Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The aggregate market value of the Common Stock of the Registrant held by non-affiliates (based upon the closing price of the Common Stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on November 30, ~~2019,~~2020, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was approximately ~~$9,456,281,333.~~$11,309,677,876. For purposes of this information, the ~~1,511,224~~1,601,484 outstanding shares of Common Stock which were owned beneficially as of November 30, ~~2019~~2020 by executive officers and Directors of the Registrant were deemed to be the shares of Common Stock held by affiliates.

As of July ~~23, 2020, 129,859,093~~22, 2021, 129,774,039 shares of Common Stock were outstanding.

Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement to be used in connection with the Registrant’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on October ~~8, 2020~~7, 2021 (the ~~“2020~~“2021 Proxy Statement”) are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Except as otherwise stated, the information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is as of May 31, ~~2020.~~

RPM International Inc., a Delaware corporation, succeeded to the reporting obligations of RPM, Inc., an Ohio corporation, following a 2002 reincorporation transaction. RPM, Inc. was originally incorporated in 1947 under the name Republic Powdered Metals, Inc. and changed its name to RPM, Inc. in 1971.

As used herein, the terms “RPM,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to RPM International Inc. and all our consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context indicates otherwise. Our principal executive offices are located at 2628 Pearl Road, P.O. Box 777, Medina, Ohio 44258, and our telephone number is (330) 273-5090.

Our subsidiaries manufacture, market and sell various specialty chemical product lines, including high-quality specialty paints, infrastructure rehab and repair products, protective coatings, roofing systems, sealants and adhesives, focusing on the maintenance and improvement needs of the industrial, specialty and consumer markets. Our family of products includes those marketed under brand names such as API, Carboline, CAVE, DAP, Day-Glo, Dri-Eaz, Dryvit, Ekspan, Euclid, EUCO, Fibergrate, Fibregrid, Fibrecrete, Flecto, Flowcrete, Gator, Grupo PV, Hummervoll, illbruck, Kemtile, Key Resin, Nudura, Mohawk, Prime Resins, Rust-Oleum, Specialty Polymer Coatings, Stonhard, Strathmore, TCI, Toxement, Tremco, Tuf-Strand, Universal Sealants, Viapol, Watco and Zinsser. As of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, our subsidiaries marketed products in approximately ~~165~~160 countries and territories and operated manufacturing facilities in approximately ~~124~~122 locations in the United States, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, France, Germany, India, Italy, Malaysia, Mexico, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. Approximately ~~31%~~32% of our sales are generated in international markets through a combination of exports to and direct sales in foreign countries. For the fiscal year ended May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we recorded net sales of ~~$5.5~~$6.1 billion.

Our Internet website address is www.rpminc.com. We make available free of charge on or through our website our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Effective June 1, 2019, we realigned certain businesses and management structure to recognize how we allocate resources and analyze the operating performance of our businesses. Among other things, the realignment of certain businesses occurred as a result of the 2020 Margin Acceleration Plan (“2020 MAP to Growth”) that was approved and initiated between May and August 2018. As we began to execute on our operating improvement initiatives, we identified ways to realign certain businesses, and concluded that moving to an expanded reporting structure could help us to better manage our assets and improve synergies across the enterprise.

~~This realignment changed our reportable segments beginning with our first quarter of fiscal 2020. As such, we now report under~~Our business is divided into four reportable ~~segments instead of our three previous reportable segments. Our four reporting segments are:~~segments: the Construction Products Group (“CPG”) reportable segment, Performance Coatings Group (“PCG”) reportable segment, Consumer Group (“Consumer”) reportable segment and Specialty Products Group (“SPG”) reportable segment. These four reportable segments also represent our operating segments. In connection with the realignment, we shifted our Kirker business out of Consumer into SPG, and also shifted our Dryvit and Nudura businesses out of SPG into CPG. The newly formed CPG also includes our Tremco, Tremco illbruck, Euclid Chemical, Viapol, Vandex and Flowcrete businesses. PCG includes Stonhard, Carboline, USL and Fibergrate businesses, while Consumer comprises the Rust-Oleum and DAP businesses.

Within each operating segment, we manage product lines and businesses which generally address common markets, share similar economic characteristics, utilize similar technologies and can share manufacturing or distribution capabilities. The table below describes the breakdown of the percentage of consolidated net sales and description of the product lines/business for each of our four reportable segments:

See Note R, “Segment Information,” ofto the ~~Notes to~~ Consolidated Financial Statements, for financial information relating to our four reportable segments and financial information by geographic area.

Our CPG segment products and services are sold throughout North America and also account for the majority of our international sales. Our construction product lines and services are sold directly to contractors, distributors and end-users, such as industrial manufacturing facilities, public institutions and other commercial customers. Our CPG segment generated ~~$1.9~~$2.1 billion in net sales for the fiscal year ended May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and includes the following major product lines and brand names:

Our PCG segment products and services are sold throughout North America, as well as internationally, and are sold directly to contractors, distributors and end-users, such as industrial manufacturing facilities, public institutions and other commercial customers. Our PCG segment generated ~~$1.1~~$1.0 billion in net sales for the fiscal year ended May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and includes the following major product lines and brand names:

Our Consumer segment manufactures and markets professional use and do-it-yourself (“DIY”) products for a variety of mainly residential applications, including home improvement and personal leisure activities. Our Consumer segment’s major manufacturing and distribution operations are located primarily in North America, along with a few locations in Europe, Australia ~~South Africa~~ and South America. Consumer segment products are sold directly to mass merchandisers, home improvement centers, hardware stores, residential construction suppliers, paint stores, craft shops and to other ~~smaller~~ customers through distributors. Our Consumer segment generated ~~$1.9~~$2.3 billion in net sales in the fiscal year ended May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and is composed of the following major product lines and brand names:

Our SPG segment products are sold throughout North America and many international locations, primarily in ~~Europe and the Asia Pacific region.~~Europe. Our SPG product lines are sold directly to contractors, distributors and end-users, such as industrial manufacturing facilities, public institutions and other commercial customers. The SPG segment generated ~~$0.6~~$0.7 billion in net sales for the fiscal year ended May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and includes the following major product lines and brand names:

For the fiscal year ended May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, our foreign operations accounted for approximately ~~31.2%~~31.9% of our total net sales, excluding any direct exports from the United States. Our direct exports from the United States were approximately 1.1% of our total net sales for the fiscal year ended May 31, ~~2020.~~2021. In addition, we receive license fees and royalty income from numerous international license agreements, and we also have several joint ventures, which are accounted for under the equity method, operating in various foreign countries. We have manufacturing facilities in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, France, Germany, India, Italy, Malaysia, Mexico, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. We also have sales offices or warehouse facilities in ~~Austria, The~~Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, ~~Estonia,~~the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Finland, Guatemala, Hong Kong, ~~Hungary,~~ Indonesia, Ireland, Kuwait, Namibia, Oman, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Singapore, Slovakia, Switzerland, Thailand and Vietnam. Information concerning our foreign operations is set forth in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations and Financial Condition.

We conduct our business in highly competitive markets, and all of our major products face competition from local, regional, national and multi-national firms. Our markets, however, are fragmented, and we do not face competition across all of our products from any one competitor in particular. Several of our competitors have access to greater financial resources and larger sales organizations than we do. While third-party figures are not necessarily available with respect to the size of our position in the market for each of our products, we believe that we are a major producer of caulks, sealants, insulating foams, patch-and-repair products for the general consumer as well as for the residential building trade; roofing systems; urethane sealants and waterproofing materials; aluminum coatings; cement-based coatings; hobby paints; small project paints; industrial-corrosion-control products; fireproofing; consumer rust-preventative coatings; polymer floorings; fluorescent coatings and pigments; fiberglass-reinforced-plastic gratings; nail polish; water and fire damage restoration products; carpet cleaning systems and shellac-based coatings. However, we do not believe that we have a significant share of the total protective coatings market (on a world-wide basis). The following is a summary of the competition that our key products face in the various markets in which we compete:

The market for paints, coatings, adhesives and sealants has experienced significant consolidation over the past several decades. However, the market remains fragmented, which creates further consolidation opportunities for industry participants. Many leading suppliers tend to focus on coatings, while other companies focus on adhesives and sealants. Barriers to market entry are relatively high for new market entrants due to the lengthy intervals between product development and market acceptance, the importance of brand identity and the difficulty in establishing a reputation as a reliable supplier of these products. Most of the suppliers, including us, who provide these items have a portfolio of products that span across a wide variety of applications.

Consumer Home Improvement Products. Within the Consumer segment, we generally serve the home improvement market with products designed for niche architectural, rust-preventative, decorative and special purpose paint and caulking and sealing applications. The products we sell for home improvement include those sold under our Rust-Oleum, Varathane, Watco, Zinsser, DAP, and Touch’N Foam brand names. Leading manufacturers of home improvement-related coatings, adhesives and sealants market their products to DIY users and contractors through a wide range of distribution channels. These distribution channels include direct sales to home improvement centers, mass merchandisers, hardware and paint stores, and sales through distributors and sales representative organizations. Competitors in this market generally compete for market share by marketing and building upon brand recognition, providing customer service and developing new products based on customer needs.

Industrial Protective Coatings Products. Anti-corrosion protective coatings and fireproofing must withstand the destructive elements of nature and operating processes under harsh environments and conditions. Some of the larger consumers of high-performance protective and corrosion control coatings, fireproofing and intumescent steel coatings are the oil and gas, pulp and paper, petrochemical, shipbuilding, high-rise building construction, public utility and bridge and highway industries, and water and wastewater treatment plants. These markets are highly fragmented. We and our competitors compete for market share by supplying a wide variety of high-quality products and by offering customized solutions. Our protective industrial coating products are marketed primarily under our Carboline, Specialty Polymer Coatings, Plasite, Nullifire, Firefilm, Charflame, A/D Fire, Strathmore, Thermo-lag, Perlifoc and Epoplex brand names.

In the roofing industry, re-roofing applications have historically accounted for over three-quarters of U.S. demand, with the remainder generated by new roofing applications. Our primary roofing brand, Tremco, was founded in 1928 on the principle of “keeping good roofs good,” and then by extension ensuring “roofing peace of mind” for our customers. This remains true today and is what differentiates us versus our competitors’ primary strategy of run-to-failure, followed by a tear-off and replace. We define the market in two segments: restoration and re-roofing or new roofing. With the exception of asphalt shingles for new roofing, we market our systems and services for all of the most common roofing applications. Our roofing systems and services provide high performance and value. High performance ensures a long service life and ease of maintenance. High value ensures low total cost of ownership due to ease of installation, landfill avoidance, roof longevity, elimination of facility and occupant disruption, and utilization of highly sustainable materials and systems.

Flooring Systems Products. Polymer flooring systems are used in industrial, commercial and, to a lesser extent, residential applications to provide a smooth, seamless surface that is impervious to penetration by water and other substances while being easy to clean and maintain. These systems are particularly well-suited for clean environments such as pharmaceutical, food and beverage and healthcare facilities. In addition, the fast installation time and long-term durability of these systems and products make them ideal for industrial floor repair and restoration. Polymer flooring systems are based on epoxy, polyurethane and methylmethacrylate resins. Most of these flooring systems are applied during new construction, but there is also a significant repair and renovation market. Key performance attributes in polymer flooring systems that distinguish competitors for these applications include static control, chemical resistance, contamination control, durability and aesthetics. We market our flooring systems under the Stonhard, Flowcrete, Key Resin, Euclid, ~~RPM Belgium,~~ Expanko, Liquid Elements, Hummervoll, Kemtile and API brand names.

~~FRP~~Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (“FRP”) Grating and Structural Composites. ~~Fiberglass reinforced plastic~~FRP grating ~~or FRP, is~~and railings are used primarily in industrial and, to a lesser extent, commercial applications. FRP ~~grating~~ exhibits many specialized features, which make it a beneficial alternative to traditional steel or ~~aluminum grating.~~aluminum. These include a high strength-to-weight ratio, high corrosion resistance, electrical and thermal non-conductivity, and molded-in color, which eliminates the need for repainting. FRP ~~grating~~ is used for rooftop safety, platforms, walkways ~~stairs~~ and ~~structures~~stairs for a variety of applications, including those in the food and beverage, chemical processing, water-wastewater, pulp and paper, commercial roofing, commercial sealants and waterproofing, and offshore oil and gas industries. Structural composites include high-density polypropylene pedestal systems for raised flooring applications in outdoor environments. Key attributes that differentiate competitors in these markets include product quality, depth of product line, and design-and-fabrication services. Our products for these applications are sold under our Fibergrate, Chemgrate, Corgrate, Fibregrid, Safe-T-Span and ~~Safe-T-Span~~Bison brand names.

Sealants, Waterproofing, Concrete and Masonry Products. Sealants, which are used primarily for commercial buildings, include urethane, silicone, latex, butyl and hybrid technology products, and are designed to be installed in construction joints for the purpose of providing a flexible and air and water-tight seal. Waterproof coatings, usually urethane or asphalt based, are installed in exposed and buried applications to waterproof and protect concrete. Structural and traffic tolerant membranes, expansion joints and bearings are used in a variety of applications for bridge deck construction and restoration and the protection and preservation of balconies, pedestrian walkways and parking structures. In the concrete and masonry additives market, a variety of chemicals and fibers can be added to concrete and masonry to improve the processability, performance, or appearance of these products. Chemical

admixtures for concrete are typically grouped according to their functional characteristics, such as water-reducers, set controllers, superplasticizers and air-entraining agents. Curing and sealing compounds, structural grouts, epoxy adhesives, injection resins, floor hardeners and toppings, joint fillers, industrial and architectural coatings, decorative color/stains/stamps, and a comprehensive selection of restoration materials are used to protect, repair or improve new or existing concrete structures used in the construction industry, and rehabilitation and repair of roads, highways, bridges, pipes and other infrastructure. The key attributes that differentiate competitors for these applications include quality assurance, on-the-job consultation and value-added, highly engineered products. We primarily offer products marketed under our Tremco, EUCO, Toxement, Viapol, Betumat, CAVE, Vandex, illbruck, Tamms, AlphaGuard, OneSeal, PowerPly, TremPly, TremLock, Vulkem, TREMproof, Dymonic, Increte, TUFF-N-DRI, Universal Sealants, Nufins, ~~StructureCare, BridgeCare,~~ Pitchmastic PMB, Visul, Fibrecrete, Texacrete, Fibrejoint, Samiscreed, Prime Rez, Prime Gel, Prime Guard, Prime Coat, Prime Bond, Prime Flex, Logiball, Watchdog Waterproofing, PSI, Tuf-Strand, Ekspan, Sealtite and HydroStop brand names for this line of business.

Building Envelope Systems and Services. Tremco Construction Products Group represents the combined forces of Tremco Incorporated’s Commercial Sealants & Waterproofing, including integrated building technologies, such as ICF under Nudura brand, Roofing & Building Maintenance, and Tremco Barrier Solutions operating divisions; Dryvit Systems, Inc.; Willseal; Weatherproofing Technologies, Inc. and Weatherproofing Technologies Canada. Tremco CPG’s six-sided solutions deliver demonstrable performance at the lowest possible life-cycle cost, and stop leaks before they happen through ongoing maintenance programs. As the single source for new construction, renovation, and restoration, customers gain the peace of mind that comes with industry-leading warranties – all from one provider. True partnerships that extend beyond Tremco CPG are found within RPM groups, including PCG, Consumer and SPG to deliver long-term building performance.

Our intellectual property portfolios include valuable patents, trade secrets and know-how, domain names, trademarks, trade and brand names. In addition, through our subsidiaries, we continue to conduct significant research and technology development activities. Among our most significant intangibles are our Rust-Oleum^®, Carboline^®, DAP^®, illbruck^® and Tremco^® trademarks.

Rust-Oleum Corporation and some of our other subsidiaries own more than ~~900~~860 trademark registrations or applications in the United States and numerous other countries for the trademark “Rust-Oleum^®” and other trademarks covering a variety of rust-preventative, decorative, general purpose, specialty, industrial and professional products sold by Rust-Oleum Corporation and related companies.

Carboline Company and some of our other subsidiaries own more than ~~380~~400 trademark registrations or applications in the United States and numerous other countries covering the products sold by the Carboline Company and related companies, including two United States trademark registrations for the trademark “Carboline^®”.

DAP Products, Inc. and other subsidiaries of the Company own more than ~~400~~420 trademark registrations or applications in the United States and numerous other countries for the “DAP^®” trademark, the “Putty Knife design” trademark and other trademarks covering products sold under the DAP brand and related brands.

Tremco Incorporated and some of our other subsidiaries own more than 85 registrations for the trademark “Tremco^®” in the United States and numerous countries covering a variety of roofing, sealants and coating products. There are also many other trademarks of Tremco Incorporated and some of our other subsidiaries that are the subject of registrations or applications in the United States and numerous other countries, bringing the total number of registrations and applications covering products sold under the Tremco brand and related brands to more than ~~570.~~950.

Our other principal product trademarks include: 2X Ultra Cover^®, AlphaGuard^®, Alumanation^®, Betumat™, B-I-N^®, Bitumastic^®, Bulls Eye 1-2-3^®, Chemgrate^®, Dri-Eaz, Dymonic^®, EnerEDGE^®, Enviro-Dri^®, EUCO^®, ExoAir^®, Expanko^®, Flecto™, Fibergrate^®, Floquil^™, Paraseal^®, Permaroof^®, Plasite^®, Proglaze^®, Sanitile^®, Sealtite^™, Solargard^®, Spectrem^®, Stonblend^®, Stonclad^®, Stonhard^®, Stonlux^®, ~~Stonshield®~~Stonshield^®, Testors^®, TREMproof^®, TUFF-N-DRI^®, Varathane^®, Viapol™, Vulkem^®, Watchdog Waterproofing^®, Woolsey^®, Zinsser^® and Z-Spar^®; and, in Europe, API^®, Perlifoc^®, Hummervoll^®, USL^®, Nufins^®, Pitchmastic PMB^®, Visul^®, Flowcrete^®, Nullifire^®, Radglo^® and Martin Mathys™. Our trademark registrations are valid for a variety of different terms of up to 15 years, and may be renewable as long as the trademarks continue to be used and all other local conditions for renewal are met. Our trademark registrations are maintained and renewed on a regular basis as required.

variety of producers; however, shortages are a possibility. Interruptions in the supply of raw materials could have a significant impact

Throughout fiscal ~~2020, some raw material~~2021, several macroeconomic factors have created inflationary pressure on certain key product categories, and these increased costs ~~have increased~~were reflected in our results for the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021 and we expect that these increased costs will be more significant during fiscal 2022. We plan to offset these increased costs with commensurate increases in selling prices. Furthermore, we have ~~experienced some tightening in supply on some materials. However, despite the recent outbreak of Covid-19, raw material costs inflation seems to be moderating in a number~~received “force majeure” notifications from many of our ~~key~~major chemical suppliers, which may impact our ability to timely meet customer demand in certain of our businesses and across certain product categories. ~~With~~

The macroeconomic factors identified above include, but are not limited to, the ~~exception of some challenges in~~following: (i) supplier refineries operating less due to low gasoline and jet fuel demand; (ii) significant weather events which have disrupted our ~~Consumer segment, our global~~ supply chain, ~~remains strong. Nearly all of our North American plants are operational and only some of our international plants have been closed temporarily. Despite these facts,~~such as ~~we cannot predict~~ the ~~duration or scope~~historic winter storm in February 2021, which impacted significant portions of the ~~Covid-19~~United States; (iii) intermittent supplier plant shutdowns as a result of the Covid pandemic; (iv) significant worldwide demand during the Covid pandemic ~~the future financial impact~~for key items such as packaging, solvents, and chemicals used in cleaning products; (v) availability of transportation and fluctuating costs to ~~gross profit margin cannot be reasonably estimated, but could be material.~~

transport products; and (vi) high global demand as markets reopen and economic stimulus drives growth. Adequate supply of critical raw materials is managed by establishing contracts, procuring from multiple sources, and identifying alternative materials or technology; however, the unavailability of raw materials or increased prices of raw materials that we are unable to pass along to our customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Additionally, changes in international trade duties and other aspects of international trade policy, both in the ~~U.S.~~United States and abroad, could materially impact the cost and availability of raw materials. Any increase in ~~materials~~material costs that isare not offset by an increase in our prices could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Our business is dependent, to a significant extent, on external weather factors. We historically experience stronger sales and operating results in our first, second and fourth fiscal quarters, which are the three-month periods ending August 31, November 30 and May 31, respectively, while we have experienced weaker performance in our third fiscal quarter.

Sales to our ten largest Consumer segment customers, such as DIY home centers, on a combined basis represented approximately ~~23%~~24%, 23%, and ~~22%~~23% of our total net sales for each of the fiscal years ended May 31, 2021, 2020 ~~2019,~~ and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. Except for sales to these customers, our business is not dependent upon any one customer or small group of customers but is largely dispersed over a substantial number of customers.

~~We historically have not had a significant backlog of orders believed to be firm, and we did not have a significant backlog of orders believed to be firm at May 31, 2020.~~

Our research and development work is performed at various laboratory locations. During fiscal years 2021, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ approximately $77.6 million, $76.5 million ~~$71.6 million,~~ and ~~$69.7~~$71.6 million, respectively, was charged to expense for research and development activities. In addition to this laboratory work, we view our field technical service as being integral to the success of our research activities. Our research and development activities and our field technical service costs are both included as part of our selling, general and administrative expenses.

We are subject to a broad range of laws and regulations dealing with environmental, health and safety issues for the various locations around the world in which we conduct our business. These laws and regulations include, but are not limited to, the following major areas:

For information regarding environmental accruals, see Note P, “Contingencies and ~~Other~~ Accrued Losses,” ofto the ~~Notes to our~~ Consolidated Financial Statements. For more information concerning certain environmental matters affecting us, see “Item 3 — Legal Proceedings — Environmental Proceedings” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

At RPM, we understand that our company is only as strong as the team behind it. With the consistent support and dedication of leadership at all levels, we foster an environment that supports our associates as individuals and helps them thrive. Incorporating sustainable best practices in professional development, benefits, health and safety, and community involvement ensures that we can continue to hire the best associates and retain them throughout the course of their careers.

It is critical to our long-term success to develop our internal talent. Our Global Organizational Leadership Development (“GOLD”) Team is charged with creating a leadership-led learning culture across RPM. The GOLD Team has developed several training programs to support development which include Leaders of the Future, RPM University, Strategic Leader Staff Rides, and partnering with the Center for Creative Leadership. Since the inception of these programs the Company has seen many participants advance their careers, and the retention of participants has been greater than 90%.

Our leadership has long understood that to attract and retain top talent, and to share the benefits of a successful business, we must maintain a premium benefits program for its associates. For U.S. associates, we offer an attractive benefits package, including defined benefit pension plans, medical, telehealth, tuition reimbursement and an employer-matched 401(k). We also offer an Employee Assistance Program (“EAP”) which focuses on behavioral health and also provides resources for financial and legal matters. Mental health support has been key to employees during the Covid pandemic. Employees can get this support through the EAP as well as through telehealth and we have seen an increase in the use of such services.

Similar ancillary benefits are offered to our Canadian associates, and employees of our other foreign subsidiaries receive benefits coverage, to the extent deemed appropriate, through plans that meet local requirements.

At RPM, we have built our workforce, in part, through our commitment to create a diverse and inclusive culture. While there are many examples in our corporate practices, policies, and internal and external programs, we are particularly proud of our Tremco/WTI partnership with the Department of Corrections. This program provides roof training to designated inmates while still incarcerated. Upon release, WTI guarantees employment opportunities to qualified participants within a pay range of $16 to $23 per hour, plus benefits, depending on roof competency.

We follow many best practices to ensure our associates come to work feeling empowered to safely do their jobs. As part of our environmental management system, we continuously educate and train to institutionalize our health and safety values, set and monitor health and safety objectives, conduct regular risk assessments and process hazard and root cause analysis, and actively enforce accident prevention and reporting policies.

As of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we employed ~~14,621~~15,490 persons, of whom approximately ~~680~~648 were represented by unions under contracts which expire at varying times in the future. We believe that all relations with employees and their unions are good.

You should carefully consider the following risks, as well as the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in evaluating us, our business and your investment in us because these factors could cause our actual results or financial condition to differ materially from those projected in our forward-looking statements.

~~Ongoing operating improvement initiatives could cause us to incur significant expenses and impact the trading value of our common stock.~~ECONOMIC AND STRATEGIC RISKS

We have implemented, and plan to continue to implement, certain operating improvement initiatives, as described during the investor day we held on November 28, 2018, that we expect will continue to result in changes in our organizational and operational structure impacting most of our companies. We expect to continue implementation of these initiatives beyond our original target of December 2020 because the Covid-19 pandemic limited our ability to make changes at certain of our facilities as previously planned. We may take additional actions in furtherance of these objectives during future periods. As of May 31, 2020, we have incurred a total of $92.9 million in expenses in connection with our operating improvement initiatives, and we anticipate incurring approximately another $18.0 in such expenses as we continue to implement our operating improvement initiatives. We may incur further expenses as a result of these actions, and we also may experience disruptions in our operations, decreased productivity and unanticipated employee turnover. The occurrence of any of these or other related events associated with our operating improvement initiatives could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

The ~~Covid-19~~Covid pandemic has disrupted our operations, has had and continues to have an adverse effect on our business, and could adversely affect our business in the future.

The ~~Covid-19~~Covid pandemic has had and continues to have a negative effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. The ~~Covid-19~~Covid pandemic has disrupted our operations and will likely continue to affect our business for an indeterminable period of time because of its continuing impact on the global economy, including ~~as a result~~its effects on transportation networks, raw material availability, product production efforts and customer demand for our products. Our ability to predict and respond to future changes resulting from the Covid pandemic, is uncertain. The Covid pandemic has resulted in increased stress to our operations that could increase our risk of ~~temporary facility closures, work-from-home orders and policies, absenteeism in our facilities, inability~~plant or equipment availability issues that, if one were to efficiently transport our goods, social distancing and other health and safety protocols and reduced customer demand. Specifically, we have experienced, and expect to continue to experience in the future, temporary facility closures in response to government mandates and for the safety of our employees due to positive diagnoses for Covid-19 in certain facilities. Temporary facility closures have impacted our productivity and have hampered the implementation of our ongoing operational improvement efforts. We have implemented work-from-home policies for many employees. The effects of these work-from-home policiesoccur, could be negative and could impact productivity, research and development efforts, our ongoing operational improvement efforts, internal control over financial reporting, record keeping and access to books and records, and could lead to increased cyber security or data privacy risks. We do not yet know when these work-from-home policies will change or how they may develop. The Covid-19 outbreak has impacted the timing of our operational improvement efforts by limiting our ability to implement planned improvements at several of our facilities. The Covid-19 outbreak has also disrupted and could adversely impact our ability to secure materials for our products or supplies for our facilities or to provide personal protective equipment for our employees, any of which could adversely affect our operations.material. Even after the ~~Covid-19~~Covid pandemic subsides, there may be long-term effects on our business practices and customers in economies in which we

operate that could severely disrupt our operations and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. ~~Any or all of these risks could be increased or intensified if there is a resurgence of the Covid-19 virus after the initial outbreak subsides.~~ As we cannot predict the duration, scope or severity of the ~~Covid-19~~Covid pandemic, ~~which continues to develop and change rapidly,~~ the negative financial impact to our results cannot be reasonably estimated, but could be material.

We are the subject of an ongoing SEC enforcement action, which could divert management’s focus, result in substantial investigation expenses and have an adverse impact on our reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We were notified by the SEC on June 24, 2014 that we are the subject of a formal investigation pertaining to the timing of our disclosure and accrual of loss reserves in fiscal 2013 with respect to the previously disclosed Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and General Services Administration (“GSA”) investigation into compliance issues relating to Tremco Roofing Division’s GSA contracts. As previously disclosed, our audit committee completed an investigation into the facts and circumstances surrounding the timing of our disclosure and accrual of loss reserves with respect to the GSA and DOJ investigations, and determined to restate our financial results for the first, second and third quarters of fiscal 2013. The restatement shifted accrual amounts among the three quarters, which had the effect of reducing net income by $7.2 million and $10.8 million for the quarterly periods ended August 31, 2012 and November 30, 2012, respectively, and increasing net income for the quarterly period ended February 28, 2013 by $18.0 million. These restatements had no impact on our audited financial results for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2013. The audit committee’s investigation concluded that there was no intentional misconduct on the part of any of our officers.

In connection with the foregoing, on September 9, 2016, the SEC filed an enforcement action in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia against us and our General Counsel. We have cooperated with the SEC’s investigation and believe the allegations in the complaint mischaracterize both our and our General Counsel’s actions in connection with the matters related to our quarterly results in fiscal 2013 and are without merit. The complaint seeks disgorgement of gains that may have resulted from the conduct alleged in the complaint, and payment of unspecified monetary penalties from us and our General Counsel pursuant to Section 20(d) of the Securities Act and Section 21(d)(3) of the Exchange Act. Further, the complaint seeks to permanently enjoin us from violations of Sections 17(a)(2) and (a)(3) of the Securities Act, Sections 13(a), 13(b)(2)(A) and 13(b)(2)(B) of the Exchange Act, and Exchange Act Rules 12b-20, 13a-1, 13a-11 and 13a-13, and to permanently enjoin our General Counsel from violations of Sections 17(a)(2) and (a)(3) of the Securities Act and Exchange Act Rules 13b2-1 and 13b2-2(a). Both we and our General Counsel filed motions to dismiss the complaint on February 24, 2017. Those motions to dismiss the complaint were denied by the Court on September 29, 2017. We and our General Counsel filed answers to the complaint on October 16, 2017. Formal discovery commenced in January 2018 and closed as of June 3, 2019, other than some remaining, limited discovery requests. The parties engaged in written discovery, and several fact witnesses were deposed. We are currently awaiting further instruction regarding the remaining case schedule. We intend to continue to contest the allegations in the complaint vigorously.

Also, in connection with the foregoing, a stockholder derivative action was filed in the United States District Court, Northern District of Ohio, Eastern Division, against certain of our directors and officers. The court has stayed this stockholder derivative action pending the completion of the SEC enforcement action.

The action by the SEC could result in sanctions against us and/or our General Counsel and could impose substantial additional costs and distractions, regardless of its outcome. We have determined that it is probable that we will incur a loss relating to this matter and have estimated a range of potential loss. We have accrued at the low end of the range of loss, as no amount within the range is more likely to occur, and no amount within the estimated range of loss would have a material impact on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

We have incurred significant legal and accounting expenditures in connection with the SEC’s investigation and ongoing enforcement action. We are unable to predict how long the enforcement action will continue or whether it will result in sanctions against us and/or certain of our officers. A protracted enforcement action could impose substantial additional costs and distractions, regardless of its outcome. Furthermore, publicity surrounding an enforcement action, even if ultimately resolved favorably for us, could have an adverse impact on our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

~~The use of accounting estimates involves judgment and could impact our financial results.~~

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Our most critical accounting estimates are described in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations under, “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.” Additionally, as discussed in Note P, “Contingencies and Other Accrued Losses,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, we make certain estimates, including decisions related to legal proceedings and various loss reserves. These estimates and assumptions involve the use of judgment, and therefore, actual financial results may differ.

Our operations have been and could continue to be adversely affected by global market and economic conditions in ways we may not be able to predict or control.

Global and regional economic uncertainty continues to exist, including uncertainty relating to the ~~Covid-19 pandemic and United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union (“Brexit”).~~Covid pandemic. Our operations could be adversely affected by global or regional economic conditions if ~~global~~ markets were to decline in the future, whether related to the ~~Covid-19~~Covid pandemic, higher inflation or interest rates, recession, natural disasters, impacts of climate change, Brexit, ~~recession, strained U.S. trade relations with China,~~business disruptions, our ability to adequately staff operations or otherwise. Any future economic declines may result in decreased revenue, gross ~~margin,~~margins, earnings or growth rates ~~and~~or difficulty in managing inventory levels ~~and collection of~~or collecting customer receivables. We also have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, increased competitive pricing ~~pressure.~~pressure and raw material inflation and availability issues resulting in difficulties meeting customer demand. In addition, customer difficulties in the future could result from economic declines, ~~or issues arising from~~the Covid pandemic, the cyclical nature of their respective businesses, such as in the oil and gas industry, or otherwise and, in turn, result in decreases in product demand, increases in bad debt write-offs, decreases in timely collection of accounts receivable and adjustments to our allowance for ~~doubtful accounts receivable,~~credit losses, resulting in material reductions to our revenues and net earnings.

Global economic and capital market conditions may cause our access to capital to be more difficult in the future and/or costs to secure such capital more expensive.

We may need new or additional financing in the future to provide liquidity to conduct our operations, expand our business or refinance existing indebtedness. Any sustained weakness in general economic conditions and/or U.S. or global capital markets could adversely affect our ability to raise capital on favorable terms or at all. From time to time we have relied, and we may also rely in the future, on access to financial markets as a source of liquidity for working capital requirements, acquisitions and general corporate purposes. Our access to funds under our credit facility is dependent on the ability of the financial institutions that are parties to that facility to meet their funding commitments. Those financial institutions may not be able to meet their funding commitments if they experience shortages of capital and liquidity or if they experience excessive volumes of borrowing requests within a short period of time. Moreover, the obligations of the financial institutions under our credit facility are several and not joint and, as a result, a funding default by one or more institutions does not need to be made up by the others. Longer term volatility and continued disruptions in the capital and credit markets as a result of uncertainty, changing or increased regulation of financial institutions, reduced alternatives or failures of significant financial institutions could adversely affect our access to the liquidity needed for our businesses in the longer term. Such disruptions could require us to take measures to conserve cash until the markets stabilize or until alternative credit arrangements or other funding for our business needs can be arranged.

Volatility in the equity markets or interest rates could substantially increase our pension costs and required pension contributions.

We sponsor qualified defined benefit pension plans and various other nonqualified postretirement plans. The qualified defined benefit pension plans are funded with trust assets invested in a diversified portfolio of debt and equity securities and other investments. Among other factors, changes in interest rates, investment returns and the market value of plan assets can (i) affect the level of plan funding; (ii) cause volatility in the net periodic pension cost; and (iii) increase our future contribution requirements. A significant decrease in investment returns or the market value of plan assets or a significant decrease in interest rates could increase our net periodic pension costs and adversely affect our results of operations. A significant increase in our contribution requirements with respect to our qualified defined benefit pension plans could have an adverse impact on our cash flow.

Terrorist activities and other acts of violence or war, pandemics, natural disasters and other disruptions have negatively impacted in the past and could negatively impact in the future the United States and foreign countries, the financial markets, the industries in which we compete, our operations and profitability.

Terrorist activities, pandemics, natural disasters and other disruptions have contributed to economic instability in the United States and elsewhere, and acts of terrorism, cyber-terrorism or violence, war or pandemics or natural disasters could affect the industries in which we compete, our ability to purchase raw materials or make, adequately staff our operations or sell or distribute products, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Adverse weather conditions may reduce the demand for some of our products and could have a negative effect on our sales.

From time to time, adverse weather conditions or the impacts of climate change and natural disasters have had an adverse effect on our sales of paint, coatings, roofing, construction products and related products. For example, unusually cold or rainy weather, especially during the general construction and exterior painting season, could have an adverse effect on sales of such products. As a result, we have historically experienced weaker sales and net income in our third fiscal quarter (December through February) in comparison to our performance during our other fiscal quarters.

Significant foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations may harm our financial results.

We conduct business in various regions throughout the world and are therefore subject to market risk due to changes in the exchange rates of foreign currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar. Because our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, increases or decreases in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies in which we transact business could materially adversely affect our net revenues, operating income and the carrying values of our assets located outside the United States. For example, Brexit caused significant volatility in global stock markets and currency exchange rate fluctuations that resulted in the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies in which we conduct business. Such strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies may adversely affect our operating results.

The use of accounting estimates involves judgment and could impact our financial results.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Our most critical accounting estimates are described in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations under “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.” Additionally, as discussed in Note P, “Contingencies and Accrued Losses,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, we make certain estimates, including decisions related to legal proceedings and various loss reserves. These estimates and assumptions involve the use of judgment, and therefore, actual financial results may differ.

The results of our annual testing and as-required interim testing of goodwill and other intangible assets have required, and in the future may require that we record impairment charges.

As of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we had approximately ~~$1.8~~$2.0 billion in goodwill and other intangible assets. The Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) section 350 requires that goodwill be tested at least on an annual basis, or more frequently as impairment indicators arise, using either a qualitative assessment or a fair-value approach at the reporting unit level. We perform our annual required impairment tests, which involve the use of estimates related to the fair market values of the reporting units with which goodwill is associated, as of the first day of our fourth fiscal quarter. The evaluation of our long-lived assets for impairment includes determining whether indicators of impairment exist, which is a subjective process that considers both internal and external factors. Impairment assessment requires the use of significant judgment regarding estimates and assumptions surrounding future results of operations and cash flows.

Our required annual impairment testing for goodwill and ~~other~~indefinite-lived intangible assets, which we performed during the fourth ~~quarter~~quarters of the fiscal years ended May 31, 2021, 2020 ~~2019,~~ and ~~2018,~~2019 did not result in ~~any~~an impairment ~~loss.~~charge. For discussion of the approach for, and results of, our interim and annual impairment testing offor goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets for all periods presented, please refer to the headings entitled “Goodwill” and “Other Long-Lived Assets” within the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” sections located in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation” as well as Note ~~A11)~~A(11) Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets and Note C – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets to our consolidated financial statements as presented below.

In the future, if global economic conditions were to decline significantly, or if our reporting units experience significant declines in business, we may incur additional, substantial goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges. The amount of any such impairment charge could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our significant amount of indebtedness could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Our total debt was approximately $2.4 and $2.5 billion at ~~both~~ May 31, 2021 and 2020, ~~and 2019,~~respectively, which compares with ~~$1.3~~$1.7 billion in stockholders’ equity at May 31, ~~2020.~~2021. Our level of indebtedness could have important consequences. For example, it could:

We cannot assure you that our business always will be able to make timely or sufficient payments of our debt. Should we fail to comply with covenants in our debt instruments, such failure could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, would have a material adverse effect on us.

Ongoing operating improvement initiatives could cause us to incur significant expenses and impact the trading value of our common stock.

On May 31, 2021, we formally concluded our MAP to Growth operating improvement program, which resulted in significant changes in our organizational and operational structure impacting most of our companies. While MAP to Growth has formally concluded, we may take additional actions during future periods in furtherance of these objectives. We may incur further expenses as a result of these actions, and we also may experience disruptions in our operations, decreased productivity and unanticipated employee turnover. The occurrence of any of these or other related events associated with our operating improvement initiatives could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Fluctuations in the supply and prices of raw materials may negatively impact our financial results.

The cost and availability of raw materials, including packaging, materially impact our financial results. We obtain raw materials from a number of suppliers. Many of our raw materials are petroleum-based derivatives, minerals and metals. The cost of raw materials has in the past experienced, and likely will continue to experience, periods of volatility which could increase the cost of manufacturing our products. Under normal market conditions, ~~these~~raw materials are generally available on the open market from a variety of ~~producers;~~sources; however, ~~shortages are a possibility.~~our suppliers may be impacted by social and environmental regulations and expectations, including regulations related to climate change, adverse weather conditions, pandemics, trade policy, energy availability or civil unrest, resulting in shortages. Interruptions in the supply of raw materials or sources of energy could have a significant impact on our ability or cost to produce products.

Adequate supply of ~~critical~~ raw materials is managed by establishing contracts, procuring from multiple sources, and identifying alternative materials or technology; however, the unavailability of raw materials or increased prices of raw materials that we are unable to pass along to our customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Additionally, changes in international trade duties and other aspects of international trade policy, both in the ~~U.S.~~United States and abroad, could materially impact the cost of raw materials. Any increase in materials that is not offset by an increase in our prices could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

The markets in which we operate are highly competitive and some of our competitors are much larger than we are and may have greater financial resources than we do.

The markets in which we operate are fragmented, and we do not face competition from any one company across all of our product lines. However, any significant increase in competition, as a result of the consolidation of competitors, may cause us to lose market share or compel us to reduce prices to remain competitive, which could result in reduced gross profit margins. Increased competition may also impair our ability to grow or to maintain our current levels of revenues and earnings. Companies that compete in our markets include Akzo Nobel, Axalta ~~Ferro,~~Coating Systems Ltd., Carlisle Companies Inc., GCP Applied Technologies, H.B. Fuller, Masco Corporation, PPG Industries, Inc., The Sherwin-Williams Company and ~~Sherwin-Williams.~~Sika AG. Several of these companies are much larger than we are and may have greater financial resources than we do. Increased competition with these or other companies could prevent the institution of price increases or could require price reductions or increased spending to maintain our market share, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our success depends upon our ability to attract and retain key employees and the succession of senior management.

Our success largely depends on the performance of our management team and other key employees. If we are unable to attract and retain talented, highly qualified senior management and other key people, our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition could be adversely affected. In addition, if we are unable to effectively provide for the succession of senior management, including our Chief Executive Officer, our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition may be adversely affected. While we follow a disciplined, ongoing succession planning process and have succession plans in place for senior management and other key executives, these do not guarantee that the services of qualified senior executives will continue to be available to us at particular moments in time.

We depend on a number of large customers for a significant portion of our net sales and, therefore, significant declines in the level of purchases by any of these key customers could harm our business.

Some of our operating companies, particularly in the Consumer segment, face a substantial amount of customer concentration. Our key Consumer segment customers include Ace Hardware, Amazon, ~~CANAC,~~Canadian Tire, Do It Best, The Home Depot, Inc., Lowe’s, Menards, Orgill, True Value, and Wal-Mart. Within our Consumer segment, sales to these customers accounted for approximately ~~64%~~65%, ~~66%~~64% and ~~65%~~66% of net sales for the fiscal years ended May 31, 2021, 2020 ~~2019~~ and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. On a consolidated basis, sales to these customers across all of our reportable segments accounted for approximately ~~23%~~24%, 23% and ~~22%~~23% of our consolidated net sales for the fiscal years ended May 31, 2021, 2020 ~~2019,~~ and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. Sales to The Home Depot, Inc. represented less than 10% of our consolidated net sales for fiscal 2021, 2020, ~~2019~~ and ~~2018,~~2019, and 26% of our Consumer segment net sales for both fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2020 and 29% ~~and 28%~~ of our Consumer segment net sales for fiscal ~~2019 and 2018, respectively.~~2019. If we were to lose one or more of our key customers, or experience a delay or cancellation of a significant order, or incur a significant decrease in the level of purchases from any of our key customers, or experience difficulty in collecting amounts due from a key customer, our net revenues could decline materially and our operating results could be reduced materially.

The chemical and construction products industries in which we operate expose us to inherent risks of legal and warranty claims and other litigation-related costs, which could adversely impact our business.

As a participant in the chemical and construction products industries, we face an inherent risk of legal claims in the event that the exposure to or failure, use or misuse of our products results, or is alleged to result, in bodily injury and/or property damage. In the course of our business we are subject to a variety of inquiries and investigations by regulators, as well as claims and lawsuits by private parties including those related to product liability, product claims regarding asbestos or other chemicals or materials of concern in our products, product warranty, the environment, contracts, intellectual property and commercial matters, which due to their uncertain nature may result in losses, some of which may be material. We are defending claims, and could be subject to future claims, in which significant financial damages are alleged. These claims could consume material financial resources to defend and be a distraction to management. Some, but not all, of such claims are insured. We offer warranties on many of our products, as well as long term warranty programs at certain of our businesses and, as a result, from time to time we may experience higher levels of warranty expense, which is typically reflected in selling, general and administrative expenses. The nature and extent to which we use hazardous or flammable materials in our manufacturing processes creates risk of damage to persons and property that, if realized, could be material.

~~Compliance with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations could subject us to unforeseen future expenditures or liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.~~

We are subject to numerous, complicated and often increasingly stringent environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in the jurisdictions where we conduct business. Governmental and regulatory authorities impose various laws and regulations on us that relate to environmental protection, the use, sale, transportation and export of certain chemicals or hazardous materials, and various health and safety matters, including the discharge of pollutants into the air and water, the handling, use, treatment, storage and clean-up of solid and hazardous wastes, the use of certain chemicals in product formulations, and the investigation and remediation of soil and groundwater affected by hazardous substances. These laws and regulations include the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, RCRA, CERCLA, TSCA, REACH and many other federal, state, provincial, local and international statutes. These laws and regulations often impose strict, retroactive and joint and several liability for the costs of, and damages resulting from, not addressing our, or our predecessors’ past or present facilities and third-party disposal sites. We are currently undertaking remedial activities at a number of our properties and could be subject to future liability as yet unknown, but that could be material.

We have not always been and may not always be in full compliance with all environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in every jurisdiction in which we conduct our business. In addition, if we violate or fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws (including related to permitting), we could be fined or otherwise sanctioned by regulators, including enjoining or curtailing operations, remedial or corrective measures, installing pollution control equipment, or other actions. We have been and also could in the future be liable for consequences arising out of human exposure to hazardous substances or chemicals of concern relating to our products or operations. Accordingly, we cannot guarantee that we will not be required to make additional expenditures to remain in or to achieve compliance with environmental, health or safety laws in the future or that any such additional expenditures will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. If regulatory permits or registrations are delayed, restricted, or rejected, subsequent operations at our businesses could be delayed or restricted, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

~~Our businesses are subject to varying domestic and foreign laws and regulations that may restrict or adversely impact our ability to conduct our business.~~

Our businesses are subject to varying domestic and foreign laws and regulations that may restrict or adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. These include securities, environmental, health, safety, tax, competition and anti-trust, trade controls, data security, anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, employment and privacy laws and regulations. These laws and regulations change from time to time and thus may result in increased costs to us related to our compliance therewith. From time to time regulators review our compliance with applicable laws. We have not always been, and may not always be, in full compliance with all laws and regulations applicable to our business and, thus enforcement actions, fines and private litigation claims and damages, which could be material, may occur, notwithstanding our belief that we have in place appropriate risk management and compliance programs to mitigate these risks.

If our efforts in acquiring and integrating other companies or product lines or establishing joint ventures fail, our business may not grow.

As an important part of our growth strategy, we intend to continue pursuing acquisitions of complementary businesses or products and creating joint ventures. Our ability to continue to grow in this manner depends upon our ability to identify, negotiate and finance suitable acquisitions or joint venture arrangements. Execution of our acquisition strategy with respect to some companies or product lines could fail or could result in unanticipated costs to us that were not apparent despite our due diligence efforts, either of which could hinder our growth or adversely impact our results of operations. In addition, acquisitions and their subsequent integration involve a number of risks, including, but not limited to:

We derive a significant amount of our revenues from foreign markets, which subjects us to additional business risks that could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our foreign manufacturing operations accounted for approximately ~~31.2%~~31.9% of our net sales for the fiscal year ended May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, not including exports directly from the ~~U.S.~~United States which accounted for approximately 1.1% of our net sales for fiscal ~~2020.~~2021. We plan to continue to grow our international operations and the growth and maintenance of such operations could be adversely affected by Brexit, the ~~Covid-19~~Covid pandemic or other public health crises, changes in social, political and economic conditions, inflation rates, trade protection measures, restrictions on foreign investments and repatriation of earnings, changing intellectual property rights, difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations and changes in regulatory requirements that restrict the sales of our products or increase our costs. Our ability to effectively manage our foreign operations may pose significant risks that could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow, liquidity or financial condition.

The interpretation and application of data protection laws, rules and regulations in the United States, Europe and elsewhere applicable to our business (collectively, the “Data Protection Laws”) are uncertain and evolving. It is possible that the Data Protection Laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our data practices. Complying with these various laws is difficult and could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner adverse to our business. Further, although we have implemented internal controls and procedures designed to ensure compliance with the Data Protection Laws, there can be no assurance that our controls and procedures will enable us to be fully compliant with all Data Protection Laws.

~~Significant foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations~~Despite our efforts to protect personal, sensitive and confidential information, comply with the Data Protection Laws and implement data security measures, we may ~~harm~~be vulnerable to security breaches, cyber-attacks and other data loss, and, in fact, we have experienced data security incidents that have impacted our operations, but have not had a material impact on our financial results. These risks may be increased as a result of the Covid pandemic. In addition, it is not possible to predict the impact on our business of the future loss, alteration or misappropriation of information related to us, our employees, former employees, customers, suppliers or others. This could lead to negative publicity, legal claims, theft, modification or destruction of proprietary information or key information, damage to or inaccessibility of critical systems, manufacture of defective products, production downtimes, operational disruptions, data breach claims and other significant costs, which could adversely affect our reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business and financial condition could be adversely affected if we are unable to protect our material trademarks and other proprietary information or there is a loss in the actual or perceived value of our brands.

We ~~conduct~~have numerous valuable patents, trade secrets and know-how, domain names, trademarks and trade names, including certain marks that are significant to our business, ~~in various regions throughout~~which are identified under Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Despite our efforts to protect our trademarks, trade secrets and other proprietary rights from unauthorized use or disclosure, other parties may attempt to disclose or use them without our authorization; such unauthorized use or disclosure could negatively impact our business and financial condition.

Similarly, the ~~world~~reputations of our branded products depend on numerous factors, including the successful advertising and ~~are therefore subject~~marketing of our brand names, consumer acceptance, continued trademark validity, the availability of similar products from our competitors, and our ability to ~~market risk due to changes~~maintain product quality, technological advantages and claims of superior performance. A loss of a brand or in the ~~exchange rates~~actual or perceived value of ~~foreign currencies in relation~~our brands could limit or reduce the demand for our products and could negatively impact our business and financial condition.

Although we have insurance, it may not cover every potential risk associated with our operations.

Although we maintain insurance of various types to cover many of the ~~U.S. dollar. Because~~risks and hazards that apply to our ~~consolidated~~operations, our insurance may not cover every potential risk associated with our operations. The occurrence of a significant adverse event, the risks of which are not fully covered by insurance, could have a material adverse effect on our financial ~~statements are presented in U.S. dollars, increases or decreases~~condition and results of operations. Moreover, no assurance can be given that we will be able to maintain adequate insurance in the ~~value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies~~future at rates and with terms and conditions we consider reasonable.

The coatings, chemical and construction products industries in which we ~~transact~~operate expose us to inherent risks of legal and warranty claims and other litigation-related costs, which could adversely impact our business.

As a participant in the coatings, chemical and construction products industries, we face an inherent risk of legal claims in the event that the exposure to or failure, use or misuse of our products results, or is alleged to result, in bodily injury and/or property damage. In the course of our business, we are subject to a variety of inquiries and investigations by regulators, as well as claims and lawsuits by private parties including those related to product liability, product claims regarding asbestos or other chemicals or materials of concern in our products, warranties, the environment, contracts, service contracts, intellectual property and commercial matters, which due to their uncertain nature may result in losses, some of which may be material. We are defending claims and class action lawsuits, and could ~~materially adversely affect~~be subject to future claims and lawsuits, in which significant financial damages are alleged. These matters could consume material financial resources to defend and be a distraction to management. Some, but not all, of such matters are insured. We offer warranties on many of our ~~net revenues, operating income~~products, as well as long term warranty programs at certain of our businesses and, as a result, from time to time we may experience higher levels of warranty expense, which is typically reflected in selling, general and administrative expenses. The nature and extent to which we use hazardous or flammable materials in our manufacturing processes creates risk of damage to persons and property that, if realized, could be material.

Compliance with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations could subject us to unforeseen future expenditures or liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are subject to numerous, complicated and often increasingly stringent environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those developed in response to climate change, in the jurisdictions where we conduct business and sell our products. Governmental and regulatory authorities impose various laws and regulations on us that relate to environmental protection, the use, sale, transportation, import and export of certain chemicals or hazardous materials, and various health and safety matters, including the discharge of pollutants into the air and water, the handling, use, treatment, storage and clean-up of solid and hazardous wastes, the use of certain chemicals in product formulations, and the ~~carrying values~~investigation and remediation of soil and groundwater affected by hazardous substances and those related to climate change. These laws and regulations include the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, RCRA, CERCLA, TSCA, DSL, REACH and many other federal, state, provincial, local and international statutes. These laws and regulations often impose strict, retroactive and joint and several liability for the costs of, and damages resulting from, not addressing our, or our

predecessors’ past or present facilities and third-party disposal sites. We are currently undertaking remedial activities at a number of our ~~assets located outside the U.S. For example, Brexit caused significant volatility~~properties and could be subject to future liability as yet unknown, but that could be material.

We have not always been and may not always be in ~~global stock markets~~full compliance with all environmental, health and ~~currency exchange rate fluctuations that resulted~~safety laws and regulations in ~~the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies~~every jurisdiction in which we conduct our business. ~~Such strengthening~~In addition, if we violate or fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws (including related to permitting), we could be fined or otherwise sanctioned by regulators, including enjoining or curtailing operations, remedial or corrective measures, installing pollution control equipment, or other actions. We have been and also could in the future be liable for consequences arising out of human exposure to hazardous substances or chemicals of concern relating to our products or operations. Accordingly, we cannot guarantee that we will not be required to make additional expenditures to remain in or to achieve compliance with environmental, health or safety laws or changes in stakeholder preferences or expectations in the ~~U.S. dollar relative~~future or that any such additional expenditures will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. If regulatory permits or registrations are delayed, restricted, or rejected, subsequent operations at our businesses could be delayed or restricted, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our businesses are subject to ~~other currencies~~varying domestic and foreign laws and regulations that may restrict or adversely ~~affect~~impact our ~~operating results.~~ability to conduct our business.

Our businesses are subject to varying domestic and foreign laws and regulations that may restrict or adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. These include securities, environmental, health, safety, tax, competition and anti-trust, insurance, service contract and warranty, trade controls, data security, anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, employment and privacy laws and regulations. These laws and regulations change from time to time and thus may result in increased risk and costs to us related to our compliance therewith. From time to time regulators review our compliance with applicable laws. We have not always been, and may not always be, in full compliance with all laws and regulations applicable to our business and, thus enforcement actions, fines and private litigation claims and damages, which could be material, may occur, notwithstanding our belief that we have in place appropriate risk management and compliance programs to mitigate these risks.

We could be adversely affected by violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-bribery laws of other countries, as well as trade sanctions administered by the office of Foreign Assets Control and the Department of Commerce.

The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ~~(‘‘FCPA’’)~~ and similar anti-bribery laws of other countries generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to governmental officials or others for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or for other unfair advantage. Our policies mandate compliance with ~~these~~ anti-bribery laws. We operate in many parts of the world that have experienced governmental corruption to some degree and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-bribery laws may conflict with local customs and practices.

We are required to comply with U.S. regulations on trade sanctions and embargoes administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control, ~~(“OFAC”),~~ the Commerce Department and similar multi-national bodies and governmental agencies worldwide, which are complex and often changing. A violation thereof could subject us to regulatory enforcement actions, including a loss of export privileges and significant civil and criminal penalties and fines.

Although we have internal controls and procedures designed to ensure compliance with these laws, there can be no assurance that our controls and procedures will prevent a violation of these laws. Violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt our business and result in a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Our operations are subject to the effect of global tax law changes, some of which have been, and may be in the future, retroactive in application.

Our operations are subject to various federal, state, local and foreign tax laws and regulations which govern, among other things, taxes on worldwide income. Any potential tax law changes may, for example, increase applicable tax rates, have retroactive application, or impose stricter compliance requirements in the jurisdictions in which we operate, which could reduce our consolidated net earnings.

In response to, for instance, an economic crisis or recession, governments may revise tax laws, regulations or official interpretations in ways that could have a significant impact on us, including modifications that could, for example, reduce the profits that we can effectively realize from our non-U.S. operations, or that could require costly changes to those operations, or the way in which they are structured. If changes in tax laws, regulations or interpretations were to significantly increase the tax rates on non-U.S. income, our effective tax rate could increase, our profits could be reduced, and if such increases were a result of our status as a U.S. company, could place us at a disadvantage to our non-U.S. competitors if those competitors remain subject to lower local tax rates.

We could be adversely affected by failure to comply with federal, state and local government procurement regulations and requirements.

We have contracts with and supply product to federal, state and local governmental entities and their contractors, and are required to comply with specific procurement regulations and other requirements relating to those contracts and sales. Requirements in our contracts and those requirements flowed down to us in our capacity as a subcontractor or supplier, although customary in government contracts, may impact our performance and compliance costs. Failure to comply with these regulations and requirements or to make required disclosures under contract could result in reductions of the value of contracts, contract modifications or termination for cause, adverse past performance ratings, actions under a federal or state false claims statutes, suspension or debarment from government contracting or subcontracting for a period of time and the assessment of penalties and fines, any of which could negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition and could have a negative impact on our reputation and ability to procure other government contracts in the future.

Terrorist activities and other acts of violence or war, pandemics, natural disasters and other disruptions have negatively impacted in the past and could negatively impact in the future the U.S. and foreign countries, the financial markets, the industries in which we compete, our operations and profitability.

Terrorist activities, pandemics, natural disasters and other disruptions have contributed to economic instability in the U.S. and elsewhere, and further acts of terrorism, cyber-terrorism, violence, war, pandemics or natural disasters could affect the industries in which we compete, our ability to purchase raw materials or make, sell or distribute products, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

The interpretation and application of data protection laws, rules and regulations in the U.S., Europe and elsewhere applicable to our business (collectively, the “Data Protection Laws”) are uncertain and evolving. It is possible that the Data Protection Laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our data practices. Complying with these various laws is difficult and could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner adverse to our business. Further, although we are implementing internal controls and procedures designed to ensure compliance with the Data Protection Laws, there can be no assurance that our controls and procedures will enable us to be fully compliant with all Data Protection Laws.

Despite our efforts to protect sensitive information and confidential and personal data, comply with the Data Protection Laws and implement data security measures, we may be vulnerable to security breaches and other data loss, including cyber-attacks and, in fact, we have experienced data security incidents that have impacted our operations, but have not had a material impact on our financial results. In addition, it is not possible to predict the impact on our business of the future loss, alteration or misappropriation of information related to us, our employees, former employees, customers, suppliers or others. This could lead to negative publicity, legal claims, theft, modification or destruction of proprietary information or key information, damage to or inaccessibility of critical systems, manufacture of defective products, production downtimes, operational disruptions, data breach claims and other significant costs, which could adversely affect our reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

We have numerous valuable patents, trade secrets and know-how, domain names, trademarks and trade names, including certain marks that are significant to our business, which are identified under Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Despite our efforts to protect our trademarks, trade secrets and other proprietary rights from unauthorized use or disclosure, other parties may attempt to disclose or use them without our authorization; such unauthorized use or disclosure could negatively impact our business and financial condition.

Similarly, the reputations of our branded products depend on numerous factors, including the successful advertising and marketing of our brand names, consumer acceptance, continued trademark validity, the availability of similar products from our competitors, and our ability to maintain our products’ quality and technological advantages and claims of superior performance. A loss of a brand or in the actual or perceived value of our brands could limit or reduce the demand for our products and could negatively impact our business and financial condition.

~~Although we have insurance, it may not cover every potential risk associated with our operations.~~

Although we maintain insurance of various types to cover many of the risks and hazards that apply to our operations, our insurance may not cover every potential risk associated with our operations. The occurrence of a significant adverse event, the risks of which are not fully covered by insurance, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, no assurance can be given that we will be able to maintain adequate insurance in the future at rates and with terms and conditions we consider reasonable.

~~Adverse weather conditions may reduce the demand for some of our products and could have a negative effect on our sales.~~

From time to time, adverse weather conditions in certain parts of the U.S. and other countries in which we do business have had an adverse effect on our sales of paint, coatings, roofing, construction products and related products. For example, unusually cold and rainy weather, especially during the general construction and exterior painting season, could have an adverse effect on sales of such products. As a result, we have historically experienced weaker sales and net income in our third fiscal quarter (December through February) in comparison to our performance during our other fiscal quarters.

Our corporate headquarters and a plant and offices for one subsidiary are located on approximately ~~165~~172 acres, which we own in Medina, Ohio. As of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, our operations occupied a total of approximately ~~21.1~~19.0 million square feet, with the majority, approximately ~~15.9~~15.0 million square feet, devoted to manufacturing, assembly and storage. Of the approximately ~~21.1~~19.0 million square feet occupied, approximately ~~8.9~~9.3 million square feet are owned and approximately ~~12.2~~9.7 million square feet are occupied under operating leases.

Set forth below is a description, as of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, of our principal facilities which we believe are material to our operations:

		Approximate
		Square Feet Of		Leased or
Location	Business/Segment	Floor Space		Owned
Hertogenbosch, Netherlands	Rust-Oleum (Consumer)		~~507,399~~512,792	Owned
Toronto, Ontario, Canada	Tremco (CPG)		420,506	Owned
Cacapava, Brazil	Euclid (CPG)		383,776	Owned
Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin	Rust-Oleum (Consumer)		~~262,159~~261,000	Owned
~~Cleveland,~~Fairborn, Ohio	~~Euclid (CPG)~~Rust-Oleum (Consumer)		~~259,053~~258,886	Owned
Cleveland, Ohio	Day-Glo (SPG)		224,624	Owned
LaFayette, Georgia	Euclid (CPG)		201,109	Owned
Dayton, Nevada	Carboline (PCG)		184,833	Owned
Cherry Hill, New Jersey	Stonhard (PCG)		181,680	Owned
Cleveland, Ohio	Euclid (CPG)		180,378	Owned
Zelem, Belgium	Rust-Oleum (Consumer)		172,136	Owned
Cleveland, Ohio	Tremco (CPG)		160,300	Owned
Bodenwoehr, Germany	illbruck (CPG)		156,184	Owned
Vallirana, Spain	Carboline (PCG)		155,743	Owned
Coaldale, Alberta, Canada	Dryvit (CPG)		150,705	Owned
Lierstranda, Norway	Carboline (PCG)		145,958	Owned
Baltimore, Maryland	DAP (Consumer)		144,200	Owned
Hagerstown, Maryland	Rust-Oleum (Consumer)		143,000	Owned
~~Arkel, Netherlands~~	~~illbruck (CPG)~~		~~140,157~~	~~Owned~~
Tipp City, Ohio	DAP (Consumer)		140,000	Owned
~~Zelem, Belgium~~Arkel, Netherlands	~~Rust-Oleum (Consumer)~~illbruck (CPG)		~~136,150~~138,542	Owned
El Marques, Mexico	Fibergrate (PCG)		136,950	Owned
Attleboro, Massachusetts	Rust-Oleum (Consumer)		133,650	Owned
Hudson, North Carolina	Wood Finishes Group (SPG)		132,300	Owned
Ellaville, Georgia	TCI (SPG)		129,600	Owned
Lake Charles, Louisiana	Carboline (PCG)		~~114,257~~114,287	Owned
Johannesburg, South Africa	Stonhard (PCG)		112,956	Owned
Birtley, United Kingdom	Rust-Oleum (Consumer)		112,354	Owned
Lesage, West Virginia	Rust-Oleum (Consumer)		112,000	Owned
Somerset, New Jersey	Rust-Oleum (Consumer)		110,000	Owned
Bogota, Colombia	Euclid (CPG)		106,824	Owned
Wigan, Lancashire, United Kingdom	illbruck (CPG)		106,020	Owned
Richmond, Missouri	Stonhard (PCG)		100,411	Owned
~~El Marques, Mexico~~Maple Shade, New Jersey	~~Fibergrate~~Stonhard (PCG)		~~95,280~~80,606	Owned
Kirkland, Illinois	Euclid (CPG)		~~91,351~~	~~Owned~~
~~Johannesburg, South Africa~~	~~Stonhard (PCG)~~		~~87,081~~	~~Owned~~
~~Maple Shade, New Jersey~~	~~Stonhard (PCG)~~		~~78,112~~78,825	Owned
Dallas, Texas	DAP (Consumer)		74,000	Owned
Medina, Ohio	Tremco (CPG)		72,300	~~Owned~~
~~West Warwick, Rhode Island~~	~~Dryvit (CPG)~~		~~71,022~~	Owned
Cleveland, Ohio	Tremco (CPG)		65,810	Owned
Woodlake, California	Dryvit (CPG)		41,475	Owned
Columbus, Georgia	Dryvit (CPG)		40,600	Owned
Sand Springs, Oklahoma	Dryvit (CPG)		36,998	Owned
Twistringen, Germany	Alteco (CPG)		32,873	Owned
Fort Wayne, Indiana	Stonhard (PCG)		26,700	Owned
~~Pasadena, Texas~~	~~Euclid (CPG)~~		~~23,580~~	~~Owned~~
Tultitlan, Mexico	Euclid (CPG)		22,712	Owned
Martinsburg, West Virginia	Rust-Oleum (Consumer)		921,712	Leased
Kenosha, Wisconsin	Rust-Oleum (Consumer)		850,243	Leased
~~Riverside, California~~	~~Rust-Oleum (Consumer)~~		~~309,535~~	~~Leased~~
Cleveland, Ohio	Tremco (CPG)		~~298,175~~498,684	Leased
Fairborn, Ohio	Rust-Oleum (Consumer)		340,292	Leased
Granby, Quebec, Canada	Dryvit (CPG)		~~295,705~~319,562	Leased
Riverside, California	Rust-Oleum (Consumer)		309,535	Leased
Vaughan, Ontario, Canada	Rust-Oleum (Consumer)		~~272,967~~272,767	Leased
Baltimore, Maryland	DAP (Consumer)		244,495	Leased
Columbus, Georgia	Dryvit (CPG)		146,128	Leased
Elgin, Illinois	Profile Foods (SPG)		135,490	Leased
Gateshead, Tyne, United Kingdom	Rust-Oleum (Consumer)		135,000	Leased
Garland, Texas	DAP (Consumer)		130,900	Leased
North Kingstown, Rhode Island	Dryvit (CPG)		120,000	Leased
Burlington, Washington	Legend Brands (SPG)		113,875	~~Leased~~
~~Columbus, Georgia~~	~~Dryvit (CPG)~~		~~105,000~~	Leased
Lake Charles, Louisiana	Carboline (PCG)		100,035	Leased
~~Scoresby, Victoria, Australia~~Denver, Colorado	~~Rust-Oleum (Consumer)~~Fibergrate (PCG)		~~99,695~~98,140	Leased
Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom	Tremco (CPG)		95,978	Leased
Louisa, Virginia	Carboline (PCG)		~~60,100~~60,000	Leased

We lease certain of our properties under long-term leases. Some of these leases provide for increased rent based on an increase in the cost-of-living index. For information concerning our rental obligations, see Note M, “Leases” ofto the ~~Notes to~~ Consolidated Financial Statements. Under many of our leases, we are obligated to pay certain varying insurance costs, utilities, real property taxes and other costs and expenses.

We believe that our manufacturing plants and office facilities are well maintained and suitable for our operations.

~~We were notified by the SEC on June 24, 2014 that we are the subject of a formal investigation pertaining~~

Refer to Note P, “Contingencies and Accrued Losses,” to the timing of our disclosure and accrual of loss reserves in fiscal 2013 with respect to the previously disclosed Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and General Services Administration (“GSA”) investigation into compliance issues relating to Tremco Roofing Division’s GSA contracts. As previously disclosed, our audit committee completed an investigation into the facts and circumstances surrounding the timing of our disclosure and accrual of loss reserves with respect to the GSA and DOJ investigations, and determined to restate our financial resultsConsolidated Financial Statements, for the first, second and third quarters of fiscal 2013. The restatement shifted accrual amounts among the three quarters, which had the effect of reducing net income by $7.2 million and $10.8 million for the quarterly periods ended August 31, 2012 and November 30, 2012, respectively, and increasing net income for the quarterly period ended February 28, 2013 by $18.0 million. These restatements had no impact on our audited financial results for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2013. The audit committee’s investigation concluded that there was no intentional misconduct on the part of any of our officers.

~~In connection with the foregoing, on September 9, 2016, the SEC filed an enforcement action in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia against us~~further discussion and our General Counsel. We have cooperated with the SEC’s investigation and believe the allegations in the complaint mischaracterize both our and our General Counsel’s actions in connection with the matters related to our quarterly results in fiscal 2013 and are without merit. The complaint seeks disgorgement of gains that may have resulted from the conduct alleged in the complaint, and payment of unspecified monetary penalties from us and our General Counsel pursuant to Section 20(d)evaluation of the Securities Act and Section 21(d)(3) of the Exchange Act. Further, the complaint seeks to permanently enjoin us from violations of Sections 17(a)(2) and (a)(3) of the Securities Act, Sections 13(a), 13(b)(2)(A) and 13(b)(2)(B) of the Exchange Act, and Exchange Act Rules 12b-20, 13a-1, 13a-11 and 13a-13, and to permanently enjoin our General Counsel from violations of Sections 17(a)(2) and (a)(3) of the Securities Act and Exchange Act Rules 13b2-1 and 13b2-2(a). Both we and our General Counsel filed motions to dismiss the complaint on February 24, 2017. Those motions to dismiss the complaint were denied by the Court on September 29, 2017. We and our General Counsel filed answers to the complaint on October 16, 2017. Formal discovery commenced in January 2018 and closed as of June 3, 2019, other than some remaining, limited discovery requests. The parties engaged in written discovery, and several fact witnesses were deposed. We are currently awaiting further instruction regarding the remaining case schedule. We intend to continue to contest the allegations in the complaint vigorously.

Like other companies participating in similar lines of business, some of our subsidiaries are identified as a “potentially responsible party” under the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act and similar local environmental statutes or are participating in the cost of certain clean-up efforts or other remedial actions relating to environmental matters. Our share of such costs to date, however, has not been material and management believes that these environmental proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations. See “Item 1 — Business — Environmental Matters,” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

~~On August 13, 2019, Kirker Enterprises Inc. received an Administrative Order~~As permitted by Final Rule Release No. 33-10825, “Modernization of Regulation S-K Items 101, 103, and ~~Civil Administrative Penalty Assessment letter from~~105,” and given the ~~State~~size of ~~New Jersey Department~~our operations, we have elected to adopt a quantitative disclosure threshold for environmental proceedings of Environmental Protection Division of Air Enforcement formally notifying it of alleged failures to fulfill all conditions of an air permit applicable to its Patterson, New Jersey facility. The letter includes a proposed penalty of approximately $192,000.

~~Carboline Company previously was identified as a potentially responsible party in connection with a matter filed on behalf~~$1 million. As of the ~~U.S. EPA claiming~~date of this filing, we are not aware of any matters that ~~Carboline Company, among other potentially responsible parties, violated Section 107 of~~exceed this threshold and meet the ~~Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (“CERCLA”) and seeking reimbursement~~definition for response costs incurred in connection with the release or threatened release of hazardous substances at the Lammers Barrel Superfund Site in Beavercreek, Ohio. During the third quarter of fiscal 2020, Carboline Company agreed in principle to settle this matter for $1.3 million, which amount is subject to final approval and court entry of the proposed consent decree relating to this matter.disclosure.

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

The following table presents information about repurchases of RPM International Inc. Common Stock made by us during the fourth quarter of fiscal ~~2020:~~2021:

~~The following table sets forth our selected consolidated financial data for each of the five years during the period ended May 31, 2020.~~

Fiscal Years Ended May 31,

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

(Amounts in thousands, except per share and
   percentage data)

Net sales

$
5,506,994

$
5,564,551

$
5,321,643

$
4,958,175

$
4,813,649

Income before income taxes

407,764

339,845

417,048

244,333

483,466

Net income

305,082

267,687

339,257

184,671

357,458

Return on sales %

5.5
%

4.8
%

6.4
%

3.7
%

7.4
%
Basic earnings per share attributable to RPM International Inc.
   Stockholders

$
2.35

$
2.03

$
2.55

$
1.37

$
2.70

Diluted earnings per share attributable to RPM International Inc.
   Stockholders

2.34

2.01

2.50

1.36

2.63

Total RPM International Inc. stockholders’ equity

1,262,445

1,405,952

1,630,773

1,436,061

1,372,335

Total RPM International Inc. stockholders' equity per share

9.83

10.77

12.43

10.99

10.61

Return on total RPM International Inc. stockholders’ equity %

22.9
%

17.6
%

22.1
%

13.2
%

26.8
%
Average shares outstanding

128,468

130,552

131,179

130,662

129,383

Cash dividends declared and paid

$
185,101

$
181,409

$
167,476

$
156,752

$
144,350

Cash dividends declared and paid per share

1.430

1.370

1.260

1.175

1.085

Retained earnings

1,544,336

1,425,052

1,342,736

1,172,442

1,147,371

Working capital

1,329,849

978,687

1,464,205

1,162,042

1,133,157

Total assets

5,630,954

5,441,355

5,271,822

5,090,449

4,764,969

Long-term debt

2,458,290

1,973,462

2,170,643

1,836,437

1,635,260

Depreciation and amortization

156,842

141,742

128,499

116,773

111,039

Cash from operating activities

549,919

292,941

390,383

386,127

474,706

Cash (used for) investing activities

(209,613
)

(248,246
)

(261,193
)

(339,665
)

(165,866
)
Cash (used for) provided by financing activities

(316,870
)

(53,842
)

(239,376
)

35,971

(206,105
)

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Our financial statements include all of our majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries. Investments in less-than-majority-owned joint ventures over which we have the ability to exercise significant influence are accounted for under the equity method. Preparation of our financial statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We continually evaluate these estimates, including those related to our allowances for doubtful accounts; reserves for excess and obsolete inventories; allowances for recoverable sales and/or value-added taxes; uncertain tax positions; useful lives of property, plant and equipment; goodwill and other intangible assets; environmental, warranties and other contingent liabilities; income tax valuation allowances; pension plans; and the fair value of financial instruments. We base our estimates on historical experience, our most recent facts and other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of our assets and liabilities. Actual results, which are shaped by actual market conditions, may differ materially from our estimates.

We have identified below the accounting policies and estimates that are the most critical to our financial statements.

We test our goodwill balances at least annually, or more frequently as impairment indicators arise, at the reporting unit level. Our annual impairment assessment date has been designated as the first day of our fourth fiscal quarter. Our reporting units have been identified at the component level, which is the operating segment level or one level below our operating segments.

We follow the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) guidance found in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350 that simplifies how an entity tests goodwill for impairment. It provides an option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, and whether it is necessary to perform ~~the two-step~~a quantitative goodwill impairment test.

We assess qualitative factors in each of our reporting units that carry goodwill. Among other relevant events and circumstances that affect the fair value of our reporting units, we assess individual factors such as:

We assess these qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the ~~two-step~~ quantitative goodwill impairment test. The ~~traditional two-step~~ quantitative process is required only if we conclude that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount. However, we have an unconditional option to bypass a qualitative assessment and proceed directly to performing the ~~traditional two-step~~ quantitative analysis. We applied the ~~traditional two-step~~ quantitative process during our annual goodwill impairment assessments performed during the fourth quarters of fiscal 2021 and 2020 and applied both the qualitative and quantitative processes during our annual goodwill impairment assessment performed during the fourth quarter of fiscal ~~2020 and applied both the qualitative and traditional two-step quantitative processes during our annual goodwill impairment assessment performed during the fourth quarters of fiscal 2019 and 2018.~~2019.

In applying ~~the first step of~~ the quantitative test, we compare the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value. If the calculated fair value is less than the current carrying value, then impairment of the reporting unit exists. Calculating the fair value of a reporting unit requires our use of estimates and assumptions. We use significant judgment in determining the most appropriate method to establish the fair value of a reporting unit. We estimate the fair value of a reporting unit by employing various valuation techniques, depending on the availability and reliability of comparable market value indicators, and employ methods and assumptions that include the application of third-party market value indicators and the computation of discounted future cash flows determined from estimated cashflow adjustments to a reporting unit’s annual projected earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”), or adjusted EBITDA, which adjusts for one-off items impacting revenues and/or expenses that are not considered by management to be indicative of ongoing operations. Our fair value estimations may include a combination of value indications from both the market and income approaches, as the income approach considers the future cash flows from a reporting unit’s ongoing operations as a going concern, while the market approach considers the current financial environment in establishing fair value.

WeIn the applying the market approach, we use market multiples derived from a set of similar companies. In applying the income approach, we evaluate discounted future cash flows determined from estimated cashflow adjustments to a reporting unit’s projected EBITDA. Under this approach, we calculate the fair value of a reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets of the reporting unit, goodwill is not impaired. An indication that goodwill may be impaired results when the carrying value of the net assets of a reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit. At that point, the second step of the impairment test is performed, which requires a fair value estimate of each tangible and intangible asset in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, then we record an impairment loss equal to the difference.

In applying the discounted cash flow methodology utilized in the income approach, we rely on a number of factors, including future business plans, actual and forecasted operating results, and market data. The significant assumptions employed under this method include discount rates; revenue growth rates, including assumed terminal growth rates; and operating margins used to project future cash flows for a reporting unit. The discount rates utilized reflect market-based estimates of capital costs and discount rates adjusted for management’s assessment of a market participant’s view with respect to other risks associated with the projected cash flows of the individual reporting unit. Our estimates are based upon assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which by nature are uncertain and unpredictable. ~~We believe we incorporate ample sensitivity ranges into our analysis~~

Changes in the Composition of ~~goodwill impairment testing for a reporting unit, such that actual experience would need to be materially out of the range of expected assumptions~~Reporting Units in ~~order for an impairment to remain undetected.~~

~~Prior to our fiscal 2019 annual goodwill impairment test, in connection with our~~Fiscal 2020 MAP to Growth, during the third fiscal quarter ended February 28, 2019, we changed the composition of certain of our reporting units that were included in our former industrial reportable segment. Accordingly, we performed an interim impairment test for each reporting unit that changed in accordance with ASC 350, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other.” Our interim goodwill impairment assessments did not indicate the presence of any goodwill impairment for any of the reporting units tested. However, as previously disclosed during the period ended May 31, 2019, we noted that our Construction Product Group – Europe, which had $125.0 million of goodwill at February 28, 2019, had an excess of fair value over carrying value of approximately 9% using the income approach. Our annual goodwill impairment test for fiscal year 2019, which considered both the income and market approach, resulted in a substantial excess of fair value over carrying value. We continued to monitor the performance of this reporting unit during fiscal 2020, and did not note any interim indicators of impairment. Furthermore, our annual goodwill impairment test for fiscal 2020 resulted in a substantial excess of fair value over carrying value.

On June 1, 2019, ~~(i.e., at the beginning of fiscal 2020),~~ the composition of our reportable segments was ~~revised, as further discussed in Note R, “Segment Information.”~~revised. Prior to implementing the revised segment reporting structure beginning in fiscal 2020, our previously disclosed Industrial segment comprised two operating segments, the CPG operating segment and the PCG operating segment. Each of these operating segments comprised several reporting units, all of which were tested during ~~our last~~the annual goodwill impairment ~~test~~tests during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019, 2020 and ~~again during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020.~~2021.

Also, in connection with our ~~2020~~ Map to Growth, we realigned certain businesses and management structure within our SPG segment. As such, our former Wood Finishes Group reporting unit was split into two separate reporting units: Guardian and Wood Finishes Group. Additionally, our former Kop-Coat Group reporting unit was split into two reporting units: Kop-Coat Industrial Protection Products and Kop-Coat Group. We performed an interim goodwill impairment test for each of the new reporting units upon the change in reportable segments, business realignment and management structure using a quantitative assessment. We concluded that the estimated fair values exceeded the carrying values for these new reporting units, and accordingly, no indications of impairment were identified as a result of these changes during the first quarter of fiscal 2020.

As a result of the annual impairment assessments performed for fiscal 2021, 2020 ~~2019~~ and ~~2018,~~2019, there were no goodwill ~~impairments, including no reporting units that were at risk of failing step one of the traditional two-step quantitative analysis.~~impairments.

We assess identifiable, amortizable intangibles and other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in facts and circumstances indicate the possibility that the carrying values of these assets may not be recoverable over their estimated remaining useful lives. Factors considered important in our assessment, which might trigger an impairment evaluation, include the following:

Measuring a potential impairment of amortizable intangibles and other long-lived assets requires the use of various estimates and assumptions, including the determination of which cash flows are directly related to the assets being evaluated, the respective useful lives over which those cash flows will occur and potential residual values, if any. If we determine that the carrying values of these assets may not be recoverable based upon the existence of one or more of the above-described indicators or other factors, any impairment amounts would be measured based on the projected net cash flows expected from these assets, including any net cash flows related to eventual disposition activities. The determination of any impairment losses would be based on the best information available, including internal estimates of discounted cash flows; market participant assumptions; quoted market prices, when available; and independent appraisals, as appropriate, to determine fair values. Cash flow estimates would be based on our historical experience and our internal business plans, with appropriate discount rates applied.

Additionally, we test all indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually during our fiscal fourth quarter. We follow the guidance provided by ASC 350 that simplifies how an entity tests indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment. It provides an option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount before applying traditional quantitative tests. We applied both qualitative and quantitative processes during our annual indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment assessments performed during the fourth quarters of fiscal 2021, 2020 ~~2019~~ and ~~2018.~~2019.

The annual impairment assessment involves estimating the fair value of each indefinite-lived asset and comparing it with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the intangible asset exceeds its fair value, we record an impairment loss equal to the difference. Calculating the fair value of the indefinite-lived assets requires our significant use of estimates and assumptions. We estimate the fair values of our intangible assets by applying a relief-from-royalty calculation, which includes discounted future cash flows related to each of our intangible asset’s projected revenues. In applying this methodology, we rely on a number of factors, including actual and forecasted revenues and market data.

Our required annual impairment ~~tests~~test of each of our indefinite-lived intangible assets performed during fiscal 2021, 2020 ~~2019,~~ and ~~2018~~2019 did not result in ~~any additional~~an impairment ~~loss. No~~charge.

Although no impairment ~~losses were~~charge was recorded ~~as a result of our~~during these periods related to the annual impairment ~~tests, however,~~test, we did record anintangible impairment ~~charge~~charges in ~~both~~ fiscal 2020 and ~~fiscal~~ 2019. In fiscal 2020, in connection with ~~2020~~ Map to Growth, we recorded an impairment charge of $4.0 million included in restructuring expense in our Consumer reportable segment for impairment losses on indefinite-lived trade names. In fiscal 2019, we recorded an impairment charge of $4.2 million, of which, $2.0 million was recorded by our CPG reportable segment for impairment losses on indefinite-lived trade names and approximately $2.2 million was recorded by our SPG reportable segment for impairment losses on definite-lived customer-related intangibles. Refer to Note C “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” for additional details on these indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charges.

Our provision for income taxes is calculated using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred income taxes. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes and certain changes in valuation allowances. We provide valuation allowances against deferred tax assets if, based on available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

In determining the adequacy of valuation allowances, we consider cumulative and anticipated amounts of domestic and international earnings or losses of the appropriate character, anticipated amounts of foreign source income, as well as the anticipated taxable income resulting from the reversal of future taxable temporary differences. We intend to maintain any recorded valuation allowances until sufficient positive evidence (for example, cumulative positive foreign earnings or capital gain income) exists to support a reversal of the tax valuation allowances.

Further, at each interim reporting period, we estimate an effective income tax rate that is expected to be applicable for the full year. Significant judgment is involved regarding the application of global income tax laws and regulations and when projecting the jurisdictional mix of income. Additionally, interpretation of tax laws, court decisions or other guidance provided by taxing authorities influences our estimate of the effective income tax rates. As a result, our actual effective income tax rates and related income tax liabilities may differ materially from our estimated effective tax rates and related income tax liabilities. Any resulting differences are recorded in the period they become known.

Additionally, our operations are subject to various federal, state, local and foreign tax laws and regulations that govern, among other things, taxes on worldwide income. The calculation of our income tax expense is based on the best information available, including the application of currently enacted income tax laws and regulations, and involves our significant judgment. The actual income tax liability for each jurisdiction in any year can ultimately be determined, in some instances, several years after the financial statements have been published.

We also maintain accruals for estimated income tax exposures for many different jurisdictions. Tax exposures are settled primarily through the resolution of audits within each tax jurisdiction or the closing of a statute of limitation. Tax exposures and actual income tax liabilities can also be affected by changes in applicable tax laws, retroactive tax law changes or other factors, which may cause us to believe revisions of past estimates are appropriate. Although we believe that appropriate liabilities have been recorded for our income tax expense and income tax exposures, actual results may differ materially from our estimates.

We are party to various claims and lawsuits arising in the normal course of business. Although we cannot precisely predict the amount of any liability that may ultimately arise with respect to any of these matters, we record provisions when we consider the liability probable and estimable. Our provisions are based on historical experience and legal advice, reviewed quarterly and adjusted according to developments. In general, our accruals, including our accruals for environmental ~~warranty~~ and ~~tax~~warranty liabilities, discussed further

below, represent the best estimate of a range of probable losses. Estimating probable losses requires the analysis of multiple factors that often depend on judgments about potential actions by third parties, such as regulators, courts, and state and federal legislatures. Changes in the amounts of our loss provisions, which can be material, affect our Consolidated Statements of Income. To the extent there is a

reasonable possibility that potential losses could exceed the amounts already accrued, we believe that the amount of any such additional loss would be immaterial to our results of operations, liquidity and consolidated financial position. We evaluate our accruals at the end of each quarter, or sometimes more frequently, based on available facts, and may revise our estimates in the future based on any new information that becomes available.

Our environmental-related accruals are similarly established and/or adjusted as more information becomes available upon which costs can be reasonably estimated. Actual costs may vary from these estimates because of the inherent uncertainties involved, including the identification of new sites and the development of new information about contamination. Certain sites are still being investigated; therefore, we have been unable to fully evaluate the ultimate costs for those sites. As a result, accruals have not been estimated for certain of these sites and costs may ultimately exceed existing estimated accruals for other sites. We have received indemnities for potential environmental issues from purchasers of certain of our properties and businesses and from sellers of some of the properties or businesses we have acquired. If the indemnifying party fails to, or becomes unable to, fulfill its obligations under those agreements, we may incur environmental costs in addition to any amounts accrued, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

We offer warranties on many of our products, as well as long-term warranty programs at certain of our businesses, and thus have established corresponding warranty liabilities. Warranty expense is impacted by variations in local construction practices, installation conditions, and geographic and climate differences. Although we believe that appropriate liabilities have been recorded for our warranty expense, actual results may differ materially from our estimates.

We sponsor qualified defined benefit pension plans and various other nonqualified postretirement plans. The qualified defined benefit pension plans are funded with trust assets invested in a diversified portfolio of debt and equity securities and other investments. Among other factors, changes in interest rates, investment returns and the market value of plan assets can (i) affect the level of plan funding, (ii) cause volatility in the net periodic pension cost and (iii) increase our future contribution requirements. A significant decrease in investment returns or the market value of plan assets or a significant decrease in interest rates could increase our net periodic pension costs and adversely affect our results of operations. A significant increase in our contribution requirements with respect to our qualified defined benefit pension plans could have an adverse impact on our cash flow.

Changes in our key plan assumptions would impact net periodic benefit expense and the projected benefit obligation for our defined benefit and various postretirement benefit plans. Based upon May 31, ~~2020~~2021 information, the following tables reflect the impact of a 1% change in the key assumptions applied to our defined benefit pension plans in the ~~U.S.~~United States and internationally:

Based upon May 31, ~~2020~~2021 information, the following table reflects the impact of a 1% change in the key assumptions applied to our various postretirement health care plans:

Effective June 1, 2019, we realigned certain businesses and management structure to recognize how we allocate resources and analyze the operating performance of our businesses. Among other things, the realignment of certain businesses occurred as a result of the 2020 MAP to Growth that was approved and initiated between May and August 2018. As we began to execute on our operating improvement initiatives, we identified ways to realign certain businesses, and concluded that moving to an expanded reporting structure could help us to better manage our assets and improve synergies across the enterprise.

This realignment changed our reportable segments beginning with our first quarter of fiscal 2020. As such we now report under four reportable segments instead of our three previous reportable segments. Our four reporting segments are: the CPG reportable segment, PCG reportable segment, Consumer reportable segment and SPG reportable segment. In connection with the realignment, we shifted our Kirker business out of Consumer into SPG, and also shifted our Dryvit and Nudura businesses out of SPG into CPG. The newly-formed CPG also includes our Tremco, Tremco illbruck, Euclid Chemical, Viapol, Vandex and Flowcrete businesses. PCG includes Stonhard, Carboline, USL and Fibergrate businesses, while Consumer comprises the Rust-Oleum and DAP businesses.

We operate a portfolio of businesses and product lines that manufacture and sell a variety of specialty paints, protective coatings, ~~and~~ roofing systems, flooring solutions, sealants, cleaners and adhesives. We manage our portfolio by organizing our businesses and product lines into four reportable segments as outlined ~~above,~~below, which also represent our operating segments. Within each operating segment, we manage product lines and businesses which generally address common markets, share similar economic characteristics, utilize similar technologies and can share manufacturing or distribution capabilities. Our four operating segments represent components of our business for which separate financial information is available that is utilized on a regular basis by our chief operating decision maker in determining how to allocate the assets of the company and evaluate performance. These four operating segments are each managed by an operating segment manager, who is responsible for the day-to-day operating decisions and performance evaluation of the operating segment’s underlying businesses. We evaluate the profit performance of our segments primarily based on income before income taxes, but also look to earnings (loss) before interest and taxes (“EBIT”), and/or adjusted EBIT, as a performance evaluation measure because interest expense is essentially related to acquisitions, as opposed to segment operations.

Our CPG reportable segment products are sold throughout North America and also account for the majority of our international sales. Our construction product lines are sold directly to contractors, distributors and end-users, such as industrial manufacturing facilities, public institutions and other commercial customers. Products and services within this reportable segment include construction sealants and adhesives, coatings and chemicals, roofing systems, concrete admixture and repair products, building envelope solutions, insulated cladding, flooring systems, and weatherproofing solutions.

Our PCG reportable segment products are sold throughout North America, as well as internationally, and are sold directly to contractors, distributors and end-users, such as industrial manufacturing facilities, public institutions and other commercial customers. Products and services within this reportable segment include high-performance flooring solutions, corrosion control and fireproofing coatings, infrastructure repair systems, fiberglass reinforced plastic gratings and drainage systems.

Our SPG reportable segment products are sold throughout North America and a few international locations, primarily in Europe. Our SPG product lines are sold directly to contractors, distributors and end-users, such as industrial manufacturing facilities, public institutions and other commercial customers. The SPG reportable segment offers products that include industrial cleaners, restoration services equipment, colorants, nail enamels, exterior finishes, edible coatings and specialty glazes for pharmaceutical and food industries, and other specialty original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) coatings.

In addition to our four reportable segments, there is a category of certain business activities and expenses, referred to as corporate/other, that does not constitute an operating segment. This category includes our corporate headquarters and related administrative expenses, results of our captive insurance companies, gains or losses on the sales of certain assets and other expenses not directly associated with any reportable segment. Assets related to the corporate/other category consist primarily of investments, prepaid expenses and headquarters’ property and equipment. These corporate and other assets and expenses reconcile reportable segment data to total consolidated income before income taxes and identifiable assets.

We reflect income from our joint ventures on the equity method, and receive royalties from our licensees.

The following table reflects the results of our reportable segments consistent with our management philosophy, and represents the information we utilize, in conjunction with various strategic, operational and other financial performance criteria, in evaluating the performance of our portfolio of product lines. ~~Information for all periods presented has been recast to reflect the current year change in reportable segments.~~

SEGMENT INFORMATION
(In thousands)
Year Ended May 31,	2020			2019			2018			2021			2020			2019
Net Sales
CPG Segment	$	1,880,105		$	1,899,744		$	1,837,280		$	2,076,565		$	1,880,105		$	1,899,744
PCG Segment		1,080,701			1,136,119			1,088,606			1,028,456			1,080,701			1,136,119
Consumer Segment		1,945,220			1,858,453			1,722,220			2,295,277			1,945,220			1,858,453
SPG Segment		600,968			670,235			673,537			705,990			600,968			670,235
Total	$	5,506,994		$	5,564,551		$	5,321,643		$	6,106,288		$	5,506,994		$	5,564,551
Income Before Income Taxes (a)
CPG Segment
Income Before Income Taxes (a)	$	209,663		$	178,823		$	174,032		$	291,773		$	209,663		$	178,823
Interest (Expense), Net (b)		(8,265	)		(8,334	)		(9,520	)		(8,030	)		(8,265	)		(8,334	)
EBIT (c)	$	217,928		$	187,157		$	183,552		$	299,803		$	217,928		$	187,157

PCG Segment
Income Before Income Taxes (a)	$	102,345		$	77,388		$	112,614		$	90,687		$	102,345		$	77,388
Interest (Expense), Net (b)		18			(481	)		(589	)
Interest Income (Expense), Net (b)											128			18			(481	)
EBIT (c)	$	102,327		$	77,869		$	113,203		$	90,559		$	102,327		$	77,869

Consumer Segment
Income Before Income Taxes (a)	$	198,024		$	217,448		$	171,872		$	354,789		$	198,024		$	217,448
Interest (Expense), Net (b)		(272	)		(538	)		(732	)		(242	)		(272	)		(538	)
EBIT (c)	$	198,296		$	217,986		$	172,604		$	355,031		$	198,296		$	217,986

SPG Segment
Income Before Income Taxes (a)	$	57,933		$	86,018		$	107,455		$	108,242		$	57,933		$	86,018
Interest Income, Net (b)		(62	)		425			497
Interest Income (Expense), Net (b)											(284	)		(62	)		425
EBIT (c)	$	57,995		$	85,593		$	106,958		$	108,526		$	57,995		$	85,593

Corporate/Other
(Expense) Before Income Taxes (a)	$	(160,201	)	$	(219,832	)	$	(148,925	)
(Loss) Before Income Taxes (a)										$	(177,053	)	$	(160,201	)	$	(219,832	)
Interest (Expense), Net (b)		(82,683	)		(92,734	)		(73,761	)		(32,522	)		(82,683	)		(92,734	)
EBIT (c)	$	(77,518	)	$	(127,098	)	$	(75,164	)	$	(144,531	)	$	(77,518	)	$	(127,098	)

Consolidated
Net Income	$	305,082		$	267,687		$	339,257		$	503,500		$	305,082		$	267,687
Add: (Provision) for Income Taxes		(102,682	)		(72,158	)		(77,791	)		(164,938	)		(102,682	)		(72,158	)
Income Before Income Taxes (a)		407,764			339,845			417,048			668,438			407,764			339,845
Interest (Expense)		(101,003	)		(102,392	)		(104,547	)		(85,400	)		(101,003	)		(102,392	)
Investment Income, Net		9,739			730			20,442			44,450			9,739			730
EBIT (c)	$	499,028		$	441,507		$	501,153		$	709,388		$	499,028		$	441,507

~~Fiscal~~The following discussion includes a comparison of Results of Operations and Liquidity and Capital Resources for the years ended May 31, 2021 and 2020. For comparisons of the years ended May 31, 2020 ~~Compared with Fiscal~~and 2019, see Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Part II, Item 7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2020 as filed on July 27, 2020.

Net Sales Consolidated net sales of $5.51 billion for fiscal 2020 declined by approximately 1.0% from net sales of $5.56 billion for fiscal 2019. Acquisitions added 1.1%, while organic sales, which include the impact of price and volume, declined by 0.8%. Consolidated net sales for fiscal 2020 also reflect an unfavorable foreign exchange impact of 1.3%.

Our CPG segment ~~net sales for fiscal 2020 declined by 1.0% to $1.88 billion, from net sales of $1.90 billion during fiscal 2019. The decrease was primarily due to~~experienced organic declines of 1.1% during fiscal 2020 resulting from the decrease in sales due to the Covid-19 pandemic and an unfavorable foreign exchange impact on the CPG segment of approximately 1.8%. Partially offsetting these declines, recent acquisitions contributed 1.9% to net sales during fiscal 2020. The modest decline in net sales within CPG wasgrowth driven mainly by performance in international markets, especially during our fourth quarter of fiscal 2020, where construction was not considered to be an “essential” business in many countries outside of the U.S.. The overall decline in net sales within CPG was mitigated by year-over-year growth in the U.S. roofing business, which was generally considered to be an “essential” business and which completes its projects outdoors, and therefore was able to continue operations with only modest interruption from the pandemic.

PCG segment net sales for fiscal 2020 declined by 4.9% to $1.08 billion, from net sales of $1.14 billion during fiscal 2019. The decrease was primarily due to organic declines of 3.7% during fiscal 2020 primarily resulting from the negative effect on sales of the Covid-19 pandemic along with unfavorable foreign exchange, which impacted the PCG segment net sales by 1.6%. The decline in net sales within PCG during fiscal 2020 was driven by PCG’s bridge joint business as well as business in emerging markets in which the lockdown orders were the strictest. Some of the primary customers in food, beverage, and pharmaceuticals were classified as essential in the U.S., but would not grant our installers access to their facilities in response to Covid-19. Partially offsetting these declines were net sales contributed by recent acquisitions, during fiscal 2020, of approximately 0.4%.

~~Consumer segment net sales for fiscal 2020 grew by 4.7% to $1.95 billion, from $1.86 billion in fiscal 2019. Organic growth provided 5.1% of the growth in sales, which was driven primarily~~ by market share gains in our construction technologies, led by our insulated concrete form business. In addition, we continued to gain share in our roofing business with innovation and ~~price~~new product releases. Additionally, our commercial sealants and concrete admixture businesses gained market share from our peers and experienced sales increases ~~while recent acquisitions provided 0.5%~~during fiscal 2021 from distributors who did not order in April and May of the prior fiscal year, due to Covid lockdown restrictions.

Our PCG segment experienced organic declines during the ~~current period. Unfavorable foreign currency~~period as restrictions associated with the Covid pandemic impacted ~~net sales~~the ability of contractors to gain access to the facilities of our end customers. Furthermore, our customers in the ~~Consumer~~energy sector are facing poor economic conditions, which was causing deferrals in industrial maintenance spending. The segment ~~by 0.9% during fiscal 2020 versus fiscal 2019. The Consumer segment had strong top-line growth~~was particularly challenged in ~~fiscal 2020,~~emerging markets and in particular during our fourth fiscal quarter, as home improvement retailers and hardware stores remained open and end customers were spending more time on repair and maintenance projects as a result of stay-at-home orders in response to Covid-19. This strong performance was mitigated somewhat internationally, where there were stricter lockdown orders on retail, as compared to the U.S.

SPG segment net sales for fiscal 2020 declined by 10.3% to $601.0 million, from $670.2 million. Organic sales declined 11.4% during fiscal 2020, as a result of decreases in our fluorescent pigments businessinternational markets due to reduced fire retardant orders and restoration equipment business due to fewer significant weather events in the current year as compared to the prior year, as these weather events have a favorable impact on sales, as well as the negative impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. More specifically, the furniture and marine distribution channels that the segment serves were closed for an extended period of time in the U.S. during our fourth quarter of fiscal 2020, because they were not classified as being “essential” industries. Furthermore, edible coatings sales were lower due to the shutdown of schools. Additionally, foreign currency exchange had an unfavorable impact on SPG segment net sales during fiscal 2020 of 0.6%. Partially offsetting these decreases were sales from acquisitions, which contributed 1.7%.

In our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for our third fiscal quarter ended February 29, 2020, we noted that we expected our net sales in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020 to decrease in comparison to the prior year quarter,severe lockdown restrictions as a result of the ~~disruption and uncertainty that Covid-19 is having on the global economy.~~ Covid pandemic.

Our ~~actual net sales for the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020 decreased by 8.9% to $1.46 billion as compared to $1.60 billion during the prior year quarter.~~

It continues to be difficult to predict the future financial impact on net sales, as we cannot predict the duration or scope of the pandemic, but the impact could be material. Future performance in net sales is dependent on several factors, including but not limited to: (i) the ability of our customers to continue operations; (ii) continuedConsumer segment experienced significant organic growth inresulting from a combination of distribution gains and higher DIY ~~sales,~~demand as ~~people spend~~consumers are spending more time at ~~home; (iii) a potential for organic~~home during Covid shutdowns. In addition, growth in ~~professional and consumer~~our cleaning product businesses contributed to sales growth for the current year.

Our SPG segment experienced strong demand for our businesses serving the cleaning and ~~disinfectant brands, some of which are effective~~

~~against Covid-19;~~disinfecting, furniture, outdoor recreational equipment and ~~(iv) the nature and extent of facility closures~~OEM markets, as well as strong demand for our restoration equipment business as a result of ~~Covid-19. With that being said, while we accurately forecasted a net~~extreme weather events in North America. Additionally, sales ~~decrease~~of our industrial wood protection products increased during the ~~fourth quarter of 2020, we anticipate that net sales during the first quarter of fiscal 2021 will be more in line with the results from the prior~~ year, ~~quarter, absent any further widespread lockdown orders as~~ a result of ~~Covid-19 outbreaks.~~a stronger residential market, which has driven demand for lumber, furniture and cabinets in the United States.

Gross Profit Margin Our consolidated gross profit margin of ~~38.0%~~39.4% of net sales for fiscal ~~2020~~2021 compares to a consolidated gross profit margin of ~~37.5%~~38.0% for the comparable period a year ~~ago, after giving effect to the change in classification of shipping and handling costs. Las~~t year’s reported gross profit margin of 40.6% has been recast to 37.5% in order to reflect the current year change in accounting principle related to shipping and handling costs, which were previously recognized in SG&A expenses and are now recognized in cost of sales.ago. This gross profit increase of approximately ~~0.5%~~1.4% of net sales ~~reflects an improvement resulting~~resulted primarily from a combination of MAP to Growth savings, which include plant consolidations and improved operating discipline, as well as raw material savings due to our centralized procurement initiatives, increases in selling prices and ~~2020 MAP to Growth savings, partially offset by~~ the favorable impact of leveraging from higher sales volume ~~decreases, unfavorable mix of product sold~~ versus ~~last~~the same period a year ~~and higher~~ago.

Overall, raw material costs were slightly deflationary through the third quarter of fiscal 2021. As indicated previously, several macroeconomic factors resulted in inflation on certain key product categories in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021. We expect that these increased costs will be reflected in our results more significantly during fiscal 2022, especially in the first half of the year. We plan to offset these increased costs with commensurate increases in selling prices. Furthermore, we have received “force majeure”

notifications from many of our major material suppliers, which may impact our ability to timely meet customer demand in certain of our businesses and across ~~RPM. Additionally,~~certain product categories.

The macroeconomic factors identified above include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) supplier refineries operating less due to low gasoline and jet fuel demand; (ii) significant weather events which have disrupted our supply chain, ~~challenges specifically~~such as the historic winter storm in ~~our Consumer segment negatively affected our gross profit margin.~~

~~Despite the recent outbreak of Covid-19, raw material costs inflation seems to be moderating in a number of our key product categories. With the exception~~February 2021, which impacted significant portions of the ~~challenges noted above in our Consumer segment, our global supply chain remains strong. Nearly all of our plants are operational. Despite these facts,~~United States; (iii) intermittent supplier plant shutdowns as ~~we cannot predict the duration or scope~~a result of the ~~Covid-19~~Covid pandemic; (iv) significant worldwide demand during the Covid pandemic ~~the future financial impact~~for key items such as packaging, solvents, and chemicals used in cleaning products; (v) availability of transportation and fluctuating costs to ~~gross profit margin cannot be reasonably estimated, but could be material.~~ transport products; and (vi) high global demand as markets reopen and economic stimulus drives growth.

Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”) Expenses Our consolidated SG&A expense ~~decreased~~increased by approximately ~~$47.4~~$115.4 million during fiscal ~~2020~~2021 versus fiscal ~~2019, and~~2020, but decreased to 27.3% of net sales for fiscal 2021 from 28.1% of net sales for fiscal 2020 from 28.7% of net sales for fiscal 2019. Last year’s reported SG&A percentage of net sales of 31.8% has been recast to 28.7% in order to reflect the current year change in accounting principle related to shipping and handling costs, which were previously recognized in SG&A expenses and are now recognized in cost of sales.2020. During fiscal ~~2020,~~2021, we continued our ~~2020~~ MAP to Growth and have generated incremental savings within SG&A of approximately ~~$19.4~~$24.0 million. ~~Our consolidated decrease in SG&A is the result of 2020 MAP to Growth savings, reductions in commission expense on lower sales volume during fiscal 2020, as well as decreased advertising expense.~~ Additional SG&A expense incurred from companies recently acquired ~~approximated $12.6~~was approximately $20.5 million during fiscal 2020. Lastly, warranty expense for fiscal 2020 increased by approximately $0.5 million from the amount recorded during fiscal 2019, and it is typical that warranty expense will fluctuate from period to period.2021.

Our CPG segment SG&A was approximately ~~$5.0~~$9.3 million ~~lower~~higher for fiscal ~~2020~~2021 versus fiscal ~~2019~~2020 mainly due to ~~incremental 2020 MAP to Growth savings as compared to prior year. Partially offsetting the lower SG&A, there was~~ higher commission expense associated with higher roofing sales, ~~and approximately $7.9 million of additional SG&A expense~~which more than offset the incremental MAP to Growth savings generated ~~from companies recently acquired.~~during the year. As a percentage of net sales, SG&A decreased by 240 basis points (��bps”) due to increased ~~slightly by 10 bps as~~sales volumes, the ~~decrease~~incremental MAP to Growth savings and a reduction in ~~net sales outpaced~~discretionary spending when compared to the ~~decrease in SG&A.~~prior year.

Our PCG segment SG&A was approximately ~~$21.0~~$0.2 million lower for fiscal ~~2020~~2021 versus fiscal ~~2019 and decreased~~2020 but increased by 40140 bps as a percentage of net sales, mainly due to the unfavorable deleveraging impact resulting from the decrease in sales year over year. The decrease in SG&A was primarily attributable to incremental ~~2020~~ MAP to Growth savings, inoffset somewhat by the current year as compared to the prior year, lower bad debt expense in fiscal 2020 as compared to fiscal 2019 when we had higher bad debt expense as a result of strategic decisions to exit unprofitable product offerings and regions, and unfavorable transactional foreign exchange that occurred in the prior year. These decreases were slightly offset by approximately $0.6 million of additional SG&A ~~expense~~ generated from companies recently ~~acquired.~~acquired, which totaled approximately $2.1 million.

Our Consumer segment SG&A increased by approximately ~~$17.1~~$45.1 million during fiscal ~~2020~~2021 versus fiscal ~~2019,~~2020, but decreased ~~slightly~~ by 10150 bps as a percentage of net sales. The year-over year increase in SG&A was primarily attributable to increases in distribution costs and ~~incentives directly associated with~~incentive compensation costs as a result of higher ~~sales volume. In addition,~~volume, offset somewhat by a reduction in discretionary spending during the ~~second quarter~~period. There were also increases in advertising and promotional expense. Lastly, a recent acquisition contributed approximately $16.0 million of our current fiscal year, we decided to no longer pursue a product line targeted for OEM markets, resulting in a $6.9 million charge based on the results of a recoverability assessment for certain prepaid assets associated with this product line. Additionaladditional SG&A expense ~~from recent acquisitions approximated $1.8 million~~ during ~~fiscal 2020. These increases were partially offset by incremental 2020 MAP to Growth savings as compared to~~ the ~~prior year.~~current period.

Our SPG segment SG&A was approximately ~~$2.4~~$0.3 million higher during fiscal ~~2020~~2021 versus fiscal ~~2019, and increased~~2020, but decreased by ~~340~~430 bps as a percentage of ~~sales.~~sales, driven mainly by the 17.5% sales growth in the current year. The increase in SG&A expense is mainly attributable to increased compensation expense as well recent acquisitions, which generated additional SG&A expense of $2.4 ~~million during fiscal 2020. Additional costs associated with the ERP consolidation plan and the consolidation of certain accounting/finance functions associated with our 2020 MAP to Growth~~million. These increases were partially offset by incremental ~~2020~~ MAP to Growth savings ~~as compared to the prior year~~ and ~~other cost control measures associated with lower sales volumes.~~reduced discretionary spending.

SG&A expenses in our corporate/other category of ~~$71.7~~$132.4 million during fiscal ~~2020 decreased~~2021 increased by ~~$40.9~~$60.7 million from ~~$112.6~~$71.7 million recorded during fiscal ~~2019, as professional fees in connection with our 2020 MAP to Growth were $11.2 million lower in fiscal 2020 ($14.3 million) when compared to the~~2020. The prior year ~~period ($25.5 million). Additionally, after~~was impacted by the ~~outbreak of Covid-19,~~pandemic's onset, when we experienced lower medical ~~costs for our associates were lower, management incentives were reversed, travel by associates was banned,~~expenses and ~~the use of external consultants was curtailed.~~

~~We recorded total net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs of $52.5 million and $45.4 million for fiscal 2020 and 2019, respectively. The $7.1 million increase~~incentive reversals. By contrast, in pension expense resulted from an approximate $6.4 million increase in net actuarial losses recognized during fiscal 2020 versus fiscal 2019, in addition to increases in service cost of approximately $2.8 million during fiscal 2020. These increases were partially offset by lower interest costs during the current ~~period versus~~year we experienced higher insurance costs due to property claims and business interruptions caused by hurricanes and winter storm Uri, as well as higher incentives tied to improved performance.

The following table summarizes the ~~same period last year~~retirement-related benefit plans’ impact on income before income taxes for ~~approximately $2.2 million.~~the fiscal years ended May 31, 2021 and 2020, as this activity has a significant impact on our SG&A expense:

We expect that pension and postretirement expense will fluctuate on a year-to-year basis, depending ~~primarily~~ upon the investment performance of plan assets and potential changes in interest rates, both of which are difficult to predict in light of the lingering macroeconomic uncertainties associated with ~~Covid-19,~~Covid, but which may have a material impact on our consolidated financial results in the future. A

decrease of 1% in the discount rate or the expected return on plan assets assumptions would result in ~~$9.0~~$8.3 million and ~~$6.4~~$6.6 million higher expense, respectively. The assumptions and estimates used to determine the discount rate and expected return on plan assets are more fully described in Note N, “Pension Plans,” and Note O, “Postretirement Benefits,” to our Consolidated Financial Statements. Further discussion and analysis of the sensitivity surrounding our most critical assumptions under our pension and postretirement plans is discussed above in “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Pension and Postretirement Plans.”

As we cannot predict the duration or scope of the Covid-19 pandemic, the future financial impact to SG&A cannot be reasonably estimated, but could be material. As previously disclosed, the disruption caused by the outbreak of Covid-19 is expected to delay the finalization of our 2020 MAP to Growth past the original target completion date of December 31, 2020, which may impact our near-term ability to drive further reduction in SG&A as a percentage of sales. However, this will be offset to some degree by lower variable SG&A, such as reduced travel-related expenses incurred by our associates, due to travel restrictions in place because of the Covid-19 outbreak.

Restructuring Expense We recorded restructuring charges of $33.1 million during fiscal 2020, compared with $42.3 million during fiscal 2019, which were the result of our continued implementation of our 2020 MAP to Growth, which focuses on strategic shifts in operations across our entire business. On a consolidated basis, we incurred $19.7 million of severance and benefit costs, $8.5 million of facility closure and other related costs, and $4.8 million of other asset write-offs during fiscal 2020, which compares to fiscal 2019 charges of $32.5 million, $8.2 million, and $1.6 million, respectively.

These charges ~~were~~are associated with closures of certain facilities as well as the elimination of duplicative headcount and infrastructure associated with certain of our ~~businesses.~~businesses and are the result of the continued implementation of our MAP to Growth, which focuses upon strategic shifts in operations across our entire business.

~~We expect to incur approximately $18.0 million~~Our current expectation of future additional ~~charges~~restructuring costs is summarized in relation to this initiative. These additional charges include approximately $10.2 million of severance and benefit costs and $7.3 million of facility closure and other related charges, as well as $0.4 million of other asset write-offs. the table below.

We previously expected these charges to be incurred by the end of calendar year 2020, upon which we expected to achieve an annualized pretax savings of approximately $290 million per year. ~~Recently, however,~~However, the disruption caused by the outbreak of ~~Covid-19 is expected to delay~~the Covid pandemic delayed the finalization of our ~~2020~~ MAP to Growth past the original target completion date of December 31, 2020. We utilized the remainder of fiscal 2021 to drive toward achieving the goals originally set forth in our MAP to Growth. On May 31, 2021, we formally concluded our MAP to Growth. However, certain of these projects will not be finalized until fiscal 2022 and we expect to continue to recognize restructuring expense throughout fiscal 2022, as projects related to our MAP to Growth are executed and completed.

Despite the delay in finalizing our MAP to Growth past the original target completion date, we have exceeded our annualized pretax savings goal of approximately $290 million and made substantial progress on our $230 million working capital improvement goal by May 31, 2021. See Note B, “Restructuring,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements, for further ~~detail~~details surrounding our ~~2020~~ MAP to Growth.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Asset Impairments D~~uring~~During fiscal ~~2020,~~2021, we ~~recorded a~~did not record an impairment charge, ofas compared to $4.0 million of losses recorded during fiscal 2020, which was classified in restructuring expense within our Consumer reportable ~~segment, for~~segment. The impairment ~~losses on indefinite-lived trade names,~~charge in fiscal 2020 was recorded as a result of a decision to exit an unprofitable business and abandon a tradename in connection with ~~2020~~ MAP to Growth. This compares to $4.2 million of losses recorded during fiscal 2019, of which $2.0 million were recorded by our CPG reportable segment for impairment losses on indefinite-lived trade names and approximately $2.2 million were recorded by our SPG reportable segment for impairment losses on definite-lived customer-related intangibles. For additional information, refer to Note C, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Interest Expense Interest expense was $101.0 million for fiscal 2020 versus $102.4 million for fiscal 2019. The main driver of this $1.4 million net year-over-year decrease in interest expense was $6.2 million of savings associated with lower interest rates. Interest rates averaged 3.73% overall for fiscal 2020 compared with 4.01% for fiscal 2019 due to a maturity of higher cost debt in fiscal 2019. The impact of lower interest rates in fiscal 2020 were somewhat offset by an unfavorable comparison to the prior year, when we had a $2.1 million favorable impact from reversing accrued interest associated with the redemption of our convertible bonds. The lower interest rates in the current year were further offset by higher average borrowings related to recent acquisitions, which increased interest expense during fiscal 2020 by approximately $2.7 million versus fiscal 2019.

Investment (Income), Net Net investment income of approximately $9.7 million for fiscal 2020 compares to net investment income of $0.7 million during fiscal 2019. Dividend and interest income totaled $8.1 million and $9.1 million for fiscal 2020 and 2019, respectively. Net gains on marketable securities totaled $1.6 million during fiscal 2020, compared to net losses on marketable securities of $8.4 million during fiscal 2019.

Income Before Income Taxes (“IBT”) Our consolidated IBT for fiscal 2020 of $407.8 million compares with IBT of $339.8 million for fiscal 2019. Our CPG segment had IBT of $209.7 million, or 11.2% of net sales, for fiscal 2020, versus IBT of $178.8 million, or 9.4% of net sales, for fiscal 2019.

Our CPG segment results reflect ~~2020~~higher selling prices, MAP to Growth savings ~~selling price increases~~ and ~~increased earnings from recent acquisitions. Our PCG segment had IBT~~the favorable leverage of ~~$102.3 million, or 9.5% of net~~ sales ~~for fiscal 2020, versus IBT of $77.4 million, or 6.8% of net sales, for the same period a year ago.~~volume increases. Our PCG segment results reflect ~~2020 MAP to Growth savings and selling price increases. Our Consumer segment IBT approximated $198.0 million, or 10.2%~~the impact of ~~net sales, for fiscal 2020, compared to IBT for fiscal 2019 of $217.4 million, or 11.7% of net sales.~~the Covid pandemic restrictions, challenges in the energy sector, as well as emerging markets. Our Consumer segment results reflect ~~selected inflationary pressures, elevated inventory write-offs during fiscal 2020~~the large increase in sales and ~~supply chain challenges during the current year, partially offset by~~related volume leveraging impact on margins, along with savings ~~associated with~~from our ~~2020~~ MAP to Growth. Our SPG segment ~~had IBT of $57.9 million, or 9.6% of net~~results reflect sales ~~for fiscal 2020, versus IBT of $86.0 million, or 12.8% of net sales, for fiscal 2019, reflecting declines in sales volume~~increases in our ~~fluorescent pigment,~~ restoration equipment, furniture, industrial wood protection products, cleaning and ~~specialty coatings businesses.~~ disinfecting, outdoor recreational equipment, food and OEM businesses, in addition to savings from our MAP to Growth and other cost cutting measures.

Income Tax Rate The effective income tax rate was ~~25.2%~~24.7% for fiscal ~~2020~~2021 compared to an effective income tax rate of ~~21.2%~~25.2% for fiscal 2019. The effective income tax rate for fiscal 2020 reflects unfavorable variances from the 21% statutory rate due primarily to the impact of state and local taxes and an increase in valuation allowances primarily related to foreign tax credits. These unfavorable variances from the statutory rate were partially offset by a decrease in the deferred tax liability recorded for unremitted foreign earnings, a benefit related to equity compensation and a favorable adjustment related to the global intangible low-tax provisions, resulting from final Treasury Regulations issued during the year and as reported on our U.S. federal income tax return for fiscal 2019.

The effective income tax rate of 21.2% for fiscal 2019 reflects variances from the 21% statutory rate due primarily to the benefit resulting from the completion of our accounting for the impact of the tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”), a reduction in a liability for unrecognized tax benefits and a benefit related to equity compensation. These favorable variances from the statutory rate were offset primarily by the impact of state and local taxes and an increase in valuation allowances associated with certain deferred tax assets.

~~Net Income~~ Net income of $305.1 million for fiscal 2020 compares to net income of $267.7 million for fiscal 2019. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests approximated $0.7 million and $1.1 million for fiscal 2020 and 2019, respectively. Net income attributable to RPM International Inc. stockholders for fiscal 2020 was $304.4 million, or 5.5% of consolidated net sales, which compares to net income of $266.6 million, or 4.8% of consolidated net sales, for fiscal 2019.

~~Diluted earnings per share of common stock for fiscal 2020 of $2.34 compares with diluted earnings per share of common stock of $2.01 for fiscal 2019.~~

~~Net Sales~~ Consolidated net sales of $5.56 billion for fiscal 2019 grew by approximately 4.6% from net sales of $5.32 billion for fiscal 2018. Acquisitions added 2.0%, while organic sales, which include the impact of price and volume, improved by 4.7%. Consolidated net sales for fiscal 2019 also reflect an unfavorable foreign exchange impact of 2.1%.

CPG segment net sales for fiscal 2019 grew by 3.4% to $1.90 billion, from net sales of $1.84 billion during fiscal 2018. The improvement was primarily due to organic growth of 4.1% during fiscal 2019 resulting from improved performance by our roofing, commercial sealants and waterproofing, and North American concrete admixture businesses. Recent acquisitions contributed 2.2% to net sales during fiscal 2019. Unfavorable foreign exchange impacted the CPG segment net sales by 2.9% during fiscal 2019.

PCG segment net sales for fiscal 2019 grew by 4.4% to $1.14 billion, from net sales of $1.09 billion during fiscal 2018. The improvement was primarily due to organic growth of 4.1% during fiscal 2019 resulting from improved performance by our industrial coatings businesses. Recent acquisitions contributed 2.7% to net sales during fiscal 2019. Unfavorable foreign currency exchange impacted the PCG segment net sales by 2.4% during fiscal 2019.

Consumer segment net sales for fiscal 2019 grew by 7.9% to $1.86 billion, from $1.72 billion in fiscal 2018. Organic growth provided 7.3% of the growth in sales, which was driven primarily by new accounts, market share gains and price increases, while recent acquisitions provided 2.2% during the current period. Unfavorable foreign currency impacted net sales in the Consumer segment by 1.5% during fiscal 2019 versus fiscal 2018.

SPG segment net sales for fiscal 2019 decreased by 0.5% to $670.2 million, from $673.5 million. The decline in fiscal 2019 was primarily due to foreign currency exchange, which had an unfavorable impact of 0.8%. This decrease was partially offset by organic sales growth of 0.2%, which resulted from growth in net sales by our businesses providing marine coatings and decorative and protective wood coatings, partially offset by sales decreases in our businesses serving the water damage restoration and equipment markets that responded to more damaging hurricane activity during fiscal 2018 than fiscal 2019. Additionally, recent acquisitions provided 0.1% sales growth during fiscal 2019.

~~Gross Profit Margin~~ Our consolidated gross profit margin of 37.5% of net sales for fiscal 2019 compares to a consolidated gross profit margin of 37.9% for fiscal 2018. In order to reflect the fiscal 2020 change in accounting principle related to shipping costs, which were previously recognized in SG&A expense and are now recognized in cost of sales, we have recast the reported gross profit margin for fiscal 2019 from 40.6% to 37.5% and reported gross profit margin for fiscal 2018 from 41.0% to 37.9%. This was a gross profit decline of approximately 0.4% of net sales, or 40 basis points (“bps”). This decline in gross profit during fiscal 2019 as compared to fiscal 2018 was a result of an unfavorable mix of products sold. Throughout the first nine months of fiscal 2019, raw material prices continued to rise over prior-year levels, which we worked to offset with higher selling prices.

~~SG&A Expenses~~ Our consolidated SG&A expense increased by approximately $97.6 million during fiscal 2019 versus fiscal 2018, and increased to 28.7% of net sales for fiscal 2019 from 28.2% of net sales for fiscal 2018. In order to reflect the fiscal 2020 change in accounting principle related to shipping costs, which were previously recognized in SG&A expense and are now recognized in cost of sales, we have recast the reported SG&A percentage of net sales for fiscal 2019 from 31.8% to 28.7% and reported SG&A percentage of net sales for fiscal 2018 from 31.3% from 28.2%. As we continued to make progress on our 2020 MAP to Growth throughout fiscal 2019, in connection with the plan, we incurred $4.6 million for ERP implementation and consolidation expenses, increases in allowance for doubtful accounts, and professional fees totaling approximately $24.3 million. Also, during fiscal 2019, we incurred higher costs of approximately $5.1 million related to unfavorable legal settlements, when compared with fiscal 2018. Additional SG&A expense incurred from companies recently acquired approximated $23.6 million during fiscal 2019. There was also higher distribution and commission expense on higher sales volume during fiscal 2019. Lastly, warranty expense for fiscal 2019 increased by approximately $3.0 million from the amount recorded during fiscal 2018, and it is typical that warranty expense will fluctuate from period to period.

Our CPG segment SG&A was approximately $6.4 million higher for fiscal 2019 versus fiscal 2018, but was slightly lower as a percentage of net sales. The increased expense was mainly due to approximately $8.9 million of additional SG&A expense generated from companies recently acquired, which was partially offset by savings associated with 2020 MAP to Growth.

Our PCG segment SG&A was approximately $20.0 million higher for fiscal 2019 versus fiscal 2018, and increased as a percentage of net sales. The increased expense was mainly due to increased allowance for doubtful accounts associated with accounts deemed uncollectible as a result of changes in our market and leadership strategy. Additionally, there was also higher distribution expense related to the current year increase in sales volume. Further contributing to these increases was approximately $4.2 million of additional SG&A expense generated from companies recently acquired.

Our Consumer segment SG&A increased by approximately $28.3 million during fiscal 2019 versus fiscal 2018, but decreased slightly as a percentage of net sales. This was primarily attributable to an increase of approximately $7.4 million in unfavorable legal settlements incurred during fiscal 2019, when compared to fiscal 2018. Additional SG&A expense from recent acquisitions approximated $10.0 million during fiscal 2019. Lastly, there was higher distribution expense due to freight and labor inflation on higher sales volume.

Our SPG segment SG&A was approximately $3.3 million higher during fiscal 2019 versus fiscal 2018, and increased as a percentage of net sales. The increase was primarily attributable to the added expense associated with the ERP consolidation plan that is a component of 2020 MAP to Growth, increased distribution costs and increased expenses related to new product initiatives. Further contributing to these increases was approximately $0.5 million of additional SG&A expense generated from companies recently acquired.

SG&A expenses in our corporate/other category of $112.6 million during fiscal 2019 increased by $39.6 million from $73.0 million recorded during fiscal 2018, resulting primarily from professional fees in connection with our 2020 MAP to Growth and the negotiation of an activist shareholder cooperation agreement, which approximated $24.8 million. Additionally, there were increases in expense related to executive departures during fiscal 2019, as well as higher pension expense, hospitalization costs and legal fees. Finally, in the prior year, we reversed $4.3 million of long-term incentive compensation when it became clear that the targeted goals would not be reached.

We recorded total net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs of $45.4 million and $43.4 million for fiscal 2019 and 2018, respectively. The $2.0 million increase in pension expense resulted from an approximate $5.1 million increase in interest cost, partially offset by the combination of lower net actuarial losses recognized during fiscal 2019 versus fiscal 2018 for approximately $1.9 million and a higher expected return on increased plan assets during the current period versus the same period last year for approximately $1.2 million.

We expect that pension and postretirement expense will fluctuate on a year-to-year basis, depending primarily upon the investment performance of plan assets and changes in interest rates, which may have a material impact on our consolidated financial results in the future. A decrease of 1% in the discount rate or the expected return on plan assets assumptions would result in $8.0 million and $6.4 million higher expense, respectively. The assumptions and estimates used to determine the discount rate and expected return on plan assets are more fully described in Note N, “Pension Plans,” and Note O, “Postretirement Benefits,” to our Consolidated Financial Statements. Further discussion and analysis of the sensitivity surrounding our most critical assumptions under our pension and postretirement plans is discussed above under the heading, “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Pension and Postretirement Plans.”

~~Restructuring Expense~~ We recorded restructuring charges of $42.3 million during fiscal 2019, compared with $17.5 million during fiscal 2018, which were the result of our continued implementation of a multi-year restructuring plan, 2020 MAP to Growth, which focuses on strategic shifts in operations across our entire business. On a consolidated basis, we incurred $32.5 million of severance and benefit costs, $8.2 million of facility closure and other related costs, and $1.6 million of other asset write-offs during the period. These charges were associated with closures of certain facilities as well as the elimination of duplicative headcount and infrastructure associated with certain of our businesses.

We expect to incur approximately $21.6 million of future additional charges in relation to this initiative. These additional charges include approximately $12.7 million of facility closure and other related charges, $7.4 million of severance and benefit costs, as well as $1.5 million of other asset write-offs. We expect these charges to be incurred by the end of calendar year 2020, upon which we expect to achieve an annualized pretax savings of approximately $290 million per year. Additionally, upon the completion of this initiative, we have targeted $230.0 million of improvement in working capital, and believe that, assuming 3% organic growth and approximately $150 million to $200 million annually in acquisitions of businesses, our fiscal year 2021 cash flow from operations will improve to approximately $872.0 million. In addition, we have continued to assess and find areas of improvement and cost savings as part of our 2020 MAP to Growth. As such, the final implementation and expected costs of our plan are subject to change. Most notably, we have broadened the scope of our announced plan to include the consolidation of the general and administrative areas, potential outsourcing, as well as additional future plant closures and consolidations, the estimated future costs of which have not yet been determined. See Note B, “Restructuring,” to the consolidated financial statements, for further detail surrounding our 2020 MAP to Growth.

~~Goodwill and Other Intangible Asset Impairments~~ During fiscal 2019, we recorded other intangible asset impairment losses totaling $4.2 million, of which $2.0 million were recorded by our CPG reportable segment for impairment losses on indefinite-lived trade names and approximately $2.2 million were recorded by our SPG reportable segment for impairment losses on definite-lived customer-related intangibles. For additional information, refer2020. Refer to Note CH, “Income Taxes,” to the Consolidated Financial ~~Statements.~~

~~Interest Expense~~ Interest expense was $102.4 million for fiscal 2019 versus $104.5 million for fiscal 2018. Higher average borrowings, related to recent acquisitions, increased interest expense during fiscal 2019 by approximately $5.5 million versus fiscal 2018. The redemption of our convertible bonds during our fiscal 2019 third quarter decreased interest expense by approximately $2.1 million during fiscal 2019 versus fiscal 2018. Excluding acquisition-related borrowings, which carried higher average interest financing costs, lower average borrowings year-over-year decreased interest expense by approximately $2.2 million during fiscal 2019 compared with fiscal 2018. Lower interest rates, which averaged 4.01% overall for fiscal 2019 compared with 4.21% for fiscal 2018, which was due to a maturity of higher cost debt in fiscal 2018, resulted in lower interest expense by approximately $3.3 million during fiscal 2019 versus fiscal 2018.

~~Investment (Income), Net~~ Net investment income of approximately $0.7 million for fiscal 2019 compares to net investment income of $20.4 million during fiscal 2018. During fiscal 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) 2016-01, “Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Liabilities,” which requires gains and losses on marketable equity securities to be recognized in earnings rather than in other comprehensive income. Prior to adoption, unrealized changes in the fair value of equity securities, designated as available for sale securities, were recognized through other comprehensive (loss) income until realized. Dividend and interest income totaled $9.1 million and $8.7 million for fiscal 2019 and 2018, respectively. Net losses on marketable securities totaled $8.4 million during fiscal 2019, compared to net realized gains on the sales of marketable securities of $11.7 million during fiscal 2018.

~~IBT~~ ~~Our consolidated pretax income for fiscal 2019 of $339.8 million compares with pretax income of $417.0 million for fiscal 2018.~~

Our CPG segment recorded pretax income of $178.8 million, or 9.4% of net sales, for fiscal 2019, versus pretax income of $174.0 million, or 9.5% of net sales, for fiscal 2018. Our CPG segment results were impacted by higher raw material costs, as well as restructuring and other restructuring-related activities. Our PCG segment recorded pretax income of $77.4 million, or 6.8% of net sales, for fiscal 2019, versus pretax income of $112.6 million, or 10.3% of net sales, for fiscal 2018. Our PCG segment results were impacted by unfavorable product mix, restructuring and other restructuring-related activities and an unfavorable translation impact on foreign earnings. Our Consumer segment pretax income approximated $217.4 million, or 11.7% of net sales, for fiscal 2019, compared to a pretax income for fiscal 2018 of $171.9 million, or 10.0% of net sales. The current period results include market share gains, as demonstrated by the increase in sales volume, and lower restructuring-related charges, which were more than offset by rising raw material costs, unfavorable legal settlements and higher distribution costs, while the prior year included $36.5 million of charges related to product line and SKU rationalization and related obsolete inventory identification. Our SPG segment had pretax income of $86.0 million, or 12.8% of net sales, for fiscal 2019, versus pretax income of $107.5 million, or 16.0% of net sales, for fiscal 2018, reflecting rising raw material costs, higher distribution costs, restructuring and other restructuring-related charges including the costs associated with the ERP consolidation plan.

~~Income Tax Rate~~ On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”). The income tax effects of changes in tax laws are recognized in the period when enacted. The Act provides for numerous significant tax law changes and modifications with varying effective dates. Provisions of the Act that impact fiscal 2018 include reducing the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, creating a territorial tax system (with a one-time mandatory transition tax on unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries), and a provision allowing for immediate capital expensing of certain qualified property. The corporate tax rate reduction was effective for RPM as of January 1, 2018 and, accordingly, reduced our fiscal year 2018 federal statutory rate to a blended rate of approximately 29.2%. The significant provisions of the Act that impact us for fiscal 2019 include the full federal statutory rate reduction to 21% and the repeal of the domestic production activities deduction. Also effective for fiscal 2019 are provisions of the Act that subject us to current U.S. tax on global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) earned by certain foreign subsidiaries and allows a benefit for foreign-derived intangible income (“FDII”).

~~Subsequent to the enactment of the Act, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”), which provides guidance on accounting~~Statements for the ~~tax effects~~components of the Act. SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the Act’s enactment date for companies to complete the applicable accounting under ASC 740. In accordance with SAB 118 and based on the information available as of May 31, 2018, we recorded a net provisional income tax expense of $7.3 million ~~in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Act.~~ The net provisional income tax expense was comprised of a benefit of $15.7 million related to the provisional remeasurement of our U.S. deferred tax assets and liabilities at the reduced U.S. corporate tax rates, a provisional expense of $67.9 million for the transition tax on unremitted earnings from foreign subsidiaries, and a provisional benefit of $44.9 million for the partial reversal of ~~existing deferred tax liabilities~~ ~~recorded for the estimated tax cost associated with unremitted foreign earnings not considered permanently reinvested.~~

During our fiscal 2019 third quarter, we completed our assessment of the accounting for the impact of the Act, which included analysis based on related legislative updates and technical interpretations of the Act. As a result, and consistent with SAB 118, during the three months ended February 28, 2019, we recorded an income tax benefit of $8.1 million, which was comprised of a $6.3 million benefit for the remeasurement of certain U.S. deferred tax assets and liabilities and a $1.8 million benefit resulting from the reduction of the transition tax on unremitted earnings from foreign subsidiaries. No other SAB 118 adjustments for the impact of the Act were recorded this fiscal year.

~~The~~ effective income tax rate was 21.2% for fiscal 2019 compared to an effective income tax rate of 18.7% for fiscal 2018. The effective income tax rate for fiscal 2019 reflects favorable variances from the 21% statutory rate due primarily to the above noted benefit resulting from the completion of our accounting for the impact of the Act and a benefit related to equity compensation. These favorable variances from the statutory rate were offset primarily by the impact of state and local taxes and an increase in valuation allowances associated with certain deferred tax assets.

The effective income tax rate of 18.7% for fiscal 2018 reflects variances from the 29.2% statutory rate due primarily to the reversal of deferred tax liabilities recorded for the estimated tax cost associated with unremitted foreign earnings, the favorable effective tax rate impact of foreign operations and the impact of the provisional re-measurement of U.S. deferred tax assets described above. These favorable variances were partially offset by the provisional expense recorded for the transition tax on unremitted foreign earnings and the impact of state and local income taxes.rates.

Net Income Net income of $267.7 million for fiscal 2019 compares to net income of $339.3 million for fiscal 2018. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests approximated $1.1 million and $1.5 million for fiscal 2019 and 2018, respectively. Net income attributable to RPM International Inc. stockholders for fiscal 2019 was $266.6 million, or 4.8% of consolidated net sales, which compares to net income of $337.8 million, or 6.3% of consolidated net sales, for fiscal 2018.

~~Diluted earnings per share of common stock for fiscal 2019 of $2.01 compares with diluted earnings per share of common stock of $2.50 for fiscal 2018.~~

~~Fiscal 2020 Compared~~Approximately $766.2 million of cash was provided by operating activities during fiscal 2021, compared with ~~Fiscal 2019~~

~~For the 2020 fiscal year, cash from operations was~~ $549.9 million ~~compared to $292.9 million in~~of cash provided by operating activities during fiscal ~~2019.~~2020. The net change in cash from operations includes ~~changes in working capital accounts, which accounted for an improvement of approximately $253.9 million year over year and~~ the change in net income, which increased by ~~$37.4~~$198.4 million ~~during fiscal 2020 versus fiscal 2019. . The current~~ year increase in cash from operations resulted from certain of our 2020 MAP to Growth initiatives, including the enhancement of margin in our Consumer segment by discontinuing the practice of offering a discount for early cash payments. This had the effect of delaying approximately $100 million in receipts from the fiscal fourth quarter of 2019 to the first fiscal quarter of 2020. This strategy is in line with our longer-term approach to improving margins and effectively managing working capital. During fiscal 2020, we recorded $33.1 million in restructuring charges and made cash payments of $26.3 million related to our 2020 MAP to Growth, as further described in Note B, “Restructuring.”

Additionally, certain government entities located where we have operations have enacted various pieces of legislation designed to help businesses weather the economic impact of Covid-19 and ultimately preserve jobs. Some of this legislation, such as the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act here in the U.S., enables employers to postpone the payment of various types of taxes over varying time horizons. As of May 31, 2020, RPM has deferred $17.7 million of such government payments that would have normally been paid during our fourth quarter of fiscal 2020, but which will be paid in future periods.year.

The change in accounts receivable during fiscal ~~2020~~2021 provided approximately ~~$213.3~~$170.7 million ~~more~~less cash than fiscal ~~2019.~~2020. This ~~was~~resulted from the ~~direct result~~timing of ~~the improved margin initiatives noted above that shifted approximately $100.0 million~~sales, which dipped sharply in ~~receipts from~~ the fourth quarter of last year, but rebounded sharply during fiscal ~~2019 to the first quarter of fiscal 2020.~~2021. Days sales outstanding (“DSO”) at May 31, ~~2020 increased~~2021 decreased to ~~66.3~~62.2 days from ~~65.7~~66.3 days at May 31, ~~2019, as some~~2020. All of our ~~customers have been somewhat slower~~reportable segments achieved decreases in DSO during the current year, which reflect prior MAP to ~~pay~~Growth efforts to rationalize businesses as a result of changes in ~~light of Covid-19, especially internationally.~~ market strategy.

During fiscal ~~2020,~~2021, we spent approximately ~~$38.1~~$90.1 million ~~less~~more cash for inventory compared to our spending during fiscal ~~2019.~~2020. This resulted from efforts to reduce inventory days on hand, which were offset by higher raw material costs and increased demand from our businesses as Covid restrictions begin to lift throughout the combination of timing of purchases by retail customers and a systematic reduction of inventory levels at certain businesses in our Consumer segment in connection with product rationalization initiatives.world. Days inventory outstanding (“DIO”) at May 31, ~~2020 increased~~2021 decreased slightly to ~~80.6~~80.3 days from ~~78.5~~80.6 days at May 31, 2019. While our Consumer segment has showed improvement in DIO due to various actions taken in conjunction with our 2020 MAP to Growth to streamline manufacturing process and improve fill rates, this improvement was more than offset by increases in DIO at each of our CPG, PCG & SPG segments, as a result of lower year-over-year sales volumes in each of these segments.2020.

The change in accounts payable during ~~the~~ fiscal ~~2020~~2021 used approximately ~~$2.5~~$178.5 million less cash than during fiscal ~~2019.~~2020. Days payables outstanding (“DPO”) increased by approximately ~~4.8~~8.8 days from ~~76.3 days at May 31, 2019 to~~ 81.1 days at May 31, 2020 ~~resulting principally from the timing~~to 89.9 days at May 31, 2021. The longer DPO is a direct result of ~~certain payments as we continue to move~~moving toward a center-led procurement process that includes negotiating modified payment terms. Cash provided from operations, along with the use of available credit lines, as required, remain our primary sources of liquidity.

~~As we cannot predict~~The change in other accrued liabilities during fiscal 2021 used approximately $66.7 million less cash than during fiscal 2020 due principally to the ~~duration or scope of the~~ ~~Covid~~-19 pandemic and its impact on our customers and suppliers, any negative financial impact to our results cannot be reasonably estimated, but could be material. We are actively managing the business to maintain cash flow andincrease in customer rebate accruals. Additionally, certain government entities located where we have ~~significant liquidity. We believe that these factors will allow us~~operations have enacted various pieces of legislation designed to ~~meet our anticipated funding requirements.~~

~~For our operating activities for fiscal 2019 compared with fiscal 2018, see~~help businesses weather the ~~discussion beginning on page 29~~economic impact of ~~Exhibit 13.1~~Covid and ultimately preserve jobs. Some of this legislation, such as the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act in the United States, enables employers to ~~our Annual Report on Form 10-K for~~postpone the ~~year ended~~payment of various types of taxes over varying time horizons. As of May 31, ~~2019, as filed with the SEC on July 24, 2019.~~2020, we had deferred $17.7 million of such government payments that would have normally been paid during our fourth quarter of fiscal 2020, but which will be paid in future periods. During fiscal 2021, we deferred an additional $9.4 million of such government payments that would have normally been paid during our fiscal 2021, but which will be paid in future periods. The $9.4 million of deferrals generated during fiscal 2021 is presented net of payments that occurred during fiscal 2021 but which normally would have been paid in prior periods. As of May 31, 2021, we have a total of $27.1 million accrued for such government payments that would have normally been paid already, but which will now be paid in future periods.

For ~~the 2020~~ fiscal ~~year,~~2021, cash used for investing activities ~~decreased~~increased by ~~$38.6~~$116.8 million to ~~$209.6~~$326.4 million as compared to ~~$248.2~~$209.6 million in the prior year period. This year-over-year ~~decrease~~increase in cash used for investing activities was mainly driven by ~~$103.3~~$100.1 million in ~~less~~more cash spent on acquisitions as we acquired ~~fewer~~more and larger businesses in fiscal ~~2020 (3 acquisitions)~~2021 as compared to fiscal ~~2019 (5 acquisitions). While we~~2020.

We also utilized ~~less~~$9.4 million more cash in fiscal 2020 related to acquisitions, we utilized $47.5 million more in cash related to purchases and sales of marketable securities associated with our captive insurance companies and $11.0 million more in cash2021 related to capital expenditures.

Capital expenditures ~~other than for ordinary repairs and replacements,~~ are made to accommodate our continued growth to achieve production and distribution efficiencies, expand capacity, introduce new technology, improve environmental health and safety capabilities, improve information systems and enhance our administration capabilities. We paid for capital expenditures of $157.2 million, $147.8 million, ~~$136.8 million,~~ and ~~$114.6~~$136.8 million during the periods ended May 31, 2021, 2020 ~~2019,~~ and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. Throughout fiscal 2021, 2020 and 2019, we have been increasing our capital spending in an effort to consolidate ERP systems and our plant footprint, as part of our ~~2020~~ MAP to ~~Growth.~~Growth, and to meet growing demand.

Our captive insurance companies invest their excess cash in marketable securities in the ordinary course of conducting their operations, and this activity will continue. Differences in the amounts related to these activities on a year-over-year basis are primarily attributable to the rebalancing of the portfolio, along with differences in the timing and performance of their investments balanced against amounts required to satisfy claims. At May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, the fair value of our investments in marketable securities totaled $168.8 million and $114.0 million, ~~and $112.5 million,~~ respectively. During fiscal 2020, we liquidated $10.0 million of our captives’ investment portfolio, as a result of good claims experience and favorable investment performance. We used the $10.0 million in proceeds from the sale of investments to pay down a portion of our outstanding balance on our Revolving Credit Agreement. The fair value of our portfolio of marketable securities is based on quoted market prices for identical, or similar, instruments in active or non-active markets or model-derived-valuations with observable inputs. We have no marketable securities whose fair value is subject to unobservable inputs.

As of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, approximately ~~$199.6~~$221.1 million of our consolidated cash and cash equivalents were held at various foreign subsidiaries, compared with approximately ~~$205.8~~$199.6 million as of May 31, ~~2019.~~2020. Undistributed earnings held at our foreign subsidiaries that are considered permanently reinvested will be used, for instance, to expand operations organically or for acquisitions in foreign jurisdictions. Further, our operations in the ~~U.S.~~United States generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy U.S. operating requirements. Refer to Note H, “Income Taxes,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding unremitted foreign earnings.

For our investing activities for fiscal 2019 compared with fiscal 2018, see the discussion beginning on page 21 of Exhibit 13.1 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended May 31, 2019, as filed with the SEC on July 24, 2019.

For ~~the 2020~~ fiscal ~~year,~~2021, cash used for financing activities increased by ~~$263.0~~$142.7 million to ~~$316.8~~$459.6 million as compared to ~~$53.8~~$316.9 million in the prior year period. The overall increase in cash used for financing activities was driven principally by debt-related ~~activities, as we received $142.8~~activities. We had no additions to long term or short-term debt during fiscal 2021 compared to $485.3 million ~~less cash related to new debt and used $197.9~~in fiscal 2020. This is partially offset by our use of $282.8 million ~~more~~less cash to paydown existing debt in fiscal ~~2020~~2021 as compared to fiscal ~~2019.~~2020. Refer to Note G “Borrowings” in Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” below for a discussion of significant debt-related activity that occurred in fiscal ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, significant components of our debt, and our available liquidity.

The increase in cash used for financing activities generated by debt-related activities was also somewhat offset by a ~~$75.2~~$75.0 million decrease in cash used for the repurchase of common stock during fiscal ~~2020,~~2021, as compared to fiscal ~~2019, as we suspended~~2020. This decrease was a result of the macroeconomic uncertainty caused by the Covid pandemic, which led to the temporary suspension of our stock repurchase program during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020, ~~given recent macroeconomic uncertainty resulting from~~which lasted through the ~~Covid-19 pandemic.~~second quarter of fiscal 2021. Refer to Note I “Stock Repurchase Program” in Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” below for further details on the Company’s stock repurchase program.

For our financing activities for fiscal 2019 compared with fiscal 2018, see the discussion beginning on page 29 of Exhibit 13.1 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended May 31, 2019, as filed with the SEC on July 24, 2019.

The following table summarizes our financial obligations and their expected maturities at May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, and the effect such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flow in the periods indicated.

Contractual Obligations
	Total Contractual		Payments Due In								Total Contractual		Payments Due In
(In thousands)	Payment Stream		2021		2022-23		2024-25		After 2025		Payment Stream		2022		2023-24		2025-26		After 2026
Long-term debt obligations	$	2,555,167	$	80,022	$	701,339	$	423,016	$	1,350,790	$	2,391,988	$	693	$	1,040,422	$	-	$	1,350,873
Finance lease obligations		2,136		722		985		251		178		2,758		663		1,272		823
Operating lease obligations		355,026		61,328		89,373		59,343		144,982		370,985		67,058		97,653		64,119		142,155
Other long-term liabilities (1):
Interest payments on long-term debt obligations		1,049,066		75,772		144,619		118,850		709,825		971,763		74,875		127,638		118,850		650,400
Contributions to pension and postretirement plans (2)		499,900		7,900		125,700		157,000		209,300		379,700		7,100		15,600		16,600		340,400
Total	$	4,461,295	$	225,744	$	1,062,016	$	758,460	$	2,415,075	$	4,117,194	$	150,389	$	1,282,585	$	200,392	$	2,483,828

The U.S. dollar fluctuated throughout the year, and was ~~stronger~~weaker against other major currencies where we conduct operations at May 31, ~~2020~~2021 versus May 31, ~~2019,~~2020, causing ~~an unfavorable~~a favorable change in the accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (refer to Note K, “Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss),” to the Consolidated Financial Statements) component of stockholders’ equity of ~~$70.2~~$140.4 million this year versus a unfavorable change of ~~$70.5~~$70.2 million last year. The change in fiscal ~~2020~~2021 was in addition to ~~unfavorable~~favorable net changes of ~~$66.1~~$87.1 million related to adjustments required for minimum pension and other postretirement liabilities, unfavorable changes of ~~$4.5~~$23.9 million related to derivatives and ~~favorable~~unfavorable changes of ~~$0.9~~$1.0 million related to unrealized ~~gains~~losses on fixed income securities.

Refer to Note I “Stock Repurchase Program” in Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” below for a discussion of our stock repurchase program.

We do not have any off-balance sheet financings. We have no subsidiaries that are not included in our financial statements, nor do we have any interests in, or relationships with, any special-purpose entities that are not reflected in our financial statements.

We are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates because we fund our operations through long- and short-term borrowings and denominate our business transactions in a variety of foreign currencies. We utilize a sensitivity analysis to measure the potential loss in earnings based on a hypothetical 1% increase in interest rates and a 10% change in foreign currency rates. A summary of our primary market risk exposures follows.

Our primary interest rate risk exposure results from our floating rate debt, including various revolving and other lines of credit (refer to Note G, “Borrowings,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements). In addition to our revolving credit facility borrowings, ~~the Company~~we also ~~manages~~

manage interest rate risk with the use of various derivatives and hedges ~~(refer to Note F, “Derivatives and Hedging,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements)~~ to synthetically covert variable interest rate borrowings to fixed rate borrowings. The variable rate borrowings under these derivative contracts were $400.0 million ~~and $100.0 million~~ at May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019, respectively.~~2020. If there was a 100-bps increase or decrease in interest rates it would have resulted in an increase or decrease in interest expense of $3.4 million and $5.0 million for fiscal 2021 and ~~$5.4 million for~~ 2020, ~~and 2019,~~ respectively, including the impact of the swap agreements. ~~The Company’s~~Our primary exposure to interest rate risk is movements in the LIBOR, which is consistent with prior periods. At May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, approximately ~~19.9%~~14.3% of our debt was subject to floating interest rates, inclusive of synthetically swapped borrowings.

All derivative instruments are recognized on the balance sheet and measured at fair value. Changes in the fair values of derivative instruments that do not qualify as hedges and/or any ineffective portion of hedges are recognized as a gain or loss in our Consolidated Statement of Income in the current period. Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments used effectively as ~~fair value~~cash flow hedges are recognized in ~~earnings,~~other comprehensive income (loss), along with the change in the value of the hedged item. Such derivative transactions are accounted for in accordance with ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging.” We do not hold or issue derivative instruments for speculative purposes. Refer to Note F, “Derivatives and Hedging,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Our foreign sales and results of operations are subject to the impact of foreign currency fluctuations (refer to Note A, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements). Because our Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in U.S. dollars, increases or decreases in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies in which we transact business could materially adversely affect our net revenues, net income and the carrying values of our assets located outside the ~~U.S.~~United States. Global economic uncertainty continues to exist. Strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies may adversely affect our operating results. However, our foreign debt is denominated in the respective foreign currency, thereby eliminating any related translation impact on earnings.

If the U.S. dollar were to strengthen, our foreign results of operations would be unfavorably impacted, but the effect is not expected to be material. A 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates would not have resulted in a material impact to net income for the years ended May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019.~~2020. We do not currently use financial derivative instruments for trading purposes, nor do we engage in foreign currency, commodity or interest rate speculation.

The foregoing discussion includes forward-looking statements relating to our business. These forward-looking statements, or other statements made by us, are made based on our expectations and beliefs concerning future events impacting us and are subject to uncertainties and factors (including those specified below), which are difficult to predict and, in many instances, are beyond our control. As a result, our actual results could differ materially from those expressed in or implied by any such forward-looking statements. These uncertainties and factors include (a) global markets and general economic conditions, including uncertainties surrounding the volatility in financial markets, the availability of capital and the effect of changes in interest rates, and the viability of banks and other financial institutions; (b) the prices, supply and ~~capacity~~availability of raw materials, including assorted pigments, resins, solvents, and other natural gas- and oil-based materials; packaging, including plastic and metal containers; and transportation services, including fuel surcharges; (c) continued growth in demand for our products; (d) legal, environmental and litigation risks inherent in our construction and chemicals businesses and risks related to the adequacy of our insurance coverage for such matters; (e) the effect of changes in interest rates; (f) the effect of fluctuations in currency exchange rates upon our foreign operations; (g) the effect of non-currency risks of investing in and conducting operations in foreign countries, including those relating to domestic and international political, social, economic and regulatory factors; (h) risks and uncertainties associated with our ongoing acquisition and divestiture activities; (i) the timing of and the realization of anticipated cost savings from restructuring initiatives and the ability to identify additional cost savings opportunities; (j) risks related to the adequacy of our contingent liability reserves; ~~and~~ (k) risks relating to the ~~recent outbreak~~Covid pandemic; (l) risks related to adverse weather conditions or the impacts of ~~the coronavirus (Covid-19);~~climate change and ~~(l)~~natural disasters; and (m) other risks detailed in our filings with the SEC, including the risk factors set forth in our Form 10-K for the year ended May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, as the same may be updated from time to time. We do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect future events, information or circumstances that arise after the filing date of this document.

May 31,	2020			2019			2021			2020
Assets
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	233,416		$	223,168		$	246,704		$	233,416
Trade accounts receivable (less allowances of $55,847 and $54,748, respectively)		1,137,957			1,232,350
Trade accounts receivable (less allowances of $55,922 and $55,847, respectively)								1,280,806			1,137,957
Inventories		810,448			841,873			938,095			810,448
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		241,608			220,701			316,399			241,608
Total current assets		2,423,429			2,518,092			2,782,004			2,423,429
Property, Plant and Equipment, at Cost		1,755,190			1,662,859			1,967,482			1,755,190
Allowance for depreciation		(905,504	)		(843,648	)		(1,002,300	)		(905,504	)
Property, plant and equipment, net		849,686			819,211			965,182			849,686
Other Assets
Goodwill		1,250,066			1,245,762			1,345,754			1,250,066
Other intangible assets, net of amortization		584,380			601,082			628,693			584,380
Operating lease right-of-use assets		284,491			-			300,827			284,491
Deferred income taxes		30,894			34,908			26,804			30,894
Other		208,008			222,300			203,705			208,008
Total other assets		2,357,839			2,104,052			2,505,783			2,357,839
Total Assets	$	5,630,954		$	5,441,355		$	6,252,969		$	5,630,954
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable	$	535,311		$	556,696		$	717,176		$	535,311
Current portion of long-term debt		80,890			552,446			1,282			80,890
Accrued compensation and benefits		185,531			193,345			258,380			185,531
Accrued losses		20,021			19,899			29,054			20,021
Other accrued liabilities		271,827			217,019			325,522			271,827
Total current liabilities		1,093,580			1,539,405			1,331,414			1,093,580
Long-Term Liabilities
Long-term debt, less current maturities		2,458,290			1,973,462			2,378,544			2,458,290
Operating lease liabilities		244,691			-			257,415			244,691
Other long-term liabilities		510,175			405,040			436,176			510,175
Deferred income taxes		59,555			114,843			106,395			59,555
Total long-term liabilities		3,272,711			2,493,345			3,178,530			3,272,711
Commitments and contingencies (Note P)
Contingencies and Accrued Losses (Note P)
Stockholders' Equity
Preferred stock, par value $0.01; authorized 50,000 shares; NaN issued		-			-			-			-
Common stock, par value $0.01; authorized 300,000 shares; issued 143,261 and outstanding 129,511 as of May 2020; issued 142,439 and outstanding 130,995 as of May 2019		1,295			1,310
Common stock, par value $0.01; authorized 300,000 shares; issued 144,199 and outstanding 129,573 as of May 2021; issued 143,261 and outstanding 129,511 as of May 2020								1,295			1,295
Paid-in capital		1,014,428			994,508			1,055,400			1,014,428
Treasury stock, at cost		(580,117	)		(437,290	)		(653,006	)		(580,117	)
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss)		(717,497	)		(577,628	)		(514,884	)		(717,497	)
Retained earnings		1,544,336			1,425,052			1,852,259			1,544,336
Total RPM International Inc. stockholders' equity		1,262,445			1,405,952			1,741,064			1,262,445
Noncontrolling Interest		2,218			2,653			1,961			2,218
Total equity		1,264,663			1,408,605			1,743,025			1,264,663
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity	$	5,630,954		$	5,441,355		$	6,252,969		$	5,630,954

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

Year Ended May 31,	2020			2019			2018			2021			2020			2019
Net Sales	$	5,506,994		$	5,564,551		$	5,321,643		$	6,106,288		$	5,506,994		$	5,564,551
Cost of Sales		3,414,139			3,476,231			3,305,095			3,701,129			3,414,139			3,476,231
Gross Profit		2,092,855			2,088,320			2,016,548			2,405,159			2,092,855			2,088,320
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses		1,548,653			1,596,043			1,498,479			1,664,026			1,548,653			1,596,043
Restructuring Expense		33,108			42,310			17,514			18,106			33,108			42,310
Goodwill and Other Intangible Asset Impairments		-			4,190			-			-			-			4,190
Interest Expense		101,003			102,392			104,547			85,400			101,003			102,392
Investment (Income), Net		(9,739	)		(730	)		(20,442	)		(44,450	)		(9,739	)		(730	)
Other Expense (Income), Net		12,066			4,270			(598	)
Other Expense, Net											13,639			12,066			4,270
Income Before Income Taxes		407,764			339,845			417,048			668,438			407,764			339,845
Provision for Income Taxes		102,682			72,158			77,791			164,938			102,682			72,158
Net Income		305,082			267,687			339,257			503,500			305,082			267,687
Less: Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests		697			1,129			1,487			857			697			1,129
Net Income Attributable to RPM International Inc. Stockholders	$	304,385		$	266,558		$	337,770		$	502,643		$	304,385		$	266,558
Average Number of Shares of Common Stock Outstanding:
Basic		128,468			130,552			131,179			128,334			128,468			130,552
Diluted		129,974			134,333			137,171			128,927			129,974			134,333
Earnings per Share of Common Stock Attributable to RPM International Inc. Stockholders:
Basic	$	2.35		$	2.03		$	2.55		$	3.89		$	2.35		$	2.03
Diluted	$	2.34		$	2.01		$	2.50		$	3.87		$	2.34		$	2.01

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

Year Ended May 31,	2020			2019			2018			2021			2020			2019
Net Income	$	305,082		$	267,687		$	339,257		$	503,500		$	305,082		$	267,687
Other Comprehensive Income, Before Tax:
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments		(71,839	)		(73,594	)		10,857			148,492			(71,839	)		(73,594	)
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Liabilities
Net (Loss) Arising During the Period		(109,358	)		(87,525	)		(3,489	)
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Liability Adjustments
Net Gain (Loss) Arising During the Period											88,958			(109,358	)		(87,525	)
Prior Service Cost Arising During the Period		893			22			61			-			893			22
Less: Amortization of Prior Service Cost Included in Net Periodic Pension Cost		(246	)		(132	)		(121	)
Less: Amortization of Prior Service (Credit) Included in Net Periodic Pension Cost											(309	)		(246	)		(132	)
Less: Amortization of Net Loss and Settlement Recognition		21,176			14,848			16,738			33,344			21,176			14,848
Effect of Exchange Rates on Amounts Included for Pensions		1,188			2,002			(1,814	)		(8,009	)		1,188			2,002
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Liability Adjustments		(86,347	)		(70,785	)		11,375			113,984			(86,347	)		(70,785	)
Unrealized Gains on Available-For-Sale Securities
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Available-For-Sale Securities
Unrealized Holding Gains (Losses) During the Period		1,210			458			(1,459	)		(593	)		1,210			458
Less: Reclassification Adjustments for Losses (Gains) Included in Net Income		-			1,626			(1,835	)		(268	)		-			1,626
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Securities		1,210			2,084			(3,294	)
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Available-For-Sale Securities											(861	)		1,210			2,084
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives		(6,315	)		4,713			(359	)		(31,087	)		(6,315	)		4,713
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income, Before Tax		(163,291	)		(137,582	)		18,579
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Before Tax											230,528			(163,291	)		(137,582	)
Income Tax Expense (Benefit) Related to Components of Other Comprehensive Income		23,403			19,068			(3,773	)		(27,783	)		23,403			19,068
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income, After Tax		(139,888	)		(118,514	)		14,806
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), After Tax											202,745			(139,888	)		(118,514	)
Comprehensive Income		165,194			149,173			354,063			706,245			165,194			149,173
Less: Comprehensive Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests		678			1,195			1,354			988			678			1,195
Comprehensive Income Attributable to
RPM International Inc. Stockholders	$	164,516		$	147,978		$	352,709		$	705,257		$	164,516		$	147,978

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

Year Ended May 31,	2020			2019			2018			2021			2020			2019
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Net income	$	305,082		$	267,687		$	339,257		$	503,500		$	305,082		$	267,687
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation & Amortization		156,842			141,742			128,499			146,857			156,842			141,742
Restructuring charges, net of payments		6,831			8,072			17,514			(2,909	)		6,831			8,072
Goodwill, intangible and other asset impairments		-			4,190			-			-			-			4,190
Fair value adjustments to contingent earnout obligations		680			1,918			3,400			(582	)		680			1,918
Deferred income taxes		(12,150	)		5,434			(10,690	)		20,188			(12,150	)		5,434
Stock-based compensation expense		19,789			31,154			25,440			40,926			19,789			31,154
Other non-cash interest expense		-			1,552			6,187			-			-			1,552
Realized/unrealized losses (gains) on sales of marketable securities		(1,132	)		7,613			(10,076	)		(38,774	)		(1,132	)		7,613
Loss on extinguishment of debt		-			3,051			-			-			-			3,051
Other		(77	)		(3,288	)		(1,141	)		(2,340	)		(77	)		(3,288	)
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effect from purchases and sales of businesses:
Decrease (Increase) in receivables		82,060			(131,204	)		(106,179	)
Decrease (Increase) in inventory		21,309			(16,829	)		(34,102	)
Decrease (Increase) in prepaid expenses and other current and long-term assets		17,614			(14,826	)		3,348
(Decrease) increase in accounts payable		(27,111	)		(29,628	)		51,641
(Decrease) increase in accrued compensation and benefits		(6,198	)		19,241			(5,010	)
(Decrease) increase in accrued losses		487			(1,803	)		(10,387	)
(Decrease) in other accrued liabilities		(23,665	)		(5,232	)		(6,612	)
(Increase) decrease in receivables											(88,618	)		82,060			(131,204	)
(Increase) decrease in inventory											(68,802	)		21,309			(16,829	)
(Increase) decrease in prepaid expenses and other current and long-term assets											(11,457	)		17,614			(14,826	)
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable											151,388			(27,111	)		(29,628	)
Increase (decrease) in accrued compensation and benefits											62,966			(6,198	)		19,241
Increase (decrease) in accrued losses											8,510			487			(1,803	)
Increase (decrease) in other accrued liabilities											43,010			(23,665	)		(5,232	)
Other		9,558			4,097			(706	)		2,293			9,558			4,097
Cash Provided By Operating Activities		549,919			292,941			390,383			766,156			549,919			292,941
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
Capital expenditures		(147,756	)		(136,757	)		(114,619	)		(157,199	)		(147,756	)		(136,757	)
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired		(65,102	)		(168,205	)		(112,442	)		(165,223	)		(65,102	)		(168,205	)
Purchase of marketable securities		(28,891	)		(19,787	)		(181,953	)		(121,669	)		(28,891	)		(19,787	)
Proceeds from sales of marketable securities		31,337			69,743			138,803			112,298			31,337			69,743
Other		799			6,760			9,018			5,405			799			6,760
Cash (Used For) Investing Activities		(209,613	)		(248,246	)		(261,193	)		(326,388	)		(209,613	)		(248,246	)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Additions to long-term and short-term debt		485,306			628,083			351,082			-			485,306			628,083
Reductions of long-term and short-term debt		(471,035	)		(273,109	)		(276,406	)		(188,278	)		(471,035	)		(273,109	)
Cash dividends		(185,101	)		(181,409	)		(167,476	)		(194,720	)		(185,101	)		(181,409	)
Repurchase of common stock		(125,000	)		(200,222	)		-			(49,956	)		(125,000	)		(200,222	)
Shares of common stock returned for taxes		(18,075	)		(21,758	)		(17,152	)		(22,826	)		(18,075	)		(21,758	)
Payments of acquisition-related contingent consideration		(606	)		(4,066	)		(3,945	)		(2,218	)		(606	)		(4,066	)
Payments for 524(g) trust		-			-			(123,567	)
Other		(2,359	)		(1,361	)		(1,912	)		(1,621	)		(2,359	)		(1,361	)
Cash (Used For) Financing Activities		(316,870	)		(53,842	)		(239,376	)		(459,619	)		(316,870	)		(53,842	)
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash and Cash Equivalents		(13,188	)		(12,107	)		4,111			33,139			(13,188	)		(12,107	)
Net Change in Cash and Cash Equivalents		10,248			(21,254	)		(106,075	)		13,288			10,248			(21,254	)
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Period		223,168			244,422			350,497			233,416			223,168			244,422
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period	$	233,416		$	223,168		$	244,422		$	246,704		$	233,416		$	223,168
Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flows Information:
Cash paid during the year for:
Interest	$	103,143		$	101,415		$	97,295		$	82,440		$	103,143		$	101,415
Income taxes, net of refunds	$	102,892		$	68,357		$	83,460		$	147,436		$	102,892		$	68,357
Supplemental Disclosures of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities:
Conversion of Debt to Equity	$	-		$	38,239		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	38,239

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

	Common Stock												Accumulated															Common Stock												Accumulated
	Number												Other						Total RPM									Number												Other						Total RPM
	of			Par/Stated			Paid-In			Treasury			Comprehensive			Retained			International			Noncontrolling			Total			of			Par/Stated			Paid-In			Treasury			Comprehensive			Retained			International			Noncontrolling			Total
(In thousands)	Shares			Value			Capital			Stock			Income (Loss)			Earnings			Inc. Equity			Interests			Equity			Shares			Value			Capital			Stock			Income (Loss)			Earnings			Inc. Equity			Interests			Equity
Balance at June 1, 2017		133,563		$	1,336		$	954,491		$	(218,222	)	$	(473,986	)	$	1,172,442		$	1,436,061		$	2,639		$	1,438,700
Net income		-			-			-			-			-			337,770			337,770			1,487			339,257
Other comprehensive income (loss)		-			-			-			-			14,938			-			14,938			(132	)		14,806
Dividends declared and paid ($1.26 per share)		-			-			-			-			-			(167,476	)		(167,476	)		-			(167,476	)
Other noncontrolling interest activity		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(1,229	)		(1,229	)
Stock compensation expense and other deferred compensation, shares granted less shares returned for taxes		84			-			27,576			(18,096	)		-			-			9,480			-			9,480
Balance at May 31, 2018		133,647			1,336			982,067			(236,318	)		(459,048	)		1,342,736			1,630,773			2,765			1,633,538
Balance at June 1, 2018																													133,647		$	1,336		$	982,067		$	(236,318	)	$	(459,048	)	$	1,342,736		$	1,630,773		$	2,765		$	1,633,538
Cumulative-effect adjustment upon adoption of ASU 2014-09		-			-			-			-			-			(2,833	)		(2,833	)		-			(2,833	)		-			-			-			-			-			(2,833	)		(2,833	)		-			(2,833	)
Net income		-			-			-			-			-			266,558			266,558			1,129			267,687			-			-			-			-			-			266,558			266,558			1,129			267,687
Other comprehensive income (loss)		-			-			-			-			(118,580	)		-			(118,580	)		66			(118,514	)		-			-			-			-			(118,580	)		-			(118,580	)		66			(118,514	)
Dividends declared and paid ($1.37 per share)		-			-			-			-			-			(181,409	)		(181,409	)		-			(181,409	)		-			-			-			-			-			(181,409	)		(181,409	)		-			(181,409	)
Other noncontrolling interest activity		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(1,307	)		(1,307	)		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(1,307	)		(1,307	)
Share repurchases under repurchase program		(3,287	)		(33	)		33			(200,222	)		-			-			(200,222	)		-			(200,222	)		(3,287	)		(33	)		33			(200,222	)		-			-			(200,222	)		-			(200,222	)
Stock compensation expense and other deferred compensation, shares granted less shares returned for taxes		36			1			35,437			(20,965	)		-			-			14,473			-			14,473			36			1			35,437			(20,965	)		-			-			14,473			-			14,473
Convertible bond redemption		599			6			(23,029	)		20,215			-			-			(2,808	)		-			(2,808	)		599			6			(23,029	)		20,215			-			-			(2,808	)		-			(2,808	)
Balance at May 31, 2019		130,995			1,310			994,508			(437,290	)		(577,628	)		1,425,052			1,405,952			2,653			1,408,605			130,995			1,310			994,508			(437,290	)		(577,628	)		1,425,052			1,405,952			2,653			1,408,605
Net income		-			-			-			-			-			304,385			304,385			697			305,082			-			-			-			-			-			304,385			304,385			697			305,082
Other comprehensive (loss)		-			-			-			-			(139,869	)		-			(139,869	)		(19	)		(139,888	)		-			-			-			-			(139,869	)		-			(139,869	)		(19	)		(139,888	)
Dividends declared and paid ($1.43 per share)		-			-			-			-			-			(185,101	)		(185,101	)		-			(185,101	)		-			-			-			-			-			(185,101	)		(185,101	)		-			(185,101	)
Other noncontrolling interest activity		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(1,113	)		(1,113	)		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(1,113	)		(1,113	)
Share repurchases under repurchase program		(2,042	)		(20	)		20			(125,000	)		-			-			(125,000	)		-			(125,000	)		(2,042	)		(20	)		20			(125,000	)		-			-			(125,000	)		-			(125,000	)
Stock compensation expense and other deferred compensation, shares granted less shares returned for taxes		558			5			19,900			(17,827	)		-			-			2,078			-			2,078			558			5			19,900			(17,827	)		-			-			2,078			-			2,078
Balance at May 31, 2020		129,511		$	1,295		$	1,014,428		$	(580,117	)	$	(717,497	)	$	1,544,336		$	1,262,445		$	2,218		$	1,264,663			129,511			1,295			1,014,428			(580,117	)		(717,497	)		1,544,336			1,262,445			2,218			1,264,663
Net income																													-			-			-			-			-			502,643			502,643			857			503,500
Other comprehensive income																													-			-			-			-			202,613			-			202,613			132			202,745
Dividends declared and paid ($1.50 per share)																													-			-			-			-			-			(194,720	)		(194,720	)		-			(194,720	)
Other noncontrolling interest activity																													-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(1,246	)		(1,246	)
Share repurchases under repurchase program																													(594	)		(6	)		6			(49,956	)		-			-			(49,956	)		-			(49,956	)
Stock compensation expense and other deferred compensation, shares granted less shares returned for taxes																													656			6			40,966			(22,933	)		-			-			18,039			-			18,039
Balance at May 31, 2021																													129,573		$	1,295		$	1,055,400		$	(653,006	)	$	(514,884	)	$	1,852,259		$	1,741,064		$	1,961		$	1,743,025

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these financial statements.

Our financial statements include all of our majority-owned subsidiaries. We account for our investments in less-than-majority-owned joint ventures, for which we have the ability to exercise significant influence, under the equity method. Effects of transactions between related companies are eliminated in consolidation.

Noncontrolling interests are presented in our Consolidated Financial Statements as if parent company investors (controlling interests) and other minority investors (noncontrolling interests) in partially owned subsidiaries have similar economic interests in a single entity. As a result, investments in noncontrolling interests are reported as equity in our Consolidated Financial Statements. Additionally, our Consolidated Financial Statements include 100% of a controlled subsidiary’s earnings, rather than only our share. Transactions between the parent company and noncontrolling interests are reported in equity as transactions between stockholders, provided that these transactions do not create a change in control.

Our business is dependent on external weather factors. Historically, we have experienced strong sales and net income in our first, second and fourth fiscal quarters comprising the three-month periods ending August 31, November 30 and May 31, respectively, with weaker performance in our third fiscal quarter (December through February).

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

We account for business combinations and asset acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting and, accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the acquired entities are recorded at their estimated fair values at the acquisition date.

During the fiscal year ended May 31, 2021, we completed a total of 4 acquisitions in each of our 4 reportable segments. Within our Consumer reportable segment, we acquired a manufacturer of sandpaper and other abrasives headquartered in Fairborn, Ohio. Within our PCG reportable segment, we acquired a manufacturer of raised flooring systems headquartered in Denver, Colorado. We also completed immaterial acquisitions within our SPG and CPG reportable segments.

During the fiscal year ended May 31, 2020, we completed a total of 3 acquisitions among three of our 4 reportable segments. Within our CPG reportable segment, we acquired a manufacturer and marketer of joint sealants for commercial construction headquartered in Hudson, New Hampshire. Within our PCG reportable segment, we acquired a manufacturer of trenchless pipe rehabilitation equipment headquartered in Quebec, Canada. Lastly, within our SPG reportable segment, we acquired a manufacturer of dry stabilizer and emulsifier blends for the food industry headquartered in Elgin, Illinois.

During the fiscal year ended May 31, 2019, we completed a total of 5 acquisitions among 3 of our four reportable segments. During fiscal 2019, our CPG reportable segment completed 2 acquisitions, which included the following: a leading manufacturer and distributor of insulated concrete forms in North America, based in Ontario, Canada; and a distributor of concrete admixture products throughout Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Panama. Within our PCG reportable segment, we acquired a provider of hygienic flooring solutions for the U.K. food and beverage industry, headquartered in the United Kingdom. Within our Consumer reportable segment, we acquired a brand line of specialty cleaning products and the exclusive North American licensing for a brand line of drain care products based in Cincinnati, Ohio; and a manufacturer of non-toxic specialty cleaners based in Ontario, Canada.

The purchase price for each acquisition has been allocated to the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition. We have finalized the purchase price allocation for our fiscal 2019 acquisitions, and there was a $2.8 million adjustment reducing the fair value of deferred income taxes associated with the Consumer reportable segment’s acquisition of a manufacturer of non-toxic specialty cleaners based in Ontario, Canada. This adjustment is reflected in the “Fiscal 2019 Acquisitions” column of the table below.2020 acquisitions. For acquisitions completed during fiscal ~~2020,~~2021, the valuations of consideration transferred, total assets acquired and liabilities assumed are substantially complete. The primary areas that remain preliminary relate to ~~the fair values of deferred income taxes.~~working capital adjustments. Acquisitions are aggregated by year of purchase in the following table:

	Fiscal 2020 Acquisitions					Fiscal 2019 Acquisitions					Fiscal 2021 Acquisitions					Fiscal 2020 Acquisitions
(In thousands)	Weighted-Average Intangible Asset Amortization Life (In Years)	Total				Weighted-Average Intangible Asset Amortization Life (In Years)	Total				Weighted-Average Intangible Asset Amortization Life (In Years)	Total				Weighted-Average Intangible Asset Amortization Life (In Years)	Total
Current assets		$	10,649				$	29,737				$	50,310				$	10,649
Property, plant and equipment			1,694					22,607					27,012					1,694
Goodwill	N/A		28,291			N/A		75,142			N/A		41,654			N/A		28,291
Trade names - indefinite lives	N/A		1,555			N/A		14,033			N/A		16,694			N/A		1,555
Other intangible assets	16		31,046			10		59,748			20		53,894			16		31,046
Other long-term assets			56					3,095					6,831					56
Total Assets Acquired		$	73,291				$	204,362				$	196,395				$	73,291
Liabilities assumed			(7,135	)				(33,174	)				(24,232	)				(7,135	)
Net Assets Acquired		$	66,156		⁽¹⁾		$	171,188		⁽²⁾		$	172,163		⁽¹⁾		$	66,156		⁽²⁾

Our Consolidated Financial Statements reflect the results of operations of acquired businesses as of their respective dates of acquisition. Pro-forma results of operations for the years ended May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 were not materially different from reported results and, consequently, are not presented.

The functional currency for each of our foreign subsidiaries is its principal operating currency. Accordingly, for the periods presented, assets and liabilities have been translated using exchange rates at year end, while income and expense for the periods have been translated using a weighted-average exchange rate.

The resulting translation adjustments have been recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of stockholders’ equity, and will be included in net earnings only upon the sale or liquidation of the underlying foreign investment, neither of which is contemplated at this time. Transaction gains and losses ~~increased~~have moderated during the last three fiscal years ~~due to the~~based on more modest fluctuations in the strength of the U.S. dollar, resulting in net transactional foreign exchange losses in fiscal 2021 and 2019 of approximately $2.8 million and $4.8 million, respectively, and net transactional foreign exchange gains infor fiscal 2020 of approximately $0.3 ~~million and net transactional foreign exchange losses for fiscal 2019 and 2018 of approximately $4.8 million and $12.3 million, respectively.~~million.

We consider all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. We do not believe we are exposed to any significant credit risk on cash and cash equivalents. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents approximate fair value.

May 31,	2020		2019		2021		2020
(In thousands)
Land	$	85,860	$	88,638	$	93,455	$	85,860
Buildings and leasehold improvements		469,483		459,542		518,205		469,483
Machinery and equipment		1,199,847		1,114,679		1,355,822		1,199,847
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost		1,755,190		1,662,859		1,967,482		1,755,190
Less: allowance for depreciation and amortization		905,504		843,648		1,002,300		905,504
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	849,686	$	819,211	$	965,182	$	849,686

We review long-lived assets for impairment when circumstances indicate that the carrying values of these assets may not be recoverable. For assets that are to be held and used, an impairment charge is recognized when the estimated undiscounted future cash flows associated with the asset or group of assets are less than their carrying value. If impairment exists, an adjustment is made to write the asset down to its fair value, and a loss is recorded for the difference between the carrying value and the fair value. Fair values are determined based on quoted market values, discounted cash flows, internal appraisals or external appraisals, as applicable. Assets to be disposed of are carried at the lower of their carrying value or estimated net realizable value.

Depreciation is computed primarily using the straight-line method over the following ranges of useful lives:

Total depreciation expense for each fiscal period includes the charges to income that result from the amortization of assets recorded under finance leases. For the periods ended May 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, ~~& 2018,~~ we recorded depreciation expense of ~~$108.5~~$99.4 million, ~~$94.0~~$108.5 million, and ~~$82.0~~$94.0 million, respectively.

revenue using the input method, as that method was the best measure of performance as it considers costs incurred in relation to total expected project costs, which essentially represents the transfer of control for roofing systems to the customer. In general, for our other construction contracts, we record contract revenues and related costs as our contracts progress on an over-time model.

Effective June 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” and all the related amendments included within Accounting Standards Codification 606 (“ASC 606”).

~~During the first quarter of fiscal 2020, we changed our method of accounting for~~We identify shipping and handling costs ~~which we have identified~~ as costs paid to third-party shippers for transporting products to ~~customers. Under the new method of accounting,~~customers, and we include ~~shipping~~these costs in cost of sales ~~whereas previously, they were included~~ in ~~SG&A expense.~~

We believe that including these expenses in cost of sales is preferable, as it better aligns these costs with the related revenue in the gross profit calculation and is consistent with the practices of other industry peers. This change in accounting principle has been applied retrospectively, and theour Consolidated Statements of Income reflect the effect of this accounting principle change for all periods presented. This reclassification had no impact on income before income taxes, net income attributable to RPM International Inc. Stockholders, net income or earnings per share. The Consolidated Balance Sheets, Statements of Comprehensive Income, Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, and Statements of Cash Flows were not impacted by this accounting principle change.

The Consolidated Statements of Income for fiscal 2019 and 2018 have been adjusted to reflect this change in accounting principle. The impact of the adjustment for fiscal 2019 and 2018 was an increase of $173.6 million and $164.7 million, respectively, to cost of sales and a corresponding decrease to SG&A expense.Income.

AnOur primary allowance for ~~anticipated uncollectible~~credit losses is the allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts reduces the trade accounts receivable ~~amounts~~balance to the estimated net realizable value equal to the amount that is expected to be collected. The allowance is established using ~~a combination~~assessments of ~~specifically identified~~current creditworthiness of customers, historical collection experience, the aging of receivables and other currently available evidence. Trade accounts ~~to be reserved and a reserve covering trends in collectibility. These estimates~~receivable balances are based on an analysis of trends in collectibility and past experience, but are primarily made up of individual account balances identified as doubtful based on specific facts and conditions. Receivable losses are chargedwritten-off against the allowance ~~when we determine uncollectibility.~~if a final determination of uncollectibility is made. All provisions for allowances for doubtful collection of accounts are included in selling, general and administrative expenses. Actual collections of trade receivables could differ from our estimates due to changes in future economic or industry conditions or specific customer’s financial conditions.

For the periods ended May 31, 2021, 2020 ~~2019~~ and ~~2018,~~2019, bad debt expense approximated $10.0 million, $16.7 million ~~$18.6 million~~ and ~~$9.1~~$18.6 million, respectively. Bad debt expense ~~remained~~was elevated in fiscal 2020 and fiscal 2019 due to additional write-offs associated with exiting unprofitable product lines and regions in conjunction with our ~~2020~~ MAP to ~~Growth and,~~Growth. Fiscal 2020 bad debt expense also reflects, although to a much lesser degree, due to the impact ~~Covid-19 is having~~Covid had on some of our customers’ ability to pay timely. ~~The increase in bad debt expense during fiscal 2019 was primarily due to write-offs associated with our 2020 MAP to Growth.~~ Refer to Note B, “Restructuring,” for further information.

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, cost being determined on a first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis and net realizable value being determined on the basis of replacement cost. Inventory costs include raw materials, labor and manufacturing overhead. We review the net realizable value of our inventory in detail on an on-going basis, with consideration given to various factors, which include our estimated reserves for excess, obsolete, slow-moving or distressed inventories. If actual market conditions differ from our projections, and our estimates prove to be inaccurate, write-downs of inventory values and adjustments to cost of sales may be required. Historically, our inventory reserves have approximated actual experience.

For the periods ended May 31, 2021, 2020 ~~2019~~ and ~~2018,~~2019, charges related to slow moving and/or obsolete inventory on hand approximated $3.7 million, $39.6 million and $29.4 million, respectively. Charges recorded during fiscal 2021 were more normalized in comparison to fiscal 2020 and ~~$43.7 million, respectively.~~fiscal 2019, which both had elevated inventory charges associated with our MAP to Growth restructuring activities. During fiscal 2020, we recorded $28.8 million within our Consumer reportable segment ~~as we continued to proactively manage~~consisting of proactive management of excess quantities of inventory in order to accelerate cash conversion, SKU rationalization, and exiting unprofitable product lines and regions and $3.2 million within our PCG segment related to exiting unprofitable product lines and regions. During fiscal 2019, we recorded $10.5 million in charges resulting from more proactive management of inventory at our Consumer segment, and $9.0 million and $1.0 million of inventory charges related to restructuring activities at our PCG and CPG segments, respectively. During fiscal 2018, our Consumer reportable segment was impacted by tighter inventory management at many of their top customers and we made the determination to consolidate several divisions within certain Consumer segment businesses, close 2 manufacturing facilities and eliminate approximately 154 positions. These actions were taken by new leadership in place at our Rust-Oleum business in order to streamline processes, reduce overhead, improve margins and reduce working capital. In relation to these initiatives, our Consumer segment recognized $36.5 million of charges related to product line and SKU rationalization and related obsolete inventory identification during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018. Additionally, during fiscal 2018, we incurred $1.2 million in inventory write-offs in connection with restructuring activities at our CPG reportable segment.

May 31,	2020		2019		2021		2020
(In thousands)
Raw material and supplies	$	282,579	$	296,493
Raw materials and supplies					$	447,220	$	282,579
Finished goods		527,869		545,380		490,875		527,869
Total Inventory	$	810,448	$	841,873	$	938,095	$	810,448

We account for goodwill and other intangible assets in accordance with the provisions of ASC 350 and account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting and, accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the entities acquired are recorded at their estimated fair values at the acquisition date.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price paid over the fair value of net assets acquired, including the amount assigned to identifiable intangible assets.

Goodwill is assigned to reporting units that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination as of the acquisition date. Once goodwill has been allocated to the reporting units, it no longer retains its identification with a particular acquisition and becomes identified with the reporting unit in its entirety. Accordingly, the fair value of the reporting unit as a whole is available to support the recoverability of its goodwill. We evaluate our reporting units when changes in our operating structure occur, and if necessary, reassign goodwill using a relative fair value allocation approach.

We test our goodwill balances at least annually, or more frequently as impairment indicators arise, at the reporting unit level. Our annual impairment assessment date has been designated as the first day of our fourth fiscal quarter. Our reporting units have been identified at the component level, which is ~~the operating segment level or~~ one level below our operating segments.

We assess qualitative factors in each of our reporting units that carry goodwill. We assess these qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the ~~two-step~~ quantitative goodwill impairment test. The ~~traditional two-step~~ quantitative process is required only if we conclude that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount. However, we have an unconditional option to bypass a qualitative assessment and proceed directly to performing the ~~traditional two-step~~ quantitative analysis. We applied the ~~traditional two-step~~ quantitative process during our annual goodwill impairment assessments performed during the fourth quarters of fiscal 2021 and 2020 and applied both the qualitative and quantitative processes during our annual goodwill impairment assessment performed during the fourth quarter of fiscal ~~2020 and applied both the qualitative and traditional two-step quantitative processes during our annual goodwill impairment assessment performed during the fourth quarters of fiscal 2019 and 2018.~~2019.

WeIn applying the market approach, we use market multiples derived from a set of similar companies. In applying the income approach, we evaluate discounted future cash flows determined from estimated cashflow adjustments to a reporting unit’s projected EBITDA. Under this approach, we calculate the fair value of a reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets of the reporting unit, goodwill is not impaired. An indication that goodwill may be impaired results when the carrying value of the net assets of a reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit. At that point, the second step of the impairment test is performed, which requires a fair value estimate of each tangible and intangible asset in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, then we record an impairment loss equal to the difference.

In applying the discounted cash flow methodology utilized in the income approach, we rely on a number of factors, including future business plans, actual and forecasted operating results, and market data. The significant assumptions employed under this method include discount rates; revenue growth rates, including assumed terminal growth rates; and operating margins used to project future cash flows for a reporting unit. The discount rates utilized reflect market-based estimates of capital costs and discount rates adjusted for management’s assessment of a market participant’s view with respect to other risks associated with the projected cash flows of the individual reporting unit. Our estimates are based upon assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which by nature are uncertain and unpredictable. We believe we incorporate ample sensitivity ranges into our analysis of goodwill impairment testing for a reporting unit, such that actual experience would need to be materially out of the range of expected assumptions in order for an impairment to remain undetected.

~~Prior to our fiscal 2019 annual goodwill impairment test,~~Changes in ~~connection with our~~the Composition of Reporting Units in Fiscal 2020 MAP to Growth, during the third fiscal quarter ended February 28, 2019, we changed the composition of certain of our reporting units that were included in our former industrial reportable segment. Accordingly, we performed an interim impairment test for each reporting unit that changed in accordance with ASC 350, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other.” Our interim goodwill impairment assessments did not indicate the presence of any goodwill

impairment for any of the reporting units tested. However, as previously disclosed during the period ended May 31, 2019, we noted that our Construction Product Group – Europe, which had $125.0 million of goodwill at February 28, 2019, had an excess of fair value over carrying value of approximately 9% using the income approach. Our annual goodwill impairment test for fiscal year 2019, which considered both the income and market approach, resulted in a substantial excess of fair value over carrying value. We continued to monitor the performance of this reporting unit during fiscal 2020, and did not note any interim indicators of impairment. Furthermore, our annual goodwill impairment test for fiscal 2020 resulted in a substantial excess of fair value over carrying value.

On June 1, 2019, ~~(i.e., at the beginning of fiscal 2020),~~ the composition of our reportable segments was revised, as further discussed in Note R, “Segment Information.” Prior to implementing the revised segment reporting structure beginning in fiscal 2020, our previously disclosed Industrial segment comprised 2 operating segments, the CPG operating segment and the PCG operating segment. Each of these operating segments comprised several reporting units, all of which were tested during ~~our last~~the annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019, 2020 and ~~again during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020.~~2021.

Also, in connection with our ~~2020~~ Map to Growth, we realigned certain businesses and management structure within our SPG segment. As such, our former Wood Finishes Group reporting unit was split into 2 separate reporting units: Guardian and Wood Finishes Group. Additionally, our former Kop-Coat Group reporting unit was split into 2 reporting units: Kop-Coat Industrial Protection Products and Kop-Coat Group. We performed an interim goodwill impairment test for each of the new reporting units upon the change in reportable segments, business realignment and management structure using a quantitative assessment. We concluded that the estimated fair values exceeded the carrying values for these new reporting units, and accordingly, no indications of impairment were identified as a result of these changes during the first quarter of fiscal 2020.

As a result of the annual impairment assessments performed for fiscal 2021, 2020 ~~2019~~ and ~~2018,~~2019, there were 0 goodwill ~~impairments, including no reporting units that were at risk of failing step one of the traditional two-step quantitative analysis.~~impairments.

Although 0 impairment losses were recorded as a result of our annual impairment tests, ~~however,~~ we did record an intangible impairment charge in both fiscal 2020 and fiscal 2019. In fiscal 2020, in connection with ~~2020~~ Map to Growth, we recorded an impairment charge of $4.0 million included in restructuring expense in our Consumer reportable segment for impairment losses on indefinite-lived trade names. In fiscal 2019, we recorded an impairment charge of $4.2 million, of which $2.0 million was recorded by our CPG reportable segment for impairment losses on indefinite-lived trade names and approximately $2.2 million was recorded by our SPG reportable segment for impairment losses on definite-lived customer-related intangibles. Refer to Note C “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” for additional details on these indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charges.

Advertising costs are charged to operations when incurred and are included in SG&A expenses. For the years ended May 31, 2021, 2020 ~~2019~~ and ~~2018,~~2019, advertising costs were $61.1 million, $49.7 million ~~$57.5 million~~ and ~~$58.0~~$57.5 million, respectively.

Research and development costs are charged to operations when incurred and are included in SG&A expenses. The amounts charged to expense for the years ended May 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 ~~and 2018~~ were $77.6 million, $76.5 million and $71.6 million, ~~and $69.7 million,~~ respectively.

Stock-based compensation represents the cost related to stock-based awards granted to our employees and directors, which may include restricted stock and stock appreciation rights (“SARs”). We measure stock-based compensation cost at the date of grant, based on the estimated fair value of the award. We recognize the cost as expense on a straight-line basis (net of estimated forfeitures) over the related vesting period. Refer to Note J, “Stock-Based Compensation,” for further information.

Year Ended May 31,	2020			2019			2018			2021			2020			2019
(In thousands)
Interest (income)	$	(5,313	)	$	(4,885	)	$	(5,003	)	$	(3,555	)	$	(5,313	)	$	(4,885	)
Net loss (gain) on marketable securities		(1,629	)		8,366			(11,704	)
Net (gain) loss on marketable securities											(38,774	)		(1,629	)		8,366
Dividend (income)		(2,797	)		(4,211	)		(3,735	)		(2,121	)		(2,797	)		(4,211	)
Investment (income), net	$	(9,739	)	$	(730	)	$	(20,442	)	$	(44,450	)	$	(9,739	)	$	(730	)

During fiscal 2020, we recognized realized losses on sales of available-for-sale securities of $0.7 million, realized gains on trading securities of $0.9 million and unrealized losses on trading securities of $0.4 million. Also during the year ended May 31, 2020 we recognized unrealized gains of $1.8 million on marketable equity securities.

During fiscal 2019, we recognized realized losses on sales of available-for-sale securities of $3.0 million, realized gains on trading securities of $0.5 million and unrealized losses on trading securities of $1.3 million. Also during the year ended May 31, 2019, we recognized unrealized losses of $4.6 million on marketable equity securities as a result of our adoption of ASU 2016-01.

~~During fiscal 2018, we recognized gross realized gains and losses on sales of marketable securities of $11.9 million and $1.8 million, respectively.~~

Year Ended May 31,	2020			2019			2018			2021			2020			2019
(In thousands)
Royalty expense (income), net (a)	$	5,206		$	(96	)	$	404		$	(387	)	$	5,206		$	(96	)
(Income) related to unconsolidated equity affiliates		(165	)		(332	)		(1,002	)		(516	)		(165	)		(332	)
Pension non-service costs		6,076			1,647			-			14,542			6,076			1,647
Loss on extinguishment of debt (b)		-			3,051			-			-			-			3,051
Loss on divestiture (c)		949			-			-			-			949			-
Other expense (income), net	$	12,066		$	4,270		$	(598	)
Other expense, net										$	13,639		$	12,066		$	4,270

The provision for income taxes is calculated using the asset and liability method. Under the asset and liability method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax effect of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amount of assets and liabilities and the amounts used for income tax purposes and for certain changes in valuation allowances. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce certain deferred tax assets when, in our estimation, it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized.

Earnings per share (EPS) is computed using both the ~~two-class method. The~~treasury stock and two-class method, ~~determines EPS for each class of common stock and participating securities according to dividends and dividend equivalents and their respective participation rights in undistributed earnings. Our~~as our unvested share-based payment awards ~~that~~ contain rights to receive non-forfeitable dividends are considered participating securities. We calculate both Basic and Diluted EPS under each method and compare the results, reporting the method that is most dilutive.

Basic EPS of common stock is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS of common stock is computed on the basis of the weighted-average number of shares of common stock, plus the effect of dilutive potential shares of common stock outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. Dilutive potential shares of common stock include outstanding SARS, restricted stock awards and convertible notes. The treasury stock method also assumes that we use the proceeds from the hypothetical exercise of the stock compensation awards to repurchase common stock at the average market price during the period.

The two-class method determines EPS for each class of common stock and participating securities according to dividends and dividend equivalents and their respective participation rights in undistributed earnings.

See Note L, “Earnings Per Share, ~~of Common Stock,~~” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” which increases lease transparency and comparability among organizations. Under the new standard, lessees are required to recognize a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset representing our right to use an underlying asset and a lease liability representing our obligation to make lease payments over the lease term, with the exception of leases with a term of 12 months or less, which permits a lessee to make an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset not to recognize lease assets and liabilities. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. In March 2018, the FASB approved an alternative transition method to the modified retrospective approach, which eliminates the requirement to restate prior period financial statements and requires the cumulative effect of the retrospective allocation to be recorded as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings at the date of adoption.

We adopted the new leasing standard on the required effective date of June 1, 2019 using the alternative transition method as described above. Results for reporting periods beginning on June 1, 2019 are presented under Topic 842, while prior period amounts continue to be reported and disclosed in accordance with our historical accounting treatment under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 840, “Leases (ASC 840).” We elected to apply the package of practical expedients permitted under the ASC 842 transition guidance. Accordingly, we did not reassess whether any expired or expiring contracts contain leases, lease classification between finance and operating leases, and the recognition of initial direct costs of leases commencing before the effective date. We also applied the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components to existing leases, as well as new leases through transition. However, we did not elect the hindsight practical expedient to determine the lease term for existing leases. As a result of our adoption procedures, we have determined that the new guidance had a material impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and did not have a material effect on our Consolidated Statements of Income, Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows or our debt covenants. The effects of our transition to ASC 842 resulted in no cumulative adjustment to retained earnings in the period of adoption. Refer to Note M, “Leases,” for additional information.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, “Income Statement (Topic 220), Reporting Comprehensive Income: Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income” which allows for an entity to reclassify the tax effects of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“Tax Act”) that were previously recorded in accumulated comprehensive income to retained earnings. The adoption of this new guidance, effective June 1, 2019, did not have a material effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements as we did not elect the option to reclassify to retained earnings the tax effects resulting from the Tax Act that were previously recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”).

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses,” which requires an organization to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better inform

their credit loss estimates. Additionally, the standard amends the current available-for-sale ~~security~~securities other-than-temporary impairment model for debt securities. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and for interim periods therein. ~~Early adoption is permitted beginning after December 15, 2018. We do not expect our~~The adoption of this new guidance, effective June 1, 2020, using the modified retrospective transition method, did not result in a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings at June 1, 2020 and did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to Note Q, “Revenue” for additional information.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, “Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment,” to eliminate step two from the goodwill impairment test in order to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. ~~Early application is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. Adoption~~The adoption of this new guidance, iseffective June 1, 2020, did not ~~expected to~~ have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial ~~Statements.~~Statements or disclosures.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), – Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement,” which makes a number of changes meant to add, modify or remove certain disclosure requirements associated with the movement amongst or hierarchy associated with Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 fair value measurements. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. ~~Early adoption is permitted upon issuance of the update. We do not expect our~~The adoption of this new guidance, toeffective June 1, 2020, did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial ~~Statements.~~Statements or disclosures.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, “Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General (Subtopic 715-20), Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans,” which makes a number of changes meant to add, modify or remove certain disclosure requirements associated with employers that sponsor defined benefit or other postretirement plans. This guidance is effective for fiscal years ~~and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning~~ending after December 15, 2020. Early adoption iswas permitted for all entities and the amendments in this update are required to be applied on a retrospective basis to all periods presented. ~~We are currently reviewing the provisions~~The adoption of this new ~~pronouncement, but do~~guidance, effective for the fiscal year ending May 31, 2021, did not ~~expect our adoption of this guidance to~~ have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial ~~Statements.~~Statements or disclosures.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740),” which simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. The amendments also improve consistent application of and simplify GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption of the amendments is permitted, including adoption in any interim period for which financial statements have not yet been issued. Depending on the amendment, adoption may be applied on the retrospective, modified retrospective or prospective basis. We are currently reviewing the provisions of this new pronouncement, but do not expect our adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

From June 1, 2021 through July 23, 2021, we have repurchased 133,388 shares of RPM common stock since May 31, 2021, at a cost of approximately $12.5 million, or an average of $93.71 per share, under the stock repurchase program described further in Note I, “Stock Repurchase Program.”

We record restructuring charges associated with management-approved restructuring plans to either reorganize one or more of our business segments, or to remove duplicative headcount and infrastructure associated with our businesses. Restructuring charges can include severance costs to eliminate a specified number of employees, infrastructure charges to vacate facilities and consolidate operations, contract cancellation costs and other costs. Restructuring charges are recorded based upon planned employee termination dates and site closure and consolidation plans. The timing of associated cash payments is dependent upon the type of restructuring charge and can extend over a multi-year period. We record the short-term portion of our restructuring liability in Other Accrued Liabilities and the long-term portion, if any, in Other Long-Term Liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Between May and August 2018, we approved and implemented the initial phases of a multi-year restructuring plan, which was originally referred to as the 2020 Margin Acceleration Plan (“2020 MAP to ~~Growth.~~Growth”). The initial phases of our 2020 MAP to Growth affected all of our reportable segments, as well as our corporate/nonoperating segment, and focused on margin improvement by simplifying business processes; reducing inventory categories and rationalizing SKUs; eliminating underperforming businesses; reducing headcount and working capital; and improving operating efficiency. ~~The majority of the activities included in the initial phases of the restructuring activities have been completed.~~

During the second quarter ended November 30, 2018, we formally announced the final phases of our 2020 MAP to Growth. This multi-year restructuring is expected to increase operational efficiency while maintaining our entrepreneurial growth culture and will

~~include three additional phases originally expected to be implemented between September 2018 and December 2020. Recently, however, the~~The disruption caused by the outbreak of ~~Covid-19 is expected to delay~~the Covid pandemic delayed the finalization of our 2020 MAP to Growth past the original target completion date of December 31, 2020. In recognition of the fact our restructuring plan extends past calendar year 2020, we began referring to it simply as our “MAP to Growth.”

On May 31, 2021, we formally concluded our MAP to Growth. However, certain projects identified prior to May 31, 2021 will not be completed until fiscal 2022, and as such, we plan to continue recognizing restructuring expense throughout fiscal 2022. The final implementation and total expected costs are subject to change as we complete these projects.

Our execution of the ~~2020~~ MAP to Growth ~~will continue to drive~~drove the de-layering and simplification of management and businesses associated with group realignment. We have implemented four center-led functional areas including manufacturing and operations; procurement and supply chain; information technology; and accounting and finance.

Our ~~2020~~ MAP to Growth ~~optimizes~~optimized our manufacturing facilities and ~~will ultimately provide~~provided more efficient plant and distribution facilities. Through the balance sheet date, in association with our ~~2020~~ MAP to Growth, we have completed, or are in the process of completing, the planned closure of 2228 plants and 2528 warehouses. We also expect to incur additional severance and benefit costs as part of our planned closure of these facilities.

~~Throughout the remaining phases of~~Although our ~~2020~~ MAP to Growth has concluded, we will continue to assess and ~~identify~~find areas of improvement and cost savings. As such, the final implementation ~~of the aforementioned phases~~ and total expected costs are subject to change. In addition to the announced plan, we have continued to broaden the scope of our ~~2020~~ MAP to Growth, specifically in consolidation of the general and administrative areas, potential outsourcing, as well as additional future plant closures and ~~consolidations,~~consolidations; the estimated costs of which have not yet been finalized. The current total expected costs associated with this plan are outlined in the table below and ~~remained flat~~increased by approximately $5.2 million compared to our prior quarter estimate, ~~reflecting decreases~~primarily attributable to increases of approximately $2.6 million in expected severance and benefit costs ~~of approximately $4.3~~and $2.6 million ~~offset by increases in expected other asset write-offs~~ and facility closure and other related ~~costs of $3.8 million and $0.5 million, respectively.~~costs.

A summary of the charges recorded in connection with restructuring by reportable segment during is as follows:

	Year Ended		Year Ended		Year Ended		Cumulative Costs		Total Expected		Year Ended		Year Ended		Year Ended		Cumulative Costs		Total Expected
(in thousands)	May 31, 2020		May 31, 2019		May 31, 2018		to Date		Costs		May 31, 2021		May 31, 2020		May 31, 2019		to Date		Costs
CPG Segment:
Severance and benefit costs (a)	$	6,866	$	9,459	$	1,769	$	18,094	$	22,243	$	3,194	$	6,866	$	9,459	$	21,288	$	21,534
Facility closure and other related costs		1,508		1,924		1,045		4,477		7,140		2,103		1,508		1,924		6,580		7,836
Other asset write-offs		352		215		1,373		1,940		2,024		38		352		215		1,978		1,978
Total Charges	$	8,726	$	11,598	$	4,187	$	24,511	$	31,407	$	5,335	$	8,726	$	11,598	$	29,846	$	31,348

PCG Segment:
Severance and benefit costs (b)	$	6,973	$	6,012	$	400	$	13,385	$	17,073	$	2,974	$	6,973	$	6,012	$	16,359	$	16,900
Facility closure and other related costs		1,873		3,474		-		5,347		7,349		1,282		1,873		3,474		6,629		7,735
Other asset write-offs		248		353		-		601		908		316		248		353		917		917
Total Charges	$	9,094	$	9,839	$	400	$	19,333	$	25,330	$	4,572	$	9,094	$	9,839	$	23,905	$	25,552

Consumer Segment:
Severance and benefit costs (c)	$	3,089	$	1,726	$	5,652	$	10,467	$	11,493	$	1,840	$	3,089	$	1,726	$	12,307	$	12,307
Facility closure and other related costs		2,245		1,553		5,139		8,937		10,137		3,147		2,245		1,553		12,081		14,024
Other asset write-offs		4,094		25		-		4,119		4,119		301		4,094		25		4,420		4,420
Total Charges	$	9,428	$	3,304	$	10,791	$	23,523	$	25,749	$	5,288	$	9,428	$	3,304	$	28,808	$	30,751

SPG Segment:
Severance and benefit costs (d)	$	1,592	$	5,338	$	-	$	6,930	$	8,267	$	1,197	$	1,592	$	5,338	$	8,127	$	9,504
Facility closure and other related costs		2,922		1,244		-		4,166		5,649		1,424		2,922		1,244		5,590		6,460
Other asset write-offs		119		1,003		-		1,122		1,170		99		119		1,003		1,221		1,221
Total Charges	$	4,633	$	7,585	$	-	$	12,218	$	15,086	$	2,720	$	4,633	$	7,585	$	14,938	$	17,185

Corporate/Other Segment:
Severance and benefit costs (e)	$	1,227	$	9,984	$	2,136	$	13,347	$	13,347	$	191	$	1,227	$	9,984	$	13,538	$	13,538
Total Charges	$	1,227	$	9,984	$	2,136	$	13,347	$	13,347	$	191	$	1,227	$	9,984	$	13,538	$	13,538

Consolidated:
Severance and benefit costs	$	19,747	$	32,519	$	9,957	$	62,223	$	72,423	$	9,396	$	19,747	$	32,519	$	71,619	$	73,783
Facility closure and other related costs		8,548		8,195		6,184		22,927		30,275		7,956		8,548		8,195		30,880		36,055
Other asset write-offs		4,813		1,596		1,373		7,782		8,221		754		4,813		1,596		8,536		8,536
Total Charges	$	33,108	$	42,310	$	17,514	$	92,932	$	110,919	$	18,106	$	33,108	$	42,310	$	111,035	$	118,374

A summary of the activity in the restructuring reserves related to ~~the 2020~~our MAP to Growth ~~plan~~ is as follows:

In connection with our ~~2020~~MAP to Growth, during fiscal 2021, we incurred approximately $1.5 million and $0.1 million of inventory-related charges at our Consumer and CPG segments, respectively. All of the aforementioned inventory-related charges were the result of initiatives in connection with our overall plan of restructuring, and are recorded in costs of sales in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

In connection with our MAP to Growth, during fiscal 2020, we incurred approximately $16.3 million, $3.2 million, $0.7 million and $0.1 million of inventory-related charges at our Consumer, PCG, CPG and SPG segments, respectively. All of the aforementioned inventory-related charges were the result of the exit of a business or product line and SKU rationalization initiatives in connection with our overall plan of restructuring, and are recorded in cost of sales in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

In connection with our ~~2020~~ MAP to Growth, during fiscal 2019, we incurred approximately $1.0 million, $9.0 million and $2.1 million of inventory-related charges at our CPG, PCG and Consumer segments, respectively. The inventory-related charges are partially offset by a favorable adjustment of approximately $0.2 million to the ~~previous~~fiscal 2018 write-off at our Consumer segment. All of the aforementioned inventory-related charges were the result of the exit of a business or product line and SKU rationalization initiatives in connection with our overall plan of restructuring, and are recorded in cost of sales in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

In connection with the 2020 MAP to Growth, during fiscal 2018, we incurred approximately $36.5 million of inventory-related charges at our Consumer segment and approximately $1.2 million at our CPG segment, all of which were recorded in cost of sales in our Consolidated Statements of Income. These inventory charges were the result of product line and SKU rationalization that was initiated in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018 by new leadership within the Consumer segment. Refer to Note A(10) for additional information.

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill, by reportable segment, for the years ended May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, are as follows:

	CPG			PCG			Consumer			SPG						CPG			PCG			Consumer			SPG
(In thousands)	Segment			Segment			Segment			Segment			Total			Segment			Segment			Segment			Segment			Total
Balance as of June 1, 2018	$	372,033		$	186,775		$	477,718		$	155,648		$	1,192,174
Acquisitions		47,151			4,314			25,994						77,459
Translation adjustments & other(1)		(11,755	)		(5,830	)		(4,325	)		(1,961	)		(23,871	)
Balance as of May 31, 2019		407,429			185,259			499,387			153,687			1,245,762
Balance as of June 1, 2019																$	407,429		$	185,259		$	499,387		$	153,687		$	1,245,762
Acquisitions		14,689			3,023						10,352			28,064			14,689			3,023			-			10,352			28,064
Translation adjustments & other ~~(1)~~		(16,764	)		(2,878	)		(3,169	)		(949	)		(23,760	)		(16,764	)		(2,878	)		(3,169	)		(949	)		(23,760	)
Balance as of May 31, 2020	$	405,354		$	185,404		$	496,218		$	163,090		$	1,250,066			405,354			185,404			496,218			163,090			1,250,066
Acquisitions																	2,295			16,174			20,126			2,134			40,729
Translation adjustments & other ~~(1)~~																	35,866			5,460			8,886			4,747			54,959
Balance as of May 31, 2021																$	443,515		$	207,038		$	525,230		$	169,971		$	1,345,754

Total accumulated goodwill impairment losses were $156.3 million at May 31, ~~2020.~~2021. Of the accumulated balance, $141.4 million was recorded during the fiscal year ended May 31, 2017 by a reporting unit that at the time was included in our Consumer segment and is now included in our SPG segment, and $14.9 million was recorded during the fiscal year ended May 31, 2009 by a reporting unit that at the time was included in our former Industrial reportable segment and is now included in our CPG segment. There were 0 impairment losses recorded during fiscal 2021, 2020 ~~2019~~ or ~~2018.~~2019.

		Gross					Net Other			Gross					Net Other
	Amortization	Carrying		Accumulated			Intangible		Amortization	Carrying		Accumulated			Intangible
(In thousands)	Period (In Years)	Amount		Amortization			Assets		Period (In Years)	Amount		Amortization			Assets
As of May 31, 2021
Amortized intangible assets
Formulae									9 to 33	$	234,037	$	(172,989	)	$	61,048
Customer-related intangibles									5 to 33		505,710		(233,496	)		272,214
Trademarks/names									5 to 40		34,326		(20,575	)		13,751
Other									5 to 33		34,086		(25,707	)		8,379
Total Amortized Intangibles											808,159		(452,767	)		355,392
Indefinite-lived intangible assets
Trademarks/names											273,301		-			273,301
Total Other Intangible Assets										$	1,081,460	$	(452,767	)	$	628,693
As of May 31, 2020
Amortized intangible assets
Formulae	9 to 33	$	230,621	$	(160,771	)	$	69,850	9 to 33	$	230,621	$	(160,771	)	$	69,850
Customer-related intangibles	5 to 33		439,153		(197,752	)		241,401	5 to 33		439,153		(197,752	)		241,401
Trademarks/names	5 to 40		30,700		(17,224	)		13,476	5 to 40		30,700		(17,224	)		13,476
Other	1 to 33		32,224		(23,281	)		8,943	1 to 33		32,224		(23,281	)		8,943
Total Amortized Intangibles			732,698		(399,028	)		333,670			732,698		(399,028	)		333,670
Indefinite-lived intangible assets
Trademarks/names			250,710					250,710			250,710		-			250,710
Total Other Intangible Assets		$	983,408	$	(399,028	)	$	584,380		$	983,408	$	(399,028	)	$	584,380
As of May 31, 2019
Amortized intangible assets
Formulae	9 to 33	$	227,208	$	(150,091	)	$	77,117
Customer-related intangibles	5 to 33		413,475		(172,238	)		241,237
Trademarks/names	5 to 40		32,998		(16,867	)		16,131
Other	1 to 33		36,709		(26,599	)		10,110
Total Amortized Intangibles			710,390		(365,795	)		344,595
Indefinite-lived intangible assets
Trademarks/names			256,487					256,487
Total Other Intangible Assets		$	966,877	$	(365,795	)	$	601,082

The aggregate intangible asset amortization expense for the fiscal years ended May 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 ~~and 2018~~ was $44.3 million, $45.6 million ~~$45.1 million~~ and ~~$43.2~~$45.1 million, respectively. For the next five fiscal years, we estimate annual intangible asset amortization expense related to our existing intangible assets to approximate the following: ~~2021~~fiscal 2022 — ~~$42.1~~$44.3 million, ~~2022~~fiscal 2023 — $40.8 million, ~~2023 — $37.1 million,~~fiscal 2024 — ~~$33.9~~$37.8 million, fiscal 2025 — $33.0 million and ~~2025~~fiscal 2026 — ~~$29.1~~$28.9 million.

~~Total gross accumulated~~During fiscal 2021, we did 0t record an impairment charge. During fiscal 2020 we recorded a $4.0 million impairment loss, which was classified in restructuring expense within our Consumer reportable segment, for impairment losses on indefinite-lived trade names, as a result of a decision to exit an unprofitable business and abandon a tradename in connection with MAP to Growth. During fiscal 2019 we recorded $4.2 million of intangible asset impairment losses, were $61.8 million at May 31, 2020, and were recorded in the following fiscal years: 2009 - $0.6 million was recorded by our former Industrial reportable segment; 2017 - $53.0 million was recorded at the time by our Consumer segment; 2018 - There were 0 impairment losses recorded during fiscal 2018; 2019 -~~$4.2 million of total other intangible asset impairment losses were recorded,~~ of which $2.0 million was recorded by our CPG reportable segment for impairment losses on trade names and approximately $2.2 million was recorded by our SPG reportable segment for impairment losses on customer-related intangibles; and 2020 - $4.0 million was recorded in our Consumer reportable segment for impairment losses related to the discontinuation of a trade name, and this amount was included in restructuring expense as this discontinuation occurred in connection with our 2020 MAP to Growth.

The following tables summarize available-for-sale debt securities held at May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 by asset type:

	Available-For-Sale Debt Securities									Available-For-Sale Debt Securities
(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value (Net Carrying Amount)		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value (Net Carrying Amount)
May 31, 2020
May 31, 2021
Fixed maturity:
U.S. treasury and other government	$	25,462	$	1,314	$	(40	)	$	26,736	$	26,154	$	593	$	(184	)	$	26,563
Corporate bonds		143		43					186		143		39		-			182
Total available-for-sale debt securities	$	25,605	$	1,357	$	(40	)	$	26,922	$	26,297	$	632	$	(184	)	$	26,745

	Available-For-Sale Debt Securities									Available-For-Sale Debt Securities
(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value (Net Carrying Amount)		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value (Net Carrying Amount)
May 31, 2019
May 31, 2020
Fixed maturity:
U.S. treasury and other government	$	24,483	$	372	$	(308	)	$	24,547	$	25,462	$	1,314	$	(40	)	$	26,736
Corporate bonds		422		43		(3	)		462		143		43		-			186
Total available-for-sale debt securities	$	24,905	$	415	$	(311	)	$	25,009	$	25,605	$	1,357	$	(40	)	$	26,922

Marketable securities are composed of available-for-sale debt securities and marketable equity ~~securities and trading~~ securities and all marketable securities are reported at fair value. We carry a portion of our marketable securities portfolio in long-term assets since they are generally held for the settlement of our general and product liability insurance claims processed through our wholly owned captive insurance subsidiaries.

Available-for-sale debt securities are included in other current and long-term assets totaling ~~$7.6~~$3.9 million and ~~$19.3~~$22.8 million at May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, respectively, and included in other current and long-term assets totaling ~~$8.6~~$7.6 million and ~~$16.4~~$19.3 million at May 31, ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. Realized gains and losses on sales of available-for-sale debt securities are recognized in net income on the specific identification basis. Changes in the fair values of available-for-sale debt securities that are ~~considered temporary~~determined to be holding gains or losses are recorded ~~as unrealized gains and losses,~~through accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable taxes, ~~in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)~~ within ~~stockholders’~~stockholders' equity. ~~Other-than-temporary declines in market value from original cost are reflected in investment income, net in the period in which the unrealized losses are deemed other than temporary.~~ In ~~order to determine~~assessing whether ~~other-than-temporary declines in market value have occurred, the duration of the decline in value and~~a credit loss exists, we evaluate our ability to hold the investment, ~~are considered in conjunction with an evaluation of~~ the strength of the underlying collateral and the extent to which the ~~investment’s~~investment's amortized cost or cost, as appropriate, exceeds ~~its~~it related ~~market~~fair value.

~~During fiscal 2019,~~As of May 31, 2021 and 2020, we ~~adopted ASU 2016-01, “Recognition~~held approximately $142.1 million and ~~Measurement of Financial Assets~~$87.1 million in marketable equity securities, respectively. Realized and ~~Liabilities,” which requires all~~ unrealized gains and losses on ~~marketable equity securities to be recognized in earnings.~~ Prior to adoption, marketable equity securities were included in our available-for-sale portfolio and unrealized gains and losses were recognized through other comprehensive (loss) income until realized, at which point we recorded a gain or loss on sale. Subsequent to adoption, unrealized gains and losses on marketable equity securities, as well as realized gains and losses, on sales of marketable equity securities are included in investment (income), net in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Refer to Note A(15), “Investment (Income), Net,” for further details.As of May 31, 2020 and 2019, we held approximately $87.1 million and $87.5 million in marketable equity securities, respectively. Additionally, as of May 31, 2020 and 2019, we held approximately $9.1 million and $12.3 million, respectively, in trading securities in relation to our deferred compensation plan.

Summarized below are the available-for-sale debt securities we held at May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 that were in an unrealized loss position and that were included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), aggregated by the length of time the investments had been in that position:

	May 31, 2020					May 31, 2019					May 31, 2021					May 31, 2020
(In thousands)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Total investments with unrealized losses	$	2,028	$	(40	)	$	11,508	$	(311	)	$	8,420	$	(184	)	$	2,028	$	(40	)
Unrealized losses with a loss position for less than 12 months		-		-			806		(2	)		6,920		(152	)		-		-
Unrealized losses with a loss position for more than 12 months		2,028		(40	)		10,702		(309	)		1,500		(32	)		2,028		(40	)

We have reviewed all of the securities included in the table above and have concluded that we have the ability and intent to hold these investments until their cost can be recovered, based upon the severity and duration of the decline. ~~Therefore, we did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairment~~The decline in fair value is largely due to changes in interest rates and other market conditions. We have evaluated these securities and have determined no allowance for credit losses onis necessary for these investments. The unrealized losses generally relate to investments whose fair values at May 31, 2020 and 2019 were less than 15% below their original cost. From time to time, we may experience significant volatility in general economic and market conditions.

The net carrying values of available-for-sale debt securities at May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because the issuers of the securities may have the right to prepay obligations without prepayment penalties.

(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due:
Less than one year	$	7,567	$	7,581	$	3,892	$	3,890
One year through five years		10,170		10,623		14,591		14,964
Six years through ten years		6,084		6,591		5,221		5,318
After ten years		1,784		2,127		2,593		2,573
	$	25,605	$	26,922	$	26,297	$	26,745

Financial instruments recorded in the balance sheet include cash and cash equivalents, trade accounts receivable, marketable securities, notes and accounts payable, and debt.

An allowance for ~~anticipated uncollectible trade receivable amounts~~credit losses is established for trade accounts receivable using ~~a combination~~assessments of ~~specifically identified~~current creditworthiness of customers, historical collection experience, the aging of receivables and other currently available evidence. Trade accounts ~~to be reserved, and a reserve covering trends in collectibility. These estimates~~receivable balances are based on an analysis of trends in collectibility and past experience, but are primarily made up of individual account balances identified as doubtful based on specific facts and conditions. Receivable losses are chargedwritten-off against the allowance ~~when we confirm uncollectibility.~~if a final determination of uncollectibility is made. All provisions for allowance for doubtful collection of accounts are included in selling, general, and administrative expense.

All derivative instruments are recognized in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and measured at fair value. Changes in the fair values of derivative instruments that do not qualify as hedges and/or any ineffective portion of hedges are recognized as a gain or (loss) in our Consolidated Statements of Income in the current period. Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments used effectively as cash flow hedges are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), along with the change in the value of the hedged item. We do not hold or issue derivative instruments for speculative purposes.

The valuation techniques utilized for establishing the fair values of assets and liabilities are based on observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect readily obtainable data from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect management’s market assumptions. The fair value hierarchy has three levels based on the reliability of the inputs used to determine fair value, as follows:

Level 2 Inputs — Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable.

The following tables present our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy. In addition, with respect to our derivative assets and liabilities measured at fair value, refer to Note F – Derivatives and Hedging for discussion of their classification within the fair value hierarchy.

(In thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)			Fair Value at May 31, 2020			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)			Fair Value at May 31, 2021
Available-for-sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury and other government			$	26,736				$	26,736		$	-	$	26,563	$	-		$	26,563
Corporate bonds				186					186			-		182		-			182
Total available-for-sale debt securities		-		26,922		-			26,922			-		26,745		-			26,745
Trading and other equity securities:
Marketable equity securities:
Stocks-foreign												768		-		-			768
Stocks-domestic		3,870							3,870			6,975		-		-			6,975
Mutual funds - foreign				28,815					28,815			-		47,916		-			47,916
Mutual funds - domestic				63,536					63,536			-		86,428		-			86,428
Total trading and other equity securities		3,870		92,351		-			96,221
Total marketable equity securities												7,743		134,344		-			142,087
Contingent consideration						(15,682	)		(15,682	)		-		-		(13,335	)		(13,335	)
Total	$	3,870	$	119,273	$	(15,682	)	$	107,461		$	7,743	$	161,089	$	(13,335	)	$	155,497

(In thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)			Fair Value at May 31, 2019			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)			Fair Value at May 31, 2020
Available-for-sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury and other government	$	-	$	24,547	$	-		$	24,547		$	-	$	26,736	$	-		$	26,736
Corporate bonds				462					462			-		186		-			186
Total available-for-sale debt securities		-		25,009		-			25,009			-		26,922		-			26,922
Trading and other equity securities:
Marketable equity securities:
Stocks-domestic												3,870		-		-			3,870
Mutual funds - foreign				32,082					32,082			-		28,815		-			28,815
Mutual funds - domestic				67,739					67,739			-		63,536		-			63,536
Total trading and other equity securities		-		99,821		-			99,821
Total marketable equity securities												3,870		92,351		-			96,221
Contingent consideration						(21,551	)		(21,551	)		-		-		(15,682	)		(15,682	)
Total	$	-	$	124,830	$	(21,551	)	$	103,279		$	3,870	$	119,273	$	(15,682	)	$	107,461

Our investments in available-for-sale debt securities ~~marketable equity securities~~ and ~~trading and other~~marketable equity securities are valued using a market approach. The availability of inputs observable in the market varies from instrument to instrument and depends on a variety of factors, including the type of instrument, whether the instrument is actively traded and other characteristics particular to the transaction. For most of our financial instruments, pricing inputs are readily observable in the market, the valuation methodology used is widely accepted by market participants, and the valuation does not require significant management discretion. For other financial instruments, pricing inputs are less observable in the market and may require management judgment.

The contingent consideration represents the estimated fair value of the additional variable cash consideration payable in connection with recent acquisitions that is contingent upon the achievement of certain performance milestones. We estimated the fair value using expected future cash flows over the period in which the obligation is expected to be settled, and applied a discount rate that appropriately captures a market participant's view of the risk associated with the obligation, which are considered to be Level 3 inputs. During fiscal 2021, we paid approximately $2.8 million for settlements of contingent consideration obligations relating to certain performance milestones that were established in prior periods and achieved during the current year. During fiscal 2020, we paid approximately $6.4 million for settlements of contingent consideration obligations relating to certain performance milestones that were established in prior periods and achieved during ~~the current year. During~~ fiscal 2019, we paid approximately $5.2 million for settlements of contingent consideration obligations relating to certain performance milestones that were established in prior periods and achieved during fiscal 2019, and we increased our accrual by $3.0 million related to acquisitions completed during fiscal 2019 and $5.8 million related to fair value adjustments.2020. These amounts are reported in payments of acquisition-related contingent consideration in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

The carrying value of our current financial instruments, which include cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, trade accounts receivable, accounts payable and short-term debt, approximates fair value because of the short-term maturity of these financial instruments. At May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, the fair value of our long-term debt was estimated using active market quotes, based on our current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements, which are Level 2 inputs. Based on the analysis performed, the fair value and the carrying value of our financial instruments and long-term debt as of May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 are as follows:

	At May 31, 2020				At May 31, 2021
(In thousands)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	233,416	$	233,416	$	246,704	$	246,704
Marketable equity securities		87,111		87,111		142,087		142,087
Marketable debt securities		26,922		26,922
Available-for-sale debt securities						26,745		26,745
Long-term debt, including current portion		2,539,180		2,618,719		2,379,826		2,570,206

	At May 31, 2019				At May 31, 2020
(In thousands)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	223,168	$	223,168	$	233,416	$	233,416
Marketable equity securities		87,525		87,525		87,111		87,111
Marketable debt securities		25,009		25,009
Available-for-sale debt securities						26,922		26,922
Long-term debt, including current portion		2,525,908		2,526,817		2,539,180		2,618,719

We are exposed to market risks, such as changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. To manage the volatility related to these exposures, from time to time, we enter into various derivative transactions. We use various types of derivative instruments, including forward contracts and swaps. We formally assess, designate and document, as a hedge of an underlying exposure, each qualifying derivative instrument that will be accounted for as an accounting hedge at inception. Additionally, we assess, both at inception and at least quarterly thereafter, whether the financial instruments used in the hedging transaction are effective at offsetting changes in either the fair values or cash flows of the underlying exposures.

In October 2017, as a means of mitigating the impact of currency fluctuations on our Euro investments in foreign entities, we executed a fair value hedge and 2 cross currency swaps, in which we paid variable rate interest in Euros and receive fixed rate interest in U.S. Dollars with a combined notional amount of approximately €85.25 million ($100 million U.S. Dollar equivalent), and which ~~have~~had a maturity date of November 2022. This effectively converted a portion of our U.S. Dollar denominated fixed-rate debt to Euro denominated variable rate debt. The fair value hedge was recognized at fair value in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, while changes in the fair value of the hedge were recognized in interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income. We designated the swaps as net investment hedges of our net investment in our European operations under ASU 2017-12 and applied the spot method to these hedges. In February 2020, the fair value hedge and 2 cross currency swaps agreements were terminated, and we received cash in the amount of $9.3 million, representing the fair value of the swap and interest accrued through the date of termination. Accordingly, hedge accounting was discontinued and a hedge accounting adjustment to our Senior Notes of $1.5 million was recorded and is being amortized to interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations through the termination of the 3.450% Notes in November 2022. Changes in the fair value of the cross currency swaps due to spot foreign exchange rates are recorded as cumulative translation adjustment within AOCI and will remain in AOCI until either the sale or substantially complete liquidation of the hedged subsidiaries.

Separately, in February 2020, as a means of mitigating the impact of currency fluctuations on our Euro investments in foreign entities, we executed a cash flow hedge and 2 cross currency swaps, in which we will pay fixed rate interest in Euros and receive variable rate interest in U.S. Dollars with a combined notional amount of approximately €277.73 million ($300 million U.S. Dollar equivalent), and which have a maturity date of February 2023. This effectively converts our U.S. Dollar denominated variable rate debt to Euro denominated fixed rate debt. The cash flow hedge is recognized at fair value in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, while changes in the fair value of the hedge will be recognized in AOCI when the hedged items affect earnings. Amounts recognized in AOCI will be recognized in earnings in interest expense when the hedged interest payment is accrued. We designated the swaps as net investment hedges of our net investment in our European operations under ASU 2017-12 and applied the spot method to these hedges. The

changes in fair value of the derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedges of net investments in foreign operations are recognized in AOCI to offset the changes in the values of the net investments being hedged. In addition, in February 2020, as a means of mitigating the variability of the functional-currency-equivalent cash flows associated with the U.S. Dollar denominated term loan facility (referred to as Foreign Borrower’s Term Loan), we executed a cash flow hedge, in which we will pay fixed rate interest in Euros and receive variable rate interest in U.S. Dollars with a notional amount of approximately €92.52 million ($100 million U.S. Dollar equivalent), and which have a maturity date of February 2023. This effectively converts our U.S. Dollar denominated variable rate debt to Euro denominated fixed rate debt. The cash flow hedge is recognized at fair value in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, while changes in the fair value of the hedge will be recognized in AOCI when the hedged items affect earnings. Amounts recorded in AOCI will be recognized in earnings in interest expense when the hedged interest payment is accrued. In addition, since this currency swap is a hedge of variability of the ~~functional currency equivalent~~functional-currency-equivalent cash flows of a recognized liability to be remeasured at spot exchange rates under ASC 830, an amount that will offset the gain or loss arising from the remeasurement of the hedged liability will be reclassified each period from AOCI to earnings as foreign exchange gain/(loss), which is a component of SG&A expenses.

The following table summarizes the location and effects of ~~the Company’s~~our derivatives instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and Consolidated Statements of ~~Operations~~Income for gains or losses initially recognized in AOCI in the Consolidated Balance Sheet:

	Pretax gain/(loss) recognized in AOCI									Pretax gain/(loss) reclassified from AOCI into income							Pretax gain/(loss) recognized in AOCI									Pretax gain/(loss) reclassified from AOCI into income
(In thousands)	Year Ended May 31,									Year Ended May 31,							Year Ended May 31,									Year Ended May 31,
Derivatives in hedging relationships	2020			2019		2018			Income Statement Location	2020			2019		2018		2021			2020			2019		Income Statement Location	2021			2020			2019
Interest Rate Swap (Cash Flow)	$	(7,998	)	$	-	$	-		Interest Expense	$	170		$	-	$	-	$	(1,226	)	$	(7,998	)	$	-	Interest (Expense) Income	$	(3,380	)	$	170		$	-
Cross Currency Swap (Cash Flow)		(2,254	)		-		-		Interest Expense		554			-		-		(9,207	)		(2,254	)		-	Interest Income		638			554			-
Cross Currency Swap (Cash Flow)		-			-		-		Foreign Exchange Gain/(Loss)		(2,654	)		-		-		-			-			-	Foreign Exchange (Loss)		(9,874	)		(2,654	)		-
Cross Currency Swap (Net Investment)		1,866			4,998		(769	)	Gain or (loss) on sale of subsidiary		-			-		-		(31,380	)		1,866			4,998	Gain or (loss) on sale of subsidiary		-			-			-
Total	$	(8,386	)	$	4,998	$	(769	)		$	(1,930	)	$	-	$	-	$	(41,813	)	$	(8,386	)	$	4,998		$	(12,616	)	$	(1,930	)	$	-

At May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, we held 1 foreign currency forward contract ~~which was~~at each period end designed to reduce our exposure to changes in the cash flows of intercompany foreign-currency-denominated loans related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates by fixing the functional currency cash flows. ~~This contract has~~These contracts have not been designated as ~~a hedge;~~hedges; therefore, the changes in fair value of ~~this derivative is~~the contracts are recognized in earnings as a component of ~~other (income) expense.~~SG&A expenses. Amounts recognized in earnings did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements for any period presented. As of May 31, ~~2020~~2021, and May 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the notional amounts of the forward contract held to purchase foreign currencies was $191.7 million and $63.2 million, ~~and $38.7 million,~~ respectively.

All of our derivative assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. We determine the fair value of our derivatives based on valuation methods, which project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to present value using market-based observable inputs, including interest rate curves, foreign currency rates, as well as future and basis point spreads, as applicable.

The fair values of qualifying and non-qualifying instruments used in hedging transactions as of May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and May 31, ~~2019~~2020 are as follows:

(In thousands)	(In thousands)		Fair Value				(In thousands)		Fair Value
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments	Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments	Balance Sheet Location	May 31, 2020		May 31, 2019		Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments	Balance Sheet Location	May 31, 2021		May 31, 2020
Assets:
	Interest Rate Swap (Fair Value)	Other Current Assets	$	-	$	513	Cross Currency Swap (Net Investment)	Other Current Assets	$	6,233	$	5,352
	Cross Currency Swap (Net Investment)	Other Current Assets		5,352		2,482	Cross Currency Swap (Cash Flow)	Other Current Assets		516		750
	Cross Currency Swap (Cash Flow)	Other Current Assets		750		-	Cross Currency Swap (Net Investment)	Other Assets (Long-Term)		-		12,409
	Cross Currency Swap (Net Investment)	Other Assets (Long-Term)		12,409		6,163
Liabilities:
	Interest Rate Swap (Fair Value)	Other Accrued Liabilities		-		230
	Interest Rate Swap (Cash Flow)	Other Accrued Liabilities		2,981		-	Interest Rate Swap (Cash Flow)	Other Accrued Liabilities		3,547		2,981
	Cross Currency Swap (Net Investment)	Other Accrued Liabilities		294		-	Cross Currency Swap (Net Investment)	Other Accrued Liabilities		1,321		294
	Cross Currency Swap (Net Investment)	Other Long-Term Liabilities		18,204		4,276	Cross Currency Swap (Net Investment)	Other Long-Term Liabilities		39,228		18,204
	Cross Currency Swap (Cash Flow)	Other Long-Term Liabilities		3,608		-	Cross Currency Swap (Cash Flow)	Other Long-Term Liabilities		13,786		3,608
	Interest Rate Swap (Cash Flow)	Other Long-Term Liabilities		5,187		-	Interest Rate Swap (Cash Flow)	Other Long-Term Liabilities		2,467		5,187

(In thousands)	(In thousands)		Fair Value				(In thousands)		Fair Value
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	Balance Sheet Location	May 31, 2020		May 31, 2019		Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	Balance Sheet Location	May 31, 2021		May 31, 2020
Assets:
	Foreign Currency Exchange	Other Current Assets	$	-	$	51	Foreign Currency Exchange	Other Current Assets	$	212	$	-
Liabilities:
	Foreign Currency Exchange	Other Accrued Liabilities		53		-	Foreign Currency Exchange	Other Accrued Liabilities		-		53

The aggregate maturities of long-term debt for the five years subsequent to May 31, ~~2020~~2021 are as follows: ~~2021 — $80.9 million;~~fiscal 2022 — ~~$0.3~~$1.4 million; fiscal 2023 — ~~$700.6~~$701.5 million; fiscal 2024 — ~~$419.3~~$340.2 million; fiscal 2025 — ~~$0.0~~$0.5 million; fiscal 2026 — $0.3 million and thereafter ~~$1,338.1~~$1,350.9 million. Additionally, at May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we had unused lines of credit totaling ~~$1,046.9 million.~~$1.2 billion.

Our available liquidity, including our cash and cash equivalents and amounts available under our committed credit facilities, stood at ~~$1,280.4~~$1,457.1 million at May 31, ~~2020.~~2021. Our debt-to-capital ratio was 57.8% at May 31, 2021, compared with 66.8% at May 31, ~~2020, compared with 64.2% at May 31, 2019.~~2020.

During the quarter ended November 30, 2018, we replaced our previous $800.0 million revolving credit agreement, which was set to expire on December 5, 2019, with a $1.3 billion unsecured syndicated revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”), which expires on October 31, 2023. The Revolving Credit Facility includes sublimits for the issuance of swingline loans, which are comparatively short-term loans used for working capital purposes and letters of credit. The aggregate maximum principal amount of the commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility may be expanded upon our request, subject to certain conditions, up to $1.5 billion. The Revolving Credit Facility is available to refinance existing indebtedness, to finance working capital and capital expenditures, and for general corporate purposes.

The Revolving Credit Facility requires us to comply with various customary affirmative and negative covenants, including a leverage covenant (i.e., Net Leverage Ratio) and interest coverage ratio, which are calculated in accordance with the terms as defined by the Revolving Credit Facility. On April 30, 2020, we amended both our Revolving Credit Facility and the New Credit Facility (see “Term Loan Facility Credit Agreement” section below for further details) to allow the maximum permitted Net Leverage Ratio to be increased from 3.75 to ~~1.00~~1.0 to 4.25 to 11.0 for four consecutive fiscal quarters following notice to the Administrative Agent on or before June 30, 2021 and the payment of a 10 basis point fee (“Increased Net Leverage Ratio Period”). Such increase is in addition to any increase requested by ~~the Company~~us in the maximum permitted Net Leverage Ratio following a Material Acquisition (any acquisition for which the aggregate consideration is $100.0 million or greater). During an Increased Net Leverage Ratio Period, the Euro-Rate Spread on loans under the Revolving Credit Facility shall be increased to 1.75% and the Base Rate Spread shall be 0.75% until the first day of the month following the Increased Net Leverage Ratio ~~Period:~~Period; provided, however, if at any time during an Increased Net Leverage Ratio, all three rating agencies rate the Company as non-investment grade, the Euro-Rate Spread shall be ~~2.00%~~2.0% and the Base Rate Spread shall be 1.0% in each case until earlier of the first day of the month after the Increased Net Leverage Ratio or the date on which at least one rating agency rates ~~the Company~~us as investment grade. As of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we have not provided any notice to the Administrative Agent to trigger this provision. Furthermore, no such notice was provided, subsequent to the balance sheet date, on or before June 30, 2021, and as such, this provision ~~of the agreement.~~has lapsed.

The Revolving Credit Facility requires us to comply with various customary affirmative and negative covenants, including a leverage covenant (i.e., Net Leverage Ratio) and interest coverage ratio, which are calculated in accordance with the terms as defined by the credit agreement. Under the terms of the leverage covenant, we may not permit our leverage ratio for total indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA for the four most recent fiscal quarters to exceed 3.75 to 1.0. During certain periods and per the terms of the Revolving Credit Facility, this ratio may be increased to 4.25 to 1.0 in ~~the event of an acquisition for which the aggregate consideration is $100.0 million or greater,~~connection with certain “material acquisitions,” or under the Increased Net Leverage Ratio Period. The acquisition of Ali Industries, LLC which occurred on September 1, 2020 and qualified as a “material acquisition,” which enables us to request an increase in the maximum permitted Net Leverage Ratio covenant. We provided such notice to our Administrative Agent during our second quarter of fiscal 2021, and therefore, our Net Leverage Ratio covenant has been increased to 4.25 to 1.0 through August 31, 2021. The minimum required consolidated interest coverage ratio for EBITDA to interest expense is 3.50 to 1. The interest coverage ratio is calculated at the end of each fiscal quarter for the four fiscal quarters then ended using EBITDA as defined in the Revolving Credit Facility.

As of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we were in compliance with all financial covenants contained in our Revolving Credit Facility, including the leverage and interest coverage ratio covenants. At that date, our leverage ratio was ~~2.89~~2.17 to 1, while our interest coverage ratio was ~~8.31~~12.24 to 1. Our available liquidity under our Revolving Credit Facility stood at ~~$877.0~~$960.4 million at May 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

Our access to funds under our Revolving Credit Facility is dependent on the ability of the financial institutions that are parties to the Revolving Credit Facility to meet their funding commitments. Those financial institutions may not be able to meet their funding commitments if they experience shortages of capital and liquidity or if they experience excessive volumes of borrowing requests within a short period of time. Moreover, the obligations of the financial institutions under our Revolving Credit Facility are several and not joint and, as a result, a funding default by one or more institutions does not need to be made up by the others.

On May 9, 2014, we entered into a $200.0 million accounts receivable securitization facility (the “AR Program”) which was subsequently amended on May 22, 2020 to a maximum availability of $250.0 million and an extended facility termination date of May 21, 2021. On March 18, 2021, we amended the AR Program to a maximum availability of $250 million during all borrowing periods

and an extended facility termination date of May 21, 2024. The AR Program was entered into pursuant to (1) a second amended and restated receivables sales agreement, dated as of May 9, 2014, and subsequently amended on August 29, 2014; November 3, 2015; December 31, 2016; ~~and~~ March 31, ~~2017~~2017; and June 5, 2020 (the “Sale Agreement”), among certain of our subsidiaries (the “Originators”), and RPM Funding Corporation, a special purpose entity (the “SPE”) whose voting interests are wholly owned by us, and (2) an amended and restated receivables purchase agreement, dated as of May 9, 2014 and subsequently amended on February 25, 2015 and May 2, 2017, ~~and~~ May 22, 2020 and March 18, 2021 (the “Purchase Agreement”), among the SPE, certain purchasers from time to time party thereto (the “Purchasers”), and PNC Bank, National Association as administrative agent.

Under the Sale Agreement, the Originators may, during the term thereof, sell specified accounts receivable to the SPE, which may in turn, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, transfer an undivided interest in such accounts receivable to the Purchasers. Once transferred to the SPE, such receivables are owned in their entirety by the SPE and are not available to satisfy claims of our creditors or creditors of the originating subsidiaries until the obligations owing to the participating banks have been paid in full. We indirectly hold a 100% economic interest in the SPE and will, along with our subsidiaries, receive the economic benefit of the AR Program. The

transactions contemplated by the AR Program do not constitute a form of off-balance sheet financing and will be fully reflected in our financial statements.

The maximum availability under the AR Program is $250.0 million. Availability is further subject to changes in the credit ratings of our customers, customer concentration levels or certain characteristics of the accounts receivable being transferred and, therefore, at certain times, we may not be able to fully access the $250.0 million of funding available under the AR Program. As of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, there was ~~$80.0 million~~0 outstanding balance under the AR Program, which compares with the maximum availability on that date of $250.0 million.

The interest rate under the Purchase Agreement is based on the Alternate Base Rate, LIBOR Market Index Rate, one-month LIBOR or LIBOR for a specified tranche period, as selected by us, plus in each case, a margin of ~~0.95%~~0.85%. In addition, as set forth in an Amended and Restated Fee Letter, dated ~~May 22, 2020~~March 18, 2021 (the “Fee Letter”), the SPE is obligated to pay a monthly unused commitment fee to the Purchasers based on the daily amount of unused commitments under the Agreement, which ranges from 0.30% to 0.50% based on usage. The AR Program contains various customary affirmative and negative covenants and also contains customary default and termination provisions.

Our failure to comply with the covenants described above and other covenants contained in the Revolving Credit Facility section above could result in an event of default under that agreement, entitling the lenders to, among other things, declare the entire amount outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility to be due and payable. The instruments governing our other outstanding indebtedness generally include cross-default provisions that provide that, under certain circumstances, an event of default that results in acceleration of our indebtedness under the Revolving Credit Facility will entitle the holders of such other indebtedness to declare amounts outstanding immediately due and payable.

On October 23, 2012, we sold $300 million aggregated principal amount of 3.45% Notes due 2022. The net proceeds of $297.7 million from this offering were used to repay short-term borrowings outstanding under our revolving credit facility.

On February 21, 2020, we and our subsidiary, RPM Europe Holdco B.V. (formerly “RPM New Horizons Netherlands, ~~B.V.~~B.V”). (the “Foreign Borrower”), entered into an unsecured syndicated term loan facility credit agreement (the “New Credit Facility”) with the lenders party thereto and PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent for the lenders. The New Credit Facility provides for a $300 million term loan to ~~the Company~~us and a $100 million term loan to the Foreign Borrower (together, the “Term Loans”), each of which was fully advanced on the closing date. The Term Loans mature on February 21, 2023, with no scheduled amortization before that date, and the Term Loans may be prepaid at any time without penalty or premium. We agreed to guarantee all obligations of the Foreign Borrower under the New Credit Facility. The proceeds of the Term Loans were used to repay a portion of the outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility. During fiscal 2021, the New Credit Facility was amended to replace RPM New Horizons Netherlands, B.V. with RPM Europe Holdco B.V.

The Term Loans will bear interest at either the base rate or the Eurodollar Rate, at our option, plus a spread determined by our debt rating. We, and the Foreign Borrower, have entered into multicurrency floating to fixed interest rate swap agreements that effectively fix interest payment obligations on the entire principal amount of the Term Loans through their maturity at (a) 0.612% per annum on our Term Loan, and (b) 0.558% per annum on the Foreign Borrower’s Term Loan.

The New Credit Facility contains customary covenants, including but not limited to, limitations on our ability, and in certain instances, our subsidiaries’ ability, to incur liens, make certain investments, or sell or transfer assets. Additionally, we may not permit (i) our consolidated interest coverage ratio to be less than 3.5 to 1.0, or (ii) our leverage ratio (defined as the ratio of total indebtedness, less unencumbered cash and cash equivalents in excess of $50 million, to consolidated EBITDA for the four most recent fiscal quarters) to exceed 3.75 to 1.0. Upon notification to the lenders, however, the maximum permitted leverage ratio can be relaxed to 4.25 to 1.0 for a one-year period in connection with certain material acquisitions. In addition, the agreement was amended on April 30, 2020 to allow the maximum permitted Net Leverage Ratio to be increased to 4.25 to 1 during certain periods (refer to the “Revolving Credit Agreement”). As noted in the “Revolving Credit Agreement” above, we provided notice to our Administrative Agent during our second quarter of fiscal 2021, and therefore, our Net Leverage Ratio covenant has been increased to 4.25 to 1.0 through August 31, 2021. The covenants contained in the New Credit Facility are substantially similar to those contained in our Revolving Credit Facility. See “Revolving Credit Agreement” above for details on our compliance with all significant financial covenants at May 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

On March 2, 2017, we issued $50.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.250% Notes due 2045 (the “2045 Notes”) and $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.750% Notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes”). The 2045 Notes are a further issuance of the $250 million aggregate principal amount of 5.250% Notes due 2045 initially issued by us on May 29, 2015. Interest on the 2045 Notes is payable semiannually in arrears on June 1st and December 1st of each year at a rate of 5.250% per year. The 2045 Notes mature on June 1, 2045. Interest on the 2027 Notes is payable semiannually in arrears on March 15th and September 15th of each year, at a rate of 3.750% per year. The 2027 Notes mature on March 15, 2027. The indenture governing this indebtedness includes cross-acceleration provisions. Under certain circumstances, where an event of default under our other instruments results in acceleration of the indebtedness under such instruments, holders of the indebtedness under the indenture are entitled to declare amounts outstanding immediately due and payable.

On February 27, 2019, we closed an offering for $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.550% Notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”). The proceeds from the 2029 Notes were used to repay a portion of the outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility and for general corporate purposes. Interest on the 2029 Notes accrues from February 27, 2019 and is payable semiannually in arrears on March 1^st and September 1^st of each year, beginning September 1, 2019, at a rate of 4.550% per year. The 2029 Notes mature on March 1, 2029. The indenture governing this indebtedness includes cross-acceleration provisions. Under certain circumstances, where an event of default under our other instruments results in acceleration of the indebtedness under such instruments, holders of the indebtedness under the indenture are entitled to declare amounts outstanding immediately due and payable.

On December 20,, 2017, we closed an offering for $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.250% Notes due 2048 (the “2048 Notes”). The proceeds from the 2048 Notes were used to repay $250.0 million in principal amount of unsecured 6.50% senior notes due February 15, 2018, and for general corporate purposes. Interest on the 2048 Notes accrues from December 20, 2017 and is payable semiannually in arrears on January 15^th and July 15^th of each year, beginning July 15, 2018, at a rate of 4.250% per year. The 2048 Notes mature on January 15, 2048. The indenture governing this indebtedness includes cross-acceleration provisions. Under certain circumstances, where an event of default under our other instruments results in acceleration of the indebtedness under such instruments, holders of the indebtedness under the indenture are entitled to declare amounts outstanding immediately due and payable.

~~On December 9, 2013, we issued $205 million of 2.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 (the “Convertible Notes”). We paid interest on the Convertible Notes semi-annually on June 15~~^th ~~and December 15~~^th ~~of each year.~~

We completed the redemption of all $205.0 million aggregate principal amount of our outstanding Convertible Notes on November 27, 2018 (the “Redemption Date”). The redemption price for the Convertible Notes was equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest until, but excluding, the Redemption Date. As a result of the issuance of the notice of redemption, the Convertible Notes became convertible at any time prior to the close of business on November 26, 2018. The conversion rate was 19.221062 shares of RPM common stock per $1,000 original principal amount of the Convertible Notes, which is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $52.12 per share (subject to adjustment in accordance with the terms of the Indenture). In accordance with the provisions of the indenture for the Convertible Notes, we elected to settle the Convertible Notes surrendered for conversion through a combination settlement of cash and shares of RPM common stock. In settlement of those conversions, we paid an aggregate of approximately $204.6 million in cash, including cash in lieu of fractional shares, and issued 598,601 shares of RPM common stock in the aggregate.

~~On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Act”).~~ The income tax effects of changes in tax laws are recognized in the period when enacted. Generally, the more significant provisions of the Act that impacted us for the year ended May 31, 2018 included the reduction in the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% and the creation of a territorial tax system (with a one-time mandatory tax on previously unremitted foreign earnings). The corporate tax rate reduction was effective for RPM as of January 1, 2018 and, accordingly, reduced our fiscal year 2018 federal statutory tax rate to a blended rate of 29.2%. The significant provisions of the Act that impact us for fiscal 2019, and

thereafter, include the full federal statutory rate reduction to 21%, the repeal of the domestic production activities deduction and the provisions of the Act that subject us to current U.S. tax on global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) earned by certain foreign subsidiaries and allows a benefit for foreign-derived intangible income (“FDII”).

Subsequent to the enactment of the Act, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”), which provides guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Act. In accordance with SAB 118 and based on the information available as of May 31, 2018, we recorded a net provisional income tax expense of $7.3 million ~~in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Act~~. The net provisional income tax expense was comprised of a benefit of $15.7 million related to the provisional re-measurement of our U.S. deferred tax assets and liabilities at the reduced U.S. corporate tax rates, a provisional expense of $67.9 million for the transition tax on unremitted earnings from foreign subsidiaries, and a provisional benefit of $44.9 million for the partial reversal of existing deferred tax liabilities recorded for the estimated tax cost associated with unremitted foreign earnings not considered permanently reinvested.

During fiscal 2019, we completed our assessment of the accounting for the impact of Act. As a result of this assessment, we recorded an income tax benefit of $8.1 million, which was comprised of a $6.3 million benefit for the re-measurement of certain U.S. deferred tax assets and liabilities and a $1.8 million benefit resulting from the reduction of the transition tax on unremitted earnings from foreign subsidiaries.

~~For the year ended May 31, 2020, the~~ provision for income taxes is calculated in accordance with ASC 740, which requires the recognition of deferred income taxes using the asset and liability method.

Income before income taxes as shown in the Consolidated Statements of Income is summarized below for the periods indicated.

Year Ended May 31,	2020		2019		2018		2021		2020		2019
(In thousands)
United States	$	317,290	$	215,201	$	228,976	$	462,468	$	317,290	$	215,201
Foreign		90,474		124,644		188,072		205,970		90,474		124,644
Income Before Income Taxes	$	407,764	$	339,845	$	417,048	$	668,438	$	407,764	$	339,845

Provision (benefit) for income taxes consists of the following for the periods indicated:

Year Ended May 31,	2020			2019			2018			2021			2020			2019
(In thousands)
Current:
U.S. federal	$	65,195		$	20,388		$	27,206		$	60,666		$	65,195		$	20,388
State and local		17,743			8,623			8,617			18,959			17,743			8,623
Foreign		31,894			37,713			52,658			65,125			31,894			37,713
Total Current		114,832			66,724			88,481			144,750			114,832			66,724
Deferred:
U.S. federal		(19,212	)		15,298			(8,054	)		20,027			(19,212	)		15,298
State and local		(3,031	)		1,414			4,832			3,878			(3,031	)		1,414
Foreign		10,093			(11,278	)		(7,468	)		(3,717	)		10,093			(11,278	)
Total Deferred		(12,150	)		5,434			(10,690	)		20,188			(12,150	)		5,434
Provision for Income Taxes	$	102,682		$	72,158		$	77,791		$	164,938		$	102,682		$	72,158

The significant components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 were as follows:

	2020			2019			2021			2020
(In thousands)
Deferred income tax assets related to:
Inventories	$	12,341		$	8,970		$	12,189		$	12,341
Allowance for losses		4,294			7,524			-			4,294
Accrued compensation and benefits		14,686			14,364			24,637			14,686
Accrued other expenses		15,107			17,036			28,511			15,107
Other long-term liabilities		22,030			15,947
Deferred income and other long-term liabilities								22,859			22,030
Credit and net operating and capital loss carryforwards		65,994			63,395			65,091			65,994
Net unrealized loss on securities		16,892			12,391			9,189			16,892
Pension and other postretirement benefits		76,147			42,991			34,180			76,147
Total Deferred Income Tax Assets		227,491			182,618			196,656			227,491
Less: valuation allowances		(66,855	)		(55,274	)		(64,696	)		(66,855	)
Net Deferred Income Tax Assets		160,636			127,344			131,960			160,636
Deferred income tax (liabilities) related to:
Depreciation		(70,588	)		(72,387	)		(85,717	)		(70,588	)
Amortization of intangibles		(109,926	)		(116,097	)		(107,963	)		(109,926	)
Unremitted foreign earnings		(8,781	)		(18,795	)		(17,871	)		(8,781	)
Total Deferred Income Tax (Liabilities)		(189,295	)		(207,279	)		(211,551	)		(189,295	)
Deferred Income Tax Assets (Liabilities), Net	$	(28,659	)	$	(79,935	)	$	(79,591	)	$	(28,659	)

At May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we had U.S. capital loss carryforwards of approximately ~~$47.0~~$25.8 million, of which ~~$43.4~~$21.5 million will expire if not used by the end of ~~our~~ fiscal ~~year~~ 2022, with the balance expiring if unused by the end of ~~our~~ fiscal ~~year~~ 2025. Also, as of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we had foreign tax credit carryforwards of ~~$23.4~~$27.3 million, which expire through fiscal ~~2030.~~2031. Additionally, as of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we had approximately ~~$6.1~~$4.5 million of tax benefits associated with state net operating loss carryforwards and state tax credit carryforwards, some of which expire at various dates beginning in fiscal ~~2021.~~2022. Also, as of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we had foreign net operating loss carryforwards of approximately ~~$152.5~~$149.4 million, of which approximately ~~$8.3~~$14.7 million will expire at various dates beginning in fiscal ~~2021~~2022 and approximately ~~$144.2~~$134.7 million that have an indefinite carryforward period. Additionally, as of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we had foreign capital loss carryforwards of approximately ~~$29.0~~$26.8 million that can be carried forward indefinitely.

When evaluating the realizability of deferred income tax assets, we consider, among other items, whether a jurisdiction has experienced cumulative pretax losses and whether a jurisdiction will generate the appropriate character of income to recognize a deferred income tax asset. More specifically, if a jurisdiction experiences cumulative pretax losses for a period of three years, including the current fiscal year, or if a jurisdiction does not have sufficient income of the appropriate character in the relevant carryback or projected carryforward periods, we generally conclude that it is more likely than not that the respective deferred tax asset will not be realized unless factors such as expected operational changes, availability of prudent and feasible tax planning strategies, reversal of taxable temporary differences or other information exists that would lead us to conclude otherwise. If, after we have

evaluated these factors, the deferred income tax assets are not expected to be realized within the carryforward or carryback periods allowed for that jurisdiction, we would conclude that a valuation allowance is required.

Total valuation allowances of approximately ~~$66.9~~$64.7 million and ~~$55.3~~$66.9 million have been recorded as of May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. These recorded valuation allowances relate primarily to U.S. capital losses, state net operating losses and certain foreign net operating losses, net foreign deferred tax assets and foreign tax credit carryforwards. The year-over-year ~~increase~~decrease in valuation allowances is primarily attributable to reversals for the realization of U.S. capital loss carryforwards, partially offset by an increase for foreign tax credit carryforwards.

The following table reconciles income tax expense (benefit) computed by applying the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate against income (loss) before income taxes to the provision (benefit) for income taxes:

Year Ended May 31,	2020			2019			2018			2021			2020			2019
(In thousands, except percentages)
Income tax expense at the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate	$	85,630		$	71,367		$	121,812		$	140,372		$	85,630		$	71,367
Impact of foreign operations		3,433			(1,571	)		(16,276	)
Foreign rate differential and other foreign tax adjustments											11,942			3,433			(1,571	)
State and local income taxes, net		11,651			7,224			9,520			18,625			11,651			7,224
Impact of GILTI provisions		3,051			5,772						1,598			3,051			5,772
Domestic manufacturing deduction					-			(4,839	)
Nondeductible business expense		2,005			2,259			2,473			616			2,005			2,259
Valuation allowance		14,008			7,021			(5,235	)		(4,389	)		14,008			7,021
Deferred tax liability for unremitted foreign earnings		(5,527	)		-			(77,970	)		5,348			(5,527	)		-
Changes in unrecognized tax benefits		1,292			(8,480	)					(1,847	)		1,292			(8,480	)
Other		(3,351	)		1,195			737			1,324			(3,351	)		1,195
FY19 GILTI impact of issued regulations		(4,348	)								-			(4,348	)		-
Equity-based compensation		(5,162	)		(4,496	)		(4,652	)		(8,651	)		(5,162	)		(4,496	)
Transition tax liability					(1,868	)		67,899			-			-			(1,868	)
Remeasurement of U.S. deferred income taxes					(6,265	)		(15,678	)		-			-			(6,265	)
Provision for Income Tax Expense	$	102,682		$	72,158		$	77,791		$	164,938		$	102,682		$	72,158
Effective Income Tax Rate		25.2	%		21.2	%		18.7	%		24.7	%		25.2	%		21.2	%

Uncertain income tax positions are accounted for in accordance with ASC 740. The following table summarizes the activity related to unrecognized tax benefits:

(In millions)	2020			2019			2018			2021			2020			2019
Balance at June 1	$	8.1		$	14.1		$	13.2		$	9.0		$	8.1		$	14.1
Additions based on tax positions related to current year		-			0.1			5.1			-			-			0.1
Additions for tax positions of prior years		2.0			2.0			-			-			2.0			2.0
Reductions for tax positions of prior years		(0.9	)		(7.9	)		(4.5	)		(1.8	)		(0.9	)		(7.9	)
Foreign currency translation		(0.2	)		(0.2	)		0.3			0.3			(0.2	)		(0.2	)
Balance at May 31	$	9.0		$	8.1		$	14.1		$	7.5		$	9.0		$	8.1

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that would impact the effective tax rate, if recognized, was $7.0 million at May 31, 2021, $8.6 million at May 31, 2020 and $7.7 million at May 31, ~~2019 and $13.6 million at May 31, 2018.~~2019.

We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. At May 31, 2021, 2020 ~~2019~~ and ~~2018,~~2019, the accrual for interest and penalties was $2.9 million, ~~$3.0~~$2.9 million and ~~$2.8~~$3.0 million, respectively. Unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and penalties, have been classified as other long-term liabilities unless expected to be paid in one year.

We file income tax returns in the ~~U.S.~~United States and in various state, local and foreign jurisdictions. The Internal Revenue Service has completed examinations of our 2015 and 2016 federal income tax returns which resulted in an inconsequential reduction to our 2015 federal income tax liability and no changes to our 2016 federal income tax liability. Although not currently under examination, the statutory audit period for our 2014 federal tax return remains open. Further, withWith limited exceptions, we are ~~generally~~ subject to federal, state and local, or non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for ~~the~~ fiscal ~~years 2013~~2014 through ~~2019.~~

2021. We are currently under examination, or have been notified of an upcoming tax examination, for various non-U.S. and domestic state and local jurisdictions. Although it is possible that certain tax examinations could be resolved during the next 12 months, the timing and outcomes are uncertain.

Our deferred tax liability for unremitted foreign earnings was ~~adjusted to $18.8~~$17.9 million as of May 31, ~~2019. The $18.8 million deferred tax liability represented~~2021, which represents our estimate of the ~~foreign~~ tax cost associated with the deemed remittance of ~~$413.3~~$466.6 million of foreign earnings that ~~were~~are not considered to be permanently reinvested. As of May 31, 2020, the amount of these earnings has decreased to approximately $407.4 million and the related deferred tax liability, which represents the estimated tax cost to repatriate these earnings, was adjusted to $12.1 million. The reduction to the deferred tax liability is primarily due to the impact of foreign exchange and the elimination of withholding taxes on certain of our foreign earnings not considered permanently reinvested.

We have not provided for U.S. income taxes or foreign withholding taxes on the remaining ~~$905.1 million~~$1.2 billion of foreign unremitted earnings because such earnings have been retained and reinvested by the foreign subsidiaries as of May 31, ~~2020.~~2021. Accordingly, 0 provision has been made for U.S. income taxes or foreign withholding taxes, which may become payable if the remaining unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries were distributed to the ~~U.S.~~United States. Due to the uncertainties and complexities involved in the various options for repatriation of foreign earnings, it is not practical to calculate the deferred taxes associated with the remaining foreign earnings.

On January 8, 2008, we announced our authorization of a stock repurchase program under which we may repurchase shares of RPM International Inc. common stock at management’s ~~discretion.~~discretion for general corporate purposes. As announced on November 28, 2018, our goal iswas to return $1.0 billion in capital to stockholders by May 31, 2021 through share ~~repurchases.~~repurchases and the retirement of our convertible note during fiscal 2019. On April 16, 2019, after taking into account share repurchases under our existing stock repurchase program to date, and the impact of retiring our convertible note, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of the remaining $600.0 million in value of RPM International Inc. common stock by May 31, 2021. As a result, we may repurchase shares from time to time in the open market or in private transactions at various times and in amounts and for prices that our management deems appropriate, subject to insider trading rules and other securities law restrictions. The timing of our purchases will depend upon prevailing market conditions, alternative uses of capital and other factors. We may limit or terminate the ~~stock~~ repurchase program at any time.

As previously announced, given macroeconomic uncertainty resulting from the Covid pandemic, we had suspended stock repurchases under the program. In January 2021, our Board of Directors authorized the resumption of stock repurchases under the stock repurchase program. At the time of resuming the program, $469.7 million of shares of common stock remained available for repurchase. The Board of Directors also extended the stock repurchase program beyond its original May 31, 2021 expiration date until such time that the remaining $469.7 million of shares of capital has been returned to our stockholders.

During the fiscal year ended May 31, 2021, we repurchased 594,061 shares of our common stock at a cost of approximately $50.0 million, or an average cost of $84.09 per share, under this program. During the fiscal year ended May 31, 2020, we repurchased 2,041,847 shares of our common stock at a cost of approximately $125.0 million, or an average cost of $61.22 per share, under this program. During the fiscal year ended May 31, 2019, we repurchased 3,286,907 shares of our common stock at a cost of approximately $200.2 million, or an average cost of $60.92 per share, under this program. ~~During the fiscal year ended May 31, 2018, we did 0t repurchase any shares of our common stock~~The maximum dollar amount that may yet be repurchased under ~~this program. Given recent macroeconomic uncertainty resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic, we have suspended~~ our stock repurchase ~~program.~~ program was approximately $419.8 million at May 31, 2021.

Stock-based compensation represents the cost related to stock-based awards granted to our employees and directors; these awards include restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stocks, performance stock units and SARs. We grant stock-based incentive awards to our employees ~~and/or~~and our directors under various share-based compensation plans. The plan that is active or provides for stock option grants or share-based payment awards is the Amended and Restated 2014 Omnibus Equity and Incentive Plan (the “2014 Omnibus Plan”), which includes provisions for grants of restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock, performance stock units and SARs. Other plans, which provide for restricted stock grants only, include the 2003 Restricted Stock Plan for Directors (the “2003 Plan”) and the 2007 Restricted Stock Plan (the “2007 Plan”). At May 31, 2021, the shares available for grant out of the 2003 Plan and the 2007 Plan have been exhausted, and all future grants will be issued from the 2014 Omnibus Plan.

We measure stock-based compensation cost at the date of grant, based on the estimated fair value of the award. We recognize the cost as expense on a straight-line basis (net of estimated forfeitures) over the related vesting period.

The following table represents total stock-based compensation expense included in our Consolidated Statements of Income:

Year Ended May 31,	2020			2019			2018			2021			2020			2019
(In thousands)
Stock-based compensation expense, included in SG&A	$	19,789		$	31,154		$	25,440		$	40,926		$	19,789		$	31,154
Stock-based compensation expense, included in restructuring expense		116			4,283			2,136			47			116			4,283
Total stock-based compensation cost		19,905			35,437			27,576			40,973			19,905			35,437
Income tax (benefit)		(2,784	)		(6,937	)		(7,178	)		(6,877	)		(2,784	)		(6,937	)
Total stock-based compensation cost, net of tax	$	17,121		$	28,500		$	20,398		$	34,096		$	17,121		$	28,500

SARs are awards that allow our employees to receive shares of our common stock at a fixed price. We grant SARs at an exercise price equal to the stock price on the date of the grant. The fair value of SARs granted is estimated as of the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options that have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The expected life of options granted is derived from the input of the option-pricing model and represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. Expected volatility rates are based on historical volatility of shares of our common stock.

The following is a summary of our weighted-average assumptions related to SARs grants made during the last three fiscal years:

Year Ended May 31,	2020			2019			2018			2021			2020			2019
Risk-free interest rate		1.9	%		2.9	%		2.2	%		0.4	%		1.9	%		2.9	%
Expected life of option	6.5 yrs			6.5 yrs			7.0 yrs			6.5 yrs			6.5 yrs			6.5 yrs
Expected dividend yield		2.3	%		2.1	%		2.2	%		1.8	%		2.3	%		2.1	%
Expected volatility rate		22.4	%		25.2	%		26.2	%		24.0	%		22.4	%		25.2	%

The 2014 Omnibus Plan was approved by our stockholders on October 9, 2014,and amendments to the 2014 Omnibus Plan were subsequently approved by our stockholders in 2018 and 2019. The 2014 Omnibus Plan provides us with the flexibility to grant a wide variety of stock and stock-based awards, as well as dollar-denominated performance-based awards, and is intended to be the primary stock-based award program for covered employees. ~~A wide variety of stock and stock-based awards, as well as dollar-denominated performance-based awards, may be granted under these plans.~~ SARs are issued at fair value at the date of grant, have up to ten-year terms and have graded-vesting terms over four years. Compensation cost for these awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the related vesting period. Currently all SARs outstanding are to be settled with stock. As of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, there were ~~2,482,500~~2,005,000 SARs outstanding.

The following ~~table summarizes~~tables summarize option and share-based payment activity (including SARs) under these plans during the fiscal year ended May 31, ~~2020:~~2021:

	2020					2021
Share-Based Payments	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Number of Shares Under Option			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Number of Shares Under Option
(Shares in thousands)
Balance at June 1, 2019	$	46.44		3,097
Balance at June 1, 2020						$	49.88		2,482
Options granted		62.17		340			78.49		360
Options exercised		43.10		(955	)		39.69		(837	)
Balance at May 31, 2020		49.88		2,482
Exercisable at May 31, 2020	$	44.15		1,520
Balance at May 31, 2021							59.28		2,005
Exercisable at May 31, 2021						$	52.56		1,107

SARs	2020		2019		2018		2021		2020		2019
(In millions, except per share amounts)
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Weighted-average grant-date fair value per SAR	$	11.59	$	14.08	$	12.90	$	14.38	$	11.59	$	14.08
Intrinsic value of options exercised	$	9.62	$	9.29	$	11.10	$	8.80	$	9.62	$	9.29
Tax benefit from options exercised	$	5.94	$	3.21	$	3.40	$	8,821	$	5,936	$	3,210
Fair value of SARS vested	$	12.27	$	9.30	$	6.50	$	12.59	$	12.27	$	9.30

At May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, the aggregate intrinsic value and weighted-average remaining contractual life of options outstanding was ~~$61.8~~$68.7 million and ~~6.11~~6.55 years, respectively, while the aggregate intrinsic value and weighted-average remaining contractual life of options exercisable was ~~$46.6~~$45.4 million and ~~4.85~~5.27 years, respectively.

At May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, the total unamortized stock-based compensation expense related to SARs that were previously granted was ~~$7.9~~$7.8 million, which is expected to be recognized over ~~2.30~~2.42 years. We anticipate that approximately ~~2.5~~2.0 million shares at a weighted-average exercise price of ~~$49.86~~$59.26 and a weighted-average remaining contractual term of ~~6.1~~6.5 years will ultimately vest under these plans.

We also grant stock-based awards, which may be made in the form of restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance stock and performance stock units. These awards are granted to eligible employees or directors, and entitle the holder to shares of our common stock as the award vests. The fair value of the awards is determined and fixed based on the stock price at the date of grant. A description of our restricted stock plans follows.

Under the 2014 Omnibus Plan, a total of 6,000,000 shares of our common stock may be subject to awards. Of those issuable shares, up to 3,000,000 shares of common stock may be subject to “full-value” awards. In October 2019, shareholders approved an amendment to the 2014 Omnibus Plan making an additional 5,000,000 shares of common stock subject to awards. ~~After approval, 6,100,427 shares were available for new awards.~~ Of those additional issuable shares, 2,250,000 shares may be subject to “full-value” awards similar to those issued under the 2014 Omnibus Plan.

The following table summarizes the share-based performance-earned restricted stock (“PERS”) and performance stock units (“PSUs”) activity during the fiscal year ended May 31, ~~2020:~~2021:

	Weighted-Average					Weighted-Average
	Grant-Date					Grant-Date
	Fair Value		2020			Fair Value		2021
(Shares in thousands)
Balance at June 1, 2019	$	54.90		829
Balance at June 1, 2020						$	60.51		865
Shares granted		63.52		405			80.67		427
Shares forfeited		55.80		(8	)		65.24		(18	)
Shares vested		51.11		(361	)		53.69		(158	)
Balance at May 31, 2020	$	60.51		865
Balance at May 31, 2021						$	69.13		1,116

The weighted-average grant-date fair value was $80.67, $63.52 ~~$60.36~~ and ~~$52.26~~$60.36 for the fiscal years ended May 31, 2021, 2020 ~~2019~~ and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. The restricted stock and performance stock cliff vest after three years. Nonvested restricted shares of common stock under the 2014 Omnibus Plan are eligible for dividend payments, while performance stock units are not eligible for dividend payments. At May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, remaining unamortized deferred compensation expense for performance-earned restricted stock totaled ~~$15.8~~$18.7 million. The remaining amount is being amortized over the applicable vesting period for each participant.

On October 3, 2018, our Compensation Committee granted in the aggregate 192,000 Performance Stock Units (the “2018 PSUs”) to certain executives at a weighted-average grant-date price of $60.50 per PSU. The awards are contingent upon the level of attainment of performance goals for the three-year performance period from June 1, 2018 ending May 31, 2021. Vesting of 50% of the 2018 PSUs relates to compounded annualized growth rates in adjusted revenue for the period, and the vesting of the remaining 50% relates to an increase in EBIT margin, measured at the end of the three-year performance period. The number of PSUs that may vest with respect to the achievement of the performance goals may range from 0% to 200% of the PSUs granted under this program. Compensation cost for these awards has been recognized on a straight-line basis over the related performance period, with consideration given to the probability of attaining the performance goals. As of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, there were ~~168,000 2018 PSUs~~158,000 “2018 PSUs” outstanding and ~~$0.6 million unamortized stock-based compensation, which is expected~~the expense has been fully recognized, in line with the final results achieved for the three-year performance period as compared to ~~be recognized over a weighted average period of one year.~~the performance goals.

On July 18, 2019, our Compensation Committee granted in the aggregate 178,000 Performance Stock Units (the “2019 PSUs”) to certain executives at a weighted-average grant-date price of $62.17 per PSU. The awards are contingent upon the level of attainment of performance goals for the three-year performance period from June 1, 2019 ending May 31, 2022. Vesting of 50% of the 2019 PSUs relates to compounded annualized growth rates in adjusted revenue for the period, and the vesting of the remaining 50% relates to an increase in EBIT margin, measured at the end of the three-year performance period. The number of PSUs that may vest with respect to the achievement of the performance goals may range from 0% to 200% of the PSUs granted under this program. Compensation cost for these awards has been recognized on a straight-line basis over the related performance period, with consideration given to the probability of attaining the performance goals. As of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, there were 178,000 ~~2019 PSUs~~“2019 PSUs” outstanding and ~~$3.3~~$2.3 million unamortized stock-based compensation, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.0 years.

On July 22, 2020, our Compensation Committee granted in the aggregate 225,500 Performance Stock Units (the “2020 PSUs”) to certain executives at a weighted-average grant-date price of $78.49 per PSU. The awards are contingent upon the level of attainment of performance goals for the three-year performance period from June 1, 2020 ending May 31, 2023. Vesting of 50% of the 2020 PSUs relates to compounded annualized growth rates in adjusted revenue for the period, and the vesting of the remaining 50% relates to an increase in EBIT margin, measured at the end of the three-year performance period. The number of PSUs that may vest with respect to the achievement of the performance goals may range from 0% to 200% of the PSUs granted under this program.

Compensation cost for these awards has been recognized on a straight-line basis over the related performance period, with consideration given to the probability of attaining the performance goals. As of May 31, 2021, there were 225,500 “2020 PSUs” outstanding and $24.3 million unamortized stock-based compensation, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.0 ~~years~~

The 2003 Plan was approved on October 10, 2003 by our stockholders, and was established primarily for the purpose of recruiting and retaining directors, and to align the interests of directors with the interests of our stockholders. Only directors who are not our employees are eligible to participate. Under the 2003 Plan, up to 500,000 shares of our common stock may be awarded, with awards cliff vesting over a three-year period. At May 31, 2021, the shares available for grant out of the 2003 Plan have been exhausted, and all future grants will be issued from the 2014 Omnibus Plan. The following table summarizes the share-based activity under the 2003 Plan and 2014 Omnibus Plan related to directors during fiscal ~~2019:~~2021:

	Weighted-Average					Weighted-Average
	Grant-Date					Grant-Date
	Fair Value		2020			Fair Value		2021
(Shares in thousands)
Balance at June 1, 2019	$	54.56		55
Balance at June 1, 2020						$	60.25		62
Shares granted to directors		67.26		23			87.35		19
Shares vested		50.61		(16	)		56.02		(25	)
Balance at May 31, 2020	$	60.25		62
Balance at May 31, 2021						$	71.19		56

The weighted-average grant-date fair value was $87.35, $67.26 ~~$60.50~~ and ~~$51.63~~$60.50 for the fiscal years ended May 31, 2021, 2020 ~~2019~~ and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. Unamortized deferred compensation expense relating to restricted stock grants for directors of ~~$1.9~~$2.0 million at May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, is being amortized over the applicable remaining vesting period for each director. Nonvested restricted shares of common stock under the 2003 Plan are eligible for dividend payments. ~~As of~~At May 31, ~~2020, there were 7,200~~2021, the shares available for ~~future grant. When shares in~~grant out of the 2003 Plan ~~are~~have been exhausted, ~~in fiscal year 2021, Director rewards~~and all future grants will be issued from the 2014 Omnibus ~~Plan on the go forward basis.~~Plan.

During fiscal ~~2020,~~2021, a total of ~~30,185~~35,102 shares were awarded under the 2014 Omnibus Plan to certain employees as supplemental retirement benefits, generally subject to forfeiture. The shares vest upon the latter of attainment of age 55 and the fifth anniversary of the May 31^st immediately preceding the date of the grant. The following table sets forth such awards for the year ended May 31, ~~2020:~~2021:

	Weighted-Average					Weighted-Average
	Grant-Date					Grant-Date
	Fair Value		2020			Fair Value		2021
(Shares in thousands)
Balance at June 1, 2019	$	31.73		432
Balance at June 1, 2020						$	33.82		446
Shares granted		62.17		30			78.49		35
Shares forfeited		-		-
Shares exercised		33.96		(16	)		33.25		(63	)
Balance at May 31, 2020	$	33.82		446
Balance at May 31, 2021						$	37.89		418

The weighted-average grant-date fair value was $78.49, $62.17 ~~$60.01~~ and ~~$55.19~~$60.01 for the fiscal years ended May 31, 2021, 2020 ~~2019~~ and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. As noted above, as of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, 0 shares remain available for future grant under the 2007 Plan, and future issuances of shares as supplemental retirement benefits are made under the 2014 Omnibus Plan. At May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, unamortized stock-based compensation expense of ~~$0.6~~$0.2 million and ~~$3.5~~$4.7 million relating to the 2007 Plan and the 2014 Omnibus Plan, respectively, are being amortized over the applicable vesting period associated with each participant.

The following table summarizes the activity for all nonvested restricted shares during the year ended May 31, ~~2020:~~2021:

						Weighted-Average
	Weighted-Average					Grant-Date Fair		Number of
	Grant-Date Fair		Number of			Value		Shares
(Shares in thousands)	Value		Shares
Balance at June 1, 2019	$	52.35		1,091
Balance at June 1, 2020						$	58.03		1,120
Granted		63.62		458			80.77		481
Vested		49.42		(421	)		49.95		(250	)
Forfeited		55.80		(8	)		65.24		(18	)
Balance at May 31, 2020	$	58.03		1,120
Balance at May 31, 2021						$	67.65		1,333

The remaining weighted-average contractual term of nonvested restricted shares at May 31, ~~2020~~2021 is the same as the period over which the remaining cost of the awards will be recognized, which is approximately ~~2.18~~2.27 years. The fair value of the nonvested restricted share awards have been calculated using the market value of the shares on the date of issuance. For the years ended May 31, 2021, 2020 ~~2019~~ and ~~2018,~~2019, the weighted-average grant-date fair value for restricted share grants was $80.77, $63.62 ~~$60.34~~ and ~~$52.62,~~$60.34, respectively. The total fair value of shares that vested during the years ended May 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 ~~and 2018~~ was $12.5 million, $20.8 million ~~$37.8 million~~ and ~~$29.9~~$37.8 million, respectively. We anticipate that approximately ~~1.12~~1.33 million shares at a weighted-average grant-date fair value of ~~$58.03~~$67.65 and a weighted-average remaining contractual term of ~~2.18~~2.27 years will ultimately vest, based upon the unique terms and participants of each plan. ~~Approximately 420,571~~250,329 shares of restricted stock were vested during the year ended May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, with ~~832,717~~420,571 restricted shares vested during the year ended May 31, ~~2019.~~2020. The total intrinsic value of restricted shares converted during the years ended May 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 ~~and 2018~~ was $20.7 million, $26.8 million ~~$58.1 million~~ and ~~$7.6~~$58.1 million, respectively.

Total unrecognized compensation cost related to all nonvested awards of restricted shares of common stock was ~~$25.7~~$52.2 million as of May 31, ~~2020.~~2021. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of ~~2.18~~2.27 years. We did not receive any cash from employees as a result of employee vesting and release of restricted shares for the year ended May 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) consists of the following components:

				Pension And															Pension And
				Other															Other
				Postretirement			Unrealized			Unrealized									Postretirement			Unrealized			Unrealized
	Foreign			Benefit			Gain			Gain (Loss)						Foreign			Benefit			Gain			Gain (Loss)
	Currency			Liability			(Loss) On			On						Currency			Liability			(Loss) On			On
	Translation			Adjustments,			Derivatives,			Securities,						Translation			Adjustments,			Derivatives,			Securities,
(In thousands)	Adjustments			Net of Tax			Net of Tax			Net of Tax			Total			Adjustments			Net of Tax			Net of Tax			Net of Tax			Total
Balance at June 1, 2017	$	(308,415	)	$	(166,724	)	$	16		$	1,137		$	(473,986	)
Reclassification adjustments for gains included in net income, net of taxes of $591								-			(1,244	)		(1,244	)
Other comprehensive income		10,989			11,375			(359	)		(2,050	)		19,955
Deferred taxes		(2,587	)		(2,146	)		212			748			(3,773	)
Balance at May 31, 2018		(300,013	)		(157,495	)		(131	)		(1,409	)		(459,048	)
Balance at June 1, 2018																$	(300,013	)	$	(157,495	)	$	(131	)	$	(1,409	)	$	(459,048	)
Reclassification adjustments for gains included in net income, net of taxes of $151											1,777			1,777			-			-			-			1,777			1,777
Other comprehensive income		(73,660	)		(70,785	)		4,713			307			(139,425	)		(73,660	)		(70,785	)		4,713			307			(139,425	)
Deferred taxes		3,178			16,635			(203	)		(542	)		19,068			3,178			16,635			(203	)		(542	)		19,068
Balance at May 31, 2019		(370,495	)		(211,645	)		4,379			133			(577,628	)		(370,495	)		(211,645	)		4,379			133			(577,628	)
Reclassification adjustments for losses included in net income, net of taxes of $0											-			-
Reclassification adjustments for gains (losses) included in net income, net of taxes of $0																	-			-			-			-			-
Other comprehensive income		(71,820	)		(86,347	)		(6,315	)		1,210			(163,272	)		(71,820	)		(86,347	)		(6,315	)		1,210			(163,272	)
Deferred taxes		1,583			20,275			1,865			(320	)		23,403			1,583			20,275			1,865			(320	)		23,403
Balance at May 31, 2020	$	(440,732	)	$	(277,717	)	$	(71	)	$	1,023		$	(717,497	)		(440,732	)		(277,717	)		(71	)		1,023			(717,497	)
Reclassification adjustments for gains included in net income, net of taxes of $77																	-			-			-			191			191
Other comprehensive income																	148,360			113,984			(31,087	)		(1,052	)		230,205
Deferred taxes																	(7,993	)		(26,877	)		7,176			(89	)		(27,783	)
Balance at May 31, 2021																$	(300,365	)	$	(190,610	)	$	(23,982	)	$	73		$	(514,884	)

The following table sets forth the reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended May 31, 2021, 2020 ~~2019~~ and ~~2018:~~2019:

Year Ended May 31,	2020			2019			2018			2021			2020			2019
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Numerator for earnings per share:
Net income attributable to RPM International Inc. stockholders	$	304,385		$	266,558		$	337,770		$	502,643		$	304,385		$	266,558
Less: Allocation of earnings and dividends to participating securities		(1,956	)		(1,514	)		(3,858	)		(4,018	)		(1,956	)		(1,514	)
Net income available to common shareholders - basic		302,429			265,044			333,912			498,625			302,429			265,044
Reverse: Allocation of earnings and dividends to participating securities		1,956			1,514			3,858			-			1,956			1,514
Add: Undistributed earnings reallocated to unvested shareholders											13			-			-
Add: Income effect of contingently issuable shares		-			3,655			5,673			-			-			3,655
Net income available to common shareholders - diluted	$	304,385		$	270,213		$	343,443		$	498,638		$	304,385		$	270,213
Denominator for basic and diluted earnings per share:
Basic weighted average common shares		128,468			130,552			131,179			128,334			128,468			130,552
Average diluted options		1,506			1,838			2,064			593			1,506			1,838
Net issuable common share equivalents (1)		-			1,943			3,928			-			-			1,943
Total shares for diluted earnings per share (2)		129,974			134,333			137,171			128,927			129,974			134,333
Earnings Per Share of Common Stock Attributable to
RPM International Inc. Stockholders:
Basic Earnings Per Share of Common Stock	$	2.35		$	2.03		$	2.55		$	3.89		$	2.35		$	2.03
Method used to calculate basic earnings per share	Two-Class			Two-Class			Two-Class			Two-Class			Two-Class			Two-Class
Diluted Earnings Per Share of Common Stock	$	2.34		$	2.01		$	2.50		$	3.87		$	2.34		$	2.01
Method used to calculate diluted earnings per share	Treasury			Treasury			Treasury			Two-Class			Treasury			Treasury

We have leases for manufacturing facilities, warehouses, office facilities, equipment, and vehicles, which are primarily classified and accounted for as operating leases. We have a small portfolio of finance leases, which are not material to our Consolidated Financial Statements. Some leases include one or more options to renew, generally at our sole discretion, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from one to five years or more. In addition, certain leases contain termination options, where the rights to terminate are held by either us, the lessor, or both parties. These options to extend or terminate a lease are included in the lease terms when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. We have made an accounting policy election not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term of twelve months or less, with no purchase option that we are reasonably certain to exercise. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the fixed and in-substance fixed lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. The ROU assets also include any initial direct costs incurred and lease payments made at or before the commencement date and are reduced by lease incentives. We use our incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate to determine the present value of the lease payments for leases, as our leases do not have readily determinable implicit discount rates. Our incremental borrowing rate is the rate of interest that we would have to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term and amount in a similar economic environment. We determine the incremental borrowing rates for our leases by adjusting the local risk-free interest rate with a credit risk premium corresponding to our credit rating.

Operating lease cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Finance lease cost is recognized as a combination of the amortization expense for the ROU assets and interest expense for the outstanding lease liabilities using the discount rate discussed above. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. Certain vendors have the right to declare that we are in default of our agreements if any such vendor, including the lessors under its vehicle leases, determines that a change in our financial condition poses a substantially increased credit risk. Our lease agreements do not contain any significant residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Income from subleases was not significant for any period presented.

~~During the fiscal year ended~~The following represents our lease costs as of May 31, ~~2020, we incurred lease costs of $84.2 million, which is primarily comprised of operating lease costs of $73.7 million~~2021 and ~~other costs of $10.5 million, which include costs for our finance leases, short-term leases and variable lease payments.~~ 2020:

Total rental expense for all operating leases amounted to $64.9 million ~~and $64.3 million~~ for the ~~fiscal years ended May 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.~~

~~For~~ fiscal year ended May 31, ~~2020, we paid approximately $69.4 million for operating lease obligations. These payments are included in operating~~2019.

The following represents our supplemental cash ~~flows. In addition, during the fiscal 2020, we recognized ROU assets for $61.6 million in exchange for operating lease obligations. At~~flow, balance sheet, and other required disclosures as of May 31, ~~2020, the weighted-average remaining lease term under our operating leases was 9.1 years, while the weighted-average discount rate for our operating leases was approximately 3.7%.~~2021 and 2020:

The following represents our future undiscounted cash flows for each of the next five years and thereafter and reconciliation to the lease liabilities, as of May 31, ~~2020:~~2021:

(In thousands)
Year ending May 31,	Operating Leases		Operating Leases
2021	$	61,328
2022		50,452	$	67,058
2023		38,921		54,667
2024		31,572		42,986
2025		27,771		34,464
2026				29,655
Thereafter		144,982		142,155
Total lease payments	$	355,026	$	370,985
Less imputed interest		57,746		55,007
Total present value of lease liabilities	$	297,280	$	315,978

~~As of May 31, 2020, our current lease liability balance was $52.6 million and recorded within Other Accrued Liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.~~

Following is a summary of our future minimum lease commitments, as determined under ASC 840, for all non-cancelable lease agreements, for each of the next five years and in the aggregate, as of May 31, 2019:

We sponsor several pension plans for our employees, including our principal plan (the “Retirement Plan”), which is a non-contributory defined benefit pension plan covering substantially all domestic non-union employees. Pension benefits are provided for certain domestic union employees through separate plans. Employees of our foreign subsidiaries receive pension coverage, to the extent deemed appropriate, through plans that are governed by local statutory requirements.

The Retirement Plan provides benefits that are based upon years of service and average compensation with accrued benefits vesting after five years. Benefits for union employees are generally based upon years of service, or a combination of years of service and average compensation. Our pension funding policy considers contributions in an amount on an annual basis that can be deducted for federal income tax purposes, using a different actuarial cost method and different assumptions from those used for financial reporting. For the fiscal year ending May 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we are required to contribute approximately ~~$8,000~~$1.0 million to the retirement plans in the ~~U.S.~~United

States and approximately ~~$6.7~~$5.0 million to our foreign plans. During the year, ~~the company~~we will evaluate whether to make additional contributions. During ~~February 2020,~~fiscal 2021, we contributed ~~an additional $51.5~~$62.3 million to the ~~RPM International Inc. Retirement Plan~~pension plans in the ~~U.S. than what had been planned at the beginning~~United States which was in excess of the ~~fiscal year.~~required contribution of $8,000, but serves to improve the funded status of the plans.

	U.S. Plans									Non-U.S. Plans									U.S. Plans									Non-U.S. Plans
(In thousands)	2020			2019			2018			2020			2019			2018			2021			2020			2019			2021			2020			2019
Service cost	$	39,425		$	37,528		$	37,859		$	5,400		$	4,693		$	4,620		$	44,520		$	39,425		$	37,528		$	6,355		$	5,400		$	4,693
Interest cost		20,415			21,987			17,518			4,842			5,420			5,025			15,223			20,415			21,987			5,308			4,842			5,420
Expected return on plan assets		(34,291	)		(33,867	)		(32,342	)		(7,118	)		(7,907	)		(8,270	)		(33,115	)		(34,291	)		(33,867	)		(7,286	)		(7,118	)		(7,907	)
Amortization of:
Prior service cost		9			118			117			(36	)		(30	)		(31	)		8			9			118			(150	)		(36	)		(30	)
Net actuarial losses recognized		18,516			13,087			14,470			2,029			1,229			1,758			30,005			18,516			13,087			2,377			2,029			1,229
Curtailment/settlement losses		-			-			-			86			89			128			-			-			-			356			86			89
Net Pension Cost	$	44,074		$	38,853		$	37,622		$	5,203		$	3,494		$	3,230		$	56,641		$	44,074		$	38,853		$	6,960		$	5,203		$	3,494

The changes in benefit obligations and plan assets, as well as the funded status of our pension plans at May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, were as follows:

	U.S. Plans						Non-U.S. Plans						U.S. Plans						Non-U.S. Plans
(In thousands)	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020			2021			2020
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	660,277		$	617,255		$	205,967		$	194,149		$	762,739		$	660,277		$	210,278		$	205,967
Service cost		39,425			37,528			5,400			4,693			44,520			39,425			6,355			5,400
Interest cost		20,415			21,987			4,842			5,420			15,223			20,415			5,308			4,842
Benefits paid		(41,186	)		(45,917	)		(6,269	)		(7,488	)		(64,139	)		(41,186	)		(9,248	)		(6,269	)
Participant contributions		-			-			1,106			1,003			-			-			1,140			1,106
Plan amendments		-			11			(893	)		(33	)		-			-			-			(893	)
Plan combination		-			-			922			-			-			-			-			922
Plan settlements/curtailments		-			-			(288	)		(607	)		-			-			(2,342	)		(288	)
Actuarial losses		83,808			29,413			2,718			17,286
Actuarial losses/(gains)														63,730			83,808			(7,774	)		2,718
Premiums paid		-			-			(99	)		(97	)		-			-			(103	)		(99	)
Currency exchange rate changes		-			-			(3,128	)		(8,359	)		-			-			28,414			(3,128	)
Benefit Obligation at End of Year	$	762,739		$	660,277		$	210,278		$	205,967		$	822,073		$	762,739		$	232,028		$	210,278
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	496,865		$	487,233		$	187,112		$	188,960		$	516,550		$	496,865		$	194,874		$	187,112
Actual return on plan assets		8,689			(2,272	)		9,899			6,737			157,702			8,689			21,350			9,899
Employer contributions		52,182			57,821			6,331			6,770			62,264			52,182			7,119			6,331
Participant contributions		-			-			1,106			1,003			-			-			1,140			1,106
Benefits paid		(41,186	)		(45,917	)		(6,269	)		(7,488	)		(64,139	)		(41,186	)		(9,248	)		(6,269	)
Plan combination		-			-			182			-			-			-			-			182
Premiums paid		-			-			(99	)		(97	)		-			-			(103	)		(99	)
Plan settlements/curtailments		-			-			(281	)		(580	)		-			-			(2,327	)		(281	)
Currency exchange rate changes		-			-			(3,107	)		(8,193	)		-			-			27,048			(3,107	)
Fair Value of Plan Assets at End of Year	$	516,550		$	496,865		$	194,874		$	187,112		$	672,377		$	516,550		$	239,853		$	194,874
(Deficit) of plan assets versus benefit obligations at end of year	$	(246,189	)	$	(163,412	)	$	(15,404	)	$	(18,855	)
(Deficit)/Surplus of plan assets versus benefit obligations at end of year													$	(149,696	)	$	(246,189	)	$	7,825		$	(15,404	)
Net Amount Recognized	$	(246,189	)	$	(163,412	)	$	(15,404	)	$	(18,855	)	$	(149,696	)	$	(246,189	)	$	7,825		$	(15,404	)
Accumulated Benefit Obligation	$	662,197		$	553,392		$	197,167		$	192,533		$	702,315		$	662,197		$	217,012		$	197,167

The fair value of the assets held by our pension plans has increased at May 31, ~~2020~~2021 since our previous measurement date at May 31, ~~2019,~~2020, due to our plan contributions and market returns. Total plan liabilities have increased due to increased benefit accruals and a decrease in the discount rate used to value the liability. We have ~~increased~~decreased our recorded liability for the net underfunded status of our pension plans. Due to ~~lower discount rates,~~the level of Plan assets and expected returns, we expect pension expense in fiscal ~~2021~~2022 to be ~~higher~~lower when compared to our fiscal ~~2020~~2021 expense level. Any future declines in the value of our pension plan assets or increases in our plan liabilities could require us to increase our recorded liability for the net underfunded status of our pension plans and could also require accelerated and higher cash contributions to our pension plans.

Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for the years ended May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 are as follows:

	U.S. Plans						Non-U.S. Plans						U.S. Plans						Non-U.S. Plans
(In thousands)	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020			2021			2020
Noncurrent assets	$	-		$	-		$	13,395		$	9,047		$	-		$	-		$	22,698		$	13,395
Current liabilities		(8	)		(8	)		(547	)		(435	)		(8	)		(8	)		(471	)		(547	)
Noncurrent liabilities		(246,181	)		(163,404	)		(28,252	)		(27,467	)		(149,688	)		(246,181	)		(14,402	)		(28,252	)
Net Amount Recognized	$	(246,189	)	$	(163,412	)	$	(15,404	)	$	(18,855	)	$	(149,696	)	$	(246,189	)	$	7,825		$	(15,404	)

The following table summarizes the relationship between our plans' benefit obligations and assets:

	U.S. Plans								U.S. Plans
	2020				2019				2021				2020
(In thousands)	Benefit Obligation		Plan Assets		Benefit Obligation		Plan Assets		Benefit Obligation		Plan Assets		Benefit Obligation		Plan Assets
Plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets	$	762,739	$	516,550	$	660,277	$	496,865	$	822,073	$	672,377	$	762,739	$	516,550
Plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets		662,197		516,550		553,392		496,865		702,315		672,377		662,197		516,550
Plans with assets in excess of projected benefit obligations		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Plans with assets in excess of accumulated benefit obligations		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-

	Non-U.S. Plans								Non-U.S. Plans
	2020				2019				2021				2020
(In thousands)	Benefit Obligation		Plan Assets		Benefit Obligation		Plan Assets		Benefit Obligation		Plan Assets		Benefit Obligation		Plan Assets
Plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets	$	163,589	$	134,791	$	162,824	$	134,921	$	45,294	$	30,421	$	163,589	$	134,791
Plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets		150,478		134,598		149,390		134,921		43,522		30,421		150,478		134,598
Plans with assets in excess of projected benefit obligations		46,689		60,083		43,143		52,191		186,734		209,432		46,689		60,083
Plans with assets in excess of accumulated benefit obligations		46,689		60,276		43,143		52,191		173,490		209,432		46,689		60,276

The following table presents the pretax net actuarial loss and prior service (costs) recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) not affecting retained earnings:

	U.S. Plans						Non-U.S. Plans						U.S. Plans						Non-U.S. Plans
(In thousands)	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020			2021			2020
Net actuarial loss	$	(341,179	)	$	(250,286	)	$	(48,090	)	$	(51,184	)	$	(250,317	)	$	(341,179	)	$	(30,045	)	$	(48,090	)
Prior service (costs) credits		(20	)		(28	)		1,098			224			(12	)		(20	)		1,023			1,098
Total recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income not affecting retained earnings	$	(341,199	)	$	(250,314	)	$	(46,992	)	$	(50,960	)	$	(250,329	)	$	(341,199	)	$	(29,022	)	$	(46,992	)

The following table includes the changes recognized in other comprehensive income:

			U.S. Plans						Non-U.S. Plans								U.S. Plans						Non-U.S. Plans
(In thousands)	(In thousands)		2020			2019			2020			2019			(In thousands)		2021			2020			2021			2020
Changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income:	Changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income:														Changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income:
		Prior service cost	$	-		$	11		$	(893	)	$	(33	)		Prior service cost	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	(893	)
		Net loss (gain) arising during the year		109,409			65,552			(70	)		18,456			Net loss (gain) arising during the year		(60,857	)		109,409			(21,838	)		(70	)
		Effect of exchange rates on amounts included in AOCI		-			-			(922	)		(1,593	)		Effect of exchange rates on amounts included in AOCI		-			-			6,465			(922	)
Amounts recognized as a component of net periodic benefit cost:	Amounts recognized as a component of net periodic benefit cost:														Amounts recognized as a component of net periodic benefit cost:
		Amortization or curtailment recognition of prior service (cost) benefit		(9	)		(118	)		36			30			Amortization or curtailment recognition of prior service (cost) benefit		(8	)		(9	)		150			36
		Amortization or settlement recognition of net (loss)		(18,516	)		(13,087	)		(2,115	)		(1,345	)		Amortization or settlement recognition of net (loss)		(30,005	)		(18,516	)		(2,748	)		(2,115	)
		Total recognized in other comprehensive loss (income)	$	90,884		$	52,358		$	(3,964	)	$	15,515			Total recognized in other comprehensive loss (income)	$	(90,870	)	$	90,884		$	(17,971	)	$	(3,964	)

The following table presents the amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as of May 31, 2020 that have not yet been recognized in net periodic pension cost, but are expected to be recognized in our Consolidated Statements of Income during the fiscal year ending May 31, 2021:

In measuring the projected benefit obligation and net periodic pension cost for our plans, we utilize actuarial valuations. These valuations include specific information pertaining to individual plan participants, such as salary, age and years of service, along with certain assumptions. The most significant assumptions applied include discount rates, expected return on plan assets and rate of compensation increases. We evaluate these assumptions, at a minimum, on an annual basis, and make required changes, as applicable. In developing our expected long-term rate of return on pension plan assets, we consider the current and expected target asset allocations of the pension portfolio, as well as historical returns and future expectations for returns on various categories of plan assets. Expected return on assets is determined by using the weighted-average return on asset classes based on expected return for the target asset allocations of the principal asset categories held by each plan. In determining expected return, we consider both historical performance and an estimate of future long-term rates of return. Actual experience is used to develop the assumption for compensation increases.

The following weighted-average assumptions were used to determine our year-end benefit obligations and net periodic pension cost under the plans:

	U.S. Plans						Non-U.S. Plans						U.S. Plans						Non-U.S. Plans
Year-End Benefit Obligations	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020			2021			2020
Discount rate		2.77	%		3.64	%		2.49	%		2.61	%		2.75	%		2.77	%		2.72	%		2.49	%
Rate of compensation increase		3.19	%		3.80	%		2.86	%		2.86	%		3.19	%		3.19	%		2.91	%		2.86	%

	U.S. Plans									Non-U.S. Plans									U.S. Plans									Non-U.S. Plans
Net Periodic Pension Cost	2020			2019			2018			2020			2019			2018			2021			2020			2019			2021			2020			2019
Discount rate		3.65	%		4.12	%		3.81	%		2.61	%		3.09	%		2.79	%		2.78	%		3.65	%		4.12	%		2.49	%		2.61	%		3.09	%
Expected return on plan assets		7.40	%		7.40	%		7.89	%		3.91	%		4.30	%		4.37	%		7.00	%		7.40	%		7.40	%		3.30	%		3.91	%		4.30	%
Rate of compensation increase		3.80	%		3.80	%		3.80	%		2.86	%		2.85	%		3.00	%		3.19	%		3.80	%		3.80	%		2.86	%		2.86	%		2.85	%

The following tables illustrate the weighted-average actual and target allocation of plan assets:

	U.S. Plans							U.S. Plans
	Target Allocation			Actual Asset Allocation				Target Allocation			Actual Asset Allocation
(Dollars in millions)	as of May 31, 2020			2020		2019		as of May 31, 2021			2021		2020
Equity securities		55	%	$	261.0	$	295.1		55	%	$	387.1	$	261.0
Fixed income securities		25	%		106.4		83.8		25	%		112.0		106.4
Multi-class		20	%		118.2		78.1		20	%		150.8		118.2
Cash (1)					30.8		39.7					22.3		30.8
Other					0.2		0.2					0.2		0.2
Total assets		100	%	$	516.6	$	496.9		100	%	$	672.4	$	516.6

	Non-U.S. Plans							Non-U.S. Plans
	Target Allocation			Actual Asset Allocation				Target Allocation			Actual Asset Allocation
(Dollars in millions)	as of May 31, 2020			2020		2019		as of May 31, 2021			2021		2020
Equity securities		33	%	$	79.3	$	79.9		37	%	$	103.4	$	79.3
Fixed income securities		48	%		88.2		79.3		47	%		108.2		88.2
Cash					0.1		0.1					0.1		0.1
Property and other		19	%		27.3		27.8		16	%		28.2		27.3
Total assets		100	%	$	194.9	$	187.1		100	%	$	239.9	$	194.9

The following tables present our pension plan assets as categorized using the fair value hierarchy at May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019:~~2020:

U.S. Plans	U.S. Plans									U.S. Plans
(In thousands)		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Fair Value at May 31, 2020			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Fair Value at May 31, 2021
U.S. Treasury and other government		$	-	$	12,973	$	-	$	12,973		$	-	$	20,752	$	-	$	20,752
State and municipal bonds			-		508		-		508			-		767		-		767
Foreign bonds			-		715		-		715			-		1,068		-		1,068
Mortgage-backed securities			-		23,824		-		23,824			-		17,628		-		17,628
Corporate bonds			-		34,317		-		34,317			-		42,370		-		42,370
Stocks - large cap			19,589		-		-		19,589			40,332		-		-		40,332
Mutual funds - equity			-		241,426		-		241,426			-		346,790		-		346,790
Mutual funds - multi-class			-		118,205		-		118,205			-		150,838		-		150,838
Mutual funds - fixed			-		33,993		-		33,993			-		29,440		-		29,440
Cash and cash equivalents			30,830		-		-		30,830			22,224		-		-		22,224
Limited partnerships			-		-		170		170			-		-		168		168
Total		$	50,419	$	465,961	$	170	$	516,550		$	62,556	$	609,653	$	168	$	672,377

Non-U.S. Plans	Non-U.S. Plans									Non-U.S. Plans
(In thousands)		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Fair Value at May 31, 2020			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Fair Value at May 31, 2021
Pooled equities		$	-	$	78,472	$	-	$	78,472		$	-	$	101,975	$	-	$	101,975
Pooled fixed income			-		87,610		-		87,610			-		107,457		-		107,457
Foreign bonds			-		603		-		603			-		717		-		717
Insurance contracts			-		-		27,267		27,267			-		-		28,230		28,230
Mutual funds			-		855		-		855			-		1,397		-		1,397
Cash and cash equivalents			67		-		-		67			77		-		-		77
Total		$	67	$	167,540	$	27,267	$	194,874		$	77	$	211,546	$	28,230	$	239,853

U.S. Plans	U.S. Plans									U.S. Plans
(In thousands)		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Fair Value at May 31, 2019			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Fair Value at May 31, 2020
U.S. Treasury and other government		$	-	$	13,854	$	-	$	13,854		$	-	$	12,973	$	-	$	12,973
State and municipal bonds			-		386		-		386			-		508		-		508
Foreign bonds			-		1,031		-		1,031			-		715		-		715
Mortgage-backed securities			-		20,075		-		20,075			-		23,824		-		23,824
Corporate bonds			-		26,204		-		26,204			-		34,317		-		34,317
Stocks - mid cap			13,392		-		-		13,392
Stocks - small cap			15,720		-		-		15,720
Stocks - large cap												19,589		-		-		19,589
Mutual funds - equity			-		265,969		-		265,969			-		241,426		-		241,426
Mutual funds - multi-class			-		78,143		-		78,143			-		118,205		-		118,205
Mutual funds - fixed			-		22,215		-		22,215			-		33,993		-		33,993
Cash and cash equivalents			39,704		-		-		39,704			30,830		-		-		30,830
Limited partnerships			-		-		172		172			-		-		170		170
Total		$	68,816	$	427,877	$	172	$	496,865		$	50,419	$	465,961	$	170	$	516,550

Non-U.S. Plans	Non-U.S. Plans									Non-U.S. Plans
(In thousands)		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Fair Value at May 31, 2019			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Fair Value at May 31, 2020
Pooled equities		$	-	$	78,733	$	-	$	78,733		$	-	$	78,472	$	-	$	78,472
Pooled fixed income			-		79,061		-		79,061			-		87,610		-		87,610
Foreign bonds			-		227		-		227			-		603		-		603
Insurance contracts			-		-		27,843		27,843			-		-		27,267		27,267
Mutual funds			-		1,125		-		1,125			-		855		-		855
Cash and cash equivalents			123		-		-		123			67		-		-		67
Total		$	123	$	159,146	$	27,843	$	187,112		$	67	$	167,540	$	27,267	$	194,874

The following table includes the activity that occurred during the years ended May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 for our Level 3 assets:

			Actual Return on Plan Assets For:												Actual Return on Plan Assets For:
	Balance at		Assets Still Held			Assets Sold		Purchases, Sales and			Balance at		Balance at		Assets Still Held			Assets Sold		Purchases, Sales and		Balance at
(In thousands)	Beginning of Period		at Reporting Date			During Year		Settlements, net ⁽¹⁾			End of Period		Beginning of Period		at Reporting Date			During Year		Settlements, net ⁽¹⁾		End of Period
Year ended May 31, 2021													$	27,437		455			-		506	$	28,398
Year ended May 31, 2020	$	28,015		(691	)		-		113		$	27,437		28,015		(691	)		-		113		27,437
Year ended May 31, 2019		28,448		1,228			-		(1,661	)		28,015

The primary objective for the investments of the Retirement Plan is to provide for long-term growth of capital without undue exposure to risk. This objective is accomplished by utilizing a strategy of equities, fixed-income securities and cash equivalents in a mix that is conducive to participation in a rising market, while allowing for adequate protection in a falling market. Our Investment Committee oversees the investment allocation process, which includes the selection and evaluation of investment managers, the determination of investment objectives and risk guidelines, and the monitoring of actual investment performance. In order to manage investment risk properly, Plan policy prohibits short selling, securities lending, financial futures, options and other specialized investments, except for certain alternative investments specifically approved by the Investment Committee. The Investment Committee reviews, on a quarterly basis, reports of actual Plan investment performance provided by independent third parties, in addition to its review of the Plan investment policy on an annual basis. The investment objectives are similar for our plans outside of the ~~U.S.,~~United States, subject to local regulations.

The goals of the investment strategy for pension assets include: the total return of the funds shall, over an extended period of time, surpass an index composed of the MSCI World Stock Index (equity), the Barclays Aggregate Bond Index (fixed income), and 30-day Treasury Bills (cash), weighted appropriately to match the asset allocation of the plans. The equity portion of the funds shall surpass the MSCI World Stock Index over a full market cycle, while the fixed-income portion shall surpass Barclays Aggregate Bond Index over a full market cycle. The purpose of the core fixed-income fund is to increase return in the form of cash flow, provide a hedge against inflation and to reduce the volatility of the fund overall. Therefore, the primary objective of the core fixed-income portion is to match the Barclays Aggregate Bond Index. The purpose of including opportunistic fixed-income assets such as, but not limited to, global and high-yield securities in the portfolio is to enhance the overall risk-return characteristics of the Fund.

We expect to pay the following estimated pension benefit payments in the next five years (in millions): $71.6 in 2022, $71.2 in 2023, $75.1 in 2024, $75.9 in 2025 and $77.1 in 2026. In the five years thereafter (2027-2031), we expect to pay $375.8 million.

In addition to the defined benefit pension plans discussed above, we also sponsor employee savings plans under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code, which cover most of our employees in the ~~U.S.~~United States. We record expense for defined contribution plans for any employer-matching contributions made in conjunction with services rendered by employees. The majority of our plans provide for matching contributions made in conjunction with services rendered by employees. Matching contributions are invested in the same manner that the participants invest their own contributions. Matching contributions charged to income were $21.7 million, $21.1 million ~~$19.4 million~~ and ~~$18.7~~$19.4 million for the years ending May 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ respectively.

We expect to pay the following estimated pension benefit payments in the next five years (in millions): $71.0 in 2021, $71.0 in 2022, $70.6 in 2023, $70.1 in 2024 and $67.3 in 2025. In the five years thereafter (2026-2030), we expect to pay $339.2 million.

We sponsor several unfunded-healthcare-benefit plans for certain of our retired employees, as well as postretirement life insurance for certain key former employees. Eligibility for these benefits is based upon various requirements. The following table illustrates the effect on operations of these plans for the three years ended May 31, ~~2020:~~2021:

	U.S. Plans									Non-U.S. Plans						U.S. Plans									Non-U.S. Plans
(In thousands)	2020			2019			2018			2020		2019		2018		2021			2020			2019			2021		2020		2019
Service cost - benefits earned during the period	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	1,661	$	1,507	$	1,307	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	1,959	$	1,661	$	1,507
Interest cost on the accumulated obligation		149			192			173			1,089		1,122		939		74			149			192			1,286		1,089		1,122
Amortization of:
Prior service (credit)		(219	)		(219	)		(220	)		-		-		-		(167	)		(219	)		(219	)		-		-		-
Net actuarial (gains) losses		(66	)		(26	)		24			611		442		332		42			(66	)		(26	)		590		611		442
Net Postretirement Benefit (Income) Cost	$	(136	)	$	(53	)	$	(23	)	$	3,361	$	3,071	$	2,578	$	(51	)	$	(136	)	$	(53	)	$	3,835	$	3,361	$	3,071

The changes in benefit obligations of the plans at May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 were as follows:

	U.S. Plans						Non-U.S. Plans						U.S. Plans						Non-U.S. Plans
(In thousands)	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020			2021			2020
Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	4,990		$	5,368		$	37,663		$	33,281		$	4,182		$	4,990		$	38,389		$	37,663
Service cost		-			-			1,661			1,507			-			-			1,959			1,661
Interest cost		149			192			1,089			1,122			74			149			1,286			1,089
Benefit payments		(1,659	)		(287	)		(639	)		(664	)		(1,902	)		(1,659	)		(673	)		(639	)
Actuarial (gains) losses		702			(283	)		(683	)		3,801			152			702			(6,415	)		(683	)
Currency exchange rate changes		-			-			(702	)		(1,384	)		-			-			5,428			(702	)
Accumulated and accrued postretirement benefit obligation at end of year	$	4,182		$	4,990		$	38,389		$	37,663		$	2,506		$	4,182		$	39,974		$	38,389

In determining the postretirement benefit amounts outlined above, measurement dates as of May 31 for each period were applied.

Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for the years ended May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019~~2020 are as follows:

	U.S. Plans						Non-U.S. Plans						U.S. Plans						Non-U.S. Plans
(In thousands)	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020			2021			2020
Current liabilities	$	(385	)	$	(423	)	$	(805	)	$	(741	)	$	(238	)	$	(385	)	$	(931	)	$	(805	)
Noncurrent liabilities		(3,797	)		(4,567	)		(37,584	)		(36,922	)		(2,268	)		(3,797	)		(39,043	)		(37,584	)
Net Amount Recognized	$	(4,182	)	$	(4,990	)	$	(38,389	)	$	(37,663	)	$	(2,506	)	$	(4,182	)	$	(39,974	)	$	(38,389	)

The following table presents the pretax net actuarial ~~gain~~ (loss) and prior service credits recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) not affecting retained earnings:

	U.S. Plans					Non-U.S. Plans						U.S. Plans						Non-U.S. Plans
(In thousands)	2020			2019		2020			2019			2021			2020			2021			2020
Net actuarial gain (loss)	$	(386	)	$	381	$	(11,331	)	$	(12,891	)
Net actuarial (loss)												$	(497	)	$	(386	)	$	(5,901	)	$	(11,331	)
Prior service credits		448			667		-			-			281			448			-			-
Total recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income not affecting retained earnings	$	62		$	1,048	$	(11,331	)	$	(12,891	)	$	(216	)	$	62		$	(5,901	)	$	(11,331	)

The following table includes the changes recognized in other comprehensive income:

	U.S. Plans					Non-U.S. Plans						U.S. Plans					Non-U.S. Plans
(In thousands)	2020		2019			2020			2019			2021			2020		2021			2020
Changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income:
Prior service cost	$	-	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-	$	-		$	-
Net loss (gain) arising during the year		702		(283	)		(683	)		3,801			152			702		(6,415	)		(683	)
Effect of exchange rates on amounts included in AOCI		-		-			(266	)		(419	)		-			-		1,574			(266	)
Amounts recognized as a component of net periodic benefit cost:
Amortization or curtailment recognition of prior service credit		219		219			-			-			167			219		-			-
Amortization or settlement recognition of net gain (loss)		66		26			(611	)		(442	)		(41	)		66		(590	)		(611	)
Total recognized in other comprehensive loss (income)	$	987	$	(38	)	$	(1,560	)	$	2,940		$	278		$	987	$	(5,431	)	$	(1,560	)

The following weighted-average assumptions were used to determine our year-end benefit obligations and net periodic postretirement benefit costs under the plans:

	U.S. Plans						Non-U.S. Plans												U.S. Plans						Non-U.S. Plans
Year-End Benefit Obligations	2020			2019			2020			2019									2021			2020			2021			2020
Discount rate		2.44	%		3.44	%		3.32	%		3.22	%								2.47	%		2.44	%		3.51	%		3.32	%
Current healthcare cost trend rate		6.68	%		7.29	%		5.73	%		5.77	%								6.07	%		6.68	%		5.68	%		5.73	%
Ultimate healthcare cost trend rate		4.36	%		4.36	%		3.70	%		3.70	%								4.36	%		4.36	%		3.70	%		3.70	%
Year ultimate healthcare cost trend rate will be realized		2037			2037			2040			2040									2037			2037			2040			2040

	U.S. Plans									Non-U.S. Plans									U.S. Plans									Non-U.S. Plans
Net Periodic Postretirement Cost	2020			2019			2018			2020			2019			2018			2021			2020			2019			2021			2020			2019
Discount rate		3.44	%		4.03	%		3.61	%		3.22	%		3.70	%		3.61	%		2.44	%		3.44	%		4.03	%		3.32	%		3.22	%		3.70	%
Healthcare cost trend rate		7.29	%		7.86	%		14.75	%		5.77	%		6.02	%		5.85	%		6.68	%		7.29	%		7.86	%		5.73	%		5.77	%		6.02	%
Ultimate healthcare cost trend rate		4.36	%		4.36	%		4.36	%		3.70	%		4.20	%		4.20	%		4.36	%		4.36	%		4.36	%		3.70	%		3.70	%		4.20	%
Year ultimate healthcare cost trend rate will be realized		2037			2037			2037			2040			2032			2030			2037			2037			2037			2040			2040			2032

~~We utilize a sensitivity analysis to measure the potential impact of changes in our healthcare cost trend rate on our Consolidated Financial Statements.~~ Increasing or decreasing current healthcare cost trend rates by 1% would affect our accumulated postretirement benefit obligation and net postretirement expense by the following amounts for the years ended May 31, 2020 and 2019:

We expect to pay approximately $1.2 million to $1.5 million in estimated postretirement benefits in each of the next five years. In the five years thereafter ~~(2026-2030)~~(2027-2031), we expect to pay a cumulative total of ~~$8.9~~$9.3 million.

May 31,	2020		2019		2021		2020
(In thousands)
Accrued product liability reserves	$	10,458	$	11,739	$	18,296	$	10,458
Accrued warranty reserves		7,593		7,013		9,429		7,593
Accrued environmental reserves		1,970		1,147		1,329		1,970
Total Accrued Loss Reserves - Current	$	20,021	$	19,899	$	29,054	$	20,021
Accrued product liability reserves - noncurrent	$	27,016	$	29,942	$	26,614	$	27,016
Accrued warranty liability - noncurrent		3,513		3,401		3,746		3,513
Accrued environmental reserves - noncurrent		4,125		4,211		6,267		4,125
Total Accrued Loss Reserves - Noncurrent	$	34,654	$	37,554	$	36,627	$	34,654

We provide, through our wholly owned insurance subsidiaries, certain insurance coverage, primarily product liability coverage, to our other subsidiaries. Excess coverage is provided by third-party insurers. Our product liability accruals provide for these potential losses, as well as other uninsured claims. Product liability accruals are established based upon actuarial calculations of potential liability using industry experience, actual historical experience and actuarial assumptions developed for similar types of product liability

claims, including development factors and lag times. To the extent there is a reasonable possibility that potential losses could exceed the amounts already accrued, we believe that the amount of any such additional loss would be immaterial to our results of operations, liquidity and consolidated financial position.

We also offer warranties on many of our products, as well as long-term warranty programs at certain of our businesses, and have established product warranty liabilities. We review these liabilities for adequacy on a quarterly basis and adjust them as necessary. The primary factors that could affect these liabilities may include changes in performance rates, as well as costs of replacement. Provision for estimated warranty costs is recorded at the time of sale and periodically adjusted, as required, to reflect actual experience. It is probable that we will incur future losses related to warranty claims we have received but that have not been fully investigated and related to claims not yet received. While our warranty liabilities represent our best estimates at May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, we can provide no assurances that we will not experience material claims in the future or that we will not incur significant costs to resolve such claims beyond the amounts accrued or beyond what we may recover from our suppliers. Based upon the nature of the expense, product warranty expense is recorded as a component of cost of sales or within SG&A.

Also, due to the nature of our businesses, the amount of claims paid can fluctuate from one period to the next. While our warranty liabilities represent our best estimates of our expected losses at any given time, from time to time we may revise our estimates based on our experience relating to factors such as weather conditions, specific circumstances surrounding product installations and other factors.

Year Ended May 31,	2020			2019			2018			2021			2020			2019
(In thousands)
Beginning Balance	$	10,414		$	11,721		$	19,149		$	11,106		$	10,414		$	11,721
Deductions (1)		(20,762	)		(22,262	)		(26,199	)		(25,817	)		(20,762	)		(22,262	)
Provision charged to expense		21,454			20,955			17,924			27,886			21,454			20,955
Acquisitions								847
Ending Balance	$	11,106		$	10,414		$	11,721		$	13,175		$	11,106		$	10,414

Like other companies participating in similar lines of business, some of our subsidiaries are involved in ~~several proceedings relating to~~ environmental remediation matters. It is our policy to accrue remediation costs when itthe liability is probable and the costs are reasonably estimable, which generally is not later than at completion of a feasibility study or when we have committed to an appropriate plan of action. We also take into consideration the estimated period of time over which payments may be required. The liabilities are reviewed periodically and, as investigation and remediation activities continue, adjustments are made as necessary. Liabilities for losses from environmental remediation obligations do not consider the effects of inflation and anticipated expenditures are not discounted to their present value. The liabilities are not offset by possible recoveries from insurance carriers or other third parties, but do reflect anticipated allocations among potentially responsible parties at federal superfund sites or similar state-managed sites, third party indemnity obligations, and an assessment of the likelihood that such ~~efforts~~parties will be required and the related costs can be reasonably estimated. In general, our environmental accruals are undiscounted liabilities, which are exclusive of claims against third parties, and are not material to our financial statements during any of the periods presented.fulfill their obligations at such sites.

We were notified by the SEC on June 24, 2014, that we ~~are~~were the subject of a formal investigation pertaining to the timing of our disclosure and accrual of loss reserves in fiscal 2013 with respect to the previously disclosed U.S. Department Ofof Justice (the “DOJ”) and the U.S. General Services Administration (the “GSA”) Office of Inspector General investigation into compliance issues relating to Tremco Roofing Division’s GSA contracts. As previously disclosed, our ~~audit committee~~Audit Committee completed an investigation into the facts and circumstances surrounding the timing of our disclosure and accrual of loss reserves with respect to the GSA and DOJ investigation, and determined that it was appropriate to restate our financial results for the first, second and third quarters of fiscal 2013. The restatement shifted accrual amounts among the three quarters, which had the effect of reducing net income by $7.2 million and $10.8 million for the quarterly periods ended August 31, 2012, and November 30, 2012, respectively, and increasing net income for the quarterly period ended February 28, 2013 by $18.0 million. These restatements had no impact on our audited financial statements for the fiscal years ended May 31, 2013 or 2014. ~~The audit committee’s investigation concluded that there was no intentional misconduct on the part of any of our officers.~~

In connection with the foregoing, on September 9, 2016, the SEC filed an enforcement action against us and our General Counsel. We have cooperated with the SEC’s investigation and believe the allegations in the complaint mischaracterize both our and our General Counsel’s actions in connection with the matters related to our quarterly results in fiscal 2013 and are without merit. The complaint ~~seeks~~sought disgorgement of gains that may have resulted from the conduct alleged in the complaint, and payment of

unspecified monetary penalties from us and our General Counsel pursuant to Section 20(d) of the Securities Act and Section 21(d)(3) of the Exchange Act. Further, the complaint ~~seeks~~sought to permanently enjoin us from violations of Sections 17(a)(2) and (a)(3) of the Securities Act, Sections 13(a), 13(b)(2)(A) and 13(b)(2)(B) of the Exchange Act, and Exchange Act Rules 12b-20, 13a-1, 13a-11 and 13a-13, and to permanently enjoin our General Counsel from violations of Sections 17(a)(2) and (a)(3) of the Securities Act and Exchange Act Rules 13b2-1 and 13b2-2(a). ~~Both~~

On December 22, 2020, the Court entered its Final Judgment (the “Final Judgment”) resolving this matter with the SEC. In consenting to the terms of the Final Judgment, we and our General Counsel ~~filed motions~~neither admitted nor denied the SEC’s allegations. We agreed to ~~dismiss~~pay a civil monetary penalty of $2.0 million under Section 21(d)(3) of the ~~complaint on February 24, 2017. Those motions~~Exchange Act, and we are permanently enjoined from violations of Section 13(a), 13(b)(2)(a) and 13(b)(2)(b) of the Exchange Act and Exchange Act Rules 12b-20, 13a-1, 13a-11 and 13a-13. The settlement amount was accrued for in our consolidated financial statements as of November 30, 2020. Our General Counsel agreed to ~~dismiss~~pay a civil monetary penalty of $22,500 under Section 21(d)(3) of the ~~complaint were denied by~~Exchange Act, and he is permanently enjoined from violations of Exchange Act Rule 13b2-1. Both the ~~Court on September 29, 2017. We~~Company and our General Counsel ~~filed answers to~~have paid their respective civil monetary penalties during the ~~complaint on October 16, 2017. Formal discovery commenced in January 2018,~~fiscal quarter ended February 28, 2021. For both the Company and closed as of June 3, 2019, other than some remaining, limited discovery requests. The parties engaged in written discovery, and several fact witnesses were deposed. We are currently awaiting further instruction regardingour General Counsel, the ~~remaining case schedule. We intend to continue to contest~~Final Judgment resolved all claims asserted by the ~~allegations~~SEC in the ~~complaint vigorously.~~proceeding and included relief only with respect to certain books and records provisions of the securities laws, none of which require proof of intentional or willful misconduct.

Also, in connection with the foregoing, on April 28, 2017, a stockholder derivative action was filed in the United States District Court, Northern District of Ohio, Eastern Division, against certain of our current and former directors and officers. ~~The court has~~On February 2, 2018, the Court granted our request for a stay and stayed ~~this stockholder~~the derivative action pending the completion of the SEC enforcement action.

The ~~action~~stay may be revisited by the Court now that the SEC ~~could result~~enforcement action has been resolved. We do not believe a material loss in sanctions against us and/or our General Counsel and could impose substantial additional costs and distractions, regardless of its outcome. We have determined that it is probable that we will incur a loss relating to this matter ~~and have estimated a range of potential loss. We have accrued at the low end of the range of loss, as no amount within the range~~ is ~~more likely to occur, and no amount within the estimated range of loss would have a material impact on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations~~reasonably possible or ~~cash flows.~~

With respect to a previously disclosed case pending against one of our subsidiaries in which both trade secret and trademark infringement had been alleged, during fiscal 2019, we agreed to settle the case for $6.5 million.

We operate a portfolio of businesses and product lines that manufacture and sell a variety of specialty paints, protective coatings, ~~and~~ roofing systems, sealants and adhesives. We disaggregate revenues from the sales of our products and services based upon geographical location by each of our reportable segments, which are aligned by similar economic factors, trends and customers, which best depict the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. See Note R, “Segment Information,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details regarding our disaggregated revenues, as well as a description of each of the unique revenue streams related to each of our 4 reportable segments.

Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. The majority of our revenue is recognized at a point in time. However, we also record revenues generated under construction contracts, mainly in connection with the installation of specialized roofing and flooring systems and related services. For certain polymer flooring installation projects, we account for our revenue using the output method, as we consider square footage of completed flooring to be the best measure of progress toward the complete satisfaction of the performance obligation. In contrast, for certain of our roofing installation projects, we account for our revenue using the input method, as that method was the best measure of performance as it considers costs incurred in relation to total expected project costs, which essentially represents the transfer of control for roofing systems to the customer. In general, for our construction contracts, we record contract revenues and related costs as our contracts progress on an over-time model.

We have elected to apply the practical expedient to recognize revenue net of allowances for returns and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although our customers’ payment terms generally include a requirement to pay within 30 to 60 days of fulfilling our performance obligations. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, we have determined that our contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. We have elected to apply the practical expedient to treat all shipping and handling costs as fulfillment costs, as a significant portion of these costs are incurred prior to control transfer.

Our contracts with customers may include promises to transfer multiple products and/or services to a customer. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment. For example, judgment is required to determine whether products sold in connection with the sale of installation services are considered distinct and accounted for separately, or not distinct and accounted for together with installation services and recognized over time.

We provide customer rebate programs and incentive offerings, including special pricing and co-operative advertising arrangements, promotions and other volume-based incentives. These customer programs and incentives are considered variable consideration and recognized as a reduction of net sales. Up-front consideration provided to customers is capitalized as a component of other assets and amortized over the estimated life of the contractual arrangement. We include in revenue variable consideration only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the variable consideration is resolved. In general, this determination is made based upon known customer program and incentive offerings at the time of sale, and expected sales volume forecasts as it relates to our volume-based incentives. This determination is updated each reporting period. Certain of our contracts include contingent consideration that is receivable only upon the final inspection and acceptance of a project. We include estimates of such variable consideration in our transaction price. Based on historical experience, we consider the probability-based expected value method appropriate to estimate the amount of such variable consideration.

Our products are generally sold with a right of return and we may provide other credits or incentives, which are accounted for as variable consideration when estimating the amount of revenue to recognize. Returns and credits are estimated at contract inception and updated at the end of each reporting period as additional information becomes available. We record a right of return liability to accrue for expected customer returns. Historical actual returns are used to estimate future returns as a percentage of current sales. Obligations for returns and refunds were not material individually or in the aggregate.

We offer assurance type warranties on our products as well as separately sold warranty contracts. Revenue related to warranty contracts that are sold separately is recognized over the life of the warranty term. Warranty liabilities for our assurance type warranties are discussed further in Note P, “Contingencies and ~~Other~~ Accrued ~~Losses.~~Losses,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing customers. Our contract assets are recorded for products and services that have been provided to our customer but have not yet been billed, and are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in our consolidated balance sheets. Our short-term contract liabilities consist of advance payments, or deferred revenue, and are included in other accrued liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

~~Accounts~~Trade accounts receivable, net of allowances, and net contract assets (liabilities) consisted of the following:

Year Ended May 31,	2020			2019			$ Change			% Change			2021			2020			$ Change			% Change
(In thousands, except percents)
Accounts receivable, less allowance	$	1,137,957		$	1,232,350		$	(94,393	)		-7.7	%
Trade accounts receivable, less allowance													$	1,280,806		$	1,137,957		$	142,849			12.6	%

Contract assets	$	25,249		$	21,628		$	3,621			16.7	%	$	33,217		$	25,249		$	7,968			31.6	%
Contract liabilities - short-term		(25,288	)		(25,896	)		608			-2.3	%		(33,112	)		(25,288	)		(7,824	)		30.9	%
Net Contract Liabilities	$	(39	)	$	(4,268	)	$	4,229			-99.1	%
Net Contract Assets/(Liabilities)													$	105		$	(39	)	$	144			-369.2	%

The allowance for doubtful accounts reflects our best estimate of probable losses inherent in the accounts receivable balance. We determine the allowance based on known troubled accounts, historical experience and other currently available evidence. The $4.2relatively small $0.1 million change in our net contract ~~liabilities~~assets/(liabilities) from May 31, ~~2019~~2020 to May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, resulted primarily from the timing and volume of construction jobs in progress at May 31, ~~2020~~2021 versus May 31, ~~2019.~~2020. During the fourth quarter of fiscal ~~2020,~~2021, net sales at our general contracting and roofing services business increased slightly by ~~$22.1~~$0.2 million as compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal ~~2019.~~2020. Despite the ~~Covid-19~~Covid pandemic, ~~this growth occurred~~sales in both periods were strong as many of our customers chose to utilize this time, as fewer people were inside their facilities, to tackle projects that they had previously been putting off. Furthermore, roofing projects are completed outdoors, and contractors do not require entry into customers’ facilities.

We also record long-term deferred revenue, which amounted to ~~$66.0~~$67.8 million and ~~$66.5~~$66.0 million as of May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. The long-term portion of deferred revenue is related to assurance type warranty contracts and is included in other long-term liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

We have elected to adopt the practical expedient to not disclose the aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied as of the end of the reporting period for performance obligations that are part of a contract with an original expected duration of one year or less.

We recognize an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if we expect the benefit of those costs to be longer than one year. As our contract terms are primarily one year or less in duration, we have elected to apply a practical expedient to expense costs as incurred for costs to obtain a contract with a customer when the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs include our internal sales force compensation program and certain incentive programs as we have determined annual compensation is commensurate with annual sales activities.

Our primary allowance for credit losses is the allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts reduces the trade accounts receivable balance to the estimated net realizable value equal to the amount that is expected to be collected. The allowance was based on assessments of current creditworthiness of customers, historical collection experience, the aging of receivables and other currently available evidence. Trade accounts receivable balances are written-off against the allowance if a final determination of uncollectibility is made. All provisions for allowances for doubtful collection of accounts are included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

The following tables summarize the activity for the allowance for credit losses for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2021:

Effective June 1, 2019, we realigned certain businesses and management structure to recognize how we allocate resources and analyze the operating performance of our businesses. Among other things, the realignment of certain businesses occurred as a result of the 2020 MAP to Growth that was approved and initiated between May and August 2018. As we began to execute on our operating improvement initiatives, we identified ways to realign certain businesses, and concluded that moving to an expanded reporting structure could help us to better manage our assets and improve synergies across the enterprise.

This realignment changed our reportable segments beginning with our first quarter of fiscal 2020. As such we now report under 4 reportable segments instead of our three previous reportable segments. Our 4 reporting segments are: the CPG reportable segment, PCG reportable segment, Consumer reportable segment and SPG reportable segment. In connection with the realignment, we shifted our Kirker business out of Consumer into SPG, and also shifted our Dryvit and Nudura businesses out of SPG into CPG. The newly formed CPG also includes our Tremco, Tremco illbruck, Euclid Chemical, Viapol, Vandex and Flowcrete businesses. PCG includes Stonhard, Carboline, USL and Fibergrate businesses, while Consumer comprises the Rust-Oleum and DAP businesses.

We operate a portfolio of businesses and product lines that manufacture and sell a variety of specialty paints, protective coatings, ~~and~~ roofing systems, flooring solutions, sealants, cleaners and adhesives. We manage our portfolio by organizing our businesses and product lines into ~~four~~4 reportable segments as outlined ~~above,~~below, which also represent our operating segments. Within each operating segment, we manage product lines and businesses which generally address common markets, share similar economic characteristics, utilize similar technologies and can share manufacturing or distribution capabilities. Our ~~four~~4 operating segments represent components of our business for which separate financial information is available that is utilized on a regular basis by our chief operating decision maker in determining how to allocate the assets of the company and evaluate performance. These four operating segments are each managed by an operating segment manager, who is responsible for the day-to-day operating decisions and performance evaluation of the operating segment’s underlying businesses. We evaluate the profit performance of our segments primarily based on income before income taxes, but also look to earnings (loss) before interest and taxes (“EBIT”), and/or adjusted EBIT, as a performance evaluation measure because interest expense is essentially related to acquisitions, as opposed to segment operations.

Our Consumer reportable segment manufactures and markets professional use and do-it-yourself (“DIY”) products for a variety of mainly consumer applications, including home improvement and personal leisure activities. Our Consumer reportable segment’s major manufacturing and distribution operations are located primarily in North America, along with a few locations in Europe and other parts of the world. Our Consumer reportable segment products are primarily sold directly to mass merchandisers, home improvement centers, hardware stores, paint stores, craft shops and through distributors. The Consumer reportable segment offers products that include specialty, hobby and professional paints; caulks; adhesives; cleaners; sandpaper and other abrasives; silicone sealants and wood stains. Sales to The Home Depot, Inc. represented less than 10% of our consolidated net sales for fiscal 2021, 2020 ~~2019~~ and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. Furthermore, sales to The Home Depot, Inc. represented 26%, ~~29%~~26% and ~~28%~~29% of our Consumer segment net sales for each of the fiscal years ended May 31, 2021, 2020 ~~2019~~ and ~~2018,~~2019, respectively.

We reflect income from our joint ventures on the equity method, and receive royalties from our licensees.

The following tables reflect the results of our reportable segments consistent with our management philosophy, and represent the information we utilize, in conjunction with various strategic, operational and other financial performance criteria, in evaluating the performance of our portfolio of businesses.

Year Ended May 31,	2020			2019			2018			2021			2020			2019
(In thousands)
Net Sales
CPG	$	1,880,105		$	1,899,744		$	1,837,280		$	2,076,565		$	1,880,105		$	1,899,744
PCG		1,080,701			1,136,119			1,088,606			1,028,456			1,080,701			1,136,119
Consumer		1,945,220			1,858,453			1,722,220			2,295,277			1,945,220			1,858,453
SPG		600,968			670,235			673,537			705,990			600,968			670,235
Total	$	5,506,994		$	5,564,551		$	5,321,643		$	6,106,288		$	5,506,994		$	5,564,551
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes
CPG	$	209,663		$	178,823		$	174,032		$	291,773		$	209,663		$	178,823
PCG		102,345			77,388			112,614			90,687			102,345			77,388
Consumer		198,024			217,448			171,872			354,789			198,024			217,448
SPG		57,933			86,018			107,455			108,242			57,933			86,018
Corporate/Other		(160,201	)		(219,832	)		(148,925	)		(177,053	)		(160,201	)		(219,832	)
Total	$	407,764		$	339,845		$	417,048		$	668,438		$	407,764		$	339,845
Identifiable Assets
CPG	$	1,622,632		$	1,573,329		$	1,531,485		$	1,815,303		$	1,622,632		$	1,573,329
PCG		925,569			951,644			974,104			1,051,334			925,569			951,644
Consumer		2,067,017			1,953,279			1,833,372			2,386,703			2,067,017			1,953,279
SPG		728,449			689,133			684,254			772,540			728,449			689,133
Corporate/Other		287,287			273,970			248,607			227,089			287,287			273,970
Total	$	5,630,954		$	5,441,355		$	5,271,822		$	6,252,969		$	5,630,954		$	5,441,355
Capital Expenditures
CPG	$	63,393		$	40,119		$	39,368		$	65,830		$	63,393		$	40,119
PCG		23,868			22,158			22,102			19,413			23,868			22,158
Consumer		47,331			45,039			38,341			54,986			47,331			45,039
SPG		21,610			28,006			14,213			18,989			21,610			28,006
Corporate/Other		1,077			1,435			595			223			1,077			1,435
Total	$	157,279		$	136,757		$	114,619		$	159,441		$	157,279		$	136,757
Depreciation and Amortization
CPG	$	46,491		$	44,150		$	41,538		$	45,079		$	46,491		$	44,150
PCG		23,850			27,116			21,394			22,633			23,850			27,116
Consumer		56,570			40,231			36,744			47,763			56,570			40,231
SPG		24,111			25,199			23,085			26,017			24,111			25,199
Corporate/Other		5,820			5,046			5,738			5,365			5,820			5,046
Total	$	156,842		$	141,742		$	128,499		$	146,857		$	156,842		$	141,742

Year Ended May 31, 2021											CPG Segment		PCG Segment		Consumer Segment		SPG Segment		Consolidated
(In thousands)
Net Sales (based on shipping location) (a)
United States											$	1,135,341	$	611,808	$	1,832,826	$	581,094	$	4,161,069
Foreign
Canada												208,289		69,754		153,631		8,982		440,656
Europe												481,244		242,102		257,372		82,170		1,062,888
Latin America												159,197		26,283		31,358		1,826		218,664
Asia Pacific												79,413		22,658		20,090		31,918		154,079
Other Foreign												13,081		55,851		-		-		68,932
Total Foreign												941,224		416,648		462,451		124,896		1,945,219
Total											$	2,076,565	$	1,028,456	$	2,295,277	$	705,990	$	6,106,288

Year Ended May 31, 2020	CPG Segment		PCG Segment		Consumer Segment		SPG Segment		Consolidated		CPG Segment		PCG Segment		Consumer Segment		SPG Segment		Consolidated
(In thousands)
Net Sales (based on shipping location) (a)
United States	$	1,068,552	$	656,162	$	1,573,966	$	489,543	$	3,788,223	$	1,068,552	$	656,162	$	1,573,966	$	489,543	$	3,788,223
Foreign
Canada		159,986		71,689		116,424		8,354		356,453		159,986		71,689		116,424		8,354		356,453
Europe		418,249		247,904		195,783		74,162		936,098		418,249		247,904		195,783		74,162		936,098
Latin America		151,099		32,471		24,909		1,328		209,807		151,099		32,471		24,909		1,328		209,807
Asia Pacific		73,629		24,622		26,432		27,581		152,264		73,629		24,622		26,432		27,581		152,264
Other Foreign		8,590		47,853		7,706		-		64,149		8,590		47,853		7,706		-		64,149
Total Foreign		811,553		424,539		371,254		111,425		1,718,771		811,553		424,539		371,254		111,425		1,718,771
Total	$	1,880,105	$	1,080,701	$	1,945,220	$	600,968	$	5,506,994	$	1,880,105	$	1,080,701	$	1,945,220	$	600,968	$	5,506,994

Year Ended May 31, 2019	CPG Segment		PCG Segment		Consumer Segment		SPG Segment		Consolidated		CPG Segment		PCG Segment		Consumer Segment		SPG Segment		Consolidated
(In thousands)
Net Sales (based on shipping location) (a)
United States	$	1,003,227	$	667,402	$	1,462,446	$	543,429	$	3,676,504	$	1,003,227	$	667,402	$	1,462,446	$	543,429	$	3,676,504
Foreign
Canada		181,089		82,897		117,305		8,908		390,199		181,089		82,897		117,305		8,908		390,199
Europe		477,761		251,600		213,466		86,197		1,029,024		477,761		251,600		213,466		86,197		1,029,024
Latin America		155,039		34,588		28,020		1,397		219,044		155,039		34,588		28,020		1,397		219,044
Asia Pacific		81,895		36,498		29,171		30,304		177,868		81,895		36,498		29,171		30,304		177,868
Other Foreign		733		63,134		8,045		-		71,912		733		63,134		8,045		-		71,912
Total Foreign		896,517		468,717		396,007		126,806		1,888,047		896,517		468,717		396,007		126,806		1,888,047
Total	$	1,899,744	$	1,136,119	$	1,858,453	$	670,235	$	5,564,551	$	1,899,744	$	1,136,119	$	1,858,453	$	670,235	$	5,564,551

Year Ended May 31, 2018	CPG Segment		PCG Segment		Consumer Segment		SPG Segment		Consolidated
(In thousands)
Net Sales (based on shipping location) (a)
United States	$	938,062	$	628,177	$	1,325,509	$	540,286	$	3,432,034
Foreign
Canada		166,600		83,607		106,460		8,682		365,349
Europe		485,583		241,639		221,484		91,712		1,040,418
Latin America		160,010		37,849		27,834		1,514		227,207
Asia Pacific		82,856		29,856		32,492		31,343		176,547
Other Foreign		4,169		67,478		8,441		-		80,088
Total Foreign		899,218		460,429		396,711		133,251		1,889,609
Total	$	1,837,280	$	1,088,606	$	1,722,220	$	673,537	$	5,321,643

Year Ended May 31,	2020		2019		2018						2021		2020		2019
(In thousands)
Long-Lived Assets (b)
United States	$	2,146,333	$	1,859,628	$	1,807,046					$	2,325,365	$	2,146,333	$	1,859,628
Foreign
Canada		224,177		242,582		139,259						235,810		224,177		242,582
Europe		358,511		343,501		361,317						394,168		358,511		343,501
United Kingdom		252,185		217,414		230,071						290,078		252,185		217,414
Other Foreign		195,425		225,230		241,301						198,740		195,425		225,230
Total Foreign		1,030,298		1,028,727		971,948						1,118,796		1,030,298		1,028,727
Total	$	3,176,631	$	2,888,355	$	2,778,994					$	3,444,161	$	3,176,631	$	2,888,355

~~The following is a summary of the quarterly results of operations for the years ended May 31, 2020 and 2019:~~

Quarterly earnings per share may not total to the yearly earnings per share due to the weighted-average number of shares outstanding in each quarter. In addition, during the first quarter of fiscal 2020, we changed our method of accounting for shipping and handling costs, which we have identified as costs paid to third-party shippers for transporting products to customers. Under the new method of accounting, we include shipping costs in cost of sales, whereas previously, they were included in SG&A expense. This change in accounting principle has been applied retrospectively, and the Consolidated Statements of Income amounts presented in the table above for both fiscal 2020 and fiscal 2019 reflect the effect of this accounting principle change.

The management of RPM International Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. RPM’s internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements and even when determined to be effective, can only provide reasonable assurance with respect to financial statements preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may be inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the effectiveness of RPM’s internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, ~~2020.~~2021. In making this assessment, management used criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 Framework). Based on this assessment, management concluded that, as of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, RPM’s internal control over financial reporting is effective.

The independent registered public accounting firm Deloitte & Touche LLP, has also audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, and their report thereon is included below

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of RPM International Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, of the Company and our report dated July ~~27, 2020,~~26, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial ~~statements and included an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company’s change in accounting principle over the classification of shipping and handling costs.~~statements.

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of RPM International Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, cash flows, and stockholders’ equity, for each of the three years in the period ended May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of May 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, ~~2020,~~2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control— Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated July ~~27, 2020,~~26, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

As discussed in Note A to the financial statements, the Company has elected to change its method of accounting to reclassify shipping costs for transporting products to customers from selling, general and administrative to cost of sales in the fiscal year ended May 31, 2020. This change in accounting principle has been retrospectively applied to the consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended May 31, 2019 and 2018.

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Goodwill – Certain Reporting Units –- Refer to Note C to the consolidated financial statements

The Company’s evaluation of goodwill for impairment involves the comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit to their carrying values. The Company determines the fair value of its reporting units using a combination of the income and the market approaches. The determination of the fair value using the income approach requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions related to forecasts of future revenues, operating margins, and discount rates. The determination of the fair value using the market approach requires management to make significant assumptions related to earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) and EBITDA multiples. Changes in these assumptions could have significant impacts on either the fair value, the amount of any goodwill impairment charge, or both. The goodwill balance was ~~$1,250~~$1,346 million as of May 31, ~~2020.~~2021. The fair value of all reporting units exceeded the carrying values as of the measurement date and, therefore, no impairment was recognized.

We identified goodwill of certain reporting units as a critical audit matter because of the significant judgments made by management to estimate the fair value of the reporting units and the difference between its fair value and carrying value. This required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve our fair value specialists, when performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s estimates and assumptions related to selection of the discount rate and forecasts of future revenue and operating margin, EBITDA and EBITDA multiples.

Our audit procedures related to the forecasts of future revenues, operating margin, discount rate, EBITDA and the selection of EBITDA multiples for the certain reporting units included the following, amongst others:

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, after evaluating the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15) as of May 31, ~~2020~~2021 (the “Evaluation Date”), have concluded that as of the Evaluation Date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act (1) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms, and (2) is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and the attestation report of Deloitte & Touche LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, are set ~~[above].~~forth above.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth fiscal quarter ended May 31, ~~2020~~2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Information required by this Item 10 as to our Directors appears under the caption “Proposal One - Election of Directors” in our ~~2020~~2021 Proxy Statement, which information is incorporated herein by reference. Information required by Item 405 of Regulation S-K is set forth in the ~~2020~~2021 Proxy Statement under the heading ~~“Section~~“Delinquent Section 16(a) ~~Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,~~Reports,” which information is incorporated herein by reference. Information required by Items 406, 407(c)(3), 407(d)(4) and 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K is set forth in the ~~2020~~2021 Proxy Statement under the heading “Information Regarding Meetings and Committees of the Board of Directors,” which information is incorporated herein by reference.

The Charters of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Governance and Nominating Committee, the Corporate Governance Guidelines and “The Values & Expectations of 168” (our code of business conduct and ethics) are available on our website at www.rpminc.com and in print to any stockholder who requests a copy. Requests for copies should be directed to Manager of Investor Relations, RPM International Inc., P.O. Box 777, Medina, Ohio 44258. We intend to disclose any amendments to our code of business conduct and ethics, and any waiver of our code of business conduct and ethics granted to any of our Directors or Executive Officers on our website.

The name, age and positions of each of our Executive Officers as of July 20, ~~2020~~2021 are as follows:

Frank C. Sullivan was elected Chairman of the Board in 2008 and Chief Executive Officer in 2002. From 1999 to 2008, Mr. Sullivan served as our President, and again was elected President in 2018, and was Chief Operating Officer from 2001 to 2002. From 1995 to 1999, Mr. Sullivan served as Executive Vice President, and was Chief Financial Officer from 1993 to 1999. Mr. Sullivan served as a Vice President from 1991 to 1995. Prior thereto, he served as our Director of Corporate Development from 1989 to 1991. Mr. Sullivan served as Regional Sales Manager from 1987 to 1989 of AGR Company, an Ohio General Partnership formerly owned by us. Prior thereto, Mr. Sullivan was employed by First Union National Bank from 1985 to 1987 and Harris Bank from 1983 to 1985.

Russell L. Gordon was elected Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in 2012. Prior to that time, Mr. Gordon was the Company’s Vice President – Corporate Planning from 2007 to 2012. Mr. Gordon joined the Company as Director of Corporate Development in 1995. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Gordon held various financial positions in corporate treasury and control as well as in the Specialty Chemicals Division of Goodrich Corporation. He previously was an industrial engineer at VLSI Technology Inc.

Edward W. Moore was elected Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Secretary in 2013. He had been the Company’s Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since 2007, adding the title of Chief Compliance Officer in 2011. From 1982 to 1989, Mr. Moore was an associate attorney, and from 1990 to 2006, a partner at Calfee, Halter & Griswold LLP. While at Calfee, Mr. Moore served in various capacities, including as a member of the Executive Committee, Chair of the Associates Committee, and Co-Chair of the Securities and Capital Markets Group. As part of the December 2020 resolution of an SEC enforcement action relating to the timing of the Company’s disclosure of a potential claim in fiscal 2013, Mr. Moore, without admitting or denying the SEC’s allegations, consented to an injunction against violations of Exchange Act Rule 13b2-1 and agreed to pay a civil monetary penalty of $22,500. The Audit Committee investigated the facts and circumstances surrounding the disclosure issue and concluded that Mr. Moore’s involvement in the matter did not adversely reflect on his integrity or ability. See Note P, “Contingencies and Accrued Losses," to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report.

Janeen B. Kastner was elected Vice President ― Corporate Benefits and Risk Management in 2007. Ms. Kastner had been our Director of Human Resources and Administration since 2000. Ms. Kastner joined the Company in 1997 as Manager of Benefits and Insurance. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Kastner was a pension plan consultant with Watson Wyatt & Co.

Matthew T. Ratajczak was elected Vice President – Global Tax and Treasurer in 2012. In addition to the duties of that office, Mr. Ratajczak is also currently leading the Company’s Investor Relations function. Mr. Ratajczak joined the Company as director of taxes in 2004 and was elected Vice President – Global Taxes in 2005. Prior to joining the Company, he was Director of Global Tax for Noveon, Inc., a specialty chemicals company, and began his career with Ernst & Young LLP.

Keith R. Smiley was elected Vice President – Finance and Controller in 2012. Prior to that time, Mr. Smiley was the Company’s Vice President – Treasurer and Assistant Secretary since 1999 and served as Treasurer of the Company since 1997. From 1993 to 1997, Mr. Smiley was the Company’s Controller. Prior to joining the Company, he was associated with Ciulla, Smith and Dale, LLP., an accounting firm.

Michael H. Sullivan was appointed as Vice President – Operations and Chief Restructuring Officer in June 2019. Mr. Sullivan began his career as a consultant with Bain & Company, before joining Temple-Inland Inc. (now International Paper) and, later, Exel Logistics plc in increasing leadership capacities within the areas of manufacturing, operations, supply chain and finance. He has spent the past decade in global management consulting with Axia (now Accenture Strategy), Corven Consulting, Ltd. (now Oliver Wyman) and, most recently, AlixPartners, with a focus on manufacturing and operations.

The information required by this item is set forth in the ~~2020~~2021 Proxy Statement under the headings “Executive Compensation” and “Director Compensation,” which information is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

The information required by this item is set forth in the ~~2020~~2021 Proxy Statement under the headings “Stock Ownership of Principal Holders and Management” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information,” which information is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

The information required by this item is set forth in the ~~2020~~2021 Proxy Statement under the headings “Related Person Transactions” and “Information Regarding Meetings and Committees of the Board of Directors,” which information is incorporated herein by reference.

The information required by this item is set forth in the ~~2020~~2021 Proxy Statement under the heading “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Services and Related Fee Arrangements,” which information is incorporated herein by reference.

1. Financial Statements. The following financial statements are included in Part II, Item 8:

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (including Unaudited Quarterly Financial Information)

2. Financial Statement Schedules. Schedule II Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves for each of the three years in the period ended May 31, ~~2020~~2021

All other schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or not required, or because the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.

3. Exhibits. The Exhibits listed on the accompanying index to exhibits are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities indicated this 2726^th day of July, ~~2020.~~2021.

			Additions			Acquisitions											Additions		Acquisitions
			Charged to			(Disposals)											Charged to		(Disposals)
	Balance at		Selling,			of Businesses							Balance at		Balance at		Selling,		of Businesses							Balance at
	Beginning		General and			and			(Deductions)				End		Beginning		General and		and			(Deductions)				End
(In thousands)	of Period		Administrative			Reclassifications			Additions				of Period		of Period		Administrative		Reclassifications			Additions				of Period
Year Ended May 31, 2021
Current:
Accrued product liability reserves															$	10,458	$	14,173	$	—		$	(6,334	)	(2)	$	18,297
Accrued environmental reserves															$	1,970	$	1,045	$	—		$	(1,686	)	(2)	$	1,329
Noncurrent:
Accrued product liability reserves															$	27,016	$	15,366	$	—			(15,768	)	(2)	$	26,614
Accrued environmental reserves															$	4,125	$	1,918	$	—		$	224			$	6,267
Year Ended May 31, 2020
Current:
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$	54,748	$	16,683		$	(79	)	$	(15,505	)	(1)	$	55,847
Allowance for credit losses (3)															$	54,748	$	16,683	$	(79	)	$	(15,505	)	(1)	$	55,847
Accrued product liability reserves	$	11,739	$	5,356		$	—		$	(6,637	)	(2)	$	10,458	$	11,739	$	5,356	$	—		$	(6,637	)	(2)	$	10,458
Accrued environmental reserves	$	1,147	$	1,168		$	—		$	(345	)	(2)	$	1,970	$	1,147	$	1,168	$	—		$	(345	)	(2)	$	1,970
Noncurrent:
Accrued product liability reserves	$	29,942	$	15,042		$	—			(17,968	)	(2)	$	27,016	$	29,942	$	15,042	$	—			(17,968	)	(2)	$	27,016
Accrued environmental reserves	$	4,211	$	371		$	—		$	(457	)		$	4,125	$	4,211	$	371	$	—		$	(457	)		$	4,125
Year Ended May 31, 2019
Current:
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$	46,344	$	18,646		$	(131	)	$	(10,111	)	(1)	$	54,748
Allowance for credit losses (3)															$	46,344	$	18,646	$	(131	)	$	(10,111	)	(1)	$	54,748
Accrued product liability reserves	$	12,900	$	12,696		$	—		$	(13,857	)	(2)	$	11,739	$	12,900	$	12,696	$	—		$	(13,857	)	(2)	$	11,739
Accrued environmental reserves	$	1,144	$	875		$	—		$	(872	)	(2)	$	1,147	$	1,144	$	875	$	—		$	(872	)	(2)	$	1,147
Noncurrent:
Accrued product liability reserves	$	29,902	$	8,301		$	—			(8,261	)	(2)	$	29,942	$	29,902	$	8,301	$	—			(8,261	)	(2)	$	29,942
Accrued environmental reserves	$	3,571	$	895		$	—		$	(255	)		$	4,211	$	3,571	$	895	$	—		$	(255	)		$	4,211
Year Ended May 31, 2018
Current:
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$	44,138	$	4,487		$	—		$	(2,281	)	(1)	$	46,344
Accrued product liability reserves	$	14,932	$	6,169		$	—		$	(8,201	)	(2)	$	12,900
Accrued environmental reserves	$	1,102	$	413		$	—		$	(371	)	(2)	$	1,144
Noncurrent:
Accrued product liability reserves	$	28,222	$	16,581		$	—			(14,901	)	(2)	$	29,902
Accrued environmental reserves	$	1,747	$	5,350	(3)	$	—		$	(3,526	)		$	3,571

Delaware	02-0642224
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(IRS Employer Identification No.)
P.O. Box 777, 2628 Pearl Road, Medina, Ohio	44258
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)	(Zip Code)

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01	RPM	New York Stock Exchange

	PART I
Item 1.	Business	3
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	10
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	1817
Item 2.	Properties	1817
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	2019
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	2119

	PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	22
~~Item 6.~~	~~Selected Financial Data~~	2320
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2421
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	4032
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	4234
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	~~100~~85
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	~~100~~85
Item 9B.	Other Information	~~100~~85

	PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	~~101~~86
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	~~102~~87
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	~~102~~87
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	~~102~~87
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	~~102~~87

	PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	~~103~~88
Exhibit Index		~~104~~89
SIGNATURES		~~109~~94
Schedule II		~~110~~95

Name of Reportable Segment	Percentage of Consolidated Net Sales	Description of Product Lines/Businesses
CPG	Approximately 34%	Construction sealants and adhesives, coatings and chemicals, roofing systems, concrete admixture and repair products, building envelope solutions, insulated cladding, flooring systems, and weatherproofing solutions
PCG	Approximately ~~20%~~17%	High-performance flooring solutions, corrosion control and fireproofing coatings, infrastructure repair systems, fiberglass reinforced plastic gratings and drainage systems
Consumer	Approximately ~~35%~~38%	Rust-preventative, special purpose, and decorative paints, caulks, sealants, primers, cement cleaners, floor sealers and woodcare coatings, sandpaper and other abrasives, and other branded consumer products
SPG	Approximately 11%	Industrial cleaners, restoration services equipment, colorants, nail enamels, exterior finishes, edible coatings and specialty glazes for pharmaceutical and food industries, and other specialty original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) coatings

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)		Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Maximum Dollar Amount that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2)
March 1, 2020 through March 31, 2020		386,231	$	64.73		386,231		—
April 1, 2020 through April 30, 2020		1,714	$	66.41	-			—
May 1, 2020 through May 31, 2020		18,668	$	74.03	-			—
Total - Fourth Quarter		406,613	$	65.16		386,231		—

Large accelerated filer	☑	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

	Fiscal Years Ended May 31,
	2020			2019			2018			2017			2016
(Amounts in thousands, except per share and percentage data)
Net sales	$	5,506,994		$	5,564,551		$	5,321,643		$	4,958,175		$	4,813,649
Income before income taxes		407,764			339,845			417,048			244,333			483,466
Net income		305,082			267,687			339,257			184,671			357,458
Return on sales %		5.5	%		4.8	%		6.4	%		3.7	%		7.4	%
Basic earnings per share attributable to RPM International Inc. Stockholders	$	2.35		$	2.03		$	2.55		$	1.37		$	2.70
Diluted earnings per share attributable to RPM International Inc. Stockholders		2.34			2.01			2.50			1.36			2.63
Total RPM International Inc. stockholders’ equity		1,262,445			1,405,952			1,630,773			1,436,061			1,372,335
Total RPM International Inc. stockholders' equity per share		9.83			10.77			12.43			10.99			10.61
Return on total RPM International Inc. stockholders’ equity %		22.9	%		17.6	%		22.1	%		13.2	%		26.8	%
Average shares outstanding		128,468			130,552			131,179			130,662			129,383
Cash dividends declared and paid	$	185,101		$	181,409		$	167,476		$	156,752		$	144,350
Cash dividends declared and paid per share		1.430			1.370			1.260			1.175			1.085
Retained earnings		1,544,336			1,425,052			1,342,736			1,172,442			1,147,371
Working capital		1,329,849			978,687			1,464,205			1,162,042			1,133,157
Total assets		5,630,954			5,441,355			5,271,822			5,090,449			4,764,969
Long-term debt		2,458,290			1,973,462			2,170,643			1,836,437			1,635,260
Depreciation and amortization		156,842			141,742			128,499			116,773			111,039
Cash from operating activities		549,919			292,941			390,383			386,127			474,706
Cash (used for) investing activities		(209,613	)		(248,246	)		(261,193	)		(339,665	)		(165,866	)
Cash (used for) provided by financing activities		(316,870	)		(53,842	)		(239,376	)		35,971			(206,105	)

	U.S.						International
	1% Increase			1% Decrease			1% Increase			1% Decrease
(In millions)
Discount Rate
Increase (decrease) in expense in FY 2020	$	(5.0	)	$	6.1		$	(1.4	)	$	2.0
Increase (decrease) in obligation as of May 31, 2020	$	(62.9	)	$	75.4		$	(30.0	)	$	39.1
Expected Return on Plan Assets
Increase (decrease) in expense in FY 2020	$	(4.6	)	$	4.6		$	(1.8	)	$	1.8
Increase (decrease) in obligation as of May 31, 2020	N/A			N/A			N/A			N/A
Compensation Increase
Increase (decrease) in expense in FY 2020	$	6.2		$	(5.4	)	$	1.1		$	(1.0	)
Increase (decrease) in obligation as of May 31, 2020	$	29.8		$	(26.3	)	$	6.4		$	(5.6	)

	Fiscal year ended May 31,
(in millions, except percentages)	2021		2020		Total Growth			Organic Growth(1)			Acquisition Growth			Foreign Currency Exchange Impact
CPG Segment	$	2,076.5	$	1,880.1		10.4	%		9.5	%		—			0.9	%
PCG Segment		1,028.5		1,080.7		-4.8	%		-6.8	%		0.7	%		1.3	%
Consumer Segment		2,295.3		1,945.2		18.0	%		13.3	%		3.8	%		0.9	%
SPG Segment		706.0		601.0		17.5	%		13.9	%		2.3	%		1.3	%
Consolidated	$	6,106.3	$	5,507.0		10.9	%		8.1	%		1.8	%		1.0	%
(1) Organic growth includes the impact of price and volume.

(in millions)	As of May 31, 2021
Severance and benefit costs	$	2.1
Facility closure and other related costs		5.2
Other restructuring costs		-
Future Expected Restructuring Costs	$	7.3

(in millions)	Change in interest expense
Acquisition-related borrowings	$	1.8
Non-acquisition-related average borrowings		(8.9	)
Change in average interest rate		(8.5	)
Total Change in Interest Expense	$	(15.6	)

	Fiscal year ended May 31,
(in millions, except percentages and per share amounts)	2021		% of net sales			2020		% of net sales
Net income	$	503.5		8.2	%	$	305.1		5.5	%
Net income attributable to RPM International Inc. stockholders		502.6		8.2	%		304.4		5.5	%
Diluted earnings per share		3.87					2.34

Buildings and leasehold improvements		1 to 50 years
Machinery and equipment		1 to 40 years

(in thousands)	Severance and Benefits Costs			Facility Closure and Other Related Costs			Other Asset Write-Offs			Total
Balance at June 1, 2018	$	9,957		$	6,184		$	1,373		$	17,514
Additions charged to expense		32,519			8,195			1,596			42,310
Cash payments charged against reserve		(31,219	)		(3,019	)		-			(34,238	)
Non-cash charges included above (f)		(6,420	)		(3,503	)		(2,969	)		(12,892	)
Balance at May 31, 2019	$	4,837		$	7,857		$	-		$	12,694
Additions charged to expense		19,747			8,548			4,813			33,108
Cash payments charged against reserve		(17,038	)		(9,239	)		-			(26,277	)
Non-cash charges included above (f)		(189	)		(1,286	)		(4,813	)		(6,288	)
Balance at May 31, 2020	$	7,357		$	5,880		$	-		$	13,237

	For Quarter Ended
(In thousands, except per share amounts)	August 31		November 30		February 29		May 31
2020
Net Sales	$	1,472,764	$	1,401,292	$	1,173,976	$	1,458,962
Gross Profit	$	574,754	$	529,398	$	434,747	$	553,956
Net Income Attributable to
RPM International Inc. Stockholders (a)	$	106,188	$	77,030	$	11,853	$	109,314
Basic Earnings Per Share	$	0.82	$	0.60	$	0.09	$	0.85
Diluted Earnings Per Share	$	0.82	$	0.59	$	0.09	$	0.84
Dividends Per Share	$	0.350	$	0.360	$	0.360	$	0.360

(In thousands, except per share amounts)	August 31		November 30		February 28		May 31
2019
Net Sales	$	1,459,989	$	1,362,531	$	1,140,630	$	1,601,401
Gross Profit	$	549,353	$	493,731	$	409,422	$	635,814
Net Income Attributable to
RPM International Inc. Stockholders (b)	$	69,764	$	49,224	$	14,190	$	133,380
Basic Earnings Per Share	$	0.52	$	0.37	$	0.11	$	1.03
Diluted Earnings Per Share	$	0.52	$	0.37	$	0.11	$	1.02
Dividends Per Share	$	0.320	$	0.350	$	0.350	$	0.350

/s/ Frank C. Sullivan		/s/ Russell L. Gordon
Frank C. Sullivan		Russell L. Gordon
Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer		Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

July ~~27, 2020~~26, 2021

Name	Age		Position and Offices Held
Frank C. Sullivan		5960	Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer
Russell L. Gordon		5455	Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Edward W. Moore		6364	Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer
Janeen B. Kastner		5354	Vice President - Corporate Benefits and Risk Management
Matthew T. Ratajczak		5253	Vice President - Global Tax and Treasurer
Keith R. Smiley		5859	Vice President - Finance and Controller
Michael H. Sullivan		5859	Vice President - Operations and Chief Restructuring Officer

Exhibit		Incorporated by reference herein
Number	Description	Form	Date
3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company	Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-101501)	November 27, 2002

3.2	Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Company	Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-14187)	April 27, 2009

4.1	Specimen Certificate of Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, of the Company	Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-101501)	November 27, 2002

4.2	Indenture, dated as of February 14, 2008, between the Company, as issuer, and The Bank of New York Trust Company, as trustee	Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-173395)	April 8, 2011

4.3	Officers’ Certificate and Authentication Order dated October 23, 2012 for the 3.450% Notes due 2022 (which includes the form of Note) issued pursuant to the Indenture, dated as of February 14, 2008, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A.	Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-14187)	October 23, 2012

4.4	Indenture, dated as of April 8, 2014, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association	Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-195132)	April 8, 2014

4.5	Officers’ Certificate and Authentication Order dated May 29, 2015 for the 5.250% Notes due 2045 (which includes the form of Note) issued pursuant to the Indenture dated as of April 8, 2014, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association	Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-14187)	May 29, 2015

4.6	Officers’ Certificate and Authentication Order dated March 2, 2017 for the 5.250% Notes due 2045 (which includes the form of Note) issued pursuant to the Indenture dated as of April 8, 2014, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association	Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-14187)	March 3, 2017

4.7	Officers’ Certificate and Authentication Order dated March 2, 2017 for the 3.750% Notes due 2027 (which includes the form of Note) issued pursuant to the Indenture dated as of April 8, 2014, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association	Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-14187)	March 3, 2017

4.8	Officers’ Certificate and Authentication Order dated December 20, 2017 for the 4.250% Notes due 2048 (which includes the form of Note) issued pursuant to the Indenture dated as of April 8, 2014, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association	Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-14187)	December 20, 2017

4.9	Officers’ Certificate and Authentication Order dated February 27, 2019 for the 4.550% Notes due 2029 (which includes the form of Note) issued pursuant to the Indenture dated as of April 8, 2014 between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association.	Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-14187)	February 28, 2019

4.10	Description of Securities	Annual Report on Form 10-K ~~(File~~ (File No. ~~01-14187)~~001-14187)	July 24, 2019

~~Exhibit~~		~~Incorporated by reference herein~~
~~Number~~	~~Description~~	~~Form~~	~~Date~~
10.4.5	Amendment No. 5 to Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 22, 2020 ~~(x)~~	Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-14187)	July 27, 2020

10.4.6	Amendment No. 6 to Amended and Restated Receivables Purchase Agreement, dated as of March 18, 2021	Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-14187)	March 24, 2021

10.5	Amended and Restated Fee Letter, dated May 9, 2014	Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-14187)	May 15, 2014

*10.6	Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, effective December 31, 2008, by and between the Company and Frank C. Sullivan, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer	Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-14187)	April 9, 2009

*10.7	Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, by and between the Company and Edward W. Moore, Vice President, General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer	Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-14187)	October 7, 2011

*10.8	Form of Indemnification Agreement entered into by and between the Company and each of its Directors and Executive Officers	Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-14187)	January 13, 2003

*10.9	RPM International Inc. Benefit Restoration Plan	Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-14187)	August 29, 2001

*10.9.1	Amendment No. 1 to the RPM International Inc. Benefit Restoration Plan	Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-14187)	April 14, 2003

*10.9.2	Amendment No. 2 to RPM International Inc. Benefit Restoration Plan	Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-14187)	January 13, 2003

*10.10	RPM International Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan, as Amended and Restated Generally, effective ~~January~~February 1, ~~2005~~2021 (x)	~~Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q~~ ~~(File No. 001-14187)~~	~~April 9, 2009~~

*10.10.1	Master Trust Agreement for RPM International Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan	Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-14187)	August 29, 2002

10.11	Second Amendment and Restated Collection Account Agreement, dated July 29, 2010	Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-14187)	October 6, 2010

*10.12	RPM, Inc. 1997 Restricted Stock Plan, and Form of Acceptance and Escrow Agreement to be used in connection therewith	Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-14187)	January 13, 2003

*10.12.1	First Amendment to the RPM, Inc. 1997 Restricted Stock Plan, effective as of October 1, 1998	Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-14187)	August 29, 2002

*10.12.2	Second Amendment to the RPM, Inc. 1997 Restricted Stock Plan	Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-14187)	August 29, 2002

*10.12.3	Third Amendment to the RPM, Inc. 1997 Restricted Stock Plan	Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-14187)	January 13, 2003

*10.12.4	Fourth Amendment to the RPM International Inc. 1997 Restricted Stock Plan	Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-14187)	April 14, 2003

*10.12.5	Fifth Amendment to the RPM International Inc. 1997 Restricted Stock Plan	Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-14187)	August 16, 2004

RPM INTERNATIONAL INC.

By:		/s/ Frank C. Sullivan
		Frank C. Sullivan
		Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

Signature		Title
/s/ Frank C. Sullivan		Chairman, President, Chief Executive Officer and a Director
Frank C. Sullivan		(Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ Russell L. Gordon		Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Russell L. Gordon		(Principal Financial Officer)

/s/ Keith R. Smiley		Vice President-Finance and Controller
Keith R. Smiley		(Principal Accounting Officer)


/s/ Kirkland B. Andrews		Director
Kirkland B. Andrews

/s/ John M. Ballbach		Director
John M. Ballbach

/s/ Bruce A. Carbonari		Director
Bruce A. Carbonari

/s/ David A. Daberko		Director
David A. Daberko

/s/ Jenniffer D. Deckard		Director
Jenniffer D. Deckard

/s/ Salvatore D. Fazzolari		Director
Salvatore D. Fazzolari

/s/ ~~Thomas S. Gross~~		~~Director~~
~~Thomas S. Gross~~

~~/s/~~ Julie A. Lagacy		Director
Julie A. Lagacy

/s/ Robert A. Livingston		Director
Robert A. Livingston

/s/ Frederick R. Nance		Director
Frederick R. Nance

/s/ William B. Summers, Jr.		Director
William B. Summers, Jr.