UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20192020

OR

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 000-32743

DASAN ZHONE SOLUTIONS,DZS INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

1350 South Loop Road,5700 Tennyson Parkway, Suite 130400

Alameda, California 94502Plano, Texas 75024

(Address of principal executive office)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (510) 777-7000(469) 327-1531

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.    ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.    ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of March 20, 2020,5, 2021, there were 21,513,373 26,840,225shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value. As of June 30, 20192020 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter), the aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $140,613,277.$107,159,920.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement for its 20202021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III where indicated.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Forward-looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains forward-looking statements regarding future events and our future results that are subject to the safe harbors created under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). These statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts, and projections about the industries in which we operate, and reflect the beliefs and assumptions of our management as of the date hereof.

We use words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” variations of such words, and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. In addition, statements that refer to projections of earnings, revenue, costs or other financial items in future periods; anticipated growth and trends in our business, industry or key markets; cost synergies, growth opportunities and other potential financial and operating benefits of the merger with Dasan Network Solutions, Inc. and the acquisition of Keymile GmbH; future growth and revenues from our products; our plans and our ability to refinance or repay our existing indebtedness prior to the applicable maturity dates; our ability to access other capital to fund our future operations; future economic conditions and performance; the impact of the global outbreak of COVID-19, also known as the coronavirus; the impact of interest rate and foreign currency fluctations; the anticipated relocation of our corporate headquarters to Texas; anticipated performance of products or services; competition; plans, objectives and strategies for future operations, including our pursuit or strategic acquisiitons and our continued investment in research and development; other characterizations of future events or circumstances; and all other statements that are not statements of historical fact,, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act.  Although we believe that the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give no assurance that our expectations will be attained. Factors which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and future prospects or which could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations include, but are not limited to:

PART I

DASAN Zhone Solutions,DZS Inc. (“DZS” or the “Company,” formerly known as Zhone Technologies, Inc.) was incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware in June 1999.  On September 9, 2016, DZS acquiredAugust 26, 2020, we filed a Certificate of Amendment to our Restated Certificate of Incorporation with the Delaware Secretary of State to change our name from Dasan NetworkZhone Solutions, Inc. a California corporation (“DNS”), through the merger of a wholly owned subsidiary of Zhone Technologies,to “DZS Inc. with and into DNS, with DNS surviving as our wholly owned subsidiary.  We refer to this transaction as the “Merger.” At the effective date of the Merger, all issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of DNS held by its sole shareholder, DASAN Networks, Inc. (“DNI”), a company incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Korea (“Korea”), were canceled and converted into the right to receive shares of our common stock equal to 57.3% of our issued and outstanding common stock immediately following the Merger. In connection with the Merger, Zhone Technologies, Inc. changed its name to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.. The Company’s trading symbol “DZSI” did not change.

The mailing address of our worldwide headquarters is 1350 South Loop Road,5700 Tennyson Parkway, Suite 130, Alameda, California 94502,400, Plano, Texas 75024, and our telephone number at that location is (510) 777-7000.(469) 327-1531.

Company Overview

We are a global provider of ultra-broadband networkintelligent, packet-based mobile transport and broadband access converged-edge solutions and communications platforms deployed by advanced Tier 1, 2I, II and 3regional service providers and enterprise customers.  Our solutions are deployed by over 12001,000 customers in more than 120100 countries worldwide. Our ultra-broadbandintelligent-edge solutions are focused on creating significant value for our customers by delivering innovative solutions that empower global communication advancement by shaping the internet connection experience. Our principal focus is centered on enabling our customers to “connect everything and everyone” to the internet-cloud economy via ultra-broadband connectivity solutions.

We research, develop, test, sell, manufacture and support platforms in five major areas:the areas of mobile transport and fixed broadband access, mobile fronthaul/backhaul, Ethernet switching with Software Defined Networking (“SDN”) capabilities, new enterprise solutions based on Passive Optical LAN (“POL”), and new generation of SDN/ Network Function Virtualization (“NFV”) solutions for unified wired and wireless networks.as discussed below.  We have extensive regional development and support centers around the world to support our customer needs.  As of December 31, 2020, we employed over 830 personnel worldwide.

Broadband Access

Our Solutions and Platforms

Our network access solutions and communications platforms include products in Mobile Transport and Fixed Broadband Access, which includes broadband access products are at the core of our product strategy and connected premises.

In addition, we have a variety of options for carriers and service providers to connect residential and business customers. Our solutions allow carriers and service providers to either use high-speed fiber or leverage their existing deployed copper networks to offer broadband services to customer premises. Once our broadband access products are deployed, the service provider can offer voice, high-definition and ultra-high-definition video, high-speed internet access and business class services to their customers. We develop our broadband access products for all aspects of carrier and service provider access networks, including customer premise equipment. Products include digital subscriber line (“DSL”) modems, Ethernet access demarcation devices, Gigabit passive optical network (“GPON”) terminals, 10 Gigabit (“10G”) passive optical network (“GPON/GEPON/XGPON1/XGSPON/NGPON2/10GEPON”) units and, Gigabit and 10G point-to-point Active Ethernet optical network terminals (“ONTs”). We also develop central office products, such as broadband loop carriers for DSL and voice-grade telephone service (“POTS”), high-speed digital subscriber line access multiplexers (“DSLAMs”) with G. Fast and VDSL capabilities, optical line terminals (“OLTs”) for passive optical distribution networks like GPONs, 10G passive optical networks and 10G point-to-point Active Ethernet.

Ethernet Switching

Our Ethernet switching products provide a high switching performance and manageable solution that bridges the gap from carrier access technologies to the core network. Over the past ten (10) years carriers have migrated access infrastructure to Ethernet from time-division multiplexing and asynchronous transfer mode systems. Our products can also be deployed in data centers, blurring the line between central office and data center. Our products support pure Ethernet switching as well as layer 3 IP and multiprotocol label switching (“MPLS”) and are currently being developed as part of the new programmable SDNs networks.

Mobile Fronthaul/Backhaul

Our mobile fronthaul/backhaul products provide a robust, manageable and scalable solution for mobile operators that enable them to upgrade their mobile fronthaul/backhaul systems and migrate to 5G networks and beyond. We provide our mobile fronthaul/backhaul products to mobile operators or carriers who provide the transport for mobile operators. Our mobile fronthaul/backhaul products may be collocated at the radio access node base station and can aggregate multiple radio access node base stations into a single fronthaul/backhaul for delivery of mobile traffic to the radio access node network controller. We provide standard Ethernet/IP or MPLS interfaces and interoperate with other vendors in these networks. In recent years, mobile fronthaul/backhaul networks have been providing carriers with significant revenue growth, which has led to mobile fronthaul/backhaul becoming one of the most important parts of their networks.

Enterprise Passive Optical LAN

Our FiberLAN^TM portfolio of POL products are designed for enterprise, campus, hospitality and entertainment arena usage. Our portfolio includes high-performance, high-bandwidth switches connected to port extenders, which include units with integrated Power over Ethernet (“PoE”) to power a wide range of PoE-enabled access devices.

Our environmentally friendly FiberLAN POL solutions are one of the most cost-effective LAN technologies that can be deployed, allowing IT network managers to deploy a future-proof, low-maintenance, manageable solution that requires less space, air conditioning, copper and electricity than other alternatives.

The FiberLAN™ 2.0 portfolio is focused on a “plug and play” architecture for a new generation of distributed enterprise IT infrastructure that is both highly secure and bandwidth scalable with unified management of wireless and wireline end points/devices from a central network operations center with full visibility and management control of remote sites. Additionally, with SDN upgrades enterprise networks can be software programmed to autonomously monitor, reconfigure, diagnose and authenticate without the need for human intervention.

Software Defined Networks

(“SDN”) and Network Function Virtualization (“NFV”) strategy to develop solutions across these areas.  Our SDN/NFV strategy is to develop tools and building blocks that will allow customersservice providers to migrate their networks’ full complement of legacy control plane and data plane devices to a centralized intelligent controller that can reconfigure the services of the hundreds of network elements in real time for more controlled and efficient provision of servicesbandwidth and bandwidth on a web scale basis.latency across the network. The latest evolution of our hardware-based solution are designedmigration to support SDN/NFV architectures.

The adoption of SDN/NFV is a slow process in the service provider space, but is viewed as providing awill provide better service for subscribersend customers and a more efficient and cost-effective use of hardware resources for service providers. We will leverage our broadband access, mobile fronthaul/backhaul and Ethernet switching expertise to extract and virtualize many of the traditional legacy control and data plane functions to allow them to be run from the Cloud.

Industry Background

We believe that expansion in our worldwide business is driven by the increased demand of subscribers and cloud service providers for mobile and fixed network access solutions and communications equipment that enable or support access to higher speed bandwidth access to the internet.

Furthermore, increased competition between service providers for the subscriber business has resulted in significant investment pressure to upgrade network infrastructure to meet the growing bandwidth needs.  Broadband access networks must be multiservice in nature and must have an extensive quality of service guarantees in order to support 5G, mobile fronthaul/backhaul,xHhaul, symmetric business services and residential services, as well as virtual overlay networks for alternative operators and wholesale access.

In recent years, the growth of social communications and networking has placed significant demands on legacy access infrastructure, which was exacerbated in 2020 by the global COVID-19 pandemic which drove a dramatic rise in remote work and learning as well as entertainment streaming. This increased demand has been challenging for the industry, even for the newest and most advanced subscribers.  Increased subscriber usage of smartphone, video streaming services, PC gaming services and high definition and ultra-high definition televisions has increased the demand for music, pictures, user-generated content (as found on many video-sharing sites) and high definition video, which have all become a growing part of subscribers’ regular exchange of information.

Trends such as SaaS,software as a service (SaaS), Cloud, IoT,Internet of things (IoT), and 5G have also increased the demand for broadband network access.access and customer premises solutions.  All of these new technologies share a common dependency on high-bandwidth communication networks and sophisticated traffic management tools. As bandwidth demands continue to increase, carriers need to continue to upgrade their network infrastructure to support such demand. The infrastructure upgrade cycle typically has the effect of moving bandwidth bottlenecks from one part of the network to another (such as a carrier’s access network, core network or data centers), depending on the selection of technology and costs.

It is widely acknowledged in the industry that a fiber-optic broadband access network is the preferred network architecture for a broadband fixed network. This network architecture is commonly called Fiber to the Premises (“FTTP”) for business subscribers or Fiber to the Home (“FTTH”) for residential subscribers. With FTTH, all services are generally delivered at the premise through smart optical networking units (ONT)(“ONT”).  The Fiber to the Node (“FTTN”) architecture is also deployed where the fiber-optic cable terminates at a street cabinet which contains a DSLAMsDigital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (“DSLAM”) or Multiple Service Access Node (“MSAN”) that then provides higher speed services to their customers over the last mile legacy copper wireline infrastructure. With the shift away from the legacy copper telephone Time-division Multiplexing (“TDM”) switches (used in carrier networks from the 1980’s to the early 2000’s):, many carriers that continue to provide services over copper wireline networks are decommissioning their legacy telephone switches and moving services over to Voice over Internet Protocol (“VoIP”) platforms via an MSAN/Softswitch solution. Our broadband access products and solutions are designed to address all these fiber configurations, commonly referred to as (FTTX)(“FTTx”), by allowing carriers and service providers to either use fiber-optic networks or leverage their existing deployed copper networks to offer broadband services to customer premises.

With respect to mobile wireless networks, the popularity of mobile smartphones and increasing demand for mobile data has forced mobile network operators to upgrade their mobile access technologies from 3rd generation wireless (“3G”) to 4th generation wireless (“4G” or “LTE”) and to plan for 5th generation wireless technologies (“5G”).5G.  These technology upgrades are typically accompanied by network infrastructure upgrades, including upgrades to the carriers’ access networks (referred to as “mobile fronthaul/backhaul”xHaul”), core networks and data centers. Our mobile fronthaul/backhaulxHaul products, which have features for time sensitive networks, provide a robust, manageable and scalable solution for mobile network operators that enable them to upgrade their mobile fronthaul/backhaul systems and migrate to 4G and 5G.5G.

Another growing industry trend is the desire of carriers and service providers to simplify network operation and reduce costs. Increasingly, we see network operators seeking to reduce the number of active components in their networks and to centralize network data and control in data centers, both of which require network redesigns and upgrades.  Our FiberLAN portfolio of POLPassive Optical LAN (“POL”) products, as well as our Ethernet switching products and SDN and NFV tools and building blocks, are designed to address these market trends, with POL emerging as a popular customer choice for network upgrades.

Our Strategy

We are a global provider of ultra-broadband network access solutions and communications platforms deployed by advanced Tier 1, 2 and 3 service providers and enterprise customers. We provide a wide array of reliable, cost-effective networking technologies that include broadband access, Ethernet switching, mobile fronthaul/backhaul, passive optical LAN and software-defined networks. 

The principal elements of our strategy include:

On February 5, 2021, we acquired Optelian Access Networks Corporation (“Optelian”), a leading optical networking solution provider based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and its portfolio of optical transport solutions.  See “—Recent Developments—Optelian Acquisition” for more information on this acquisition.

On January 3, 2019, we acquired Keymile to expand our business efforts in the Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”)EMEA region by acquiring experienced employees in sales and marketing, support and services, manufacturing, and research and development groups. This also expanded our in-house manufacturing and logistics and procurement capacity. The Keymile Multi-service Access Nodes (MSAN) portfolio complement the DZS existing portfolio by offering leading class point-to-point active FTTx Ethernet and copper-based access technology based on VDSL/Vectoring and G. Fast technology as well as VoIP gateway features. In addition, Keymile has a broad base of customers, comprised primarily of Tier 1 and Tier 2 service providers, across 35 countries, which further offers DZS customer and geographic diversification, particularly in Europe.  The DZS regional EMEA headquarters is located in the Keymile facilities in Hannover, Germany.

Customers

For our core business, we generally sell our products and services directly to carriers and service providers that offer voice, data and video services to businesses, governments, utilities and residential subscribers. Our global customer base includes regional, national and international carriers and service providers. To date, our products have been deployed by over 12001000 carriers and service providers worldwide.

For our Enterprise FiberLAN™ business, we sell solutions indirectly to end customers through system integrators and distributors to the hospitality, education, stadiums, manufacturing and business enterprises as well as to the government and military. Our global FiberLAN™ customer base includes hotels, universities, sports arenas, military bases, government institutions, manufacturing facilities and Fortune 500 businesses.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, we had no2020, two customers that represented 10% or more14% and 13% of net revenue.revenue, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2018, one2019, no customer SK Broadband, Inc. represented 11%10% of net revenue.

Research and Development

The industry in which we compete is subject to rapid technological developments, evolving industry standards, changes in customer requirements, and continuing developments in communications service offerings. Our continuing ability to adapt to these changes, and to develop new and enhanced products, is a significant factor in maintaining or improving our competitive position and our prospects for growth. Therefore, we continue to make significant investments in product development.

We have core research and development teams located in the United States (Oakland, California;(Plano, Texas; Seminole, Florida; Alpharetta, Georgia)Florida), South Korea, Vietnam, India and Hannover, Germany through the acquisition of Keymile.Germany. In all of these centers, we develop and test both our hardware and software solutions. We continue to invest heavily in automated and scale testing capabilities for our products to better emulate our customers’ networks.

Our product development activities focus on products to support both existing and emerging technologies in the segments of the communications industry that we consider represent viable revenue opportunities. We are actively engaged in continuing to

refine our solution architecture, introducing new products using the various solutions we support, and in creating additional interfaces and protocols for both domestic and international markets.

We continue our commitment to invest in leading edge technology research and development for new products and innovative solutions that align with our business strategy. Our research and product development expenses were $37.5 million and $38.5 million in 2020 and $35.3 million in 2019, and 2018, respectively.

Intellectual Property

We seek to establish, maintain and protect our proprietary rights in our technology and products through the use of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets. We also seek to maintain our trade secrets and confidential information by nondisclosure policies and through the use of appropriate confidentiality agreements. We have obtained a number of patents and trademarks in the United States of America (“United States”) and in other countries. There can be no assurance, however, that these rights can be successfully enforced against competitive products in every jurisdiction or any particular jurisdiction. Although we believe the protection afforded by our patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets has value, the rapidly changing technology in the networking industry and uncertainties in the legal process, both domestically and internationally, make our future success dependent primarily on the innovative skills, technological expertise, and management abilities of our employees rather than on the protection afforded by patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws.

Many of our products include intellectual property licensed from third parties. While it may be necessary in the future to seek or renew licenses relating to various aspects of our products, we believe, based upon past experience and standard industry practice, that such licenses generally could be obtained on commercially reasonable terms. Nonetheless, there can be no assurance that the necessary licenses would be available on acceptable terms, if at all. Our inability to obtain certain licenses or other rights or to obtain such licenses or rights on favorable terms, or the need to engage in litigation regarding these matters, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. The communications industry is characterized by rapidly changing technology, a large number of patents, and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. We cannot assure you that our patents or other proprietary rights will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, that others will not assert intellectual property rights to technologies that are relevant to us, or that our rights will give us a competitive advantage. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries may not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States.

Sales and Marketing

We have a global sales presence with customers from over 120100 countries, and we sell our products and services both directly and indirectly through channel partners with support from our sales force. Channel partners include distributors, value added resellers, system integrators and service providers. These partners sell directly to and service end customers and often provide additional value-added services such as system installation, technical support, and professional support services in addition to equipment sales. Our sales efforts are generally organized and fitted according to geographical regions for target carriers, service providers, municipalities and enterprise customers. 

Our marketing team works closely with our sales, research and product development organizations, and our customers by providing communications that keep the market current on our products and features. Marketing also identifies and sizes new target markets for our products, creates awareness of our company and products, generates contacts and leads within these targeted markets, performs outbound education and public relations, and participates in industry associations and standard industry bodies to promote the growth of the overall industry.

Our backlog consists of purchase orders for products and services that we expect to ship or perform within the next year. Our backlog may fluctuate based on the timing of when purchase orders are received. As of December 31, 2019,2020, our backlog was approximately $80.0$71.0 million, compared to $47.3$80.0 million at December 31, 2018.2019. We consider backlog to be an indicator, but not the sole predictor, of future sales because our customers may cancel or defer orders without penalty.

Competition

We compete in communications equipment markets, providing products and services for the delivery of voice, data and video services. These markets are characterized by rapid change, converging technologies and a migration to solutions that offer superior advantages. These market factors represent both an opportunity and a competitive threat to us. We compete with numerous vendors in our core business, including ADTRAN, Calix, Huawei, Nokia, and ZTE, among others. In our FiberLAN business, our competitors include Cisco, Nokia, and Tellabs, among others. In our Ethernet switching business, our competitors include Cisco and Juniper Networks, among others. In addition, a number of companies have introduced products that address the same network needs that our products and solutions address, both domestically and internationally. The overall number of our competitors may increase, and the identity and composition of competitors may change. As we continue to expand our sales globally, we may see new competition in different geographic regions. Barriers to entry are relatively low, and new ventures to create products that do or could compete with our products are regularly formed. Many of our competitors have greater financial, technical, sales and marketing resources than we do.

The principal competitive factors in the markets in which we presently compete and may compete in the future include:

While we believe that we compete successfully with respect to each of these factors, we currently face and expect we will continue to face intense competition in our markets. In addition, the inherent nature of communications networking requires interoperability. As such, we must cooperate and at the same time compete with many companies.

Manufacturing and Operations

Operationally, we use a global sourcing procurement program to purchase and manage key raw materials and subassemblies through qualified suppliers, sub-contractors, original equipment and design manufacturers and electronic manufacturing service vendors. The manufacturing process uses a strategic combination of procurement from qualified suppliers and in-house manufacturing, throughout the process we manage the assembly, quality assurance, customer testing, final inspection and shipping of our products.

We manufacture our low volume, high mix products at our manufacturing facilities in Seminole, Florida, USA and Hannover, Germany. For certain products, we rely on subcontractors, primarily located in China, and original design manufacturers for high volume, low mix products.

Some completed products are procured to our specifications and shipped directly to our customers. We also acquire completed products from certain suppliers, which we configure and ship from our facility. Some of these purchases are significant. We purchase both standard off-the-shelf parts and components, which are generally available from more than one supplier, and single-source parts and components. We have generally been able to obtain adequate supplies to meet customer demand in a timely manner from our current vendors, or, when necessary, from alternate vendors. We believe that alternate vendors can be identified if current vendors are unable to fulfill our needs, or design changes can be made to employ alternate parts. The recent outbreak of the coronavirus in China and other countries has negatively impacted our supply chain in recent months and the continued spread of the virus could further negatively and materially impact our operations. See “Part II, Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

We design, specify, and monitor all of the tests that are required to meet our quality standards. Our manufacturing and test engineers work closely with our design engineers to ensure manufacturability and testability of our products, and to ensure that manufacturing and testing processes evolve along with our technologies. Our manufacturing engineers specify, build, or procure our test stations, establish quality standards and protocols, and develop comprehensive test procedures and processes to assure the reliability and quality of our products. Products that are procured complete or partially complete are inspected, tested, or audited for quality control.

Our Quality Management System is compliant with, and we are certified to, ISO-9001:2015 by our external registrar, National Standards Authority of Ireland. ISO-9001:2015 requires that our processes be documented, followed and continuously improved. Internal audits are conducted on a regular schedule by our quality assurance personnel, and external audits are conducted by our external registrar each year. Our quality system is based upon our model for quality assurance in production and service to ensure our products meet rigorous quality standards.

We have generally been able to have sufficient production capacity to meet demand for our product offerings through a combination of existing and added capacity, additional employees and the outsourcing of products or components. The recent outbreak of the coronavirus in China and other countries has negatively impacted our supply chain in recent months. We believe that alternate vendors can be identified if current vendors are unable to fulfill our needs, or design changes can be made to employ alternate parts.

Compliance with Regulatory and Industry Standards

Our products must comply with a significant number of voice and data regulations and standards which vary by jurisdiction. Standards for new services continue to evolve, and we may need to modify our products or develop new versions to meet these standards. Standards setting and compliance verification in the United States are determined by the Federal Communications Commission, Underwriters Laboratories (a global safety certification company), Quality Management Institute (a management training and leadership company), Telecordia (an operations management and fraud prevention solutions company which is a subsidiary of Ericsson), and other communications companies. In international markets, our products must comply with standards issued, implemented and enforced by the regulatory authorities of foreign jurisdictions, as applicable, such as the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (“ETSI”), among others.

Environmental Matters

Our operations and manufacturing processes are subject to federal, state, local and foreign environmental protection laws and regulations. Such laws and regulations relate to the presence, use, handling, storage, discharge and disposal of certain hazardous materials and wastes, the pre-treatment and discharge of process waste waters and the control of process air pollutants. Under certain laws of the United States, we can be held responsible for cleanup costs at currently or formerly owned or operated locations or at third party sites to which our wastes were sent for disposal.  To date, liabilities relating to contamination have not been significant, and have not had a material impact on our operations or results. We believe that our operations and manufacturing processes currently comply in all material respects with applicable environmental protection laws and regulations. If we fail to comply with any present or future laws or regulations, we could be subject to liabilities, the suspension of production or a prohibition on the sale of our products. In addition, such regulations could require us to incur significant expenses to comply with environmental laws or regulations, including expenses associated with the redesign of any non-compliant product or the development or installation of additional pollution control technology. From time to time new laws or regulations are enacted, and it is difficult to anticipate how such laws or regulations will be implemented and enforced, or the impact they will have on our operations or results.

Our operations in the European Union are subject to the Restriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive. We are aware of and are taking suitable action to comply with the new European Union Restriction of Hazardous Substances standards. Our operations in the United States or other countries, such as Japan and China are subject to similar legislation. Our failure to comply with any regulatory requirements or contractual obligations relating to environmental matters or hazardous materials could result in us being liable for costs, fines, penalties and third-party claims, and could jeopardize our ability to conduct business in the jurisdictions where such laws or the regulations apply.

Employees

As of December 31, 2019,2020, we employed over 789830 staff members worldwide. We consider the relationships with our employees to be positive. Competition for technical personnel in our industry is intense. We believe that our future success depends in part on our continued ability to hire, assimilate and retain qualified personnel. To date, we believe that we have been successful in recruiting qualified employees, but there is no assurance that we will continue to be successful in the future.

Website and Available Information

Our investor website address is http://investor-dzsi.com. The information on, or accessible through, our website does not constitute part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or any other report, schedule or document we file or furnish to the SEC. On the “Investor Relations” section of our website at http://investor-dzsi.com, we make available the following filings available free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC: our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov.

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below and the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in other filings we make with the SEC before making an investment decision. Our business, prospects, financial condition, or operating results could be harmed by any of these risks, as well as other risks not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial. If any of such risks and uncertainties actually occurs, our business, financial condition or operating results could differ materially from the plans, projections and other forward-looking statements included in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report and in our other public filings. The trading price of our common stock could decline due to any of these risks, and, as a result, you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Directly Related to the ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a material impact on our Businessbusiness and could have a further material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

WeIn December 2019, a strain of coronavirus, now known as COVID-19, was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China. Since that time, the widespread and sustained transmission of the virus has reached global pandemic status. In response to the pandemic, many national and international health agencies have recommended, and many countries and state, provincial and local governments have implemented, various measures, including travel bans and restrictions, limitations on public and private gatherings, business closures or operating restrictions, social distancing, and shelter-in-place orders.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on our 2020 results, resulting in decreased revenues, negatively impacting our global supply chain and resulting in softer product demand due to the effects of the pandemic. Although we saw improvement during 2020 in our results, due to the ongoing uncertainty of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on our business, there can be no guarantee that this trend will continue, and the COVID-19 pandemic could have a significant amountnegative impact on our results in 2021 and beyond. Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2019, the aggregate principal amount of our outstanding indebtedness was $38.0 million, consisting of $18.3 million in principal amount of outstanding borrowings under our short-term debt obligations and $19.7 million in long-term related party borrowings. On February 27, 2019, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries (as co-borrowers or guarantors) entered into that certain Revolving Credit, Term Loan, Guaranty and Security Agreement and that certain Export-Import Revolving Credit, Guaranty and Security Agreement, in each case with PNC Bank, National Association (“PNC Bank”) and Citibank, N.A. as lenders, and PNC as agent for the lenders. We refer to such transactionsCOVID-19 virus and the agreements referenced above asworldwide response related thereto, it is difficult to predict the “PNC Credit Facilities”. On March 5, 2020, DASAN Network Solutions, Inc., a corporation organized under the lawsfull impact of the Republicongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our business. Although the reported cases of Korea, and an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiaryCOVID-19 have decreased in certain regions of the Company (“DNS Korea”) entered intoworld, they have continued to increase in others, including the United States and other regions in which we operate, and it is uncertain when the pandemic or its effects will subside.  The impact of a Loan Agreementcontinued COVID-19 outbreak or sustained measures taken to limit or contain the outbreak could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows in 2021 and beyond.

Our suppliers and contract manufacturers could fail to provide equipment or service on a timely basis as a result of disruption to the global supply chain due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. If such failures occur, we may be unable to provide products and services as and when requested by our customers. Because of the cost and delays that can be associated with DNI, pursuanttransitioning from one supplier to another, our business could be substantially disrupted if we were required to, or chose to, replace the

products or services of one or more major suppliers with products or services from another source, especially if the replacement became necessary on short notice. Any such disruption could increase our costs, decrease our operating efficiencies and have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

The extent to which DNS Korea borrowed KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million USD) from DNI (the “March 2020 DNI Loan”). DNS Koreathe ongoing COVID-19 pandemic impacts us will fully loan such borrowed funds to the Company, which will be used to repaydepend on numerous evolving factors and terminate the PNC Credit Facilities. See “Part II, Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

In the event of a default and acceleration of our obligations under the March 2020 DNI Loan,future developments that we mayare not be able to obtain replacement financing at allpredict, including:  (i) the duration of the pandemic, including the ability of governments and health care providers to timely distribute available vaccines and the efficacy of such vaccines ;  (ii) governmental, business and other actions (which could include limitations on our operations or on commercially reasonable termsmandates to provide products or on terms that are acceptableservices) taken to us. Our levellimit the reach of indebtedness could have important consequencesthe virus and could materially and adversely affect us in a number of ways, including:

The agreements governingeffect of the March 2020 DNI LoanCOVID-19 pandemic; (vi) the impact of the pandemic on worldwide economic activity; (vii) the health of and the instruments governingeffect on our other indebtedness contain certain covenants, limitations,workforce and conditions with respect to the Company and its subsidiaries, including financial reporting obligations and customary events of default and require that certain of our assets be pledged as collateral for such loans. These terms, conditions and collateral requirements could restrict our ability to operatemeet the staffing needs of our business. If an eventcritical functions, particularly if members of default occurs underour work force are quarantined as a result of exposure or unable to work remotely in areas subject to shelter-in-place orders; (viii) any impairment in value of our tangible or intangible assets that could be recorded as a result of a weaker economic conditions; and  (ix) the March 2020 DNI Loan, DNIpotential effects on our internal controls including those over financial reporting as a result of changes in working environments such as shelter-in-place and similar orders that are applicable to our team members and business partners, among others.

On-going shelter-in-place orders could adversely impact our supply chains, operations and workforce, and remote working conditions could increase our susceptibility to a data breach.

In response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, many foreign, local and state governments have instituted emergency restrictions that have substantially limited the operation of non-essential businesses and the activities of individuals. Although some local and state governments have begun to lift these restrictions, it is uncertain whether such measures will be entitledsuccessful, and to take various actions, including requiringdate, many governments reinstituted previously lifted restrictions due to a subsequent increase in COVID-19 cases. As a result of these restrictive measures taken to combat the immediate repaymentspread of all outstanding amounts borrowed underCOVID-19, the March 2020 DNI Loanmajority of our workforce is working remotely from their homes. Remote working conditions may negatively affect our workforce’s productivity, result in disruptions to workflow and seizing and/operations or selling the assets of the Company and the subsidiary guarantorsmake it more difficult for us to satisfy the obligations under the March 2020 DNI Loan.

In the past,maintain proper internal controls over our financial reporting. Further, while we have violated certain financial covenants intaken steps to ensure the security of our credit agreementsdata and received waivers forto prevent security breaches, including through the use of authentications and VPNs, many of these violations.  At September 30, 2019, the Company was not in compliance with the maximum leverage ratio financial covenant under the PNC Credit Facilities, which represented an event of default thereunder. On November 8, 2019, the Company obtained a waiver of the foregoing event of default. As a conditionmeasures have been deployed for the issuance offirst time on a widespread and sustained basis, and there is no guarantee the waiver, the Company voluntarily prepaid $10.0 million of the outstanding term loandata security and paid a one-time fee of $150,000.The Company wouldprivacy safeguards we have beenput in further breach of this financial covenant as of December 31, 2019. The Company and DNS Korea entered into the March 2020 DNI Loan in part to repay and terminate the PNC Credit Facilities. While the Company believes the covenants in the March 2020 DNI Loan are more favorable than the covenants contained in the PNC Credit Facilities, there remains uncertainty as to whether DNS Koreaplace will be able to satisfycompletely effective or that we will not encounter some of the covenants included in the March 2020 DNI Loan. If thecommon risks associated with employees accessing Company violates covenants in the March 2020 DNI Loan, the Company could be required to repay the amounts then outstanding under the March 2020 DNI Loan.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to generate cash flow in amounts sufficient to enable us to service our debt or to meet our working capitaldata and capital expenditure requirements. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations or to borrow sufficient funds to service our debt,systems remotely. As a result, we may be required to sell assets, reduce capital expenditures, purchase credit insurance or obtain additional financing. We cannot assure you that we will be able to engage in any of these actions on reasonable terms, if at all.

We may need additionalexpend significant capital and other resources to protect against security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by security breaches. Further, these ongoing government restrictions have and will continue to have an impact on our global supply chain.

Many of our customers operate in industries that have been disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the virus’s negative impact on their financial conditions and results of operations could have an adverse impact on our revenue.

While the industry in which we cannot be certainoperate has not been directly impacted to the same extent as other industries, many of our customers in our Enterprise FiberLAN™ business operate in industries such as hospitality, education and stadiums/facilities management, each of which has been greatly impacted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the protective measures put in place by the local and state governments of the regions in which they operate, such as shelter-in-place orders, business closures, travel restrictions, operating restrictions and cancellations of large events. The adverse impacts that additional financing will be available.

We need sufficient capital to fundthe virus and the accompanying protective measures have on our ongoing operations andcustomers may require additional financing in the future to expand our business, acquire assets or repay or refinance our existing debt. Ourinfluence their ability to obtain financing will depend, among other things, onpurchase our development efforts, business plans, operating performanceproducts and condition of the capital markets at the time we seek financing. We cannot assure you that additional financing will be availablesolutions, make payments under their contracts with us, or it may lower their demand for our products and solutions as they take measures to us on favorable terms when required, or at all. Additionally, while there are no covenants in the March 2020 DNI Loan restrictingcut costs and protect their businesses. As a result, our ability, or the ability of our subsidiaries, to borrow additional funds, the collateral requirements under the March 2020 DNI Loanrevenue may make it difficult to for us to obtain additional secured financing. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to the rights of our common stock, and our stockholders may experience dilution.

If we need additional capital and cannot raise it on acceptable terms, we may not be able to, among other things:

Our failure to do any of these things could seriously harm our business, financial condition, liquidity and operating results. In addition, we may be required to reduce the scope of our planned product development and sales and marketing efforts beyond the reductions that we have previously taken, and reduce operations in low margin regions, including reductions in headcount,decline, which could have a material adverse effect on our business,results of operations and financial condition.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic could have a negative impact on the health of our employees which could be disruptive to our business and operations and may negatively impact productivity.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly throughout the United States and the other regions in which we operate. As of December 31, 2020, there have been more than 82 million positive tests for COVID-19 across the globe, with more than 20 million in the United States. If the virus spreads over a large portion of our workforce, it could have a material adverse effect on our operations. Additionally, if a significant number of our executive officers were to contract COVID-19 simultaneously, it could have an adverse effect on our operations, including increased responsibilities for other executives, disruptions in operations or the inability of our executives to focus on essential Company business.

In addition, depending on the extent and duration of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we may be subject to significant increases in healthcare costs if a significant number of our personnel become infected with COVID-19 and require medical treatment. As a result, any significant increases in healthcare costs as a result of COVID-19 or otherwise could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and liquidity.results of operations.

Further, if any employee, contractor or customer tests positive for COVID-19 as a result of having visited one of our facilities, we could be subject to legal action alleging liability. While many jurisdictions have enacted laws or issued executive orders to protect businesses from claims such as these, there can be no guarantee that every jurisdiction in which we operate will enact such protection or that any claim against us will necessarily fall within the scope of that protection.

Risks Related to our Liquidity

We may not have the liquidity to support our future operations and capital requirements.

As of December 31, 2019,2020, we had approximately $28.7$45.2 million in cash and cash equivalents, including $14.2$32.2 million in cash balances held by our international subsidiaries.international subsidiaries. If our operating performance does not improve, and we are unable to raise additional capital, (as discussed in the prior risk factor), we may be unable to adequately fund our existing operations. Our current liquidity condition exposes us to the following risks:

Our current liquidity condition could be further harmed, and we may incur significant losses or expend significant amounts of capital if:

To meet our liquidity needs and to finance our capital expenditures and working capital needs for our business, we may be required to raise substantial additional capital, reduce our operations (including through the sale of assets) or both.

We have experienced significant losses and we may incur losses in the future. If we fail to generate sufficient revenue to sustain our profitability, our stock price could decline.

We had a net loss of $13.3$23.1 million and net income of $2.8$13.3 million for the years ended December 31, 20192020 and 2018,2019, respectively. Additionally, we have incurred significant losses in prior years. We have an accumulated deficit of $29.2$52.3 million as of December 31, 2019.2020. We have significant fixed expenses and expect that we will continue to incur substantial manufacturing, research and product development, sales and marketing, customer support, administrative and other expenses in connection with the ongoing development of our business. In addition, we may be required to spend more on research and product development than originally budgeted to respond to industry trends. We may also incur significant new costs related to acquisitions and the integration of new technologies and other acquisitions that may occur in the future. We may not be able to adequately manage costs and expenses or achieve or maintain adequate operating margins. As a result, our ability to sustain profitability in future periods will depend on our ability to generate and sustain higher revenue while maintaining reasonable costs and expense levels. If we fail to generate sufficient revenue to sustain profitability in future periods, we may continue to incur operating losses, which could be substantial, and our stock price could decline.

Our future operating results are difficult to predict and our stock price may continue to be volatile.

As a result of a variety of factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our revenues for a particular quarter are difficult to predict. Our revenue and operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter due to a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control. The primary factors that could affect our results of operations include the following:

Any of the foregoing factors, or any other factors discussed elsewhere herein, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity that could adversely affect our stock price. We anticipate that our stock price and trading volume may continue to be volatile in the future, whether due to the factors described above, volatility in public stock markets generally (particularly in the technology sector) or otherwise.

In connection with the Keymile Acquisition, we assumed certain of Keymile’s liabilities, which could harm our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Pursuant to the definitive agreement for the Keymile Acquisition, we assumed certain of Keymile’s liabilities, including tax and pension liabilities, and any liabilities that may arise related to breaches of representations and warranties made by Keymile in connection with a prior sale of assets by Keymile that survive through 2022. Although the definitive agreement for the Keymile Acquisition entitles us to indemnification for certain losses incurred related to those assumed liabilities, our right to indemnification from the Keymile sellers is limited by the survival period of the representations and warranties included in the Keymile Acquisition definitive agreement and recovery is limited in amount to the purchase price of Keymile, or EUR 10.3 million.million (approximately $11.8 million). Additionally, our rights to recovery against such losses is limited under our and third party provided warranty and indemnity liability insurance coverage of up to EUR 35.3 million.million (approximately $39.6 million).  If such claims or losses exceed such amount, or if they are not indemnifiable under the Keymile Acquisition definitive agreement, any such losses could negatively impact our financial situation. In addition, our closing of the Keymile Acquisition could give rise to substantial tax liabilities under German law, which could negatively impact our financial condition and liquidity.

Strategic acquisitions or investments that we have made or that we could pursue or make in the future may disrupt our operations and harm our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

As part of our business strategy, we have made investments in and acquired other companies, including Keymile in 2019, that we believe are complementary to our core business and are consistent with our growth strategy. In the future we may continue to make investments in or acquire other companies or complementary solutions or technologies as part of our growth strategy. Any such acquisition or investment may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating, and pursuing suitable opportunities, whether or not the transactions are completed, and may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. These transactions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities, the incurrence of debt or assumption of liabilities, and increase our risk of litigation exposure, which could adversely affect our operating results. In addition, if the resulting business from such a transaction fails to meet our expectations, our operating results, business, and financial condition may suffer or we may be exposed to unknown risks or liabilities.

Additionally, any significant acquisition would require the consent of our lenders. Any failure to receive such consent could delay or prohibit us from acquiring companies that we believe could enhance our business. Furthermore, we may dedicate significant time and capital resources in the pursuit of acquisition opportunities and may be unable to find and identify desirable acquisition targets or business opportunities or be successful in entering into an agreement with any particular strategic partner.

Upon the closing of any acquisition transaction, we will need to integrate the acquired organization and its products and services with our legacy operations. The integration process may be expensive, time-consuming and a strain on our resources and our relationships with employees, customers, distributors and suppliers, and ultimately may not be successful. The benefits or synergies we may expect from the acquisition of complementary or supplementary businesses may not be realized to the extent or in the time frame we initially anticipated. Mergers and acquisitions of high-technology companies are inherently subject to increased risk and to many factors outside of our control, and we cannot be certain that our previous or future acquisitions will be successful and will not materially adversely affect our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Any failure to successfully acquire and integrate acquired organizations and their products and services could seriously harm our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Some of the risks that could affect our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses, including Keymile’s telecommunication systems business, include those associated with:Risks from Financial Control Weakness

We previously identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and we cannot provide assurances that these weaknesses will be effectively remediated or that additional material weaknesses will not occur in the future. If our internal control over financial reporting or our disclosure controls and procedures are not effective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, prevent fraud or file our periodic reports in a timely manner, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and which may lead to a decline in our stock price.

We are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. We assessed the effectiveness ofIn connection with our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, the end of our fiscal year. In making this assessment, management used the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee Sponsoring Organizationsaudit of the Treadway Commission. Based onfiscal year 2019 consolidated financial statements, we and our assessment,independent registered public accounting firm determined that we have concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective because of the unremediatedhad material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting described below.

Management concluded that, as ofreporting. During the year ended December 31, 2019, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective, because of2020, we implemented enhanced procedures and controls to remediate the unremediated material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting described below. Management determined thatreporting. We have completed the Company did not maintain a sufficient complementexecution of personnel with appropriate accounting knowledge, experienceour remediation plan as of December 31, 2020, and trainingwe have concluded the material weaknesses to be remediated as of December 31, 2020.

If additional material weaknesses occur in the application of US GAAP, including accounting for significant unusual transactions.  In addition, the Company did not maintain an effective control environment as it did not appropriately identify internal controls over inventory valuationfuture and revenue. Also, management determined that the Company did not design and maintain effective controls over the financial closing process, including controls surrounding monitoring and review of the activity of its foreign subsidiaries. These material weaknesses could result in a misstatement in the financial statements that would result in a material misstatement in the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.

Ifif we are not able to correct material weaknesses orthe deficiencies in internal controls in a timely manner, our ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information accurately and within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms will be adversely affected. Such a result could negatively impact the market price and trading liquidity of our common stock, weaken investor confidence in our reported financial information, subject us to civil and criminal investigations and penalties, and generally materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition. 

Customer and Product Risk

The long and variable sales cycles for our products could cause revenue and operating results to vary significantly from quarter to quarter.

The target customers for our products have substantial and complex networks that they traditionally expand in large increments on a periodic basis. Accordingly, our marketing efforts are focused primarily on prospective customers that may purchase our products as part of a large-scale network deployment. Our target customers typically require a lengthy evaluation, testing and product qualification process. Throughout this process, we are often required to spend considerable time and incur significant expenses educating and providing information to prospective customers about the uses and features of our products. Even after a company makes the final decision to purchase our products, it could deploy our products over extended periods of time. The timing of deployment of our products varies widely, and depends on a number of factors, including our customers’ skill sets, geographic density of potential subscribers, the degree of configuration and integration required to deploy our products, and our customers’ ability to finance their purchase of our products as well as their operations. As a result of any of these factors, our revenue and operating results could vary significantly from quarter to quarter.

The market we serve is highly competitive and we may not be able to compete successfully.

Competition in communications equipment markets is intense. These markets are characterized by rapid change, converging technologies and a migration to networking solutions that offer superior advantages. We are aware of many companies in related markets that address particular aspects of the features and functions that our products provide. Currently, our primary competitors in our core business include ADTRAN, Calix, Huawei, Nokia and ZTE, among others. In our FiberLAN business, our competitors include Cisco, Nokia and Tellabs. In our Ethernet switching business, our competitors include Cisco, and Juniper. We also may face competition from other communications equipment companies or other companies that may enter our markets in the future. In addition, a number of companies have introduced products that address the same network needs that our products and solutions address, both domestically and internationally. Many of our competitors have longer operating histories, greater name recognition, larger customer bases and greater financial, technical, sales and marketing resources than we do and may be able to undertake more extensive marketing efforts, adopt more aggressive pricing policies and provide more customer financing than we can. In particular, we are encountering price-focused competitors from Asia, especially China, which places pressure on us to reduce our prices. If we are forced to reduce prices in order to secure customers, we may be unable to sustain gross margins at desired levels or achieve profitability. Competitive pressures could result in increased pricing pressure, reduced profit margins, increased sales and marketing expenses and failure to increase, or the loss of, market share, any of which could reduce our revenue and adversely affect our financial results. Moreover, our competitors may foresee the course of market developments more accurately than we do and could develop new technologies that render our products less valuable or obsolete.

In our markets, principal competitive factors include:

If we are unable to compete successfully against our current and future competitors, we may have difficulty obtaining or retaining customers, and we could experience price reductions, order cancellations, increased expenses and reduced gross margins, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

If demand for our products and solutions does not develop as we anticipate, then our business operations, financial condition, and liquidity will be adversely affected.

Our future revenue depends significantly on our ability to successfully develop, enhance and market our products and solutions to our target markets. Most network service providers have made substantial investments in their current infrastructure, and they may elect to remain with their current architectures or to adopt new architectures in limited stages or over extended periods of time. A decision by a customer to purchase our products will involve a significant capital investment. We must convince our service provider customers that they will achieve substantial benefits by deploying our products for future upgrades or expansions. We may experience difficulties with product reliability, partnering, and sales and marketing efforts that could adversely affect our business and divert management attention and resources from our core business. We do not know whether a viable market for our products and solutions will develop or be sustainable in our businesses. If these markets do not develop or develop more slowly than we expect, our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity will be materially harmed.

We depend upon the development of new products and enhancements to existing products, and if we fail to predict and respond to emerging technological trends and customers’ changing needs, our operating results and market share may suffer.

The markets for our products are characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, changes in end-user requirements, frequent new product introductions and changes in communications offerings from network service provider customers. Our future success depends on our ability to anticipate or adapt to such changes and to offer, on a timely and cost-effective basis, products that meet changing customer demands and industry standards. We may not have sufficient resources to successfully and accurately anticipate customers’ changing needs and technological trends, manage long development cycles or develop, introduce and market new products and enhancements. The process of developing new technology is complex and uncertain, and if we fail to develop new products or enhancements to existing products on a timely and cost-effective basis, or if our new products or enhancements fail to achieve market acceptance, our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity would be materially adversely affected.

Because our products are complex and are deployed in complex environments, our products may have defects that we discover only after full deployment by our customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We produce highly complex products that incorporate leading-edge technology, including both hardware and software. Software often contains defects or programming flaws that can unexpectedly interfere with expected operations. In addition, our products are complex and are designed to be deployed in large quantities across complex networks. Because of the nature of these products, they can only be fully tested when completely deployed in large networks with high amounts of traffic, and there is no assurance that our pre-shipment testing programs will be adequate to detect all defects. As a result, our customers may discover errors or defects in our hardware or software, or our products may not operate as expected. If we are unable to cure a product defect, we could experience damage to our reputation, reduced customer satisfaction, loss of existing customers and failure to attract new customers, failure to achieve market acceptance, reduced sales opportunities, loss of revenue and market share, increased service and warranty costs, diversion of development resources, legal actions by our customers, and increased insurance costs. Defects, integration issues or other performance problems in our products could also result in damages to our customers, financial or otherwise. Our customers could seek damages for related losses from us, which could seriously harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. A product liability claim brought against us, even if unsuccessful, would likely be time consuming and costly. The occurrence of any of these problems would seriously harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Increased tariffs on products and goods that we purchase from off-shore sources (particularly Chinese sources) and changes in international trade policies and relations could have an adverse effect on our customers and operating results.

The pricing of our products to customers and our ability to conduct business with certain customers can be affected by changes in U.S. and other countries’ trade policies. For example, while a trade deal was signed between the U.S. and China on January 15, 2020 that signals a cooling of tensions between the U.S. and China over trade, concerns over the stability of bilateral trade relations remain. Before the trade deal, the United States had recently imposed tariffs on a wide-range of products and goods manufactured in China that are directly or indirectly imported into the United States. In response, various countries and economic regions announced plans or intentions to impose retaliatory tariffs on a wide-range of products they import from the United States. Any newly imposed, announced and threatened U.S. tariffs and retaliatory tariffs could have the effect of increasing the cost of materials we use to manufacture certain products, which could result in lower margins. The tariffs could also result in disruptions to our supply chain, as suppliers struggle to fill orders from companies trying to purchase goods in bulk ahead of announced tariffs. Although we believe that the incremental costs to us of recent tariffs was immaterial, if new tariffs are imposed or if new tariffs apply to additional categories of components used in our manufacturing activities, and if we are unable to pass on the costs of tariffs to our customers, our operating results would be harmed. In addition, changes in the political environment, governmental policies, international trade policies and relations, or U.S.-China relations could result in

revisions to laws or regulations or their interpretation and enforcement, trade sanctions, or retaliatory actions by China in response to U.S. actions, which could have an adverse effect on our customers, business plans and operating results.

Sales to communications service providers are especially volatile, and weakness in sales orders from this industry could harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Sales activity in the service provider industry depends upon the stage of completion of expanding network infrastructures, the availability of funding, and the extent to which service providers are affected by regulatory, economic and business conditions in the country of operations. Although some service providers may be increasing capital expenditures over the depressed levels that have prevailed over the last few years, weakness in orders from this industry could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. Changes in technology, competition, overcapacity, changes in the service provider market, regulatory developments, adverse economic effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and constraints on capital availability have had a material adverse effect on many of our service provider customers, with many of these customers going out of business or substantially reducing their expansion plans. These conditions have materially harmed our business and operating results, and we expect that some or all of these conditions may continue for the foreseeable future. Finally, service provider customers typically have longer implementation cycles; require a broader range of services including design services; demand that vendors take on a larger share of risks; often require acceptance provisions, which can lead to a delay in revenue recognition; and expect financing from vendors. All these factors can add further risk to business conducted with service providers.

We rely on contract manufacturers for a portion of our manufacturing requirements.

We rely on contract manufacturers to perform a portion of the manufacturing operations for our products. These contract manufacturers build products for other companies, including our competitors. In addition, we do not have contracts in place with some of these providers and may not be able to effectively manage those relationships. We cannot be certain that our contract manufacturers will be able to fill our orders in a timely manner. We face a number of risks associated with this dependence on contract manufacturers including reduced control over delivery schedules, the potential lack of adequate capacity during periods of excess demand, poor manufacturing yields and high costs, quality assurance, increases in prices, and the potential misappropriation of our intellectual property. We have experienced in the past, and may experience in the future, problems with our contract manufacturers, such as inferior quality, insufficient quantities and late delivery of products.

A shortage of adequate component supply or manufacturing capacity could increase our costs or cause a delay in our ability to fulfill orders, and our failure to estimate customer demand properly could result in excess or obsolete component inventories that could adversely affect our gross margins.

Occasionally, we may experience a supply shortage, or a delay in receiving, certain component parts as a result of strong demand for the component parts and/or capacity constraints or other problems experienced by suppliers. If shortages or delays persist, the price of these components may increase, or the components may not be available at all, and we may also encounter shortages if we do not accurately anticipate our needs. Conversely, we may not be able to secure enough components at reasonable prices or of acceptable quality to build new products in a timely manner in the quantities or configurations needed. Accordingly, our revenue and gross margins could suffer until other sources can be developed. Our operating results would also be adversely affected if, anticipating greater demand than actually develops, we commit to the purchase of more components than we need. Furthermore, as a result of binding price or purchase commitments with suppliers, we may be obligated to purchase components at prices that are higher than those available in the current market. In the event that we become committed to purchase components at prices in excess of the current market price, our gross margins could decrease. In the past we experienced component shortages that adversely affected our financial results and, in the future, may continue to experience component shortages.

We depend on a limited source of suppliers for several key components. If we are unable to obtain these components on a timely basis, we will be unable to meet our customers’ product delivery requirements, which would harm our business.

We currently purchase several key components from a limited number of suppliers. If any of our limited source of suppliers become insolvent, cease business or experience capacity constraints, work stoppages or any other reduction or disruption in output, they may be unable to meet our delivery schedules. Our suppliers may enter into exclusive arrangements with our competitors, be acquired by our competitors, stop selling their products or components to us at commercially reasonable prices, refuse to sell their products or components to us at any price or be unable to obtain or have difficulty obtaining components for

their products from their suppliers. If we do not receive critical components from our limited source of suppliers in a timely manner, we will be unable to meet our customers’ product delivery requirements. Any failure to meet a customer’s delivery requirements could materially adversely affect our business, operations, and financial condition and liquidity and could materially damage customer relationships.

The loss of a key customer or a significant deterioration in the financial condition of a key customer could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

The Company’s revenue is dependent on several key customers. A loss of one or more of the Company’s key customers, or a dispute or litigation with one of these key customers could affect adversely our revenue and results of operations. A significant

deterioration in the financial condition or bankruptcy filing of a key customer could affect adversely the Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition.

In addition, the Company is subject to credit risk associated with the concentration of accounts receivable from its key customers. As of December 31, 2019, two (2) customers represented 18% and 11% of net accounts receivable. If one or more of the Company’s top customers were to become bankrupt or insolvent or otherwise were unable to pay for the products and services provided by the Company, then the Company may incur significant write-offs of accounts receivable or incur other impairment charges, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

We have experienced significant turnover with respect to our executives and our board, and our business could be adversely affected by these and other transitions in our senior management team or if any future vacancies cannot be filled with qualified replacements in a timely manner.

We experienced significant turnover on our executive team and board in both 2018 and 2019, including the departure of our former Chief Financial Officer. As a result of this turnover, our remaining management team has been required to take on increased responsibilities, which could divert attention from key business areas.  If we continue to experience similar turnover in the future, we may be unable to timely replace the talent and skills of our management team and directors.  

Management transitions are often difficult and inherently cause some loss of institutional knowledge, which could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our ability to execute our business strategies may be adversely affected by the uncertainty associated with these transitions and the time and attention from the board and management needed to fill any future vacant roles could disrupt our business. If we are unable to successfully identify and attract adequate replacements for future vacancies in our management roles in a timely manner, we could experience increased employee turnover and harm to our business, growth, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We face significant competition for executives with the qualifications and experience we seek.

Further, we cannot guarantee that we will not face similar turnover in the future. Our senior management’s knowledge of our business and industry would be difficult to replace, and any further turnover could negatively affect our business, growth, financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows.

Decreased effectiveness of share-based compensation could adversely affect our ability to attract and retain employees.

We have historically used equity incentives, including stock options, as a key component of our employee compensation program in order to align the interests of our employees with the interests of our stockholders, encourage employee retention and provide competitive compensation and benefit packages. If the trading price of our common stock declines, this would reduce the value of our share-based compensation to our present employees and could adversely affect our ability to retain existing or attract prospective employees.  Difficulties relating to obtaining stockholder approval of equity compensation plans could also make it harder or more expensive for us to grant share-based payments to employees in the future.

Our success largely depends on our ability to retain and recruit key personnel, and any failure to do so could harm our ability to meet key objectives.

Our future success depends upon the continued services of our Chief Executive Officer and other key employees, and our ability to identify, attract and retain highly skilled technical, managerial, sales and marketing personnel who have critical industry experience and relationships that we rely on to build and operate our business. The loss of the services of any of our key employees, including our Chief Executive Officer, could delay the development and production of our products and negatively impact our ability to maintain customer relationships, which could harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. Moreover, our historical inability to attract and retain sufficient qualified accounting personnel with expertise in US GAAP has adversely affected our ability to maintain an effective system of internal controls and our ability to produce reliable financial reports, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

We rely on the availability of third-party licenses.

Many of our products are designed to include software or other intellectual property licensed from third parties. It may be necessary in the future to seek or renew licenses relating to various elements of the technology used to develop these products. We cannot assure you that our existing or future third-party licenses will be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Our inability to maintain or obtain any third-party license required to sell or develop our products and product enhancements could require us to obtain substitute technology of lower quality or performance standards, or at greater cost.

Our intellectual property rights could prove difficult to protect and enforce.

We generally rely on a combination of copyrights, patents, trademarks and trade secret laws and commercial agreements containing restrictions on disclosure and other appropriate terms to protect our intellectual property rights. We enter into confidentiality, employee, contractor and commercial agreements with our employees, consultants and corporate partners, and control access to and distribution of our proprietary information and use of our intellectual property and technology. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties, including those affiliated with foreign governments, may

attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our products, technology or intellectual property.property. Monitoring unauthorized use of our technology and intellectual property is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use of our technology, particularly in foreign countries or jurisdictions where laws may not protect our proprietary rights as extensively as in the United States. We cannot assure you that our pending, or any future, patent applications will be granted, that any existing or future patents will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented, or that any existing or future patents will be enforceable or that infringement by third parties will even be detected. While we are not dependent on any individual patents, if we are unable to protect our proprietary rights, we may find ourselves at a competitive disadvantage to others who need not incur the substantial expense, time and effort required to create the innovative products.

There are additional risks to our intellectual property as a result of our international business operations.

We may face risks to our technology and intellectual property as a result of our conducting strategic business discussions outside of the United States, and particularly in jurisdictions that do not have comparable levels of protection of corporate proprietary information and assets such as intellectual property, trademarks, trade secrets, know-how and customer information and records. While these risks are common to many companies, conducting business in certain foreign jurisdictions, housing technology, data and intellectual property abroad, or licensing technology to joint ventures with foreign partners may have more significant exposure. For example, we have shared intellectual properties with entities in China, South Korea, India, Thailand, and Vietnam pursuant to confidentiality agreements in connection with discussions on potential strategic collaborations, which may expose us to material risks of theft of our proprietary information and other intellectual property, including technical data, manufacturing processes, data sets or other sensitive information. Our technology may be reverse engineered by the parties or other parties, which could result in our patents being infringed or our know-how or trade secrets stolen. The risk can be by direct intrusion wherein technology and intellectual property is stolen or compromised through cyber intrusions or physical theft through corporate espionage, including with the assistance of insiders, or via more indirect routes.

Claims that our current or future products or components contained in our products infringe the intellectual property rights of others may be costly and time consuming to defend and could adversely affect our ability to sell our products.

The communications equipment industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patent, copyright, trademark and other intellectual property rights, that may relate to technologies and related standards that are relevant to us. From time to time, we receive correspondence from companies claiming that our products are using technology covered by or related to the intellectual property rights of these companies and inviting us to discuss or demanding licensing or royalty arrangements for the use of the technology or seeking payment for damages, injunctive relief and other available legal remedies through litigation. These companies also include third-party non-practicing entities (also known as patent trolls) that focus on extracting royalties and settlements by enforcing patent rights through litigation or the threat of litigation. These companies typically have little or no product revenues and therefore our patents could provide little or no deterrence against such companies filing patent infringement lawsuits against us. In addition, third parties have initiated and could continue to initiate litigation against our manufacturers, suppliers, distributors or even our customers alleging infringement or misappropriation of their proprietary rights with respect to existing or future products, or components of our products. For example, various proceedings have been commenced against Broadcom Corporation and other parties alleging patent infringement are routinely commenced in various jurisdictions against manufacturers and consumers of products in the wireless and broadband communications industry. In some cases, the courts have issued rulings adverse to Broadcom enjoining Broadcomsuch manufacturers and customers, which can result in monetary damages that we are obligated to indemnify or that may impact the cost and availability of components or sales of our products. Courts may also issue injunctions preventing manufacturers from offering, distributing, using or importing products that include the challenged intellectual property. Although we are not party to these proceedings, adverseAdverse rulings or injunctive relief awarded against Broadcom or other key suppliers of components for our products could result in delays or stoppages in the shipment of affected components, or require us to recall, modify or redesign our products

containing such components. Regardless of the merit of claims against us or our manufacturers, suppliers, distributors or customers, intellectual property litigation can be time consuming and costly, and result in the diversion of the attention of technical and management personnel. Any such litigation could force us to stop manufacturing, selling, distributing, exporting, incorporating or using products or components that include the challenged intellectual property, or to recall, modify or redesign such products. In addition, if a party accuses us of infringing upon its proprietary rights, we may have to enter into royalty or licensing agreements, which may not be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we are unsuccessful in any such litigation, we could be subject to significant liability for damages and loss of our proprietary rights. Any of these events or results could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Our collection, processing, storage, use, and transmission of personal data could give rise to liabilities as a result of governmental regulation, increasing legal requirements.

We collect, process, store, use, and transmit personal data on a daily basis. Personal data is increasingly subject to legal and regulatory protections around the world, which vary widely in approach and which possibly conflict with one another. In recent years, for example, U.S. legislators and regulatory agencies, such as the Federal Trade Commission, as well as U.S. states have increased their focus on protecting personal data by law and regulation and have increased enforcement actions for violations of privacy and data protection requirements. The European Commission also recently approved and adopted the GDPR, a recent data protection law, which became effective in May 2018. These data protection laws and regulations are intended to protect the privacy and security of personal data that is collected, processed, and transmitted in or from the relevant jurisdiction. Implementation of and compliance with these laws and regulations may be more costly or take longer than we anticipate, or could otherwise adversely affect our business operations, which could negatively impact our financial position or cash flows.

If we experience a significant disruption in, or breach in security of, our information technology systems, our business could be adversely affected.

We rely on several centralized information technology systems to provide products and services, maintain financial records, process orders, manage inventory, process shipments to customers and operate other critical functions. If we experience a prolonged system disruption in the information technology systems that involve our interactions with customers or suppliers, it could result in the loss of sales and customers and significant incremental costs, which could adversely affect our business. In addition, our information technology systems could be susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to power outages, hardware failures, computer viruses, attacks by computer hackers, telecommunication failures, user errors, catastrophes or other unforeseen events. Furthermore, security breaches of our information technology systems could result in the misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information belonging to the company or our employees, partners, customers or suppliers, which could result in significant financial, legal or reputational damage to the Company.

Compliance or the failure to comply with current and future environmental regulations could cause us significant expense.

We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and foreign environmental regulations. If we fail to comply with any present or future regulations, we could be subject to liabilities, the suspension of production or prohibitions on the sale of our products. In addition, such regulations could require us to incur other significant expenses to comply with environmental regulations, including expenses associated with the redesign of any non-compliant product. From time to time new regulations are enacted, and it is difficult to anticipate how such regulations will be implemented and enforced and the impact that they could have on our operations or results. For example, in 2003 the European Union enacted the Restriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive, for implementation in European Union member states. We are aware of similar legislation that is currently in force or has been considered in the U. S., as well as other countries, such as Japan and China. Our failure to comply with any such regulatory requirements or contractual obligations could result in us being liable for costs, fines, penalties or third-party claims, and could jeopardize our ability to conduct business in countries or jurisdictions where such regulations apply.

Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar laws associated with our international activities could subject us to significant civil or criminal penalties.

Failure to comply with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act could subject us to significant civil or criminal penalties. A significant portion of our revenues is generated from sales outside of the United States. As a result, we are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”). The FCPA generally prohibits U.S. companies and their intermediaries from making corrupt payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment and requires companies to maintain adequate record-keeping and internal accounting practices to accurately reflect the transactions of the company. The FCPA applies to companies, individual directors, officers, employees and agents. Under the FCPA, U.S. companies may be held liable for the corrupt actions taken by employees, strategic or local partners or other representatives. If we or our intermediaries fail to comply with the requirements of the FCPA or similar legislation, governmental authorities in the U.S. and elsewhere could seek to impose civil and/or criminal fines and penalties which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.

Our business and future operating results are subject to global economic and market conditions.

Market turbulence and weak economic conditions, as well as concerns about energy costs, geopolitical issues, the availability and cost of credit, business and consumer confidence, and unemployment could impact our business in a number of ways, including:

Potential deferment of purchases and orders by customers: Uncertainty about global economic conditions could cause consumers, businesses and governments to defer purchases in response to flat revenue budgets, tighter credit, decreased cash availability and weak consumer confidence. Accordingly, future demand for our products could differ materially from our current expectations.

Customers’ inability to obtain financing to make purchases and/or maintain their business: Some of our customers require substantial financing in order to finance their business operations, including capital expenditures on new equipment and equipment upgrades, and make purchases from us. The potential inability of these customers to access the capital needed to finance purchases of our products and meet their payment obligations to us could adversely impact our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. While we monitor these situations carefully and attempt to take appropriate measures to protect ourselves, including factoring credit arrangements to financial institutions, it is possible that we may have to defer revenue until cash is collected or write-down or write-off uncollectible accounts. Such write-downs or write-offs, if large, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. If our customers become insolvent due to market and economic conditions or otherwise, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Negative impact from increased financial pressures on third-party dealers, distributors and retailers: We make sales in certain regions through third-party dealers, distributors and retailers. These third parties may be impacted, among other things, by a significant decrease in available credit. If credit pressures or other financial difficulties result in insolvency for these third parties and we are unable to successfully transition end customers to purchase our products from other third parties, or from us directly, it could adversely impact our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Negative impact from increased financial pressures on key suppliers: Our ability to meet customers’ demands depends, in part, on our ability to obtain timely and adequate delivery of quality materials, parts and components from our suppliers. Certain of our components are available only from a single source or limited sources. If certain key suppliers were to become capacity constrained or insolvent, it could result in a reduction or interruption in supplies or a significant increase in the price of supplies and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, credit constraints of key suppliers could result in accelerated payment of accounts payable by us, impacting our cash flow.

We may experience material adverse impacts on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity as a result of weak or recessionary economic or market conditions in the United States, Korea, Germany, or the rest of the world.

Due to the international nature of our business, political or economic changes or other factors in a specific country or region could harm our future revenue, costs and expenses, and financial condition.

We currently have significant operations in India, South Korea, and Vietnam, as well as sales and technical support teams in various locations around the world. We expectcontinue to continue expandingconsider opportunities to expand our international operations in the future. The successful management and expansion of our international operations requires significant human effort and the commitment of substantial financial resources. Further, our international operations may be subject to certain risks, disruptions and challenges that could materially harm our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity, including:

In addition, some of our customer purchase agreements are governed by foreign laws and regulations, which may differ significantly from the laws and regulations of the United States. We may be limited in our ability to enforce our rights under these agreements and to collect damages, if awarded. Any of these factors could harm our existing international operations and business or impair our ability to continue expanding into international markets.

We face exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.

We conduct significant business in South Korea, Japan, India, Vietnam, Europe, Middle East and Latin America, all of which subject us to foreign currency exchange rate risk.

We have in the past and may in the future undertake a hedging program to mitigate the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. The use of such hedging activities may not offset any or more than a portion of the adverse financial effects of unfavorable movements in foreign currency exchange rates over the limited time the hedges are in place. Moreover, the use of hedging instruments may introduce additional risks if we are unable to structure effective hedges with such instruments, which could adversely affect our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

As such, our results of operations and our cash flows could be impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Natural disasters, public health crises, political crises, and other catastrophic events or other events outside of our control may damage our facilities or the facilities of third parties on which we depend, and could materially impact our supply chain and the operations of our customers and suppliers.

Our global headquarters are located in California near major geologic faults that have experienced earthquakes in the past. An earthquake or other natural disaster or power shortages or outages could disrupt operations or impair critical systems. Any of these disruptions or other events outside of our control could affect our business negatively, harming our operating results. In addition, if any of our facilities or the facilities of our suppliers, contract manufacturers, third-party service providers, or customers, is affected by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, power shortages or outages, floods or monsoons, public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, political crises, such as terrorism, war, political instability or other conflict, or other events outside of our control, our business and operating results could suffer. Disasters occurring at our or our vendors’ facilities also could impact our reputation.

The COVID-19 outbreak has had a material impact on our business and a sustained global outbreak could have a further material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In December 2019, a strain of coronavirus, now known as COVID-19, was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China, resulting in increased travel restrictions and the extended shutdown of certain businesses in the region and within Greater China. Since that time, other countries including the United States, South Korea, Italy and Japan have experienced widespread or sustained transmission of the virus, and there is a risk that the virus will continue to spread to additional countries.

The Company relies on suppliers and contract manufacturers located in China and has significant business operations in South Korea and Japan. The outbreak may have a significant impact on our first quarter 2020 results, as we have experienced a negative impact on our supply chain in Asia and softer product demand due to the effects of the virus. These effects include travel restrictions, business closures, public health concerns, and other actions affecting the supply of labor and the export of raw materials and finished products. If the virus continues to spread, the effects of the virus could continue to materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. If we are forced to arrange alternative manufacturing and supply sources, our cost of production could increase materially, negatively affecting our financial condition and results of operations

Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the virus and the worldwide response related thereto, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on our business. The impact of a continued COVID-19 outbreak could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to our Industry

The telecommunications networking business requires the application of complex revenue and expense recognition rules and the regulatory environment affecting generally accepted accounting principles is uncertain. Changes in financial accounting standards or practices may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and harm our business.

The nature of our business requires the application of complex revenue and expense recognition rules and the current regulatory environment affecting generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”)GAAP is uncertain. Significant changes in U.S. GAAP could affect our financial statements going forward and may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and harm our operating results. U.S. GAAP is subject to interpretation by the FASB,Financial Accounting Standards Board, the SECSecurities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. In addition, we have in the past and may in the future need to significantly change our customer contracts, accounting systems and processes when we adopt future or proposed changes in accounting principles. The cost and effect of these changes may negatively impact our results of operations during the periods of transition.

Changes in government regulations related to our business could harm our operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Our operations are subject to various laws and regulations, including those regulations promulgated by the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”). The FCC has jurisdiction over the entire communications industry in the United States and, as a result, our existing and future products and our customers’ products are subject to FCC rules and regulations. Changes to current FCC rules and regulations and future FCC rules and regulations could negatively affect our business. Non-compliance with the FCC’s rules and regulations would expose us to potential enforcement actions, including monetary forfeitures, and could damage our reputation among potential customers.The uncertainty associated with future FCC decisions may cause network service providers to delay decisions regarding their capital expenditures for equipment for broadband services. In addition, international regulatory bodies establish standards that may govern our products in foreign markets. The SEC has adopted disclosure rules regarding the use of “conflict minerals” mined from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries and procedures regarding a manufacturer’s efforts to prevent the sourcing of such conflict minerals. These rules may have the effect of reducing the pool of suppliers who can supply “conflict free” components and parts, and we may not be able to obtain “conflict free” products or supplies in sufficient quantities for our operations. Also, we may face reputational challenges with our customers, stockholders and other stakeholders if we are unable to sufficiently verify the origins for the conflict minerals used in our products. In addition, governments and regulators in many jurisdictions have implemented or are evaluating regulations relating to cyber security, privacy and data protection, which can affect the markets and requirements for networking and communications equipment. We are unable to predict the scope, pace or financial impact of government regulations and other policy changes that could be adopted in the future, any of which could negatively impact our operations and costs of doing business. Because of our smaller size, legislation or governmental regulations can significantly increase our costs and affect our competitive position. Changes to or future domestic and international regulatory requirements could result in postponements or cancellations of customer orders for our products and services, which could harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. Further, we cannot be certain that we will be successful in obtaining or maintaining regulatory approvals that could, in the future, be required to operate our business.

Industry consolidation may lead to increased competition and could harm our operating results.

There has been a trend toward industry consolidation in the communications equipment market for several years. We expect this trend to continue as companies attempt to strengthen or hold their market positions in an evolving industry and as companies are acquired or are unable to continue operations. We believe that industry consolidation may result in stronger competitors that are better able to compete as sole-source vendors for customers. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Furthermore, rapid consolidation could result in a decrease in the number of customers we serve. The loss of a major customer could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Risks Related to our Common Stock

DNI owns a significant amount of our outstanding common stock and has the ability to exert significant influence or control over any matters that require stockholder approval, including the election of directors and the approval of certain transactions, and DNI’s interests may conflict with our interests and the interests of other stockholders.

As of December 31, 2019,2020, DNI owned approximately 44.3%43.2% of the outstanding shares of our common stock, representing a significant amount of the votes entitled to be cast by the holders of our outstanding common stock at a stockholder meeting. After our sale of shares of common stock in January 2021, DNI owned approximately 37.6% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. See “—Recent Developments—Equity offering” for more information on the sale of shares of common stock. Due to its significant ownership percentage of our common stock, DNI has the ability to substantially influence or control the outcome of any matter submitted for the vote of our stockholders, including the election of directors and the approval of certain transactions. The interests of DNI may conflict with the interests of our other stockholders or with holders of our indebtedness and may cause us to take actions that our other stockholders or holders of our indebtedness do not view as beneficial.

DNI’s large concentration of stock ownership may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or discourage a third party from seeking to acquire us. AAny potential third-party acquirer would be requiredmost likely need to negotiate any such transaction with DNI, and the interests of DNI with respect to such transaction may be different from the interests of our other stockholders or with holders of our indebtedness.

Additionally, two of the Company’s directors serve as executive officers of DNI – Min Woo Nam (who also serves as Chairman of the Board, Chairman of the Compensation Committee and Chairman of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee of the Company) is the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors of DNI and Choon Yul Yoo is the Chief Operating Officer of DNI. Each of Messrs. Nam and Yoo owe fiduciary duties to us and, in addition, have duties to DNI. As a result, these directors may face real or apparent conflicts of interest with respect to matters affecting both us and DNI.

Prior to May 20, 2019, DNI owned more than 50% of the outstanding shares of our common stock, which allowed us to elect to be treated as a “controlled company” under Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. As a “controlled company,” we were exempt from certain corporate governance requirements under the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules, including the requirement that we have a majority of independent directors on the Board of Directors and requirements with respect to compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees. Following the loss of “controlled company” status, we are required to phase in compliance with the Nasdaq corporate governance requirements over a one-year period. As of the date hereof, the Company is relying on the “phase-in” transition schedule with respect to the composition of the compensation committee and the nominating and corporate governance committee. The Board intends to cause both of these committees to consist solely of independent directors on or before May 20, 2020.

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders (except for causes of action arising under the federal securities laws), which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our amended and restated bylaws (the “Bylaws”) provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for:

These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. If a court were to find the exclusive forum provision in our Bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could seriously harm our business. For example, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware recently determined that the exclusive forum provision of federal district courts of the United States for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act is not enforceable. However, this decision is pending before the Delaware Supreme Court and could be overturned.

The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions could harm our stockholders’ investments and discourage them from suing our directors for breach of their fiduciary duties.

The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our certificate of incorporation, as restated, may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach of their fiduciary duties. They may also reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though an action, if successful, might benefit us and our stockholders. A stockholder’s investment may be harmed to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable. There is no pending litigation or proceeding naming any of our directors or officers as to which indemnification is being sought, nor are we aware of any pending or threatened litigation that may result in claims for indemnification by any director or officer.

There is a limited public market of our common stock.

There is a limited public market for our common stock. The average daily trading volume in our common stock during the 12 months ended December 31, 20192020 was approximately 75,00062,000 shares per day. We cannot provide assurances that a more active trading market will develop or be sustained. As a result of low trading volume in our common stock, the purchase or sale of a relatively small number of shares of our common stock could result in significant price fluctuations and it may be difficult for holders to sell their shares without depressing the market price of our common stock.

DNI, our largest stockholder, owned approximately 9.5 million shares of our common stock as of December 31, 20192020 and has the right to require us to register, from time to time, the resale ofregistered those shares with the SEC. IfSEC for resale. After our sale of shares of common stock in January 2021, DNI were to exercise its registration rights, itsowned approximately 10.1 million shares would becomeof our common stock. See “—Recent Developments—Equity offering” for more information on the sale of shares of common stock. Its shares became eligible for resale upon registration without restriction as to volume limitations. Our stock price could suffer a significant decline as a result of any sudden increase in the number of shares sold in the public market or market perception that the increased number of shares available for sale will exceed the demand for our common stock.

We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future, as we anticipate that we will invest future earnings in the development and growth of our business. Therefore, holders of our common stock will not receive any return on their investment unless they sell their securities, and holders may be unable to sell their securities on favorable terms or at all.

General Risk Factors

We may need additional capital, and we cannot be certain that additional financing will be available.

In January 2021, we raised approximately $60.2 million in an equity offering. Refer to Note 17, Subsequent Events, in the consolidated financial statements, for more detail. We need sufficient capital to fund our ongoing operations and may require additional financing in the future to expand our business, acquire assets or repay or refinance our existing debt. Our ability to obtain financing will depend, among other things, on our development efforts, business plans, operating performance and condition of the capital markets at the time we seek financing. We cannot assure you that additional financing will be available to us on favorable terms when required, or at all. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to the rights of our common stock, and our stockholders may experience dilution.

If we need additional capital and cannot raise it on acceptable terms, we may not be able to, among other things: (i) maintain existing operations; (ii) pay ordinary expenses; (iii) fund our business expansion or product innovation; (iv) pursue future business opportunities, including acquisitions; (v) respond to unanticipated capital requirements; (vi) repay or refinance our existing debt; (vii) hire, train and retain employees; or (viii) respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements.

Our failure to do any of these things could seriously harm our business, financial condition, liquidity and operating results. In addition, we may be required to reduce the scope of our planned product development and sales and marketing efforts beyond the reductions that we have previously taken, and reduce operations in low margin regions, including reductions in headcount, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Our future operating results are difficult to predict and our stock price may continue to be volatile.

As a result of a variety of factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our revenues for a particular quarter are difficult to predict. Our revenue and operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter due to a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control. The primary factors that could affect our results of operations include the following: (i) commercial acceptance of our products and services; (ii) fluctuations in demand for network access products; (iii) fluctuation in gross margin; (iv) our ability to attract and retain qualified and key personnel; (v) the timing and size of orders from customers; (vi) the ability of our customers to finance their purchase of our products as well as their own operations; (vii) new product introductions, enhancements or announcements by our competitors; (viii) our ability to develop, introduce and ship new products and product enhancements that meet customer requirements in a timely manner; (ix) changes in our pricing policies or the pricing policies of our competitors; (x) the loss of or failure to renew on commercially reasonable terms any third-party licenses necessary for or relating to our products; (xi) the ability of our company and our contract manufacturers to attain and maintain production volumes and quality levels for our products; (xii) our ability to obtain sufficient supplies of sole or limited source components; (xiii) increases in the prices of the components we purchase, or quality problems associated with these components; (xiv) unanticipated changes in regulatory requirements which may require us to redesign portions of our products; (xv) changes in accounting rules; (xvi) integrating and operating any acquired businesses; (xvii) our ability to achieve targeted cost reductions; (xviii) how well we execute on our strategy and operating plans; (xix) general economic conditions as

well as those specific to the communications, internet and related industries; and (xx) the economic uncertainty created by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, including its potentially adverse impact on all the foregoing factors.

Any of the foregoing factors, or any other factors discussed elsewhere herein, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity that could adversely affect our stock price.  Further, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in severe disruption and volatility in the financial markets.  We anticipate that our stock price and trading volume may continue to be volatile in the future, whether due to the factors described above, volatility in public stock markets generally (particularly in the technology sector) or otherwise.

Strategic acquisitions or investments that we have made or that we could pursue or make in the future may disrupt our operations and harm our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

As part of our business strategy, we have made investments in and acquired other companies, including Optelian and RIFT in 2021 and Keymile in 2019, that we believe are complementary to our core business. In the future we may continue to make investments in or acquire other companies or complementary solutions or technologies. Any such acquisition or investment may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating, and pursuing suitable opportunities, whether or not the transactions are completed, and may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. These transactions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities, the incurrence of debt or assumption of liabilities, and increase our risk of litigation exposure, which could adversely affect our operating results. In addition, if the resulting business from such a transaction fails to meet our expectations, our operating results, business, and financial condition may suffer or we may be exposed to unknown risks or liabilities.

Additionally, any significant acquisition would require the consent of our lenders. Any failure to receive such consent could delay or prohibit us from acquiring companies that we believe could enhance our business. Furthermore, we may dedicate significant time and capital resources in the pursuit of acquisition opportunities and may be unable to find and identify desirable acquisition targets or business opportunities or be successful in entering into an agreement with any particular strategic partner.

Upon the closing of any acquisition transaction, we will need to integrate the acquired organization and its products and services with our legacy operations. The integration process may be expensive, time-consuming and a strain on our resources and our relationships with employees, customers, distributors and suppliers, and ultimately may not be successful. The benefits or synergies we may expect from the acquisition of complementary or supplementary businesses may not be realized to the extent or in the time frame we initially anticipated. Mergers and acquisitions of high-technology companies are inherently subject to increased risk and to many factors outside of our control, and we cannot be certain that our previous or future acquisitions will be successful and will not materially adversely affect our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Any failure to successfully acquire and integrate acquired organizations and their products and services could seriously harm our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Some of the risks that could affect our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses, including Optelian and DZS GmbH’s telecommunication systems business, include those associated with: (i) failure to successfully further develop the acquired products or technology; (ii) insufficient revenues to offset increased expenses associated with acquisitions and where competitors in such markets have stronger market positions; (iii) conforming the acquired company’s standards, policies, processes, procedures and controls with our operations; (iv) difficulties in entering markets in which we have no or limited prior experience; (v) difficulties in integrating the operations, technologies, products and personnel of the acquired companies; (vi) coordinating new product and process development, especially with respect to highly complex technologies; (vii) potential loss of key employees, customers, distributors, vendors and other business partners of the companies we acquire following and continuing after the announcement of acquisition plans or transactions; (viii) hiring and training additional management and other critical personnel; (ix) in the case of foreign acquisitions, the need to integrate operations across different cultures and languages and to address the particular economic, currency, political and regulatory risks associated with specific countries; (x) increasing the scope, geographic diversity and complexity of our operations; (xi) diversion of management’s time and attention away from normal daily operations of the business and the challenges of managing larger and more widespread operations resulting from acquisitions; (xii) consolidation of facilities, integration of the acquired company’s accounting, human resource and other administrative functions and coordination of product, engineering and sales and marketing functions; (xiii) the geographic distance between the companies; (xiv) failure to comply with covenants related to the acquired business; (xv) unknown, underestimated, and/or undisclosed liabilities for activities of the acquired company before the acquisition, including patent and trademark infringement claims, violations of laws, employment claims, pension liabilities, commercial disputes, tax liabilities and other known and unknown liabilities; (xvi) litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired company, including claims for terminated employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties; and (xvii) the disruption, economic and otherwise, created by the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, including its potentially compounding effect on all the foregoing factors.

If demand for our products and solutions does not develop as we anticipate, then our business operations, financial condition, and liquidity will be adversely affected.

Our future revenue depends significantly on our ability to successfully develop, enhance and market our products and solutions to our target markets. Most network service providers have made substantial investments in their current infrastructure, and they may elect to remain with their current architectures or to adopt new architectures in limited stages or over extended periods of time. A decision by a customer to purchase our products will involve a significant capital investment. We must convince our service provider customers that they will achieve substantial benefits by deploying our products for future upgrades or expansions. We may experience difficulties with product reliability, partnering, and sales and marketing efforts that could adversely affect our business and divert management attention and resources from our core business. We do not know whether a viable market for our products and solutions will develop or be sustainable in our businesses. If these markets do not develop or develop more slowly than we expect, including as a result of conditions created by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity will be materially harmed.

Increased tariffs on products and goods that we purchase from off-shore sources (particularly Chinese sources) and changes in international trade policies and relations could have an adverse effect on our customers and operating results.

The pricing of our products to customers and our ability to conduct business with certain customers can be affected by changes in U.S. and other countries’ trade policies. For example, before the trade deal was signed between the U.S. and China on January 15, 2020, the United States had imposed tariffs on a wide-range of products and goods manufactured in China that are directly or indirectly imported into the United States. In response, various countries and economic regions announced plans or intentions to impose retaliatory tariffs on a wide-range of products they import from the United States. Any newly imposed, announced and threatened U.S. tariffs and retaliatory tariffs could have the effect of increasing the cost of materials we use to manufacture certain products, which could result in lower margins. The tariffs could also result in disruptions to our supply chain, as suppliers struggle to fill orders from companies trying to purchase goods in bulk ahead of announced tariffs. Although we believe that the incremental costs to us of these tariffs were immaterial, if new tariffs are imposed or if new tariffs apply to additional categories of components used in our manufacturing activities, and if we are unable to pass on the costs of tariffs to our customers, our operating results would be harmed.

Governmental policy changes regarding tariffs could shift under the new United States presidential administration.  The administration has signaled that it will take a measured approach, considering all factors, and considering all options.  As a result, no clear indication has yet been provided by the administration with regards to tariffs on Chinese and other imports.  For its part, China has called for a reset in relations between the United States and China, though no clear policy proposals have yet been provided. Changes in political environments, governmental policies, international trade policies and relations, including as a result of tensions between the United States and China regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, trade practices and the protection of intellectual property rights, could result in revisions to laws or regulations or their interpretation and enforcement, trade sanctions, or retaliatory actions by China in response to U.S. actions, which could have an adverse effect on our customers, business plans and operating results.      

We rely on contract manufacturers for a portion of our manufacturing requirements.

We rely on contract manufacturers to perform a portion of the manufacturing operations for our products. These contract manufacturers build products for other companies, including our competitors. In addition, we do not have contracts in place with some of these providers and may not be able to effectively manage those relationships. We cannot be certain that our contract manufacturers will be able to fill our orders in a timely manner. We face a number of risks associated with this dependence on contract manufacturers including reduced control over delivery schedules, the potential lack of adequate capacity during periods of excess demand, poor manufacturing yields and high costs, quality assurance, increases in prices, and the potential misappropriation of our intellectual property. We have experienced in the past, and may experience in the future, problems with our contract manufacturers, such as inferior quality, insufficient quantities and late delivery of products.

A shortage of adequate component supply or manufacturing capacity could increase our costs or cause a delay in our ability to fulfill orders, and our failure to estimate customer demand properly could result in excess or obsolete component inventories that could adversely affect our gross margins.

Occasionally, we may experience a supply shortage, or a delay in receiving, certain component parts as a result of strong demand for the component parts and/or capacity constraints or other problems experienced by suppliers. If shortages or delays persist, the price of these components may increase, or the components may not be available at all, and we may also encounter shortages if we do not accurately anticipate our needs. Conversely, we may not be able to secure enough components at reasonable prices or of acceptable quality to build new products in a timely manner in the quantities or configurations needed. Accordingly, our revenue and gross margins could suffer until other sources can be developed. Our operating results would also be adversely affected if, anticipating greater demand than actually develops, we commit to the purchase of more components than we need. Furthermore, as a result of binding price or purchase commitments with suppliers, we may be obligated to purchase components at prices that are higher than those available in the current market. In the event that we become committed to purchase components at prices in excess of the current market price, our gross margins could decrease. In the past we experienced component shortages that adversely affected our financial results and, in the future, may continue to experience component shortages.

The loss of a key customer or a significant deterioration in the financial condition of a key customer could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

The Company’s revenue is dependent on several key customers. A loss of one or more of the Company’s key customers, or a dispute or litigation with one of these key customers could affect adversely our revenue and results of operations. A significant deterioration in the financial condition or bankruptcy filing of a key customer could affect adversely the Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition.

In addition, the Company is subject to credit risk associated with the concentration of accounts receivable from its key customers. As of December 31, 2020, two customers represented 17% and 16% of net accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2020, the Company has an allowance for doubtful account of $3.1 million related to one customer. If one or more of the Company’s top customers were to become bankrupt or insolvent or otherwise were unable to pay for the products and services provided by the Company, including as a result of conditions created by the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, the Company may incur significant write-offs of accounts receivable or incur other impairment charges, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

We have experienced significant turnover with respect to our executives and our board, and our business could be adversely affected by these and other transitions in our senior management team or if any future vacancies cannot be filled with qualified replacements in a timely manner.

We have experienced significant turnover on our executive team and board since 2018.  As a result of this turnover, our remaining management team has been required to take on increased responsibilities, which could divert attention from key business areas.  If we continue to experience similar turnover in the future, we may be unable to timely replace the talent and skills of our management team and directors.  

Management transitions are often difficult and inherently cause some loss of institutional knowledge, which could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our ability to execute our business strategies may be adversely affected by the uncertainty associated with these transitions and the time and attention from the board and management needed to fill any future vacant roles could disrupt our business. If we are unable to successfully identify and attract adequate replacements for future vacancies in our management roles in a timely manner, we could experience increased employee turnover and harm to our business, growth, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We face significant competition for executives with the qualifications and experience we seek.

Further, we cannot guarantee that we will not face similar turnover in the future. Our senior management’s knowledge of our business and industry would be difficult to replace, and any further turnover could negatively affect our business, growth, financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows.

Decreased effectiveness of share-based compensation could adversely affect our ability to attract and retain employees.

We have historically used equity incentives, including stock options, as a key component of our employee compensation program in order to align the interests of our employees with the interests of our stockholders, encourage employee retention and provide competitive compensation and benefit packages. If the trading price of our common stock declines, this would reduce the value of our share-based compensation to our present employees and could adversely affect our ability to retain existing or attract prospective employees.  Difficulties relating to obtaining stockholder approval of equity compensation plans could also make it harder or more expensive for us to grant share-based payments to employees in the future.

Our success largely depends on our ability to retain and recruit key personnel, and any failure to do so could harm our ability to meet key objectives.

Our future success depends upon the continued services of our Chief Executive Officer and other key employees, and our ability to identify, attract and retain highly skilled technical, managerial, sales and marketing personnel who have critical industry experience and relationships that we rely on to build and operate our business.  As discussed elsewhere in these Risk Factors, we have experienced significant turnover on our executive team and board since 2018, including the departures of our former Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer.  The loss of the services of any of our key employees or executive officers could delay the development and production of our products and negatively impact our ability to maintain customer relationships, which could harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. Moreover, our historical inability to attract and retain sufficient qualified accounting personnel with expertise in U.S. GAAP has adversely affected our ability to maintain an effective system of internal controls and our ability to produce reliable financial reports, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

Our collection, processing, storage, use, and transmission of personal data could give rise to liabilities as a result of governmental regulation, increasing legal requirements.

We collect, process, store, use, and transmit personal data on a daily basis. Personal data is increasingly subject to legal and regulatory protections around the world, which vary widely in approach and which possibly conflict with one another. In recent

years, for example, U.S. legislators and regulatory agencies, such as the Federal Trade Commission, as well as U.S. states have increased their focus on protecting personal data by law and regulation and have increased enforcement actions for violations of privacy and data protection requirements. The State of California recently adopted the California Consumer Protection Act (“CCPA”), which went into effect on January 1, 2020. The European Commission also approved and adopted the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), a data protection law, which became effective in May 2018. These data protection laws and regulations are intended to protect the privacy and security of personal data that is collected, processed, and transmitted in or from the relevant jurisdiction.  Both the CCPA and the GDPR established new requirements applicable to the processing of personal data, afford new data protection rights to individuals and impose significant penalties for data breaches. Individuals also have a right to compensation under the GDPR for financial or non-financial losses.  In July 2020, the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield framework which allowed U.S. companies that self-certify to the U.S. Department of Commerce and publicly commit to comply with specified requirements to import personal data from the EU was invalidated as a GDPR compliance mechanism by the European Court of Justice (“ECJ”). These developments create some uncertainty. Ensuring compliance with these laws is an ongoing commitment that involves substantial costs, which could otherwise adversely affect our business operations and negatively impact our financial position or cash flows.  Any failure to comply with applicable regulations could also result in regulatory enforcement actions against us, subject us to negative publicity and significant penalties and ultimately cause an adverse effect on our business.

If we experience a significant disruption in, or breach in security of, our information technology systems, our business could be adversely affected.

We rely on several centralized information technology systems to provide products and services, maintain financial records, process orders, manage inventory, process shipments to customers and operate other critical functions. If we experience a prolonged system disruption in the information technology systems that involve our interactions with customers or suppliers, it could result in the loss of sales and customers and significant incremental costs, which could adversely affect our business. In addition, our information technology systems could be susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to power outages, hardware failures, computer viruses, attacks by computer hackers, telecommunication failures, user errors, catastrophes or other unforeseen events. Furthermore, security breaches of our information technology systems could result in the misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information belonging to the company or our employees, partners, customers or suppliers, which could result in significant financial, legal or reputational damage to the Company.  In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a large portion of our workforce is working remotely, and such remote working could exacerbate any of the foregoing risks.

Compliance or the failure to comply with current and future environmental regulations could cause us significant expense.

We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and foreign environmental regulations. If we fail to comply with any present or future regulations, we could be subject to liabilities, the suspension of production or prohibitions on the sale of our products. In addition, such regulations could require us to incur other significant expenses to comply with environmental regulations, including expenses associated with the redesign of any non-compliant product. From time to time new regulations are enacted, and it is difficult to anticipate how such regulations will be implemented and enforced and the impact that they could have on our operations or results. For example, in 2003 the European Union enacted the Restriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive, for implementation in European Union member states. We are aware of similar legislation that is currently in force or has been considered in the U. S., as well as other countries, such as Japan and China. Implementation of and compliance with these laws may be costly or could otherwise adversely affect our business operations, which could negatively impact our financial position or cash flows.  Our failure to comply with any such regulatory requirements or contractual obligations could result in us being liable for costs, fines, penalties or third-party claims, and could jeopardize our ability to conduct business in countries or jurisdictions where such regulations apply.

Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar laws associated with our international activities could subject us to significant civil or criminal penalties.

Failure to comply with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act could subject us to significant civil or criminal penalties. A significant portion of our revenues is generated from sales outside of the United States. As a result, we are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”). The FCPA generally prohibits U.S. companies and their intermediaries from making corrupt payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment and requires companies to maintain adequate record-keeping and internal accounting practices to accurately reflect the transactions of the company. The FCPA applies to companies, individual directors, officers, employees and agents. Under the FCPA, U.S. companies may be held liable for the corrupt actions taken by employees, strategic or local partners or other representatives. If we or our intermediaries fail to comply with the requirements of the FCPA or similar legislation, governmental authorities in the U.S. and elsewhere could seek to impose civil and/or criminal fines and penalties which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.

Our business and future operating results are subject to global economic and market conditions.

Market turbulence and weak economic conditions, including those caused by the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, as well as concerns about energy costs, geopolitical issues, the availability and cost of credit, business and consumer confidence, and unemployment could impact our business in a number of ways, including:

Potential deferment of purchases and orders by customers: Uncertainty about global economic conditions could cause consumers, businesses and governments to defer purchases in response to flat revenue budgets, tighter credit, decreased cash availability and weak consumer confidence. Accordingly, future demand for our products could differ materially from our current expectations.

Customers’ inability to obtain financing to make purchases and/or maintain their business: Some of our customers require substantial financing in order to finance their business operations, including capital expenditures on new equipment and equipment upgrades, and make purchases from us. The potential inability of these customers to access the capital needed to finance purchases of our products and meet their payment obligations to us could adversely impact our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. While we monitor these situations carefully and attempt to take appropriate measures to protect ourselves, including factoring credit arrangements to financial institutions, it is possible that we may have to defer revenue until cash is collected or write-down or write-off uncollectible accounts. Such write-downs or write-offs, if large, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. If our customers become insolvent due to market and economic conditions or otherwise, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Negative impact from increased financial pressures on third-party dealers, distributors and retailers: We make sales in certain regions through third-party dealers, distributors and retailers. These third parties may be impacted, among other things, by a significant decrease in available credit. If credit pressures or other financial difficulties result in insolvency for these third parties and we are unable to successfully transition end customers to purchase our products from other third parties, or from us directly, it could adversely impact our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Negative impact from increased financial pressures on key suppliers: Our ability to meet customers’ demands depends, in part, on our ability to obtain timely and adequate delivery of quality materials, parts and components from our suppliers. Certain of our components are available only from a single source or limited sources. If certain key suppliers were to become capacity constrained or insolvent, it could result in a reduction or interruption in supplies or a significant increase in the price of supplies and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, credit constraints of key suppliers could result in accelerated payment of accounts payable by us, impacting our cash flow.

We may experience material adverse impacts on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity as a result of weak or recessionary economic or market conditions in the United States, South Korea, Germany, or the rest of the world.

Natural disasters, public health crises, political crises, and other catastrophic events or other events outside of our control may damage our facilities or the facilities of third parties on which we depend, and could materially impact our supply chain and the operations of our customers and suppliers.

Our global headquarters are located in Plano, Texas and subject to disruption from natural causes beyond our control, including physical risks from tornados, severe storms, floods, other natural disaster or power shortages or outages that could disrupt operations or impair critical systems. Any of these disruptions or other events outside of our control could affect our business negatively, harming our operating results. In addition, in the event any of our facilities or the facilities of our suppliers, contract manufacturers, third-party service providers, or customers, is affected by natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, power shortages or outages, floods or monsoons, public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic to the extent not already occurring, political crises, such as terrorism, war, political instability or other conflict, or other events outside of our control, our business and operating results could suffer. Disasters occurring at our or our vendors’ facilities also could impact our reputation.

Any of the foregoing events may have the effect of disrupting our supply chain, which could harm our business, financial condition results of operations.  Illness, travel restrictions, absenteeism, or other workforce disruptions could negatively affect our supply chain, manufacturing, distribution, or other business processes. We may face additional production disruptions in the future, which may place constraints on our ability to produce products in a timely manner or may increase our costs.

Future issuances of additional equity securities could result in dilution of existing stockholders’ equity ownership.

We may determine from time to time to issue additional equity securities (see “—Recent Developments—Equity offering” for details on the sale of shares of our common stock in January of 2021)to raise additional capital, to support growth, or, as we have in recent years, to make acquisitions. Further, we may issue stock options, grant restricted stock awards or other equity awards to retain, compensate and/or motivate our employees and directors. These issuances of our securities could dilute the voting and economic interests of existing stockholders.

None

We lease our worldwideOn August 1, 2020, the Company completed its relocation of its corporate headquarters which are located in Alameda, California. In March 2020, we announced that we entered into a lease infrom Oakland, California to Plano, Texas and that we will be relocating our corporateestablished a new U.S.-based Engineering Center of Excellence in Plano. On February 24, 2020, in connection with the planned relocation of the Company headquarters to Plano, the Company entered into two separate sublease agreements for office and our U.S. engineering center to that location during 2020. We intend to retainlaboratory space in our facility in Alameda, California.

Plano, Texas.  All three leases permit management to stipulate minimal construction and design preferences. We also lease facilities for office space in Seoul, South Korea as well as lease facilities for manufacturing, research and development purposes at locations in the United States including Seminole, Florida, and Alpharetta, Georgia, as well as Hannover, Germany, through the acquisition of Keymile. We maintain smaller offices to provide sales and customer support at various domestic and international locations. We manufacture many of our more complex products at our manufacturing facility in Florida. We believe that our existing facilities are suitable and adequate for our present purposes.

From time to time, the Company is subject to various legal proceedings, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business.  While the outcome of these matters is currently not determinable, the Company records an accrual for legal contingencies that it has determined to be probable to the extent that the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.  The Company does not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings could occur. If an unfavorable ruling were to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the results of operations and cash flows of the reporting period in which the ruling occurs, or future periods. 

Not applicable.

INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Set forth below is information concerning our executive officers as of December 31, 2019.2020.

Il Yung Kim has servedCharlie Vogt was appointed as ourthe President and Chief Executive Officer since September 11, 2017.of the DZS Inc., effective August 1, 2020. In addition, Mr. Kim joined us in connection with the Merger and has servedVogt was elected as a member of ourthe Board of Directors, since September 9, 2016 and as Co-Chief Executive Officer from September 9, 2016 to September 11, 2017, and Acting Chief Financial Officer from September 11, 2017 to Decemberalso effective August 1, 2017.  Prior to the Merger, Mr. Kim served as a consultant to DNI in2020.  In connection with the Merger.  From September 2014Mr. Vogt’s appointment, Il Yung Kim ceased to August 2016, Mr. Kim servedserve as President and Chief Executive Officer of TukTakDZS Inc. and as a member of the Board effective July 31, 2020. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Vogt was most recently President and Chief Executive Officer of ATX Networks, a leader in Korea, an online startupbroadband access and media distribution, where he led the company which enables people with creative talentsthrough extensive transformation and growth since February 2018 and will remain a member of the board. From July 2013 to collaborate and produce goods and services online. From December 2014 to August 2016, he alsoJanuary 2018, Mr. Vogt served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Imagine Communications, where he directed the company through change as it evolved its core technology, including large-scale restructuring and rebranding and multiple technology acquisitions as he implemented a strategic adviser for InMobi,vision and growth strategy. Before joining Imagine Communications, Mr. Vogt was President and Chief Executive Officer of GENBAND (today known as Ribbon Communications), where he transformed the company from a startup to a global mobile advertising platform provider. Previously, Mr. Kim held various positions with Korea Telecom, including Presidentleader in voice over IP and executive board member from 2013 to 2014,real-time IP communications solutions. His professional career has also included leadership roles at Taqua (Tekelec), Lucent Technology (Nokia), Ascend Communications (Lucent), ADTRAN, Motorola and Chief Strategy Officer from 2010 to 2013. Mr. Kim commenced his career with British Telecom (now known as BT Group plc) in 1982, where he held senior positions, including Vice President of Technology and Innovation and Programme Director and Head of Technology and Investment. Mr. Kim holds a Bachelor of Science (with Honors) in Electronic Engineering and a Master of Science Degree in Microwave and Modern Optics from University College, University of London.IBM.  

Thomas J. Cancro was appointed to the position of Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Treasurer on November 25, 2019. Mr. Cancro recently served as Controller of GE Global Research, General Electric Company’s technology research and IP-licensing business unit. Prior roles include executive positions at Verizon Communications Inc. (“Verizon”), including Chief Financial Officer of Verizon’s joint venture with AT&T Inc. and Deutsche Telekom AG, and an executive role in Verizon’s Treasury organization, where he advised the company as to capital markets strategy. He also served as Chief Accounting Officer and Corporate Controller of GFI Group Inc., a FinTech provider of wholesale brokerage services and SaaS software solutions (now a subsidiary of BGC Partners, Inc.), and as Senior Vice President and Corporate Controller of MasTec, Inc., a Fortune 500 telecommunications and energy infrastructure service provider. Mr. Cancro holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting from the Pennsylvania State University and began his career at PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. He is a Certified Public Accountant and also holds a CFA Charter.

Philip YimJustin K. Ferguson has served as our Chief OperatingLegal Officer and Corporate Secretary since August 2018.  Mr. Yim joined the Company in June 2017 as our Vice President of Engineering, and in August 2018 he was promoted to Chief Operating Officer. September 2020.  Prior to joining DZS, from 2018 to 2020, Mr. Yim held several global multinational executive leadership positions across global operations, marketing, development, business and sales, including asFerguson was the Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Global Program ManagementRibbon Communications Inc., a Nasdaq listed company that provides real time communications software and packet and optical transport solutions. Prior to joining Ribbon, from 2015 to 2018, Mr. Ferguson was the Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Zix Corporation, a Nasdaq listed company that provides email security solutions. From 2011 to 2015, Mr. Ferguson served as Senior Vice President—Director of Legal for Allied Telesis, Inc.GENBAND. Prior to GENBAND, he was an attorney at the law firms of Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP and Baker Botts L.L.P. Mr. Ferguson received a Juris Doctorate degree from February 2012 to May 2017.  Mr. Yim hasTexas Tech University School of Law and a BachelorBachelor's degree in Business Administration from Texas Tech University. He is a member of Engineering from the UniversityState Bar of Bradford in West Yorkshire, U.K.

Texas.

PART II

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “DZSI”.

As of March 11, 2020,4, 2021, we had 488496 registered stockholders of record. A substantially greater number of holders of DZS common stock are “street name” or beneficial holders, whose shares are held of record by banks, brokers or financial institutions.

Dividend Policy

We have never paid or declared any cash dividends on our common stock or other securities and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of the Board of Directors, subject to any applicable restrictions under our debt and credit agreements, and will be dependent upon our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business condition and such other factors as the Board of Directors may deem relevant.

Not Required

Overview

We are a global provider of ultra-broadband network access solutions and communications platforms deployed by advanced Tier 1, 2I, national, and 3regional service providers and enterprise customers. We operate in a single reporting segment. We research, develop, test, sell, manufacture and support communications equipment in five major areas:mobile transport and fixed broadband, which includes broadband access Ethernet switching, mobile fronthaul/backhaul, Passive Optical LAN and SDN/NFV solutions:connected premises, and Software and Services:

Our broadband access products offer a variety of solutions for carriers and service providers to connect residential and business customers, either using high-speed fiber or leveraging their existing deployed copper networks to offer broadband services to customer premises. Once our broadband access products are deployed, the service provider can offer voice, high-definition and ultra-high-definition video, high-speed internet access and business class services to their customers.

Going forward, our key financial objectives include the following:

Recent Developments

DNIOn March 8, 2021, DZS made the strategic decision, subject to the proper involvement of the employee representatives, to transition DZS GmbH to a sales and research and development center. Negotiations are being held with the works council in Germany on a reconciliation of interests and a social plan. DZS GmbH is expecting to reduce headcount by approximately 100 employees. 

On March 5, 2020, DASAN Network Solutions,4, 2021, we announced our acquisition of the business of RIFT, Inc., a corporation organized undernetwork automation solutions company.

On February 5, 2021, we acquired Optelian Access Networks Corporation, a leading optical networking solution provider based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and its portfolio of optical transport solutions.  

On January 26, 2021, we entered into an underwriting agreement to sell 4.6 million shares of Common Stock (including 0.6 million shares issued pursuant to the lawsunderwriters’ option to purchase additional shares) at a price of $14.00 per share in an underwritten public offering. The equity offering closed on January 29, 2021 and resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $64.4 million and net proceeds, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, of approximately $60.2 million. We used a portion of the Republicnet proceeds from the equity offering to pay off the entire outstanding balance of Korea,debt with related parties.

Effective August 1, 2020, Charlie Vogt was appointed as the President and an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiaryChief Executive Officer of the Company.  In addition, Mr. Vogt was elected as a member of the Board, also effective August 1, 2020.  In connection with Mr. Vogt’s appointment, Il Yung Kim ceased to serve as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company (“DNS Korea”) entered intoand as a Loan Agreement with DNI, pursuantmember of the Board effective July 31, 2020. Prior to which DNS Korea borrowed KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million USD) from DNI (the “March 2020 DNI Loan”). DNS Korea will fully loan such borrowed funds tojoining the Company, which will be usedMr. Vogt was most recently President and Chief Executive Officer of ATX Networks, a leader in broadband access and media distribution, where he led the company through extensive transformation and growth since February 2018 and where he remains a member of the board. From July 2013 to repayJanuary 2018, Mr. Vogt served as President and terminateChief Executive Officer of Imagine Communications, where he directed the PNC Credit Facilities.

Relocationcompany through change as it evolved its core technology, including large-scale restructuring and rebranding and multiple technology acquisitions as he implemented a vision and growth strategy. Before joining Imagine Communications, Mr. Vogt was President and Chief Executive Officer of Corporation HeadquartersGENBAND (today known as Ribbon Communications), where he transformed the company from a startup to a global leader in voice over IP and New Facilities in Alameda, Californiareal-time IP communications solutions. His professional career has also included leadership roles at Taqua (Tekelec), Lucent Technology (Nokia), Ascend Communications (Lucent), ADTRAN, Motorola and IBM.  

On March 2,August 1, 2020, the Company announced its plans to relocatecompleted the relocation of its corporate headquarters from California to Plano, Texas and establish a new U.S.-based Engineering Center of Excellence in Plano.Texas. In connection with the planned relocation, the Company entered into sublease agreements with Huawei Technologies, Inc. and Futurewei Technologies, Inc. to sublease an aggregate of approximately 16,300 square feet located at Legacy Place, 5700 Tennyson Parkway, Plano, Texas.

On July 9, 2019,In September 2020, the Company entered into a lease agreement with Family Stations, Inc. to leasefor approximately 16,500 10,300 square feet of additional office space at its headquarters in Plano, TX.  The Company retains 16,500 square feet of leased space located at 1350 South Loop Road,in Alameda, California. The Alameda location will replace the Company’s current facilities in Oakland, California.

Appointment of New Chief Financial Officer

On November 25, 2019, the Company appointed Thomas J. Cancro to the position of Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Treasurer. Mr. Cancro recently served as Controller of GE Global Research, General Electric Company’s technology research and IP-licensing business unit. Prior roles include executive positions at Verizon Communications Inc. (“Verizon”), including Chief Financial Officer of Verizon’s joint venture with AT&T Inc. and Deutsche Telekom AG, and an executive role in Verizon’s Treasury organization, where he advised the company as to capital markets strategy. He also served as Chief Accounting Officer and Corporate Controller of GFI Group Inc., a FinTech provider of wholesale brokerage services and SaaS software solutions (now a subsidiary of BGC Partners, Inc.), and as Senior Vice President and Corporate Controller of MasTec, Inc., a Fortune 500 telecommunications and energy infrastructure service provider. Mr. Cancro holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting from the Pennsylvania State University and began his career at PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. He is a Certified Public Accountant and also holds a CFA Charter.

Keymile Acquisition

On January 3, 2019, ZTI Merger Subsidiary III Inc., a Delaware corporation and our wholly owned subsidiary, acquired all of the outstanding shares of Keymile GmbH, a limited liability company organized under the laws of Germany (“Keymile”), from Riverside KM Beteiligung GmbH, also a limited liability company organized under the laws of Germany (“Riverside”), pursuant to a share purchase agreement.  The Company refers to this transaction as the “Keymile Acquisition.” The aggregate cash purchase price paid for all of the shares of Keymile and certain of its subsidiaries was EUR 10,250,000 ($11.8 million), which was paid with a combination of cash, a loan from DNI, and a draw under our Wells Fargo Bank (“Wells Fargo”) credit facility (as amended, the “Wells Fargo Facility”). Following the closing of the Keymile Acquisition, Keymile became our indirect wholly owned subsidiary.

Keymile is a leading solution provider and manufacturer of telecommunication systems for broadband access. The Company believes the Keymile Acquisition complements and strengthens our portfolio of broadband access solutions, which now includes a series of multi-service access platforms, including ultra-fast broadband copper access based on very-high-bit-rate DSL (“VDSL/Vectoring”) & G. Fast technology.

DZS Japan

On July 31, 2019, the Company acquired the remaining 30.9% non-controlling interest of DZS Japan, Inc. (“DZS Japan”), and DZS Japan became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. The Company acquired the remaining interest in DZS Japan for total cash consideration of $950,000, consisting entirely of payments to the former shareholder (Handysoft).

Trends and Uncertainties

In December 2019, a strain of coronavirus, now known as COVID-19, was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China, resulting in increased travel restrictions and the extended shutdown of certain businesses in the region and within Greater China. Since that time, other countries including the United States, South Korea, Italywidespread and Japan have experienced widespread or sustained transmission of the virus and there is a risk that the virus will continue to spread to additional countries.

The Company relies on suppliers and contract manufacturers located in China and has significant business operations in South Korea and Japan. The outbreak has had a significant impact on our first quarter 2020 results, as we have experienced a negative impact on our Chinese supply chain and softer product demand in EMEA duereached global pandemic status. In response to the pandemic, many national and international health agencies have recommended, and many countries and state, provincial and local governments have implemented, various measures, including travel bans and restrictions, limitations on public and private gatherings, business closures or operating restrictions, social distancing, and shelter-in-place orders. The health effects of the virus. These effects include travel restrictions, business closures, public health concerns, and other actions affecting the supply of laborpandemic and the export of raw materialsabove measures taken in response thereto have had an effect on the global economy in general and finished products. If the virus continues to spread, the effects of the virus couldhas materially impacted and will likely continue to materially and adversely affect ourimpact the Company’s financial condition, and results of operations. If we are forced to arrange alternative manufacturing and supply sources, our cost of production could increase materially, negatively affecting our financial condition and results of operations

and cash flows. Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the virus and the worldwide response related thereto, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 outbreakpandemic on our business. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, the Company’s revenues declined relative to its prior expectations, in part due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the uncertainty around the future economic impact of the pandemic, the fair value measurements used in the Company’s impairment assessments could be negatively impacted and could result in future impairments of goodwill, intangibles and other long-lived assets.

The impact of a continued COVID-19 pandemic or sustained measures taken to limit or contain the outbreak could continue to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.operations, and cash flows.

As discussed further in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements below, the Company has a past-due receivables balance of $17.3 million from a customer in India, for which the Company recorded an allowance for doubtful accounts of $3.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2020, leaving a remaining unreserved accounts receivable balance of $14.2 million. If the Company’s efforts to collect the outstanding balance under the terms of the agreement are not successful, the Company may recognize an additional allowance for all, or substantially all, of the remaining $14.2 million balance in a future period.

Impact of Inflation and Changing PricePrices

The financial statements and related data presented herein have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. Although our operations are influenced by general economic conditions, we do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our results of operations during our fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

We list in the table below the historical consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) as a percentage of total net revenue for the periods indicated.

2020 COMPARED WITH 2019

Net Revenue

The following table presents our revenues by source (in millions):

Net revenue decreased 2.0% or $6.3 million to $300.6 million for 2020 compared to $306.9 million for 2019. The decrease in product revenue was primarily due to impacts from the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic in the first half of 2020, which resulted in disruptions to our supply chain, as well as decreased business operations by certain of our customers earlier in 2020, partially offset by increasing sales of fiber access products in the second half of 2020 and an increase in sales for our next generation mobile edge access transport and fixed broadband access solutions.

Service revenue represents revenue from maintenance and other services associated with product shipments. The decrease in service revenue was primarily related to a lower number of products under contract for maintenance and extended warranty.

Information about our net revenue by geography is summarized below (in millions):

The decrease in net revenue in the Americas was primarily due to a decline in the first half of the year primarily impacts from the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by increasing sales of fiber access products in the second half of 2020. The decline in net revenue within EMEA were due to lower sales of copper-based broadband access solutions as the industry shifts to fiber-based broadband solutions as well as the DZS exit from a lower margin contract manufacturing agreement. Increased sales in Asia was primarily driven by increase sales in South Korea and Japan, for our next generation mobile edge access transport and fixed broadband access solutions.

We anticipate that our results of operations in any given period may depend to a large extent on sales to a small number of large accounts. As a result, our revenue for any quarter may be subject to significant volatility based upon changes in orders from one or a small number of key customers.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit

Total cost of revenue decreased 1.5% to $203.8 million for 2020, compared to $206.8 million for 2019. Total cost of revenue was 67.8% of net revenue for 2020, compared to 67.4% of net revenue for 2019, which resulted in a decrease in gross profit percentage to 32.2% in 2020 from 32.6% in 2019. The decrease in total cost of revenue, was primarily due to the mix of products sold.

We expect that in the future our cost of revenue as a percentage of net revenue will vary depending on the geographic and product mix and average selling prices of products sold. In addition, continued competitive and economic pressures could cause us to reduce our prices, adjust the carrying values of our inventory, or record inventory expenses relating to discontinued products and excess or obsolete inventory.

Research and Product Development Expenses

Research and development expenses include personnel costs, outside contractor and consulting services, depreciation on lab equipment, costs of prototypes and overhead allocations. Research and product development expenses decreased by 2.7% to $37.5 million for 2020 compared to $38.5 million for 2019. The decrease was primarily due to decreased research and product development expenses which was due in part to lower headcount related costs, partially offset by higher outsourced costs.

We intend to continue to invest in research and product development to attain our strategic product development objectives, while seeking to manage the associated costs through expense controls.

Selling, Marketing, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses include personnel costs for sales, marketing, administration, finance, information technology, human resources and general management as well as legal and accounting expenses, rent, utilities, trade show expenses and related travel costs.

Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses increased 4.6% to $64.0 million for 2020 compared to $61.2 million for 2019. The increase in selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to the increase in allowance for doubtful accounts for one customer in India. Refer to Note 1 in the consolidated financial statements, for further details on the bad debt expense.

Restructuring and Other Charges

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded no restructuring and other charges compared to $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Intangible Asset and Goodwill Impairment Charge

During the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $6.5 million for DZS GmbH intangible assets as part of the Company’s evaluation for impairment, based on a triggering event for potential impairment. During the

fourth quarter of 2019, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $1.0 million for DZS GmbH goodwill as part of the Company’s 2019 annual evaluation of goodwill for impairment.

Interest Expense, net

Interest expense, net was $2.0 million and $3.5 million for 2020 and 2019, respectively. This decrease in interest expense was primarily related to lower average borrowings and borrowing rates during 2020.  

Loss on Debt Extinguishment

During March 2020, the Company paid the outstanding term loan borrowings in full and terminated the PNC Credit Facilities. In association with this debt repayment, the Company recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1.4 million. There was no debt extinguishment in 2019.

Other Income (Expense), net

Other income (expense) relates mainly to realized and unrealized foreign exchange gains and losses. Other expense, net was $3.7 million for 2020 compared to other income, net of $0.9 million in 2019. The main reason for the increase in other expense, net was due to foreign currency exchange losses in 2020.

Income Tax Provision (Benefit)

We recorded an income tax expense of $3.5 million for 2020, roughly flat to the $3.6 million incurred in 2019. Despite consolidated net losses, we incur income tax expense due to taxable income generated in South Korea and Japan.

OTHER PERFORMANCE MEASURES

In managing our business and assessing our financial performance, we supplement the information provided by our U.S. GAAP results with adjusted earnings before stock-based compensation, interest, taxes, and depreciation, or Adjusted EBITDA, a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) plus (i) interest expense, net, (ii) provision (benefit) for taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) stock-based compensation, and (v) the impact of material transactions or events that we believe are not indicative of our core operating performance, such as merger and acquisition transaction costs, inventory valuation step-up amortization, purchase price adjustments, restructuring and other charges, goodwill impairment, bargain purchase gain, gain (loss) on sale of assets, impairment of long-lived assets or loss on debt extinguishment, bad debt expense related to a large customer in India, any of which may or may not be recurring in nature. We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA enhances the usefulness of our financial information by presenting a measure that management uses internally to monitor and evaluate our operating performance and to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies. We believe Adjusted EBITDA also assists investors and analysts in comparing our performance across reporting periods on a consistent basis because it excludes the impact of items that we do not believe reflect our core operating performance.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool. Some of these limitations are:

Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss) or any other performance measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP or as a measure of liquidity. Management understands these limitations and compensates for these limitations by relying primarily on our U.S. GAAP results and using Adjusted EBITDA only as a supplemental measure.

Set forth below is a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA, which we consider to be the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):

* Refer to Note 1 in the consolidated financial statements, for further details on the bad debt expense.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our operations have historically and continue to be financed through a combination of our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash generated in the business, borrowings, and sales of equity.

The following table summarizes the information regarding our cash and cash equivalents and working capital (in thousands):

The Company had a net loss of $23.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 and net loss of $13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.

As of December 31, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $52.3 million and working capital of $123.3 million. As of December 31, 2020, we had $45.2 million in cash and cash equivalents, which included $32.2 million in cash balances held by our international subsidiaries, and $43.6 million in aggregate principal debt. On January 29, 2021, the Company closed an equity offering and resulted in gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $64.4 million and net proceeds, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, of approximately $60.2 million. We used a portion of the net proceeds from the equity offering to pay off the entire outstanding balance of debt with related parties.

We continue to focus on cost management, operating efficiency and restrictions on discretionary spending. In addition, if necessary, we may sell assets, issue debt or equity securities or purchase credit insurance. We may also rationalize the number of products we sell, adjust our manufacturing footprint, and reduce our operations in low margin regions, including reductions in headcount. Based on our current plans and current business conditions, we believe that these measures along with our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to satisfy our anticipated cash requirements for at least the next 12 months from the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our ability to meet our obligations as they become due in the ordinary course of business for the next 12 months will depend on our ability (i) to achieve forecasted results of operations, and (ii) continue to effectively manage working capital requirements. While we believe that we are likely to achieve forecasted results of operations if we are successful in implementing our business strategies, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic provides great uncertainty with respect to a potential impact on our future operations.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by (used in) by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $5.1 million and ($22.7) million, respectively.  The $27.8 million increase in cash provided by operating activities in 2020 was primarily due improved management of working capital compared to 2019.  

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2020 was $2.3 million and consists of purchases of property, plant and equipment, compared with $7.0 million of net cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2019 which consisted of purchases of property, plant and equipment and the Keymile acquisition.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities totaled $17.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 and consisted primarily of proceeds from borrowings of $32.1 million, proceeds from factored accounts receivable of $11.6 million and proceeds from exercise of stock options and employee stock purchases of $3.7 million, partially offset by a net outflow associated with the repayment of short-term borrowings of $16.7 million and the repayment of long-term debt of $13.1 million. This compared to cash provided by financing activities of $28.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2019.

Debt Facilities

DNI Loan

In February 2016, Dasan Network Solutions, Inc. (“DNS California”), a wholly-owned, direct subsidiary of the Company and the sole stockholder of DNS Korea, borrowed $1.8 million from Dasan Networks, Inc. (“DNI”) for capital investment with an interest rate of 4.6% per annum, payable quarterly. On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, the Company amended the terms of this loan to extend the repayment date to May 27, 2022. As of December 31, 2020, $1.8 million was outstanding.

In March 2018, DNS Korea borrowed KRW 6.5 billion ($5.8 million USD) from DNI of which KRW 5.0 billion ($4.5 million USD) was repaid on August 8, 2018. The loan bears interest at a rate of 4.6%. On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, we amended the terms of this loan to extend the repayment date to May 27, 2022. As of December 31, 2020, KRW 1.5 billion ($1.4 million USD) was outstanding.

In December 2018, we entered into a Loan Agreement with DNI for a $6.0 million term loan with an interest rate of 4.6% per annum.  On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, we amended the terms of the term loan to extend the repayment date until May 27, 2022 and to terminate any security granted to DNI with respect to such term loan. As of December 31, 2020, $6.0 million was outstanding.

The modifications resulting from the amendments described in the three preceding paragraphs were limited to the extension of the maturity dates and removal of the collateral on the outstanding term loans with DNI. There were no fees paid to DNI or external costs otherwise incurred in connection with these modifications.

On March 5, 2020, DNS Korea, the Company’s wholly-owned, indirect subsidiary entered into a Loan Agreement with DNI (the “March 2020 DNI Loan”). The March 2020 DNI Loan was negotiated and approved on behalf of the Company and its subsidiaries by a special committee of the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Special Committee”) consisting of directors determined to be independent from DNI. The March 2020 DNI Loan consists of a term loan in the amount of KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million USD) with interest payable semi-annually at an annual rate of 4.6% and maturing on March 11, 2022. No principal payments are due on the March 2020 DNI Loan until the maturity date, but DNS Korea may prepay the loan, or a portion thereof, without penalty. As of December 31, 2020, KRW 22.4 billion ($20.6 million USD) was outstanding.

As security for the March 2020 DNI Loan (and other existing loans between DNI and DNS Korea and/or DNS California), (i) DNS California, a wholly-owned, direct subsidiary of the Company and the sole stockholder of DNS Korea, agreed to pledge the outstanding shares of DNS Korea to DNI and (ii) DNS Korea granted a security interest in its personal property assets, accounts receivable and intellectual property assets to DNI. The March 2020 DNI Loan includes certain covenants consisting of financial reporting obligations, a maintenance covenant whereby DNS Korea agreed to maintain a minimum stockholders’ equity value in an amount equal to or greater than KRW 43.3 billion ($35.8 million), and customary events of default. If an event of default occurs and is not remedied within the applicable cure period, DNI will be entitled to take various actions, including requiring the immediate repayment of all outstanding amounts under the March 2020 DNI Loan and selling the shares or assets of DNS Korea.

DNS Korea loaned the funds borrowed under the March 2020 DNI Loan to the Company, and the Company used a portion of such funds to repay in full and terminate the PNC Credit Facilities, described below.

In February 2021, the Company paid off the entire outstanding balance of debt with DNI with proceeds of its issuance of shares of its common stock during January of 2021.

PNC Credit Facilities

In February 2019, the Company and ZTI (collectively, the “Borrowers”), and certain direct and indirect subsidiaries of the Borrowers, as guarantors, entered into a Revolving Credit, Term Loan, Guaranty and Security Agreement (the “Domestic Credit Agreement”) and an Export-Import Revolving Credit, Guaranty and Security Agreement (the “Ex-Im Credit Agreement,” and together with the Domestic Credit Agreement, the “Credit Agreements”), in each case with PNC Bank, National Association (“PNC”) and Citibank, N.A. as lenders, and PNC as agent for the lenders (the “PNC Credit Facilities”), which replaced the Company’s former senior secured credit facilities with Wells Fargo Bank (the “Former WFB Facility”). We refer to such transactions and the agreements referenced above as the “PNC Credit Facilities.”

The PNC Credit Facilities provided for a $25 million term loan and a $15 million revolving line of credit (including subfacilities for Ex-Im transactions, letters of credit and swing loans) with a $10 million incremental increase option. The amount the Company was able to borrow on the revolving line of credit at any time was based on eligible accounts receivable and other conditions, less certain reserves. Borrowings under the PNC Credit Facilities bore interest at a floating rate equal to either the PNC prime rate or the LIBOR rate for the applicable period, plus a margin that was based on the type of advance.

The Company used a portion of the funds borrowed from the term loan under the PNC Credit Facilities to (i) repay $5.0 million of existing related party indebtedness with DNI plus accrued interest, (ii) repay $1.5 million revolving line of credit outstanding balance plus accrued interest and fees and cash collateralize $3.6 million in outstanding letters of credit under the Former WFB Facility, and (iii) repay $5.6 million in short-term debt in Korea and Japan. The Company’s obligations under the PNC Credit Facilities were secured by substantially all of the personal property assets of the Company and its subsidiaries that were co-borrowers or guarantors under the PNC Credit Facilities, including their intellectual property.

The PNC Credit Facilities had a three-year term and were scheduled to mature on February 27, 2022. The PNC Credit Facilities contemplated repayment of the term loan in quarterly installments over the term of the loan, with the balance of the term loan and revolving line of credit due at maturity.

In July 2019, $4.4 million in outstanding borrowings under the revolving line of credit (which represented all outstanding borrowings under the revolving line of credit) was repaid in full and in March 2020, the Company paid the outstanding term loan borrowings in full and terminated the PNC Credit Facilities. In association with this debt repayment, the Company recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020.

Bank and Trade Facilities - Foreign Operations

On June 1, 2020, DZS Japan entered into an assignment agreement with JECC Corporation to factor JPY 1,258,822,828 (approximately $11.7 million) of accounts receivables from one of its customers. JECC assessed a discount equivalent to JPY 5,964,328 (approximately $0.05 million) (or approximately 0.474% of the amount factored, with a stated factoring rate of 1.575% based on the days remaining from factoring to expected receivable collection). DZS Japan received JPY 1,252,858,500 (approximately $11.65 million) on June 19, 2020. In accordance with ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing of Financial Assets, this agreement is accounted for as a secured borrowing. The collection of the underlying accounts receivable occurred during 2020 and there was no secured borrowing balance as of December 31, 2020.

Certain of our foreign subsidiaries have entered into various financing arrangements with foreign banks and other lending institutions consisting primarily of revolving lines of credit, trade facilities, term loans and export development loans. These facilities are renewed on an annual basis and are generally secured by a security interest in certain assets of the applicable foreign subsidiaries and supported by guarantees given by DNI or third parties. Payments under such facilities are made in accordance with the given lender’s amortization schedules.  

As of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had an aggregate outstanding balance of $13.8 million and $15.8 million, respectively, under such financing arrangements, and the interest rate per annum applicable to outstanding borrowings under these financing arrangements as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 ranged from 0% to 2.3% and 0% to 4.5%, respectively.

Future Requirements and Funding Sources

Our fixed commitments for cash expenditures consist primarily of payments under operating leases, inventory purchase commitments, and payments of principal and interest for debt obligations.

From time to time, we may provide or commit to extend credit or credit support to our customers. This financing may include extending the terms for product payments to customers. Any extension of financing to our customers will limit the capital that we have available for other uses.

Our accounts receivable, while not considered a primary source of liquidity, represent a concentration of credit risk because a significant portion of the accounts receivable balance at any point in time typically consists of a relatively small number of customer account balances. As of December 31, 2020, two customers accounted for 17% and 16%, respectively, of our net accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2020, the Company has an allowance for doubtful account of $3.1 million related to one customer. Refer to Refer to Note 1 Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for further detail. Our receivables from customers in countries other than the U.S represented 89% of accounts receivable. We do not currently have any material commitments for capital expenditures, or any other material commitments aside from operating leases for our facilities, inventory purchase commitments and debt.

Contractual Commitments and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

At December 31, 2020, our future contractual commitments by fiscal year were as follows (in thousands):

* In February 2021, we paid down the remaining long-term debt following the stock issuance in January 2021.

Operating Leases

Future minimum operating lease obligations in the table above include primarily payments for our office locations and manufacturing, research and development locations, which expire at various dates through 2025. See Note 13 “Leases” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion regarding our operating leases.

Purchase Commitments

The purchase commitments shown above represent non-cancellable inventory purchase commitments as of December 31, 2020. See Note 14 “Commitments and Contingencies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion regarding our purchase commitments.

Short-term and Long-term Debt

The debt obligation amount shown above represents scheduled principal repayments, but not the associated interest payments which may vary based on changes in market interest rates. See Note 7 “Debt” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion regarding our operating leases.

Postretirement obligations

The Company’s pension plan obligations are excluded, since the plan is unfunded, and the timing and amount of any cash payments are uncertain. Refer to Note 15 of the consolidated financial statement for more detailed.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The policies discussed below are considered by management to be critical because changes in such estimates can materially affect the amount of our reported net income or loss. For all of these policies, management cautions that actual results could differ materially from such estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenues when we transfer control of promised goods or services to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.

We generate revenue primarily from sales of products and services, including, extended warranty service and customer support. Our revenue from product sales is recognized at a point in time when control of the goods is transferred to our customers, generally occurring upon shipment or delivery, dependent upon the terms of the underlying contract. Our revenue from services is generally recognized over time on a ratable basis over the contract term, using an output measure of progress, as the contracts usually provide our customers equal benefit throughout the contract period. We typically invoice customers for support contracts in advance, for periods ranging from one (1) to five (5) years.

Our transaction price is calculated as selling price net of variable consideration. Our sales to certain distributors are made under arrangements which provide our distributors with volume discounts, price adjustments, and other allowances under certain circumstances. These adjustments and allowances are accounted for as variable consideration. To estimate variable consideration, we analyze historical data, channel inventory levels, current economic trends and changes in our customer demand for our products, among other factors. Historically, variable consideration has not been a significant component of our contracts with customers.

For contracts with customers that contain multiple performance obligations, we account for the promises separately as individual performance obligations if they are distinct. In determining whether performance obligations meet the criteria for being distinct, we consider a number of factors, including the degree of interrelation and interdependence between obligations and whether or not the good or service significantly modifies or transforms another good or service in the contract. After identifying the separate performance obligations, we allocate transaction price to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. Standalone selling prices for products are determined using either an adjusted market assessment or expected cost-plus margin. For customer support and extended warranty services, standalone selling price is primarily based on the prices charged to our customers on a standalone basis. Unsatisfied and partially unsatisfied performance obligations as of the end of the reporting period primarily consist of products and services for which our customer purchase orders have been accepted and that are in the process of being delivered.

We record contract assets when it haswe have a right to consideration and record accounts receivable when it haswe have an “unconditional”unconditional right to consideration. We record deferred revenue when cash payments received (or unconditional rights to receive cash) in advance of fulfilling our performance obligations.

Our payment terms vary by the type and location of our customer and the products or services offered. For certain products or services and customer types, we require payment before the products or services are delivered to the customer.

Allowances for Sales Returns and Doubtful Accounts

We record an allowance for sales returns for estimated future product returns related to current period product revenue. The allowance for sales returns is recorded as a reduction of revenue and accrued and other liabilities. We base our allowance for sales returns on periodic assessments of historical trends in product return rates and current approved returned products. If the actual future returns were to deviate from the historical data on which the reserve had been established, our future revenue could be adversely affected.

We record an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of customers to make payments for amounts owed to us. The allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded as a charge to general and administrative expenses. We base our allowance on periodic assessments of our customers’ liquidity and financial condition through analysis of information obtained from credit rating agencies, financial statement reviews and historical collection trends. Additional allowances may be required in the future if the liquidity or financial condition of our customers deteriorates, resulting in doubts about their ability to make payments.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost being determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. In assessing the net realizable value of inventories, we are required to make judgments as to future demand requirements and compare these with the current or committed inventory levels. Once inventory has been written down to its estimated net realizable value, its carrying value cannot be increased due to subsequent changes in demand forecasts. To the extent that a severe decline in forecasted demand occurs, or we experience a higher incidence of inventory obsolescence due to rapidly changing technology and customer requirements, we may incur significant charges for excess inventory. We also evaluate the terms of itsour agreements with itsour suppliers and establish accruals for estimated losses on adverse purchase commitments as necessary, applying the same lower of cost or net realizable value approach that is used to value inventory.

Goodwill and Other Acquisition-Related IntangibleLong-lived Assets

Goodwill and other acquisition-related intangible assets not subject to amortization are tested annually for impairment and are tested for impairment more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. The quantitative goodwill impairment test is a two-step process with step one requiring the comparison of the reporting unit's estimated fair value with the carrying amount of its net assets. If necessary, step two of the impairment test determines the amount of goodwill impairment to be recorded when the reporting unit's recorded net assets exceed its fair value.

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. Factors we considerthe Company considers important which could trigger an impairment review, include, but are not limited to, significant changes in the manner of use of its acquiredthe assets, significant changes in the strategy for the Company's overall business or significant negative economic trends. If this evaluation indicates that the value of an intangible asset may be impaired an assessment of the recoverability of the net carrying value of the asset over its remaining useful life is made. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to the future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future net undiscounted cash flows, an impairment expense is recognized in the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. If this assessment indicates that the cost of an intangible asset is not recoverable, based on the estimated undiscounted future cash flows or other comparable market valuations of the entity or technology acquired over the remaining amortization period, the net carrying value of the related intangible asset will be reduced to fair value and the remaining amortization period may be adjusted. An impairment loss is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the asset’s fair value.

In the application of impairment testing, we are required to make estimates of future operating trends and resulting cash flows and judgments on discount rates and other variables. Actual future results and other assumed variables could differ from these estimates.

Business Combination

We allocate the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. When determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management makes significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets and certain tangible assets such as inventory acquired in the transaction.

Critical estimates in valuing certain tangible and intangible assets include but are not limited to future expected cash flows from the underlying assets and discount rates. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates.

Income Tax

We use the asset and liability method to account for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and the income tax bases of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

We listThe Company does not recognize a tax benefit unless it concludes that it is more likely than not that the benefit will be sustained on audit by the taxing authority based solely on the technical merits of the associated tax position. If the recognition threshold is met, the Company recognizes a tax benefit measured at the largest amount of the tax benefit that, in the table below the historical consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) as a percentage of total net revenue for the periods indicated.

2019 COMPARED WITH 2018

Net Revenue

Company’s judgment, is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized. The following table presents our revenues by source (in millions):

Net revenue increased 8.7% or $24.6 million to $306.9 million for 2019 compared to $282.3 million for 2018. The increase in product revenue was primarily due to product lines added with the acquisition of KEYMILE.

Service revenue represents revenue from maintenanceCompany records interest and other services associated with product shipments. The increase in service revenue was primarilypenalties related to a greater number of products under contract for maintenanceuncertain tax positions in interest expense and extended warranty.in general and administrative expense, respectively.

Information about our net revenue by geography is summarized below (in millions):

Net revenue increased 8.7% or $24.6 million to $306.9 million for 2019 compared to $282.3 million for 2018. The increase in net revenue was primarily due to the acquisition of KEYMILE and, to a lesser extent, growth from the Middle East and Africa region, which more than offset the decline in North America. Across international markets, Asia-Pacific (including Korea) contributed approximately 53.4% of net revenue and EMEA contributed approximately 25.5% of net revenue in 2019, primarily due to the acquisition of KEYMILE. 

We anticipate that our results of operations in any given period may depend to a large extent on sales to a small number of large accounts. As a result, our revenue for any quarter may be subject to significant volatility based upon changes in orders from one or a small number of key customers.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit

Total cost of revenue increased 8.2% to $206.8 million for 2019, compared to $191.0 million for 2018. Total cost of revenue was 67.4% of net revenue for 2019, compared to 67.7% of net revenue for 2018, which resulted in an increase in gross profit percentage to 32.6% in 2019 from 32.3% in 2018. The increase in total cost of revenue, was primarily due to the acquisition of KEYMILE. The decrease in the total cost of revenue as a percentage of sales was primarily due to the mix of products sold.

We expect that in the future our cost of revenue as a percentage of net revenue will vary depending on the mix and average selling prices of products sold. In addition, continued competitive and economic pressures could cause us to reduce our prices, adjust the carrying values of our inventory, or record inventory expenses relating to discontinued products and excess or obsolete inventory.

Research and Product Development Expenses

Research and development expenses include personnel costs, outside contractor and consulting services, depreciation on lab equipment, costs of prototypes and overhead allocations. Research and product development expenses increased by 12.6% to $38.5 million for 2019 compared to $35.3 million for 2018. The increase was primarily due to research and product development expenses related to Keymile of $5.3 million, partially offset by a decrease in these expenses in the U.S. and Other Asia Pacific region, in part due to lower headcount related costs.

We intend to continue to invest in research and product development to attain our strategic product development objectives, while seeking to manage the associated costs through expense controls.

Selling, Marketing, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses include personnel costs for sales, marketing, administration, finance, information technology, human resources and general management as well as legal and accounting expenses, rent, utilities, trade show expenses and related travel costs.

Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses increased 26.7% to $61.2 million for 2019 compared to $48.3 million for 2018. The increase in selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to the inclusion of KEYMILE's operations in 2019.

Restructuring and Other Charges and Goodwill Impairment

During the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company recorded restructuring and other charges of $4.9 million consisting primarily of severance and other termination related benefits of $3.9 million, and an impairment charge of $1.0 million related to a right-of-use asset from an operating lease, associated with cost reductions implemented at KEYMILE. During the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company recorded an impairment of goodwill of $1.0 million associated with KEYMILE as part of the Company’s annual evaluation of goodwill for impairment.

Interest Expense, net

Interest expense, net was $3.5 million and $1.5 million for 2019 and 2018, respectively. This increase in interest expense was primarily related to higher average borrowings during 2019.

Other Income (Expense), net

Other income, net was $0.9 million for 2019 compared to Other expense, net of $1.1 million in 2018. The main reason for the increase in Other Income, net was due to foreign currency exchange gains in 2019 compared to foreign currency exchange losses in 2018.

Income Tax Provision (Benefit)

We recorded an income tax expense of $3.6 million for 2019 compared to $1.7 million for 2018. The increase in income tax expense was primarily due to taxable income generated in higher taxed jurisdictions, including Korea and Japan.

OTHER PERFORMANCE MEASURES

In managing our business and assessing our financial performance, we supplement the information provided by our U.S. GAAP results with adjusted earnings before stock-based compensation, interest, taxes, and depreciation, or Adjusted EBITDA, a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) plus (i) interest expense, net, (ii) provision (benefit) for taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) stock-based compensation, and (v) the impact of material transactions or events that we believe are not indicative of our core operating performance, such as restructuring and other charges, goodwill impairment, bargain purchase gain, any of which may or may not be recurring in nature. We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA enhances the usefulness of our financial information by presenting a measure that management uses internally to monitor and evaluate our operating performance and to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies. We believe Adjusted EBITDA also assists investors and analysts in comparing our performance across reporting periods on a consistent basis because it excludes the impact of items that we do not believe reflect our core operating performance.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool. Some of these limitations are:

Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss) or any other performance measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP or as a measure of liquidity. Management understands these limitations and compensates for these limitations by relying primarily on our U.S. GAAP results and using Adjusted EBITDA only as a supplemental measure.

Set forth below is a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA, which we consider to be the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our operations have historically and continue to be financed through a combination of our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash generated in the business, borrowings, and sales of equity.

The following table summarizes the information regarding our cash and cash equivalents and working capital (in thousands):

The Company had a net loss of $13.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and net income of $2.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018.

As of December 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of $29.2 million and working capital of $114.9 million. As of December 31, 2019, we had $28.7 million in cash and cash equivalents, which included $14.2 million in cash balances held by our international subsidiaries, and $38.0 million in aggregate debt. In addition, as of December 31, 2019, we had $4.5 million committed as security for letters of credit under our revolving credit facilities.

Our current lack of liquidity could harm us by:

However, we continue to focus on cost management, operating efficiency and restrictions on discretionary spending. In addition, if necessary, we may sell assets, issue debt or equity securities or purchase credit insurance. We may also reduce the scope of our planned product development, reduce sales and marketing efforts and reduce our operations in low margin regions, including reductions in headcount. Since December 31, 2019, and as described below under the header March 2020 DNI Loan, we entered into a Loan Agreement with DNI, and the Company intends to use a portion of such funds to repay in full and terminate the Company’s existing credit facility with PNC Bank. Based on our current plans and current business conditions, we believe that these measures along with our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to satisfy our anticipated cash requirements for at least the next twelve (12) months from the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our ability to meet our obligations as they become due in the ordinary course of business for the next twelve (12) months will depend on our ability (i) to achieve forecasted results of operations, (ii) access funds under new credit facilities and/or raise additional capital through sale of our common stock to the public, and (iii) effectively manage working capital requirements. If we cannot raise additional funds when we need or wants them, our operations and prospects could be negatively affected. We believe that we will achieve forecasted results of operations assumes that, among other things, we will continue to be successful in implementing its business strategy and that there will be no material adverse development in our business, liquidity or capital

requirements. If one or more of these factors do not occur as expected, it could cause us to fail to meet its obligations as they come due.

Operating Activities

Net cash used for operating activities was $22.7 million and $12.2 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively. The $10.5 million increase in cash used for operating activities in 2019 was primarily due to an increase of $7.5 million in our net loss (excluding non-cash items) compared to 2018, as well as a $3.0 million increase in cash used for working capital.  

Investing Activities

Cash flow used in investing activities of $7.0 million in 2019 consists primarily of the Keymile acquisition and purchases of property, plant and equipment, compared with $1.2 million of cash flow used in investing activities in 2018.

Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities totaled $28.0 million in 2019. and consisted primarily of proceeds from issuance of common stock of $42.5 million, as well as proceeds from borrowings of $25.0 million, partially offset by a net outflow associated with the repayment of short term borrowings of $20.1 million, the repayment of long term debt of $11.9 million, as well as the repayment of a related party loan of $5.0 million. This compared to cash provided by financing activities of $19.0 million in 2018.

Debt Facilities

DNI Loan

On March 5, 2020, DNS Korea, the Company’s wholly-owned, indirect subsidiary entered into a Loan Agreement with DNI (the “March 2020 DNI Loan”). The March 2020 DNI Loan was negotiated and approved on behalf of the Company and its subsidiaries by a special committee of the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Special Committee”) consisting of directors determined to be independent from DNI. The March 2020 DNI Loan consists of a term loan in the amount of KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million USD) with interest payable semi-annually at an annual rate of 4.6% and maturing on March 11, 2022. No principal payments are due on the March 2020 DNI Loan until the maturity date, but DNS Korea may prepay the loan, or a portion thereof, without penalty.

As security for the March 2020 DNI Loan (and other existing loans between DNI and DNS Korea and/or DNS California), (i) DNS California, a wholly-owned, direct subsidiary of the Company and the sole stockholder of DNS Korea, agreed to pledge the outstanding shares of DNS Korea to DNI and (ii) DNS Korea granted a security interest in its personal property assets, accounts receivable and intellectual property assets to DNI. The March 2020 DNI Loan includes certain covenants consisting of financial reporting obligations, a maintenance covenant whereby DNS Korea agreed to maintain a minimum stockholders’ equity value in an amount equal to or greater than KRW 43.3 billion ($35.8 million), and customary events of default. If an event of default occurs and is not remedied within the applicable cure period, DNI will be entitled to take various actions, including requiring the immediate repayment of all outstanding amounts under the March 2020 DNI Loan and selling the shares or assets of DNS Korea.

DNS Korea loaned the funds borrowed under the March 2020 DNI Loan to the Company, and the Company intends to use a portion of such funds to repay in full and terminate the PNC Credit Facilities, described below.

PNC Credit Facilities

On February 27, 2019, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries (as co-borrowers or guarantors) entered into that certain Revolving Credit, Term Loan, Guaranty and Security Agreement and that certain Export-Import Revolving Credit, Guaranty and Security Agreement, in each case with PNC Bank, National Association (“PNC Bank”) and Citibank, N.A. as lenders, and PNC as agent for the lenders. We refer to such transactions and the agreements referenced above as the “PNC Credit Facilities”.

The PNC Credit Facilities provided for a $25 million term loan and a $15 million revolving line of credit (including subfacilities for Ex-Im transactions, letters of credit and swing loans) with a $10 million incremental increase option. The amount the Company was able to borrow on the revolving line of credit at any time was based on eligible accounts receivable and other conditions, less certain reserves. Borrowings under the PNC Credit Facilities bore interest at a floating rate equal to either the PNC prime rate or the LIBOR rate for the applicable period, plus a margin that was based on the type of advance.

The Company used a portion of the funds borrowed from the term loan under the PNC Credit Facilities to (i) repay $5.0 million of existing related party indebtedness with DNI plus accrued interest, (ii) repay $1.5 million revolving line of credit outstanding balance plus accrued interest and fees and cash collateralize $3.6 million in outstanding letters of credit under the Company’s former senior secured credit facilities with Wells Fargo Bank (the “Former WFB Facility”), described below, and (iii) repay $5.6 million in short-term debt in Korea and Japan. The Company’s obligations under the PNC Credit Facilities were secured by substantially all of the personal property assets of the Company and its subsidiaries that were co-borrowers or guarantors under the PNC Credit Facilities, including their intellectual property.

The PNC Credit Facilities had a three-year term and were scheduled to mature on February 27, 2022. The PNC Credit Facilities contemplated repayment of the term loan in quarterly installments over the term of the loan, with the balance of the term loan and revolving line of credit due at maturity.

The PNC Credit Facilities had a three-year term and were scheduled to mature on February 27, 2022. The PNC Credit Facilities contemplated repayment of the term loan in quarterly installments over the term of the loan, with the balance of the term loan and revolving line of credit due at maturity. The interest rate on the term loan was 8.12% at December 31, 2019.  On July 2, 2019, $4.4 million in outstanding borrowings under the revolving line of credit (which represented all outstanding borrowings under the revolving line of credit) was repaid in full.

The PNC Credit Facilities contained certain covenants, limitations, and conditions with respect to the Company, including a maximum leverage ratio, a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, and a minimum liquidity covenant, as well as financial reporting obligations, and usual and customary events of default. At September 30, 2019, the Company was not in compliance with the maximum leverage ratio financial covenant in the PNC Credit Facilities, which represented an event of default thereunder. On November 8, 2019, the Company obtained a waiver of the foregoing event of default from PNC Bank. As a condition for the issuance of such waiver, the Company voluntarily prepaid $10.0 million of the outstanding term loan and paid a one-time fee of $150,000. The Company would have been in further breach of this financial covenant as of December 31, 2019. As discussed further in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, in March 2020, the Company entered into a term loan with DNI in the amount of KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million). The Company plans to use the proceeds of such loan to repay in full the PNC Credit Facilities, and thus does not expect to be in breach of its financial covenants for the period ended December 31, 2019. Covenants under the March 2020 DNI loan are significantly less restrictive than under the PNC Credit Facilities.

As of December 31, 2019, the Company had $13.1 million in outstanding term loan borrowings under the PNC Credit Facilities, and no outstanding borrowings under the revolving line of credit.  

Former Wells Fargo Bank Facility

On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, the Company repaid $1.5 million in principal amount of outstanding borrowings plus accrued interest and fees under the Former WFB Facility and cash collateralized $3.6 million in outstanding letters of credit under the Former WFB Facility and terminated the Former WFB Facility. Refer to footnote 7. Debt, of the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in this Form 10-K, for further details about the Former WFB Facility.  

Bank and Trade Facilities - Foreign Operations

Certain of our foreign subsidiaries have entered into various financing arrangements with foreign banks and other lending institutions consisting primarily of revolving lines of credit, trade facilities, term loans and export development loans. These facilities are renewed on an annual basis and are generally secured by a security interest in certain assets of the applicable foreign subsidiaries and supported by guarantees given by DNI or third parties. Payments under such facilities are made in accordance with the given lender’s amortization schedules.  As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had an aggregate outstanding balance of $15.8 million and $24.8 million, respectively, under such financing arrangements, and the interest rate per annum applicable to outstanding borrowings under these financing arrangements as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 ranged from 0% to 4.5% and 0% to 6.1%, respectively.

Related - Party Debt

In February 2016, DNS borrowed $1.8 million from DNI for capital investment with an interest rate of 4.6% per annum. On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, the Company amended the terms of this loan to extend the repayment date to May 27, 2022. As of December 31, 2019, the $1.8 million remained outstanding.

In September, 2016, the Company entered into a loan agreement with DNI for a $5.0 million unsecured subordinated term loan facility.  The term loan was scheduled to mature in September 2021 and was pre-payable at any time by the Company without premium or penalty. The interest rate under this facility was 4.6% per annum.  In February 2019, the Company repaid the term loan in full plus accrued interest in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, thereby terminating the loan agreement.

In March 2018, Dasan Network Solutions, Inc., a subsidiary of the Company incorporated under the laws of Korea (“DNS Korea”) borrowed $5.8 million from DNI, of which $4.5 million was repaid on August 8, 2018.  The loan bears interest at a rate of 4.6%. On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, the Company amended the terms of this loan to extend the repayment date to May 27, 2022. As of December 31, 2019, $1.3 million remained outstanding.

On December 27, 2018, the Company entered into a loan agreement with DNI, for a $6.0 million term loan with an interest rate of 4.6% per annum.  On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, the Company amended

the terms of the term loan to extend the repayment date to May 27, 2022 and to terminate any security granted to DNI with respect to such term loan. As of December 31, 2019, the $6.0 million remained outstanding.

The modifications resulting from the amendments described in the four preceding paragraphs were limited to the extension of the maturity dates and removal of the collateral on the outstanding term loans with DNI. There were no fees paid to DNI or external costs otherwise incurred in connection with these modifications. Interest expense on these related party borrowings was $0.4 million in both 2019 and 2018.

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had borrowings of $9.1 million and $14.1 million, respectively, outstanding from DNI. The outstanding balance at December 31, 2019 consisted of a $6.0 million unsecured subordinated term loan facility which matures in May 2022, a $1.8 million loan for capital investment which matures in May 2022, and KRW 1.5 billion ($1.3 million) outstanding under a secured loan to DNS Korea which matures in May 2022.  All three loans bear interest at a rate of 4.6% per annum.

As noted above under “Debt Facilities – DNI Loan,” on March 5, 2020, DNS Korea entered into a subsequent loan transaction with DNI in the amount of KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million USD), which loan matures on March 11, 2022. The loan bears interest at a rate of 4.6% and is secured by accounts receivable, personal property, intellectual property and the shares of DNS Korea. All four loans are secured by the same collateral and are pre-payable without premium or penalty.

Future Requirements and Funding Sources

Our fixed commitments for cash expenditures consist primarily of payments under operating leases, inventory purchase commitments, and payments of principal and interest for debt obligations.

From time to time, we may provide or commit to extend credit or credit support to our customers. This financing may include extending the terms for product payments to customers. Any extension of financing to our customers will limit the capital that we have available for other uses.

Our accounts receivable, while not considered a primary source of liquidity, represent a concentration of credit risk because a significant portion of the accounts receivable balance at any point in time typically consists of a relatively small number of customer account balances. As of December 31, 2019, two (2) customers, APSFL and Softbank, accounted for 18% and 11%, respectively, of our net accounts receivable. Our receivables from customers in countries other than the U.S represented 94% of accounts receivable. We do not currently have any material commitments for capital expenditures, or any other material commitments aside from operating leases for our facilities, inventory purchase commitments and debt.

Contractual Commitments and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

At December 31, 2019, our future contractual commitments by fiscal year were as follows (in thousands):