UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 20192020

or

For the transition period from _____________ to _____________

Commission File Number: 001-34719

S&W SEED COMPANY

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

(559) 884-2535(720) 506-9191

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.    ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter was $21,700,635.$26,541,012.

The number of shares outstanding of common stock of the registrant as of September 18, 201923, 2020 was 33,283,695.33,450,569.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant's Proxy Statement for its next Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated herein by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. Such proxy statement is to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant's fiscal year ended June 30, 2019.2020.

S&W SEED COMPANY

FORM 10-K

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 20192020

TABLE OF CONTENTS

i

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the “Securities Act”),or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”).or the Exchange Act. All statements other than statements of historical fact could be deemed forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to: statements concerning the potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business; any projections of revenue, margins, expenses, tax provisions, earnings, cash flows and other financial items; any statements of the plans, strategies and objectives of management for future operations; any statements regarding our ability to raise capital in the future; any statements concerning expected development, performance or market acceptance relating to our products or services or our ability to expand our grower or customer bases or to diversify our product offerings; any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance; any statements of expectation or belief; any statements regarding our ability to retain key employees; and any statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. These forward-looking statements are often identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “will,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions or variations intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations about future events. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors, including certain assumptions, that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Risks, uncertainties and assumptions include the following:

You are urged to carefully review the disclosures made concerning risks and uncertainties that may affect our business or operating results, which include, among others, those listed in “Risk Factors” below.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance or achievements. Many factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, some of which are beyond our control, will be important in determining our future performance. Consequently, these statements are inherently uncertain and actual results may differ materially from those that might be anticipated from the forward-looking statements. In light of these and other uncertainties, you should not regard the inclusion of a forward-looking statement in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as a representation by us that our plans and objectives will be achieved, and you should not place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements included herein are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements represent our views as of, and speak only as of, the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and such statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons why actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

When used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” “S&W” and “S&W Seed” refer to S&W Seed Company and its subsidiaries or, as the context may require, S&W Seed Company only. Our fiscal year ends on June 30, and accordingly, the terms “fiscal 2019,2020,” “fiscal 2018”2019” and “fiscal 2017”2018” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K refer to the respective fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, 2019 2018 and 2017,2018, respectively, with corresponding meanings to any fiscal year reference beyond such dates. Trademarks, service marks and trade names of other companies appearing in this report are the property of their respective holders.

PART I

Overview

We are a global multi-crop, middle-market agricultural company. We are market leaders in the breeding, production and sale of alfalfa seed and sorghum seed. We also have a growing commercial market presence in sunflower, wheat and pasture seed and maintain an active stevia development program.

Our seed platform develops and supplies high quality germplasm designed to produce higher yields for farmers worldwide. We produce approximately 250sell over 500 seed products in the Western United States, Canada, Australia, Europe and South Africa for sale in more than 3040 countries. We maintain an active product pipeline and expect to introduce more than 2025 new products during the 2020-20222021-2022 fiscal years.

Founded in 1980, we began our operations as a limited producer of non-dormant alfalfa seed varieties bred for warm climates and high-yields, including varieties that can thrive in poor, saline soils. Over the years we have built a diversified, global agricultural platform through a combination of organic growth and strategic acquisitions and collaborations, including:

Our Strategy

The global agriculture market is experiencing rapid change driven by population growth, increasing consumer demand and emerging markets, environmental challenges, limited availability of arable land and diverse regulatory requirements and evolving consumer demands.requirements. As a result, farmers and other industry participants face ongoingare facing continuous pressure to cost-effectively increase productivity and output. These factors and otherscertain other factors have led to strategic realignments and significant consolidation in the seed industry, leaving a small number of large players.

We believe this environment presents an opportunity to build a global agricultural company focused on crop and market opportunities that large seed companies may overlook, underserve or ineffectively address.

We believe our core strengths listed below position us to capitalize on this market opportunity:

Our goal is to be a leading multi-crop, middle-market agricultural company; delivering value to our customers and strong financial returns to our shareholders.  To reach our goal, we have prioritized the following strategic initiatives:

Many of our existing and potential competitors have substantially greater research and product development capabilities and financial, marketing and human resources than we do. As a result, these competitors may:

Environmental and Regulatory Matters

Our agricultural operations are subject to a broad range of evolving environmental laws and regulations applicable to the markets in which we operate.  These environmental laws and regulations are intended to address concerns related to air quality, storm water discharge and management and disposal of agricultural chemicals relating to seed treatment.

Compliance with these laws and related regulations is an ongoing process that does not, and is not expected to, have a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. Environmental concerns are, however, inherent in most major agricultural operations, including those conducted by us, and there can be no assurance that the cost of compliance with environmental laws and regulations will not be material. Moreover, it is possible that future developments, such as increasingly strict environmental laws and enforcement policies thereunder, and further restrictions on the use of agricultural chemicals, could result in increased compliance costs.

We also are subject to various laws and regulations relating to the transport, export/import and sale of seed applicable in the markets in which operate.  

Internationally, we are subject to various government laws and regulations (including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar non-U.S. laws and regulations) and local government regulations. To help ensure compliance with these laws and regulations, we have adopted specific risk management and compliance practices and policies, including a specific policy addressing the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.

Research and Development

R&DResearch & Development expenses for the year ended June 30, 20192020 totaled $6.3$7.3 million compared to $3.9$6.3 million in the year ended June 30, 2018.2019.

Employees

As of September 18, 2019,22, 2020, we had 126186 total employees, of which 122168 were full-time employees. We also retain consultants for specific purposes when the need arises. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. We consider our relations with our employees to be good.

Corporate History

From 1980 until 2009, our business was operated as a general partnership. We bought out the former partners beginning in June 2008, incorporated inIn October 2009 we incorporated in Delaware, and completed the buyout of the general partners in May 2010. WeDecember 2011 we reincorporated in Nevada in December 2011.Nevada.

In April 2013, we, together with our wholly-owned subsidiary, S&W Holdings Australia Pty Ltd, an Australia corporation (f/k/a S&W Seed Australia Pty Ltd “S&W Holdings”), consummated an acquisition of all of the issued and outstanding shares of Seed Genetics International Pty Ltd, an Australia corporation (“SGI”), from SGI’s shareholders. In April 2018, SGI changed its name to S&W Seed Company Australia Pty Ltd (“S&W Australia”).

Our Contact Information

Our principal business office is located at 106 K Street,2101 Ken Pratt Blvd., Suite 300, Sacramento, CA 95814,201, Longmont, CO 80501, and our telephone number is (559) 884-2535.(720) 506-9191. Our website address is www.swseedco.com. Information contained on our website or any other website does not constitute part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and the inclusion of our website address in this report is an inactive textual reference only.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

The effects of health crises, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic, have had an adverse impact on our business, operations and the markets and communities in which we, our partners and customers operate.

As a result of the COVID-19 outbreak, or similar pandemics, and government responses to such pandemics, we have and may in the future experience disruptions that could adversely impact our business, including:

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to rapidly evolve. The extent to which COVID-19 may impact our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the ultimate geographic spread of the disease, the duration of the outbreak, travel restrictions, stay-at-home or other similar orders and social distancing in the United States, Australia and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States, Australia and other countries to contain and treat the virus.

Our earnings can be negatively impacted by declining demand brought on by varying factors, many of which are out of our control.

Demand for our seed depends upon a variety of factors, including end demand for the crops grown from the seed.  For example, a severe downturn in the dairy industry could have a negative effect on sales of alfalfa hay, and as a result, the demand for our alfalfa seed in the U.S. market. In addition, demand for our products could decline because of other supply and quality issues or for any other reason, including products of competitors that might be considered superior by end users. A decline in demand for our products could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our earnings may also be sensitive to fluctuations in market prices for seed.

Market prices for our seed can be impacted by factors such as the quality of the seed and the available supply, including whether lower-quality, lower-priced seed is available. Growing conditions, particularly weather conditions such as windstorms, floods, droughts and freezes, as well as diseases and pests and the adventitious presence of GMO, are primary factors influencing the quality and quantity of the seed and, therefore, the market price at which we can sell our seed to our customers. A decrease in the prices received for our products could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our earnings are vulnerable to cost increases.

Future increase in costs, such as the costs of growing seed, could cause our margins and earnings to decline unless we are able to pass along the increased price of production to our customers. We may not be able to increase the price of our seed sufficiently to maintain our margins and earnings in the future.

Our inventory of seed can be adversely affected by the market price being paid for other crops.

Our seed production relies entirely on unaffiliated growers to grow our proprietary seed and to sell it to us at negotiated prices each year. Growers have a choice of what crops to plant. If a particular crop is paying a materially higher price than has been paid in the past, growers may decide to not grow our seed crops in favor of receiving a higher return from an alternative crop planted on the same acreage. If our growers decline to a significant degree to plant the acreage on which we rely, and if we cannot find other growers to plant the lost acreage, our inventory of seed could be insufficient to satisfy the needs of our customers unless we are able to procure the necessary additional seed in the market at prices we cannot control. If these circumstances occur, our business, results of operations and financial condition could materially decline. In addition, our customers could look to other suppliers for their seed if we cannot satisfy their requirements, and we may not be able to regain them as customers once our inventory levels have returned to normal.

Adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, crop disease, pests and other natural conditions can impose significant costs and losses on our business.

Our seed crops are vulnerable to adverse weather conditions, including windstorms, floods, drought and temperature extremes, which are common but difficult to predict. In addition, seed crops are vulnerable to crop disease and to pests, which may vary in severity and effect, depending on the stage of production at the time of infection or infestation, the type of treatment applied and climatic conditions. Unfavorable growing conditions can reduce both crop size and quality. Although we no longer grow any of our seed directly, these factors can still impact us by potentially decreasing the quality and yields of our seed and reducing our available inventory. These factors can increase costs, decrease revenue and lead to additional charges to earnings, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Because our seed business is highly seasonal, our revenue, cash flows from operations and operating results may fluctuate on a seasonal and quarterly basis.

Our seed business is seasonal. The seasonal nature of our operations results in significant fluctuations in our working capital during the growing and selling cycles. We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, significant variability in net sales, operating cash flows and net income (loss) on a quarterly basis.

We have had a material concentration of revenue from a small group of customers that fluctuates, and the loss of any of these customers in any quarter could have a material adverse effect on our revenue.

On a historical basis, we have experienced a material concentration of revenue from a small group of customers. This concentration fluctuates from quarter to quarter, depending on our customer's specific requirements, which are themselves cyclical. However, in any particular quarter, we generally have a small group of customers that accounts for a substantial portion of that quarter’s revenue. Most of these customers are not contractually obligated to purchase seed from us. The loss of one or more of these customers on a quarterly basis, when taken year over year, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial position, results of operations and operating cash flows. We could also suffer a material adverse effect from any losses arising from a major customer's disputes regarding shipments, product quality or related matters, or from our inability to collect accounts receivable from any major customer. There are no assurances that we will be able to maintain our current customer relationships or that they will continue to purchase our seed in the current projected quantities. Any failure to do so may materially adversely impact our business.

Because we depend on a core group of significant customers, our sales, cash flows from operations and results of operations may be negatively affected if our key customers reduce the amount of products they purchase from us.

We rely upon a small group of customers for a large percentage of our net revenue. Although our customer concentration should decline as our product mix becomes more diverse, we expect that a small number of customers will continue to account for a substantial portion of our net revenue for the foreseeable future. Therethere is no assurance that we will be able to maintain the relationships with our major customers or that they will continue to purchase our seed in the quantities that we expect and rely upon. If we cannot do so, our results of operations could suffer.

Because we do not grow the seed that we sell, we are completely dependent on our network of contract growers, and our sales, cash flows from operations and results of operations may be negatively affected if we are unable to maintain an adequate network of contract growers to supply our seed requirements.

We do not directly grow any of the seed that we sell, and therefore, we are entirely dependent upon our network of growers. While we have some supply contracts with our growers of up to seven years in duration, many of our grower contracts cover only one year, which makes us particularly vulnerable to factors beyond our control. Events such as a shift in pricing caused by an increase in the value of commodity crops other than seed crops, increase in land prices, unexpected competition or reduced water availability could disrupt our supply chain. Any of these disruptions could limit the supply of seed that we obtain in any given year, adversely affecting supply and thereby lowering revenue. Such disruption could also damage our customer relationships and loyalty to us if we cannot supply the quantity of seed expected by them.

Our ability to contract for sufficient acreage presents challenges.

In order to increase revenue and earnings, we continue to need more production acreage. As we continue to increase the number of acres under contract and/or to move production into new geographical locations, we face challenges that can impede our ability to produce as much seed inventory as we have budgeted. For example, when we move production into new geographical locations, we may find it difficult to identify growers with the expertise to grow our seed crops, and we may not have sufficient company personnel available in such new locations to provide production advice on a timely basis. We also face increased competition for conventional seed acreage as the need for technology acres grows, which is further complicated by the field isolation issue relating to GMO crops that can reduce the amount of acreage available for conventional alfalfa seed crops. If we are unable to secure the acreage we need to meet our planned production for the crop year and are unable to purchase seed in the market, our results of operations could suffer, as would our reputation.

A lack of availability of water in any of our production areas could impact our business.

Adequate quantities and correct timing of the application of water are vital for most agriculture to thrive. Whether particular farms are experiencing water shortages depends, in large part, on their location. However, continuing drought conditions can threaten all farmland other than those properties with their own water sources. Foreign or domestic regulations regarding water usage and rights may also limit the availability of water. Although our current seed products are not water-intensive crops, the availability or the cost of water is a factor in the planting of the crops grown from our seed. Moreover, if the farmers and others who purchase our seed to grow crops cannot get an adequate supply of water, or if the cost of water makes it uneconomical for the farmers to grow the crops, we may not be able to sell our seed, which could have an adverse impact on our results of operations.

We face intense competition, and our inability to compete effectively for any reason could adversely affect our business.

Competition in the seed industry both domestically and internationally is intense, and we believe it is intensifying with industry consolidation. We face direct competition from other seed companies, including multinational agriculture companies, regional seed companies and small family-owned businesses, as well as subsidiaries or other affiliates of chemical, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, many of which have substantially greater resources than we do.

These resources give our competitors greater operating flexibility that, in certain cases, may permit them to respond better or more quickly to changes in the industry or to introduce new products more quickly and with greater marketing support. Increased competition could result in lower profit margins, substantial pricing pressure, reduced

market share and lower operating cash flows. Price competition, together with other forms of competition, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and operating cash flows.

If we are unable to estimate our customers’ future needs accurately and to match our production to the demand of our customers, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We sell our seed primarily to dealers and distributors who, in turn, sell primarily to farmers who grow crops from the seed. Due to the nature of the seed industry, we normally produce seed according to our production plan before we sell and deliver seed to distributors and dealers. Our dealers and distributors generally make purchasing decisions for our products based on market prices, economic and weather conditions and other factors that we and our dealers and distributors may not be able to anticipate accurately in advance. If we fail to accurately estimate the volume and types of products sought by the end users and otherwise adequately manage production amounts, we may produce more seed than our dealers and distributors want, resulting in excess inventory levels. It may be difficult for us to dispose of all of our inventory on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and we may need to record an impairment charge for a portion of this inventory in subsequent fiscal periods.  Any such impairment charge or any failure to sell inventory on commercially reasonable terms could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and operating cash flows.

On the other hand, if we underestimate demand, we may not be able to satisfy our dealers and distributors' demand for seed, and thus damage our customer relations and end-user loyalty. Our failure to estimate end users’ future needs and to match our production to the demand of our customers may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our third-party distributors may not effectively distribute our products.

We depend in part on third-party distributors and strategic relationships for the marketing and selling of our products. We depend on these distributors’ efforts to market our products, yet we are unable to control their efforts completely. In addition, we are unable to ensure that our distributors comply with all applicable laws regarding the sale of our products, including the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended. If our distributors fail to effectively market and sell our products, and in full compliance with applicable laws, our operating results and business may suffer.

We extend credit to our largest international customer and to certain of our other international customers, which exposes us to the difficulties of collecting our receivables in foreign jurisdictions if those customers fail to pay us.

Although payment terms for our export seed sales range from prepayment to 90 to 120 days, we extend credit to our largest international customer, Sorouh, and to other international customers up to 180 days. Sales of our seed to Sorouh and to other international customers represented a material portion of our revenue in historical periods and we expect that we will continue to extend credit in connection with future sales. Because these customers are located in foreign countries, collection efforts, were they to become necessary, could be much more difficult and expensive than pursuing similar claims in the United States. Moreover, future political and/or economic factors, as well as future unanticipated trade regulations, could negatively impact our ability to timely collect outstanding receivables from these important customers. The extension of credit to our international customers exposes us to the risk that our seed will be delivered but that we may not receive all or a portion of the payment therefor. If these customers are unable or unwilling to fully pay for the seed they purchase on credit, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially negatively impacted. Moreover, our internal forecasts on which we make business decisions throughout the year could be severely compromised, which could, in turn, mean that we spend capital for operations, investment or otherwise that we would not have spent had we been aware that the customer would not honor its credit extension obligation.

The future demand for our non-dormant alfalfa seed varieties in Saudi Arabia is uncertain.

Historically, sales of alfalfa seed to customers in Saudi Arabia have represented a significant portion of our revenue. Regulatory uncertainty in Saudi Arabia surrounding water use restrictions for large forage producers caused customers in the region to defer purchases and/or reduce inventory carrying levels. The outlook for demand for our non-dormant alfalfa varieties in Saudi Arabia over the next two to four years continues to be uncertain because of the potential for water use restrictions and further regulations from the Saudi Arabian government on water usage. As a result of the continued depressed sales to our customers in Saudi Arabia, we have experienced a material decline in revenue and earnings. Given the foregoing regulatory uncertainty, there may be a continued depressed demand from our customers in Saudi Arabia, and, in the absence of sales growth in other regions and other products, we may experience a further material decline in revenue and earnings.

Our current reliance on the seed development and production business does not permit us to spread our business risks among different business segments, and thus a disruption in our seed production or the industry would harm us more immediately and directly than if we were more diversified.

We currently operate primarily in the alfalfa, sorghum, and sunfloweragricultural seed business, and we do not expect this to change materially in the foreseeable future. Without business line diversity, we will not be able to spread the risk of our operations. Therefore, our business opportunities, revenue and income could be more immediately and directly affected by disruptions from such things as drought and disease or widespread problems affecting the alfalfa, sorghum, sunflower and sunflowerpasture seed markets, payment disruptions and customer rejection of our seed. If there is a disruption as described above, our revenue and earnings could be reduced, and our business operations might have to be scaled back.

If we fail to introduce and commercialize new seed products, we may not be able to maintain market share, and our future sales may be harmed.

The performance of our new seed products may not meet our customers’ expectations, or we may not be able to introduce and commercialize specific seed varieties and hybrids. Reorder rates are uncertain due to several factors, many of which are beyond our control. These include changing customer preferences, which could be further complicated by competitive price pressures, our failure to develop new products to meet the evolving demands of the end users, the development of higher-demand products by our competitors and general economic conditions. The process for new products to gain market recognition and acceptance is long and has uncertainties. If we fail to introduce and commercialize a new seed product that meets the demand of the end user, if our competitors develop products that are favored by the end users, or if we are unable to produce our existing products in sufficient quantities, our growth prospects may be materially and adversely affected, and our revenue may decline. In addition, sales of our new products could replace sales of some of our current similar products, offsetting the benefit of a successful product introduction.

The presence of GMO alfalfa in Australia or California could impact our sales.

GMO crops currently are prohibited in most of the international markets in which our proprietary seed is currently sold. There are regions in the United States, including the Pacific Northwest, where even small quantities of GMO material inadvertently interspersed with conventional (non-GMO) alfalfa seed make the seed undesirable, which causes customers to look elsewhere for their alfalfa seed requirements. The greater the use of GMO seed in California and other alfalfa seed growing regions, the greater the risk that the adventitious presence of GMO material in our seed production will occur due to pollination from hay fields or other seed fields. We regularly test for the adventitious presence of GMO in our conventional alfalfa seed, and we have seen a slight increase in the percentage of GMO presence in conventional alfalfa seed over the past several years. Our seed containing GMO material can only be sold domestically or in other jurisdictions that permit the importation of GMO alfalfa. If we are unable to isolate our conventional alfalfa seed from inadvertently being contaminated by GMO seed, we may find it more difficult to sell that seed in our key markets and we may have insufficient quantities of seed to sell internationally, either of which could materially adversely impact our revenue over time.

The stevia market may not develop as we anticipate, and therefore our continued research and development activities with respect to stevia may never become profitable to us.

There are a number of challenges to market acceptance of stevia as a natural, non-caloric sweetener. Stevia has its own unique flavor, which can affect the taste of some foods and beverages. A common complaint about stevia is that some of its extracts and derivatives have a bitter aftertaste, and its taste does not uniformly correspond to all regional taste preferences or combine well with some food flavors. Other factors that could impact market acceptance include the price structure compared to other sugar substitutes and availability. If the high-intensity, non-caloric sweetener market declines or if stevia fails to achieve substantially greater market acceptance than it currently enjoys, we might never be able to profit from our continued research and development activities relating to stevia or any commercial applications that we derive therefrom. Even if products conform to applicable safety and quality standards, sales could be adversely affected if consumers in target markets lose confidence in the safety, efficacy and quality of stevia. Adverse publicity about stevia or stevia-based products may discourage consumers from buying products that contain stevia. Any of these developments could adversely impact the future amount of dry leaf stevia, processed stevia leaves or extract we are able to sell, which could adversely impact our results of operations.

The loss of key employees or the failure to attract qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect on our ability to run our business.

The loss of any of our current executives, key employees or key advisors, or the failure to attract, integrate, motivate and retain additional key employees, could have a material adverse effect on our business. Although we have employment agreements with our Chief Executive Officer, our Chief Financial Officer, our Executive Vice President - Americas, and our Executive Vice President - International,executive officers, as well as certain other employees, any employeeall of our employees are employed “at-will” and could leave our employ at any time if he or she chose to do so.time. We do not carry “key person” insurance on the lives of any of our management team. As we develop additional capabilities, we may require more skilled personnel who must be highly skilled and have a sound understanding of our industry, business or processing requirements. Recruiting skilled personnel is highly competitive. Although to date we have been successful in recruiting and retaining qualified personnel, there can be no assurance that we will continue to attract and retain the personnel needed for our business. The failure to attract or retain qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may not be able to manage expansion of our operations effectively.

We expect our operations to continue to grow in the future, both as we expand our historical alfalfa seed business both domestically and internationally through internal growth and synergistic acquisitions and increase our growers’ production. These efforts will require the addition of employees, expansion of facilities and greater oversight, perhaps in diverse locations. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, we may not be able to take advantage of market opportunities, execute on our business strategies or respond to competitive pressures, and we may have difficulties maintaining and updating the internal procedures and the controls necessary to meet the planned expansion of our overall business.

Our management will also be required to maintain and expand our relationships with customers, suppliers and other third parties as well as attract new customers and suppliers. We expect that our sales and marketing costs will increase as we grow our product lines and as we increase our sales efforts in new and existing markets. Our current and planned operations, personnel, systems and internal procedures and controls may not be adequate to support our future growth.

We may be unable to successfully integrate the businesses we have recently acquired and may acquire in the future with our current management and structure.

As part of our growth strategy, we have acquired and may continue to acquire additional businesses, product lines or other assets. We may not be able to locate or make suitable acquisitions on acceptable terms, and future acquisitions may not be effectively and profitably integrated into our business. Our failure to successfully complete the integration of the businesses we acquire could have an adverse effect on our prospects, business activities, cash flow, financial condition, results of operations and stock price. Integration challenges may include the following:

In connection with any such transactions, we may also issue equity securities, incur additional debt, assume contractual obligations or liabilities or expend significant cash.  Such transactions could harm our operating results and cash position and negatively affect the price of our stock.

For example, on October 25, 2018,February 24, 2020, we completed the acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Chromatin, Inc. (together with certain of its subsidiariesissued and affiliates in receivership, "Chromatin"), as well as the assumption of certain contracts and limited specified liabilities of Chromatin, for an aggregate cash purchase price of approximately $26.5 million (the "Acquisition"), pursuant to the terms of our previously disclosed Asset Purchase Agreement, dated September 14, 2018, with Novo Advisors (f/k/a Turnaround Advisory Group Inc.), solely in its capacity as the receiver for, and on behalf of, Chromatin ("Novo"). To fund the Chromatin Acquisition, cover transaction expenses and provide additional working capital, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "September SPA") with MFP Partners, L.P. ("MFP"), pursuant to which we agreed to sell and issue to MFP 1,607,717outstanding shares of our common stock (the "Common Shares") for approximate gross proceeds of $5.0 million at an initial closing (the "Initial Closing") and, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, 7,235 shares of newly designated Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company ("Preferred Shares") for aggregate gross proceeds of $22.5 million at a second closing (the "Second Closing"), each in a private placement. The Initial Closing was completed on September 5, 2018 and the Second Closing was completed on October 23, 2018.

Pasture Genetics. We cannot guarantee that the Chromatin AcquisitionPasture Genetics acquisition will yield the results we have anticipated. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will achieve the revenues, growth prospects and synergies expected from this acquisition, our prior acquisitions or any future acquisitions, or that we will achieve such revenue, growth prospects and synergies in a manner consistent with our expectations. Our failure to do so could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

The diversion of management's attention and costs associated with acquisitions may have a negative impact on our business.

If management’s attention is diverted from the management of our existing businesses as a result of its efforts in evaluating and negotiating new acquisitions and strategic transactions, the prospects, business activities, cash flow, financial condition and results of operations of our existing businesses may suffer. We also may incur unanticipated costs in connection with pursuing acquisitions and strategic transactions, whether they ultimately are consummated or not.

S&W Australia's alfalfa seed grower pool is dependent on a limited number of milling facilities to process its seed, with particular dependence on a dominant operator whose commercial interests may be adverse to S&W Australia.

Only five milling facilities are regularly used by S&W Australia’s grower pool to clean and process S&W Australia alfalfa seed. Should one or more of these facilities become unusable, there could be a significant effect on S&W Australia’s ability to get its Australian alfalfa seed to market in a timely manner or at all. S&W Australia’s growers use Tatiara to process approximately 70% of the seed grown for S&W Australia. The owner of Tatiara has begun to sell his own common seed and is now both a supplier and competitor of S&W Australia. This competing seed business creates a potential conflict of interest for Tatiara in the care and handling of S&W Australia’s product and could impact S&W Australia’s ability to have seed available to sell on the time schedule required by our customers.

S&W Australia is thinly capitalized and may become dependent upon us for financing.

Because S&W Australia has relatively little net working capital, it is substantially dependent upon its credit arrangement with National Australia Bank Ltd, (“NAB”)or NAB, to purchase its seed inventory. If S&W Australia breaches its credit arrangement in the future or other reasons cause this credit arrangement to become unavailable to S&W Australia, S&W Australia may become reliant on us to finance its operations or for financial guarantees. We currently are a guarantor on S&W Australia's NAB credit facility. S&W Australia's financial dependency upon us could have a negative adverse effect upon our financial condition.

S&W Australia is dependent on a pool of seed growers and a favorable pricing model for alfalfa seed production.

S&W Australia relies on a pool of approximately 150100 Australian contract growers to produce its proprietary alfalfa seeds. In this system, growers contract with S&W Australia to grow S&W Australia’s seed for terms of seven to ten years in the case of alfalfa and two to three years for white clover. S&W Australia uses a staggered payment system with the growers of its alfalfa and white clover; the payment amounts are based upon an estimated budget price, or EBP, for compliant seed. EBP is a forecast of the final price that S&W Australia believes will be achieved taking into account prevailing and predicted market conditions at the time the estimate is made. Following the grower’s delivery of uncleaned seed to a milling facility, S&W Australia typically pays 40% of the EBP to the grower based on pre-cleaning weight. Following this initial payment and prior to the final payment, S&W Australia makes a series of scheduled progress payments and, if applicable, a bonus payment for “first grade” alfalfa seed. The final price payable to each grower (and therefore the total price) is dependent upon and subject to adjustment based upon the clean weight of the seed grown, on the average price at which S&W Australia sells the pooled seed and other costs incurred by S&W Australia. Accordingly, the total price paid by S&W Australia to its growers may be more or less than the EBP. This arrangement exposes S&W Australia’s business to unique risks, including, the potential for current growers to make collective demands that are unfavorable to S&W Australia and the potential for our competitors to offer more favorable terms for seed production, including fixed (instead of variable) payment terms.

S&W Australia’s reliance upon an estimated purchase price to growers could result in changes in estimates in our consolidated financial statements.

S&W Australia does not fix the final price for alfalfa and clover seed payable to its growers until the completion of a given year’s sales cycle, pursuant to the standard contract production agreement. We record an estimated unit price, and accordingly, inventory, cost of goods sold and gross profits are based upon management’s best estimate of the final purchase price to our S&W Australia growers. To the extent the estimated purchase price varies from the final purchase price for seed, the adjustment to actual could materially impact the results in the period when the difference between estimates and actuals are identified. If the actual purchase price is in excess of our estimated purchase price, this would negatively impact our financial results, including a reduction in gross profits and net income.

We may need to raise additional capital in the future.

We may find it necessary or advisable to raise additional capital in the future, whether to enhance our working capital, to repay indebtedness, to fund acquisitions or for other reasons. If we are required or desire to raise additional capital in the future, such additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, or available at all, may be dilutive to our existing stockholders, if in the form of equity financing, or may contain restrictions on the operation of our business, if in the form of debt financing. If we fail to obtain additional capital as and when required, such failure could have a material impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in government policies and laws could adversely affect international sales and therefore our financial results.

Historically, sales to our distributors who sell our proprietary alfalfa seed varieties outside the United States have constituted a meaningful portion of our annual revenue. We anticipate that sales into international markets will continue to represent a meaningful portion of our total sales and that continued growth and profitability will require further international expansion, particularly in the Middle East and Africa. Our financial results could be affected by changes in trade, monetary and fiscal policies, laws and regulations, or other activities of U.S. and non-U.S. governments, agencies and similar organizations. These conditions include but are not limited to changes in a country’s or region’s economic or political conditions, trade regulations affecting production, pricing and marketing of products, local labor conditions and regulations, reduced protection of intellectual property rights in some countries, changes in the regulatory or legal environment, burdensome taxes and tariffs and other trade barriers. International risks and uncertainties, including changing social and economic conditions as well as terrorism, political hostilities and war, could lead to reduced distribution of our products into international markets and reduced profitability associated with such sales.

We are subject to risks associated with doing business globally.

Our operations, both inside and outside the United States, are subject to risks inherent in conducting business globally and under the laws, regulations and customs of various jurisdictions and geographies. Although we sell seed to various regions of the world, a largesignificant percentage of our sales outside the United States in fiscal year 20192020 were principally to customers in the Middle East, Australia, North Africa and Mexico. Accordingly, developments in those parts of the world generally have a more significant effect on our operations than developments in other places. Our operations outside the United States are subject to special risks and restrictions, including, without limitation:  fluctuations in currency values and foreign-currency exchange rates; exchange control regulations; changes in local political or economic conditions; governmental pricing directives; import and trade restrictions; import or export licensing requirements and trade policy; restrictions on the ability to repatriate funds; and other potentially detrimental domestic and foreign governmental practices or policies affecting U.S. companies doing business abroad, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the trade sanctions laws and regulations administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control. Acts of terror or war may impair our ability to operate in particular countries or regions, and may impede the flow of goods and services between countries. Customers in weakened economies may be unable to purchase our products, or it could become more expensive for them to purchase imported products in their local currency, or sell their commodity at prevailing international prices, and we may be unable to collect receivables from such customers. Further, changes in exchange rates may affect our net earnings, the book value of our assets outside the United States and our stockholders’ equity. Failure to comply with the laws and regulations that affect our global operations could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Failure to comply with the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act or similar laws could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

We are subject to the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which generally prohibits United States companies, including their suppliers, distributors and other commercial partners, from engaging in bribery or other prohibited payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Corruption, extortion, bribery, pay-offs, theft and other fraudulent practices occur from time-to-time in the countries in which we distribute products. We have adopted formal policies and procedures designed to facilitate compliance with these laws. If our employees or other agents, including our distributors or suppliers, are found to have engaged in such practices, we could suffer severe penalties and other consequences that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Environmental regulation affecting our alfalfa seed sorghum, sunflower or stevia products could negatively impact our business.

Our agricultural operations are subject to a broad range of evolving environmental laws and regulations applicable to the markets in which we operate. These environmental laws and regulations are intended to address concerns related to, among other things, air quality, storm water discharge and management and disposal of agricultural chemicals relating to seed treatment.

In the U.S., we are subject to evolving environmental laws and regulations by federal and state governments. Federal laws and regulations include the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, the Federal Seed Act, and potentially regulations of the FDA and/or other State regulatory agencies.

Our Australian operations are also subject to a number of environmental laws, regulations and policies, including in particular the Environment Protection Act 1993 (SA), the Agricultural and Veterinary Products (Control of Use) Act 2002 (SA), the Genetically Modified Crops Management Act 2004 (SA), the Dangerous Substances Act 1979 (SA), the Controlled Substances Act 1984 (SA) and related regulations and policies.

Our failure to comply with these laws and related regulations could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Moreover, it is possible that future developments, such as increasingly strict environmental laws and enforcement policies thereunder, and further restrictions on the use of agricultural chemicals, could result in increased compliance costs which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If we are unable to obtain government approvals for certain of our products, we may be unable to commercialize those products in certain markets.

Our ability to launch and commercialize certain new products is subject to regulatory approval, which can be lengthy, costly, complex and in some markets unpredictable. For example, the timing of our anticipated launch of sorghum hybrids developed through our DoubleTeam^TM collaboration with ADAMA will depend on our receipt of regulatory approval. Seed products incorporating biotechnology derived traits and crop protection products must be extensively tested for safety, efficacy and environmental impact before they can be registered for production, use, sale or commercialization in a given market. Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approvals requires submitting a significant amount of information and data, which may require participation from technology providers. If we are unable to receive the necessary approvals, we will be unable to produce and sell certain of our current and future products, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Unauthorized access to our information technology systems, infrastructure and data could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We are dependent upon our own and third-party information technology systems, infrastructure and data, including mobile technologies, to operate our business. The multitude and complexity of our computer systems may make them vulnerable to service interruption or destruction, disruption of data integrity, malicious intrusion, or random attacks. Likewise, data privacy or security incidents or breaches by employees or others may pose a risk that sensitive data, including our intellectual property, trade secrets or personal information of our employees, customers or other business partners may be exposed to unauthorized persons or to the public. Our business partners face similar risks and any security breach of their systems could adversely affect our security posture.

In addition, cyber-attacks are increasing in their frequency, sophistication and intensity. Cyber-attacks could include the deployment of harmful malware, denial-of-service, social engineering and other means to affect service reliability and threaten data confidentiality, integrity and availability. Moreover, the prevalent use of mobile devices that access confidential information increases the risk of data security breaches, which could lead to the loss of confidential information, trade secrets or other intellectual property. 

A security breach, including, for example, a misappropriation of customer, distributor or employee confidential information, trade secrets or intellectual property, could disrupt our business and result in increased costs or loss of revenue, which may include potential costs of investigations, legal, forensic and consulting fees and expenses, costs and diversion of management’s attention required for investigation, remediation and litigation, substantial repair or replacement costs. In addition, any disruption in our information technology systems, loss of data or other disruptions could impair our ability to manage inventories, process transactions and communicate with our customers, which could prevent us from being able to fulfill orders, result in cancelations and loss of customers, cause us reputational harm and generally disrupt our ability to conduct our business, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

While we have implemented measures for the protection of our data and information technology infrastructure, there can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent service interruptions, or identify breaches in our systems, that could adversely affect our business and operations and/or result in the loss of critical or sensitive information, which could result in financial, legal, business or reputational harm to us. In addition, our liability insurance may not be sufficient in type or amount to cover us against claims related to security breaches, cyber-attacks and other related breaches.

Insurance covering defective seed claims may become unavailable or be inadequate.

Defective seed could result in insurance claims and negative publicity. Although we carry general liability insurance to cover defective seed claims, such coverage may become unavailable or be inadequate. Even if coverage is offered, it may be at a price and on terms not acceptable to us. If claims exceed coverage limits, or if insurance is not available to us, the occurrence of significant claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may be exposed to product quality claims, which may cause us to incur substantial legal expenses and, if determined adversely against us, may cause us to pay significant damage awards.

We may be subject to legal proceedings and claims from time to time relating to our seed or stevia quality. The defense of these proceedings and claims can be both costly and time consuming and may significantly divert efforts and resources of our management personnel. An adverse determination in any such proceeding could subject us to significant liability and damage our market reputation and prevent us from achieving increased sales and market share. Protracted litigation could also result in our customers or potential customers deferring or limiting their purchase of our products.

Capital and credit market issues could negatively affect our liquidity, increase our costs of borrowing and disrupt the operations of our growers and customers.

The capital and credit markets have experienced increased volatility and disruption over the past several years, making it more difficult for companies to access those markets. Although we believe that our operating cash flows, historical access to the capital market and our lines of credit will permit us to meet our financing needs for the foreseeable future, continued or increased volatility and disruption in the capital and credit markets may impair our liquidity or increase our costs of borrowing, if we need to access the credit market. Our business could also be negatively impacted if our growers or customers experience disruptions resulting from tighter capital and credit markets or a slowdown in the general economy.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our business and prospects may be harmed.

Our ability to compete effectively is dependent upon the proprietary nature of the seeds, seedlings, processes, technologies and materials owned by or used by us or our growers. If any competitors independently develop new traits, seeds, seedlings, processes or technologies that customers or end users determine are better than our existing products, such developments could adversely affect our competitive position.

In some cases, we obtain patent protection or plant breeder rights registrations for certain of our seed products.   However, our principal method of guarding our proprietary varieties and hybrids is exercising a high degree of control over the supply chain.  We also rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and any other elements of our discovery and development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents. Although we require our employees, consultants, advisors and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information, or technology to enter into confidentiality agreements, we cannot be certain that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques.

Even with these measures in place, it would be possible for persons with access to our seed or plants grown from our seed to reproduce and market products substantially similar to our proprietary seed varieties, which could significantly harm our business and our reputation.  Third parties may challenge the validity, enforceability and scope of our intellectual property rights.  Furthermore, we sell our products in more than 30 countries and the laws of some countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. As a result, we may encounter significant problems in protecting and defending our intellectual property both in the United States and abroad. Litigation may be necessary to protect our proprietary property and determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of competitors. Intellectual property litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of our management and other resources. If we are unable to successfully protect our intellectual property rights, our competitors could market products that compete with our proprietary products without obtaining a license from us.

Risks Related to our Financial Position and Investment in Our Securities

RaisingThe terms of our loan and security agreement with CIBC place restrictions on our operating and financial flexibility, and failure to comply with covenants or to satisfy certain conditions may result in acceleration of our repayment obligations and foreclosure on our pledged assets, which could significantly harm our liquidity, financial condition, operating results, business and prospects and cause the price of our securities to decline.

Our $25.0 million revolving credit facility with CIBC Bank USA, or CIBC, is secured by a first priority perfected security interest in substantially all of our assets, subject to certain exceptions.

Our loan agreement with CIBC requires us to comply with certain financial covenants, including a specified fixed charge ratio tested quarterly.  The loan agreement also requires us to comply with a number of other covenants (affirmative and negative), including restrictive covenants that limit our ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness; merge or consolidate with or into any other organization or otherwise suffer a change in control; acquire, own or make investments; repurchase or redeem any class of stock or other equity interest; declare or pay any cash dividend or make a cash distribution on any class of stock or other equity interest; and transfer a material portion of our assets, in each case subject to exceptions.

In addition to other specified events of default, and subject to limited exceptions, CIBC could declare an event of default upon our non-compliance with certain covenants or the occurrence of certain events that it may determine, in its sole discretion, to have a material adverse effect, including: a material adverse change in, or a material adverse effect on our business, property, assets or operations, taken as a whole; a material impairment of our ability to perform any of our obligations under the loan agreement; a material adverse effect upon the collateral for the loan or its value; or a material impairment of the enforceability or priority of the liens upon the collateral for the loan or the legality, validity, binding effect or enforceability of the loan agreement or related agreements.

If we default under the credit facility, CIBC may accelerate all of our repayment obligations, which may require us to seek additional or alternate financing and/or modify our operational plans. For example, we were not in compliance with our fixed charge coverage ratio covenant under our CIBC facility as of June 30, 2020.  On September 22, 2020, the CIBC loan agreement was amended and, among other things, CIBC waived the fixed charge coverage ratio covenant as of June 30, 2020 and suspended its applicability prospectively until the quarter ending March 31, 2021.  Commencing with the quarter ending September 30, 2020, through and including December 31, 2020, the amendment provides that we must comply with a financial covenant requiring us to maintain year-to-date EBITDA (as calculated in the Loan Agreement) of no less than negative $6,000,000, tested quarterly. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to comply with all of the covenants contained in the CIBC loan agreement in the future, or secure additional waivers if or when required.  If we are unable to comply with or obtain a waiver of any noncompliance under the loan agreement, CIBC could declare an event of default or require us to further renegotiate the loan agreement on terms that may be significantly less favorable to us, or we may be required to seek additional or alternative financing. If we were to seek additional or alternative financing, any such financing may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If we are unable to access funds to meet those obligations or to renegotiate our agreement, CIBC could foreclose on our pledged assets and we would have to immediately cease operations. In addition, during the continuance of an event of default, the then-applicable interest rate on the then-outstanding principal balance is subject to increase. Upon an event of default, CIBC could also require us to repay the loan immediately, together with a prepayment penalty, and other fees. If we were to renegotiate the agreement under such circumstances, the terms may be significantly less favorable to us. If we were liquidated, CIBC’s right to repayment would be senior to the rights of our stockholders to receive any proceeds from the liquidation. Any declaration by CIBC of an event of default could significantly harm our liquidity, financial condition, operating results, business, and prospects and cause the price of our securities to decline.

We may incur additional indebtedness in the future. The debt instruments governing such indebtedness may contain provisions that are as, or more, restrictive than the provisions governing our existing indebtedness. If we are unable to repay, refinance or restructure our indebtedness when payment is due, CIBC could proceed against the collateral or force us into bankruptcy or liquidation.

We received a loan under the Paycheck Protection Program of the CARES Act and our receipt of this loan may result in adverse publicity, damage to our reputation or potential penalties.

We have received loan proceeds pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program under the CARES Act. The lack of clarity regarding loan eligibility under the Paycheck Protection Program has resulted in significant media coverage and controversy with respect to public companies applying for and receiving loans. If, despite our good-faith belief that we satisfied all eligible requirements for the loan, we are later determined to be in violation of any of the laws or governmental regulations that apply to us in connection with the loan, such as the False Claims Act, or it is otherwise determined that we were ineligible to receive the loan, we may be subject to penalties, including significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties and could be required to repay the loan in its entirety. In addition, we could become subject to adverse publicity, review or audit by the SBA or other government entity or claims under the False Claims Act and could consume significant financial and management resources. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may need to raise additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders or restrict our operations.in the future.

From time to time, we expectmay find it necessary or advisable to raise additional capital in the future, whether to enhance our working capital, to repay indebtedness, to fund acquisitions or for other reasons. This may include, for example, the need to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity and debt financings, as well as potentially entering into collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. If we are required or desire to raise additional capital in the future, such additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, or available at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest could be diluted and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends and may be secured by all or a portion of our assets. If we fail to obtain additional capital as and when required, such failure could have a material impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The value of our common stock can be volatile.

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. The overall market and the price of our common stock can fluctuate greatly. The trading price of our common stock may be significantly affected by various factors, including but not limited to:

Our quarter-to-quarter performance may vary substantially, and this variance, as well as general market conditions, may cause the price of our securities to fluctuate greatly and potentially expose us to litigation.

Our seed business is highly seasonal because it is tied to the growing and harvesting seasons. If sales in particular quarters are lower than expected, our operating results for these quarters could cause our share price to decline.

Our future expense estimates are based, in large part, on estimates of future revenue, which is difficult to predict. We expect to continue to make significant expenditures in order to expand production, sales, marketing and processes. We may be unable to, or may elect not to, adjust spending quickly enough to offset any unexpected

revenue shortfall. If our increased expenses are not accompanied by increased revenue in the same quarter, our quarterly operating results would be harmed.

In one or more future quarters, our results of operations may fall below the expectations of investors or analysts, and the trading price of our securities may decline as a consequence. We believe that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our operating results will not be a good indication of our future performance and should not be relied upon to predict the future performance of our stock price.

In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have often been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management's attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

If we issue shares of preferred stock, the holdings of those owning our common stock could be diluted or subordinated to the rights of the holders of preferred stock.

Our board of directors is authorized by our articles of incorporation to establish classes or series of preferred stock and fix the designation, powers, preferences and rights of the shares of each such class or series without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Any shares of preferred stock so issued could have priority over our common stock with respect to dividend or liquidation rights.

Our actual operating results may differ significantly from our guidance.

We routinely release annual guidance in our quarterly earnings releases, our quarterly earnings conference calls and in other forums we consider appropriate. Such guidance regarding our future performance represents our management's estimates as of the date of release or other communication. This guidance, which includes forward-looking statements, is based on projections prepared by our management. These projections are not prepared with a view toward compliance with published guidelines of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and neither our independent registered public accountants nor any other independent expert or outside party compiles or examines the projections, and accordingly, no such person expresses any opinion or any other form of assurance with respect thereto.

Projections are based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that, while presented with numerical specificity, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control and are based upon specific assumptions with respect to future business decisions, some of which will change. If we issue guidance, we will generally state possible outcomes as high and low ranges or approximations that are intended to provide a sensitivity analysis as variables are changed but are not intended to represent that actual results could not fall outside of the suggested ranges or approximations. The principal reason that we would release guidance would be to provide a basis for our management to discuss our business outlook with analysts and investors. We do not accept any responsibility for any projections or reports published by any such persons.

Guidance is necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions of the guidance furnished by us will not materialize or will vary significantly from actual results. Accordingly, our guidance, when given, is only an estimate of what management believes is realizable as of the date of release or other communication. Actual results will vary from our guidance, and the variations may be material. In light of the foregoing, investors are urged not to rely upon, or otherwise consider, our guidance in making an investment decision about our securities.

We do not anticipate declaring any cash dividends on our common stock.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock and do not plan to pay any cash dividends in the near future. Our current policy is to retain all funds and any earnings for use in the operation and expansion of our business. If we do not pay cash dividends, our stock may be less valuable to investors because a return on their investment will only occur if our stock price appreciates.

Anti-takeover provisions and our right to issue preferred stock could make a third-party acquisition of us difficult.

Our articles of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that would make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us, including a provision that our board of directors may issue preferred stock without stockholder approval. In addition, certain anti-takeover provisions of Nevada law, if and when applicable, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us, even if such change in control would be beneficial to our stockholders.

None.

The following is a description of our material properties:

We believe that our current facilities are adequate for our needs for the immediate future and that, should it be needed, suitable additional space will be available to accommodate expansion of our operations on commercially reasonable termsterms.

From time to time, we are involved in lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, including pending opposition proceedings involving patents that arise in the ordinary course of business. There are no matters pending that we expect to have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

Not applicable.

PART II

Market Information Regarding Our Common Stock

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SANW.” The following table sets forth the range of high and low sales prices per share of common stock as reported on Nasdaq for the periods indicated. The closing price of our common stock on September 17, 201922, 2020 was $2.34.$2.83.

Holders

As of September 18, 2019,23, 2020, we had 33,283,69533,450,569 shares of common stock outstanding held by 3738 stockholders of record. Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of beneficial stockholders represented by these record holders.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. For the foreseeable future, we intend to retain any earnings to finance the development and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will be dependent upon then existing conditions, including our financial condition and results of operations, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, business prospects and other factors that the Board of Directors considers relevant. In addition, our credit facilityloan agreement with KeyBankCIBC contains restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

There were no unregistered sales of equity securities in 2020 fiscal year that have not been previously reported on a Current Report on Form 8-K.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities

There were no unregistered sales of equity securities in 20192020 fiscal year that have not been previously reported on a Current Report on Form 8-K.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliate Purchasers

None.

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide information typically disclosed under this item.

You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to our historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements as referred to on page 2 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”

Executive Overview

We are a global multi-crop, middle-market agricultural company. We are market leaders in the breeding, production and sale of alfalfa seed and sorghum seed. We also have a growing commercial market presence in sunflower, wheat and pasture seed and maintain an active stevia development program.

Our seed platform develops and supplies high quality germplasm designed to produce higher yields for farmers worldwide. We produce approximately 250sell over 500 seed products in the Western United States, Canada, Australia, Europe and South Africa for sale in more than 3040 countries. We maintain an active product pipeline and expect to introduce more than 2025 new products during the 2020-20222021-2022 fiscal years.

Founded in 1980, we began our operations as a limited producer of non-dormant alfalfa seed varieties bred for warm climates and high-yields, including varieties that can thrive in poor, saline soils. Over the years we have built a diversified, global agricultural platform through a combination of organic growth and strategic acquisitions and collaborations, including:

On May 22, 2019, we restructured our relationship with Pioneer, a subsidiary of Corteva, by entering into two agreements under which, among other things:

As a result of the May 2019 transactions with Corteva, we recognized licensing revenue of $34.2 million and wrote-off $6.0 million of intangible assets.  We also attribute our $11.9 million goodwill impairment charge largelybring to the terminationU.S. sorghum market the DoubleTeam™ grassy weed management system, consisting of the productionADAMA’s proprietary herbicides and distribution agreementsour non-GMO, herbicide tolerant sorghum hybrids; and

As a result of the 2018 Chromatin acquisition, and the 2019 restructuring of our relationship with Corteva and our February 2020 acquisition of Pasture Genetics, we expect that our results of operations for fiscal 20202021 and future periods will differ significantly from prior periods as the mix of our product portfolio rebalances away from a reliance on alfalfa sales (sales of alfalfa seed to Corteva totaled $19.7 million and $37.6 million)million during the years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively) to a more diverse product mix. We expect to generate alfalfa seed revenue of approximately $34$15 million tofrom Corteva over the fiscal 2020 and fiscal 2021 combined periodsperiod as the seed is delivered to Corteva through February 2021.  We do not expect any other significant revenue from sales to Corteva in the future.

COVID-19 Update

We are closely monitoring the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic on our business and have implemented measures designed to protect the health and safety of our workforce, including a voluntary work-from-home policy for employees who can perform their jobs offsite. We are continuing our activities and are taking precautionary measures to protect our employees working in our facilities.  

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect the areas in which we operate, we believe the outbreak could have a negative impact on our sales, operating results and financial condition. The extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our sales, operating results and financial condition will depend on certain developments, including the duration and spread of the outbreak, impact on our customers, employees and vendors, all of which are uncertain and cannot be predicted.

In particular, our sales cycle is highly seasonal, and the majority of our sales season activities for the United States and Australia are typically concentrated between March and June of each year. Our sales efforts also have historically involved significant in-person interaction with potential customers and distributors. In March 2020, at the beginning of what is typically our most active selling period, many national, state and local governments in our target markets implemented various stay-at-home, shelter-in-place and other quarantine measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, we immediately attempted to shift our sales activities to video conferencing and similar customer interaction models, but we have found these alternative approaches to generally be less effective than in-person sales efforts.

In addition, our product revenue is predicated on our ability to timely fulfill customer orders, which depends in large part upon the consistent availability and operation of shipping and distribution networks operated by third parties. Farmers typically have a limited window during which they can plant seed, and their buying decisions can be shaped by actual or perceived disruptions in our distribution and supply channels. If our customers delay or decrease their orders due to potential disruptions in our distribution and supply channels, this would adversely affect our product revenue.

Given these uncertainties, at this time we cannot reasonably estimate the overall impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Components of Our Statements of Operations Data

Revenue and Cost of Revenue

Product and Other Revenue

We derive most of our revenue from the sale of our proprietary seed varieties and hybrids. We expect that over the next several years, a substantial majority of our revenue will be generated from the sale of alfalfa, sorghum, sunflower and sunflowerpasture seed, although we are continually assessing other possible product offerings or means to increase revenue, including expanding into other, higher margin crops.

The mix of our product offerings will continue to change over time with the introduction of new seed varieties and hybrids resulting from our robust research and development efforts, including our potential expansion into gene-edited products in future periods.

Our revenue will fluctuate depending on the timing of orders from our customers and distributors. Because some of our large customers and distributors order in bulk only one or two times per year, our product revenue may fluctuate significantly from period to period. However, some of this fluctuation is offset by having operations in both the northern and southern hemispheres.

Our stevia breeding program has yet to generate any meaningful revenue. However, management continues to evaluate this portion of our business and assess various means to monetize the results of our effort to breed new, better tasting stevia varieties. Such potential opportunities include possible licensing agreements and royalty-based agreements.

Licensing Revenue

During the year ended June 30, 2019, the Companywe entered into a license with Corteva, under which Corteva received a fully pre-paid, exclusive license to produce and distribute certain of the Company'sour alfalfa seed varieties world-wide (except South America). The licensed seed varieties include certain of the Company'sour existing commercial conventional (non-GMO) alfalfa varieties and six pre-commercial dormant alfalfa varietiesvarieties.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue relates to sale of our seed products and consists of the cost of procuring seed, plant conditioning and packaging costs, direct labor and raw materials and overhead costs.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Seed and stevia research

Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in the discovery, development, breeding and testing of new products incorporating the traits we have specifically selected. These expenses consist primarily of employee salaries and benefits, consultant services, land leased for field trials, chemicals and supplies and other external expenses.

Overall, we have been focused on controlling research and development expenses, while balancing that objective against the recognition that continued advancement in product development is an important part of our strategic planning. We intend to focus our resources on high value activities. For alfalfa seed, we plan to invest in further development of differentiating forage quality traits.  For sorghum, we plan to invest in higher value grain products, as well as development of proprietary herbicide tolerance traits.traits and improved safety and palatability in forage products. We expect our research and development expenses will increase in 2020 and fluctuate from period to period as a result of the timing of various research and development projects.

Our internal research and development costs are expensed as incurred, while third partythird-party research and developments costs are expensed when the contracted work has been performed or as milestone results have been achieved. The costs associated with equipment or facilities acquired or construed for research and development activities that have alternative future uses are capitalized and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the asset.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general, and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee costs, including salaries, employee benefits and share-based compensation, as well as professional service fees, insurance, marketing, travel and entertainment expense, public company expense and other overhead costs. We proactively take steps on an ongoing basis to control selling, general and administrative expense as much as is reasonably possible.

Depreciation and Amortization

We amortize intangible assets, including those acquired from Pasture Genetics in 2020, Chromatin in 2018 and from SV Genetics in May 2016, using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset, consisting of periods of 10-30 years for technology/IP/germplasm, 5-20 years for customer relationships and trade names and 3-20 years for other intangible assets. Property, plant and equipment is depreciated using the straight-line method over

the estimated useful life of the asset, consisting of periods of 5-35 years for buildings, 2-20 years for machinery and equipment and 2-5 years for vehicles.

Other (Income) Expense

Other expense consists primarily of foreign currency gains and losses, changeschange in the fair value of derivative liabilities related to our warrants,contingent consideration obligation, government grant income, changes in the estimated fair value of assets held for sale and interest expense in connection with amortization of debt discount. Interest expense primarily consists of interest costs related to outstanding borrowings on our credit facilities, including our KeyBank revolving line of credit and on S&W Australia’sworking capital credit facilities and our financing with Conterra Agricultural Capital, LLC, ("Conterra")or Conterra.

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate is based on income, statutory tax rates, differences in the deductibility of certain expenses and inclusion of certain income items between financial statement and tax return purposes, and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Under U.S. GAAP, if we determine that a tax position is more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, based solely on the technical merits of the position, we recognize the benefit. Tax regulations require certain items to be included in the tax return at different times than when those items are required to be recorded in the consolidated financial statements. As a result, our effective tax rate reflected in our consolidated financial statements is different from that reported in our tax returns. Some of these differences are permanent, such as meals and entertainment expenses that are not fully deductible on our tax return, and some are temporary differences, such as depreciation expense. Temporary differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets generally represent items that can be used as a tax deduction or credit in our tax return in future years for which we have already recorded the tax benefit in our consolidated statements of operations. In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2017, we recorded a valuation allowance against all of our deferred tax assets. The full valuation allowance was recorded during the fiscal year 2017 as a result of changes to our operating results and future projections, resulting from a decline in export sales to Saudi Arabia. As a result, we don’t believe that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will be realized.

Results of Operations

Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 20192020 Compared to the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 20182019

Revenue and Cost of Revenue

Revenue for fiscalthe year ended June 30, 20192020 was $109.7$79.6 million compared to $64.1$109.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2018. 2019. The $45.6$30.1 million increasedecrease in revenue for the fiscal year ended June 30, 20192020 was primarily due to $34.2a $52.1 million of licensingdecrease in product and license revenue received from Pioneer.  In May 2019, we terminated the production and distribution agreements with Pioneer, from which we recorded sales of approximately $37.6 million during the year ended June 30, 2019, which wasand entered into a decrease of $1.9 million from the prior year amount of $39.5 million.new license agreement with Corteva.  

As part of the termination, Pioneer’s parent company, Corteva agreed to purchase from us certain quantities of seed held by us as of thatthe date thatof the termination, which Pioneer was not previously obligated to purchase.  Those quantities of seed will be delivered to Corteva periodically through February 2021.  Contemporaneously with the termination, we entered into a license with Corteva, under which Corteva received a fully pre-paid, exclusive license to produce and distribute certain of the Company'sour alfalfa seed varieties world-wide (except South America). The licensed seed varieties include certain of the Company'sour existing commercial conventional (non-GMO) alfalfa varieties and sixnine pre-commercial dormant alfalfa varieties.

We received a payment of $45.0 million in May 2019, from Pioneer/Corteva,$5.6 million in September 2019, $5.6 million in January 2020, $5.6 million in February 2020 and willare entitled to receive quarterlyan aggregate of $8.4 million in additional payments through February 2021,2021. During the year ended June 30, 2020 we recorded product sales of $19.7 million to Pioneer, which total approximately $25.0was a decrease of $18.0 million from the year ended June 30, 2019 amount of $37.6 million.  ApproximatelyAdditionally, we recorded one-time license revenue of $34.2 million of these amounts has been allocated to the license to the Company’s alfalfa varieties, which amount is included in revenuefrom Pioneer in the consolidated statementyear ended June 30, 2019.

The $52.1 million decrease in product and license revenue to Pioneer was partially offset by an increase of operations$21.9 million in Core Revenue.  Core Revenue (excluding product and license revenue attributable to Pioneer) for the year ended June 30, 2019.  The Company allocated approximately $1.82020 was $59.9 million compared to an unbilled receivable related to revenue recognition at contract termination and the remaining amounts will be recognized as revenue as the seed is delivered to Corteva through February 2021.  

The increase in revenueCore Revenue for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2019 of $37.9

million, representing an increase of 58%.  Included in Core Revenue for the year ended June 30, 2020 was $11.8 million of revenue pertaining to a partial period contribution from our acquisition of Pasture Genetics which occurred on February 24, 2020. Excluding contributions from Pasture Genetics, Core Revenue growth was 27%. Due to the revised agreements entered into with Pioneer in May 2019, we plan to provide Core Revenue as a metric to track performance of our business.

The increase in Core Revenue for the year ended June 30, 2020 can also be attributed to $12.4 million ofan increase in alfalfa in Saudi Arabia and sorghum revenue from the recently acquired sorghum operations. These increases were partially offset by a $2.5 million decrease in revenue from sales to customers in Sudan due to the geo-political issues facing that country. In addition, revenues into Latin America were down due to continued softness in the non-dormant alfalfa seed markets.United States as well as growth in Pakistan, Europe and South Africa.

Sales into international markets represented 20%54% and 35%20% of our total revenue during the yearsyear ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018,2019, respectively. Domestic revenue accounted for 80%46% and 65%80% of our total revenue for the yearsyear ended June 30, 20192020 and 2018,2019, respectively. The increasedecrease in domestic revenue as a percentage of total revenue iswas primarily attributable to licensing revenue related to the termination of the Pioneer/Pioneer and Corteva agreement mentioned above. As a result, weabove and our recent Pasture Genetics acquisition. We anticipate that international sales will increase as a percentage of our total sales inrevenue will increase for fiscal 2020.2021 as a result of the acquisition of Pasture Genetics and our expanded Australian market footprint.

The following table shows revenue from external sources by destination country:

Cost of revenue of $64.6 million for the year ended June 30, 2020 was equal to 81.2% of total revenue for the year ended June 30, 2020, while the cost of revenue of $69.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2019 was equal to 62.9% of total revenue for the year ended June 30, 2019, while the cost of revenue of $49.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2018 was equal to 77.0% of total revenue for the year ended June 30, 2018.2019. Cost of revenue decreasedincreased on a percentage basis primarily due to the license agreement with Corteva.revenue generated during the year ended June 30, 2019, which did not recur during the year ended June 30, 2020.

Total gross profit margin for the fiscal year ended June 30, 20192020 was 37.1%18.8% compared to 23.0%37.1% in the year ended June 30, 2018.2019. The increasedecrease in gross profit marginsmargin was primarily due to the decrease in license agreement with Corteva, partially offset byrevenue.  Gross profit margin for the year ended June 30, 2020 included a lower of cost or net realizable value adjustment made to inventory.

Excluding the $34.2$2.3 million of license revenue mentioned above, grossinventory write-down.  Gross profit marginsmargin for the year ended June 30, 2019 included one-time license revenue of $34.2 million and an inventory write-down of $8.8 million.

Excluding the $2.3 million of inventory write-downs, gross margin would have been 8.6%. The decrease in gross margins can be attributed to a $8.8 million write-down of inventory.21.7% for the year ended June 30, 2020. Excluding the $8.8 million of inventory write-downwrite-downs and the $34.2 million of license revenue, gross marginsmargin would have been 20.3% for the year ended June 30, 2019. The remaining decreaseincrease in adjusted gross marginsmargin for the year ended June 30, 2019 compared2020 is primarily driven by improved gross margins in alfalfa.  We believe its useful to the year ended June 30, 2018, relatesexclude inventory write-downs and one-time license revenue in calculating adjusted gross margins in order to lower margin alfalfa sales dueprovide investors with a method to competitive pricing pressures in international markets.compare our operating results to prior periods and to peer companies.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, General and Administrative, (“or SG&A”)&A expense for the year ended June 30, 20192020 totaled $17.5$21.3 million compared to $10.5$17.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2018. 2019. The $7.0$3.9 million increase in SG&A expense versus the prior year was primarily due to $2.1$3.2 million of additional investment in SG&A expenses following our October 2018 acquisition of Chromatin,sales and marketing, $1.2 million of non-recurring transactions costs related to the Chromatin acquisition, $1.2from our newly acquired Pasture Genetics operations, $0.7 million offor management personnel, $0.5 million for stock based compensation, $0.5 million for IT and cyber security consulting, partially offset by a decrease in bad debt expense associated with our reserve for Sudan receivables, $0.8of $1.3 million in additional compensation and benefits costs associated with sales and management personnel, as well as other expense increases. decreases. As a percentage of revenue, SG&A expenses were 26.8% for the year ended June 30, 2020, compared to 15.9% for the year ended June 30, 2019, compared to 16.4% for the year ended June 30, 2018.2019.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses for the year ended June 30, 20192020 totaled $6.3$7.3 million compared to $3.9$6.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2018.2019. The $2.4$1.0 million increase in research and development expense versus the prior year is driven by $1.8 million of additional research and development activities incurred in connection with the Chromatin business following our October 2018 acquisition, as well as additional investment in our hybrid sorghum and sunflower programs.  We expect our researchprograms and development spend for fiscal 2020 to increase as we expand our hybrid sorghum and sunflower programs.wheat program in Australia.  

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended June 30, 20192020 was $4.1$5.0 million compared to $3.4$4.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2018.2019. Included in the amount was amortization expense for intangible assets, which totaled $$2.12.1 million for the year ended June 30, 20192020 and $2.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2018.2019. The $0.7$0.9 million increase in depreciation and amortization expense over the prior year is primarily driven by $0.4 million of additional Chromatin expenses following ourthe October 2018 acquisition.acquisition, $0.2 million of expense associated with our February 2020 acquisition of Pasture Genetics, $0.3 million of expense associated with amortization of right of use assets and $0.2 million of additional expenses following the Dow Wheat Acquisition in August 2019, partially offset by fully depreciated assets.

Goodwill Impairment Charges

During the year ended June 30, 2020, we did not record an impairment charge. We recorded an impairment charge of $11.9 million during the year ended June 30, 2019. During the year ended June 30, 2018, we did not record an impairment charge. The impairment charge in fiscal 2019 related to the full impairment of the Company’sour goodwill and was a result of the termination of the distribution agreement with Pioneer/Corteva.

The termination of the production and distribution agreements with Pioneer was, in our view, a potential indicator of impairment due to the significant reduction in future forecasted revenues. As a result, we initiated an impairment test and concluded that the entire goodwill balance was impaired.

Intangible Asset Impairment Charges

During the year ended June 30, 2020, we did not record an impairment charge. We recorded an impairment charge of $6.0 million during the year ended June 30, 2019. During the year ended June 30, 2018, we did not record an impairment charge. The impairment charge in fiscal 2019 was a result of the

termination of the distribution agreement with Pioneer.

The intangible asset write-off related to the carrying value of the distribution agreement, which previously was being amortized over the contractual life of the agreement.

Foreign Currency (Gain) Loss

We recorded a foreign currency gain of $0.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2019 compared to a gain of $12,584 for the year ended June 30, 2018. The foreign currency gains and losses are primarily associated with S&W Australia, our wholly-owned subsidiary in Australia.

Change in Derivative Warrant Liability

The derivative warrant liability was considered a level 3 fair value financial instrument and was measured at each reporting period until December 31, 2017 at which time the warrants were reclassified to equity due to the expiration of the down-round price protection provision. We recorded $0 in the year ended June 30, 2019 compared to a non-cash change in derivative warrant liability gain of $0.4 million in the year ended June 30, 2018. The gain represents the decrease in fair value of the outstanding warrants issued in December 2014 due to the passage of time and decrease in our stock price.

Change in Estimated Value of Assets Held for Sale

The Company recorded $1.5$0.1 million and $0$1.5 of expenses for the years ended June 30, 20192020 and June 30, 2018,2019, respectively. The expense in the current fiscal year relatesrelated to our estimated change in value of certain properties held for sale.

Reduction of Anticipated Loss on Sub-Lease LandChange in contingent consideration obligation

The Company recorded $0.1contingent consideration obligation is considered a level 3 fair value financial instrument and will be measured at each reporting period. The $0.3 million and $0 of expensesbenefit to non-cash change in contingent consideration obligation for the yearsyear ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, respectively. The expense2020 represents the decrease in the current fiscal year relates to our reductionestimated fair value of anticipated loss on sub-lease land.the contingent consideration obligation associated with the February 2020 Pasture Genetics acquisition.

Interest Expense - Amortization of Debt Discount

Non-cash amortization of debt discount expense for the year ended June 30, 20192020 was $0.3$0.6 million compared to $0.2$0.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2018. 2019. The expense in the current yearboth years represents the amortization of the debt issuance costs associated with our working capital facilities, our secured property note and our equipment capitalfinance leases. The expense in the prior year primarily represents the amortization of the debt issuance costs associated with our working capital facilities and our secured property note.

Interest Expense

Interest expense for the year ended June 30, 20192020 totaled $2.9$2.0 million compared to $1.9$2.9 million for the year ended June 30, 2018.2019. Interest expense for the year ended June 30, 2020 primarily consisted of interest incurred on the working capital credit facilities with CIBC, KeyBank and NAB, the secured property loan entered into in November 2017, and equipment finance leases. Interest expense for the year ended June 30, 2019 primarily consisted of interest incurred on the working capital credit facilities with KeyBank and NAB, the secured property loan entered into in November 2017, and equipment capital leases. Interest expense for the year ended June 30, 2018 primarily consisted of interest incurred on the working capital credit facilities with KeyBank and NAB, interest on the note payable issued to Pioneer which was paid off in November 2017, the secured property loan entered into in November 2017 and equipment capitalfinance leases. The $1.0$0.9 million increasedecrease in interest expense for the year ended June 30, 2019 is2020 was primarily driven by interest on the secured property and equipment loans as well as additionallower interest on the working capital credit facilities due to increasedand decreased levels of borrowings and interest rates.borrowings.

Provision for Income Taxes

IncomeOur income tax benefitexpense totaled $0.2$0.4 million for the year ended June 30, 20192020 compared to an income tax expensebenefit of $0.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2018.2019. Our effective tax rate was (2.0%) for the year ended June 30, 2020 compared to 1.6% for the year ended June 30, 2019 compared to (3.1%) for the2019. Our effective tax rate was relatively consistent year ended June 30, 2018.over year. The increaseslight decrease in our effective tax rate for the year ended June

30, 20192020 was primarily attributable to a slightan increase in our valuation allowancenon-US income tax expense for the year ended June 30, 20192020 compared to the year ended June 30, 2018.2019. Previously, we had certain intangible assets with indefinite lives for financial reporting purposes which produced deferred tax liabilities that could not be offset by a valuation allowance. During fiscal year 2019, we wrote down a majority of these assets for financial reporting purposes, generating a net deferred tax asset balance with respect to these indefinite livedindefinite-lived intangible assets, which is now fully offset by our valuation allowance. The increase to the valuation allowance in the currentfiscal year 2019 generated a tax benefit for the Company and a positive effective tax rate, as opposed to the previous year when the increase in our net deferred tax liability balance produced an income tax provision and a negative effective tax rate. Due to the valuation allowance, we do not record the income tax expense or benefit related to substantially all of our current year operating results, as such results are generally incorporated in our net operating loss deferred tax asset position, which has a full valuation allowance against it. However, we did record tax benefit related to the write-down of our prior year net deferred tax liability balance as discussed above. We also recorded tax expense related to certain other items occurring throughout the year.  For example, we recorded income tax expense related to the current and prior year tax return filings of certain of our subsidiaries located in Australia and South Africa and also recorded tax expense related to current year state tax return liabilities.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our working capital and working capital requirements fluctuate from quarter to quarter depending on the phase of the growing and sales cycle that falls during a particular quarter. Our need for cash has historically been highest in the second and third fiscal quarters (October through March) because we historically have paid our North American contracted growers progressively, starting in the second fiscal quarter. In fiscal year 2019,2020, we paid our North American growers approximately 50% of amounts due in October 2018the fall of 2019 and the balance was paid in February 2019.the spring of 2020. This payment cycle to our growers was similar in fiscal year 2018.2019, and we expect it to be similar for fiscal year 2021.  S&W Australia and Pasture Genetics, our Australian-based subsidiary, has asubsidiaries, have  production cyclecycles that isare counter-cyclical to North America; however, this also puts a greater demand on our working capital and working capital requirements during the second, third and fourth fiscal quarters based on timing of payments to growers in the second through fourth quarters.

Historically, due to the concentration of sales to certain distributors, our month-to-month and quarter-to-quarter sales and associated cash receipts are highly dependent upon the timing of deliveries to and payments from these distributors, which varies significantly from year to year.

We continuously monitor and evaluate our credit policies with all of our customers based on historical collection experience, current economic and market conditions and a review of the current status of the respective trade accounts receivable balance. Our principal working capital components include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid expense and other current assets, accounts payable and our working capital lines of credit.

On February 24, 2020, S&W Australia acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of Pasture Genetics, the PG Acquisition, for an initial consideration that consisted of an upfront cash payment at closing of USD $7.5 million (AUD $11.4 million). A potential earn-out payment of up to USD $5.3 million (AUD $8.0 million), or the Earn-Out, is payable on September 30, 2022, or the Earn-Out Date. The amount of any Earn-Out will be equal to the excess, if any, of (a) 7.5, multiplied by the average of an agreed-upon calculation of Pasture Genetics’ earnings over fiscal years 2021 and 2022, above (b) USD $7.5 million (AUD $11.4 million). At S&W Australia’s election, up to 50% of the Earn-Out may be paid in shares of our common stock at a per share purchase price equal to the volume-weighted average purchase price of our common stock during the 10-day period ending immediately prior to the Earn-Out Date.

In addition to funding our business with cash from operations, we have historically relied upon occasional sales of our debt and equity securities and credit facilities from financial institutions, both in the United States and South Australia.

Capital Resources and Requirements

Our future liquidity and capital requirements will be influenced by numerous factors, including:

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and actions taken to slow its spread, the global credit and financial markets have experienced extreme volatility, including diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. It is possible that further deterioration in credit and financial markets and confidence in economic conditions will occur. If equity and credit markets deteriorate, it may affect our ability to raise equity capital, borrow on our existing facilities or make any additional necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to obtain, more costly and/or more dilutive. In addition, while we are currently in compliance with our loan agreements, the COVID-19 pandemic may compromise our ability to comply with the terms of our loan agreements and could result in an event of default. If an event of default were to occur, our lenders could accelerate our repayment obligations or enforce their other rights under our agreements with them. Any such default may also require us to seek additional or alternative financing, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

In recent periods, we have consummated the following equity and debt financings:

Outstanding Debt Financings

KeyBank Credit Facility

In September 2015,Loan and Security Agreement with CIBC

On December 26, 2019, we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with CIBC, or the Loan Agreement, which we amended on September 22, 2020.  As amended, the Loan Agreement provides for a $25.0 million credit and security agreement (the “KeyBankfacility, or the CIBC Credit Facility”) with KeyBank. Key provisionsFacility.  The key terms of the KeyBankamended Loan Agreement include the following:

Conterra Transaction

In November 2017, we entered into a secured note financing transaction with Conterra for $12.5 million in gross proceeds. In the transaction, we issued two secured promissory notes to Conterra. OneThe first promissory note, in the principal amount of $10.4 million, (the "Securedor the Secured Real Estate Note")Note is secured by a first priority security interest in the property, plant and fixtures located at our Five Points, California and Nampa, Idaho production facilities and our Nampa, Idaho and Arlington, Wisconsin research facilities. The note matureswas scheduled to mature on November 30, 2020, which subject to Conterra's approval, may bewas extended to November 30, 2022.2022 pursuant to a December 24, 2019 amendment. The note bears interest of 7.75% per annum. We have agreed to make semi-annual payments of(i) a principal and interest and amortized principal on a 20-year amortization schedule, for a combined payment of $0.5 million, starting July 1, 2018, in addition to a one-time interest only paymentapproximately $515,711 on January 1, 2018. 2020; (ii) five consecutive semi-annual principal and interest payments of approximately $454,185, beginning on July 1, 2020; and (iii) a one-time final payment of approximately $8,957,095 on November 30, 2022. The second promissory note in the principal amount of $2.1 million, was secured by a first security interest in certain equipment not attached to the real estate located at the facilities noted above.  In August 2018 we paid off in full this note pursuant to the sale-leaseback transaction discussed below.

We may prepay the note, in whole or in part, at any time.

A second promissory note, in the principal amount of $2.1 million and secured by certain of our equipment, was repaid in full in August 2018.

Equipment Sale-Leaseback

In August 2018, we closed on a sale-leaseback transaction with American AgCredit involving certain equipment located at our Five Points, California and Nampa, Idaho production facilities. Under the terms of the sale-leaseback transaction:

Australian Facilities

S&W Australia Facilitiesand Pasture Genetics both have debt facilities with NAB, all of which are guaranteed by us up to a maximum of AUD $15,000,000 (USD $10,273,500 at June 30, 2020) and cross-guaranteed by S&W Australia and Pasture Genetics.      

S&W Australia.  S&W Australia has a series of debt facilities with National Australia Bank Ltd (“NAB”), allNAB providing for up to AUD $25,337,000 (USD $17,353,000) of credit, the key terms of which are guaranteedwere amended in February 2020 (in connection with the Pasture Genetics acquisition) and include the following: