, a failure to ~~our business~~comply with applicable laws or regulations, as interpreted and ~~financial operations.~~

We depend on various information systems to support our customers’ requirements and to successfully manage our business, including managing orders, suppliers, accounting controls and payroll. Any inability to successfully manage the procurement, development, implementation or execution of our information systems and back-up systems, including matters related to system security, reliability, performance and access, as well as any inability of these systems to fulfill their intended purpose within our business,applied, could have ana material adverse effect on our business and ~~financial performance.~~results of operations. Additionally, we may need to obtain and maintain licenses and permits to conduct business in various jurisdictions. If we or the businesses or companies we acquire have failed or fail in the future to comply with such laws and regulations, then we could incur liabilities and fines and our operations could be suspended. Such ~~disruptions~~laws and regulations could also restrict our ability to modify or expand our facilities, could require us to acquire costly equipment, or could impose other significant expenditures.

Our international sales and operations are subject to applicable laws relating to trade, export controls and foreign corrupt practices, the violation of which could adversely affect our operations.

practices, including cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries or with sanctioned parties, and may result in modifications to compliance programs. Violation of these laws or regulations could result in sanctions or fines and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

An inability to successfully manage information systems, or to adequately maintain these systems and their security, as well as to protect data and other confidential information, could adversely affect our business and reputation.

In the ordinary course of business, we collect and store sensitive data and information, including our proprietary and regulated business information and that of our customers, suppliers and business partners, as well as personally identifiable information about our employees. We depend on our information systems to successfully manage our business. We have taken steps to maintain adequate data security by implementing security technologies, internal controls, and network and data center resiliency and recovery processes. However, any inability to successfully manage these systems, including matters related to

system and data security, privacy, reliability, compliance, performance and access, as well as any inability of these systems to fulfill their intended purpose within our business, could have an adverse effect on our business.

Despite our efforts, our information systems, like those of other companies, are susceptible to damage or interruption due to natural disasters, power loss, telecommunications failures, viruses, breaches of security, system upgrades or new system implementations. Furthermore, our security measures may not detect or prevent all security threats, whether from intentional or inadvertent breaches by our employees or attacks designed to gain unauthorized access to our systems, networks and data, such as denial-of-service attacks, viruses, malicious software, break-ins, phishing attacks, social engineering, security breaches or other attacks and similar disruptions. Any operational failure or breach of security from increasingly sophisticated cyber threats could lead to the loss or disclosure of both our and our customers’ financial, product and other confidential information, result in regulatory actions and legal proceedings, and/or have an adverse effect on our business and reputation.

If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights or maintain our rights to use licensed intellectual property, our business could be adversely affected.

Our intellectual property, including our patents, trade secrets, trademarks and licenses are important in the operation of our business. Although we intend to protect our intellectual property rights vigorously, we cannot be certain that we will be successful in doing so. Third parties may assert or prosecute infringement claims against us in connection with the services and products that we offer, and we may or may not be able to successfully defend these claims. Litigation, either to enforce our intellectual property rights or to defend against claimed infringement of the rights of others, could result in substantial costs and in a diversion of our resources. In addition, if a third party would prevail in an infringement claim against us, then we would likely need to obtain a license from the third party on commercial terms, which would likely increase our costs. Our failure to maintain or obtain necessary licenses or an adverse outcome in any litigation relating to patent infringement or other intellectual property matters could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

~~Increasing costs of doing business in many countries in which we operate may adversely affect our business and financial results.~~

Increasing costs such as labor and overhead costs in the countries in which we operate may erode our profit margins and compromise our price competitiveness. Historically, the low cost of labor in certain of the countries in which we operate has been a competitive advantage but labor costs in these countries, such as China and India, have been increasing. Our profitability also depends on our ability to manage and contain our other operating expenses such as the cost of utilities, factory supplies, factory space costs, equipment rental, repairs and maintenance and freight and packaging expenses. In the event we are unable to manage any increase in our labor and other operating expenses in an environment where revenue does not increase proportionately, our financial results would be adversely affected.

~~Our operations and profitability could suffer if we experience problems with labor relations.~~

As of December 31, 2018, we employed approximately 5,000 people. A large majority of our European employees belong to various European trade unions, we have one trade union in China, one trade union in India, and no trade unions in North America. The union contract in India is expected to be renegotiated in 2019 and involves 124 employees.

~~Any significant labor relations issues could have an adverse effect our operations, reputation, results of operations and financial condition.~~

As of December 31, 2018, our total consolidated debt was $273.1 million as compared to consolidated debt of $274.9 million as of December 31, 2017. On March 3, 2016, the Company entered into a $225.0 million Asset Based Revolving Credit Facility (as amended, the “ABL Revolving Credit Facility”) by and among the Company and certain of its domestic and German subsidiaries, as borrowers, the lender party thereto, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. as administrative agent, and Wells Fargo Bank N.A., JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Goldman Sachs Bank USA as joint lead arrangers. The ABL Revolving Credit Facility includes a $75.0 million Letter of Credit Facility, $10.0 million of which is available to the German borrower, with a maturity date of March 3, 2021.

The amount of debt we maintain could have consequences, including increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions; requiring a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations be used for the payment of interest rather than to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and general corporate requirements; limiting our ability to obtain additional financing; and limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the end markets in which we operate.

The agreements governing our debt include covenants that restrict, among other matters, our ability to incur additional debt, pay dividends on or repurchase our equity, make certain investments, and consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of our assets. Certain of our debt facilities require or will require us to maintain specified financial ratios and satisfy certain financial condition tests. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events beyond our control, including prevailing economic, financial and industry conditions. Adhering to these covenants may also require that we take disadvantageous actions, including reducing spending on marketing, advertising and new product innovation, reducing future financing for working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes, selling assets or dedicating an unsustainable level of cash flow from operations to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness. Our leverage could also put us at a disadvantage compared to any competitors that are less leveraged. We cannot be certain that we will meet any future financial tests or that the lenders would waive any such failure to meet those tests. See additional discussion in Note 11, “Debt” to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

If we default under our debt agreements, our lenders could elect, among other potential remedies, to declare all amounts outstanding under our debt agreements to be immediately due and payable and could proceed against any collateral securing the debt.

~~Exposure to additional tax liabilities may have a negative impact on our operating results.~~

We regularly undergo tax audits in various jurisdictions in which we operate. Although we believe that our tax estimates are reasonable and that we prepare our tax filings in accordance with all applicable tax laws, the final determination with respect to any tax audits, and any related contests thereto, could be materially different from our estimates or from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. The results of an audit or contests thereto could have a material adverse effect on operating results and/or cash flows in the periods for which that determination is made. In addition, future period earnings may be adversely impacted by litigation costs, settlements, penalties and/or interest assessments.

Our operations, facilities and properties are subject to extensive and evolving laws and regulations pertaining to air emissions, wastewater discharges, the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous materials and wastes, the remediation of contamination, and otherwise relating to health, safety and the protection of the environment. As a result, we are involved from time to time in administrative or legal proceedings relating to environmental and health and safety matters and have in the past and will continue to incur capital costs and other expenditures relating to such matters.

We cannot be certain that identification of presently unidentified environmental conditions, more vigorous enforcement by regulatory authorities or other unanticipated events will not arise in the future and give rise to additional environmental liabilities, compliance costs and/or penalties that could be material. Further, environmental laws and regulations are constantly

evolving, and it is impossible to predict accurately the effect they may have upon our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

In addition, increasing laws and regulations dealing with environmental aspects of the products we manufacture can result in significant expenditures in designing and manufacturing new products that satisfy such new laws and regulations. In particular, climate change is receiving increasing attention worldwide. Many scientists, legislators and others attribute climate change to increased levels of greenhouse gas emissions. While additional regulation of emissions in the future appears likely, how such new regulations would ultimately affect our business, operations or financial results is unknown at this time.

If we do not develop new and innovative products or if customers in our markets do not accept them, our results could be negatively affected.

At December 31, 2019, goodwill and other intangible assets totaled $348.8 million, or about 22% of our total assets. We assess annually whether there has been impairment in the value of our goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets. If future operating performance were to fall below current projections or if there are material changes to management’s assumptions, we could be required to recognize additional non-cash charges to operating earnings for goodwill and/or other intangible asset impairment. Goodwill or intangible asset impairments have had, and any future impairments may have, a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We have significant manufacturing and sales of our products outside of the United States and such international operations may be subject to a number of risks specific to these countries.

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, approximately 53%, 57% and 61%, respectively, of our net sales were attributable to products sold outside of the United States. Expanding the Company’s international sales is part of our growth strategy. Our international operations across many different jurisdictions may be subject to a number of risks specific to these countries, including:

Our results of operations are subject to exchange rate and other currency risks. A significant movement in exchange rates could adversely impact our results of operations and cash flows.

However, we may not be able to hedge this risk completely or at an acceptable cost, which may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows in future periods.

Increasing costs of doing business in many countries in which we operate may adversely affect our business and financial results.

Our operations and profitability could suffer if we experience problems with labor relations.

As of December 31, 2019, we employed approximately 4,900 people. A large majority of our European employees belong to various European trade unions. Additionally, we have one trade union in China and one trade union in India. We have no trade unions in North America.

Any significant labor relations issues could have an adverse effect our operations, reputation, results of operations and financial condition.

As of December 31, 2019, our total consolidated debt was $312.2 million as compared to consolidated debt of $273.1 million as of December 31, 2018.

On March 25, 2019, we and certain of our subsidiaries entered into an indenture with U.S. Bank National Association as trustee and notes collateral agent, pursuant to which we issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of senior secured second lien notes due on April 1, 2026 with an annual coupon rate of 9.000% (the “2026 Notes”). Interest on the 2026 Notes is payable in cash semi-annual in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year. The 2026 Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior secured second lien basis, jointly and severally, by each of our existing and future domestic subsidiaries that is either a guarantor or a borrower under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below) or that guarantees certain other debt of us or a guarantor. The 2026 Notes and the related guarantees are secured on a second-priority basis, subject to certain exceptions and permitted liens, by pledges of capital stock and other equity interests and other security interests in substantially all of the personal property and fee-owned real property of us and of the guarantors that secure obligations under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility. The 2026 Notes were sold pursuant to exemptions from registration under the Securities Act of 1933.

Additionally, on March 25, 2019, we and certain of our subsidiaries (the “Loan Parties”) entered into a credit agreement (the “ABL Credit Agreement”) with JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative and collateral agent, and certain financial institutions party thereto as lenders, providing for a senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility (the “ABL Revolving Credit Facility”) of up to $275.0 million. The borrowing capacity under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility is based on the value of inventory, accounts receivable and fixed assets of the Loan Parties. The Loan Parties’ obligations under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility are secured on a first-priority bases, subject to certain exceptions and permitted liens, by substantially all of the personal property and fee-owned real property of the Loan Parties. The liens securing the ABL Revolving Credit Facility are senior in priority to the second-priority liens securing the obligations under the 2026 Notes and the related guarantees. The ABL Revolving Credit Facility has a term of 5 years and includes a $75.0 million letter of credit sub-facility, $10.0 million of which is available to our German subsidiary that is a borrower under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility.

The agreements governing our debt include covenants that restrict, among other matters, our ability to incur additional debt, pay dividends on or repurchase our equity, make certain investments, and consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of our assets. Certain of our debt facilities require or will require us to maintain specified financial ratios and satisfy certain financial condition tests. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events beyond our control, including prevailing economic, financial and industry conditions. Adhering to these covenants may also require that we take disadvantageous actions, including reducing spending on marketing, advertising and new product innovation, reducing future financing for working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes, selling assets or dedicating an unsustainable level of cash flows from operations to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness. Our leverage could also put us at a disadvantage compared to any competitors that are less leveraged. We cannot be certain that we will meet any future financial tests or that the lenders would waive any such failure to meet those tests. See additional discussion in Note 11, “Debt” to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Our restructuring plans and other cost savings initiatives may not be as effective as we anticipate, and we may fail to realize the cost savings and increased efficiencies that we expect from these actions. Our operating results could be negatively affected by our inability to effectively implement such restructuring plans and other cost saving initiatives.

Exposure to additional tax liabilities may have a negative impact on our operating results.

Our inability to recover from natural or man-made disasters could adversely affect our business.

Our business and financial results may be affected by certain events that we cannot anticipate or that are beyond our control, such as natural or manmade disasters, national emergencies, significant labor strikes, work stoppages, political unrest, war or terrorist activities that could curtail production at our facilities and cause delayed deliveries and canceled orders. In addition, we purchase components and raw materials and information technology and other services from numerous suppliers, and, even if our facilities were not directly affected by such events, we could be affected by interruptions at such suppliers. Such suppliers may be less likely than our own facilities to be able to quickly recover from such events and may be subject to additional risks

such as financial problems that limit their ability to conduct their operations. We cannot ~~assure you~~be assured that we will have insurance to adequately compensate us for any of these events.

~~Compliance or the failure to comply with regulations and governmental policies could cause us to incur significant expense.~~

We are subject to a variety of local and foreign laws and regulations including those relating to labor and health and safety concerns and import/export duties and customs. Such laws may require us to pay mandated compensation in the event of workplace accidents and penalties in the event of incorrect payments of duties or customs. Additionally, we may need to obtain and maintain licenses and permits to conduct business in various jurisdictions. If we or the businesses or companies we acquire have failed or fail in the future to comply with such laws and regulations, then we could incur liabilities and fines and our operations could be suspended. Such laws and regulations could also restrict our ability to modify or expand our facilities, could require us to acquire costly equipment, or could impose other significant expenditures that are unable to be passed on to our customers.

We continue the transition to various regulations, particularly in Europe, including Tier 5 power systems and crash test regulations for Mobile products. While plans are in place to comply with the phase-in of these regulations, there is a significant amount of engineering that the Company must complete to comply with these standards. A failure to implement these new standards may result in the loss of market share or fines from regulatory agencies which could have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations.

We face risks associated with our pension and other postretirement benefit obligations.

We have both funded and unfunded pension and other postretirement benefit plans worldwide. As of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, our projected benefit obligations under our pension and other postretirement benefit plans exceeded the fair value of plan assets by an aggregate of approximately ~~$108.1~~$106.5 million (“unfunded status”), compared to ~~$119.4~~$108.1 million at December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. Estimates for the amount and timing of the future funding obligations of these benefit plans are based on various assumptions. These assumptions include discount rates, rates of compensation increases, expected long-term rates of return on plan assets and expected healthcare cost trend rates. If our assumptions prove incorrect, our funding obligations may increase, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial results.

We have invested the plan assets of our funded benefit plans in various equity and debt securities. A deterioration in the value of plan assets could cause the unfunded status of these benefit plans to increase, thereby increasing our obligation to make additional contributions to these plans. An obligation to make contributions to our benefit plans could reduce the cash available for working capital and other corporate uses, and may have an adverse impact on our operations, financial condition and liquidity.

~~Our business and/or reputation could be negatively affected as a result of actions of activist shareholders, and such activism could impact the trading value of our securities.~~

Certain of our shareholders have publicly or privately expressed views with respect to the operation of our business, our business strategy, corporate governance considerations or other matters that may not be fully aligned with our own. Responding to actions by activist shareholders can be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our operations and divert the attention of management and our employees. Perceived uncertainties as to our future direction may result in the loss of potential business opportunities, damage to our reputation and may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified directors, personnel and business partners. These actions could also cause our stock price to experience periods of volatility.

Activist shareholders have made, and may in the future make, strategic proposals, suggestions or requests for changes concerning the operation of our business, our business strategy, corporate governance considerations or other matters. We cannot predict, and no assurances can be given, as to the outcome or timing of any consequences arising from these actions, and any such consequences may impact the value of our securities.

Manitowoc maintains leased and owned manufacturing, warehouse, storage, field testing and office facilities throughout the world. The Company’s corporate office is located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The Company believes that its facilities currently in use are suitable and have adequate capacity to meet its present and foreseeable future demand. See Note 22, “Leases,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding leases. Manitowoc management continually monitors the Company’s capacity needs and makes adjustments as dictated by market and other conditions.

The following table provides information about ~~principal~~material facilities owned or leased by the Company ~~(exceeding 50,000 square feet)~~ as of December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

From time to time, the Company is subject to litigation incidental to its business, as well as other litigation of a non-material nature in the ordinary course of business. See Note 18, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further information.

Each of the following executive officers of the Company has been elected by the Board of Directors. The information presented below is as of February ~~13, 2019.~~14, 2020.

Name	Age	Position With The Registrant	Principal Position Held Since	Age	Position With The Registrant	Principal Position Held Since
Barry L. Pennypacker	58	President and Chief Executive Officer	2016	59	President and Chief Executive Officer	2016
David J. Antoniuk	61	Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer	2016	62	Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer	2016
Aaron H. Ravenscroft	40	Executive Vice President of Cranes	2016	41	Executive Vice President of Cranes	2016
Thomas L. Doerr, Jr.	43	Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary	2017	44	Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary	2017
Terrance L. Collins	54	Senior Vice President of Human Resources and Administration	2018	55	Senior Vice President of Human Resources and Administration	2018
Peter A. Ruck	47	Senior Vice President, Business Development	2018	48	Senior Vice President, Business Development	2018

The following paragraphs provide further information as to our executive officers’ duties and their employment history:

Barry L. Pennypacker was appointed to the position of President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company’s cranes business in December 2015 and became the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer in March 2016. Mr. Pennypacker served, since 2013, as founder, President and Chief Executive Officer of Quantum Lean LLC, a privately held manufacturer and supplier of precision components. He previously served as ~~president~~President and ~~chief executive officer,~~Chief Executive Officer, as well as a director, of Gardner Denver, Inc., a manufacturer and marketer of engineered industrial machinery and related parts and services (2008-2012). Prior to joining Gardner Denver, Inc., Mr. Pennypacker served in positions with increasing responsibility at Westinghouse Air Brake Technologies Corporation, a worldwide provider of technology-based equipment and services for the rail industry (1999-2008), with his last position being vice president-group executive. He previously served as director, Worldwide Operations, Stanley Fastening Systems, an operating unit of The Stanley Works, a worldwide producer of tools and security products, and held a number of senior management positions with increasing responsibility with Danaher Corporation, a manufacturer and marketer of professional, medical, industrial and commercial products and services.

David J. Antoniuk has served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since May 2016, responsible for directing teams in accounting, financial reporting, investor relations, global tax, information services and treasury. Prior to joining Manitowoc, Mr. Antoniuk served as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer at Colorcon, Inc. (2015-2016), a leader in the development, supply and technical support of formulated coatings and functional excipients for the pharmaceutical and dietary/food/nutritional supplement industries, and Vice President and Corporate Controller at Gardner Denver, Inc. (2005-2014). Prior to Gardner Denver, Inc., Mr. Antoniuk served in positions of increasing responsibility at Davis-Standard Corp., Pirelli Cables, Johnson & Johnson and KPMG.

Aaron H. Ravenscroft joined the Company as ~~the~~ Executive Vice President of Mobile Cranes in March 2016. In September 2017, Mr. Ravenscroft was promoted to Executive Vice President of Cranes. In this position, Mr. Ravenscroft ~~focuses on safety, quality, delivery and cost~~oversees the entire operational activities of the ~~entire business.~~Company’s regional business structure. Prior to joining Manitowoc, Mr. Ravenscroft served as Regional Managing Director of the North American Minerals business for the Weir Group (2013-2016), an ~~engineering~~engineered products company, President of Process & Flow Control Group of Robbins & Myers (2011-2013), a manufacturer of engineered equipment, and Regional Vice President of Industrial Products Group for Gardner Denver, Inc. (2008-2011). Prior to that, he held a series of positions with increasing responsibility at Westinghouse Air Brake Technologies and Janney Montgomery Scott.

Thomas L. Doerr, Jr. has served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since November 2017. Prior to Mr. Doerr’s current position, he served as Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Jason Industries, Inc., a manufacturer in the finishing, components, seating, and automotive acoustics markets, from November 2015 to November 2017. Mr. Doerr originally joined Manitowoc in 2006 as legal counsel; in 2008 he expatriated to London, England, and in 2009 to Lyon, France where he served as Assistant General Counsel - International and was responsible for all legal matters for both Manitowoc’s crane segment and Manitowoc’s then foodservice segment in Europe, Middle East, Africa and Asia Pacific. After spending four years abroad, Mr. Doerr returned to the United States and assumed global legal responsibility for Manitowoc’s crane segment until November 2015. Prior to first joining Manitowoc, Mr. Doerr was ~~most recently~~ with the law firm von Briesen & Roper, s.c. ~~Mr. Doerr is a graduate of Marquette University Law School and the University of St. Thomas.~~

Terrance L. Collins has served as Senior Vice President of Human Resources and Administration since April 2018, responsible for the strategic development and execution of the Company’s human resources function globally including; talent acquisition, talent development, ~~inclusion~~diversity and ~~diversity,~~inclusion, employee engagement, compensation and benefits programs, employee and labor relations, HR information systems and HR administration and compliance. Prior to joining Manitowoc, Mr. Collins served as Chief Administrative Officer at FDH Velocitel (2014-2018), Senior Vice President at Zebra Technologies (2013-2014) and Vice President, Human Resources at IDEX Corporation (2006-2013). Prior to IDEX, Mr. Collins served in senior leadership positions at AmSan LLC and U.S. Foodservice, Inc.

Peter A. Ruck has served as the Senior Vice President, of Business Development since April 2018, chartering and leading Manitowoc’s organic and inorganic growth initiatives across the enterprise. Prior to joining Manitowoc, Mr. Ruck served as Corporate Vice President of Strategy and Acquisitions for IDEX Corporation, where he held a series of progressively responsible positions since 2010. Prior to IDEX, Mr. Ruck spent seven years with Danaher Corporation in various management positions. Mr. Ruck started his career with Motorola.

The Company’s common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol MTW. The number of shareholders of record of common stock as of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 was ~~628.~~599.

The amount and timing of any dividends are determined by the Board of Directors at its regular meetings each year, subject to limitations within the indenture governing the Company’s ~~senior secured second lien note due 2021 (the “2021 Notes”)~~2026 Notes and the Company’s ABL Revolving Credit Facility described below. InFor the years ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, no cash dividends were declared or paid.

~~Our~~The Company’s ABL Revolving Credit Facility and ~~indenture~~Indenture governing ~~our 2021~~the 2026 Notes ~~limit or restrict the amount of~~defines certain payments the Company can ~~make; including~~make, such as the purchase or retirement of Company stock, prepayment of debt principal and distribution of dividends to holders of Company ~~stock.~~stock as “Restricted Payments.” These ~~so-called “Restricted Payments” are currently~~Restricted Payments may be constrained by a provision requiring a ~~minimal~~minimum fixed charge coverage ratio after giving effect to the Restricted ~~Payment. Additionally,~~Payments under the ~~Company must consider all previous Restricted Payments when calculating~~ABL Credit Agreement and a provision requiring a minimum consolidated total debt ratio under the ~~capacity for future Restricted Payments.~~2026 Notes indenture. See additional disclosure in Note 11, “Debt” to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

See Part III, Item 12 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for certain information regarding the Company’s equity compensation plans.

	Annual Return Percentages															Annual Return Percentages
	Years Ending December 31,															Years Ending December 31,
	2014			2015			2016			2017			2018			2015			2016			2017			2018			2019
The Manitowoc Company, Inc.		(4.86	)%		(30.21	)%		69.23	%		64.46	%		(62.46	)%		(30.21	)%		69.23	%		64.46	%		(62.46	)%		18.48	%
S&P 500 Index		13.69	%		1.38	%		11.96	%		21.83	%		(4.38	)%		1.38	%		11.96	%		21.83	%		(4.38	)%		31.49	%
S&P 600 Industrial Machinery		1.36	%		(17.22	)%		36.69	%		22.17	%		(16.96	)%		(17.22	)%		36.69	%		22.17	%		(16.96	)%		25.80	%

	Indexed Returns												Indexed Returns
	Years Ending December 31,												Years Ending December 31,
	2013		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019
The Manitowoc Company, Inc.		100.00		95.14		66.40		112.37		184.81		69.38		100.00		69.80		118.13		194.29		72.94		86.43
S&P 500 Index		100.00		113.69		115.26		129.05		157.22		150.33		100.00		101.38		113.51		138.29		132.23		173.86
S&P 600 Industrial Machinery		100.00		101.36		83.91		114.69		140.12		116.36		100.00		82.78		113.15		138.24		114.80		144.42

The following selected historical financial data has been derived from the Consolidated Financial Statements of Manitowoc. The data should be read in conjunction with ~~the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes and~~Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of ~~Operations.~~Operations” and Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplemental Data.” ~~Results~~The results of the former ~~foodservice business and the Manitowoc Dong Yue~~food service business in the years presented have been classified as discontinued operations to exclude those results from continuing operations. ~~In addition, the income (loss) from discontinued operations includes the impact of adjustments to certain retained liabilities for operations sold or closed in periods prior to those presented.~~ Amounts are in millions except share and per share data.

	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014			2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
Net sales	$	1,846.8		$	1,581.3		$	1,613.1		$	1,865.7		$	2,305.2		$	1,834.1		$	1,846.8		$	1,581.3		$	1,613.1		$	1,865.7
Gross Profit		328.1			281.9			253.3			332.2			467.2			344.1			328.1			281.9			253.3			332.2
Total operating costs and expenses (1)		347.4			273.5			396.3			332.6			349.8			235.7			347.4			273.5			396.3			332.6
Operating income (loss)		(19.3	)		8.4			(143.0	)		(0.4	)		117.4			108.4			(19.3	)		8.4			(143.0	)		(0.4	)
Total other expense		(52.4	)		(47.9	)		(125.1	)		(110.6	)		(137.8	)		(49.4	)		(52.4	)		(47.9	)		(125.1	)		(110.6	)
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes		(71.7	)		(39.5	)		(268.1	)		(111.0	)		(20.4	)
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes																	59.0			(71.7	)		(39.5	)		(268.1	)		(111.0	)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes		(4.8	)		(49.5	)		100.5			(41.1	)		(17.8	)		12.4			(4.8	)		(49.5	)		100.5			(41.1	)
Income (loss) from continuing operations		(66.9	)		10.0			(368.6	)		(69.9	)		(2.6	)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations																	46.6			(66.9	)		10.0			(368.6	)		(69.9	)
Discontinued operations: (2)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		(0.2	)		(0.6	)		(7.2	)		135.4			161.4			—			(0.2	)		(0.6	)		(7.2	)		135.4
Loss on sale of discontinued operations, net of income taxes		—			—			—			—			(11.0	)
Net income (loss)		(67.1	)		9.4			(375.8	)		65.5			147.8		$	46.6		$	(67.1	)	$	9.4		$	(375.8	)	$	65.5
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest, net of tax		—			—			—			—			3.9
Net income (loss) attributable to Manitowoc common shareholders	$	(67.1	)	$	9.4		$	(375.8	)	$	65.5		$	143.9
Amounts attributable to the Manitowoc common shareholders:
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	(66.9	)	$	10.0		$	(368.6	)	$	(69.9	)	$	(6.9	)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		(0.2	)		(0.6	)		(7.2	)		135.4			161.8
Loss on sale of discontinued operations, net of income taxes		—			—			—			—			(11.0	)
Net income (loss) attributable to Manitowoc common shareholders	$	(67.1	)	$	9.4		$	(375.8	)	$	65.5		$	143.9
Basic income (loss) per common share:
Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Manitowoc common shareholders	$	(1.88	)	$	0.28		$	(10.70	)	$	(2.06	)	$	(0.20	)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations attributable to Manitowoc common shareholders		(0.01	)		(0.02	)		(0.21	)		3.98			4.80
Loss on sale of discontinued operations, net of income taxes		—			—			—			—			(0.33	)
Basic income (loss) per share attributable to Manitowoc common shareholders	$	(1.89	)	$	0.26		$	(10.91	)	$	1.92		$	4.27
Diluted income (loss) per common share:
Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Manitowoc common shareholders	$	(1.88	)	$	0.28		$	(10.70	)	$	(2.06	)	$	(0.20	)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations attributable to Manitowoc common shareholders		(0.01	)		(0.02	)		(0.21	)		3.98			4.80
Loss on sale of discontinued operations, net of income taxes		—			—			—			—			(0.33	)
Diluted income (loss) per share attributable to Manitowoc common shareholders	$	(1.89	)	$	0.26		$	(10.91	)	$	1.92		$	4.27
Basic net income (loss) per common share:
Net income (loss) from continuing operations																$	1.31		$	(1.88	)	$	0.28		$	(10.70	)	$	(2.06	)
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations																	—			(0.01	)		(0.02	)		(0.21	)		3.98
Basic net income (loss) per share																$	1.31		$	(1.89	)	$	0.26		$	(10.91	)	$	1.92
Diluted net income (loss) per common share:
Net income (loss) from continuing operations																$	1.31		$	(1.88	)	$	0.28		$	(10.70	)	$	(2.06	)
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations																	—			(0.01	)		(0.02	)		(0.21	)		3.98
Diluted net income (loss) per share																$	1.31		$	(1.89	)	$	0.26		$	(10.91	)	$	1.92
Cash dividends per share	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	0.08		$	0.08		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	0.08
Average shares outstanding:
Basic		35,513,162			35,111,594			34,441,777			34,009,048			33,733,723			35,487,358			35,513,162			35,111,594			34,441,777			34,009,048
Diluted		35,513,162			35,854,902			34,441,777			34,009,048			33,733,723			35,641,800			35,513,162			35,854,902			34,441,777			34,009,048
PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Property, plant and equipment - net	$	288.9		$	303.7		$	308.8		$	410.7		$	456.7		$	289.9		$	288.9		$	303.7		$	308.8		$	410.7
Capital expenditures		(31.7	)		(28.9	)		(45.9	)		(54.9	)		(59.5	)		35.1			31.7			28.9			45.9			54.9
Depreciation		36.1			38.1			45.6			50.6			47.2			35.0			36.1			38.1			45.6			50.6
TOTAL ASSETS (3)	$	1,541.9		$	1,607.8		$	1,517.8		$	3,562.5		$	3,821.1		$	1,617.7		$	1,541.9		$	1,607.8		$	1,517.8		$	3,562.5
CAPITALIZATION
Current and long-term obligations	$	273.1		$	274.9		$	281.5		$	1,397.6		$	1,503.1		$	312.2		$	273.1		$	274.9		$	281.5		$	1,397.6
Total stockholders' equity		601.3			677.5			590.5			842.3			844.9			645.9			601.3			677.5			590.5			842.3

Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview: Manitowoc is a leading provider of engineered lifting solutions, including lattice-boom cranes, tower cranes, mobile telescopic cranes and boom trucks. The Company has three reportable segments, the Americas segment, EURAF segment, and MEAP segment. The segments were identified using the “management approach,” which designates the internal organization that is used by the CEO, who is also the Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker, for making decisions about the allocation of resources and assessing performance.

During the first quarter of fiscal 2016, the Board of Directors of Manitowoc approved the tax-free spin-off of the Company’s former foodservice business (“MFS” or “Foodservice”) into an independent, public company (the “Spin-Off”). As a result of the Spin-Off, the Consolidated Financial Statements and related financial information reflect MFS operations, assets, liabilities and cash flows as discontinued operations for all periods presented. Refer to Note 4, “Discontinued Operations,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Spin-Off.

The Company has identified the Americas, EURAF, and MEAP as the reportable segments. The Americas operating segment includes the North American and South American continents. The EURAF operating segment includes the continents of Europe and Africa. The MEAP operating segment includes the Asia and Australian continents and the Middle East region.

In Management’s Discussion and Analysis, unless otherwise indicated, references to ~~Manitowoc, the Company, we~~“Manitowoc” and us“the Company” refer to The Manitowoc Company, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

The following discussion and analysis provides an overview analysis behind our results for 2016 through 2018 and is broken down into three sections. First, we provide an overview of our results of operations for the years 2016 through 2018 on a segment and consolidated basis. Next, we discuss our market conditions, liquidity and capital resources, off-balance sheet arrangements and obligations and commitments. Finally, we provide a discussion of risk management techniques, contingent liability issues, and critical accounting policies.

All dollar ~~amounts, except per share~~ amounts are in millions ~~of dollars~~ throughout the tables included in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations unless otherwise indicated.

2018

2017

2016

Operations

Net sales

$
1,846.8

$
1,581.3

$
1,613.1

Cost of sales

1,518.7

1,299.4

1,359.8

Gross Profit

328.1

281.9

253.3

Operating costs and expenses:

Engineering, selling and administrative expenses

251.6

245.3

270.4

Asset impairment expense

82.6

0.1

96.9

Amortization of intangible assets

0.3

0.8

3.0

Restructuring expense

12.9

27.2

23.4

Other expense

—

0.1

2.6

Total operating costs and expenses

347.4

273.5

396.3

Operating income (loss)

(19.3
)

8.4

(143.0
)
Other expense:

Interest expense

(39.1
)

(39.2
)

(39.6
)
Amortization of deferred financing fees

(1.8
)

(1.9
)

(2.2
)
Loss on debt extinguishment

—

—

(76.3
)
Other expense - net

(11.5
)

(6.8
)

(7.0
)
Total other expense

(52.4
)

(47.9
)

(125.1
)
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes

(71.7
)

(39.5
)

(268.1
)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes

(4.8
)

(49.5
)

100.5

Income (loss) from continuing operations

(66.9
)

10.0

(368.6
)
Discontinued operations:

Loss from discontinued operations, net of
   income taxes

(0.2
)

(0.6
)

(7.2
)
Net income (loss) attributable to Manitowoc common
   shareholders

$
(67.1
)

$
9.4

$
(375.8
)
Amounts attributable to the Manitowoc common
   shareholders:

Income (loss) from continuing operations

$
(66.9
)

$
10.0

$
(368.6
)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of
   income taxes

(0.2
)

(0.6
)

(7.2
)
Net income (loss) attributable to Manitowoc common
   shareholders

$
(67.1
)

$
9.4

$
(375.8
)

The Company manages its business primarily on a geographic basis. The Company’s reportable segments consist of Americas, EURAF, and MEAP. Further information regarding the Company’s reportable segments can be found in Note 17, “Segments,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

	2018		Change			2017		Change			2016			2019		Change			2018		Change			2017
Net Sales	$	882.7		27.3	%	$	693.6		(5.8	)%	$	736.3		$	969.7		9.9	%	$	882.7		27.3	%	$	693.6
Operating income (loss)	$	58.8		764.7	%	$	6.8		118.3	%	$	(37.1	)
Operating income														$	113.4		92.9	%	$	58.8		764.7	%	$	6.8

Americas net sales increased 9.9% in 2019 to $969.7 million from $882.7 million in 2018. This increase was primarily driven by market expansion in petrochemical and utility segments along with fleet replenishment. Share gains were also realized in several product lines, aided by positive market acceptance of new product introductions.

Americas operating income increased 92.9% in 2019 to $113.4 million from $58.8 million in 2018. This change was primarily due to increased revenues as discussed above, price realization, $8.3 million of lower engineering, selling and administrative costs due primarily to cost reduction actions, $3.3 million of lower restructuring expenses and better utilization of the U.S. manufacturing facilities.

Americas net sales increased 27.3% in 2018 to $882.7 million from $693.6 million in 2017. This change was primarily due to increased crane shipments to the commercial construction and energy end markets.

Americas operating income increased 764.7% in 2018 to $58.8 million from $6.8 million in 2017. This change was primarily due to $14.3 million of lower restructuring expenses, $2.0 million of lower engineering, selling and administrative costs, better utilization of the U.S. manufacturing facilities and increased revenues as discussed above. This was partially offset by increased raw material costs of $4.5 million.

EURAF net sales decreased ~~5.8%~~5.2% in ~~2017~~2019 to ~~$693.6~~$644.9 million from ~~$736.3~~$680.6 million in ~~2016.~~2018. This ~~change~~decrease was primarily due to ~~lower shipments~~$34.7 million of variable position counterweight (“VPC”) crawler cranes delivered in 2017 as a significant portion of the America’s backlog entering 2016 was comprised of VPC crawler cranes which had been booked in 2016 and previous years. The vast majority of this backlog was shipped and recognized as revenue in the first half of 2016. This was partially offset by higher shipments of other mobile and tower products in 2017. Americas net sales were also favorably impacted by approximately $0.4 million fromunfavorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

~~Americas~~EURAF operating income increased ~~118.3%~~ in ~~2017~~2019 to ~~$6.8~~income of $3.8 million from a loss of ~~$37.1~~$68.2 million in ~~2016.~~2018. This change was mainly due to a goodwill asset impairment charge of $82.2 million recorded in 2018. Excluding this item, operating income

decreased $10.2 million. This decrease was primarily due to ~~lower engineering, selling~~a $2.0 million increase in restructuring expense and ~~administrative~~$2.3 million of incremental trade show costs ~~of $18.4 million as a result of headcount reductions during the latter half of 2016 and early 2017 and asset impairment charges of $14.6 million~~ in ~~2016 related to the closure of the Manitowoc, Wisconsin manufacturing location.~~2019. This was ~~partially offset~~also impacted unfavorably by ~~lower net sales year over year as discussed above.~~

EURAF net sales increased 8.2% in 2018 to $680.6 million from $628.9 million in 2017. This change was primarily due to higher demand for cranes in the commercial construction end market. EURAF net sales were also favorably impacted by approximately $24.0 million from changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

EURAF operating income decreased in 2018 to a loss of $68.2 million from income of $5.1 million in 2017. This change was mainly due to a goodwill asset impairment charge of $82.2 ~~million (see further detail at Note 9, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” to the Consolidated Financial Statements).~~million. Excluding this item, operating income increased $8.9 million or 174.5%. This increase was primarily due to increased revenues as discussed above, strategic pricing actions on crane sales and $5.5 million from favorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates. This was partially offset by $2.0 million of increased ~~ES&A~~engineering, selling and administrative costs due to trade shows in 2018 that did not occur in 2017 and increased raw material input costs of $8.0 million.

MEAP net sales ~~increased 12.2%~~decreased 22.6% in ~~2017~~2019 to ~~$628.9~~$219.5 million from ~~$560.4~~$283.5 million in ~~2016. This change~~2018. The decrease was primarily due to ~~higher demand~~lower shipments of cranes for ~~cranes in~~ the ~~commercial construction~~energy end ~~market. EURAF~~markets. MEAP net sales were also ~~favorably~~unfavorably impacted by approximately ~~$13.8~~$9.2 million from changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

~~EURAF~~MEAP operating income ~~increased 114.4%~~decreased 28.3% in ~~2017~~2019 to ~~$5.1~~$22.6 million from ~~a loss of $35.3~~$31.5 million in ~~2016. This change~~2018. The decrease was primarily due to ~~increased net sales~~lower shipments of cranes as discussed above and ~~$4.9~~a $2.1 million increase in restructuring expenses compared to 2018. This was partially offset by $4.2 million of ~~asset impairment charges in 2016 which did not reoccur in 2017. EURAF operating income was also favorably impacted by approximately $3.1 million from changes in foreign currency exchange rates.~~

lower engineering, selling and administrative costs primarily due to cost reduction actions.

MEAP net sales increased 9.5% in 2018 to $283.5 million from $258.8 million in 2017. This change was primarily due to shipments of cranes for the commercial construction and energy end markets. MEAP net sales were also favorably impacted by approximately $3.0 million from changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

MEAP operating income decreased 4.8% in 2018 to $31.5 million from $33.1 million in 2017. This change was primarily due to unfavorable geographic product mix within the MEAP segment and approximately $2.5 million of increased raw material input costs, partially offset by approximately $0.4 million of favorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Additionally, there was a $3.6 million loss in 2018 from a long-term note receivable resulting from the 2014 divestiture of the Company’s Chinese joint venture.

Consolidated net sales decreased ~~18.2%~~0.7% in ~~2017~~2019 compared to ~~$258.8 million from $316.4 million in 2016. This change~~2018. The decrease was primarily due to ~~lower shipments~~$44.3 million of ~~tower cranes. MEAP net sales were favorably impacted by approximately $4.2 million from~~unfavorable changes in foreign currency exchange ~~rates.~~

rates and lower shipments of cranes for the energy end market in the MEAP ~~operating income decreased 25.6%~~segment. This was partially offset by an increase in ~~2017 to $33.1 million from $44.5 million~~crane shipments primarily in ~~2016. This change was primarily due to lower net sales as discussed above. MEAP operating income was favorably impacted by approximately $0.8 million from changes in foreign currency exchange rates.~~North America.

Consolidated net sales increased 16.8% in 2018 compared to 2017. The increase was primarily due to higher crane shipments across all regions. Consolidated net sales were also favorably impacted by approximately $27.0 million from changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased 4.9% to $344.1 million compared to $328.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. This increase was mainly due to favorable price realization and mix. This was partially offset by $10.8 million of unfavorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

As a result of favorable price realization and mix, gross profit percentage increased in 2019 to 18.8% from 17.8% in 2018.

Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased by 16.4% to $328.1 million compared to $281.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. This change was due to increased net sales as discussed above.

Gross profit percentage remained flat year over year due to increased raw material input costs that were offset by strategic price increases.

Engineering, selling and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 decreased $26.0 million to $225.6 million. The decrease was primarily due to the settlement of a legal matter, which included a $8.9 million recovery of legal fees expensed in previous periods, $6.8 million from favorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates and cost reduction actions.

Engineering, selling and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $6.3 million to $251.6 million. This increase was primarily due to a $3.6 million loss from a long-term note receivable resulting from the 2014 divestiture of the Company’s Chinese joint venture. This was partially offset by lower trade show expenses in 2018. Further information regarding the Chinese joint venture note receivable can be found in Note 7, “Notes Receivable” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

In Management’s Discussion and Analysis, unless otherwise indicated, references to “Manitowoc” and “the Company” refer to The Manitowoc Company, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

All dollar amounts are in millions throughout the tables included in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations unless otherwise indicated.

EURAF net sales decreased 5.2% in 2019 to $644.9 million from $680.6 million in 2018. This decrease was primarily due to $34.7 million of unfavorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

EURAF operating income increased in 2019 to income of $3.8 million from a loss of $68.2 million in 2018. This change was mainly due to a goodwill asset impairment charge of $82.2 million recorded in 2018. Excluding this item, operating income

decreased $10.2 million. This decrease was primarily due to a $2.0 million increase in restructuring expense and $2.3 million of incremental trade show costs in 2019. This was also impacted unfavorably by $4.3 million of changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

EURAF operating income decreased in 2018 to a loss of $68.2 million from income of $5.1 million in 2017. This change was mainly due to a goodwill asset impairment charge of $82.2 million. Excluding this item, operating income increased $8.9 million or 174.5%. This increase was primarily due to increased revenues as discussed above, strategic pricing actions on crane sales and $5.5 million from favorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates. This was partially offset by $2.0 million of increased engineering, selling and administrative costs due to trade shows in 2018 that did not occur in 2017 and increased raw material input costs of $8.0 million.

MEAP net sales decreased 22.6% in 2019 to $219.5 million from $283.5 million in 2018. The decrease was primarily due to lower shipments of cranes for the energy end markets. MEAP net sales were also unfavorably impacted by approximately $9.2 million from changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

MEAP operating income decreased 28.3% in 2019 to $22.6 million from $31.5 million in 2018. The decrease was primarily due to lower shipments of cranes as discussed above and a $2.1 million increase in restructuring expenses compared to 2018. This was partially offset by $4.2 million of lower engineering, selling and administrative costs primarily due to cost reduction actions.

Consolidated net sales decreased 0.7% in 2019 compared to 2018. The decrease was primarily due to $44.3 million of unfavorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates and lower shipments of cranes for the energy end market in the MEAP segment. This was partially offset by an increase in crane shipments primarily in North America.

As a result of favorable price realization and mix, gross profit percentage increased in 2019 to 18.8% from 17.8% in 2018.

Gross profit percentage remained flat year over year due to increased raw material input costs that were offset by strategic price increases.

Provision (benefit) for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by 11.3% to $281.9 million compared to $253.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. This change was primarily due to manufacturing cost reduction initiatives such as the consolidationincome taxes

Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of ~~the Manitowoc, WI facility into the Shady Grove, PA facility. As a result of these cost reductions, the gross profit percentage increased in 2017 to 17.8%~~income taxes

Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

In Management’s Discussion and Analysis, unless otherwise indicated, references to “Manitowoc” and “the Company” refer to The Manitowoc Company, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

All dollar amounts are in millions throughout the tables included in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations unless otherwise indicated.

EURAF net sales decreased 5.2% in 2019 to $644.9 million from $680.6 million in 2018. This decrease was primarily due to $34.7 million of unfavorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

As a result of favorable price realization and mix, gross profit percentage increased in 2019 to 18.8% from 17.8% in 2018.

Gross profit percentage remained flat year over year due to increased raw material input costs that were offset by strategic price increases.

Asset impairment expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 was zero compared to $82.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The decrease is primarily due to a $82.2 million goodwill impairment charge that was recorded in the EURAF reporting unit in 2018.

Asset impairment expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $82.6 million compared to $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase is primarily due to a $82.2 million goodwill impairment charge that was recorded in the EURAF reporting unit in 2018.

Restructuring expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 totaled $9.8 million compared to $12.9 million in 2018. The costs for 2019 related primarily to severance costs for headcount reductions in Europe, North America and India.

Restructuring expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 totaled $12.9 million compared to $27.2 million in 2017. The costs for 2018 related primarily to severance costs for the departure of an executive officer, costs associated with training of skilled labor as a result of the transfer of crawler production to Shady Grove, PA and costs associated with headcount reductions in Europe. The costs for 2017 related primarily to the closure of manufacturing operations in Manitowoc, WI and Passo Fundo, Brazil and severance costs associated with headcount reductions in North America. See further detail at Note 20, “Restructuring” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 totaled $32.7 million versus $39.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. This decrease was primarily due to a reduction of the average effective interest rate from 11.9% in 2018 to 10.1% in 2019. The decrease in the average effective interest rate was primarily due to the refinancing of the Company’s debt completed in the first quarter of 2019. Amortization expense for deferred financing fees was $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to $1.8 million in 2018. See further detail at Note 11, “Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 totaled $39.1 million versus $39.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Interest expense was relatively flat due to a consistent average debt balance and interest rate. Amortization expense for deferred financing fees was $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to $1.9 million in 2017. See further detail at Note 11, “Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

* Measure not meaningfulDuring the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded a $25.0 million charge associated with the refinancing of the Company’s prior credit facility and notes. The charge is composed of $16.6 million of call premium on the prior notes, $5.3 million of unamortized discount on the prior notes and $3.1 million of unamortized debt issuance costs.

Other income - net for the year ended December 31, ~~2017 totaled $0.0~~2019 was $9.8 million. Other income – net was primarily composed of a $15.5 million ~~compared to $76.3 million in 2016. The loss on debt extinguishment for 2016 consisted of:~~

Other expense - net for the year ended December 31, ~~2017~~2018 was ~~$6.8~~$11.5 million. Other expense – net was primarily composed of a $4.5 million ~~compared~~non-cash pension settlement charge, $5.0 million of pension benefit costs and $2.8 million of foreign currency transaction losses. This was partially offset by $1.2 million of gains related to ~~$7.0 million~~the sale of property, plant and equipment.

Other expense – net for the year ended December 31, ~~2016. The change~~2017 was $6.8 million. Other expense – net was primarily ~~due to $2.7~~composed of $7.2 million of ~~unfavorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates and a $1.4 million reduction in interest income.~~pension benefit costs. This was partially offset by ~~an increase of $0.7~~$0.4 million of ~~gains on the disposal of property, plant and equipment and a $3.0 million decrease in other components of net periodic pension costs year over year.~~foreign currency transaction gains.

Due to the Company’s historic losses, impacts from U.S. tax reform and full valuation allowances, the effective annual tax rate is not a meaningful measure of the Company’s cash tax position or performance of the business.

The 2019 effective tax rate equaled the U.S. statutory rate of 21%. The rate was favorably impacted primarily by manufacturing and research incentives and non-U.S. income taxed at a rate other than the U.S. statutory rate. The rate was unfavorably impacted primarily by additional valuation allowances recorded during the year and U.S. tax reform.

The 2018 effective tax rate was favorably impacted primarily by the release of the unrecognized tax benefits reserve of $6.9 million and the release of the U.K valuation allowance of $12.3 million. In addition, the U.S. recognized a tax benefit of $7.8 million during the year related to deferred tax assets for which a valuation allowance was not recorded.

The 2017 effective tax rate was favorably impacted primarily by the release of the French valuation allowance, Internal Revenue Service audit closure, and U.S. tax reform.

The 2016 effective tax rate was unfavorably impacted by the establishment of valuation allowance reserves against the Company's deferred tax assets in several jurisdictions, most notably the United States, as these jurisdictions moved to cumulative three-year loss positions during the year.

See further detail at Note 13, “Income Taxes” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The results from discontinued operations was a loss of $0.6 million and $7.2 million, net of income taxes, for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The activity from discontinued operations in 2017 and 2016 are primarily the result of the Spin-Off. See additional discussion at Note 4, “Discontinued Operations” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The Company uses EBITDA, ~~Adjusted~~adjusted EBITDA and ~~Adjusted~~adjusted operating income, ~~(loss),~~ which are financial measures that are not prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), as additional metrics to evaluate the Company’s performance.

The Company defines EBITDA as ~~earnings~~net income (loss) before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. The Company defines ~~Adjusted~~adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA plus the addback of restructuring ~~expense, asset impairment expense, loss on long-term Dong Yue receivable~~ and other ~~expense - net.~~charges. The Company defines ~~Adjusted~~adjusted operating income ~~(loss)~~ as ~~Adjusted~~adjusted EBITDA excluding the addback of ~~depreciation.~~depreciation and amortization of intangible assets. The Company believes these non-GAAP measures provide important supplemental information to readers regarding business trends that can be used in evaluating its results of operations because these financial measures provide a consistent method of comparing financial performance and are commonly used by investors to assess performance. These non-GAAP financial measures should be considered together with, and are not substitutes for, the GAAP financial information provided herein.

The ~~Company’s Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted operating income for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $116.2 million and $80.1 million, respectively. The~~ reconciliation of ~~GAAP~~ net income (loss) from continuing operations to EBITDA, and further to ~~Adjusted~~adjusted EBITDA, ~~Adjusted~~and to adjusted operating income ~~(loss)~~ and ~~GAAP~~ operating income (loss) is as follows:

										Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016			2019			2018			2017
Net income (loss) from continuing operations	$	(66.9	)	$	10.0		$	(368.6	)	$	46.6		$	(66.9	)	$	10.0
Interest expense and amortization of deferred financing fees		40.9			41.1			41.8			34.2			40.9			41.1
Provision (benefit) for income taxes		(4.8	)		(49.5	)		100.5			12.4			(4.8	)		(49.5	)
Depreciation expense		36.1			38.1			45.6			35.0			36.1			38.1
Amortization of intangible assets		0.3			0.8			3.0			0.3			0.3			0.8
EBITDA		5.6			40.5			(177.7	)		128.5			5.6			40.5
Restructuring expense		12.9			27.2			23.4			9.8			12.9			27.2
Asset impairment expense		82.6			0.1			96.9			—			82.6			0.1
Loss on long-term Dong Yue receivable		3.6			—			—
Other expense - net (1)		11.5			6.9			85.9
Loss on debt extinguishment											25.0			—			—
Other non-recurring charges (1)											3.1			3.6			—
Other (income) expense - net (2)											(9.8	)		11.5			6.9
Adjusted EBITDA		116.2			74.7			28.5			156.6			116.2			74.7
Depreciation expense		(36.1	)		(38.1	)		(45.6	)		(35.0	)		(36.1	)		(38.1	)
Adjusted operating income (loss)		80.1			36.6			(17.1	)
Amortization of intangible assets											(0.3	)		(0.3	)		(0.8	)
Adjusted operating income											121.3			79.8			35.8
Restructuring expense		(12.9	)		(27.2	)		(23.4	)		(9.8	)		(12.9	)		(27.2	)
Loss on long-term Dong Yue receivable		(3.6	)		—			—
Asset impairment expense		(82.6	)		(0.1	)		(96.9	)		—			(82.6	)		(0.1	)
Amortization of intangible assets		(0.3	)		(0.8	)		(3.0	)
Other operating costs and expenses		—			(0.1	)		(2.6	)
GAAP operating income (loss)	$	(19.3	)	$	8.4		$	(143.0	)
Other non-recurring charges (1)											(3.1	)		—			—
Other operating expenses											—			(3.6	)		(0.1	)
Operating income (loss)										$	108.4		$	(19.3	)	$	8.4

Covenant compliant EBITDA was $105.0 million as of December 31, 2018 on a trailing twelve-month basis, as defined by the ABL Revolving Credit Facility. The calculation of covenant compliant EBITDA has certain limitations and restrictions on addbacks and has been included for informational purposes only.

~~As a result~~The Company uses adjusted operating cash flows and free cash flows of the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-15 - “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments,” the Company records cash collections on accounts receivable from the Company’s securitization programcontinuing operations, which are ~~collected at a later date within cash flows from investing activities. The Company uses a non-GAAP measure, Adjusted Operating Cash Flows,~~financial measures that are not prepared in accordance with GAAP, as additional metrics to evaluate the ~~business, which~~Company’s performance. Adjusted operating cash flows is defined as cash flows ~~provided by (used for)~~used for operating activities of continuing operations plus cash receipts on sold accounts ~~receivable. Adjusted Operating Cash Flows~~receivable and other one-time items. Free cash flows are defined as adjusted operating cash flows less capital expenditures. The reconciliation of cash flows used for operating activities of continuing operations to adjusted operating cash flows and further to free cash flows for the ~~years~~year ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 isare summarized as follows:

The table below shows a summary of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016:~~2017:

										Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016			2019			2018			2017
Net cash used for operating activities of continuing operations	$	(512.8	)	$	(324.3	)	$	(576.3	)	$	(53.3	)	$	(512.8	)	$	(324.3	)
Net cash used for operating activities of discontinued operations		(0.2	)		(0.6	)		(49.9	)		—			(0.2	)		(0.6	)
Net cash used for operating activities	$	(513.0	)	$	(324.9	)	$	(626.2	)	$	(53.3	)	$	(513.0	)	$	(324.9	)
Net cash provided by investing activities of continuing operations	$	534.4		$	381.3		$	416.6
Net cash used for investing activities of discontinued operations		—			—			(2.4	)
Net cash provided by investing activities	$	534.4		$	381.3		$	414.2		$	108.4		$	534.4		$	381.3
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities of continuing operations	$	(1.3	)	$	(9.7	)	$	219.2
Net cash provided by financing activities of discontinued operations		—			—			0.2
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	$	(1.3	)	$	(9.7	)	$	219.4		$	3.7		$	(1.3	)	$	(9.7	)
Cash and cash equivalents										$	199.3		$	140.3		$	123.0

Cash flows used for operating activities of continuing operations in 2019 were $53.3 million and were primarily driven by trade receivables sold to the prior accounts receivable securitization program resulting in $126.3 million of cash flows being reported in cash provided by investing activities and $75.0 million of purchases of accounts receivable previously sold to the prior accounts receivable securitization program. This was partially offset by $116.5 million increase in net income excluding adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to operating cash flows from operating activities, a $31.5 million net reduction in working capital since December 31, 2018 and $24.4 million of net cash received from the settlement of a legal matter.

Cash flows used for operating activities of continuing operations in 2018 were $512.8 million ~~compared~~and were primarily driven by trade receivables sold to ~~$324.3~~the prior accounts receivable securitization program resulting in $553.1 million ~~in 2017. A total~~ of ~~$140.3 million~~cash flows being reported in cash ~~cash equivalents~~provided by investing activities and ~~restricted cash were on-hand as of~~a $10.8 million net increase in other working capital since December 31, ~~2018 versus $123.0 million on-hand as of December 31,~~ 2017.

The decrease in cash flow from operating activities from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017 was primarily due to an increase in accounts receivable and inventory. This was partially offset by a $51.1 million increase in net income excluding adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to operating cash ~~collections on notes receivable, higher accounts payable and a lower advance rate on receivables sold to the accounts receivable securitization program.~~flows from operating activities.

Cash ~~flow~~flows used for operating activities of continuing operations in 2017 were $324.3 million ~~compared~~and were primarily driven by trade receivables sold to ~~$576.3~~the prior accounts receivable securitization program resulting in $402.8 million ~~in 2016. We had $123.0 million~~of cash flows being reported in cash ~~and cash equivalents on-hand as of December 31, 2017 versus $73.9 million on-hand as of December 31, 2016.~~

The increase in cash flows from operating activities from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 2016 was primarily due to improved inventory management and an increase in accounts payable.provided by investing activities. This was partially offset by ana $63.1 million decrease in working capital since December 31, 2016 and a $15.4 million increase in net income excluding adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to operating cash flows from operating activities.

Cash flows provided by investing activities were $108.4 million in 2019. Cash provided by investing activities in 2019 consisted of $126.3 million of cash collections on accounts receivable ~~year over year.~~sold to the Company’s securitization program and $17.2 million of cash proceeds on the sale of property, plant and equipment. This was partially offset by $35.1 million of capital expenditures.

Cash flows provided by investing activities ~~of continuing operations~~ were $534.4 million in 2018. Cash provided by investing activities in 2018 primarily consisted of $553.1 million of cash collections on accounts receivable sold to the Company’s securitization program and $13.0 million of cash proceeds on the sale of property, plant and equipment. This was partially offset by capital expenditures of $31.7 ~~million of capital expenditures.~~million.

Cash flows provided by investing activities ~~of continuing operations~~ were $381.3 million in 2017. Cash provided by investing activities in 2017 primarily consisted of $402.8 million of cash collections on accounts receivable sold to the Company’s securitization program and $7.0 million of cash proceeds on the sale of property, plant and equipment. This was partially offset by capital expenditures of $28.9 million.

Cash flows provided by ~~investing~~financing activities during 2019 totaled $3.7 million and consisted primarily of ~~continuing operations were $416.6 million in 2016. Cash provided by investing activities in 2016 primarily consisted of $453.9~~$300.0 million of ~~cash collections on accounts receivable sold to~~proceeds from the ~~Company’s securitization program and $8.4 million~~issuance of ~~cash proceeds on~~new high-yield notes (i.e., the ~~sale of property, plant and equipment. This was~~2026 Notes), partially offset by ~~capital expenditures~~payments of ~~$45.9 million.~~$276.6 million to terminate the prior high-yield notes, $8.3 million of debt issuance costs on the ABL Revolving Credit Facility and 2026 Notes, $7.4 million from the repurchase of the Company’s common stock and $4.4 million of payments on other debt.

Cash flows used for financing activities ~~of continuing operations~~ during 2018 totaled $1.3 million and consisted ~~primarily~~ of payments on ~~long-term~~ debt of $3.8 million, partially offset by the exercise of stock options of $2.5 million.

Cash flows used for financing activities ~~of continuing operations~~ during 2017 totaled $9.7 million and consisted primarily of $15.6 million of long-term debt payments partially offset by $5.7 million of proceeds from stock option exercises.

On March 25, 2019, the Company and certain of ~~continuing operations during 2016 totaled $219.2~~its subsidiaries entered into an indenture with U.S. Bank National Association as trustee and notes collateral agent, pursuant to which the Company issued $300.0 million ~~and consisted primarily of a dividend received from the spun-off subsidiary in the~~aggregate principal amount of ~~$1,361.7 million along~~senior secured second lien notes due on April 1, 2026 with ~~long-term debt proceeds~~an annual coupon rate of ~~$272.1 million, offset~~9.000% (the “2026 Notes”). Interest on the 2026 Notes is payable in cash semi-annually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year. The 2026 Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior secured second lien basis, jointly and severally, by ~~payments on long-term~~each of the Company’s existing and future domestic subsidiaries that is either a guarantor or a borrower under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility or that guarantees certain other debt of ~~$1,389.0 million.~~

~~On March 3, 2016,~~ the Company or a guarantor. The 2026 Notes and the related guarantees are secured on a second-priority basis, subject to certain exceptions and permitted liens, by pledges of capital stock and other equity interests and other security interests in substantially all of the personal property and fee-owned real property of the Company and of the guarantors that secure obligations under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility. The 2026 Notes were sold pursuant to exemptions from registration under the Securities Act of 1933.

Additionally, on March 25, 2019,the Company and certain subsidiaries of the Company (the “Loan Parties”) entered into a ~~$225.0 million Asset Based Revolving~~credit agreement (the “ABL Credit ~~Facility (as amended, the~~Agreement”) with JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A as administrative and collateral agent, and certain financial institutions party thereto as lenders, providing for a senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility (the “ABL Revolving Credit Facility”) ~~with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. as administrative agent,~~of up to $275.0 million. The borrowing capacity under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility is based on the value of inventory, accounts receivable and ~~JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.~~fixed assets of the Loan Parties. The Loan Parties’ obligations under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility are secured on a first-priority basis, subject to certain exceptions and ~~Goldman Sachs Bank USA as joint lead arrangers.~~permitted liens, by substantially all of the personal property and fee-owned real property of the Loan Parties. The liens securing the ABL Revolving Credit Facility are senior in priority to the second-priority liens securing the obligations under the 2026 Notes and the related guarantees. The ABL Revolving Credit Facility has a term of 5 years and includes a $75.0 million ~~Letter~~letter of ~~Credit Facility,~~credit sub-facility, $10.0 million of which is available to the Company’s German subsidiary that is a borrower ~~and a maturity of March 3, 2021.~~ under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility.

Borrowings under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility ~~are secured by inventory~~bear interest at a variable rate using either the Alternative Base Rate or the Eurodollar and ~~fixed assets~~Overnight London Interbank Offer Rate (“LIBOR”). The variable interest rate is based upon the average quarterly availability as of the ~~loan parties.~~most recent determination date as follows:

The Company used the initial extension of credit under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility, together with the net proceeds from the offering of the 2026 Notes, to (i) redeem all of the Company’s $260.0 million in outstanding 12.750% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes due 2021 (the “Prior 2021 Notes”); (ii) repay all obligations outstanding, and terminate all commitments, under (x) the Company’s previous $225.0 million ABL Revolving Credit Facility (“Prior ABL Facility”) and (y) $75.0 million AR Securitization Facility; and (iii) pay related fees and expenses, including $16.6 million of call premium on the Prior 2021 Notes, $5.0 million of closing costs and $4.6 million of accrued interest.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded a $25.0 million charge in the Consolidated Statement of Operations associated with the Company’s refinancing of the ABL Revolving Credit Facility and 2026 Notes. The charge is composed of $16.6 million of call premium on the Prior 2021 Notes, $5.3 million of unamortized discount on the Prior 2021 Notes and $3.1 million of unamortized debt issuance costs.

As of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company had $16.7 million outstanding of other indebtedness with a weighted-average interest rate of approximately 5.1%. This debt includes balances on local credit lines and capital lease obligations.

As of December 31, 2019, the Company had no borrowings outstanding on the ABL Revolving Credit Facility. During the year ended December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the highest daily borrowing was ~~$47.0~~$39.7 million and the average borrowing was ~~$7.0~~$8.9 million, while the average annual interest rate was ~~3.99%~~4.15%. The interest rate of the ABL Revolving Credit Facility fluctuates based on excess availability. As of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the spreads for ~~London Interbank Offered Rate~~Eurodollar and ~~Prime~~Overnight LIBOR and Alternative Base Rate borrowings were ~~1.50%~~1.25% and ~~0.50%~~0.25%, respectively, with excess availability of approximately ~~$96.5~~$206.4 million, which represents revolver borrowing capacity of ~~$107.8~~$210.4 million less U.S. letters of credit outstanding of ~~$11.3~~$4.0 million.

On February 18, 2016, the Company entered into an indenture with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as trust and collateral agent, and completed the sale of $260.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 12.750% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes due August 15, 2021 (the “2021 Notes”). Interest on the 2021 Notes is payable semi-annually in February and August of each year. The 2021 Notes were sold pursuant to exemptions from registration under the Securities Act of 1933.

Both the ABL Revolving Credit Facility and ~~indenture governing~~ the ~~2021~~2026 Notes include customary covenants ~~and events of default~~ which include, without limitation, restrictions on ~~indebtedness,~~the Company’s ability and the ability of the Company’s restricted subsidiaries to incur, assume or guarantee additional debt or issue certain preferred shares, pay dividends on or make other distributions in respect of the Company’s capital ~~expenditures,~~stock or make other restricted payments, ~~disposals,~~make certain investments, ~~dividends~~sell or transfer certain assets, create liens on certain assets to secure debt, consolidate, merge, sell, or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets, enter into certain transactions with affiliates and ~~acquisitions.~~designate the Company’s subsidiaries as unrestricted. Both the ABL Revolving Credit Facility and the 2026 Notes also include customary events of default.

Additionally, the ABL Revolving Credit Facility contains a ~~Fixed Charge Coverage springing financial~~ covenant ~~which measures~~requiring the Company to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio ~~of (i) consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and other adjustments as defined~~under certain circumstances set forth in the related credit agreement, to (ii) fixed charges, as defined in the credit agreement. The financial covenant is triggered only if the Company fails to maintain minimum levels of availability under the facility. If triggered, the Company must maintain a Minimum Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio of 1.00 to 1.ABL Credit Agreement.

The balance sheet values of the 2021 Notes as of December 31, 2017 were not equal to the face value of the 2021 Notes because of original issue discounts included in the applicable balance sheet values.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company has outstanding $21.2 million of other indebtedness with a weighted-average interest rate of approximately 5.3%. This debt includes balances on local credit lines and capital lease obligations.

The aggregate scheduled maturities of outstanding debt obligations in subsequent years are as follows:

Year
2019	$	6.4
2020		4.2	$	3.8
2021		269.4		10.5
2022		0.6		1.7
2023		—		—
2024				—
Thereafter		0.7		300.7
Total	$	281.2	$	316.7

As of December 31, ~~2018, we were~~2019, the Company was in compliance with all affirmative and negative covenants in ~~our~~its debt instruments, inclusive of the financial covenants pertaining to the ABL Revolving Credit Facility and ~~2021~~2026 Notes. Based upon ~~our~~

management’s current plans and outlook, ~~we believe~~ the Company believes it will be able to comply with these covenants during the subsequent 12twelve months.

The Company has various U.S. and Non-U.S. accounts receivable financing programs. The Company accounts for transactions under these arrangements as sales in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 860, “Transfers and Servicing.”

~~On March 3, 2016, we replaced the Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement dated December 15, 2014 and entered into~~had maintained a Receivables Purchase Agreement ~~(“RPA”)~~ among Manitowoc Funding, LLC (“MTW Funding”), as Seller, The Manitowoc Company, Inc., as Servicer, and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as Purchaser and as ~~Agent. The~~Agent, with a commitment size of ~~the RPA is~~ $75.0 ~~million.~~

million (the “RPA”). Under the RPA (and the related Purchase and Sale Agreements referenced in the RPA), ~~our~~the Company’s domestic trade accounts receivable ~~are~~were sold to MTW Funding which, in turn, ~~sells, conveys, transfers~~sold, conveyed, transferred and ~~assigns~~assigned to a third-party financial institution, ~~(“Purchaser”)~~ all of MTW ~~Funding's~~Funding’s rights, title and interest in a pool of ~~receivables.~~

~~The Purchaser receives ownership of the pool of~~ receivables ~~in each instance. New receivables are purchased by MTW Funding and resold~~ to the ~~Purchaser to replace previously sold investments discharged through normal cash collection processes. We act~~Purchaser. Transactions under the program were accounted for as the servicer (in such capacity, the “Servicer”) of the receivables and, as such, administers, collects and otherwise enforces the receivables. The Servicer is compensated for doing so on terms that are generally consistent with what would be charged by an unrelated servicer. The Servicer initially receives payments made by obligors on the receivables but is required to remit those payments to the Purchasersales in accordance with ~~the RPA.~~ Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 860, “Transfers and Servicing” (“Topic 860”). This program was terminated on March 25, 2019.

~~The securitization program contains customary affirmative and negative covenants. Among other restrictions, these covenants require~~two non-U.S. accounts receivable financing programs. During 2019, the Company increased the maximum limit that can be sold and outstanding under these programs from €45 million to ~~meet specified financial tests, which include a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio which is~~€55 million. Under these financing programs, the ~~same~~Company has the ability to sell eligible receivables up to the maximum limit and can sell additional receivables as previously sold receivables are collected. During the ~~covenant ratio required by the ABL Revolving Credit Facility. As of~~year ended December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company ~~was~~sold €193.6 million of receivables and received cash of €193.6 million. Transactions under the program were accounted for as sales in ~~compliance~~accordance with all affirmative and negative covenants inclusive of the financial covenants pertaining to the RPA, as amended. Based on management’s current plans and outlook, the Company believes it will be able to comply with these covenants during the subsequent twelve months.Topic 860.

See further details at Note 12, “Accounts Receivable Securitization and Other Financing Arrangements” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The Company spent a total of ~~$31.7~~$35.1 million during ~~2018~~2019 for capital expenditures. ~~We continued to fund capital expenditures intended to improve the cost structure of our business, invest in new processes, products and technology and maintain high-quality production standards.~~ For the year ended December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, depreciation was ~~$36.1~~$35.0 million.

~~Our~~The Company’s debt position at various times increases our vulnerability to general adverse industry and economic conditions, and results in a meaningful portion of our cash ~~flow~~flows from operations being used for payment of interest on our debt. This could potentially limit ~~our~~the Company’s ability to respond to market conditions or take advantage of future business opportunities. ~~Our~~The Company’s ability to service ~~our~~its debt is dependent upon many factors, some of which are not subject to ~~our~~its control, such as general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, and regulatory factors. In addition, ~~our~~the Company’s ability to borrow additional funds under the revolving credit facility in the future will depend on ~~our~~the Company meeting the financial covenants contained in the ABL Revolving Credit Facility, even after taking into account such new borrowings.

~~Our~~The Company’s revolving credit facility, or other future facilities, may be used for working capital requirements, capital expenditures, funding future acquisitions (within ~~our~~the Company’s debt limitations), and other operating, investing and financing needs. ~~We believe~~The Company believes that ~~our~~its available cash, ABL Revolving Credit Facility, cash generated from future operations, and access to public debt and equity markets will be adequate to fund ~~our~~its capital and debt financing requirements for the foreseeable future.

The Company’s liquidity positions as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 ~~and 2017 were~~are summarized as follows:

	2018			2017			2019			2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	140.3		$	119.2		$	199.3		$	140.3
Revolver borrowing capacity		107.8			118.1			210.4			107.8
Less: outstanding letters of credit		(11.3	)		(14.4	)
Other debt availability								38.8			39.3
Less: Borrowings on revolver								—			—
Less: Borrowings on other debt								—			—
Less: Outstanding letters of credit								(4.0	)		(11.3	)
Total liquidity	$	236.8		$	222.9		$	444.5		$	276.1

The Company believes its liquidity and expected cash flows from operations should be sufficient to meet expected working capital, capital expenditure and other general ongoing operational needs in the foreseeable future.

With the enactment of U.S. tax reform, ~~we believe~~the Company believes that ~~our~~its offshore cash can be accessed in a more tax efficient manner. ~~Therefore,~~During 2018, the Company ~~has~~ updated its assertion that foreign earnings are permanently reinvested such that jurisdictions where cash can be tax efficiently repatriated are no longer permanently reinvested. As of December 31, 2018, $1.7 million of deferred taxes were provided on approximately $322.0 million of unremitted earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries that may be remitted to the U.S. We have approximately $357.0 million of additional unremitted earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries for which we have not currently provided deferred taxes. These earnings, if repatriated to the U.S., would not result in material tax expense. ~~As of December 31, 2017,~~However, the Company ~~did not~~does record a deferred tax ~~liability~~liabilities related to ~~its~~ non-U.S. withholding taxes on these unremitted earnings that ~~could have been remitted.~~are not considered permanently invested.

Both the ABL Revolving Credit Facility and 2026 Notes include customary covenants and events of default. Refer to Note 11, “Debt,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussions of covenants for the ABL Revolving Credit Facility and 2026 Notes. Based upon management’s current plans and outlook, the Company believes it will be able to comply with these covenants during the subsequent twelve months.

Management also considers the following regarding liquidity and capital resources to identify trends, demands, commitments, events and uncertainties that require disclosure:

A. Our ABL Revolving Credit Facility and indenture governing the ~~2021~~2026 Notes require us to comply with certain financial ratios and tests. We were in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the latest measurement date. The occurrence of any default of these covenants could result in acceleration of any outstanding balances under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility. Further, such acceleration would constitute an event of default under the indenture governing our ~~2021~~2026 Notes and other debt and could trigger cross default provisions in other agreements.

B. Circumstances that could impair our ability to continue to engage in transactions that have been integral to historical operations or are financially or operationally essential, or that could render that activity commercially impracticable, such as the inability to maintain a specified credit rating, level of earnings, earnings per share, financial ratios, or collateral. We do not believe that these risk factors are reasonably likely to impair our ability to continue to engage in our planned activities at this time.

C. Factors specific to us and our markets that we expect to be given significant weight in the determination of our credit rating or will otherwise affect our ability to raise short-term and long-term financing. We do not presently believe that events covered by these risk factors applicable to our business could materially affect our credit ratings or could adversely affect our ability to raise short-term or long-term financing.

D. We have disclosed information related to certain guarantees in Note 19, “Guarantees,” to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

E. Written options on non-financial assets (for example, real estate puts). We do not have any written options on non-financial assets.

Our disclosures concerning transactions, arrangements and other relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons that are reasonably likely to materially affect liquidity or the availability of or requirements for capital resources are as follows:

A summary of our significant contractual obligations as of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 is as follows:

	Total Committed		2019		2020		2021		2022		2023		Thereafter		Total Committed		2020		2021		2022		2023		2024		Thereafter
Debt (including capital lease obligations)	$	281.2	$	6.4	$	4.2	$	269.4	$	0.6		—	$	0.7	$	316.7	$	3.8	$	10.5	$	1.7	$	—	$	—	$	300.7
Interest on long-term debt (including capital lease obligations)		86.9		33.1		33.1		20.7		—		—		—		168.4		27.0		27.0		27.0		27.0		27.0		33.4
Operating leases		63.7		14.1		11.8		10.2		7.5		4.3		15.8		57.6		12.1		10.2		8.3		6.0		4.5		16.5
Purchase obligations		689.4		555.3		134.1		—		—		—		—		469.7		445.9		23.8		—		—		—		—
Total committed	$	1,121.2	$	608.9	$	183.2	$	300.3	$	8.1	$	4.3	$	16.5	$	1,012.4	$	488.8	$	71.5	$	37.0	$	33.0	$	31.5	$	350.6

At December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, we had outstanding letters of credit that totaled ~~$11.3~~$4.0 million. We also had buyback commitments with a balance outstanding of ~~$30.9~~$28.5 million as of December 31, ~~2018.~~2019. This amount is not reduced for amounts the Company would recover from the repossession and subsequent resale of collateral.

We maintain defined benefit pension plans for some of ~~our operations.~~the Company’s employees and retirees. The ~~Company~~Board of Directors has established the Retirement Plan Committee to manage the operations and administration of all benefit plans and related trusts. ~~The Company also maintains Non-US benefit plans in various countries.~~ For further information see Note 21, “Employee ~~benefit plans”~~Benefit Plans” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In ~~2018,~~2019, cash contributions by the Company to ~~all~~defined benefit pension plans were ~~$8.1~~$9.0 million, and ~~we estimate~~the Company estimates that ~~our pension plan~~its contributions will be approximately ~~$8.0~~$11.1 million in ~~2019.~~2020. Cash contributions to the Company’s 401(k) plan was ~~$5.5~~$6.1 million in ~~2018.~~

We are exposed to market risks from changes in interest rates, commodities and ~~changes in~~ foreign currency exchange rates. To reduce these risks, we selectively use derivative financial instruments and other proactive management techniques. We have written policies and procedures that place financial instruments under the direction of corporate finance and restrict all derivative transactions to those intended for hedging purposes. The use of financial instruments for trading purposes or speculation is strictly prohibited.

For a more detailed discussion of our accounting policies and the financial instruments that we use, please refer to Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” Note 5,4, “Fair Value of Financial Instruments,” and Note 11, “Debt,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

~~We are~~The Company is exposed to fluctuating interest rates for our debt. At any time, the Company could be party to various interest rate swaps in connection with its fixed or floating rate debt.

~~As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had no outstanding~~ No interest rate swaps were entered into or outstanding during 2019 and 2018.

~~We are~~The Company is exposed to fluctuating market prices for commodities, including steel, copper, aluminum, and petroleum-based products. ~~Our~~The Company’s business is subject to the effect of changing raw material costs caused by movements in underlying commodity prices. ~~We have~~The Company has established programs to manage the negotiations of commodity prices. From time to time the Company may use commodity financial instruments to hedge commodity prices. No ~~new~~ commodity financial instruments were entered into or outstanding during ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017.~~2018.

~~We have~~The Company has manufacturing, sales and distribution facilities around the world and ~~thus make~~therefore makes investments and ~~enter~~enters into transactions denominated in various currencies. International sales, including those sales that originated outside of the United States, were approximately 57% of our total sales for 2018, with the largest percentage (36%) being sales into various European countries. currencies, which introduces transactional currency exchange risk.

~~Regarding~~To mitigate transactional currency exchange risk, ~~we enter~~the Company, from time-to-time, enters into foreign exchange contracts to 1) reduce the earnings and cash flows impact on non-functional currency denominated receivables and payables and 2) reduce the impact of changes in foreign currency rates between a budgeted rate and the rate realized at the time we recognize a particular purchase or sale ~~transaction and 2) reduce the earnings and cash flow impact on non-functional currency denominated receivables and payables.~~transaction. Gains and losses resulting from hedging instruments either impact our Consolidated Statements of Operations in the period of the underlying purchase or sale transaction, or offset the foreign exchange gains and losses on the underlying receivables and payables being hedged. The maturities of these foreign exchange contracts coincide with ~~either~~ the expected underlying ~~transaction date or the~~ settlement date of the related cash inflow or outflow. The hedges of anticipated transactions are designated as cash flow hedges under the guidance of ASC ~~Topic 815-10,~~No. 815 “Derivatives and Hedging.” At December 31, ~~2018, we were~~2019, the Company was party to ~~eleven~~ foreign currency forward contracts with a notional value of ~~$76.8~~$32.6 million, all of which are carried on ~~our~~the Company’s balance sheet at fair value. As of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, a 10% increase or decrease in the exchange rate in ~~our~~the Company’s portfolio of foreign currency contracts would have increased or decreased ~~our~~the Company’s unrealized losses by ~~$7.7~~$3.3 million. Consistent with the use of these contracts to neutralize the effect of exchange rate fluctuations, such unrealized losses or gains would be offset by corresponding gains or losses, respectively, in the remeasurement of the underlying transactions being hedged.

Amounts invested in non-U.S. based subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect at year-end. Results of operations are translated into U.S. dollars at an average exchange rate for the period. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded in stockholders’ equity as other comprehensive income (loss). The cumulative ~~translation adjustments. The~~ translation adjustment recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss at December 31, ~~2018~~2019 was a loss of ~~$80.1~~$81.1 million.

Please refer to Part II, Item 8, Note 18, “Commitments and Contingencies,” where ~~we have~~the Company has disclosed ~~our~~ environmental, health, safety, contingencies and other matters.

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and all its subsidiaries. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires usthe Company to make estimates and assumptions in certain circumstances that affect amounts reported in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and related footnotes. In preparing these Consolidated Financial Statements, ~~we have~~the Company has made ~~our~~its best estimates and judgments of certain amounts included in the Consolidated Financial Statements giving due consideration to materiality. However, application of these accounting policies involves the exercise of judgment and use of assumptions as to future uncertainties and, as a result, actual results could differ from these estimates. Although ~~we have~~the Company has listed a number of accounting policies below which ~~we believe~~the Company believes to be most critical, wethe Company also ~~believe~~believes that all of ~~our~~the Company’s accounting policies are important to the reader. Therefore, please refer also to the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more detailed description of these and other accounting policies of the Company.

Revenue Recognition – The Company records revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606 – “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” Below are our revenue recognition policies by performance obligation.

Revenue is earned under these contracts when control of the product is transferred to the customer. Control transfers to the customer generally upon delivery to the carrier or acceptance through an independent inspection company that acts as an agent of the customer.

From time to time, the Company enters into agreements where the customer has the right to exercise a buyback option for the repurchase of a crane by the Company at an agreed upon price. The Company evaluates each agreement at the inception of the order to determine if the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise that right. If it is determined that the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise that right, the agreement is accounted for as a lease in accordance with ASC Topic ~~840~~842 - “Leases.” If it is determined that the customer does not have a significant economic incentive to exercise that right, then revenue is recognized when control of the asset is transferred to the customer.

Given the nature of the Company’s products, from time to time, the customer may request that the product be held until a delivery location is identified. Under these “bill and hold” arrangements, revenue is recognized when all of the following criteria are met: 1) the reason for the bill-and-hold arrangement is substantive, 2) the product is separately identified as belonging to the customer, 3) the product is ready for transfer to the customer, and 4) the Company does not have the ability to use the product or direct it to another customer.

Aftermarket part sales are generated through the sale of new and used parts to end customers and distributors. Aftermarket parts revenue is recognized when control of the product is transferred to the customer. Control transfers to the customer generally upon delivery to the carrier. Customers generally have a right of return which the Company estimates using historical information. The amount of estimated returns is deducted from revenue.

As it relates to the Company’s other revenues, the Company’s performance obligations generally relate to performing specific agreed upon services. Revenue is earned upon the completion of those services.

Inventories and Related Reserve for Obsolete and Excess Inventory - Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Finished goods and work-in-process inventories include material, labor and manufacturing overhead costs. Inventories are reduced by a reserve for excess and obsolete inventories. The estimated reserve is based upon specific identification of excess or obsolete inventories based on historical usage, estimated future usage, sales requiring the inventory and historical write-off experience and are subject to change if experience improves or deteriorates.

Goodwill, Other Intangible Assets and Other Long-Lived Assets - The Company accounts for goodwill and other intangible assets under the guidance of ASC Topic 350-10, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other.” Under ASC Topic 350-10, goodwill is not amortized; instead, the Company performs an annual impairment review. The date for the annual impairment review is October 31, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. To perform its goodwill impairment review, the Company uses a fair-value method, primarily the income approach, based on the present value of expected future cash flows. The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-4 “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment,” in 2017. The guidance eliminates Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. Goodwill impairment is ~~now~~ determined by the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. To perform its indefinite lived intangible assets impairment test, the Company uses a fair-value method, based on a relief of royalty valuation approach. Management’s judgments and assumptions about the amounts of those cash flows and the discount rates are inputs to these analyses. The estimated fair value is then compared with the carrying amount of the reporting unit or indefinite lived intangible asset. Goodwill and other intangible assets are then subject to risk of write-down to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value.

As of October 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company performed its annual goodwill and indefinite-lived assets impairment ~~tests. Based on the results of these~~ tests, the EURAF reporting unit recorded a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $82.2 million which wrote down the goodwill to zero in the reporting unit. The goodwill impairment charge resulted from a reduction in the estimated fair value of the reporting unitand based on ~~the continued decline in the Company’s equity market capitalization and lower forecasted~~those results, ~~in the region.~~no impairment was indicated. The valuation of the goodwill is particularly sensitive to ~~management's~~management’s assumptions

of revenue growth rates and projected operating income, ~~discount rates and royalty rates,~~ and an unfavorable change in those assumptions could put goodwill at risk for impairment in future periods.

Other intangible assets with definite lives continue to be amortized over their estimated useful lives. Definite lived intangible assets are also subject to impairment testing whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. ~~A considerable amount~~If an indicator of ~~management judgment and assumptions are required in performing~~impairment were identified, the ~~impairment tests, principally in determining~~Company would use the ~~fair~~income approach, which is based on the present value of the assets, of a potential impairment. While the Company believes its judgments and assumptions were reasonable, different assumptions could change the estimated fair values and, therefore, impairment charges could be required.expected future cash flows.

The Company also reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset's carrying amount may not be recoverable. The Company conducts its long-lived asset impairment analyses in accordance with ASC Topic 360-10-5, “Property, Plant, and Equipment.” ASC Topic 360-10-5 requires the Company to group assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities and to evaluate the asset group against the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows. Property, plant and equipment are depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line depreciation method for financial reporting and on accelerated methods for income tax purposes.

The Company ~~will continue to monitor~~monitors market conditions ~~and~~to determine if any additional interim reviews of goodwill, other intangibles or long-lived assets are warranted. Deterioration in the market or actual results as compared with the Company’s projections may ultimately result in a future impairment. In the event the Company determines that assets are impaired in the future, the Company would ~~need to~~ recognize a non-cash impairment charge, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet and Results of Operations.

Employee Benefit Plans ~~- We provide~~– The Company provides a range of benefits to ~~our~~its employees and retired employees, including pensions and postretirement health care coverage. Plan assets and obligations are recorded annually based on the Company’s measurement date utilizing various actuarial assumptions such as discount rates, expected return on plan assets, compensation increases, retirement and mortality rates and health care cost trend rates as of that date. The approach ~~we use~~the Company used to determine the annual assumptions are as follows:

Measurements of net periodic benefit cost are based on the assumptions used for the previous year-end measurements of assets and obligations. ~~We review our~~The Company reviews its actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and ~~make~~makes modifications to the assumptions when appropriate. As required by GAAP, the effects of the modifications are recorded currently or amortized over future periods. ~~We have~~The Company has developed the assumptions with the assistance of ~~our~~its independent actuaries and other relevant sources, and ~~we believe~~believes that the assumptions used are reasonable; however, changes in these assumptions could impact the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Refer to Note 21, “Employee Benefit Plans” to the Consolidated Financial Statements, for a summary of the impact of a 0.50% change in the discount rate and rate of return on plan assets would have on ~~our~~the Company’s financial statements.

Product Liability ~~- We are~~– The Company is subject, in the normal course of business, to product liability lawsuits. To the extent permitted under applicable laws, ~~our~~the Company’s exposure to losses from these lawsuits is mitigated by insurance with self-insurance retention limits. ~~We record~~The Company records product liability reserves for ~~our~~its self-insured portion of any pending or threatened product liability actions. ~~Our~~The Company’s reserve is based upon two estimates. First, ~~we track~~the Company has tracked the population of all outstanding pending and threatened product liability cases to determine an appropriate case reserve for each

based upon ~~our~~its best judgment and the advice of legal counsel. These estimates are continually evaluated and adjusted based upon changes to the facts and circumstances surrounding the case. Second, ~~we determine~~the Company determined the amount of additional reserve required to cover incurred, but not reported, product liability issues and to account for possible adverse development of the established case reserves (collectively referred to as “IBNR”). ~~We have~~The Company has established a position within the actuarially determined range, which ~~we believe~~it believes is the best estimate of the IBNR liability.

Income Taxes ~~- We account~~ – The Company accounts for income taxes under the guidance of ASC Topic 740-10, “Income Taxes.” Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. ~~We record~~The Company records a valuation allowance that represents a reserve on deferred tax assets for which utilization is not more likely than not. Management judgment is required in determining ~~our~~its provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and the valuation allowance recorded against ~~our~~its net deferred tax assets. ~~We do~~The Company does not currently provide for additional U.S. and non-U.S. income taxes which would become payable upon repatriation of undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries.

~~We measure~~The Company measures and ~~record~~records income tax contingency accruals under the guidance of ASC Topic 740-10. ~~We recognize~~The Company recognizes liabilities for uncertain income tax positions based on a two-step process. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step requires usthe Company to estimate and measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. It is inherently difficult and subjective to estimate such amounts, as wethe Company must determine the probability of various possible outcomes. ~~We reevaluate~~The Company reevaluates these uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis or when new information becomes available to management. These reevaluations are based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, successfully settled issues under audit, expirations due to statutes, and new audit activity. Such a change in recognition or measurement could result in the recognition of a tax benefit or an increase to the tax accrual.

On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Reform Act”). The legislation significantly changes U.S. tax law by, among other things, lowering corporate income tax rates and imposing a repatriation tax on deemed repatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries. The Tax Reform Act permanently reduced the U.S. corporate income tax rate from a maximum of 35% to a flat 21% rate, effective January 1, 2018. The SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 to address the application of GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Reform Act. The Company recognized the tax impacts, as of December 31, 2018, related to the deemed repatriated earnings, Global Intangible Low Taxed Income and Base Erosion Anti-abuse Tax. The initial revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities were remeasured as of December 31, 2017, and these amounts were included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The accounting was completed in the fourth quarter of 2018. See additional details in Note 13, “Income Taxes,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Warranties - In the normal course of business, ~~we provide our~~the Company provides its customers warranties covering workmanship, and in some cases materials, on products ~~manufactured by us.~~manufactured. Such warranties generally provide that products will be free from defects for periods ranging from 12 months to 60 months with certain equipment having longer-term warranties. If a product fails to comply with ~~our~~the Company’s warranties, weit may be obligated, at ~~our~~its expense, to correct any defect by repairing or replacing such defective product. ~~We provide~~The Company provides for an estimate of costs that may be incurred under ~~our~~its warranties at the time product revenue is recognized based on historical warranty experience for the related product or estimates of projected losses due to specific warranty issues on new products. These costs primarily include labor and materials, as necessary, associated with repair or replacement. The primary factors that affect ~~our~~the Company’s warranty ~~liability~~liabilities include the number of shipped units and historical and anticipated rates or warranty claims. As these factors are impacted by actual experience and future expectations, ~~we assess~~the Company assesses the adequacy of ~~our~~its recorded warranty liability and ~~adjust~~adjusts the amounts as necessary.

See Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” under the caption “Recent Accounting Changes and Pronouncements,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

See Liquidity and Capital Resources, and Financial Risk Management in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for a description of the quantitative and qualitative disclosure about market risk.

Index to Consolidated Financial ~~Statements and Financial Statement Schedule:~~Statements:

~~All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.~~

To the ~~Stockholders and~~ Board of Directors and Stockholders of The Manitowoc Company, Inc.:

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of The Manitowoc Company, Inc. and its subsidiaries ~~(the~~(the “Company”) as of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~December 31, 2017,~~ 2018,and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity and cash flows ~~and of equity~~ for each of the three years in the period ended ~~2018,~~December 31, 2019, including the related notes and ~~financial statement~~ schedule ~~listed~~of valuation and qualifying accounts for each of the three years in the ~~index~~period ended December 31, 2019 appearing under ~~item 15(a)(2)~~Item 15(c) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”).We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework(2013)issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidatedfinancial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~ 2018,and the results of itsoperations and itscash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, ~~2018~~ 2019in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework(2013)issued by the COSO.

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2019.

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control ~~over~~Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidatedfinancial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits inin accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidatedfinancial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidatedfinancial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidatedfinancial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidatedfinancial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidatedfinancial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures

that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

As described in Notes 2 and 9 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $232.5 million as of December 31, 2019. The Company tests for impairment of goodwill annually in the fourth quarter. To test goodwill, management estimates the fair values of its reporting units using the present value of future cash flows approach, subject to a comparison for reasonableness to its market capitalization at the date of valuation. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, not to exceed the carrying amount of the goodwill. In addition, goodwill of a reporting unit is tested for impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value.A considerable amount of management judgment and assumptions are required in performing the impairment tests as it relates to revenue growth rates and projected operating income.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the goodwill impairment test is a critical audit matter are there was significant judgment by management when developing the fair value of the reporting units. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions, including revenue growth rates and projected operating income.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s goodwill test, including controls over the determination of the fair value of the reporting units. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value of the reporting units, (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the method, (iii) testing the completeness, accuracy, and relevance of underlying data, and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions, including revenue growth rates and projected operating income. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to the revenue growth rates and projected operating income involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the reporting units, (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data, and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit.

Millions of dollars, except per share data	2018			2017			2016			2019			2018			2017
Net sales	$	1,846.8		$	1,581.3		$	1,613.1		$	1,834.1		$	1,846.8		$	1,581.3
Cost of sales		1,518.7			1,299.4			1,359.8			1,490.0			1,518.7			1,299.4
Gross profit		328.1			281.9			253.3			344.1			328.1			281.9
Operating costs and expenses:
Engineering, selling and administrative expenses		251.6			245.3			270.4			225.6			251.6			245.3
Asset impairment expense		82.6			0.1			96.9			—			82.6			0.1
Amortization of intangible assets		0.3			0.8			3.0			0.3			0.3			0.8
Restructuring expense		12.9			27.2			23.4			9.8			12.9			27.2
Other expense		—			0.1			2.6
Other operating expenses											—			—			0.1
Total operating costs and expenses		347.4			273.5			396.3			235.7			347.4			273.5
Operating income (loss)		(19.3	)		8.4			(143.0	)		108.4			(19.3	)		8.4
Other expense:
Other income (expense):
Interest expense		(39.1	)		(39.2	)		(39.6	)		(32.7	)		(39.1	)		(39.2	)
Amortization of deferred financing fees		(1.8	)		(1.9	)		(2.2	)		(1.5	)		(1.8	)		(1.9	)
Loss on debt extinguishment		—			—			(76.3	)		(25.0	)		—			—
Other expense — net		(11.5	)		(6.8	)		(7.0	)
Other income (expense) — net											9.8			(11.5	)		(6.8	)
Total other expense		(52.4	)		(47.9	)		(125.1	)		(49.4	)		(52.4	)		(47.9	)
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes		(71.7	)		(39.5	)		(268.1	)
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes											59.0			(71.7	)		(39.5	)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes		(4.8	)		(49.5	)		100.5			12.4			(4.8	)		(49.5	)
Income (loss) from continuing operations		(66.9	)		10.0			(368.6	)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations											46.6			(66.9	)		10.0
Discontinued operations:
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes of $0.0, $0.0 and $0.6, respectively		(0.2	)		(0.6	)		(7.2	)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes of $0.0, $0.0 and $0.0, respectively											—			(0.2	)		(0.6	)
Net income (loss)	$	(67.1	)	$	9.4		$	(375.8	)	$	46.6		$	(67.1	)	$	9.4
Amounts attributable to the Manitowoc common shareholders:
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	(66.9	)	$	10.0		$	(368.6	)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		(0.2	)		(0.6	)		(7.2	)
Net income (loss) attributable to Manitowoc common shareholders	$	(67.1	)	$	9.4		$	(375.8	)
Per Share Data
Basic income (loss) per common share:
Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Manitowoc common shareholders	$	(1.88	)	$	0.28		$	(10.70	)
Loss from discontinued operations attributable to Manitowoc common shareholders		(0.01	)		(0.02	)		(0.21	)
Basic income (loss) per share attributable to Manitowoc common shareholders	$	(1.89	)	$	0.26		$	(10.91	)
Diluted income (loss) per common share:
Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to Manitowoc common shareholders	$	(1.88	)	$	0.28		$	(10.70	)
Loss from discontinued operations attributable to Manitowoc common shareholders		(0.01	)		(0.02	)		(0.21	)
Diluted income (loss) per share attributable to Manitowoc common shareholders	$	(1.89	)	$	0.26		$	(10.91	)
Basic net income (loss) per common share:
Net income (loss) from continuing operations										$	1.31		$	(1.88	)	$	0.28
Loss from discontinued operations											—			(0.01	)		(0.02	)
Basic net income (loss) per share										$	1.31		$	(1.89	)	$	0.26
Diluted net income (loss) per common share:
Net income (loss) from continuing operations										$	1.31		$	(1.88	)	$	0.28
Loss from discontinued operations											—			(0.01	)		(0.02	)
Diluted net income (loss) per share										$	1.31		$	(1.89	)	$	0.26

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Millions of dollars	2018			2017		2016			2019			2018			2017
Net income (loss)	$	(67.1	)	$	9.4	$	(375.8	)	$	46.6		$	(67.1	)	$	9.4
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax:
Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, net of income tax provision of $0.0, $0.0 and $0.0, respectively										0.3			(0.4	)		0.4
Employee pension and postretirement benefit income (loss), net of income tax benefit of $0.2, $1.4 and $4.2, respectively										(3.7	)		8.9			6.7
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(27.7	)		58.4		(20.4	)		(1.0	)		(27.7	)		58.4
Unrealized income (loss) on derivatives, net of income tax benefit of $0.0, $0.0 and $0.9, respectively		(0.4	)		0.4		1.4
Employee pension and postretirement benefit costs, net of income tax expense (benefit) of $1.4, $4.2 and $(0.2), respectively		8.9			6.7		(4.1	)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(19.2	)		65.5		(23.1	)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax										(4.4	)		(19.2	)		65.5
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	(86.3	)	$	74.9	$	(398.9	)	$	42.2		$	(86.3	)	$	74.9

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Millions of dollars, except shares data	2018			2017			2019			2018
Assets
Current Assets:
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	140.3		$	123.0
Accounts receivable, less allowances of $10.3 and $10.9, respectively		171.8			179.2
Cash and cash equivalents							$	199.3		$	140.3
Accounts receivable, less allowances of $7.9 and $10.3, respectively								168.3			171.8
Inventories — net		453.1			400.6			461.4			453.1
Notes receivable — net		19.4			31.1			17.4			19.4
Other current assets		58.3			56.5			26.0			58.3
Total current assets		842.9			790.4			872.4			842.9
Property, plant and equipment — net		288.9			303.7			289.9			288.9
Operating lease right-of-use assets								47.6			—
Goodwill		232.8			321.3			232.5			232.8
Other intangible assets — net		118.1			122.1			116.3			118.1
Other non-current assets		59.2			70.3			59.0			59.2
Total assets	$	1,541.9		$	1,607.8		$	1,617.7		$	1,541.9
Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	425.2		$	375.8		$	340.8		$	425.2
Short-term borrowings		6.4			8.2
Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt								3.8			6.4
Product warranties		39.1			35.5			47.2			39.1
Customer advances		9.6			12.7			25.8			9.6
Other liabilities		16.3			20.8			23.3			16.3
Total current liabilities		496.6			453.0			440.9			496.6
Non-Current Liabilities:
Long-term debt		266.7			266.7			308.4			266.7
Operating lease liabilities								37.6			—
Deferred income taxes		5.7			13.0			5.5			5.7
Pension obligations		85.7			88.9			86.4			85.7
Postretirement health and other benefit obligations		18.3			25.5			16.4			18.3
Long-term deferred revenue		25.2			20.8			30.3			25.2
Other non-current liabilities		42.4			62.4			46.3			42.4
Total non-current liabilities		444.0			477.3			530.9			444.0
Commitments and contingencies (Note 18)
Total stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock (3,500,000 shares authorized of $.01 par value; none outstanding)		—			—
Common stock (75,000,000 shares authorized, 40,793,983 shares issued, 35,588,833 and 35,273,864 shares outstanding, respectively)		1.4			1.4
Preferred stock (3,500,000 shares authorized of $.01 par value; NaN outstanding)								—			—
Common stock (75,000,000 shares authorized, 40,793,983 shares issued, 35,374,537 and 35,588,833 shares outstanding, respectively)								0.4			0.4
Additional paid-in capital		583.8			576.6			592.2			584.8
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(116.6	)		(97.4	)		(121.0	)		(116.6	)
Retained earnings		189.6			256.7			236.2			189.6
Treasury stock, at cost (5,205,150 and 5,520,119 shares, respectively)		(56.9	)		(59.8	)
Treasury stock, at cost (5,419,446 and 5,205,150 shares, respectively)								(61.9	)		(56.9	)
Total stockholders’ equity		601.3			677.5			645.9			601.3
Total liabilities and equity	$	1,541.9		$	1,607.8
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity							$	1,617.7		$	1,541.9

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Millions of dollars	2018			2017			2016			2019			2018			2017
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net income (loss)	$	(67.1	)	$	9.4		$	(375.8	)	$	46.6		$	(67.1	)	$	9.4
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to cash (used for) provided by operating activities of continuing operations:
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to cash (used for) provided by operating activities of continuing operations:
Asset impairment expense		82.6			0.1			96.9			—			82.6			0.1
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		0.2			0.6			7.2			—			0.2			0.6
Depreciation expense		36.1			38.1			45.6			35.0			36.1			38.1
Amortization of intangible assets		0.3			0.8			3.0			0.3			0.3			0.8
Amortization of deferred financing fees		1.8			1.9			2.2			1.5			1.8			1.9
Deferred income tax (benefit) - net		(11.1	)		(44.1	)		101.4			1.5			(11.1	)		(44.1	)
Noncash loss on early extinguishment of debt		—			—			15.4
Loss on early extinguishment of debt											25.0			—			—
Loss (gain) on sale of property, plant and equipment		0.9			0.1			1.1			(3.5	)		0.9			0.1
Stock-based compensation expense and other		7.4			8.5			(0.7	)		10.1			7.4			8.5
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, excluding the effects of business divestitures:
Accounts receivable		(553.4	)		(435.5	)		(435.5	)		(124.2	)		(553.4	)		(435.5	)
Inventories		(72.7	)		51.1			52.7			(18.3	)		(72.7	)		51.1
Notes receivable		18.6			18.8			32.2			2.9			18.6			18.8
Other assets		2.7			4.0			(6.9	)		23.9			2.7			4.0
Accounts payable		56.5			27.1			(105.8	)		(59.7	)		56.5			27.1
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		(15.6	)		(5.2	)		(9.3	)		5.6			(15.6	)		(5.2	)
Net cash used for operating activities of continuing operations		(512.8	)		(324.3	)		(576.3	)		(53.3	)		(512.8	)		(324.3	)
Net cash used for operating activities of discontinued operations		(0.2	)		(0.6	)		(49.9	)		—			(0.2	)		(0.6	)
Net cash used for operating activities		(513.0	)		(324.9	)		(626.2	)		(53.3	)		(513.0	)		(324.9	)
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Capital expenditures		(31.7	)		(28.9	)		(45.9	)		(35.1	)		(31.7	)		(28.9	)
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment		13.0			7.0			8.4			17.2			13.0			7.0
Cash receipts on sold accounts receivable		553.1			402.8			453.9			126.3			553.1			402.8
Other		—			0.4			0.2			—			—			0.4
Net cash provided by investing activities of continuing operations		534.4			381.3			416.6
Net cash used for investing activities of discontinued operations		—			—			(2.4	)
Net cash provided by investing activities		534.4			381.3			414.2			108.4			534.4			381.3
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Proceeds from revolving credit facility											139.7			—			—
Payments on revolving credit facility											(139.7	)		—			—
Payments on long-term debt		(3.8	)		(10.9	)		(1,389.0	)		(276.6	)		(3.8	)		(10.9	)
Proceeds from long-term debt		—			0.2			272.1			300.0			—			0.2
Payments on notes financing - net		—			(4.7	)		(8.4	)
Other debt - net											(4.4	)		—			(4.7	)
Debt issuance costs		—			—			(8.9	)		(8.3	)		—			—
Exercises of stock options including windfall tax benefits		2.5			5.7			9.4			0.4			2.5			5.7
Dividend from spun-off subsidiary		—			—			1,361.7
Cash transferred to spun-off subsidiary		—			—			(17.7	)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities of continuing operations		(1.3	)		(9.7	)		219.2
Net cash provided by financing activities of discontinued operations		—			—			0.2
Common stock repurchases											(7.4	)		—			—
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities		(1.3	)		(9.7	)		219.4			3.7			(1.3	)		(9.7	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		(2.8	)		2.4			0.9			0.2			(2.8	)		2.4
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		17.3			49.1			8.3			59.0			17.3			49.1
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period, including cash of discontinued operations of $0.0, $0.0 and $31.9, respectively		123.0			73.9			65.6
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period, including cash of discontinued operations of $0.0, $0.0, and $0.0, respectively	$	140.3		$	123.0		$	73.9
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period											140.3			123.0			73.9
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period										$	199.3		$	140.3		$	123.0
Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Interest paid	$	36.8		$	37.0		$	49.6		$	36.0		$	36.8		$	37.0
Income taxes (refunded) paid		2.6			(7.6	)		8.9			10.5			2.6			(7.6	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Millions of dollars, except shares data	2018			2017			2016			2019			2018			2017
Common Stock - Shares Outstanding
Balance at beginning of year		35,273,864			34,960,303			34,154,290			35,588,833			35,273,864			34,960,303
Stock options exercised		95,019			262,118			687,619			58,404			95,019			262,118
Restricted stock, net		165,404			23,566			(9,112	)		145,482			165,404			23,566
Performance shares issued		54,546			27,877			127,506			54,860			54,546			27,877
Common stock repurchases											(473,042	)		—			—
Balance at end of year		35,588,833			35,273,864			34,960,303			35,374,537			35,588,833			35,273,864
Common Stock - Par Value
Balance at beginning of year	$	1.4		$	1.4		$	1.4		$	0.4		$	0.4		$	1.4
Adjustment due to 4-1 reverse stock split											—			—			(1.0	)
Balance at end of year	$	1.4		$	1.4		$	1.4		$	0.4		$	0.4		$	0.4
Additional Paid-in Capital
Balance at beginning of year	$	576.6		$	567.6		$	558.0		$	584.8		$	577.6		$	567.6
Adjustment due to 4-1 reverse stock split											—			—			1.0
Stock options exercised and issuance of other stock awards		(1.0	)		2.0			0.3			(2.1	)		(1.0	)		2.0
Stock-based compensation		8.2			7.0			9.3			9.5			8.2			7.0
Balance at end of year	$	583.8		$	576.6		$	567.6		$	592.2		$	584.8		$	577.6
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance at beginning of year	$	(97.4	)	$	(162.9	)	$	(207.8	)	$	(116.6	)	$	(97.4	)	$	(162.9	)
Distribution of Spun-off subsidiary		—			—			68.0
Other comprehensive income (loss)		(19.2	)		65.5			(23.1	)		(4.4	)		(19.2	)		65.5
Balance at end of year	$	(116.6	)	$	(97.4	)	$	(162.9	)	$	(121.0	)	$	(116.6	)	$	(97.4	)
Retained Earnings
Balance at beginning of year - As reported	$	256.7		$	247.3		$	539.5
Impact of change in accounting principle		—			—			22.8
Balance at beginning of year - As adjusted		256.7			247.3			562.3
Balance at beginning of year										$	189.6		$	256.7		$	247.3
Net income (loss)		(67.1	)		9.4			(375.8	)		46.6			(67.1	)		9.4
Distribution of Spun-off subsidiary		—			—			60.8
Balance at end of year	$	189.6		$	256.7		$	247.3		$	236.2		$	189.6		$	256.7
Treasury Stock
Balance at beginning of year	$	(59.8	)	$	(62.9	)	$	(71.6	)	$	(56.9	)	$	(59.8	)	$	(62.9	)
Stock options exercised and issuance of other stock awards		2.9			3.1			8.7			2.4			2.9			3.1
Common stock repurchases											(7.4	)		—			—
Balance at end of year	$	(56.9	)	$	(59.8	)	$	(62.9	)	$	(61.9	)	$	(56.9	)	$	(59.8	)
Total equity	$	601.3		$	677.5		$	590.5		$	645.9		$	601.3		$	677.5

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

The Manitowoc Company, Inc. (“Manitowoc”~~, “MTW”~~ and the “Company”) was founded in 1902 and has over a ~~116-year~~117-year tradition of providing high-quality, customer-focused products and support services to its ~~markets and for the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company had net sales of approximately $1.8 billion.~~markets. Manitowoc is one of the world’s leading providers of engineered lifting solutions. Manitowoc, through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, designs, manufactures, markets, and supports ~~one of the most~~ comprehensive product lines of mobile telescopic cranes, tower cranes, lattice-boom crawler cranes, and boom ~~trucks. Its Crane products are principally marketed~~trucks under the ~~Manitowoc,~~ Grove, ~~Potain and~~Manitowoc, National Crane, Potain, Shuttlelift and Manitowoc Crane Care brand names. The Company serves a wide variety of customers, including dealers, rental companies, contractors, and government entities, across the petrochemical, industrial, commercial construction, power and utilities, infrastructure and residential construction end markets. Additionally, its Manitowoc Crane Care offering leverages Manitowoc's installed base of approximately ~~144,000~~149,000 cranes to provide aftermarket parts and services to enable its customers to manage their fleets more effectively and improve their return on investment. Due to the ongoing and predictable maintenance needed by cranes, as well as the high cost of crane downtime, Manitowoc Crane Care provides the Company with a consistent stream of recurring revenue. Manitowoc is a Wisconsin corporation and its principal executive offices are located at 11270 West Park Place Suite 1000, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53224.

During the first quarter of fiscal 2016, the Board of Directors of Manitowoc approved the tax-free spin-off of the Company’s former foodservice business (“MFS” or “Foodservice”) into an independent, public company (the “Spin-Off”). To effect the Spin-Off, the Board declared a pro rata dividend of MFS common stock to MTW’s stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 22, 2016 (the “Record Date”) and the Company paid the dividend on March 4, 2016. Each MTW stockholder received one share of MFS common stock for every share of MTW common stock held as of the close of business on the Record Date.

In these Consolidated Financial Statements, unless otherwise indicated, references to Manitowoc, MTW and the Company refer to The Manitowoc Company, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries after giving effect to the Spin-Off, or, in the case of information as of dates or for periods prior to the Spin-Off, the consolidated entities of the Crane business and certain other assets and liabilities that were historically held at the Manitowoc corporate level but were specifically identifiable and attributable to the Crane business.

As a result of the Spin-Off, the Consolidated Financial Statements and related financial information reflect MFS operations, assets and liabilities, and cash flows as discontinued operations for all periods presented.

~~See Note 4, “Discontinued Operations,” for further details concerning the above transaction being reported as discontinued operations.~~

Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of The Manitowoc Company, Inc. and its ~~wholly and majority-owned~~wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. All amounts, except per share and ~~per~~ share amounts, are in millions of dollars throughout the tables ~~included~~ in these notes unless otherwise indicated.

During the first quarter of 2018, the Company identified an adjustment to the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2017. The adjustment related to other current assets and property, plant and equipment – net, whereby the Company had overstated other current assets and understated property, plant and equipment – net by approximately $8.8 million. In evaluating whether the Company’s previously issued consolidated financial statements were materially misstated, the Company considered the guidance in Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) Topic 250, “Accounting Changes and Error Corrections” and ASC Topic 250-10-S99-1, “Assessing Materiality.” The Company determined that this error was not material to the Company’s prior period consolidated financial statements and therefore, amending the previously filed report was not required.

Cash and Cash Equivalents ~~All~~The Company considers all cash and short-term investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less ~~are considered~~as cash ~~equivalents. Cash,~~and cash ~~equivalents and restricted cash on the Consolidated Balance Sheets includes zero and $3.8 million of restricted cash as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.~~equivalents.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Accounts receivable are reduced by an allowance for amounts that may become uncollectible in the future. Our estimate for the allowance for doubtful accounts related to trade receivables includes evaluation of specific accounts where we have information that the customer may have an inability to meet its financial obligations together with a general provision for unknown but existing doubtful accounts based on historical experience, which are subject to change if experience improves or deteriorates.

Inventories Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Finished goods and work-in-process inventories include material, labor and manufacturing overhead costs. The Company determines inventory value using the first-in, first-out method.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets The Company accounts for ~~its~~ goodwill and other intangible assets under the guidance of ~~ASC~~Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 350-10, “Intangibles — Goodwill and Other.” Under ASC Topic 350-10, goodwill is not ~~amortized, but it~~amortized; instead, the Company performs an annual impairment review. The date for the annual impairment review is October 31, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. To test goodwill, the Company estimates the fair values of its reporting units using the income approach based on the present value of expected future cash flows, subject to a comparison for reasonableness to its market capitalization at the date of valuation. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, not to exceed the carrying amount of the goodwill. In addition, goodwill of a reporting unit is tested for impairment ~~annually during~~between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the ~~fourth quarter, or more frequently, as events dictate. See additional discussion~~fair value of ~~impairment testing under “Impairment of Long-Lived Assets” below.~~ a reporting unit below its carrying value.

The Company’s other intangible assets with indefinite lives, including trademarks and tradenames and ~~in-place distributor~~distribution networks, are not amortized but are ~~also~~ tested for impairment annually, or more frequently, as events dictate. For other indefinite lived intangible assets, the impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of the intangible assets to their carrying amount. See Note 9, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” for further details on our impairment assessments. The Company’s ~~other~~ intangible assets subject to amortization are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable. ~~Other~~

The Company’s other intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized straight-line over the following estimated useful lives:

Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Expenditures for maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are charged against earnings as incurred. Expenditures for major renewals and improvements that substantially extend the capacity or useful life of an asset are capitalized and are then depreciated. The cost and accumulated depreciation for property, plant and equipment sold, retired or otherwise disposed of are relieved from the accounts, and resulting gains or losses are reflected in earnings. Property, plant and equipment are depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line depreciation method for financial reporting and accelerated depreciation methods for income tax purposes.

Property, plant and equipment are depreciated over the following estimated useful lives:

Property, plant and equipment also includes cranes accounted for as operating leases. Equipment accounted for as operating leases includes ~~equipment~~rental cranes leased directly to the customer and ~~equipment~~cranes for which the Company has assisted in the financing arrangement, whereby itthe Company has made a buyback commitment ~~that~~in which the customer has a significant economic incentive of exercising. Equipment that is leased directly to the customer is accounted for as an operating lease with the related assets capitalized and depreciated over their estimated economic life. Equipment involved in a financing arrangement is depreciated over the life of the underlying arrangement to the ~~net book value~~buyback amount at the end of the lease ~~period which equals the buyback amount.~~period. The amount of buyback and rental equipment included in property, plant and equipment amounted to ~~$49.4~~$51.2 million and ~~$54.3~~$49.4 million, net of accumulated depreciation, at December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, respectively.

~~Impairment of Long-Lived Assets~~The Company reviews ~~long-lived assets~~property, plant and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets’ carrying amount may not be recoverable. The Company conducts its ~~long-lived asset~~ impairment analyses in accordance with ASC Topic ~~360-10-5. ASC~~ 360-10-5 “Property, Plant and Equipment” (“Topic ~~360-10-5~~360”). Topic 360 requires the Company to group assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities and to evaluate the asset group against the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows.

For property, plant and equipment and other long-lived assets, other than goodwill and other indefinite lived intangible assets, the Company performs undiscounted operating cash flow analysis to determine impairments. If an impairment is determined to exist, any related impairment loss is calculated based upon comparison of the ~~fair value~~expected undiscounted future cash flows to the net book value of the assets. ~~Impairment losses on assets held for sale are based on the estimated proceeds to be received, less costs to sell.~~

The Company tests for impairment of goodwill annually in the fourth quarter. To test goodwill, the Company estimates the fair values of its reporting units using the present value of future cash flows approach, subject to a comparison for reasonableness to its market capitalization at the date of valuation. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, not to exceed the carrying amount of the goodwill. In addition, goodwill of a reporting unit is tested for impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. For other indefinite lived intangible assets, the impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of the intangible assets to their carrying amount. See Note 9, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” for further details on our impairment assessments.

Warranties Estimated standard manufacturing warranty costs are recorded in cost of sales at the time of sale of the warranted products based on historical warranty experience for the related product or estimates of projected costs due to specific warranty issues on new products. These estimates are reviewed periodically and are adjusted based on changes in facts, circumstances or actual experience. When a customer purchases an extended warranty, revenue associated with the extended warranty is deferred and recognized over the life of the ~~contract.~~extended warranty period. Costs related to the extended warranty are expensed as incurred.

~~Environmental Liabilities~~ The Company accrues for losses associated with environmental remediation obligations when such losses are probable and reasonably estimable. Such accruals are adjusted as information develops or circumstances change. Costs of long-term expenditures for environmental remediation obligations are discounted to their present value when the timing of cash flows are estimable.

Product Liabilities The Company records product liability reserves for its self-insured portion of any pending or threatened product liability actions when losses are probable and reasonably estimable. The reserve is based upon ~~two~~2 estimates. First, the Company tracks the population of all outstanding pending and threatened product liability cases to determine an appropriate case reserve for each based upon the Company’s best judgment with the advice of legal counsel. These estimates are continually evaluated and adjusted based upon changes to facts and circumstances surrounding the case. Second, the Company determines the amount of additional reserve required to cover incurred, but not reported, product liability obligations and to account for possible adverse development of the established case reserves utilizing actuarially developed estimates.

~~Foreign Currency Translation~~ The financial statements of the Company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries are translated using the current exchange rate for assets and liabilities and the average monthly exchange rate throughout the year for income and expense items. Resulting translation adjustments are recorded to Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”) as a component of Manitowoc stockholders’ equity.

Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities The Company has ~~written~~ policies and procedures that place all financial instruments under the direction of corporate treasury and restrict all derivative transactions to those intended for hedging purposes. The use of financial instruments for trading purposes is strictly prohibited. The Company uses financial instruments

to manage the market risk from changes in foreign exchange rates, commodities and interest rates. The Company follows the guidance in accordance with ASC ~~Topic 815-10,~~No. 815 “Derivatives and ~~Hedging.”~~Hedging” (“Topic 815”). The fair values of all outstanding derivatives are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The change in a derivative’s fair value is recorded each period in current earnings or ~~AOCI~~accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) depending on whether the derivative is designated and qualifies as a cash flow ~~hedge transaction.~~hedge.

During 2018, 2017 and 2016, minimal amounts were recognized in earnings due to ineffectiveness of certain commodity hedges. The amount reported as derivative instrument fair market value adjustment in the AOCI account within the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) represents the net gain (loss) on foreign currency exchange contracts, commodity contracts and interest rate contracts designated as cash flow hedges, net of income taxes.

~~Cash Flow Hedges~~The Company selectively hedges anticipated transactions that are subject to foreign exchange exposure, commodity price exposure or variable interest rate exposure, primarily using foreign currency exchange contracts (“FX Forward Contracts”), commodity contracts and interest rate contracts, respectively. These instruments are designated as cash flow hedges in accordance with ~~ASC~~ Topic ~~815-10~~815 and are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. The effective portion of the contracts’ gains or losses due to changes in fair value are initially recorded as a component of AOCI and are subsequently reclassified into earnings when the hedged transactions, typically sales and costs related to sales and interest expense, occur and affect earnings. These contracts are highly effective in hedging the variability in future cash attributable to changes in currency exchange rates, commodity prices or interest rates.

~~Fair Value Hedges~~The ~~Company periodically enters into interest rate swaps designated~~amount reported as ~~a hedge of the~~derivative instrument fair market value ~~of a portion of its fixed rate debt. These hedges effectively result in changing a portion of its fixed rate debt to variable interest rate debt. Both the swaps and the debt are recorded~~adjustment in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. The change in fair value of the swaps should exactly offset the change in fair value of the hedged debt, with no net impact to earnings. Interest expense of the hedged debt is recorded at the variable rate in earnings. See Note 11, “Debt” for further discussion of fair value hedges.

The Company selectively hedges cash inflows and outflows that are subject to foreign currency exposure from the date of transaction to the related payment date. The hedges for these foreign currency accounts receivable and accounts payable are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. Gains or losses due to changes in fair value are recorded as an adjustment to earnings inAOCI account within the Consolidated Statements of ~~Operations.~~Comprehensive Income (Loss) represents the net gain (loss) on foreign currency exchange contracts designated as cash flow hedges, net of income taxes.

Stock-Based Compensation The Company recognizes expense for all stock-based compensation with graded vesting on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the entire award. Stock-based compensation plans are described more fully in Note 16, “Stock-Based Compensation.”

Research and Development Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred and amounted to $31.1 million, $35.2 million ~~$37.9 million~~ and ~~$44.5~~$37.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. Research and development costs include salaries, materials, contractor fees and other administrative costs.

Income Taxes The Company utilizes the liability method to recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future income tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Company’s financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the temporary difference between financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided for deferred tax assets where it is considered more likely than not that the Company will not realize the benefit of such assets. The Company evaluates its uncertain tax positions as new information becomes available. Tax benefits are recognized to the extent a position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the taxing authority.

On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Reform Act”). Further information on the tax impacts of the Tax Reform Act is included in Note 13, “Income Taxes.”

Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net ~~earnings attributable to Manitowoc~~income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each year or period. ~~Diluted~~The calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per share ~~is computed similar to basic earnings per share except that~~reflects the ~~weighted average shares outstanding is increased to include shares~~effect of ~~restricted stock, performance shares and the number of additional~~all dilutive potential shares that ~~would have been~~were outstanding ~~if stock options were exercised and the proceeds from such exercise were used to acquire shares of common stock at the average market price~~ during the ~~year or period.~~respective periods, unless the effect of doing so is antidilutive. The Company uses the treasury stock method to calculate the effect of outstanding stock-based compensation awards.

Comprehensive Income (Loss) Comprehensive income (loss) includes, in addition to net earnings, other items that are reported as direct adjustments to Manitowoc stockholders’ equity. These items are foreign currency translation adjustments, employee postretirement benefit adjustments and the change in fair value of certain derivative instruments.

~~Concentration of Credit Risk~~ Credit extended to customers through trade accounts receivable potentially subjects the Company to risk. This risk is limited due to the large number of customers and their dispersion across various industries and many geographical areas. However, a significant amount of the Company’s receivables are with distributors and contractors in the construction industry and government agencies. The Company currently does not foresee a significant credit risk associated with these individual groups of receivables but continues to monitor the exposure, if any.

In ~~August 2018,~~December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2019-12 “Income Taxes (Topic 740).” The amendments in this ASU simplify accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. The amendments also improve consistent application of and simplify GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the adoption of the ASU will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15 “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-use Software (Subtopic 250-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract.” The amendments in this ASU align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The ~~Company is evaluating the impact the~~ adoption of this ~~ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.~~

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14 “Compensation – Retirement Benefits – Defined Benefit Plans – General (subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans,” which removed disclosures and added disclosures. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020 with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this ASU as of December 31, 2018. The updated disclosures are included in Note 21, “Employee Benefit Plans.”

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-7 “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-based Payment Accounting,” which aligns the accounting for nonemployee share-based payments with employee share-based payments under Topic 718. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods therein. The adoption of the ASU will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In ~~August 2017,~~February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. ~~2017-12 “Targeted Improvements~~2018-02 “Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. This new standard permits an entity to ~~Accounting for Hedging Activities,~~reclassify to retained earnings the tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as a result of U.S. tax reform. The Company adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2019 and chose not to reclassify the stranded tax effects related to the U.S. tax reform change in the federal corporate tax rate from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings. The Company has elected the portfolio approach to release stranded income tax effects in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses,” which ~~amends ASC 815, “Derivatives~~requires the Company to measure all expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and ~~Hedging.”~~reasonable supportable forecasts. The ~~purpose of this ASU~~new guidance is applicable to ~~better align a company’s risk management activities~~financial assets measured at amortized cost, net investments in leases and ~~financial reporting for hedging relationships, simplify the hedge accounting requirements, and improve the disclosures of hedging arrangements.~~certain off-balance sheet credit exposures. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, ~~2018, with early adoption permitted.~~2019. The adoption of ~~the~~this ASU will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09 “Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting,” to provide clarity and reduce both diversity in practice and cost complexity when applying the guidance in Topic 718 to a change to the terms and conditions of a stock-based payment award. ASU 2017-09 also provides guidance about the types of changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award that require an entity to apply modification accounting in accordance with Topic 718. The standard was effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and for interim periods therein. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-08 “Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities,” to shorten the amortization period for the premium to the earliest call date instead of the contractual life of the instrument. This new guidance will be effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted. Entities will be required to apply the new guidance using the modified retrospective method with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings upon the adoption date. The adoption of this ASU will not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07 “Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost.” This ASU amends ASC 715, “Compensation – Retirement Benefits,” to require employers that present a measure of operating income in their statement of income to include only the service cost component of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost in operating expenses (together with other employee compensation costs). The other components of net benefit cost, including amortization of prior service cost/credit and settlement and curtailment effects, are to be included in nonoperating expenses. This ASU also allows only the service cost component of net benefit cost to be capitalized (for example, as a cost of inventory). The amendments in this ASU should be applied retrospectively for the presentation of the service cost component and the other components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost in the income statement and prospectively, on and after the effective date, for the capitalization of the service cost component of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit in assets, and is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. As a result of the adoption of ASU No. 2017-07, the Company reclassified approximately $7.3 million and $10.3 million to other income (expense) – net from engineering, selling, and administrative expense on the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18 “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force).” The amendments of this ASU address the diversity of presentation of restricted cash by requiring a statement of cash flows to explain the change during the period in the total cash, cash equivalents and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. ASU 2016-18 was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-18 resulted in a change in certain disclosures within the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, including cash flows from investing activities and total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16 - “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfer of Assets Other than Inventory,” which requires the recognition of the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset, other than inventory, when the transfer occurs. ASU 2016-16 was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15 - “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.” This Update addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice and affects all entities required to present a statement of cash flows under Topic 230. This standard was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. As a result of the adoption of ASU No. 2016-15, the Company reclassified $402.8 million and $453.9 million of operating cash flows to investing cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09 - “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (Topic 606), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. This was further clarified with technical corrections issued within ASU 2015-14, ASU 2016-08, ASU 2016-10, ASU 2016-11, ASU 2016-12, ASU 2016-20, and ASU 2017-05. The new revenue recognition guidance was issued to provide a single, comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers. Under the new guidance, an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or a service to a customer at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. A five-step model was introduced for an entity to apply when recognizing revenue. The new guidance also included enhanced disclosure requirements and was effective January 1, 2018. Entities had the option to apply the new guidance under a retrospective approach to each prior reporting period presented, or a modified retrospective approach with the cumulative effect of initially applying the new guidance recognized at the date of initial application within the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholder's Equity. The Company has adopted the new guidance effective January 1, 2018 utilizing the modified retrospective approach. Refer to Note 3, “Revenues” for further details.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 - ~~“Leases”,~~“Leases,” which is intended to improve financial reporting on leasing transactions. This was further clarified with technical corrections issued within ASU 2018-10 and ASU 2018-11. This standard requires a lessee to record on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by lease terms of more than 12 months. ~~This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years.~~ The Company ~~is adopting~~adopted this ~~guidance effective~~ASU as of January 1, ~~2019 using the modified retrospective approach.~~2019. The adoption of this ASU ~~will~~did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations and Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The ~~adoption of this ASU will result~~updated disclosures are included in an approximate $49.0 million to $53.0 million increase in right of use assets, $10.0 million to $13.0 million increase in short-term lease obligations and $38.0 million to $41.0 million increase in long-term lease obligations on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as it relates to operating leases. However, this estimated range is subject to change as the Company finalizes its implementation. As part of the adoption of this accounting standard, the Company plans to use the package of practical expedients which does not require the Company to reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases upon adoption of the standard. The Company will implement enhanced internal controls and a software solution to comply with the requirements of the standard.Note 22, “Leases.”

~~Adoption of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”~~

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC Topic 606, using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC Topic 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the Company’s historic accounting under ASC Topic 605.

The majority of the Company’s sales revenue continues to be recognized when products are shipped from the Company’s manufacturing facilities. Additional information related to the Company’s “Performance Obligations” are listed below.

~~As a result of the adoption of ASC Topic 606, no cumulative catch up adjustment to retained earnings was recorded as of January 1, 2018.~~

Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with the Company’s customer are satisfied; generally this occurs with the transfer of control of the Company’s cranes or aftermarket parts or completion of performance of services. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. The Company recognizes revenue for extended warranties beyond the base warranties over the life of the ~~contract.~~

Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction, and are collected by the Company from a customer, are excluded from revenue.

Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control over a product has transferred to a customer are categorized as a fulfillment cost and are included in cost of sales on the ~~Condensed~~ Consolidated Statement of Operations.

The following is a description of principle activities from which the Company generates revenue.Disaggregation of the Company’s revenue sources are disclosed in Note 17, “Segments.”

Crane revenue is primarily generated through the sale of new and used cranes. Contracts with customers are generally in the form of a purchase order. Based on the nature of the Company’s contracts, the Company does not have any significant financing terms. Contracts may have variable consideration in the form of early pay discounts or rebates, however the variable consideration is not material to the overall contract with the customer. Revenue is earned under these contracts when control of the product is transferred to the customer. Control transfers to the customer generally upon delivery to the carrier or acceptance through an independent inspection company that acts as an agent of the customer.

From time to time, the Company enters into agreements where the customer has the right to exercise a buyback option for the repurchase of a crane by the Company at an agreed upon price. The Company evaluates each agreement at inception to determine if the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise that right. If it is determined that the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise that right, the agreement is accounted for as a lease in accordance with ASC Topic 842 “Leases” (“Topic 842”). If it is determined that the customer does not have a significant economic incentive to exercise that right, then revenue is recognized when control of the asset is transferred to the customer. Refer to Note 19, “Guarantees” for additional information.

The Company records deferred revenue when cash payments are received or due in advance of performance, including amounts which are refundable. The table below shows the change in the customer advances balance for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 which isare included in current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The Company expenses sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would be one year or less. These costs are recorded within engineering, selling and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

The Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which it recognizes revenue at the amount to which it has the right to invoice for services performed.

On March 4, 2016, Manitowoc completed the Spin-Off. The financial results of MFS are presented as loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Concurrent with the Spin-Off, the Company received a $1,361.7 million dividend from MFS. The following table presents the financial results of MFS through the date of the Spin-Off for the indicated period and do not include corporate overhead allocations:

~~Major classes of line items constituting earnings from discontinued operations before income taxes related to MFS~~

~~No assets or liabilities of MFS are reflected on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.~~

Costs recorded by the Company during the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 related to the Spin-Off were not material. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded $27.7 million of costs related to the Spin-Off. These costs consisted primarily of professional and consulting fees and were included in the results of discontinued operations.

The following tables set forth the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value as of December 31, 2018 by level within the fair value hierarchy. At December 31, 2017, there was an immaterial amount of financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The fair value of the Company’s 12.750% senior secured second lien notes due 2021 (the “2021 Notes”) was approximately $278.1 million and $297.3 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

ASC Topic 820-10 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC Topic 820-10 classifies the inputs used to measure fair value into the following hierarchy:

The following tables set forth the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 by level within the fair value hierarchy. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The fair value of the senior secured second lien notes due on April 1, 2026, with an annual coupon rate of 9.000% (the “2026 Notes”), was approximately $316.1 million as of December 31, 2019.

The Company endeavors to utilize the best available information in measuring fair value. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company estimates fair value of its ~~2021~~2026 Notes based on quoted market prices of the instruments; because these markets are typically ~~thinly~~actively traded, the liabilities are classified as Level 21 within the valuation hierarchy. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, deferred purchase price notes on receivables sold (see Note 12, “Accounts Receivable ~~Securitization”~~Securitization and Other Factoring Arrangements”) and short-term variable debt, including any amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility, approximate fair value, without being discounted as of December 31, ~~2018 and 2017~~2019 due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

As a result of the Company’s global operating and financing activities, the Company is exposed to market risks from changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and commodity prices, which may adversely affect its operating results and financial position. When deemed appropriate, the Company minimizes these risks through the use of derivative financial instruments. Derivative financial instruments are used to manage risk and are not used for trading or other speculative purposes, and the Company does not use leveraged derivative financial instruments. The foreign currency exchange, interest rate, and commodity contractsFX Forward Contracts are valued through an independent valuation source which uses an industry standard data provider, with resulting valuations periodically validated through third-party or counterparty quotes. As such, these derivative instruments are classified within Level 2. See Note 5, “Derivative Financial Instruments” for additional information.

The Company’s risk management objective is to ensure that business exposures to risks are minimized using the most effective and efficient methods to eliminate, reduce, or transfer such exposures. Operating decisions consider these associated risks and, whenever possible, transactions are structured to avoid or mitigate these risks.

From time to time, the Company enters into FX Forward Contracts to manage the exposure on forecasted transactions denominated in non-functional currencies and to manage the risk of transaction gains and losses associated with assets/liabilities in currencies other than the functional currency of certain subsidiaries. Certain of these FX Forward Contracts are designated as cash flow hedges. To the extent these derivatives are effective in offsetting the variability of the hedged cash flows, changes in the derivatives’ fair value are not included in current earnings but are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). These changes in fair value are reclassified into earnings as a component of cost of sales, as applicable, when the forecasted transaction impacts earnings. In addition, if the forecasted transaction is no longer probable, the cumulative change in the derivatives’ fair value is recorded as a component of other income (expense) – net in the period in which the transaction is no longer considered probable of occurring. No amounts were recorded related to these types of transactions during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

The Company had FX Forward Contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $32.6 million and $76.8 million outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The aggregate notional amount outstanding as of December 31, 2019 is scheduled to mature within one year. The FX Forward Contracts purchased are denominated in Euros. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the fair value of these contracts was a net 0 balance and a net current liability of $1.7 million, respectively. Net unrealized gains (losses), net of income tax, recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were 0 and $(0.3) million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The following table provides the amount of gains or losses recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for FX Forward Contracts for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

The components of inventories atas of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~December 31, 2017~~2018 are summarized as follows:

	2018			2017			2019			2018
Raw materials	$	159.2		$	122.0		$	156.3		$	159.2
Work-in-process		102.0			98.9			116.3			112.0
Finished goods		248.0			227.7			239.4			238.0
Total inventories — gross		509.2			448.5
Total inventories								512.0			509.2
Excess and obsolete inventory reserve		(56.1	)		(47.9	)		(50.6	)		(56.1	)
Net inventories	$	453.1		$	400.6
Inventories — net							$	461.4		$	453.1

The Company has notes receivable balances that are classified as current or long-term based on the timing of the amounts due. Long-term notes receivable are included within other non-current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Current and long-term notes receivable balances primarily relate to the Company's captive finance entity in China. The Company also has a long-term note receivable balance related to the 2014 sale of Manitowoc Dong Yue. During 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded $2.8 million and $3.6 million, respectively, related to the write down of the note with Manitowoc Dong Yue to the anticipated collection amount based on current expectations. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had current and long-term notes receivable in the amounts of $17.4 million and $16.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had current and long-term notes receivable in the ~~amount~~amounts of $19.4 million and $17.0 million, respectively. As

The components of property, plant and equipment atas of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 are summarized as follows:

	2018			2017			2019			2018
Land	$	24.1		$	25.4		$	24.0		$	24.1
Building and improvements		195.3		$	196.4			197.3			195.3
Machinery, equipment and tooling		269.4		$	263.6			274.2			269.4
Furniture and fixtures		16.4		$	15.6			18.5			16.4
Computer hardware and software		117.1		$	114.4			119.3			117.1
Rental cranes		84.0		$	90.2			77.7			84.0
Construction in progress		9.6		$	17.3			11.2			9.6
Total cost		715.9			722.9			722.2			715.9
Less accumulated depreciation		(427.0	)		(419.2	)		(432.3	)		(427.0	)
Property, plant and equipment-net	$	288.9		$	303.7
Property, plant and equipment — net							$	289.9		$	288.9

InThe Company recorded 0 asset impairment charges for the ~~years~~year ended December 31, 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2018, ~~and 2017,~~ the Company recorded $0.4 million ~~and $0.1 million~~ in asset impairment ~~charges, respectively.~~charges.

~~The Company has classified the Manitowoc, Wisconsin manufacturing building as held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheet for the year ended~~As of December 31, ~~2018. The~~2018, the Company had classified ~~the Manitowoc, Wisconsin manufacturing building and Corporate headquarters~~$12.9 million as ~~held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheet for the year ended December 31, 2017. The net book value of~~ assets held for sale ~~were $12.9 million and $16.2 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and are included in~~within other current assets on the ~~balance sheet. The decrease in~~Consolidated Balance Sheets related to the Manitowoc, Wisconsin manufacturing buildings and land. During 2019, the Company sold the Manitowoc, Wisconsin manufacturing buildings and land previously classified as assets held for sale, ~~is related to~~which resulted in a $3.5 million gain recorded within other income (expense) – net on the ~~sale~~Consolidated Statements of ~~the Corporate headquarters during 2018.~~Operations.

These assets were carried at the lesser of the original cost or fair value, less the estimated costs to sell. The fair values were determined by the Company to be Level 3 (see Note 5, “Fair Value of Financial Instruments,” for the definition of Level 3 inputs) under the fair value hierarchy and were estimated based on broker quotes and internal expertise related to current marketplace conditions.

~~The changes in carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:~~

The Company ~~accounts for goodwill and other intangible assets under the guidance of ASC Topic 350, “Intangibles — Goodwill and Other.” The Company~~ performs impairment reviews for goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets using a fair-value method based on the present value of future cash flows, which involves management’s judgments and assumptions about the amounts of those cash flows and the discount rates used. The estimated fair value is then compared with the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including recorded goodwill, or indefinite-lived intangible asset. The intangible asset is then subject to risk of write-down to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value.

~~The~~its annual goodwill and ~~indefinite-lived~~indefinite lived assets impairment testing ~~was performed~~ during the fourth quarter. Based on the results of that test, 0 impairment was indicated in 2019. The Company will continue to monitor changes in circumstances and test more frequently if those changes indicate that assets might be impaired.

During the ~~EURAF reporting unit~~year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $82.2 ~~million.~~million in the EURAF reporting unit. The goodwill impairment charge resulted from a reduction in the estimated fair value of the reporting unit based on the continued decline in the Company’s equity market capitalization and lower forecasted results in the region. ~~The Company will continue to monitor changes in circumstances and test more frequently if those changes indicate that assets might be impaired.~~

A considerable amount of management judgment and assumptions are required in performing the impairment tests as it relates to revenue growth rates and projected operating ~~income, discount rates and royalty rates.~~income. While the Company believes the judgments and assumptions are reasonable, different assumptions could change the estimated fair value and, therefore, additional impairment charges could be required. Weakening industry or economic trends, disruptions to our business, unexpected significant changes or planned changes in the use of the assets or in entity structure may adversely impact the assumptions used in the valuations. The Company continually monitors market conditions and determines if any additional interim reviews of goodwill, other intangibles or long-lived assets are warranted. In the event the Company determines that assets are impaired in the future, the Company would recognize a non-cash impairment charge, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and Results of Operations.

The changes in carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of the Company’s intangible assets other than goodwill are as follows as of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017.~~

	December 31, 2018							December 31, 2017							December 31, 2019							December 31, 2018
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization Amount			Net Book Value		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization Amount			Net Book Value		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization Amount			Net Book Value		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization Amount			Net Book Value
Trademarks and tradenames	$	96.7	$	—		$	96.7	$	99.7	$	—		$	99.7	$	95.3	$	—		$	95.3	$	96.7	$	—		$	96.7
Customer relationships		10.1		(8.4	)		1.7		10.7		(8.7	)		2.0		10.0		(8.5	)		1.5		10.1		(8.4	)		1.7
Patents		29.8		(29.0	)		0.8		30.6		(29.7	)		0.9		29.5		(28.7	)		0.8		29.8		(29.0	)		0.8
Engineering drawings		10.5		(10.5	)		—		10.8		(10.7	)		0.1
Distribution network		19.0		(0.1	)		18.9		19.5		(0.1	)		19.4		18.7		—			18.7		18.9		—			18.9
Net balance	$	166.1	$	(48.0	)	$	118.1	$	171.3	$	(49.2	)	$	122.1	$	153.5	$	(37.2	)	$	116.3	$	155.5	$	(37.4	)	$	118.1

Amortization of intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016~~2017 was $0.3 million, ~~$0.8~~$0.3 million and ~~$3.0~~$0.8 million, respectively. Excluding the impact of any future acquisitions, divestitures or impairments, the Company anticipates amortization will be approximately $0.3 million per year through 2022.

Accounts payable and accrued expenses atas of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 are summarized as follows:

	2018		2017		2019		2018
Trade accounts payable	$	249.2	$	204.9	$	187.1	$	249.2
Employee-related expenses		59.5		59.7		56.6		59.5
Accrued vacation		24.3		23.8		20.2		24.3
Miscellaneous accrued expenses		92.2		87.4		76.9		92.2
Total accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	425.2	$	375.8	$	340.8	$	425.2

Outstanding debt atas of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 is summarized as follows:

	2018			2017			2019			2018
Revolving credit facility	$	—		$	—
Senior notes due 2021		254.2			251.9
Senior secured asset based revolving credit facility							$	—		$	—
Senior secured second lien notes due 2021								—			254.2
Senior secured second lien notes due 2026								300.0			—
Other		21.2			26.1			16.7			21.2
Deferred financing costs		(2.3	)		(3.1	)		(4.5	)		(2.3	)
Total debt		273.1			274.9			312.2			273.1
Less current portion and short-term borrowings		(6.4	)		(8.2	)
Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt								(3.8	)		(6.4	)
Long-term debt	$	266.7		$	266.7		$	308.4		$	266.7

The balance sheet values of the 2021 Notes as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are not equal to the face value of the 2021 Notes, $260.0 million, because of original issue discounts (“OID”) included in the applicable balance sheet values.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company had outstanding $21.2 million of other indebtedness that has a weighted-average interest rate of approximately 5.3%. This debt includes balances on local credit lines and capital lease obligations.

On March ~~3, 2016,~~25, 2019, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into an indenture with U.S. Bank National Association as trustee and notes collateral agent, pursuant to which the Company issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of senior secured second lien notes due on April 1, 2026 with an annual coupon rate of 9.000%. Interest on the 2026 Notes is payable in cash semi-annual in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year. The 2026 Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a ~~$225.0 million Asset Based~~senior secured second lien basis, jointly and severally, by each of the Company’s existing and future domestic subsidiaries that is either a guarantor or a borrower under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility (as ~~amended,~~defined below) or that guarantees certain other debt of the Company or a guarantor. The 2026 Notes and the related guarantees are secured on a second-priority basis, subject to certain exceptions and permitted liens, by pledges of capital stock and other equity interests and other security interests in substantially all of the personal property and fee-owned real property of the Company and of the guarantors that secure obligations under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility. The 2026 Notes were sold pursuant to exemptions from registration under the Securities Act of 1933.

Additionally, on March 25, 2019, the Company and certain subsidiaries of the Company (the “Loan Parties”) entered into a credit agreement (the “ABL Credit Agreement”) with JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative and collateral agent, and

certain financial institutions party thereto as lenders, providing for a senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility (the “ABL Revolving Credit Facility”) ~~with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. as administrative agent, and JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Goldman Sachs Bank USA as joint lead arrangers.~~of up to $275.0 million. The borrowing capacity under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility ~~capacity calculation~~ is ~~defined in the Agreement and dependent~~based on the ~~fair~~ value of inventory, accounts receivable and fixed assets of the ~~loan parties, which secure~~Loan Parties. The Loan Parties’ obligations under the ~~borrowings.~~ABL Revolving Credit Facility are secured on a first-priority basis, subject to certain exceptions and permitted liens, by substantially all of the personal property and fee-owned real property of the Loan Parties. The liens securing the ABL Revolving Credit Facility are senior in priority to the second-priority liens securing the obligations under the 2026 Notes and the related guarantees. The ABL Revolving Credit Facility has a term of 5 years and includes a $75.0 million ~~Letter~~letter of ~~Credit sublimit,~~credit sub-facility, $10.0 million of which ~~can be applied~~is available to the Company’s German ~~borrower.~~subsidiary that is a borrower under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility.

Borrowings under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a variable rate using either the Alternative Base Rate or the Eurodollar and Overnight London Interbank Offer Rate (“LIBOR”). The variable interest rate is based upon the average quarterly availability as of the most recent determination date as follows:

The Company used the initial extension credit under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility, together with the net proceeds from the offering of the 2026 Notes, to (i) redeem all of the Company’s $260.0 million in outstanding 12.750% Senior Secured Second Lien Notes due 2021 (the “Prior 2021 Notes”); (ii) repay all obligations outstanding, and terminate all commitments, under (x) the Company’s previous $225.0 million ABL Revolving Credit Facility (“Prior ABL Facility”) and (y) $75.0 million AR Securitization Facility; and (iii) pay related fees and expenses, including $16.6 million of call premium on the Prior 2021 Notes, $5.0 million of closing costs and $4.6 million of accrued interest.

As of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company had outstanding $16.7 million of other indebtedness that has a weighted-average interest rate of approximately 5.1%. This debt includes balances on local credit lines and other financing arrangements obligations.

As of December 31, 2019, the Company did ~~not~~0t have an outstanding balance on the ABL Revolving Credit ~~Facility.~~Facility and 0 borrowings on the Prior ABL Facility as of December 31, 2018. During the year ended December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the highest daily borrowing under either ABL facility was ~~$47.0~~$39.7 million and the average borrowing was ~~$7.0~~$8.9 million, while the average annual interest rate was ~~3.99%~~4.15%. The interest rate of the ABL Revolving Credit Facility fluctuates based on excess availability. As of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the spreads for ~~London interbank offer rate~~Eurodollar and ~~prime rate~~Overnight LIBOR and Alternative Base Rate borrowings were ~~1.50%~~1.25% and ~~0.50%~~0.25%, respectively, with excess availability of approximately ~~$96.5~~$206.4 million, which represents revolver borrowing capacity of ~~$107.8~~$210.4 million less U.S. letters of credit outstanding of ~~$11.3~~$4.0 million.

On February 18, 2016, the Company entered into an indenture with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as trust and collateral agent, and completed the sale of $260.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 2021 Notes. Interest on the 2021 Notes is payable semi-annually in February and August of each year. The 2021 Notes were sold pursuant to exemptions from registration under the Securities Act of 1933.

Both the ABL Revolving Credit Facility and ~~indenture governing the 2021~~2026 Notes include customary covenants ~~and events of default~~ which include, without limitation, restrictions on, ~~indebtedness,~~the Company’s ability and the ability of the Company’s restricted subsidiaries to incur, assume or guarantee additional debt or issue certain preferred shares, pay dividends on or make other distributions in respect of the Company’s capital ~~expenditures,~~stock or make other restricted payments, ~~disposals,~~make certain investments, sell or transfer certain assets, create liens on certain assets to secure debt, consolidate, merge, sell, or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets, enter into certain transactions with affiliates and ~~acquisitions.~~designate the Company’s subsidiaries as unrestricted. Both the ABL Revolving Credit Facility and the 2026 Notes also include customary events of default.

Additionally, the ABL Revolving Credit Facility contains a ~~Fixed Charge Coverage springing financial~~ covenant ~~which measures~~requiring the Company to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio ~~of (i) consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and other adjustments as defined~~under certain circumstances set forth in the ~~credit agreement, to (ii) fixed charges, as defined in the related credit agreement. The financial covenant is triggered only if the Company fails to maintain minimum levels~~ABL Credit Agreement.

The aggregate scheduled future maturities of outstanding debt obligations ~~in subsequent years are as follows:~~

~~The table of scheduled maturities above does not agree to the Company’s total debt~~ as of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 is as ~~shown on the Consolidated Balance Sheet due to $5.8 million of OID and $2.3 million of deferred financing costs.~~follows:

Year
2020	$	3.8
2021		10.5
2022		1.7
2023		—
2024		—
Thereafter		300.7
Total	$	316.7

•

The table of scheduled maturities above does not agree to the Company’s total debt as of December 31, 2019 as shown on the Consolidated Balance Sheet due to $4.5 million of deferred financing costs.

As of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company was in compliance with all affirmative and negative covenants in its debt instruments, inclusive of the financial covenants pertaining to the ABL Revolving Credit Facility and ~~2021~~2026 Notes. Based upon management’s current plans and outlook, the Company believes it will be able to comply with these covenants during the subsequent twelve months.

12. Accounts Receivable Securitization and Other Factoring Arrangements

~~On March 3, 2016, the Company replaced the Fifth Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement dated December 15, 2014 and entered into~~had maintained a Receivables Purchase Agreement (“RPA”) among Manitowoc Funding, LLC (“MTW Funding”), as Seller, The Manitowoc Company, Inc., as Servicer, and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as Purchaser and as ~~Agent. The~~Agent, with a commitment size of ~~the RPA is~~ $75.0 million.

Under the RPA (and the related Purchase and Sale Agreements referenced in the RPA), the Company’s domestic trade accounts receivable ~~are~~were sold to MTW Funding which, in turn, ~~sells, conveys, transfers~~sold, conveyed, transferred and ~~assigns~~assigned to a third-party financial institution (“Purchaser”), all of MTW ~~Funding's~~Funding’s rights, title and interest in a pool of ~~receivables.~~

~~Table of Contents~~

~~The Purchaser receives ownership of the pool of~~ receivables ~~in each instance. New receivables are purchased by MTW Funding and resold~~ to the ~~Purchaser to replace previously sold investments discharged through normal cash collection processes. The Company acts~~Purchaser. Transactions under the program are accounted for as the servicer (in such capacity, the “Servicer”) of the receivables and, as such, administers, collects and otherwise enforces the receivables. The Servicer is compensated for doing so on terms that are generally consistent with what would be charged by an unrelated servicer. The Servicer initially receives payments made by obligors on the receivables but is required to remit those payments to the Purchasersales in accordance with ~~the RPA.The Purchaser has no recourse for uncollectible receivables.~~ASC Topic 860, “Transfers and Servicing” (“Topic 860”). This program was terminated on March 25, 2019.

Trade accounts receivables sold to the Purchaser and being serviced by the Company totaled ~~$863.5~~$149.0 million and ~~$691.0~~$863.5 million as of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, respectively. Cash proceeds received from customers related to the receivables previously sold for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 ~~and 2017~~ were ~~$781.6~~$182.8 million and ~~$609.8~~$781.6 million, respectively.

Sales of trade receivables under the program reflected as a reduction of accounts receivable in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets were ~~$75.0 million~~0 and ~~$31.8~~$75.0 million as of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, respectively. The proceeds received, including collections on the deferred purchase price notes, are included in cash flows from operating activities in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company deems the interest rate risk related to the deferred purchase price notes to be de minimis, primarily because the average collection cycle of the related receivables is less than 60 days; and as such, the fair value of the Company’s deferred purchase price notes approximates book value. The fair value of the deferred purchase price notes recorded as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was 0 and ~~December 31, 2017 was~~ $71.5 ~~million and $60.6~~ million, respectively, and is included in accounts receivable in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016~~2017 non-cash investing activities related to the increase in the deferred purchase price was 0, $594.2 million and $538.1 million, ~~and $490.9 million,~~ respectively.

The securitization program contains customary affirmative and negative covenants. Among other restrictions, these covenants require the Company to meet specified financial tests, which include a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio which is the same as the covenant ratio required per the ABL Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2018, the Company was in compliance with all affirmative and negative covenants inclusive of the financial covenants pertaining to the RPA, as amended. Based on management’s current plans and outlook, the Company believes it will be able to comply with these covenants during the subsequent twelve months.

The Company has two non-U.S. accounts receivable financing programs. During 2019, the Company increased the maximum availability under these programs from €45 million to €55 million. Under these financing programs, the Company has the ability to sell eligible receivables up to the maximum limit and can sell additional receivables as previously sold ~~€215.7~~are collected. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company sold €193.6 million of receivables and received ~~€215.7~~€193.6 million of cash on the sold receivables. The ~~maximum availability~~Company also has one U.S. accounts receivable financing program. Transactions under ~~these~~the U.S. and non-U.S. programs ~~is €45 million.~~were accounted for as sales in accordance with Topic 860.

Table of Contents

13. Income Taxes

Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016~~2017 is summarized as follows:

	2018			2017			2016			2019			2018			2017
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes:
Domestic	$	(76.4	)	$	(98.5	)	$	(293.0	)
Foreign		4.7			59.0			24.9
U.S.										$	(10.0	)	$	(76.4	)	$	(98.5	)
Non-U.S.											69.0			4.7			59.0
Total	$	(71.7	)	$	(39.5	)	$	(268.1	)	$	59.0		$	(71.7	)	$	(39.5	)

~~Table of Contents~~

Income tax provision (benefit) ~~from continuing operations~~ for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016~~2017 is summarized as follows:

2018

2017

2016

Current:

Federal and state

$
(7.3
)

$
(12.8
)

$
(13.0
)
Foreign

13.6

7.4

12.1

Total current

$
6.3

$
(5.4
)

$
(0.9
)
Deferred:

Federal and state

$
(6.2
)

$
(7.0
)

$
98.7

Foreign

(4.9
)

(37.1
)

2.7

Total deferred

$
(11.1
)

$
(44.1
)

$
101.4

Income tax provision (benefit) from continuing operations

$
(4.8
)

$
(49.5
)

$
100.5

	2019			2018			2017
Current:
U.S. Federal and state	$	(0.7	)	$	(7.3	)	$	(12.8	)
Non-U.S.		11.6			13.6			7.4
Total current	$	10.9		$	6.3		$	(5.4	)
Deferred:
U.S. Federal and state	$	0.2		$	(6.2	)	$	(7.0	)
Non-U.S.		1.3			(4.9	)		(37.1	)
Total deferred	$	1.5		$	(11.1	)	$	(44.1	)
Income tax provision (benefit)	$	12.4		$	(4.8	)	$	(49.5	)

The U.S. federal statutory income tax rate is reconciled to the Company’s effective income tax rate for continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016~~2017 as follows:

	2018			2017			2016			2019			2018			2017
Federal income tax at statutory rate		21.0	%		35.0	%		35.0	%
State income tax provision		4.3			16.3			2.3
U.S. federal income tax at statutory rate											21.0	%		21.0	%		35.0	%
U.S. state income tax provision											(0.2	)		4.3			16.3
Manufacturing & research incentives		2.4			7.9			2.0			(5.2	)		2.4			7.9
Taxes on foreign income which differ from the U.S. statutory rate		(3.2	)		41.5			2.4
Taxes on non-U.S. income which differ from the U.S. statutory rate											(4.4	)		(3.2	)		41.5
Adjustments for unrecognized tax benefits		9.6			0.5			(4.0	)		(2.2	)		9.6			0.5
Adjustments for valuation allowances		(1.8	)		287.7			(69.8	)		7.6			(1.8	)		287.7
Spin-off tax costs		—			—			(1.3	)
U.S. Tax Reform		2.5			(228.3	)		—			6.9			2.5			(228.3	)
Goodwill impairment		(24.6	)		—			—			—			(24.6	)		—
Other items		(3.6	)		(35.4	)		(4.1	)		(2.5	)		(3.6	)		(35.4	)
Effective tax rate		6.6	%		125.2	%		(37.5	)%
Effective income tax rate											21.0	%		6.6	%		125.2	%

On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Reform ~~Act.~~Act”). This legislation significantly changed U.S. tax law by, among other things, lowering corporate income tax rates, and imposing a repatriation tax on deemed repatriated earnings of ~~foreign~~non-U.S. subsidiaries. The Tax Reform Act permanently reduced the U.S. corporate income tax rate from a maximum of 35% to a flat 21% rate, effective January 1, 2018.

The Tax Reform Act provided for a one-time deemed mandatory repatriation of post-1986 undistributed foreign subsidiary earnings and profits ~~(“E&P”)~~ through the year ended December 31, 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we were able to reasonably estimate the Transition Tax and recorded a provisional $54.0 million of federal and state income tax expense for this item, with no cash tax or income statement impact due to utilization of net operating losses. On the basis of revised E&P computations that were completed during 2018, the Company recognized an additional measurement-period adjustment of $3.2 million to the Transition Tax obligation, with no cash tax or income statement impact due to net operating loss utilization. Because of the reduced U.S. corporate income tax rate, the Company had remeasured its net operating losses, as part of its provisional Tax Reform accounting. Due to the utilization, the remeasurement was reversed and resulted in a $11.7 million tax benefit during 2018. The Transition Tax, which ~~has now been determined to be complete,~~was completed in 2018, resulted in recording a total Transition Tax obligation of $57.2 million, however there was no U.S. cash tax impact due to net operating loss utilization. ~~Because of offsetting changes in the valuation allowance against net operating losses, the effect of the measurement-period adjustment on the 2018 effective tax rate was 0 percent.~~ On January 15, 2019, the U.S. Treasury released final regulations under amended Internal Revenue Code Section 965. The Company ~~will account~~accounted for the effects of the new regulations induring the first quarter of 2019, the period in which the regulations were issued. ~~However, based on our assessment,~~There was no material change ~~will result~~resulting from application of the new regulations.

On December 22, 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 to address the application of GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Reform Act. The Company recognized the provisional federal and state tax impacts related to deemed repatriated earnings and the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and included these amounts in its consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017. The Company has also completed analysis related to its historical assertion that all foreign earnings are permanently reinvested (see further details below). The ultimate impact differed from these provisional amounts, due to, among other things, additional analysis, changes in interpretations and assumptions the Company made, additional regulatory guidance issued, and actions the Company took as a result of the Tax Reform Act. The accounting was completed in the fourth quarter of 2018.

Beginning in 2018, the Tax Reform Act includes two new U.S. corporate tax provisions, the global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) and the base-erosion and anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”) provisions. The GILTI provision requires the Company to include in its U.S. income tax return non-U.S. subsidiary earnings in excess of an allowable return on the non-U.S. subsidiary’s tangible

assets. The Company has elected to treat GILTI as a period cost. The BEAT provision in the Tax Reform Act eliminates the deduction of certain base-erosion payments made to related non-U.S. corporations, and imposes a minimum tax if the amount is greater than the regular tax. The Company evaluated the GILTI and BEAT provisions, resulting in a0 financial statement impact offor the year ended December 31, 2019, and $0.0 and $0.4 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2018. While GILTI resulted in an inclusion of non-U.S. earnings of $19.9 and $30.4 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, because of the Company’s net operating losses and valuation allowance, there was no net financial statement impact.

The 2019 and 2018 effective tax rates were favorably impacted by income earned in jurisdictions where the statutory rate was less than the federal income tax rate of 21%. The 2017 ~~and 2016~~ effective tax rates were favorably impacted by income earned in jurisdictions where the statutory rate was less than the federal income tax rate of 35%. The rate reconciling items included above, when adjusted for actual dollar values, are consistent with prior year. The percentage ~~impacts are~~impact is higher in 2017 due to the lower consolidated pretax ~~loss.~~

As of each reporting date, the Company's management considers new evidence, both positive and negative, that could impact management's view with regard to future realization of deferred tax assets. Due to the Spin-Off that occurred in the first quarter of 2016, management reevaluated the deferred tax assets related to the U.S. crane operations and determined that it was more likely than not that deferred tax assets related to its U.S. crane operations were not realizable and the Company recorded a valuation allowance.

The Company has recorded valuation allowances on the deferred tax assets in Brazil, China Leasing, Germany, India, Netherland Antilles, U.K., and the U.S. as it is more likely than not that they will not be utilized. ~~Also during~~During 2018, the Company partially released the valuation allowance in the U.K. resulting in a $12.3 million tax benefit. The 2018 tax provision was impacted by a net increase of $1.3 million primarily related to additional valuation allowances recorded in the U.S., partially offset by the U.K. valuation allowance release noted above. The 2019 tax provision was impacted by a net increase of $4.5 million related to additional valuation allowances recorded in the various jurisdictions noted above.

The Company will continue to periodically evaluate its valuation allowance requirements in light of changing facts and circumstances and may adjust its deferred tax asset valuation allowances accordingly. It is reasonably possible that the Company will either add to or reverse a portion of its existing deferred tax asset valuation allowances in the future. Such changes in the deferred tax asset valuation allowances will be reflected in the current operations through the Company’s income tax provision and could have a material effect on operating results.

For 2019, the only significant item included in Other items was the favorable resolution of the German income tax audit. For 2018, the only significant item included in Other items was the $1.7 million of deferred taxes related to the update of the Company’s permanent reinvestment of foreign earnings assertion (discussed further below). For 2017, the only significant item included in Other items was the IRS audit resolution. ~~For 2016, the only significant item included in Other items was the net operating loss~~

Temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities include the following items:

	2018			2017			2019			2018
Non-current deferred income tax assets (liabilities):
Inventories	$	22.7		$	16.5		$	24.3		$	22.7
Accounts receivable		(4.2	)		(5.4	)		(3.7	)		(4.2	)
Property, plant and equipment		(14.0	)		(9.7	)		(8.2	)		(14.0	)
Intangible assets		(34.8	)		(33.8	)		(34.1	)		(34.8	)
Deferred employee benefits		40.7			47.3			39.8			40.7
Product warranty reserves		6.6			5.5			8.6			6.6
Product liability reserves		4.0			5.0			3.0			4.0
Tax credits		7.1			6.7			5.4			7.1
Loss and other tax attribute carryforwards		137.8			159.2			125.7			137.8
Deferred revenue		5.1			7.4			5.8			5.1
Transition tax		—			(26.2	)
Other		4.2			2.2			11.9			4.2
Total non-current deferred income tax assets		175.2			174.7			178.5			175.2
Less valuation allowance		(153.1	)		(162.3	)		(157.1	)		(153.1	)
Net deferred income tax assets, non-current	$	22.1		$	12.4		$	21.4		$	22.1

The net deferred tax assets are reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for the years ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 as follows:

	2018			2017			2019			2018
Long-term income tax assets, included in other non-current assets	$	27.8		$	25.4		$	26.9		$	27.8
Long-term deferred income tax liability		(5.7	)		(13.0	)		(5.5	)		(5.7	)
Net deferred income tax asset	$	22.1		$	12.4		$	21.4		$	22.1

With the enactment of the Tax Reform ~~we believe~~Act, the Company believes that ~~our~~its offshore cash can be accessed in a more tax efficient manner. Therefore, in 2018, the Company ~~has~~ updated its assertion that foreign earnings are permanently reinvested such that jurisdictions where cash can be tax efficiently repatriated are no longer permanently reinvested. As of December 31, 2019, $1.8 million of deferred taxes were provided on approximately $255.3 million of unremitted earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries that may be remitted to the U.S. As of December 31, 2018, $1.7 million of deferred taxes were provided on approximately $322.0 million of unremitted earnings of ~~non-United States~~Non-U.S. subsidiaries that may be remitted to the ~~United States. We have~~U.S. The Company has approximately ~~$357.0~~$430.9 million of additional unremitted earnings of ~~non-United States~~non-U.S. subsidiaries for which ~~we have~~it has not currently provided deferred ~~taxes.~~taxes, as of December 31, 2019. These earnings, if repatriated to the U.S., would not result in a material tax expense. As of December 31, 2017, the Company did not record a deferred tax liability related to its ~~non-United States~~non-U.S. earnings that could have been remitted. Because of immateriality, the associated deferred tax liability is included with other items on the schedule of temporary differences and carryforwards above.

The Company has approximately $67.4 million of U.S. federal loss carryforwards, which are available to reduce future U.S. federal tax liabilities. $45.2 million of the federal net operating loss carryforwards expire in 2036; the remaining $22.2 million is not subject to any time restrictions for future use. However, utilization of these indefinite lived loss carryforwards is annually limited to 80% of adjusted taxable income. In addition, the Company has approximately $35.8$39.5 million of interest expense carryforwards that is ~~also~~ not subject to any time restrictions for future use. The utilization of the interest expense carryforwards is annually limited to 30% of adjusted taxable income. ~~All of the U.S. loss carryforwards are~~The carryforward is offset by a valuation allowance.

The Company has approximately ~~$692.3~~$677.4 million of U.S. state net operating loss carryforwards, which are available to reduce future U.S. state tax liabilities. These U.S. state net operating loss carryforwards expire at various times through ~~2038.~~2039. The Company has recorded a full valuation allowance related to the U.S. state net operating losses.

The Company has approximately ~~$329.2~~$327.2 million of non-U.S. loss carryforwards, which are available to reduce future non-U.S. tax liabilities. Substantially all of the non-U.S. loss carryforwards are not subject to any time restrictions on their future use, and ~~$146.8~~$160.1 million are offset by a valuation allowance.

The Company or one of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, U.S. state and non-U.S. jurisdictions. The following table provides the open tax years for which the Company could be subject to income tax examination by the tax authorities in its major jurisdictions:

Among other regular and ongoing examinations by U.S. federal, U.S. state and non- U.S. jurisdictions globally, the Company closed the audit with ~~French~~German tax authorities for calendar years ~~2013~~2011 to ~~2016. The statute is still open for~~2014. German tax authorities are scheduled to begin an audit of 2015 ~~and 2016; however, no adjustments are anticipated.~~to 2017 in 2020. There have been no significant developments with respect to the Company’s ongoing tax audits in other jurisdictions.

The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of an adverse outcome resulting from examinations to determine the adequacy of its tax reserves. As of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company believes that it is more likely than not that the tax positions it has taken will be sustained upon the resolution of its audits resulting in no material impact on its consolidated financial position and the results of operations and cashflows. However, the final determination with respect to any tax audits, and any related litigation, could be materially different from the Company’s estimates and/or from its historical income tax provisions and accruals and could have a material effect on operating results and/or cashflows in the periods for which that determination is made. In addition, future period earnings may be adversely impacted by litigation costs, settlements, penalties, and/or interest assessments.

During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016,~~2017, the Company recorded a change to gross unrecognized tax ~~expense (benefits)~~benefits including interest and penalties of ~~$(7.6)~~$1.7 million, ~~$(1.7)~~$7.6 million, and ~~$4.9~~$1.7 million, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016,~~2017, the Company recognized provision (benefit) for income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations of $(0.3) million, $(1.0) million, ~~$0.3 million,~~ and ~~$2.8~~$0.3 million, respectively, for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax ~~liabilities, which the Company recognizes as a part of income tax expense (benefit).~~liabilities. As of December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, the Company has accrued interest and penalties of $6.4 million and $6.7 million, and $7.7 million, respectively.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016~~2017 is as follows:

	2018			2017			2016			2019			2018			2017
Balance at beginning of year	$	19.5		$	21.5		$	19.4		$	12.8		$	19.5		$	21.5
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year		0.3			0.9			1.1			0.5			0.3			0.9
Additions for tax positions of prior years		0.5			4.9			5.0			0.3			0.5			4.9
Reductions for tax positions of prior years		(1.7	)		(0.5	)		(3.6	)		—			(1.7	)		(0.5	)
Reductions based on settlements with taxing authorities		(0.6	)		(6.7	)		—			(0.6	)		(0.6	)		(6.7	)
Reductions for lapse of statute		(5.2	)		(0.6	)		(0.4	)		(1.5	)		(5.2	)		(0.6	)
Balance at end of year	$	12.8		$	19.5		$	21.5		$	11.5		$	12.8		$	19.5

Approximately $7.2 million, ~~$13.1~~$7.2 million, and ~~$14.6~~$13.1 million of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2019, 2018, ~~2017,~~ and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively, would ~~affect~~impact the effective tax rate. ~~Note certain prior period numbers were reclassified to conform to current year presentation.~~

During the next twelve months, ~~it is reasonably possible that federal, state and foreign tax audit resolutions could reduce~~the unrecognized tax benefits ~~by up~~are not expected to ~~$8.4 million, either~~significantly increase or decrease because the Company’s tax positions are sustained on audit or settled, or the applicable statute of limitations closes.

The Company has a Tax Matters Agreement with MFS whereby MFS shall be liable for and shall indemnify the Company against certain U.S. (including states) and foreign income taxes resulting from tax obligations arising due to operations reported on a separate company basis prior to March 4, 2016, where MFS has retained the legal entity post Spin-Off. In addition, the Company is liable for and shall indemnify MFS against certain U.S. (including states) and non-U.S. income taxes arising due to operations prior to March 4, 2016, where such taxes result from combined filings (i.e., when the legal entities of the Company filed as a combined group with legal entities of MFS prior to the Spin-Off) or relate to operations where the Company has retained the legal entity post separation.

Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed asby dividing net income (loss) ~~divided~~ by the ~~basic~~ weighted average number of common shares outstanding of 35.5 million, ~~35.1~~35.5 million and ~~34.4~~35.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, ~~and 2016,~~ respectively. The calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per share includes the effect of any dilutive equity incentive instruments. The Company uses the treasury stock method to calculate the effect of outstanding dilutive equity incentive instruments, which requires the Company to compute total proceeds as the sum of the amount the employee must pay upon exercise of the award and the amount of unearned stock-based compensation costs attributable to future services.

Equity incentive instruments for which ~~the~~ total employee proceeds from exercise exceed the average fair value of the same equity incentive instrument over the period have an anti-dilutive effect on earnings per share during periods with net earnings, and accordingly, the Company excludes them from the calculation. Anti-dilutive equity instruments of ~~approximately~~1,527,645, 0 and 36,300 common shares were excluded from the computation of diluted net earnings per share for the ~~year~~years ended December 31, ~~2017.~~2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Due to the net loss during the ~~years~~year ended December 31, 2018, ~~and 2016,~~ the assumed exercise of all equity incentive instruments was anti-dilutive and, therefore, not included in the diluted loss per share calculation for ~~these periods.~~this period.

The following is a reconciliation of the average shares outstanding used to compute basic and diluted earnings per share:

	2018		2017		2016		2019		2018		2017
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding		35,513,162		35,111,594		34,441,777		35,487,358		35,513,162		35,111,594
Effect of dilutive securities - stock awards		—		743,308		—		154,442		—		743,308
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding		35,513,162		35,854,902		34,441,777		35,641,800		35,513,162		35,854,902

Authorized capitalization consists of 7575.0 million shares of $0.01 par value common stock and ~~3,500,000~~3.5 million shares of $0.01 par value preferred stock. ~~None~~NaN of the preferred shares have been issued.

As of December 31, 2019, the Company has authorization to purchase up to $30.0 million of the Company’s common stock at management’s discretion. During 2019, the Company purchased $7.4 million of the Company’s common stock under this authorization.

The amount and timing of any dividends are determined by the Board of Directors at its regular meetings each year, subject to limitations within the indenture governing the Company’s ~~2021~~2026 Notes and the Company’s ABL Revolving Credit Facility. NoNaN cash dividends were declared or paid in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, ~~2017,~~ and ~~2016.~~2017.

The components of accumulated other comprehensive ~~income (loss)~~loss as of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 are as follows:

	2018			2017			2019			2018
Foreign currency translation	$	(80.1	)	$	(52.4	)	$	(81.1	)	$	(80.1	)
Derivative instrument fair market value, net of income taxes of $0.0 and $(0.3)		(0.3	)		0.1
Employee pension and postretirement benefit adjustments, net of income taxes of $(13.5) and $(14.9)		(36.2	)		(45.1	)
Derivative instrument fair market value, net of income tax provision of $0.0 and $0.0								—			(0.3	)
Employee pension and postretirement benefit adjustments, net of income benefit of $13.7 and $13.5								(39.9	)		(36.2	)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	(116.6	)	$	(97.4	)	$	(121.0	)	$	(116.6	)

A reconciliation of the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of income tax, by component for the years ended December 31, ~~2017~~2018 and ~~2018 is~~2019 are as follows:

Gains and
Losses on
Cash Flow
Hedges

Pension &
Postretirement

Foreign
Currency
Translation

Total

Balance at December 31, 2016

$
(0.3
)

$
(51.8
)

$
(110.8
)

$
(162.9
)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications

(0.3
)

7.0

58.4

65.1

Amounts reclassified from accumulated other
comprehensive income (loss)

0.7

(0.3
)

—

0.4

Net current period other comprehensive income

0.4

6.7

58.4

65.5

Balance at December 31, 2017

0.1

(45.1
)

(52.4
)

(97.4
)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications

(5.4
)

3.5

(27.7
)

(29.6
)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other
comprehensive income

5.0

5.4

—

10.4

Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)

(0.4
)

8.9

(27.7
)

(19.2
)
Balance at December 31, 2018

$
(0.3
)

$
(36.2
)

$
(80.1
)

$
(116.6
)

	Gains (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges			Pension & Postretirement			Foreign Currency Translation			Total
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	0.1		$	(45.1	)	$	(52.4	)	$	(97.4	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications		(5.4	)		3.5			(27.7	)		(29.6	)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income		5.0			5.4			—			10.4
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)		(0.4	)		8.9			(27.7	)		(19.2	)
Balance at December 31, 2018		(0.3	)		(36.2	)		(80.1	)		(116.6	)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications		(2.8	)		(5.5	)		(1.0	)		(9.3	)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income		3.1			1.8			—			4.9
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)		0.3			(3.7	)		(1.0	)		(4.4	)
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	—		$	(39.9	)	$	(81.1	)	$	(121.0	)

A reconciliation ~~for~~of the reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of ~~tax,~~income taxes, for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016~~2017 are as follows:

	Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income											Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
	2018			2017			2016				Recognized Location	2019				2018			2017			Recognized Location
Gains and losses on cash flow hedges
Foreign exchange contracts	$	(5.0	)	$	(0.7	)	$	(0.9	)		Cost of sales
Commodity contracts		—			—			(0.2	)		Cost of sales
Interest rate swap contracts: Float-to-fixed		—			—			(4.3	)		Interest expense
FX Forward Contracts												$	(3.1	)	$	(5.0	)	$	(0.7	)		Cost of sales
Total before income taxes		(5.0	)		(0.7	)		(5.4	)				(3.1	)		(5.0	)		(0.7	)
Income tax benefit		—			—			1.1
Income tax provision													—			—			—
Total, net of income taxes	$	(5.0	)	$	(0.7	)	$	(4.3	)			$	(3.1	)	$	(5.0	)	$	(0.7	)
Amortization of pension and postretirement items
Actuarial losses	$	(5.0	)	$	(5.2	)	$	(4.6	)	(a)	Other expense - net	$	(4.6	)	$	(5.0	)	$	(5.2	)	(a)	Other expense - net
Amortization of prior service cost		2.7			1.3			(0.1	)	(a)	Other expense - net		2.8			2.7			1.3		(a)	Other expense - net
Pension settlement charge		(4.5	)		—			—		(a)	Other expense - net		—			(4.5	)		—		(a)	Other expense - net
Total before income taxes		(6.8	)		(3.9	)		(4.7	)				(1.8	)		(6.8	)		(3.9	)
Income tax benefit		1.4			4.2			0.2					—			1.4			4.2
Total, net of income taxes	$	(5.4	)	$	0.3		$	(4.5	)			$	(1.8	)	$	(5.4	)	$	0.3

Total reclassifications for the period, net of income taxes	$	(10.4	)	$	(0.4	)	$	(8.8	)			$	(4.9	)	$	(10.4	)	$	(0.4	)

The Company’s 2013 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2013 Omnibus Plan”) was approved by shareholders on May 7, 2013 and replaced the 2003 Incentive Stock and Awards Plan (the “2003 Stock Plan”). The 2013 Omnibus Plan also replaced the Company’s Short-Term Incentive Plan (the “STIP”) as of December 31, 2013. The 2003 Stock Plan and the STIP are referred to cumulatively as the “Prior Plans.” No new awards may be granted under the Prior Plans after the respective termination dates, but the Prior Plans continue to govern awards outstanding issued thereunder; outstanding awards will continue in force and effect until vested, exercised or forfeited pursuant to their terms. The 2013 Omnibus Plan provides for both short-term and long-term incentive awards for employees and non-employee directors. Stock-based awards may take the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance share or performance unit awards. ~~Following amendments to the 2013 Omnibus Plan to reflect the effect of the Spin-Off and the November 2017 1-for-4 reverse stock split, the~~The total number of shares of the Company’s common stock available for awards under the 2013 Omnibus Plan is 7,477,395 shares.

The ~~2013 Omnibus Plan provides for, and the 2003 Stock Plan provided for, both short-term and long-term incentive awards for employees, and the 2013 Omnibus Plan also provides for granting~~total number of ~~long-term incentive awards for non-employee members~~shares of the ~~Board~~Company’s common stock still available for issuance as of Directors. Options granted prior to 2011 are all exercisable and expire ten years subsequent to the grant date. Option grants to employees beginning in 2011 became exercisable in 25% increments beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date over a four-year period and expire ten years subsequent to the grant date. Beginning in 2017, grants to officers and directors are exercisable in three annual increments over a three-year period beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date and expire 10 years subsequent to the grant date. Restrictions on restricted stock awards and restricted stock units granted to employees lapse 100% on the third anniversary of the grant date. Restrictions on restricted stock units granted to non-employee members of the Board of Directors lapse 100% on the second anniversary of the grant date. Beginning in 2018, restrictions on restricted stock units granted to non-employee members of the Board of Directors lapse 100% on the grant date. Performance shares are earned based on the extent to which performance goals are met over the applicable performance period. The performance goals and the applicable performance period vary for each grant year. An explanation of the performance goals and the applicable performance period for the 2018, 2017 and 2016 awards are set forth below. December 31, 2019 is 4,992,222 shares.

The Company recognizes expense for all stock-based compensation on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the entire award.

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized within engineering, selling and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations was $9.5 million, $7.5 million and $6.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and ~~$4.9 million during 2018,~~ 2017, ~~and 2016,~~ respectively. In 2018 and 2017, the Company ~~also~~ recognized $0.7 million and $0.6 million, respectively, of expense ~~before income tax~~ related to the modification of stock awards associated with employee severance which is included in ~~“restructuring expense” within operating earnings~~restructuring expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. In 2017, the Company also recognized $0.1 million of expense ~~before income tax~~ related to restricted stock retention awards and modification of performance awards due to the ~~Spin-Off, and $0.6 million~~spin-off of ~~expense before~~the former food service business in other income tax related to the modification of stock awards associated with employee severance; these expenses are included in “other expense” and “restructuring expense,” respectively, within operating earnings in the Consolidated Statements of Operations In 2016, the Company also recognized $2.8 million of expense before income tax related to restricted stock retention awards and modification of performance awards due to the Spin-Off, and $1.3 million of expense before income tax related to the modification of stock awards associated with employee severance; these expenses are included in “other expense” and “restructuring expense,” respectively, within operating earnings in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense before tax of $0.0 million, $0.0 million and $0.3 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to MFS which is included in “(loss) income from discontinued operations”(expense) – net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Shares are issued out of treasury stock upon exercise for stock options and vesting of restricted stock ~~awards~~units and ~~restricted~~performance stock units.

~~Any option grants to directors are exercisable immediately upon granting and expire ten years subsequent to the grant date. Prior to~~Beginning in 2017, ~~unvested~~ stock option grants to ~~officers and directors become~~employees are exercisable in ~~25%~~three annual increments ~~annually~~ over a ~~four-year~~three-year period beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date and expire ten years subsequent to the grant date. Beginning in 2017, grants to officers and directors are exercisable in three annual increments over a three-year period beginning on the first anniversary of the date and expire 10 years subsequent to the grant date.

The Company granted stock options to employees to acquire 210,243, 187,484 ~~273,800~~ and ~~439,741~~273,800 shares of common stock during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense is calculated by estimating the fair value of ~~incentive and~~ non-qualified stock options at the time of grant and is amortized over the stock options’ vesting period. The Company recognized $2.7 million, $2.4 million ~~$1.9 million~~ and ~~$1.8~~$1.9 million of expense before income taxes associated with stock options during 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively.

	Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share		Aggregate Intrinsic Value		Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Options outstanding as of January 1, 2017		966,060		$	17.78
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2018									956,164			21.58
Granted		273,800			25.68				210,243			18.40
Exercised		(258,699	)		19.86				(58,404	)		6.57
Forfeited		(80,727	)		20.45				(17,164	)		23.81
Cancelled		(24,287	)		26.98				(24,868	)		21.18
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2017		876,147			19.13
Granted		187,484			32.31
Exercised		(96,125	)		19.81
Forfeited		(5,215	)		25.44
Cancelled		(5,931	)		24.36
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2018		956,360		$	21.57	$	0.6
Options exercisable as of:
December 31, 2018		511,899		$	17.98	$	0.6
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2019									1,065,971		$	21.75	$	0.4

Options exercisable as of December 31, 2019									623,487		$	20.96	$	0.4

The Company uses the Black-Scholes valuation model to value stock options. The Company used ~~its historical stock prices as the basis for its volatility assumption for grants prior to the Spin-Off. For grants after the Spin-Off, the Company used~~ an average of historical stock prices of selected ~~peers.~~peers for its volatility assumption. The assumed risk-free rates were based on ten-year U.S. Treasury rates in effect at the time of grant. The expected option life represents the period of time that the options granted are expected to be outstanding and is based on historical experience.

The weighted average fair value of options granted per share during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $8.07, $15.66 and ~~2016 was $15.66,~~ $12.16, ~~and $8.20,~~ respectively. The fair value of each option grant was estimated at the date of grant using the ~~Black-Scholes option-pricing method with the~~ following assumptions:

	2018			2017			2016			2019			2018			2017
Expected Life (years)		6.5			6.5			6.5
Risk-free Interest rate		2.8	%		2.2	%		1.6	%
Expected life (years)											6.5			6.5			6.5
Risk-free interest rate											2.6	%		2.8	%		2.2	%
Expected volatility		43.7	%		45.0	%		45.0	%		39.8	%		43.7	%		45.0	%
Expected dividend yield		—	%		—	%		—	%		—	%		—	%		—	%

As of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company has ~~$3.4~~$2.3 million of unrecognized compensation expense before income tax related to stock options, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of ~~1.7~~1.3 years.

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016,~~2017, the total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $0.5 million, $1.1 million and $3.0 million, ~~and $6.3 million,~~ respectively.

The Company granted 80,548 restricted stock awards to certain employees in 2015 as retention awards to provide incentive for the employees to continue in employment and contribute toward the successful completion of the Spin-Off. Under the retention agreements, the restricted stock awards vested on the second anniversary of the Spin-Off if the employee had been continuously employed with the Company or an affiliate through that second anniversary.

The Company recognized an immaterial amount of compensation expense associated with the restricted stock awards for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2016 the Company recognized $1.8 million of compensation expense associated with restricted stock awards. Restricted stock award expense is based on the fair value of the Company’s shares as of the grant date.

~~A summary of activity for restricted stock awards for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:~~

~~As of December 31, 2018, the Company has zero of unrecognized compensation expense before income tax related to restricted stock awards.~~

The Company granted 229,044, 111,713 ~~152,855~~ and ~~157,402~~152,855 restricted stock units in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which also includes equity grants to non-employee directors of 50,673, 25,021 and ~~2016,~~33,208 in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. The Company recognized $3.4 million, $2.6 million and $3.1 million of compensation expense associated with restricted stock units during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

~~The restricted stock units~~equity granted to ~~employees~~non-employee directors in 2019 and 2018 ~~generally~~ vest immediately upon the grant date. The equity granted to non-employee directors in 2017 vested on the ~~third~~second anniversary of the grant date, assuming continued ~~employment. The~~service. Beginning in 2019, restrictions on restricted stock units granted to ~~directors~~employees lapse in ~~2018 vest immediately~~three annual increments over a three-year period beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date. Prior to 2019, restrictions on restricted stock units granted to employees lapse 100% on the third anniversary of the grant

date, assuming continued employment. The expense is based on the fair value of the Company's shares as of the grant ~~date.~~

~~The~~date which, for restricted stock units, ~~granted to employees in 2017 and 2016 generally vest on the third anniversary of~~is the grant date ~~assuming continued employment. The restricted~~closing stock units granted to directors in 2017 and 2016 vest on the second anniversary of the grant date, assuming continued service. The expense is based on the fair value of the Company's shares as of the grant date.price.

A summary of activity for restricted stock units ~~for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are~~is as follows:

	Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share		Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Unvested as of January 1, 2017		241,108		$	49.03
Unvested as of December 31, 2018							219,917			25.37
Granted		152,855			26.05		229,044			18.39
Vested		(45,755	)		93.55		(154,295	)		20.26
Forfeited		(28,208	)		35.61		(4,103	)		27.34
Unvested as of December 31, 2017		320,000			32.71
Granted		111,713			28.49
Vested		(203,355	)		38.81
Forfeited		(8,869	)		21.04
Unvested as of December 31, 2018		219,489		$	25.37
Unvested as of December 31, 2019							290,563		$	22.55

As of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company has $~~3.0~~3.7 million of unrecognized compensation expense before income tax related to restricted stock units which will be recognized over a weighted average period of ~~1.9~~ ~~years.~~1.6 years.

The Company granted 228,037, 93,298 ~~115,047~~ and ~~204,891~~115,047 of performance stock units in 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively. The performance stock units are earned based on service over the vesting period and on the extent to which performance goals are met over the applicable ~~three year~~three-year performance period. The performance goals vary for performance shares each grant year. The Company recognized $3.4 million, $2.5 million ~~$1.3 million~~ and ~~$1.8~~$1.3 million of compensation expense associated with performance stock units during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The performance stock units granted in 2019 are earned based on the extent to which performance goals are met by the Company over a three-year period from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021. The performance goals were based fifty percent (50%) on total shareholder return relative to a peer group of companies over the three-year period and ~~2016, respectively.~~ fifty percent (50%) on meeting targeted adjusted EBITDA margin at the end of the three-year period. Depending on the foregoing factors, the current number of shares awarded could range from 0 to 452,890.

The performance stock units granted in 2018 are earned based on the extent to which performance goals are met by the Company over a three-year period from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020. The performance goals were based fifty percent (50%) on total shareholder return relative to a peer group of companies over the three-year period and fifty percent (50%) on meeting targeted adjusted EBITDA margin at the end of the three-year period. Depending on the foregoing factors, the current number of shares awarded could range from ~~zero~~0 to 185,184. The expense is based on the fair value of the Company's shares as of the grant date for the adjusted EBITDA margin criteria and a Monte Carlo valuation model for the total shareholder return criteria.179,770.

The performance stock units granted in 2017 are earned based on the extent to which performance goals are met by the Company over a three-year period from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019. The performance goals were based fifty percent (50%) on total shareholder return relative to a peer group of companies over the three-year period and fifty percent (50%) on meeting targeted adjusted EBITDA margin at the end of the three-year period. Depending on the foregoing factors, the number of shares awarded could range from zero to 196,316. The expense is based on the fair value of the Company's shares as of the grant date for the adjusted EBITDA margin criteria and a Monte Carlo valuation model for the total shareholder return criteria.

~~The performance stock units granted in 2016 are earned based on the extent to which performance goals are met by~~Excluding potential forfeitures, the Company ~~over a three-year period from January 1, 2016~~expects to ~~December 31, 2018. The performance goals were based fifty percent (50%) on total shareholder return relative~~issue 87,642 shares of common stock in 2020 related to a peer group of companies over the three-year period and fifty percent (50%) on return on invested capital over the three-year period. At the end of the performance period, approximately 75,000 shares will be awarded and will vest on the grant date of thethese awards. The expense is based on the fair value of the Company's shares as of the grant date for the return on invested capital criteria and a Monte Carlo valuation model for the total shareholder return criteria.

A summary of activity for performance stock units ~~for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are~~is as follows:

	Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Per Share		Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Unvested as of January 1, 2017		201,257		$	28.45
Unvested as of December 31, 2018							337,124			28.02
Granted		115,047			30.58		228,037			22.01
Vested		(17,637	)		85.03		(74,315	)		25.73
Forfeited		(29,425	)		25.59		(78,441	)		20.24
Unvested as of December 31, 2017		269,242			25.97
Granted		93,298			33.86
Vested		—			—
Forfeited		(3,675	)		30.31
Unvested as of December 31, 2018		358,865		$	27.98
Unvested as of December 31, 2019							412,405		$	26.58

As of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company has $~~3.1~~4.3 million of unrecognized compensation expense before income tax related to performance stock units which will be recognized over a weighted average period of ~~1.8~~ ~~years.~~2.0 years.

The expense for the adjusted EBITDA performance stock units is based on the fair value of the Company's shares as of the grant date which is the grant date closing stock price. For total shareholder return performance stock units, the Company uses the Monte Carlo valuation model to determine fair value of the grants. The Company used an average of historical stock prices of selected peers for its volatility assumption. The assumed risk-free rates were based on three-year U.S. Treasury rates in effect at the time of grant. The fair value of each total shareholder return performance stock unit was estimated at the date of grant using the following assumptions:

The Company reports segment information based on the “management” approach. The management approach designates the internal reporting used by the CEO, who is also the Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), for making decisions about the allocation of resources and assessing performance as the source of the Company’s ~~reportable~~operating segments.

Effective in the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company changed its operating segments, which are also the Company’s reportable segments, as a result of operational changes to flatten the organization and regionalize our sales approach. Prior to the operational changes, the Company had one reportable segment, Cranes. As a result of the operational changes, which were finalized and implemented in the fourth quarter of 2017, the business began to be managed on a regional basis. Under the regional operating structure, each geographic region is managed separately to better align with the location of the Company’s customers and the unique market dynamics of each geographic region. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017, the Company identified the Americas, EURAF, and MEAP as the reportable segments. The Americas operating segment includes the North American and South American continents. The EURAF operating segment includes the continents of Europe and Africa, excluding the Middle East region. The MEAP operating segment includes the Asia and Australian continents and the Middle East region. The accounting policies of the various segments are the same as those described in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”

The CODM evaluates the performance of the ~~Company’s reportable~~Company’ operating segments based on net sales and operating income. ~~Net~~Segment net sales ~~for the segments~~ are ~~based on~~recognized in the geographic region ~~that sells~~ the ~~products.~~product is sold. Operating income for each segment includes net sales to third parties, cost of sales directly attributable to the segment, and operating expenses directly attributable to the segment. Manufacturing variances generated within each ~~reportable~~operating segment are maintained in each segment’s operating income. Operating income for each segment excludes other income and expense and certain expenses managed outside the ~~reportable~~operating segments. Costs excluded from segment operating income include various corporate expenses such as stock-based compensation expenses, income taxes, nonrecurring charges and other separately managed general and administrative costs. The Company does not include intercompany sales between segments for management reporting purposes. The Company’s operating segments were identified as it’s reportable segments.

The following table shows information by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016:~~2017:

	2018			2017		2016			2019		2018			2017
Net Sales
Americas	$	882.7		$	693.6	$	736.3		$	969.7	$	882.7		$	693.6
EURAF		680.6			628.9		560.4			644.9		680.6			628.9
MEAP		283.5			258.8		316.4			219.5		283.5			258.8
Total	$	1,846.8		$	1,581.3	$	1,613.1		$	1,834.1	$	1,846.8		$	1,581.3
Segment Operating Income (Loss)
Americas	$	58.8		$	6.8	$	(37.1	)	$	113.4	$	58.8		$	6.8
EURAF		(68.2	)		5.1		(35.3	)		3.8		(68.2	)		5.1
MEAP		31.5			33.1		44.5			22.6		31.5			33.1
Total	$	22.1		$	45.0	$	(27.9	)	$	139.8	$	22.1		$	45.0
Depreciation
Americas	$	14.0		$	15.1	$	24.5		$	14.5	$	14.0		$	15.1
EURAF		15.3			15.0		15.7			15.1		15.3			15.0
MEAP		3.7			3.8		4.6			2.4		3.7			3.8
Corporate		3.1			4.2		0.8			3.0		3.1			4.2
Total	$	36.1		$	38.1	$	45.6		$	35.0	$	36.1		$	38.1
Capital Expenditures
Americas	$	9.4		$	10.6	$	14.5		$	13.2	$	9.4		$	10.6
EURAF		16.3			14.3		26.9			19.0		16.3			14.3
MEAP		3.4			3.9		4.5			2.9		3.4			3.9
Corporate		2.6			0.1		—			—		2.6			0.1
Total	$	31.7		$	28.9	$	45.9		$	35.1	$	31.7		$	28.9

A reconciliation of the Company’s segment operating income (loss) to the ~~consolidated statement~~Consolidated Statement of ~~operations~~Operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 ~~and 2016 was~~are summarized as follows:

	2018			2017			2016			2019			2018			2017
Segment operating income (loss)	$	22.1		$	45.0		$	(27.9	)	$	139.8		$	22.1		$	45.0
Unallocated corporate expenses		(37.5	)		(33.0	)		(35.8	)		(31.3	)		(37.5	)		(33.0	)
Asset impairment expense		—			—			(77.3	)
Restructuring expense		(3.9	)		(3.6	)		(2.0	)
Unallocated restructuring expense											(0.1	)		(3.9	)		(3.6	)
Total operating income (loss)	$	(19.3	)	$	8.4		$	(143.0	)	$	108.4		$	(19.3	)	$	8.4

Net sales ~~from continuing operations~~ and ~~long-lived asset information~~property, plant and equipment by geographic area as of and for the years ended December 31 are ~~included~~summarized below. ~~Long-lived assets are defined as property, plant and equipment-net and other non-current assets, excluding goodwill, other intangible assets-net and deferred tax assets.~~

	Net Sales						Long-Lived Assets				Net Sales						Property, Plant and Equipment
	2018		2017		2016		2018		2017		2019		2018		2017		2019		2018
United States	$	796.9	$	618.5	$	641.3	$	110.6	$	117.2	$	860.4	$	796.9	$	618.5	$	109.3	$	110.6
Europe		659.9		601.3		520.7		145.2		142.9		619.8		659.9		601.3		150.4		145.2
Other		390.0		361.5		451.1		33.1		43.6		353.9		390.0		361.5		30.2		33.1
Total	$	1,846.8	$	1,581.3	$	1,613.1	$	288.9	$	303.7	$	1,834.1	$	1,846.8	$	1,581.3	$	289.9	$	288.9

Net sales by product for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 ~~and 2016~~ are summarized as follows:

	2018		2017		2016		2019		2018		2017
Cranes	$	1,509.9	$	1,270.5	$	1,311.1	$	1,498.6	$	1,509.9	$	1,270.5
Aftermarket parts and other*		336.9		310.8		302.0		335.5		336.9		310.8
Total net sales	$	1,846.8	$	1,581.3	$	1,613.1	$	1,834.1	$	1,846.8	$	1,581.3

* Other revenue consists of revenue related to miscellaneous ~~CraneCare~~Crane Care services such as

The Company is involved in various legal actions arising out of the normal course of business, which, taking into account the liabilities accrued and legal counsel’s evaluation of such actions, in the opinion of management, the ultimate resolution of all matters is not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

As of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, various product-related lawsuits were pending. To the extent permitted under applicable law, all of these are insured with self-insurance retention levels. The Company’s self-insurance retention levels vary by business, and have fluctuated over the last 10 years. The high-end of the Company’s self-insurance retention level is a legacy product liability insurance program inherited in the Grove acquisition for cranes manufactured in the United States for occurrences from January 2000 through October 2002. As of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the largest self-insured retention level for new occurrences currently maintained by the Company is $2.0 million per occurrence and applies to product liability claims for cranes manufactured in the United States.

Product liability reserves are recorded as current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2019 and 2018 and ~~2017 and~~ were ~~$16.3~~$12.8 million and ~~$20.8~~$16.3 million, respectively. These reserves were estimated using a combination of actual case reserves and actuarial methods. Based on the Company’s experience in defending product liability claims, management believes the current reserves are adequate for estimated case resolutions on aggregate self-insured claims and insured claims. Any recoveries from insurance carriers are dependent upon the legal sufficiency of claims and solvency of insurance carriers.

At December 31, ~~2018,~~2019 and ~~December 31, 2017,~~2018, the Company had reserved ~~$38.5~~$48.6 million and ~~$35.2~~$38.5 million, respectively, for warranty claims included in product warranties and other non-current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Certain of these warranty and other related claims involve matters in dispute that ultimately are resolved by negotiation, arbitration, or litigation. See Note 19, “Guarantees,” for further information.

The Company is involved in numerous lawsuits involving asbestos-related claims in which the Company is one of numerous defendants. After taking into consideration legal counsel’s evaluation of such actions, the current political environment with respect to asbestos related claims, and the liabilities accrued with respect to such matters, in the opinion of management, ultimate resolution is not expected to have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows of the Company.

In 2019, the Company settled a legal matter which resulted in a net $24.4 million gain. The Company recorded this settlement by recognizing income of $15.5 million in other income (expense) and a benefit of $8.9 million in engineering, selling and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2019.

It is reasonably possible that the estimates for warranty costs, product liability, asbestos-related claims and other various legal matters may change in the near future based upon new information that may arise or matters that are beyond the scope of the Company’s historical experience. Presently, there are no reliable methods to estimate the amount of any such potential changes.

The Company periodically enters into transactions with customers that provide for buyback commitments. The Company evaluates each agreement at ~~the~~ inception ~~of the order~~ to determine if the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise the buyback option. If it is determined that the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise that right, the revenue is deferred and the agreement is accounted for as a lease in accordance with Topic ~~840.~~842. If it is determined that the customer does not have a significant economic incentive to exercise that right, then revenue is recognized when control of the product is transferred to the customer. The deferred revenue ~~included~~which includes buybacks and extended warranties recorded in accounts payable and accrued expenses and non-current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 ~~and 2017~~ was ~~$34.4~~$38.0 million and ~~$29.7~~$34.4 million, respectively. The total amount of buyback commitments given by the Company and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018 ~~and 2017~~ was ~~$30.9~~$28.5 million and ~~$28.2~~$30.9 million, respectively. These amounts are not reduced for amounts the Company would recover from repossessing and subsequent resale of the units. The buyback commitments expire at various times through ~~2021.~~2027.

In the normal course of business, the Company provides its customers a warranty covering workmanship, and in some cases materials, on products manufactured by the Company. Such warranty generally provides that products will be free from defects for periods ranging from 12 months to 60 months. If a product fails to comply with the Company’s warranty, the Company may be obligated, at its expense, to correct any defect by repairing or replacing such defective product. The Company provides for an estimate of costs that may be incurred under its warranty at the time product revenue is recognized. These costs primarily include labor and materials, as necessary, associated with repair or replacement. The primary factors that affect the Company’s warranty liability include the number of units shipped and historical and anticipated warranty claims. As these factors are impacted by actual experience and future expectations, the Company assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liability and adjusts the amounts as necessary. Below is a table summarizing the warranty activity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:

	2018			2017			2019			2018			2017
Balance at beginning of period	$	35.2		$	28.6		$	47.8		$	44.5		$	44.1
Accruals for warranties issued during the period		32.1			34.6			47.3			38.0			34.5
Settlements made (in cash or in kind) during the period		(28.1	)		(29.9	)		(34.2	)		(33.8	)		(36.9	)
Currency translation		(0.7	)		1.9			(0.3	)		(0.9	)		2.8
Balance at end of period	$	38.5		$	35.2		$	60.6		$	47.8		$	44.5

Included in the balance at end of period as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 is $13.4 million and $8.7 million, respectively, of long-term warranty which is recorded in other non-current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016,~~2017, the Company incurred $9.8 million, $12.9 million ~~$27.2 million~~ and ~~$23.4~~$27.2 million of restructuring expense, respectively. The costs for 2019 related primarily to severance costs for headcount reductions in Europe, North America and India. The costs for 2018 related primarily to severance costs for the departure of an executive officer, costs associated with training of skilled labor as a result of the transfer of crawler production to Shady Grove, PA and costs associated with headcount reductions in Europe. The costs for 2017 ~~and 2016~~ related primarily to the closure of manufacturing operations in Manitowoc, WI and Passo Fundo, Brazil and severance costs associated with headcount reductions in North America. The restructuring expense for the ~~year~~years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 ~~and 2016~~ included 0, $2.0 million ~~$2.8 million~~ and ~~$2.3~~$2.8 million, respectively, of expense related to executive severance.

The following is a ~~roll-forward~~summary of the Company's restructuring activities for the ~~twelve months~~years ended December 31, ~~2018:~~2019, 2018 and 2017:

The Company provides defined benefit pension plans, defined contribution plans and/or other postretirement benefit plans to employees in many of the Company’s locations throughout the world. The Company’s defined benefit plans provide a benefit based on years of service and/or the employee’s average earnings near retirement. The Company’s defined contribution plans allow employees to contribute a portion of their salary to help save for retirement, and in most cases, the Company provides a matching contribution. The benefit obligation related to ~~our~~the Company’s non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans are for employees located primarily in Europe. For postretirement medical and other benefit plans, all of the Company’s benefit obligation is for employees located in the United States.

The Company maintains ~~three~~2 defined contribution retirement plans for its employees in the United States: (1) The Manitowoc Company, Inc. 401(k) Retirement Plan (the “Manitowoc 401(k) Retirement Plan”); and (2) ~~The Manitowoc Company, Inc. Retirement Savings Plan (the “Manitowoc Retirement Savings Plan”); and (3)~~ The Manitowoc Company, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Manitowoc Deferred Compensation Plan”). During 2019, the Manitowoc Retirement Savings Plan merged with The Manitowoc 401(k) Retirement Plan, with The Manitowoc 401(k) Retirement Plan being the surviving plan. Each plan results in individual participant balances that reflect a combination of amounts contributed by the Company or deferred by the participant, amounts invested at the direction of either the Company or the participant, and the continuing reinvestment of returns until the accounts are distributed.

The Company also has various other non-U.S. defined contribution plans that allow eligible employees to contribute a portion of their salary to the plans. In most cases, the Company provides a matching contribution to the funds. Company contributions to the plans are generally based upon formulas contained in the plans. Total costs incurred under the Non-U.S. defined contribution plans, and reported within the Consolidated Statement of Operations, were $1.2 million, $1.3 million ~~$1.5 million~~ and ~~$1.9~~$1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016,~~2017, respectively.

The Manitowoc 401(k) Retirement Plan is a tax-qualified retirement plan that is available to substantially all ~~non-union~~ U.S. employees of Manitowoc, its subsidiaries and related entities.

The Manitowoc 401(k) Retirement Plan allows employees to make both pre- and Roth, after-tax elective deferrals, subject to certain limitations under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Tax Code”). The Company also has the right to make the following additional contributions: (1) a safe harbor matching contribution and (2) an additional contribution, which may or may not be made, at the full discretion of the Company and for which the value will be fully determined by the Company based on company performance. Each participant in the Manitowoc 401(k) Retirement Plan is allowed to direct the investment of that participant’s account among a diverse mix of investment funds, including a Company stock alternative. To the extent that any funds are invested in ~~Company~~the Company’s stock, that portion of the Manitowoc 401(k) Retirement Plan is an employee stock ownership plan, as defined under the Tax Code (an “ESOP”).

The terms governing the retirement benefits under the Manitowoc 401(k) Retirement Plan are the same for the Company’s executive officers as they are for other eligible employees in the U.S.

Total costs incurred under this plan, and reported within the Consolidated Statement of Operations, were ~~$5.5~~$6.3 million, ~~$3.2~~$6.2 million and ~~$3.6~~$4.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, ~~and 2016,~~ respectively.

~~The Manitowoc Retirement Savings Plan is a tax-qualified retirement plan that is available to certain collectively bargained U.S. employees of Manitowoc, its subsidiaries and related entities.~~

In 2018, there were no active employees who continued to be subject to collectively bargained contracts; therefore, no employee or Company contributions were made in 2018 to The Retirement Savings Plan. Each participant in the Manitowoc Retirement Savings Plan, who has an account balance, is allowed to direct the investment among a diverse mix of investment funds, including a Company stock alternative. To the extent that any funds are invested in Company stock, that portion of the Manitowoc Retirement Savings Plan is an ESOP.

The Manitowoc Deferred Compensation Plan is a non-tax-qualified supplemental deferred compensation plan for highly compensated and key management employees and for non-employee directors of the Company. The Company maintains the Manitowoc Deferred Compensation Plan to allow eligible individuals to save for retirement in a tax-efficient manner despite Tax Code restrictions that would otherwise impair their ability to do so under the Manitowoc 401(k) Retirement Plan. The Manitowoc Deferred Compensation Plan also assists the Company in retaining those key employees and directors.

The Manitowoc Deferred Compensation Plan accounts are credited with: (1) elective deferrals made at the request of the individual participant; and/or (2) ~~a discretionary~~an additional contribution from the Company ~~contribution~~ for each individual ~~participant.~~participant, which may or may not be made, at the full discretion of the Company based on the Company’s performance. Although unfunded within the meaning of the Tax Code, the Manitowoc Deferred Compensation Plan utilizes a rabbi trust to hold assets intended to satisfy the Company’s corresponding future benefit obligations. Each participant in the Manitowoc Deferred Compensation Plan is

credited with earnings based upon individual elections from amongst a diverse mix of investment funds that are

intended to reflect investment funds similar to those offered under the Manitowoc 401(k) Retirement Plan, including ~~Company~~the Company’s stock. Participants do not receive preferential or above-market rates of return under the Manitowoc Deferred Compensation Plan.

~~Plan~~The Company has 2 separate investment programs: Program A and B, which participants are able to direct deferrals and Company contributions, ~~into two separate investment programs, Program A and Program B.~~

~~The Company has two separate investment programs: Program A and B,~~ which restrict the Company’s use and access to the funds, but which are also subject to the claims of the Company’s general creditors in rabbi trusts. Program A invests solely in the Company’s stock; dividends paid on the Company’s stock are automatically reinvested; and all distributions must be made in Company stock. Program B offers a variety of investment options but does not include Company stock as an investment option. All distributions from Program B must be made in cash. Participants cannot transfer assets between programs.

Program A is accounted for as a plan that does not permit diversification. As a result, the Company stock held by Program A is classified in equity in a manner similar to accounting for treasury stock. The deferred compensation obligation is classified as an equity instrument. Changes in the fair value of the Company’s stock and the compensation obligation are not recognized. The asset and obligation for Program A were ~~$0.2~~$0.5 million and ~~zero~~$0.2 million at December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, respectively.

Program B is accounted for as a plan that permits diversification. As a result, the assets held by Program B are classified as an asset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and changes in the fair value of the assets are recognized in earnings. The deferred compensation obligation is classified as a liability in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and adjusted, with a charge or credit to compensation cost, to reflect changes in the fair value of the obligation. The assets, which are included in other non-current assets, and obligations, which are included in other non-current liabilities, were ~~$8.7~~$8.4 million and ~~$10.6~~$8.7 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Total costs incurred under this plan, and ~~2017, respectively. There was no net impact on~~reported within the Consolidated ~~Statements~~Statement of Operations, for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 were $0.5 million, $0.3 million and ~~2016.~~0, respectively.

The Company provides certain pension, postretirement medical and other benefits (death benefits) for eligible retirees and their dependents. The pension benefits are funded, the postretirement medical benefits are not funded but are paid as incurred, and the death benefits are fully insured. Eligibility for coverage is based on meeting certain years of service and retirement qualifications. The healthcare benefits may be subject to deductibles, co-payment provisions, and other limitations. The Company has reserved the right to modify these benefits. As of December 31, 2010, all of the remaining U.S. defined benefit pension plans were merged into a single plan: the Manitowoc U.S. Pension Plan (“U.S. Pension Plans”). All merged plans had benefit accruals frozen prior to the merger of the plans.

In September 2018, the U.S. Pension Plans entered into and closed on a definitive agreement with an insurance company to purchase a group annuity contract to transfer $18.6 million of the Company’s outstanding pension benefit obligations related to certain U.S. retirees and beneficiaries. As a result of the transaction, the insurance company is required to pay and administer the retirement benefits owed to the 622 retirees and beneficiaries of the U.S. Pension Plans starting on December 1, 2018. There was no change to their monthly benefit payment amounts. In connection with this transaction, the Company recognized a non-cash pension settlement charge of $4.5 million in other income (expense) primarily related to the accelerated recognition of actuarial losses included in accumulated other comprehensive loss for the U.S. Pension Plans.

In addition to the U.S. Pension Plans, the Company also maintains defined benefit pension plans for various Non-US subsidiaries which are sponsored directly by the Company or its subsidiaries and offered only to employees or retirees of those subsidiaries (“Non-U.S. Pension Plans”).

Effective July 1, 2017, The Manitowoc Company, Inc. Post-65 Retiree Health Plan (the “Plan”) was amended. Eligible retirees and their spouses were provided access to a Retiree Health Exchange where they may purchase Medicare Supplement Plans, including Medicare Advantage and Medigap plan prescription drug coverage. The enrollment and payment for this coverage is facilitated by ana third-party, and these plans have no affiliation with the Company. To assist retirees with premium and out-of-pocket expenses, the Company funds a Health Reimbursement Account (“HRA”) for each enrolled retiree. The value of the HRA is based on the plan type and premium cost for each specific retiree before the Plan was amended.

The components of periodic benefit costs for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 ~~2017~~ and ~~2016~~2017 are as follows:

	US Pension Plans									Non-US Pension Plans									Postretirement Medical and Other									US Pension Plans									Non-US Pension Plans									Postretirement Medical and Other
	2018			2017			2016			2018			2017			2016			2018			2017			2016			2019			2018			2017			2019			2018			2017			2019			2018			2017
Service cost - benefits earned during the year	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	1.8		$	1.9		$	1.7		$	0.2		$	0.3		$	0.3		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	1.8		$	1.8		$	1.9		$	0.2		$	0.2		$	0.3
Interest cost of projected benefit obligation		5.2			5.3			6.8			2.1			2.1			2.5			0.8			1.0			1.7			5.1			5.2			5.3			2.2			2.1			2.1			0.8			0.8			1.0
Expected return on assets		(5.7	)		(4.9	)		(5.7	)		(1.4	)		(1.5	)		(1.8	)		—			—			—			(4.3	)		(5.7	)		(4.9	)		(1.4	)		(1.4	)		(1.5	)		—			—			—
Amortization of prior service cost		—			—			—			0.1			0.1			0.1			(2.8	)		(1.4	)		—			—			—			—			0.1			0.1			0.1			(2.8	)		(2.8	)		(1.4	)
Amortization of actuarial net loss (gain)		2.9			3.2			3.6			1.3			1.6			1.0			0.8			0.4			—			3.3			2.9			3.2			1.3			1.3			1.6			—			0.8			0.4
Pension settlement charge		4.5			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			4.5			—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Net periodic benefit cost	$	6.9		$	3.6		$	4.7		$	3.9		$	4.2		$	3.5		$	(1.0	)	$	0.3		$	2.0		$	4.1		$	6.9		$	3.6		$	4.0		$	3.9		$	4.2		$	(1.8	)	$	(1.0	)	$	0.3
Weighted average assumptions:
Discount rate		3.8	%		4.2	%		4.5	%		2.2	%		2.1	%		2.9	%		3.3	%		3.8	%		4.2	%		4.3	%		3.8	%		4.2	%		2.5	%		2.2	%		2.1	%		4.1	%		3.3	%		3.8	%
Expected return on plan assets		5.3	%		4.7	%		5.5	%		2.7	%		3.4	%		4.0	%	N/A			N/A			N/A				5.2	%		5.3	%		4.7	%		3.5	%		2.7	%		3.4	%	N/A			N/A			N/A
Rate of compensation increase	N/A			N/A			N/A				3.5	%		2.6	%		2.4	%	N/A			N/A			N/A			N/A			N/A			N/A				3.6	%		3.5	%		2.6	%	N/A			N/A			N/A

The prior service costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the average remaining service period of active participants. Gains and losses in excess of 10% of the greater of the benefit obligation and the market-related value of assets are amortized over the average remaining service period of active participants.

To develop the expected long-term rate of return on assets assumptions, the Company considered the historical returns and future expectations for returns in each asset class, as well as targeted asset allocation percentages within the pension portfolio.

The following is a reconciliation of the changes in benefit obligation, plan assets, and funded status as of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017:~~2018:

	US Pension Plans						Non-US Pension Plans						Postretirement Medical and Other						US Pension Plans						Non-US Pension Plans						Postretirement Medical and Other
	2018			2017			2018			2017			2018			2017			2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018
Change in Benefit Obligation
Benefit obligation, beginning of year	$	162.3		$	155.6		$	89.5		$	82.8		$	28.9		$	41.6		$	130.5		$	162.3		$	81.9		$	89.5		$	20.7		$	28.9
Service cost		—			—			1.8			1.9			0.2			0.3			—			—			1.8			1.8			0.2			0.2
Interest cost		5.2			5.3			2.1			2.1			0.8			1.0			5.1			5.2			2.2			2.1			0.8			0.8
Participant contributions		—			—			—			—			0.7			1.4			—			—			—			—			0.4			0.7
Plan amendments		—			—			—			—			—			(13.8	)		—			—			—			—			—			—
Actuarial (gain) loss		(9.2	)		10.0			(3.0	)		(2.2	)		(7.2	)		2.9			13.8			(9.2	)		8.3			(3.0	)		(1.5	)		(7.2	)
Currency translation adjustment		—			—			(4.6	)		9.2			—			—			—			—			1.1			(4.6	)		—			—
Pension settlement		(18.9	)		—			—			—			—			—			—			(18.9	)		—			—			—			—
Benefits paid		(8.8	)		(8.6	)		(3.9	)		(4.3	)		(2.7	)		(4.5	)		(7.1	)		(8.8	)		(4.7	)		(3.9	)		(2.2	)		(2.7	)
Benefit obligation, end of year	$	130.5		$	162.3		$	81.9		$	89.5		$	20.7		$	28.9		$	142.3		$	130.5		$	90.6		$	81.9		$	18.4		$	20.7
Change in Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year	$	116.2		$	108.6		$	45.1		$	41.8		$	—		$	—		$	84.9		$	116.2		$	40.1		$	45.1		$	—		$	—
Actual return on plan assets		(8.9	)		11.5			(1.4	)		1.1			—			—			16.8			(8.9	)		4.2			(1.4	)		—			—
Employer contributions		5.3			4.7			2.8			2.1			2.0			3.1			5.0			5.3			4.0			2.8			1.8			2.0
Participant contributions		—			—			—			—			0.7			1.4			—			—			—			—			0.4			0.7
Currency translation adjustment		—			—			(2.5	)		4.4			—			—			—			—			1.6			(2.5	)		—			—
Pension settlement		(18.9	)		—			—			—			—			—			—			(18.9	)		—			—			—			—
Benefits paid		(8.8	)		(8.6	)		(3.9	)		(4.3	)		(2.7	)		(4.5	)		(7.1	)		(8.8	)		(4.7	)		(3.9	)		(2.2	)		(2.7	)
Fair value of plan assets, end of year		84.9			116.2			40.1			45.1			—			—			99.6			84.9			45.2			40.1			—			—
Funded status	$	(45.6	)	$	(46.1	)	$	(41.8	)	$	(44.4	)	$	(20.7	)	$	(28.9	)	$	(42.7	)	$	(45.6	)	$	(45.4	)	$	(41.8	)	$	(18.4	)	$	(20.7	)
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance sheet at December 31
Pension asset	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—
Pension obligation		(45.6	)		(46.1	)		(41.8	)		(44.4	)		—			—			(42.7	)		(45.6	)		(45.4	)		(41.8	)		—			—
Postretirement medical and other benefit obligations		—			—			—			—			(20.7	)		(28.9	)		—			—			—			—			(18.4	)		(20.7	)
Net amount recognized	$	(45.6	)	$	(46.1	)	$	(41.8	)	$	(44.4	)	$	(20.7	)	$	(28.9	)	$	(42.7	)	$	(45.6	)	$	(45.4	)	$	(41.8	)	$	(18.4	)	$	(20.7	)
Weighted-Average Assumptions
Discount rate		4.3	%		3.6	%		2.2	%		2.2	%		4.1	%		3.3	%		3.3	%		4.3	%		1.5	%		2.2	%		2.9	%		4.1	%
Expected return on plan assets		5.3	%		4.7	%		2.7	%		3.4	%	N/A			N/A				5.2	%		5.3	%		3.5	%		2.7	%	N/A			N/A
Rate of compensation increase	N/A			N/A				3.5	%		2.6	%	N/A			N/A			N/A			N/A				3.6	%		3.5	%	N/A			N/A

The Company prepares its discount rates with advice from an independent third party. The Company uses different discount rates for each plan depending on the plan jurisdiction, the demographics of participants and the expected timing of benefit payments. For the qualified U.S. pension plan and postretirement medical plans, the Company uses a discount rate calculated based on an appropriate mix of ~~high quality~~high-quality corporate bonds. For the non-U.S. pension and postretirement plans, the Company consistently uses the relevant country specific benchmark indices for determining the various discount rates.

Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, ~~and 2017, consist of the following:~~are summarized as follows:

	Pensions						Postretirement Medical and Other					Pensions						Postretirement Medical and Other
	2018			2017			2018		2017			2019			2018			2019		2018
Net actuarial gain (loss)	$	(59.3	)	$	(64.2	)	$	0.4	$	(7.6	)	$	(61.9	)	$	(59.3	)	$	1.9	$	0.4
Prior service credit		(0.5	)		(0.6	)		9.7		12.5
Prior service credit (cost)													(0.5	)		(0.5	)		6.9		9.7
Total amount recognized	$	(59.8	)	$	(64.8	)	$	10.1	$	4.9		$	(62.4	)	$	(59.8	)	$	8.8	$	10.1

For measurement purposes, a ~~5.95%~~5.72% annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered health care benefits was assumed for ~~2018.~~2019. The rate was assumed to decrease gradually to 4.50% in 2038 and remain at that level thereafter. Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the health care plans.

The following table summarizes the sensitivity of our December 31, ~~2018~~2019 retirement obligations and ~~2018~~2020 retirement benefit costs of our plans to changes in the key assumptions used to determine those results:

Change in assumption:	Estimated increase (decrease) in 2019 pension cost			Estimated increase (decrease) in Projected Benefit Obligation for the year ended December 31, 2018			Estimated increase (decrease) in 2019 Other Postretirement Benefit costs			Estimated increase (decrease) in Other Postretirement Benefit Obligation for the year ended December 31, 2018			Estimated increase (decrease) in 2020 pension cost			Estimated increase (decrease) in Projected Benefit Obligation for the year ended December 31, 2019			Estimated decrease in 2020 Other Postretirement Benefit costs			Estimated increase (decrease) in Other Postretirement Benefit Obligation for the year ended December 31, 2019
0.50% increase in discount rate	$	(0.8	)	$	(12.5	)	$	0.1		$	(0.6	)	$	(0.8	)	$	(14.3	)	N/A			$	(0.6	)
0.50% decrease in discount rate		0.9			13.7			(0.1	)		0.7			0.9			15.7			(0.1	)		0.6
0.50% increase in long-term return on assets		(0.6	)	N/A			N/A			N/A				(0.7	)	N/A			N/A			N/A
0.50% decrease in long-term return on assets		0.6		N/A			N/A			N/A				0.7		N/A			N/A			N/A
1% increase in medical trend rates													N/A			N/A			N/A				0.7
1% decrease in medical trend rates													N/A			N/A				(0.1	)		(0.6	)

It is reasonably possible that the estimate for future retirement and medical costs may change in the near future due to changes in interest rates. Presently, there is no reliable means to estimate the amount of any such potential changes.

The weighted-average asset allocations of the U.S. pension plans atas of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, by asset category are as follows:

	2018			2017			2019			2018
Equity		47.8	%		48.0	%		50.4	%		47.8	%
Fixed income		51.4	%		48.3	%		48.9	%		51.4	%
Other		0.8	%		3.7	%		0.7	%		0.8	%
Total		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%

The weighted-average asset allocations of the Non-U.S. pension plans atas of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, by asset category are as follows:

	2018			2017			2019			2018
Equity		36.1	%		35.6	%		0.0	%		36.1	%
Fixed income		31.6	%		31.6	%		31.9	%		31.6	%
Other		32.3	%		32.8	%
Other*								68.1	%		32.3	%
Total		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%
*Includes diversified investments that have equity and fixed income holdings.

The Board of Directors has established the Retirement Plan Committee (the “Committee”) to manage the operations and administration of all benefit plans and related trusts. On a quarterly basis, the Committee reviews progress toward achieving the pension plans’ and individual investment managers’ performance objectives.

Investment Strategy The overall objective of the Company's pension assets is to earn a rate of return over time to satisfy the benefit obligations of the pension plans and to maintain sufficient liquidity to pay benefits and address other cash requirements of the pension funds. Specific investment objectives for the Company’s long-term investment strategy include reducing the volatility of pension assets relative to pension liabilities, achieving a competitive, total investment return, achieving diversification between and within asset classes and managing other risks. Investment objectives for each asset class are determined based on specific risks and investment opportunities identified.

The Company reviews its long-term, strategic asset allocations annually. The Company uses various analytics to determine the optimal asset mix and considers plan liability characteristics, liquidity characteristics, funding requirements, expected rates of return and the distribution of returns. The Company identifies investment benchmarks for the asset classes in the strategic asset allocation that are market-based.

Actual allocations to each asset class vary from target allocations due to periodic investment strategy changes, market value fluctuations, the length of time it takes to fully implement investment allocation positions and the timing of benefit payments and contributions. The asset allocation is monitored and rebalanced monthly.

~~During 2017, the Company changed the investment target allocations for the U.S. Plans from 75% debt securities and 25% equity securities to 50% debt securities and 50% equity securities.~~

The actual and target allocations for the pension assets atas of December 31, ~~2018, and target allocations~~2019, by asset class, are as follows:

	Target Allocations				Weighted Average Asset Allocations						Target Allocations						Weighted Average Asset Allocations
	U.S. Plans			International Plans	U.S. Plans			International Plans			U.S. Plans			Non-U.S. Plans			U.S. Plans			Non-U.S. Plans
Equity Securities		50	%	0 - 25%		47.8	%		36.1	%		50	%		—	%		50.4	%		0.0	%
Debt Securities		50	%	0 - 100%		51.4	%		31.6	%		50	%	40%				48.9	%		31.9	%
Other		—	%	0 - 100%		0.8	%		32.3	%		—	%	60%				0.7	%		68.1	%

Risk Management In managing the plan assets, ~~we review~~the Company reviews and ~~manage~~manages risk associated with funded status risk, interest rate risk, market risk, counterparty risk, liquidity risk and operational risk. Liability management and asset class diversification are central to ~~our~~the Company’s risk management approach and are integral to the overall investment strategy. Further, asset classes are constructed to achieve diversification by investment strategy, by investment manager, by industry or sector and by holding. Investment manager guidelines for publicly traded assets are specified and are monitored regularly.

Fair Value Measurements The following table presents ~~our~~the Company’s plan assets using the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017.~~2018. The fair value hierarchy has three levels based on the reliability of the inputs used to determine fair value. Level 1 refers to fair values determined based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. Level 2 refers to fair values estimated using significant other observable inputs, and Level 3 includes fair values estimated using significant non-observable inputs.

	December 31, 2018										December 31, 2019
Assets	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Net Asset Value ("NAV")		Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Net Asset Value ("NAV")		Total
Cash	$	1.7	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1.7
Cash and cash equivalents											$	2.4	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2.4
Insurance group annuity contracts		—		—		12.0		—		12.0		—		—		12.6		—		12.6
Common/collective trust funds — Corporate and other non-government debt												—		—		—		22.9		22.9
Common/collective trust funds — Government, corporate and other non-government debt		—		—		—		56.3		56.3		—		—		—		40.2		40.2
Common/collective trust funds — Corporate equity		—		—		—		55.1		55.1		—		—		—		50.3		50.3
Common/collective trust funds — Customized strategy												—		—		—		16.4		16.4
Total	$	1.7	$	—	$	12.0	$	111.4	$	125.1	$	2.4	$	—	$	12.6	$	129.8	$	144.8

	December 31, 2017										December 31, 2018
Assets	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Net Asset Value ("NAV")		Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Net Asset Value ("NAV")		Total
Cash	$	4.7	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4.7
Cash and cash equivalents											$	1.7	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1.7
Insurance group annuity contracts		—		—		14.4		—		14.4		—		—		12.0		—		12.0
Common/collective trust funds — Government, corporate and other non-government debt		—		—		—		70.4		70.4		—		—		—		56.3		56.3
Common/collective trust funds — Corporate equity		—		—		—		71.8		71.8		—		—		—		55.0		55.0
Total	$	4.7	$	—	$	14.4	$	142.2	$	161.3	$	1.7	$	—	$	12.0	$	111.3	$	125.0

Cash ~~equivalents~~ and ~~other short-term investments,~~cash equivalents, which are used to pay benefits, are primarily held in registered money market funds which are valued using a market approach based on the quoted market prices of identical instruments. Other cash ~~equivalent~~ and ~~short-term investments~~cash equivalents are valued daily by the fund using a market approach with inputs that include quoted market prices for similar instruments.

Insurance group annuity contracts are valued at the present value of the future benefit payments owed by the insurance Company to the Non-U.S. Pension Plans’ participants.

Common/collective funds are typically common or collective trusts valued at their net asset values that are calculated by the investment manager or sponsor of the fund and have daily or monthly liquidity. The Company believes that NAV is representative of fair value at the reporting date, as there are no significant restrictions on redemption on these investments or other reasons to indicate that the investment would be redeemed at an amount different than NAV.

The valuation methodologies described above may generate a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or future fair values. While the Company believes the valuation methodologies used are appropriate, the use of different methodologies or assumptions in calculating fair value could result in different amounts.

A reconciliation of the fair value measurements of plan assets using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) from the beginning of the year to the end of the year is as follows:

	Insurance Contracts Year Ended December 31,						Insurance Contracts Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2019			2018
Beginning Balance	$	14.4		$	14.5		$	12.0		$	14.4
Actual return on assets		(0.3	)		—			1.1			(0.3	)
Benefit payments		(1.3	)		(1.5	)		(1.0	)		(1.3	)
Foreign currency impact		(0.8	)		1.3			0.5			(0.8	)
Ending Balance	$	12.0		$	14.4		$	12.6		$	12.0

The expected ~~2019~~2020 contributions for the U.S. pension plans are as follows: the minimum contribution for ~~2019~~2020 is ~~$5.1~~$8.0 million; and no planned discretionary or non-cash contributions. The expected ~~2019~~2020 contributions for the non-U.S. pension plans are as follows: the minimum contribution for ~~2019~~2020 is ~~$2.9~~$3.1 million; and no planned discretionary or non-cash contributions. Expected Company paid claims for the postretirement medical and life insurance plans are ~~$2.5~~$2.1 million for ~~2019.~~2020. Projected future benefit payments from the plans as of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 are estimated as follows:

	U.S Pension Plans		Non-U.S. Pension Plans		Postretirement Medical and Other		U.S Pension Plans		Non-U.S. Pension Plans		Postretirement Medical and Other
2019	$	8.3	$	3.0	$	2.5
2020		8.6		2.7		2.4	$	8.5	$	3.1	$	2.1
2021		8.7		3.1		2.4		8.6		2.9		2.0
2022		8.8		3.5		2.1		8.7		3.1		1.9
2023		8.8		3.6		2.0		8.8		3.5		1.8
2024								8.8		3.6		1.7
Thereafter		43.5		20.6		7.4		43.0		21.1		6.6
Total		86.7		36.5		18.8	$	86.4	$	37.3	$	16.1

The fair value of plan assets for which the accumulated benefit obligation is in excess of the plan assets as of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 is as follows:

	U.S Pension Plans				Non U.S. Pension Plans				U.S Pension Plans				Non U.S. Pension Plans
	2018		2017		2018		2017		2019		2018		2019		2018
Projected benefit obligation	$	130.5	$	162.3	$	81.9	$	85.6	$	142.3	$	130.5	$	90.5	$	81.9
Accumulated benefit obligation		130.5		162.3		78.1		82.1		142.3		130.5		86.4		78.1
Fair value of plan assets		84.9		116.2		40.1		41.6		99.6		84.9		45.2		40.1

The accumulated benefit obligation for all U.S. pension plans as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $130.5 million and $162.3 million, respectively. The accumulated benefit obligation for all non-U.S. pension plans as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $78.1 million and $82.1 million, respectively.

In 2019, the Company made final benefit payments of $2.5 million from The Manitowoc Company, ~~also maintains a target benefit plan for certain executive officers of~~Inc. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, which terminated the ~~Company.~~plan. Expenses ~~related to the plan in the amount of $0.2 million, $1.2 million and $3.2 million were recorded in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Amounts accrued as of December 31, 2018 and 2017~~ related to this plan were ~~$2.5~~$0.2 million and ~~$15.1~~$1.2 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively.

As of January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Topic 842 and elected to use the modified prospective approach, which does not require a retrospective restatement of prior years. The ~~Company leases various property, plant and equipment. Terms~~adoption of Topic 842 resulted in no cumulative catch-up to retained earnings. As part of the ~~leases vary, but generally~~adoption, the Company applied the package of practical expedients which does not require the Company to ~~pay property taxes, insurance premiums, and maintenance costs associated with~~reassess the ~~leased property. Rental expense attributed to~~lease classification for any expired or existing leases upon adoption of Topic 842.

The Company has operating leases ~~was $20.2 million, $20.9 million~~for offices, warehouses, land for storage of cranes, vehicles, information technology equipment, and ~~$24.4 million~~manufacturing equipment. The remaining lease terms are up to 24 years, some of which include options to extend the lease term for up to 10 years, and some which include options to terminate the lease within 1 year. Certain leases include one or more options to renew; the exercise of lease renewal options is at the Company’s discretion. The Company includes renewal option periods in ~~2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.~~ the lease term when it is determined that the options are reasonably certain to be exercised. The Company’s financing leases have an immaterial impact on the consolidated financial statements.

~~Future minimum rental obligations under non-cancelable operating~~The components of lease expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 are summarized as follows:

Supplemental Consolidated Balance Sheet information related to leases as of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 are ~~payable~~summarized as follows:

Cash paid for operating leases included in operating cash flows was $27.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.

As of December 31, 2019, the Company’s operating leases have a weighted-average remaining lease term of 7.3 years and a weighted average discount rate of 4.66%. Topic 842 requires a lessee to discount its unpaid lease obligations using the interest rate implicit in the lease, or if not readily determinable, the incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate as the implicit rate cannot be determined. The Company’s incremental borrowing rate for a lease is the rate of interest the Company would have to pay on a collateralized basis to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments under similar terms in the same location.

Maturities of operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2019 are summarized as follows:

Year
2019	$	14.1
2020		11.8	$	12.1
2021		10.2		10.2
2022		7.5		8.3
2023		4.3		6.0
2024				4.5
Thereafter		15.8		16.5
Total	$	63.7
Total lease payments				57.6
Less: imputed interest				(9.6	)
Present value of lease liabilities			$	48.0

The following tables present select quarterly financial data for ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017:~~2018:

Historical	2018												2017												2019									2018
	First			Second			Third			Fourth			First			Second			Third			Fourth			First			Second		Third		Fourth		First			Second			Third			Fourth
Statements of operations:
Net sales	$	386.1		$	495.3		$	450.1		$	515.3		$	305.8		$	394.6		$	399.4		$	481.5		$	418.0		$	504.7	$	448.0	$	463.4	$	386.1		$	495.3		$	450.1		$	515.3
Cost of sales		317.7			404.8			370.1			426.1			253.9			318.3			326.9			400.3			337.8			409.5		359.6		383.1		317.7			404.8			370.1			426.1
Gross profit		68.4			90.5			80.0			89.2			51.9			76.3			72.5			81.2			80.2			95.2		88.4		80.3		68.4			90.5			80.0			89.2
Operating income (loss)		1.7			24.1			16.9			(62.0	)		(21.8	)		11.9			9.8			8.5			16.2			41.9		32.5		17.8		1.7			24.1			16.9			(62.0	)
Income (loss) from continuing operations before taxes		(6.1	)		8.7			0.8			(75.1	)		(34.5	)		3.0			(3.4	)		(4.6	)
Provision (benefit) for taxes on income		3.9			(1.2	)		(10.7	)		3.2			1.5			2.3			(13.1	)		(40.2	)
Income (loss) from continuing operations		(10.0	)		9.9			11.5			(78.3	)		(36.0	)		0.7			9.7			35.6
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes																										(23.4	)		49.9		21.2		11.3		(6.1	)		8.7			0.8			(75.1	)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes																										3.3			3.9		3.1		2.1		3.9			(1.2	)		(10.7	)		3.2
Net income (loss) from continuing operations																										(26.7	)		46.0		18.1		9.2		(10.0	)		9.9			11.5			(78.3	)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes		—			(0.2	)		—			—			—			(0.2	)		(0.1	)		(0.3	)		—			—		—		—		—			(0.2	)		—			—
Net income (loss)		(10.0	)		9.7			11.5			(78.3	)		(36.0	)		0.5			9.6			35.3		$	(26.7	)	$	46.0	$	18.1	$	9.2	$	(10.0	)	$	9.7		$	11.5		$	(78.3	)
Basic (loss) income per share:
Income (loss) income from continuing operations	$	(0.28	)	$	0.28		$	0.32		$	(2.20	)	$	(1.03	)	$	0.02		$	0.27		$	1.01
Net income (loss) income from continuing operations																									$	(0.75	)	$	1.29	$	0.51	$	0.26	$	(0.28	)	$	0.28		$	0.32		$	(2.20	)
Loss from discontinued operations		—			(0.01	)		—			—			—			(0.01	)		—			(0.01	)		—			—		—		—		—			(0.01	)		—			—
Income (loss) per share	$	(0.28	)	$	0.27		$	0.32		$	(2.20	)	$	(1.03	)	$	0.01		$	0.27		$	1.00
Net income (loss) per share																									$	(0.75	)	$	1.29	$	0.51	$	0.26	$	(0.28	)	$	0.27		$	0.32		$	(2.20	)
Diluted (loss) income per share:
Income (loss) from continuing operations	$	(0.28	)	$	0.27		$	0.32		$	(2.20	)	$	(1.03	)	$	0.02		$	0.27		$	0.98
Net income (loss) from continuing operations																									$	(0.75	)	$	1.29	$	0.51	$	0.26	$	(0.28	)	$	0.27		$	0.32		$	(2.20	)
Loss from discontinued operations		—			—			—			—			—			(0.01	)		—			(0.01	)		—			—		—		—		—			—			—			—
Income (loss) per share	$	(0.28	)	$	0.27		$	0.32		$	(2.20	)	$	(1.03	)	$	0.01		$	0.27		$	0.97
Net income (loss) per share																									$	(0.75	)	$	1.29	$	0.51	$	0.26	$	(0.28	)	$	0.27		$	0.32		$	(2.20	)
Dividends per common share	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—

Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ~~ACCOUNTANTS~~ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in recording, processing, summarizing, and reporting, on a timely basis, information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely discussions regarding required disclosure.

The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s management has concluded that, as of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.

The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). During the ~~fourth quarter~~period covered by this report, the Company made changes to its internal control structure as related to the adoption of ~~2018,~~ASC 842 – “Leases,” which resulted in enhanced controls to comply with the new standard. Except as stated above, during the period covered by this report there were no changes in ~~our~~the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, ~~our~~its internal control over financial reporting.

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the sections in the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement for its ~~2019~~2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the ~~“2019~~“2020 Proxy Statement”) captioned ~~“Ownership of Securities — Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” Corporate~~“Corporate Governance — Governance of the Company,” “Corporate Governance — Audit Committee” and “Election of Directors.” See also ~~“Executive Officers of the Registrant”~~“Information About Our Executive Officers” in Part I hereof, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The Company has a Global Ethics Policy and other policies relating to business conduct, that pertain to all employees, which can be viewed at the Company’s website (www.manitowoc.com). The Company has adopted a code of ethics that applies to the Company’s principal executive officer, principal financial officer, and controller, which is part of the Company’s Global Ethics Policy and other policies related to business conduct. Any amendments to the Global Ethics Policy, or information about any waivers granted to directors or executive officers with respect to the Global Ethics Policy will be posted on the Company’s website (www.manitowoc.com).

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the sections of the ~~2019~~2020 Proxy Statement captioned “Non-Employee Director Compensation,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis and Compensation Committee Report,” “Risk Assessment of Compensation Practices,” Executive Compensation Tables,” “Post-Employment Compensation” and “CEO Pay Ratio.”

The information required by this item with respect to security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is incorporated by reference from the section of the ~~2019~~2020 Proxy Statement captioned “Ownership of Securities.”

The following table sets forth information with respect to compensation plans under which equity securities of the Company are authorized for issuance as of December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

	A	B	C		A	B	C
Plan Category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants, and rights	Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights	Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column A)		Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants, and rights	Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights	Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column A)
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders⁽¹⁾	0 ⁽²⁾	$0 ⁽²⁾	0 ⁽²⁾		0 ⁽²⁾	$0 ⁽²⁾	0 ⁽²⁾
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders⁽²⁾⁽³⁾	1,353,090 ^(3(a))(4) 168,912 ^(3(b))(4)	$11.83 ^(3(a))(4) $23.67 ^(3(c))(4)	5,616,815 ^(3(a))(4) 0⁽^3(b))		1,678,926 ^(3(a))(4) 105,853 ^(3(b))(4)	$22.57 ^(3(a))(4) $14.35 ^(3(c))(4)	4,992,222 ^(3(a))(4) 0^(3(b))
Total	1,522,002			5,616,815	1,784,779			4,992,222

Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the section of the ~~2019~~2020 Proxy Statement captioned “Corporate Governance — Governance of the Company” and “Corporate Governance — Transactions with Related Persons.”

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the section of the ~~2019~~2020 Proxy Statement captioned “Audit Committee Report.”

All other financial statement schedules not listed have been omitted since the required information is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or the Notes thereto, or is not applicable or required under rules of Regulation S-X.

The exhibits listed in the Exhibit Index below are filed or furnished as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

	Balance at Beginning of Year		Charge to Costs and Expenses		Utilization of Reserve			Other, Primarily Impact of Foreign Exchange Rates			Balance at end of Year		Balance at Beginning of Year		Charge to Costs and Expenses		Utilization of Reserve			Other, Primarily Impact of Foreign Exchange Rates			Balance at end of Year
Year End December 31, 2016
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$	12.8	$	1.0	$	(2.9	)	$	0.2		$	11.1
Deferred tax valuation allowance	$	86.5	$	199.2	$	(4.1	)	$	(12.0	)	$	269.6
Year End December 31, 2017
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$	11.1	$	1.7	$	(2.7	)	$	0.8		$	10.9	$	11.1	$	1.7	$	(2.7	)	$	0.8		$	10.9
Deferred tax valuation allowance	$	269.6	$	15.2	$	(128.7	)	$	6.2		$	162.3	$	269.6	$	15.2	$	(128.7	)	$	6.2		$	162.3
Year End December 31, 2018
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$	10.9	$	2.6	$	(2.4	)	$	(0.8	)	$	10.3	$	10.9	$	2.6	$	(2.4	)	$	(0.8	)	$	10.3
Deferred tax valuation allowance	$	162.3	$	14.4	$	(13.1	)	$	(10.5	)	$	153.1	$	162.3	$	14.4	$	(13.1	)	$	(10.5	)	$	153.1
Year End December 31, 2019
Allowance for doubtful accounts													$	10.3	$	1.4	$	(3.9	)	$	0.2		$	7.9
Deferred tax valuation allowance													$	153.1	$	11.7	$	(7.2	)	$	(0.5	)	$	157.1

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized:

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

Wisconsin		39-0448110
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

11270 West Park Place Suite 1000
Milwaukee, Wisconsin		53224
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

		PAGE
Cautionary Statements Regarding Forward-Looking Information		3

PART I
Item 1	Business	5
Item 1A	Risk Factors	9
Item 1B	Unresolved Staff Comments	18
Item 2	Properties	18
Item 3	Legal Proceedings	18
Item 4	Mine Safety Disclosure	18
Information About Our Executive Officers ~~of the Registrant~~		1918

PART II
Item 5	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	2120
Item 6	Selected Financial Data	2322
Item 7	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2523
Item 7A	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk	4537
Item 8	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	4638
Item 9	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	9279
Item 9A	Controls and Procedures	9279
Item 9B	Other Information	9279

PART III
Item 10	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	9380
Item 11	Executive Compensation	9380
Item 12	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	9380
Item 13	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	9481
Item 14	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	9481

PART IV
Item 15	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	9582
Item 16	Form 10-K Summary	~~102~~88

Products		Primary Competitors
Tower Cranes		Benazzato; Cattaneo; Comansa; FM Gru; Jaso; Liebherr; Raimondi; Saez; Terex Comedil/Peiner; ~~Liebherr; FM Gru; Jaso; Raimondi;~~ Vicario; ~~Saez; Benazzato; Cattaneo; Zoomlion;~~Wolffkran; Yongmao; and ~~Wolffkran~~Zoomlion

Mobile Telescopic Cranes		~~Liebherr; Link-Belt; Terex; Tadano; XCMG; Kato; Locatelli;~~Altec; Broderson; ~~Sany; Manitex; Altec;~~ Elliott; Hitachi Sumitomo; Kato; Kobelco; Liebherr; Link-Belt; Locatelli; Manitex; Sany; Sumitomo/Link-Belt; Tadano; Terex; XCMG; and Zoomlion

Facility Location		Type of Facility
	~~Approximate~~ ~~Square Footage~~Milwaukee, Wisconsin		~~Owned/Leased~~Global Headquarters
Americas
Shady Grove, Pennsylvania		Manufacturing/Office	~~1,354,862~~	~~Owned~~
Manitowoc, Wisconsin **		~~Manufacturing~~	~~538,000~~	~~Owned~~
~~Port Washington, Wisconsin~~		~~Manufacturing~~	~~81,029~~	~~Owned~~
Passo Fundo, Brazil **		~~Manufacturing/Office~~	~~300,000~~	~~Owned~~
EURAF
Wilhelmshaven, Germany		Manufacturing/Office ~~and Storage~~	~~410,000~~	~~Owned/Leased~~
Fanzeres, Portugal		Manufacturing/Office	~~197,000~~	~~Owned~~
Baltar, Portugal		Manufacturing/Office	~~135,000~~	~~Owned~~
Niella Tanaro, Italy		Manufacturing/~~Office/Field Testing~~	~~232,000~~	~~Owned~~
~~Langenfeld, Germany~~		~~Office/Storage/Field Testing~~	~~80,300~~	~~Leased~~Office
Moulins, France		Manufacturing/Office	~~385,000~~	~~Owned~~
Charlieu, France		Manufacturing/~~Office/Field Testing~~	~~404,000~~	~~Owned~~
~~Dardilly, France~~		Office	~~80,000~~	~~Leased~~
~~Dry, France~~		~~Office/Storage/Workshop~~	~~93,000~~	~~Leased~~
~~Buckingham, United Kingdom~~		~~Office/Storage~~	~~78,000~~	~~Leased~~
~~Saint Pierre de Chandieu, France~~		~~Warehouse/Office~~	~~153,000~~	~~Leased~~
MEAP
Zhangjiagang, China		~~Manufacturing~~	~~800,000~~	~~Owned~~
~~Pune, India~~		Manufacturing/Office	~~195,634~~	~~Leased~~
Sydney, Australia *		~~Office/Storage/Workshop~~	~~78,943~~	~~Leased~~

Average quarterly availability	Alternative base rate spread	Eurodollar and overnight LIBOR spread
≥ 50% of Aggregate Commitment	0.25%	1.25%
< 50% of Aggregate Commitment	0.50%	1.50%

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

	Year Ended December 31,
	2018			2017
Net cash used for operating activities:	$	(513.0	)	$	(324.9	)
Cash receipts on sold accounts receivable		553.1			402.8
Non-GAAP adjusted operating cash flow:		40.1			77.9

Financial Statements:

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		39

Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017		41

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017		42

Consolidated Balance Sheets for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018		43

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017		44

Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017		45

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ~~of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016~~		47

~~Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016~~		48

~~Consolidated Balance Sheets for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017~~		49

~~Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016~~		50

~~Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016~~		51

~~Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements~~		5246

		Useful lives
Patents		20 years
~~Engineering drawings~~		~~15 years~~
Customer relationships		1020 years

		Years
Building and improvements		2 - 43
Machinery, equipment and tooling		13 - 2118
Furniture and fixtures		13 - 10
Computer hardware and software		12 - 10
Rental cranes		5 - 15

	2016
Net sales	$	219.6

Cost of sales		141.5
Engineering, selling and administrative expenses		48.3
Amortization of intangible assets		5.2
Asset impairment expense		—
Restructuring expense		0.3
Separation expense		27.7
Other		—
Total operating costs and expenses		223.0
Operating loss		(3.4	)
Other expense		(2.2	)
Loss from discontinued operations before income taxes		(5.6	)
Provision for income taxes		0.6
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes (1)	$	(6.2	)

	Fair Value as of December 31, 2018
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Current Assets:
Foreign currency exchange contracts	$	—	$	0.1	$	—	$	0.1
Current Liabilities:
Foreign currency exchange contracts	$	—	$	1.8	$	—	$	1.8

	Fair Value as of December 31, 2019
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Current Assets:
FX Forward Contracts	$	—	$	0.1	$	—	$	0.1
Current Liabilities:
FX Forward Contracts	$	—	$	0.1	$	—	$	0.1

	Recognized Location	2019		2018			2017
Designated	Cost of sales	$	3.1	$	5.0		$	0.6
Non-Designated	Other income (expense) - net		3.9		(1.9	)		(0.8	)

	Cranes			Americas		Europe and Africa ("EURAF")			Middle East and Asia Pacific ("MEAP")
Net balance as of January 1, 2017	$	299.6		$	—	$	—		$	—
Foreign currency impact		16.5			—		—			—
Reallocation of goodwill at October 31, 2017		(316.1	)		166.5		81.5			68.1
Foreign currency impact		—			—		4.4			0.8
Net balance as of December 31, 2017		—			166.5		85.9			68.9
Foreign currency impact		—			—		(3.7	)		(2.6	)
Goodwill impairment - October 31, 2018		—			—		(82.2	)		—
Net balance as of December 31, 2018	$	—		$	166.5	$	—		$	66.3

Jurisdiction		Open Years
U.S. Federal		~~2015~~2016 — ~~2018~~2019
China		~~2008~~2009 — ~~2018~~2019
France		~~2015~~2016 — ~~2018~~2019
Germany		~~2011~~2015 — ~~2018~~2019

	Gains and Losses on Cash Flow Hedges			Pension & Postretirement			Foreign Currency Translation			Total
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	(0.3	)	$	(51.8	)	$	(110.8	)	$	(162.9	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications		(0.3	)		7.0			58.4			65.1
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		0.7			(0.3	)		—			0.4
Net current period other comprehensive income		0.4			6.7			58.4			65.5
Balance at December 31, 2017		0.1			(45.1	)		(52.4	)		(97.4	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications		(5.4	)		3.5			(27.7	)		(29.6	)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income		5.0			5.4			—			10.4
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)		(0.4	)		8.9			(27.7	)		(19.2	)
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	(0.3	)	$	(36.2	)	$	(80.1	)	$	(116.6	)

	2019
Operating lease cost	$	14.4
Variable lease cost*		1.4
Total lease cost	$	15.8
*Includes short-term leases, which are immaterial.

(1)	Financial Statements:

		The following Consolidated Financial Statements are filed as part of this report under Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

		Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

		Consolidated Statements of Operations

		Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

		Consolidated Balance Sheets

		Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

		Consolidated Statements of Equity

		Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(2)	Financial Statement Schedule:

		Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

Schedule	Description	Filed Herewith

II	Valuation and Qualifying Accounts	X

Exhibit No.	Description	Filed/Furnished Herewith

2	Mater Separation and Distribution Agreement, dated March 4, 2016, between The Manitowoc Company, Inc. and Manitowoc Foodservice, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, dated March 3, 2016.

3.1	Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, ~~effective~~ as ~~of November 17, 2017 (filed as~~amended through May 10, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K ~~filed on November 22, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference)~~dated May 7, 2019).

3.2	Restated By-laws, as amended through May 7, 2019 (incorporated by reference to ~~date (filed as~~ Exhibit 33.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K ~~filed on November 13, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference)~~dated May 7, 2019).

~~4.1(a)~~4.1	Indenture, dated ~~February 18, 2016,~~March 25, 2019, between ~~MTW Cranes Escrow Corp.~~The Manitowoc Company, Inc., the subsidiary guarantors party thereto and ~~Wells Fargo~~U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee and as collateral agent ~~(the “2016 Indenture”)~~ (incorporated by reference to Exhibit ~~4.3~~4.1 to the ~~Company's~~Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated ~~February 18, 2016)~~March 28, 2019).

~~4.1(b)~~4.2	Form of ~~12.75%~~9.000% Senior Secured Second Lien Note due ~~2021~~2026 (included as Exhibit A1 to ~~the 2016 Indenture) (incorporated by reference to~~Annex I of Exhibit ~~4.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, dated February 18, 2016)~~4.1).

~~4.1(c)~~4.3	~~First Supplemental Indenture, dated March 3, 2016, by and among MTW Cranes Escrow Corp.,~~Description of The Manitowoc Company, Inc.~~, the guarantors party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, dated March 3, 2016)~~’s Securities.	X(1)

10.1**	The Manitowoc Company, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated through December 31, 2008 (filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 and incorporated herein by reference).

10.2(a)10.2*	Form of Contingent Employment Agreement between The Manitowoc Company, Inc. and executive officers hired beginning in fiscal 2015 (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 29, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference).

10.2(b)**	Form of Contingent Employment Agreement between The Manitowoc Company, Inc. and the following executive officers of the Company: Thomas G. Musial and Larry J. Weyers. (filed as Exhibit 10.3(b) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference).

10.3**	Form of Indemnity Agreement between the Company and each of the directors, executive officers and certain other employees of the Company (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference).

10.4**	Supplemental Retirement Plan, as amended and restated through December 31, 2008 (filed as Exhibit 10.6(c) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 and incorporated herein by reference).

~~Exhibit No.~~	~~Description~~	~~Filed/Furnished~~ ~~Herewith~~

10.5**	The Manitowoc Company, Inc. 2003 Incentive Stock and Awards Plan, as amended, effective May 1, 2012 (filed as Exhibit 10.7(c) to the Company’s Proxy Statement for its 2012 annual meeting, filed on March 22, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference).

10.6**	The Manitowoc Company, Inc. 2004 Non-Employee Director Stock and Awards Plan, as amended on December 17, 2008, (filed as Exhibit 10.7(e) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 and incorporated herein by reference).

10.7**	The Manitowoc Company, Inc. Incentive Stock Option Agreement with Vesting Provisions, applicable to the Company’s 2003 Incentive Stock and Awards Plan (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated as of February 25, 2005 and incorporated herein by reference).

The Manitowoc Company, Inc.
(Registrant)

~~/s/ Barry L. Pennypacker~~
~~Barry L. Pennypacker~~
~~President and Chief Executive Officer~~

/s/ David J. Antoniuk
David J. Antoniuk
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

/s/ Barry L. Pennypacker
Barry L. Pennypacker, President and Chief Executive Officer (~~Principle~~Principal Executive Officer)		February ~~13, 2019~~14, 2020

/s/ David J. Antoniuk
David J. Antoniuk, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (~~Principle~~Principal Financial Officer)		February ~~13, 2019~~14, 2020

/s/ Brian P. Regan
Brian P. Regan, Vice President and Corporate Controller (~~Principle~~Principal Accounting Officer)		February ~~13, 2019~~14, 2020

/s/ Roy V. Armes
Roy V. Armes, Director		February 14, 2020

/s/ Anne E. Bélec
Anne E. Bélec, Director		February 14, 2020

/s/ Robert G. Bohn
Robert G. Bohn, Director		February ~~13, 2019~~14, 2020

/s/ Donald M. Condon, Jr.
Donald M. Condon, Jr., Director		February ~~13, 2019~~14, 2020

/s/ Anne M. Cooney
Anne M. Cooney, Director		February ~~13, 2019~~14, 2020

/s/ Kenneth W. Krueger
Kenneth W. Krueger, Chairman of the Board		February ~~13, 2019~~

~~/s/ Roy V. Armes~~
~~Roy V. Armes, Director~~		~~February 13, 2019~~14, 2020

/s/ C. David Myers
C. David Myers, Director		~~February 13, 2019~~
		February 14, 2020
/s/ John C. Pfeifer
John C. Pfeifer, Director		February ~~13, 2019~~14, 2020