DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

TimkenSteel Corporation

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Part I.

PART I.Item 1. Business

ITEM 1. BUSINESSOverview

Overview

TimkenSteel Corporation (we, us, our,("we", "us", "our", the Company"Company" or TimkenSteel)"TimkenSteel") was incorporated in Ohio on October 24, 2013, and became an independent, publicly traded company as the result of a spinoff from The Timken Company (Timken)("Timken") on June 30, 2014. In the spinoff, Timken transferred to us all of the assets and generally all of the liabilities related to Timken’s steel business.

We manufacture alloy steel, as well as carbon and micro-alloy steel, with an annual melt capacity of approximately 2 million tons and shipment capacity of 1.5 million tons.steel. Our portfolio includes special bar quality (SBQ)("SBQ") bars, seamless mechanical tubing (tubes)("tubes"), value-added solutionsmanufactured components (formerly known as the "value-add" product type) such as precision steel components, and billets. In addition, we supply machining and thermal treatment services, and we manage raw material recycling programs, which are also used as a feeder system for our melt operations. Our products and services are used in a diverse range of demanding applications in the following market sectors: automotive; oil and gas; industrial equipment; mining; construction; rail; defense; heavy truck; agriculture; power generation; and oil country tubular goods (OCTG)("OCTG").

SBQ steel is made to restrictive chemical compositions and high internal purity levels and is used in critical mechanical applications. We make these products from nearly 100% recycled steel, using our expertise in raw materials to create custom steel products. We focus on creating tailored products and services for our customers’ most demanding applications. Our engineers are experts in both materials and applications, so we can work closely with each customer to deliver flexible solutions related to our products as well as to their applications and supply chains.

The SBQ bar, tube, and billet production processes take place at our Canton, Ohio manufacturing location. This location accounts for all of the SBQ bars, seamless mechanical tubes and billets we produce and includes three manufacturing facilities: the Faircrest, Harrison and Gambrinus facilities. Our value-added solutions production processes takeof manufactured components takes place at two downstream manufacturing facilities: Tryon Peak (Columbus, North Carolina) and St. Clair (Eaton, Ohio). Many of the production processes are integrated, and the manufacturing facilities produce products that are sold in all of our market sectors. As a result, investments in our facilities and resource allocation decisions affecting our operations are designed to benefit the overall business, not any specific aspect of the business.

During the first quarter of 2020, management completed its previously announced plan to close the Company’s TimkenSteel Material Services facility in Houston, Texas. See “Note 6 - Disposition of Non-Core Assets” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the closure of this facility.

On February 16, 2021, management announced a plan to indefinitely idle our Harrison melt and castcasting assets, latewhich was completed in the first quarter of 2021. Going forward, allAll of the Company’s meltingour melt and casting activities willnow take place at the Faircrest location. We are workingworked collaboratively with employees, suppliers and a number of customers to ensure a well-organized and efficient transition. Our rolling and finishing operations at Harrison willwere not be impacted by this action. For additional details regarding this matter please refer to “Note 6 – Disposition of Non-Core Assets.”

Prior to indefinitely idling these actions. See “Note 20 – Subsequent Events” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.assets, we had an annual melt capacity of approximately 2 million tons and shipment capacity of 1.5 million tons. After indefinitely idling these assets, our annual melt capacity is approximately 1.2 million tons and our shipment capacity is approximately 0.9 million tons.

Operating Segments

We conduct our business activities and report financial results as one business segment. The presentation of financial results as one reportable segment is consistent with the way we operate our business and is consistent with the manner in which the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM)("CODM") evaluates performance and makes resource and operating decisions for the business as described above. Furthermore, the Company notes that monitoring financial results as one reportable segment helps the CODM manage costs on a consolidated basis, consistent with the integrated nature of our operations.

Industry Segments and Geographical Financial Information

Information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to “Note 3 - Segment Information” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Strengths and Strategy

Our customers depend on us to be the leader in solving their industries’ constantly evolving challenges. Our team, including engineers and experienced manufacturing professionals in both materials and applications, works closely with customers to deliver flexible solutions related to our products as well as our customers’ applications and supply chains.

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The TimkenSteel business model delivers these tailored solutions based on the following foundation:

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Major Customers

We sell products and services that are used in a range of demanding applications around the world. We have over 400350 diverse customers in the following market sectors: automotive; oil and gas; industrial equipment; mining; construction; rail; defense; heavy truck; agriculture; power generation; and OCTG.

Products

We believe we produce some of the cleanest, highest performing alloy air-melted steels in the world for our customers’ most demanding applications. We leverage our technical knowledge, development expertise and production and engineering capabilities across all of our products and end-marketsmarket sectors to deliver high-performance products to our customers.

SBQ Steel Bar, Seamless Mechanical Steel Tubes, and Billets. Our focus is on alloy steel, although in total we manufacture more than 400 grades of high-performance carbon, micro-alloy and alloy steel, sold as ingots, bars, tubes and billets. These products are custom-made in a variety of chemistries, lengths and finishes. Our metallurgical expertise and what we believe to be unique operational capabilities drive high-value solutions for industrial, energy and mobile customers. Our specialty steels are featured in a wide variety of end products including: gears; hubs; axles; crankshafts and connecting rods; oil country drill pipe; bits and collars; bearing races and rolling elements; bushings; fuel injectors; wind energy shafts; anti-friction bearings; and other demanding applications where mechanical power transmission is critical to the end customer.

Value-added Precision Products and ServicesManufactured Components. In addition to our customized steels, we also custom-make precision components that provide us with the opportunity to further expand our market for bar and tube products and capture additional sales. These products provide customers, especially those in the automotive industry,mobile end-market sector, with ready-to-finish components that simplify vendor management, streamline supply chains and often cost less than other alternatives. We also customize products and services for the industrial and energy marketend-market sectors.

Sales and Distribution

Our sales force is made up largely of engineers that are backed by a team of metallurgists and other technical experts. While most of our products are sold directly to original equipment (OE)("OE") manufacturers, a portion of our sales are made through authorized distributors and steel service centers, representing approximately 17%22% of net sales during 2020.2021. The majority of our customers are served through individually negotiated price agreements.

Competition

The steel industry, both domestically and globally, is highly competitive and is expected to remain so. Maintaining high standards of product quality and reliability, while keeping production costs competitive, is essential to our ability to compete with domestic and foreign manufacturers of alloy steel and mechanical components. For bar products less than 6-inch in diameter, principal competitors include foreign-owned domestic producers Gerdau Special Steel North America (a unit of Brazilian steelmaker Gerdau, S.A) and Republic Steel (a unit of Mexican steel producer ICH). For bar products up to 9-inch in diameter, domestic producers Steel Dynamics, Inc. and Nucor Corporation (in some cases up to 10-inch) are our principal competitors. For very large bars from 10 to 16 inches in diameter, offshore producers as well as specialty forging companies in North America such as Scot Forge are the primary competitors. For seamless mechanical tubing, offshore producers such as Tenaris, S.A., Vallourec, S.A. and TMK Group are our primary competitors as well as the foreign-owned domestic producer ArcelorMittal Tubular Products (a unit of Luxembourg-based ArcelorMittal, S.A.). We also provide unique value-addedmanufactured steel products and supply chain solutions to our customers in the mobile, industrial and energy end-market sectors. Competitors within the value-added market sectorManufactured component competitors include both integrated and non-integrated component producers.

Lead Time

The lead time for our products varies based on the product type and specifications. As of the date of this filing, lead times for SBQ bars are averaging approximately 9 to 10 weeks and lead times for tubes are averaging approximately 13 weeks.extend into the third quarter of 2022.

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Raw Materials

The principal raw materials that we use to manufacture steel are recycled scrap metal, chrome, nickel, molybdenum oxide, vanadium and other alloy materials. Raw materials comprise a significant portion of the steelmaking cost structure and are subject to price and availability changes due to global demand fluctuations and local supply limitations. Proper selection and management of raw materials can have a significant impact on procurement cost, flexibility to supply changes, steelmaking energy costs and mill productivity. In addition to accessing scrap and alloys through the open market, we have established a scrap return supply chain with many of our customers. This part of our business leverages our knowledge of the raw material supply industry and an extensive network of relationships that result in steady, reliable supply from our raw

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material sources. We previously operated a scrap processing facility as an additional source of raw materials; however, during the fourth quarter of 2019 we marketed and subsequently entered into an agreement to dispose of the assets associated with the operation. The disposal was completed in January 2020. See “Note 6 - Disposition of Non-Core Assets” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Research and Development

Our engineers analyze customer application challenges and develop solutions to address the customers’ needs. With a century of experience in materials science and steelmaking, we leverage our technical know-how to improve the performance of our customers’ products and supply chains.

This expertise extends to advanced process technology in which material conversion, finishing, gaging and assembly enables high quality production of our products. With resources dedicated to studying, developing and implementing new manufacturing processes and technologies, we are able to support our customers’ requirements.

Our research and development expense for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 and 2018 were $1.7 million, $1.8 million and $4.1 million, and $8.1 million, respectively.

Environmental Matters and Governmental Regulations

We consider compliance with environmental regulations and environmental sustainability a key strategic focus area and integral to our responsibility as a good corporate citizen. All our domestic steel making and processing operations, and our water treatment plant, have obtained and maintain ISO 14001 certification.

We believe we have established appropriate reserves to cover our environmental expenses. We have a well-established environmental compliance audit program that measures performance against applicable laws as well as against internal standards that have been established for all facilities. It is difficult to assess the possible effect of compliance with future requirements that differ from existing ones both domestically and internationally. As previously reported, we are unsure of the future financial impact to us from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) rule changes related to the Clean Air Act (CAA), Clean Water Act (CWA), waste and other environmental rules and regulations.

We and certain of our subsidiaries located in the U.S. have been identified as potentially responsible parties under the Clean Air Act ("CAA"), Clean Water Act ("CWA"), Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)("TSCA"), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)("RCRA"), CAA and CWA, as well as other laws. In general, certain cost allocations for investigation

We continue to monitor regulations relevant to our Company to ensure we remain compliant. This includes, but is not limited to, regulations such as the CAA, CWA, TSCA, and remediation have been asserted by us against other entities,the RCRA.

Additionally, we continue to monitor any future carbon regulation. On February 19, 2021, the U.S. rejoined the Paris Agreement, which are believedincludes pledging to be financially solvent and are expected to substantially fulfill their proportionate share of any obligations.reduce U.S. greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions. To date, the U.S. Congress has not legislated carbon constraints on businesses.

From time to time, we may be a party to lawsuits, claims or other proceedings related to environmental matters and/or receive notices of potential violations of environmental laws and regulations from the EPA and similar state or local authorities. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, weWe recorded reserves for such environmental matters of $0.2 million as of both December 31, 2021 and $1.2 million, respectively.2020. Accruals related to such environmental matters represent management’s best estimate of the fees and costs associated with these matters. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of such matters, management believes the ultimate disposition of these matters should not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Legal Proceedings

Information required by this section is incorporated herein by reference to “Item 3. Legal Proceedings”.Proceedings.”

Patents, Trademarks and Licenses

While we own a number of U.S. and foreign patents, trademarks, licenses and copyrights, none are material to our products and production processes.

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Governance and Environmental Stewardship

TimkenSteel is committed to promoting the long-term interests of shareholders and building public trust through good governance practices. We are committed to operating in accordance with the highest standards of ethics and integrity, and maintaining robust programs focused on compliance. We regularly review, and update when necessary, the charters for our Board committees, director selection criteria and procedures, board composition criteria, and various policies and procedures designed to ensure effective and responsive governance.

The TimkenSteel Code of Conduct sets forth policies covering a broad range of subjects, including antitrust and competition, corruption and bribery, conflicts of interest, inside information, accurate financial records, and requires strict adherence to laws and regulations applicable to the Company’s business. In accordance with our Supplier Code of Conduct, we seek to work with suppliers that share our core values.

Our commitment to environmental stewardship encompasses how we continuously seek to improve the efficiency and cleanliness of our electric arc furnace ("EAF") operations while delivering quality projects and services that help our customers compete. We employ proactive environmental practices that focus on maintaining clean air, water and land, and comply with environmental rules and regulations. Innovation, collaboration and stakeholder engagement are embedded within our environmental programs.

In October 2021, TimkenSteel announced environmental goals for 2030. The Company has established the following 2030 environmental goals, compared with a 2018 baseline:

The Company’s 2030 targets for greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and fresh water withdrawn are based on an absolute or total reduction in the amount of greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and fresh water withdrawn. In contrast, the Company’s waste-to-landfill target is based on an intensity or percentage reduction of waste-to-landfill per ton of steel shipped. All 2030 targets are based on the Company’s operating assets as of 2018 and do not account for any future inorganic growth or other expansion of its facilities or operating assets, for which an adjustment to the absolute reduction may be required. The Company selected 2018 as the baseline year as it aligns with the baseline used in the Company’s Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) disclosure.

During 2021, we did not have significant spend on capital expenditures related to environmental, social, and governance ("ESG") projects. Beginning in 2022, we have allocated approximately $3 million of capital expenditures per year through 2030 to achieve our long-term ESG goals.

Learn more about our governance and environmental stewardship on the Corporate Responsibility section of our website at www.timkensteel.com.

Human Capital

Employment

At December 31, 2020,2021, we had approximately 2,0001,850 employees, with about 62%approximately 63% of our employees covered under a collective bargaining agreement that expiresagreement.

On October 29, 2021, the United Steelworkers ("USW") Local 1123 voted to ratify a new four-year contract (the “Contract”). The Contract, which is in effect until September 2021.27, 2025, offers TimkenSteel's Canton-based bargaining employees an increase to base wages every year, competitive healthcare and retirement benefits for all members, and has a continued focus on employee wellbeing as well as safe and sustainable operations. The Contract covers approximately 1,170 bargaining employees at the Company’s Canton, Ohio operations.

Health and safety

At TimkenSteel, operating safely and responsibly is our topremains a critical priority. We have rigorous safety policies and practices, which are supported by education, training, evaluation and enforcement, in placean effort to ensure that our workspaces provide a secure environment for our employees. We help ensure these policies are followed through education, training, evaluationTo reinforce the importance of operating safely and enforcement. To help emphasize that safety is of the upmost importance,responsibly, a safety modifier is included in our annual incentive compensation plan for salaried employees. The safety modifier hasis applied to the effect of increasing the overall incentivetotal calculated payout, byresulting in a five percent ifincrease or decrease against the payout calculation depending on whether the target safety metrics are achieved. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the target safety metrics were not achieved, resulting in the application of a five percent decrease against the total payout calculation.

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metrics are achieved and decreasing the overall incentive payout by five percent if the target safety metric are not achieved. As of December 31, 2020, our OSHA recordable incident rate was 1.70 and our lost time incident rate was 0.34. Both rates came in below their respective targets for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Diversity and inclusion

Our commitment to diverse perspectives fuels our success and has enabled us to deliver innovate solutions throughout the life of our business. We recognize that a diverse workforce and inclusive, engaging culture is key to our continued business success. Within our organization, we maintain employee resource groups which further promote diversity and inclusion. TimkenSteel is also proudly involved in several organizations that promote and foster diversity and inclusion in our community and industry.

Compensation and total rewards

We provide competitive compensation programs to help meet the needs of our employees. Our programs are designed to support the profitable growth of our business; attract, reward, and retain the talent we need to succeed; support the health and overall well-being of our employees; and reinforce a performance-based culture.

In addition to base compensation, we offer quarterly and annual incentive compensation, stock awards, and participation in various retirement plans. Furthermore, our Company also provides employer-sponsored health and wellness benefits to our employees.

Employee retention

We seek to retain the best people by providing them with opportunities to grow, build skills and be appreciated for their contributions as they work to serve our customers. Our employees are critical to our success and are the reason we continueare able to execute at a high level. We believe our continueda continuous focus on making employee engagement a top priority will help us provide high quality products to our customers.

We diligently track our employee retention and management continuouslyregularly evaluates our employees’ retention risk. Additionally, ourFor several years, the Company has an establishedaimed to maintain a voluntary turnover metric, which was not exceeded duringrate of 8% or less. For 2021, primarily as the result of a competitive labor market, we ended the year ended December 31, 2020.with a voluntary turnover rate of approximately 9%.

Employee training and development

We invest significant resources to develop talent with the right capabilities to deliver the growth and innovation needed to support our business strategy. We have designed curated training programs for employees at all levels in our SAP SuccessFactors learning software. For new managers, we have developed a rigorous training program to provide them with the resources needed to cultivate their skillset and aid them in becoming effective leaders in our business. TimkenSteel encourages our employees to constantly learn and grow and has aligned our performance management system to support this focus on continuous learning and development.

COVID-19 pandemic

At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, TimkenSteel was considered an "essential business" and therefore, the Company has beenwe have continued to be fully operational and serving itsour customers while strictly following all public health directives to ensure the safety of itsour employees.

Our cross-functional pandemic response team meets weeklycontinues to oversee and coordinate the Company’s overall response. The Company is committed to frequenttimely communications with our employees and their families as well as customers, suppliers and other key stakeholders of TimkenSteel.

We have takencontinue to take several necessary actions to keep our workforce safe. Employees who can work from home are doing so, andWhile onsite, employees onsite are strictly followingfollow strict safe workplace practices including guidelines established by federal, state and local authorities for the areas in which we operate. We have addedcontinue to use enhanced cleaning procedures in all plants and offices using the best practices provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)("CDC"). It is strongly encouraged that employees be vigilant with their personal hygiene and workplace hygiene and we regularly communicate the requirement for wearing of masks and that no one should come to work sick. To help reinforce these safety measures, we work closely with the United Steelworkers (USW).USW. The Company also utilizes its onsite medical clinic - operated by a local health system - to provide additional support to its employees during the crisis. Since March 2020,the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, TimkenSteel has performed hundreds of audits in its plants to ensure its employees remain diligent in these efforts.

As a result of the pandemic, the Company has implemented demand-driven layoffs, unpaid furloughs and temporary compensation reductions to both its employees and board of directors for a portion of 2020. In order to mitigate some of these actions, the Company extended health insurance to furloughed employees for a certain period. Further, the Company offered paid sick leave for certain periods and encouraged the use of our existing employee assistance programs to address wellness and mental health concerns.

Available Information

We use our Investor Relations website at http://investors.timkensteel.com, as a channel for routine distribution of important information, including news releases, analyst presentations and financial information. We post filings (including our annual, quarterly and current reports on

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Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K, respectively; our proxy statements; and any amendments to those reports or statements) as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)("SEC"). All such postings and filings are available on our website free of charge. In addition, our website allows investors and other interested persons to sign up to automatically receive e-mail alerts when we post news releases and financial information on our website. The SEC also maintains a website, www.sec.gov, which contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The content on any website referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report unless expressly noted.

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ITEMItem 1A. RISK FACTORSRisk Factors

The following are certain risk factors that could affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The risks that are highlighted below are not the only ones we face. You should carefully consider each of the following risks and all of the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of these risks relate principally to our business and the industry in which we operate, while others relate principally to our debt, the securities markets in general, and ownership of our common shares and our spinoff from The Timken Company.shares. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be negatively affected.

Risks relatingRelating to our industryOur Industry and our businessOur Business

Competition in the steel industry, together with potential global overcapacity, could result in significant pricing pressure for our products.

Competition within the steel industry, both domestically and worldwide, is intense and is expected to remain so. The steel industry has historically been characterized by periods of excess global capacity and supply. Excess global capacity and supply has negatively affected and could continue to negatively affect domestic steel prices, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. High levels of steel imports into the U.S. could exacerbate a decrease in domestic steel prices.

In an effort to protect the domestic steel industry, the United States government implementedcontinues to implement tariffs, duties and quotas for certain steel products imported from a number of countries into the United States. IfAs these tariffs, duties and quotas expirecontinue to change, or are repealed, it could result in substantial imports of foreign steel and create pressure on United States steel prices and the overall industry. This could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

Weakness in global economic conditions or in any of the industries or geographic regions in which we or our customers operate, as well as the cyclical nature of our customers’ businesses generally or sustained uncertainty in financial markets, could adversely impact our revenues and profitability by reducing demand and margins.

Our results of operations may be materially affected by conditions in the global economy generally and in global capital markets. There has been volatility in the capital markets and in the end-marketsmarket sectors and geographic regions in which we or our customers operate, which has negatively affected our revenues. Many of the markets in which our customers participate are also cyclical in nature and experience significant fluctuations in demand for our steel products based on economic conditions, consumer demand, raw material and energy costs, and government actions, and many of these factors are beyond our control.

A decline in consumer and business confidence and spending, together with severe reductions in the availability and increased cost of credit, as well as volatility in the capital and credit markets, could adversely affect the business and economic environment in which we operate and the profitability of our business. We also are exposed to risks associated with the creditworthiness of our suppliers and customers. If the availability of credit to fund or support the continuation and expansion of our customers’ business operations is curtailed or if the cost of that credit is increased, the resulting inability of our customers or of their customers to either access credit or absorb the increased cost of that credit could adversely affect our business by reducing our sales or by increasing our exposure to losses from uncollectible customer accounts. These conditions and a disruption of the credit markets could also result in financial instability of some of our suppliers and customers. The consequences of such adverse effects could include the interruption of production at the facilities of our customers, the reduction, delay or cancellation of customer orders, delays or interruptions of the supply of raw materials or other inputs we purchase, and bankruptcy of customers, suppliers or other creditors. Any of these events could adversely affect our profitability, cash flow and financial condition.

We are dependent on our key customers.

As a result of our dependence on our key customers, we could experience a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations if any of the following, among other things, were to occur: (a) a loss of any key customer, or a material amount of business from such key customer; (b) the insolvency or bankruptcy of any key customer; (c) a declining market in which customers reduce orders; or (d) a strike or work stoppage at a key customer facility, which could affect both its suppliers and customers. For the year ended December 31, 2020,2021, sales to our 10 largest customers accounted for approximately 44% of our net sales. Additionally, customers continue to demand stronger and lighter products, among other adaptations to traditional products. We may not be successful in meeting these technological challenges and there may be increased liability exposure connected with the supply of additional products and services.

Any change in the operation of our raw material surcharge mechanisms, a raw material market index or the availability or cost of raw materials could materially affect our revenues, earnings, and cash flows.

We require substantial amounts of raw materials, including scrap metal and alloys, to operate our business. ManyThe majority of our customer agreements contain surcharge pricing provisions that are designed to enable us to recover raw material cost increases. The surcharges are generally tied to a market index for that specific raw material. Historically, many raw material market indices have reflected significant fluctuations. Any change in a raw material market index could materially affect our revenues. Any change in the relationship between the

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market indices and our underlying costs could materially affect our earnings.revenues, earnings, and cash flow. Additionally, fluctuation in the cost of certain alloys not covered by a raw material surcharge could materially affect out revenues, earnings, and cash flow.

We rely on third parties to supply certain raw materials that are critical to the manufacture of our products. Purchase prices and availability of these critical raw materials are subject to volatility. At any given time we may be unable to obtain an adequate supply of these critical raw

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materials on a timely basis, on acceptable price and other terms, or at all. If suppliers increase the price of critical raw materials, we may not have alternative sources of supply. In addition, to the extent we have quoted prices to customers and accepted customer orders or entered into agreements for products prior to purchasing necessary raw materials, we may be unable to raise the price of products to cover all or part of the increased cost of the raw materials.

Our operating results depend in part on continued successful research, development and marketing of products and services.

The success of products and services depends on their initial and continued acceptance by our customers. Our business is affected, to varying degrees, by technological change and corresponding shifts in customer demand, which could result in unpredictable product transitions or shortened life cycles. We may experience difficulties or delays in the research, development, production, or marketing of products and services that may prevent us from recouping or realizing a return on the investments required to bring products and services to market.

New technologies in the steel industry may: (a) improve cost competitiveness; (b) increase production capabilities; or (c) improve operational efficiency compared to our current production methods. However, we may not have sufficient capital to invest in such technologies or to make certain capital improvements, and may, from time to time, incur cost over-runs and difficulties adapting and fully integrating these technologies or capital improvements into our existing operations. We may also encounter control or production restrictions, or not realize the cost benefit from such capital-intensive technology adaptations or capital improvements to our current production processes.

Product liability, warranty and product quality claims could adversely affect our operating results.

We produce high-performance carbon and alloy steel, sold as ingots, bars, tubes and billets in a variety of chemistries, lengths and finishes designed for our customers’ demanding applications. Failure of the materials that are included in our customers’ applications could give rise to product liability or warranty claims. There can be no assurance that our insurance coverage will be adequate or continue to be available on terms acceptable to us. If we fail to meet a customer’s specifications for its products, we may be subject to product quality costs and claims. A successful warranty or product liability claim against us could have a material adverse effect on our earnings.

We are subject to extensive environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, which impose substantial costs and limitations on our operations, and environmental, health and safety compliance and liabilities may be more costly than we expect.

We are subject to extensive federal, state, and local environmental, health and safety laws and regulations concerning matters such as worker health and safety, air emissions, wastewater discharges, hazardous material and solid and hazardous waste use, generation, handling, treatment and disposal and the investigation and remediation of contamination. We are subject to the risk of substantial liability and limitations on our operations due to such laws and regulations. The risks of substantial costs and liabilities related to compliance with these laws and regulations, which tend to become more stringent over time, are an inherent part of our business, and future conditions may develop, arise or be discovered that create substantial environmental compliance or remediation or other liabilities and costs.

Compliance with environmental, health and safety legislation and regulatory requirements may prove to be more limiting and costly than we anticipate. To date, we have committed significant expenditures in our efforts to achieve and maintain compliance with these requirements, and we expect that we will continue to make significant expenditures related to such compliance in the future. From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings brought by private parties or governmental authorities with respect to environmental matters, including matters involving alleged contamination, property damage or personal injury. New laws and regulations, including those that may relate to emissions of greenhouse gases, stricter enforcement of existing laws and regulations, the discovery of previously unknown contamination or the imposition of new clean-up requirements, could require us to incur costs or become the basis for new or increased liabilities that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

From both a medium- and long-term perspective, we are likely to see an increase in costs relating to our assets that emit relatively significant amounts of greenhouse gases as a result of new and existing legal and regulatory initiatives. These initiatives will be either voluntary or mandatory and may impact our operations directly or through our suppliers or customers. Until the timing, scope and extent of any future legal and regulatory initiatives become known, we cannot predict the effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Unexpected equipment failures or other disruptions of our operations may increase our costs and reduce our sales and earnings due to production curtailments or shutdowns.

Interruptions in production capabilities would likely increase our production costs and reduce sales and earnings for the affected period. In addition to equipment failures, our facilities and information technology systems are also subject to the risk of catastrophic loss due to unanticipated events such as fires, explosions or violent weather conditions. Our manufacturing processes are dependent upon critical pieces of equipment for which there may be only limited or no production alternatives, such as furnaces, continuous casters and rolling equipment, as well as electrical equipment, such as transformers, and this equipment may, on occasion, be out of service as a result of unanticipated failures. In the future, we may experience material plant shutdowns or periods of reduced production as a result of these types of equipment failures, which could cause us to lose or prevent us from taking advantage of various business opportunities or prevent us from responding to competitive pressures.

Our operating results depend in part on continued successful research, development and marketing of products and services.

The success of products and services depends on their initial and continued acceptance by our customers. Our business is affected, to varying degrees, by technological change and corresponding shifts in customer demand, which could result in unpredictable product transitions or shortened life cycles. We may experience difficulties or delays in the research, development, production, or marketing of products and services that may prevent us from recouping or realizing a return on the investments required to bring products and services to market.

New technologies in the steel industry may: (a) improve cost competitiveness; (b) increase production capabilities; or (c) improve operational efficiency compared to our current production methods. However, we may not have sufficient capital to invest in such technologies or to make certain capital improvements, and may, from time to time, incur cost over-runs and difficulties adapting and fully integrating these technologies or capital improvements into our existing operations. We may also encounter control or production restrictions, or not realize the cost benefit from such capital-intensive technology adaptations or capital improvements to our current production processes.

Product liability, warranty and product quality claims could adversely affect our operating results.

We produce high-performance carbon and alloy steel, sold as ingots, bars, tubes and billets in a variety of chemistries, lengths and finishes designed for our customers’ demanding applications. Failure of the materials that are included in our customers’ applications could give rise to product liability or warranty claims. There can be no assurance that our insurance coverage will be adequate or continue to be available on terms acceptable to us. If we fail to meet a customer’s specifications for its products, we may be subject to product quality costs and claims. A successful warranty or product liability claim against us could have a material adverse effect on our earnings.

We are subject to extensive environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, which impose substantial costs and limitations on our operations. Future environmental, health and safety compliance may include additional requirements related to sustainability, climate change, and greenhouse gas emissions, and be more costly than we expect.

We are subject to extensive federal, state, and local environmental, health and safety laws and regulations concerning matters such as worker health and safety, air emissions, wastewater discharges, hazardous material and solid and hazardous waste use, generation, handling, treatment and disposal and the investigation and remediation of contamination. We are subject to the risk of substantial liability and limitations on our operations due to such laws and regulations. The risks of substantial costs and liabilities related to compliance with these laws and regulations, which tend to become more stringent over time, are an inherent part of our business, and future conditions may develop, arise or be discovered that create substantial environmental compliance or remediation or other liabilities and costs.

Compliance with environmental, health and safety legislation and regulatory requirements may prove to be more limiting and costly than we anticipate. To date, we have committed significant expenditures in our efforts to achieve and maintain compliance with these requirements, and we expect that we will continue to make significant expenditures related to such compliance in the future. From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings brought by private parties or governmental authorities with respect to environmental matters, including matters involving alleged contamination, property damage or personal injury. New laws and regulations, including those that may relate to emissions of greenhouse gases, stricter enforcement of existing laws and regulations, the discovery of previously unknown contamination or the imposition

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of new clean-up requirements, could require us to incur costs or become the basis for new or increased liabilities that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We may also see an increase in costs relating to our steelmaking assets that emit relatively significant amounts of greenhouse gases as a result of new and existing legal and regulatory initiatives related to climate change. The United States government and various government agencies have introduced or are considering regulatory changes in response to climate change, including regulations aimed at reducing greenhouse gases through emissions standards, renewable energy targets, carbon emission pricing, and similar initiatives, and requiring heightened environmental monitoring and disclosures. These initiatives aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions may impact our operations directly or through our suppliers or customers, including increased environmental reporting, emissions control, capital equipment, energy, and other costs to comply. Any future climate change and greenhouse gas regulations could negatively impact our ability (and that of our customers and suppliers) to compete with companies situated in areas not subject to such regulations. Until the timing, scope and extent of any future legal and regulatory initiatives become known, we cannot predict the effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

While we are taking steps to significantly reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, there is no guarantee that we will be able to achieve our goals. Additionally, any costs related to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions may be higher than we anticipated.

Our business is capital-intensive, and if there are downturns in the industries we serve, we may be forced to significantly curtail or suspend operations with respect to those industries, which could result in our recording asset impairment charges or taking other measures that may adversely affect our results of operations and profitability.

Our business operations are capital-intensive. If there are downturns in the industries we serve, we may be forced to significantly curtail or suspend our operations with respect to those industries, including laying-off employees, recording asset impairment charges and other measures. In addition, we may not realize the benefits or expected returns from announced plans, programs, initiatives and capital investments. Any of these events could adversely affect our results of operations and profitability.

The cost and availability of electricity and natural gas are also subject to volatile market conditions.

Steel producers like us consume large amounts of energy. We rely on third parties for the supply of energy resources we consume in our steelmaking activities. The prices for and availability of electricity, natural gas, oil and other energy resources are also subject to volatile market conditions, often affected by weather conditions as well as political and economic factors beyond our control. Any increase in the prices for electricity, natural gas, oil and other energy resources could materially affect our costs and therefore our earnings and cash flows.

As a large consumer of electricity and gas, we must have dependable delivery in order to operate. Accordingly, we are at risk in the event of an energy disruption. Prolonged black-outs or brown-outs or disruptions caused by natural disasters or governmental action would substantially disrupt our production.

Moreover, many of our finished steel products are delivered by truck. Unforeseen fluctuations in the price of fuel would also have a negative impact on our costs or on the costs of many of our customers.

In addition, changes in certain environmental laws and regulations, including those that may impose output limitations or higher costs associated with climate change or greenhouse gas emissions, could substantially increase the cost of manufacturing and raw materials, such as energy, to us and other U.S. steel producers.

Work stoppages or similar difficulties could significantly disrupt our operations, reduce our revenues and materially affect our earnings.

A work stoppage at one or more of our facilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As of December 31, 2020,2021, approximately 62%63% of our employees were covered under a collective bargaining agreement that expires in September 2021.2025. Any failure to negotiate and conclude a new collective bargaining agreement with the union when the existing agreement expires could cause work interruptions or stoppages. Also, if one or more of our customers were to experience a work stoppage, that customer may halt or limit purchases of our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A significant portion of our manufacturing facilities are located in Stark County, Ohio, which increases the risk of a significant disruption to our business as a result of unforeseeable developments in this geographic area.

It is possible that we could experience prolonged periods of reduced production due to unforeseen catastrophic events occurring in or around our manufacturing facilities in Stark County, Ohio. As a result, we may be unable to shift manufacturing capabilities to alternate locations, accept materials from suppliers, meet customer shipment deadlines or address other significant issues, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

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We have significant pension and retiree health care costs, as well as future cash contribution requirements, which may negatively affect our results of operations and cash flows.

We maintain retiree health care and defined benefit pension plans covering many of our domestic employees and former employees upon their retirement. These benefit plans have significant liabilities that are not fully funded, which will require additional cash funding in future years. Minimum contributions to domestic qualified pension plans are regulated under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA)("ERISA") and the Pension Protection Act of 2006 (PPA)("PPA").

The level of cash funding for our defined benefit pension plans in future years depends upon various factors, including voluntary contributions that we may make, future pension plan asset performance, actual interest rates, union negotiated benefit changes, future government regulations, and other factors, many of which are not within our control. In addition, assets held by the trusts for our pension plan and our trust for retiree health care and life insurance benefits are subject to the risks, uncertainties and variability of the financial markets. See “Note 15 - Retirement and Postretirement Plans” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of assumptions and further information associated with these benefit plans.

We may incur restructuring and impairment charges that could materially affect our profitability.

Changes in business or economic conditions, or our business strategy, may result in actions that require us to incur restructuring and impairment charges in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our earnings. For additional information on current restructuring and impairment charges, refer to “Note 5 - Restructuring Charges” and “Note 6 - Disposition of Non-Core Assets” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Our ability to use our net operating loss, interest, and credit carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

As of December 31, 2020,2021, we have loss carryforwards totaling $406.8$224.6 million (of which $348.3$164.2 million relates to the U.S. and $58.5$60.4 million relates to various non-U.S. jurisdictions), having various expiration dates, as well as certain credit carryforwards. The majority of the non-U.S. loss carryforwards represent local country net operating losses for entities treated as branches of TimkenSteel under U.S. tax law. Operating losses generated in the U.S. resulted in a decrease in the carrying value of our U.S. deferred tax liability to the point of a net U.S. deferred tax asset at December 31, 2016. At that time, we assessed, based upon operating performance in the U.S. and industry conditions that it was more likely than not we would not realize a portion of our U.S. deferred tax assets. The Company recorded a valuation allowance in 2016 and remained in a valuation allowance position in 2020.2021. Going forward, the need to maintain valuation allowances against deferred tax assets in the U.S. and other affected countries will cause variability in our effective tax rate. We will maintain a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets in the U.S. and applicable foreign countries until sufficient positive evidence exists to eliminate them. Our ability to utilize our net operating loss, interest, and credit carryforwards is dependent upon our ability to continue to generate taxable income in future periods and may be limited due to restrictions imposed on utilization of net operating loss, interest, and credit carryforwards under federal and state laws. We continue to monitor any changes within these tax laws upon a change in ownership.for any additional limitations or impacts that they could have on our Company. Refer to “Note 8 - Income Tax Provision” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

Section 382 and Section 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code)"Code"), provide an annual limitation on our ability to utilize our U.S. net operating loss and credit carryforwards against future U.S. taxable income in the event of a change in ownership, as defined in the Code, which could result from one or more transactions involving our shares, including transactions that are outside of our control, as well as the issuance of shares upon conversion of our 6.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (Convertible Senior Notes due 2021) or our 6.00% 2025 ("Convertible Senior Notes due 2025 (Convertible Senior Notes due 2025, and together with the Convertible Senior Notes due 2021, the Convertible Notes)2025"). Accordingly, such transactions could adversely impact our ability to offset future tax liabilities and, therefore, adversely affect our financial condition, net income and cash flow. Refer to “Note 14 - Financing Arrangements” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

Risks relatedRelated to our debtOur Debt

Deterioration in our asset borrowing base could adversely affect our financial health and restrict our ability to borrow necessary cash to support the needs of our business and fulfill our pension obligations.

As of December 31, 2020,2021, we had outstanding debt of approximately $78.2$46.0 million. Our debt may:

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our debt. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. If our operating results and available cash are insufficient to meet our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our debt service and other obligations. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain the proceeds that we could realize from them, and these proceeds may not be adequate to meet any debt service obligations then due. Further, we may need to refinance all or a portion of our debt on or before maturity, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to refinance any of our debt on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

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Restrictive covenants in the agreements governing our indebtedness may restrict our ability to operate our business, which may affect the market price of our common shares.

On October 15, 2019, the Company, as borrower, and certain domestic subsidiaries of the Company, as subsidiary guarantors, entered into a Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the Amended"Amended Credit Agreement)Agreement"), with JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (the Administrative Agent)"Administrative Agent"), Bank of America, N.A., as syndication agent, and the other lenders party thereto (collectively, the Lenders)"Lenders"), which further amended and restated the Company’s existing Credit Agreement dated as of January 26, 2018.

A breach of any of our covenants in the agreements governing our indebtedness could result in a default, which could allow the lenders to declare all amounts outstanding under the applicable debt immediately due and payable and which may affect the market price of our common shares. We may also be prevented from taking advantage of business opportunities that arise because of the limitations imposed on us by the restrictive covenants under our indebtedness. Refer to “Note 14 - Financing Arrangements” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more detail on the Amended Credit Agreement.

The conditional conversion feature of the Convertible Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

In the event the conditional conversion feature of the Convertible Notes (refer to “Note 14 - Financing Arrangements” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements) is triggered, holders of Convertible Notes will be entitled to convert the Convertible Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their Convertible Notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely our common shares (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, under certain circumstances, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the Convertible Notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.

Our capital resources may not be adequate to provide for all of our cash requirements, and we are exposed to risks associated with financial, credit, capital and banking markets.

In the ordinary course of business, we will seek to access competitive financial, credit, capital and/or banking markets. Currently, we believe we have adequate capital available to meet our reasonably anticipated business needs based on our historic financial performance, as well as our expected financial position. However, if we need to obtain additional financing in the future, to the extent our access to competitive financial, credit, capital and/or banking markets was to be impaired, our operations, financial results and cash flows could be adversely impacted.

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Risks relatedRelated to our common sharesOur Common Shares

The price of our common shares may fluctuate significantly.

The market price of our common shares may fluctuate significantly in response to many factors, including:

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Many of the factors listed above are beyond our control. These factors may cause the market price of our common shares to decline, regardless of our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects.

Conversion of the Convertible Notes may dilute ownership interest of our shareholders or may otherwise depress the market price of our common shares.

The conversion of some or all of the Convertible Notes may dilute the ownership interest of our shareholders. On conversion of the Convertible Notes, we have the option to pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, common shares, or a combination of cash and common shares. If we elect to settle our conversion obligation in common shares or a combination of cash and common shares this could adversely affect prevailing market prices over our common shares.

We may issue preferred shares with terms that could dilute the voting power or reduce the value of our common shares.

Our articles of incorporation authorize us to issue, without the approval of our shareholders, one or more classes or series of preferred shares having such designation, powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional and other special rights, including preferences over our common shares respecting dividends and distributions, as our boardBoard of directorsDirectors generally may determine. The terms of one or more classes or series of preferred shares could dilute the voting power or reduce the value of our common shares. For example, we could grant holders of preferred shares the right to elect some number of our directors in all events or on the happening of specified events or the right to veto specified transactions. Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we could assign to holders of preferred shares could affect the residual value of the common shares.

Provisions in our corporate documents and Ohio law could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us, even if that change may be considered beneficial by some of our shareholders, which could reduce the market price of our common shares.

The existence of some provisions of our articles of incorporation and regulations and Ohio law could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us that a shareholder may consider favorable. These provisions include:

As an Ohio corporation, we are subject to Chapter 1704 of the Ohio Revised Code. Chapter 1704 prohibits certain corporations from engaging in a “Chapter 1704 transaction” (described below) with an “interested shareholder” for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested shareholder, unless, among other things, prior to the interested shareholder’s share acquisition date, the directors of the corporation have approved the transaction or the purchase of shares on the share acquisition date.

After the three-year moratorium period, the corporation may not consummate a Chapter 1704 transaction unless, among other things, it is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting power in the election of directors and the holders of a majority of the voting shares, excluding all shares beneficially owned by an interested shareholder or an affiliate or associate of an interested shareholder, or the shareholders receive certain minimum consideration for their shares. A Chapter 1704 transaction includes certain mergers, sales of assets, consolidations, combinations and majority share acquisitions involving an interested shareholder. An interested shareholder is defined to include, with limited exceptions, any person who, together with affiliates and associates, is the beneficial owner of a sufficient number of shares of the corporation to entitle the person, directly or indirectly, alone or with others, to exercise or direct the exercise of 10% or more of the voting power in the election of directors after taking into account all of the person’s beneficially owned shares that are not then outstanding.

We are also subject to Section 1701.831 of the Ohio Revised Code, which requires the prior authorization of the shareholders of certain corporations in order for any person to acquire, either directly or indirectly, shares of that corporation that would entitle the acquiring person to exercise or direct the exercise of 20% or more of the voting power of that corporation in the election of directors or to exceed specified other percentages of voting power. The acquiring person may complete the proposed acquisition only if the acquisition is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the voting power of all shares entitled to vote in the election of directors represented at the meeting, excluding the voting power of all “interested shares.” Interested shares include any shares held by the acquiring person and those held by officers and directors of the corporation.

We believe these provisions protect our shareholders from coercive or otherwise unfair takeover tactics by requiring potential acquirors to negotiate with our boardBoard of directorsDirectors and by providing our boardBoard of directorsDirectors with more time to assess any acquisition proposal, and are not intended to make our Company immune from takeovers. However, these provisions apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some shareholders and could delay, defer or prevent an acquisition that our boardBoard of directorsDirectors determines is not in the best interests of our Company and our shareholders, which under certain circumstances could reduce the market price of our common shares.

Risks relating to the spinoff

We remain subject to continuing contingent liabilities of The Timken Company following the spinoff.

There are several significant areas where the liabilities of The Timken Company may yet become our obligations. The separation and distribution agreement and employee matters agreement generally provide that we are responsible for substantially all liabilities that relate to our steel business

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activities, whether incurred priorRisks Related to or after the spinoff, as well as those liabilities of The Timken Company specifically assumed by us. In addition, under the Internal Revenue Code (Code) and the related rules and regulations, each corporation that was a member of The Timken Company consolidated tax reporting group during any taxable period or portion of any taxable period ending on or before the completion of the spinoff is jointly and severally liable for the federal income tax liability of the entire The Timken Company consolidated tax reporting group for that taxable period. In connection with the spinoff, we entered into a tax sharing agreement with The Timken Company that allocated the responsibility for prior period taxes of The Timken Company consolidated tax reporting group between us and The Timken Company. However, if The Timken Company is unable to pay any prior period taxes for which it is responsible, we could be required to pay the entire amount of such taxes. Other provisions of federal law establish similar liability for other matters, including laws governing tax-qualified pension plans as well as other contingent liabilities.COVID-19

Potential liabilities associated with certain assumed obligations under the tax sharing agreement cannot be precisely quantified at this time.

Under the tax sharing agreement with The Timken Company, we are responsible generally for all taxes paid after the spinoff attributable to us or any of our subsidiaries, whether accruing before, on or after the spinoff. We also have agreed to be responsible for, and to indemnify The Timken Company with respect to, all taxes arising as a result of the spinoff (or certain internal restructuring transactions) failing to qualify as transactions under Sections 368(a) and 355 of the Code for U.S. federal income tax purposes (which could result, for example, from a merger or other transaction involving an acquisition of our shares) to the extent such tax liability arises as a result of any breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or other obligation by us or certain affiliates made in connection with the issuance of the tax opinion relating to the spinoff or in the tax sharing agreement. As described above, such tax liability would be calculated as though The Timken Company (or its affiliate) had sold its common shares of our Company in a taxable sale for their fair market value, and The Timken Company (or its affiliate) would recognize taxable gain in an amount equal to the excess of the fair market value of such shares over its tax basis in such shares. That tax liability could have a material adverse effect on our Company. As of December 31, 2020, there are no known or recorded liabilities associated with the spinoff.

Risks related to COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic could have a material, adverse impact on our operations and financial results including cash flows and liquidity.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on our 2020 results of operations. Although it is not possible to predict the ultimateongoing impact of COVID-19, including on our business, results of operations, financial position or cash flows, such impacts that may be material include, but are not limited to: (i) reduced sales and profit levels; (ii) slower collection of accounts receivable and potential increases in uncollectible accounts receivable; (iii) increased operational risks as a result of manufacturing facility disruptions; (iv) delays and disruptions in the availability of and timely delivery of materials and components used in our operations, as well as increased costs for such material and components, and (v) increased cybersecurity risks including vulnerability to security breaches, information technology disruptions and other similar events as a result of a substantial number of employees utilizing remote work arrangements. We will continue to closely monitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our Company.

General risk factorsRisk Factors

We may be subject to risks relating to our information technology systems and cybersecurity.

We rely on information technology systems to process, transmit and store electronic information and manage and operate our business. We face the challenge of supporting our older systems and implementing upgrades when necessary. Additionally, a breach in security could expose us and our customers and suppliers to risks of misuse of confidential information, manipulation and destruction of data, production downtimes and operations disruptions, which in turn could adversely affect our reputation, competitive position, business or results of operations. While we have taken reasonable steps to protect the Company from cybersecurity risks and security breaches (including enhancing our firewall, workstation, email security and network monitoring and alerting capabilities, and training employees around phishing, malware and other cybersecurity risks), and we have policies and procedures to prevent or limit the impact of systems failures, interruptions, and security breaches, there can be no assurance that such events will not occur or that they will be adequately addressed if they do. Although we rely on

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commonly used security and processing systems to provide the security and authentication necessary to effect the secure transmission of data, these precautions may not protect our systems from all potential compromises or breaches of security.

We may not be able to execute successfully on our business strategiesstrategic imperatives or achieve the intended results.

Our strategic imperatives are centered around people, profitability, process improvement, business strategy includes driving organizational changesdevelopment, and ESG. These focus areas are intended to reduce costsdrive sustainable through-cycle profitability while maintaining a strong balance sheet and enhance profitable and sustainable growth. We have taken company-wide actions including the restructuring of the business support functions and the evaluation of non-core assets.cash flow. If we are unsuccessful in executing on our business strategies,strategic imperatives, it could negatively impact profitability and liquidity, requiring us to alter our strategy.

If we are unable to attract and retain key personnel, our business could be materially adversely affected.

Our business substantially depends on the continued service of key members of our management. The loss of the services of a significant number of members of our management could have a material adverse effect on our business. Modern steel-making uses specialized techniques and advanced equipment that requires experienced engineers and skilled laborers. Our future success will depend on our ability to attract and retain

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such highly skilled personnel, as well as finance, marketing and senior management professionals. Competition for these employees is intense, and we could experience difficulty from time to time in hiring and retaining the personnel necessary to support our business. Additionally, costs to attract and retain employees may be increased given the competitive labor market. If we do not succeed in retaining our current employees and attracting new high-quality employees, our business could be materially adversely affected.

We are subject to a wide variety of domestic and foreign laws and regulations that could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flow or financial condition.

We are subject to a wide variety of domestic and foreign laws and regulations, and legal compliance risks, including securities laws, tax laws, employment and pension-related laws, competition laws, U.S. and foreign export and trading laws, privacy laws and laws governing improper business practices. We are affected by new laws and regulations, and changes to existing laws and regulations, including interpretations by courts and regulators. With respect to tax laws, with the finalization of specific actions (Actions)("Actions") contained within the Organization for Economic DevelopmentCo-operation and Cooperation’s (OECD)Development’s ("OECD") Base Erosion and Profit Shifting study, many OECD countries have acknowledged their intent to implement the Actions and update their local tax regulations. The extent, if any, to which countries in which we operate adopt and implement the Actions could affect our effective tax rate and our future results from non-U.S. operations.

Compliance with the laws and regulations described above or with other applicable foreign, federal, state, and local laws and regulations currently in effect or that may be adopted in the future could materially adversely affect our competitive position, operating results, financial condition and liquidity.

If our internal controls are found to be ineffective, our financial results or our stock price may be adversely affected.

Our most recent evaluation resulted in our conclusion that, as of December 31, 2020,2021, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. We believe that we currently have adequate internal control procedures in place for future periods. However, if our internal control over financial reporting is found to be ineffective, investors may lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which may adversely affect our stock price.

ITEMItem 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTSUnresolved Staff Comments

None.

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Item 2. PROPERTIESProperties

We are headquartered in Canton, Ohio, at a facility we own in fee. We have facilities in threetwo countries: U.S., China and Mexico.

We have manufacturing facilities at multiple locations in the U.S. These manufacturing facilities are located in Canton and Eaton, Ohio and Columbus, North Carolina. In addition to these manufacturing facilities, we own or lease warehouses and distribution facilities in the U.S., Mexico and China.Mexico. The aggregate floor area of these facilities is 3.6 million square feet, of which approximately 70,000twelve thousand square feet is leased and the rest is owned in fee. The buildings occupied by us are principally made of brick, steel, reinforced concrete and concrete block construction.

Our facilities vary in age and condition, and each of them has an active maintenance program to ensure a safe operating environment and to keep the facilities in good condition. We believe our facilities are in satisfactory operating condition and are suitable and adequate to conduct our business and support future growth.

Please refer to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for further discussion of our melt capacity utilization.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are involved in various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of our management, the ultimate disposition of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Canton, Ohio U.S. EPA Notice of Violation

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued two related Notices of Violation (NOV) to TimkenSteel on August 5, 2014 and November 2, 2015, respectively. Those matters were settled pursuant to a Consent Agreement and Final Order (CAFO) effective on August 17, 2020 and an Administrative Consent Order (ACO) effective on August 13, 2020. Pursuant to the CAFO, the company paid a civil penalty of $0.35 million on or about August 20, 2020, and under the ACO the company committed to make approximately $1.0 million in clean-air related capital improvements, principally at the Harrison manufacturing facility, within one year from the effective dateItem 4A. Executive Officers of the ACO.Registrant

ITEM 4A. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT

The executive officers of our Company as of February 25, 2021,24, 2022, are as follows:

Michael S. Williams is the President and Chief Executive Officer of TimkenSteel Corporation, a position he has held since January 2021. Previously, Mr. Williams served as CEO of Bayou Steel Group, a U.S. producer of structural steel and merchant bar, from May 2019 to September 2019, and as President of Outokumpu Americas for Outokumpu Oyj, a global leader in the stainless steel industry, from 2015 to 2019. Before that, Mr. Williams held a number of leadership roles at US Steel Corporation, a Fortune 250500 company and leading integrated steel producer, from 2006 to 2015, including Senior Vice President, North American Flat Rolled and, most recently, Senior Vice President, Strategic Planning and Business Development. Earlier in his career, Mr. Williams served as Vice President of Commercial Products at Special Metals Corporation (a leader in the invention, production and supply of high-nickel alloys) and, prior to that, as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Ormet Corporation (a manufacturer of foil, sheet, billet and other aluminum products). Mr. Williams earned his bachelor’s of science degree in information science from the University of Pittsburgh.

Kristopher R. Westbrooks is Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, a position he has held since September 2018. Previously, Mr. Westbrooks served from April 2015 until August 2018 as Vice President, Corporate Controller and Chief Accounting Officer at A. Schulman, Inc., a global supplier of high-performance plastic compounds, composites and powders. From 2011 until his appointment as Chief Accounting Officer in 2015, Mr. Westbrooks held various finance roles of increasing responsibility at A. Schulman, Inc. He earned his bachelor’s of science degree in business and master’s degree in accountancy from Miami University of Ohio and is a certified public accountant.

Kristine C. Syrvalin is Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of TimkenSteel Corporation, a position she has held since January 2021. Prior to assuming her current role, she had served as Assistant General Counsel and Vice President - Ethics and Compliance for TimkenSteel since October 2014. Previously, Ms. Syrvalin served as Vice President, Assistant General Counsel and Corporate Secretary for OMNOVA Solutions Inc., a global manufacturer of emulsion polymers, specialty chemicals, and functional and decorative surfaces, from September 2001 until October 2014. She earned her bachelor’s degree from Miami University of Ohio and her juris doctor degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Law.

Thomas D. MolineKevin A. Raketich is Executive Vice President, of Commercial Operations,Sales, Marketing and Business Development, a position he has held since July 2017.May 2021. Prior to assuming his current role, Mr. MolineRaketich served as Executive Vice President, Strategy and Corporate Development from January 2017 until May 2021. Previously, he held a number of Manufacturing, where he led steel plant operations. Since joiningleadership roles at TimkenSteel since the spinoff from The Timken Company in 1984,2014, including Vice President, Industrial and Energy, Vice President, Business Development, and Director-International. Prior to the spinoff, Mr. MolineRaketich held a varietyvarious roles of leadership positions, including as an engineer on the team that built the Faircrest facility.increasing responsibility at The Timken Company. He earned his bachelor’sbachelor's degree in manufacturingmaterial science engineering from MiamiMichigan State University of Ohio.

William P. Bryan is Executive Vice President of Manufacturing, Supply Chain and Information Technology, a position he has held since assuming responsibility for manufacturing operations in addition to his then existing role as Executive Vice President, Supply Chain and Information Technology in 2017. Since joining The Timken Company in 1977, Mr. Bryan served in various positions related to supply chain, economics and information technology in both the U.S. and Europe. He holds bachelor's and master's degreesdegree in business administration from Kent State University. Mr. Bryan also completed the Executive Development for Global Excellence (EDGE) program at the University of Virginia's DardenDuke University's Fuqua School of Business.

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PARTPart II.

ITEMItem 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIESMarket for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Quarterly Common Stock Prices and Cash Dividends Per Share:

Our common shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)("NYSE") under the symbol “TMST.” The estimated number of record holders of our common shares at December 31, 20202021 was 3,421.3,287.

Our Amended Credit Agreement places certain limitations on the payment of cash dividends. Please refer to “Note 14 - Financing Arrangements” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Results of Operations for additional discussion.

Issuer Purchases of Common Shares:

OurOn December 20, 2021, TimkenSteel announced that its Board of Directors had authorized a share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to $50 million of its outstanding common shares. Any repurchase would be in accordance with our Amended Credit Agreement, which places certain limitations on our ability to purchase our common shares. Please refer to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for additional discussion.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans:

The following table sets forth certain information as of December 31, 2020,2021, regarding the equity compensation plansplan maintained by us on that date, the TimkenSteel Corporation Amended and Restated 20142020 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (“2014 Plan”(the "Amended 2020 Plan") and, which amended the previous TimkenSteel Corporation 2020 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2020 Plan”"TimkenSteel 2020 Plan"). Refer to "Note 16 - Stock-Based Compensation" in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and together with the 2014 Plan, the “Equity Plans”):Results of Operations for additional details.

(1) 

(1) The amount shown in column (a) and covered under an equity compensation plan approved by security holders includes the following: nonqualified stock options - 2,931,065;2,054,088; deferred shares – 369,340;127,655; performance-based restricted stock units – 258,447;555,966; and time-based restricted stock units – 1,012,8841,116,995 (which includes 684,407914,860 cliff-vested restricted stock units).

(2) 

(2) The weighted average exercise price in column (b) includes nonqualified stock options only.

(3) 

(3) The amount shown in column (c) represents common shares remaining available under the Amended 2020 Plan, under which the Compensation Committee is authorized to make awards of option rights, appreciation rights, restricted shares, restricted stock units, deferred shares, performance shares, performance units and cash incentive awards. Awards may be credited with dividend equivalents payable in the form of common shares. No additional awards may be under the 2014 Plan.

(4) 

(4) The Company also maintains the Director Deferred Compensation Plan pursuant to which non-employee Directors may defer receipt of common shares authorized for issuance under the Equity Plan. The table does not include separate information about this plan because it merely provides for the deferral, rather than the issuance, of common shares.

(5) These securities were granted to Michael S. Williams on January 5, 2021 and were approved by the Compensation Committee of TimkenSteel's Board of Directors. These securities were granted outside of the Amended 2020 Plan as inducements material to Mr. Williams acceptance of employment with TimkenSteel.The securities awarded consist of time-based restricted share units covering 423,400 of TimkenSteel's common shares and performance-based restricted share units covering a target number of 423,400 of TimkenSteel's common shares (with a maximum payout opportunity of 635,100 common shares).

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Performance Graph:

The following graph compares the cumulative total return of our common shares with the cumulative total return of the Standard & Poor’s (S&P)("S&P") MidCap 400 Index and S&P Steel Group Index, assuming $100 was invested and that cash dividends were reinvested for the period from July 1, 2014December 31, 2016 through December 31, 2020.2021.

This performance graph shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

Intentionally omitted.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

(1) See “Note 9 - Earnings (Loss) Per Share” in the Notes to the ConsolidatedItem 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Statements for additional information.Condition and Results of Operations

(2) Book value per share is calculated by dividing total shareholders’ equity (as of the period end) by the weighted average shares outstanding, diluted.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(dollars in millions, except per share data)

Business Overview

We manufacture alloy steel, as well as carbon and micro-alloy steel, with an annual melt capacity of approximately 2 million tons and shipment capacity of 1.5 million tons.steel. Our portfolio includes special bar quality (SBQ)("SBQ") bars, seamless mechanical tubing (tubes)("tubes"), value-added solutionsmanufactured components (formerly known as the "value-add" product type) such as precision steel components, and billets. In addition, we supply machining and thermal treatment services, and we manage raw material recycling programs, which are also used as a feeder system for our melt operations. Our products and services are used in a diverse range of demanding applications in the following market sectors: automotive; oil and gas; industrial equipment; mining; construction; rail; defense; heavy truck; agriculture; power generation; and OCTG.oil country tubular goods ("OCTG").

SBQ steel is made to restrictive chemical compositions and high internal purity levels and is used in critical mechanical applications. We make these products from nearly 100% recycled steel, using our expertise in raw materials to create custom steel products. We focus on creating tailored products and services for our customers’ most demanding applications. Our engineers are experts in both materials and applications, so we can work closely with each customer to deliver flexible solutions related to our products as well as to their applications and supply chains.

The SBQ bar, tube, and billet production processes take place at our Canton, Ohio manufacturing location. This location accounts for all of the SBQ bars, seamless mechanical tubes and billets we produce and includes three manufacturing facilities: the Faircrest, Harrison, and Gambrinus facilities. Our value-added solutions production processes takeof manufactured components takes place at two downstream manufacturing facilities: Tryon Peak (Columbus, North Carolina) and St. Clair (Eaton, Ohio). Many of the production processes are integrated, and the manufacturing facilities produce products that are sold in all of our market sectors. As a result, investments in our facilities and resource allocation decisions affecting our operations are designed to benefit the overall business, not any specific aspect of the business.

During the first quarter of 2020, management completed its previously announced plan to close the Company’s TimkenSteel Material Services facility in Houston, Texas. See “Note 6 - Disposition of Non-Core Assets” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

On February 16, 2021, management announced a plan to indefinitely idle our Harrison melt and castcasting assets, latewhich was completed in the first quarter of 2021. Going forward, allAll of the Company’s meltingour melt and casting activities willnow take place at the Faircrest location. We are workingworked collaboratively with employees, suppliers and a number of customers to ensure a well-organized and efficient transition. Our rolling and finishing operations at Harrison willwere not be impacted by this action. For additional details regarding this matter please refer to “Note 6 – Disposition of Non-Core Assets.”

Prior to indefinitely idling these actions. Estimatedassets, we had an annual cash savings frommelt capacity of approximately 2 million tons and shipment capacity of 1.5 million tons. After indefinitely idling these assets, our annual melt capacity is approximately 1.2 million tons and our shipment capacity is approximately 0.9 million tons.

On March 31, 2021, the idlingCompany entered into an agreement pursuant to which Daido Steel (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. agreed to acquire all of Harrison’s meltthe Company’s ownership interest in TimkenSteel (Shanghai) Corporation Limited in an all-cash transaction. The sale closed on July 30, 2021. TimkenSteel’s consolidated financial statements include activity for TimkenSteel (Shanghai) Corporation Limited through July 30, 2021.

On October 29, 2021, the United Steelworkers ("USW") Local 1123 voted to ratify a new four-year contract (the “Contract”). The Contract, which is in effect until September 27, 2025, offers TimkenSteel's Canton-based bargaining employees an increase to base wages every year (3% beginning as of September 26, 2021 and cast assets are $15 millionthereafter 2.5% until 2024), competitive healthcare and retirement benefits for all members, and a continued focus on employee wellbeing as well as safe and sustainable operations. A contract ratification bonus was paid to $20bargaining employees during the fourth quarter of 2021 at a cost of approximately $2 million. See “Note 20 – Subsequent Events” inThe Contract covers approximately 1,170 bargaining employees at the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.Company’s Canton, Ohio operations.

We conduct our business activities and report financial results as one business segment. The presentation of financial results as one reportable segment is consistent with the way we operate our business and is consistent with the manner in which the CODM evaluates performance and makes resource and operating decisions for the business as described above. Furthermore, the Company notes that monitoring financial results as one reportable segment helps the CODM manage costs on a consolidated basis, consistent with the integrated nature of our operations.

Markets We Serve

We sell products and services that are used in a diverse range of demanding applications around the world. No one customer accounted for 10% or more of net sales in 2020.2021.

Key indicators for our market include the U.S. light vehicle production Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate, oil and gas rig count activity and U.S. footage drilled, and industrial production for agriculture and construction markets, distribution, and mining and oil field machinery products. In addition, we closely monitor the Purchasing Managers’ Index, which is a leading indicator for our overall business.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic

We continue to closely monitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our Company, employees, customers and supply chain. The full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will impact our operations and financial results is uncertain and ultimately will depend on, among many other factors, the duration of the pandemic, further Federal and State government actions and the speed of economic recovery. We estimate the primary impact of COVID-19 on the Company was lost sales of approximately $265 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to expectations established prior to the onset of the pandemic.

In response to the significant reduction in customer demand resulting from the COVID-19 crisis, the Company has taken additional actions to further reduce operating expenses, conserve cash and maximize liquidity. The following actions began in the second quarter of 2020:

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Since implementation in the second quarter of 2020, the Company’s COVID-19 related actions saved approximately $15 million in cash and reduced administrative expenses by approximately $8 million in total.

Despite the negative impact of COVID-19 on our business, total liquidity was $314.1 million as of December 31, 2020, as a result of the above COVID-19 related actions as well as other working capital management efficiency improvement activities. We believe this level of liquidity is sufficient to meet the Company’s needs for at least the next 12 months. The Company will continue to take actions such as those described above in order to preserve liquidity for the duration of this pandemic.

Impact of Raw Material Prices

In the ordinary course of business, we are exposed to the volatility of the costs of our raw materials. Whenever possible, we manage our exposure to commodity risks primarily through the use of supplier pricing agreements that enable us to establish the purchase prices for certain inputs that are used in our manufacturing process. We utilize a raw material surcharge mechanism when pricing products to our customers, which is designed to mitigate the impact of increases or decreases in raw material costs, although generally with a lag effect. This timing effect can result in raw material spread whereby costs can be over- or under-recovered in certain periods. While the surcharge generally protects gross profit, it has the effect of diluting gross margin as a percent of sales.

Results of Operations

Net Sales

The charts below present net sales and shipments for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 2019 and 2018.2019.

Net sales for the year ended December 31, 20202021 were $830.7$1,282.9 million, a decreasean increase of $378.1$452.2 million, or 31.3%,54.4% compared towith the year ended December 31, 2019.2020. The decreaseincrease in sales was driven by an increase in surcharges and higher volumes, partially offset by unfavorable price/mix. The increase in surcharges of $272.1 million was due to a reduction in volumehigher market prices for scrap and alloy across all end-market sectors. Higher volumes of approximately 258178.2 thousand ship tons resultingresulted in a decrease of $286.4 million of net sales increase of $220.5 million, primarily due to higher customer demand in the industrial, mobile and lower surcharges of $117.5 million. These decreasesenergy end-market sectors, despite an approximate 45 thousand ton decrease in net sales wereexpected ship tons for the year ended December 31, 2021 due to the semiconductor chip shortage in the mobile end-market sector. This increase in demand was partially offset by a positive no OCTG billet shipments during the year ended December 31, 2021. Unfavorable price/mix of $40.4 million was driven primarily due toby unfavorable mix within the industrial end-market resulting in an increase insector. Excluding surcharges, net sales of $42.7 million. The primary driver in the decrease in volume was lower customer demand across all end-markets primarily as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and a weak energy market. The decrease in surcharges wasincreased $180.1 million or 25.9%.

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primarily due to an approximate 25% decline in average surcharge per ton due to lower market prices for scrap and alloys. We estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our net sales during 2020 was a reduction of approximately $265 million, as compared to our forecast prior to the onset of the pandemic. Approximately half of this decrease was related to lower than forecasted volume in our mobile end-market sector, as production was halted by all major automotive manufacturers for various lengths of time during the second quarter. Excluding surcharges, net sales decreased $260.6 million, or 27.3%.Gross Profit

Gross Profit

The chart below presents the drivers of the gross profit variance from the year ended December 31, 20192020 to December 31, 2020.2021.

Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2020 decreased $72021 increased $204.4 million or 31.0%, compared with the year ended December 31, 2019.2020. The decreaseincrease was driven primarily by favorable raw material spread, lower volumes,manufacturing costs, increased volume, and favorable inventory adjustments, partially offset by unfavorable price/mix. Raw material spread was favorable due to higher scrap and alloy spreads. Lower manufacturing costs raw material spread, and inventory adjustments. The primary driver in the decrease in volume was lower customer demand across all end-markets primarily as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and a weak energy market. Favorable manufacturing costs in 2020 were primarily due to the Company’s significant cost reduction actions and lower annual shutdown maintenance, slightly offset by the unfavorablea favorable impact of lowerhigher production levels on fixed cost leverage. Raw material spreadleverage, partially offset by higher variable compensation costs. The increase in volume was favorable due to higher scrap spread specificallycustomer demand in the industrial, mobile, and energy end-market sectors for the year ended December 31, 2021. Inventory adjustments were also favorable as additional reserves were recorded during the second half ofyear ended December 31, 2020 due to market conditions at the year.time, specifically in the energy end-market sector, which were reversed throughout 2021 as the related inventory was sold or scrapped. These increases were partially offset by unfavorable price/mix, driven by unfavorable mix within the industrial end-market sector.

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

The charts below present selling, general and administrative (SG&A)("SG&A") expense for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 2019 and 2018.2019.

SG&A expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 decreased2021 increased by $15.1$0.5 million, or 16.4%0.7%, compared with the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in 20202020. This increase is primarily due to higher 2021 variable compensation expense given the Company's improved financial performance, partially offset by lower wages and benefits expense which areas a result of a reduction in employee headcount following the Company’s recent restructuring actions, as well as unpaid rolling furloughs for salaried employees during the second and third quarters. Additional reductions in SG&A are due to other COVID-19 related cost reduction actions, lower controllable spend as well as lower bad debt expense. The decrease is partially offset by an increase in variable compensation.actions.

Restructuring Charges

During 2019 and throughout 2020,Over the past several years, TimkenSteel has made numerous organizational changes to streamline its organizational structure to drive enhanced profitabilityenhance profitable and sustainable growth. These company-wide actions included the restructuring of its business support functions, the reduction of management layers throughout the organization the closure of the TMS facility in Houston, Texas and other domestic and international actions to further improve the Company’s overall cost structure. ThroughRestructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2021 totaled $6.7 million. Approximately 75 salaried positions were eliminated through restructuring actions in 2021. Over half of these positions and approximately $4 million of the aforementioned 2021 restructuring efforts,charges were due to datea voluntary exit incentive offered by the Company in the fourth quarter of 2021 to certain U.S.-based salaried non-operative employees who would have been eligible for retirement by December 31, 2023.

During this overall period of organizational changes, the Company has eliminated approximately 215290 salaried positions through restructuring actions and recognized restructuring charges of $11.7 million ($3.1 million in 2020 and $8.6 million in 2019), consisting of severance and employee-related benefits. Approximately 55 of these positions were eliminated in 2020.$18.4 million. The Company expects to realize ongoing annual savings of approximately $27$39 million as a result of these actions.

Refer to “Note 5 - Restructuring Charges” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Impairment Charges & Loss (Gain) on Sale or Disposal of Assets, net

TimkenSteel recorded approximately $10.6 million of impairment charges for the year ended December 31, 2021. This was driven by $7.9 million of impairment charges related to the indefinite idling of our Harrison melt and casting assets. Other impairment charges included $2.4 million related to the impairment of certain assets at our St. Clair facility due to the early termination of a customer program and $0.3 million related to the disposition of assets at our former TMS facility. No impairment charge was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Additionally, the Company recorded a net loss on sale of assets for the year ended December 31, 2021 of $1.3 million related to the disposition of excess assets. For the year ended December 31, 2020, TimkenSteel recorded a net gain on the sale and disposal of assets of $2.6 million, primarily related to the sale of certain assets related to our closed TMS facility.

Refer to “Note 6 - Disposition of Non-Core Assets” and “Note 11 - Property, Plant and Equipment” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

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Interest Expense

Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 20202021 was $12.2$5.9 million, a decrease of $3.5$6.3 million, compared with the year ended December 31, 2019.2020. The decrease in interest expense was primarily due to the adoption of the Accounting Standard Update 2020-06 on January 1, 2021, which caused the Convertible Notes to no longer have a debt discount that is amortized. The remaining decrease is driven by a reduction in outstanding borrowings under the credit facility and a lower interest rate environment.borrowings. Refer to “Note 14 - Financing Arrangements” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Other (Income) Expense, net

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Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefit income, for all years, consists primarily of the interest cost, expected return on plan assets and amortization components of net periodic cost. The loss from remeasurement of benefit plans is due to the Company performing mark-to-market accounting on its pension and postretirement assets at year-end and upon the occurrence of certain triggering events. For more details on the remeasurement refer to “Note 15 - Retirement and Postretirement Plans.”

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief,

During the second quarter of 2021, TimkenSteel received a refund from the State of Ohio related to an overpayment of sales and Economic Security ("CARES") Act provides for an employee retention credit (“Employee Retention Credit”), which is a refundable tax credit against certain employmentuse taxes of up to $5,000 per employee for eligible employers. The tax credit is equal to 50% of qualified wages paid to employees during a quarter, capped at $10,000 of qualified wages per employee throughout the year. The Company qualified for the tax creditperiod of October 1, 2016 through September 30, 2019. This resulted in a gain recognized of $2.5 million, net of related professional fees, for the second and third quarters ofyear ended December 31, 2021.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, and accruedthe Company recognized a benefit of $2.3 million in the fourth quarter of 2020benefit related to the Employee Retention Credit in other (income) expense, netnet. For more details on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.this credit refer to "Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies."

Provision for Income Taxes

⁽¹⁾ “NM” is data that is not meaningful.

The majority of the Company’sCompany's income tax expense is derived from foreign operations.domestic state and local taxes. The Company remains in a full valuation for the U.S. jurisdiction for the years ended December 31, 20202021 and 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded an intraperiod tax allocation adjustment between continuing operations and other categories of comprehensive income. In periods in which the Company has a pre-tax loss from continuing operations and pre-tax income in other categories of comprehensive income, the Company must consider that income in determining the amount of tax benefit that results from a loss in continuing operations and that will be allocated to continuing operations. As a result of the intraperiod tax allocation for the year ended December 31, 2019, income tax expense of $16.7 million was recorded within other comprehensive income and a corresponding benefit was recorded to continuing operations.2020.

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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURESNon-GAAP Financial Measures

Net Sales Adjusted to Exclude Surcharges

The table below presents net sales by end-market sector, adjusted to exclude surcharges, which represents a financial measure that has not been determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP)("U.S. GAAP"). We believe presenting net sales by end-market sector adjusted to exclude raw material and natural gas surcharges provides additional insight into key drivers of net sales such as base price and product mix.