PART I

PART I

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.1934, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements include, among others, those statements including the words “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “believes,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “continue,” and similar language or the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements included herein. Factors that might cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the section Risk Factors in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and elsewhere in this document. In addition, factors that we are not currently aware of, or that we currently deem immaterial, could harm our future operating results. You should carefully review the risks described in other documents HealthStream files from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. HealthStream undertakes no obligation to publicly release any revisions to the forward-looking statements to reflect future events or circumstances after the date of this document.

Item1.Business

OVERVIEW AND HISTORY

HealthStream, Inc. (HealthStream or

HealthStream’s focus is and has always been on improving the Company) providesquality of healthcare through the development of the dedicated professionals who deliver care. We helped originally introduce online learning to hospitals, which began with courses specifically tailored to educate healthcare professionals and meet hospitals' required regulatory needs, and we remain a leading innovator in those areas today. Since our inception, the scope of HealthStream’s Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) solutions has expanded well beyond our governance, risk, and compliance (GRC) offerings to include a diverse ecosystem of applications that optimize and support the healthcare workforce.

For healthcare organizations—our primary customers—HealthStream’s solutions help to effectively onboard, retain, engage, educate, manage, and develop workforce talent; meet rigorous GRC requirements; optimize staff scheduling and providercapacity management; and automate the management of medical staff credentialing, privileging, and enrollment.

For healthcare professionals—our primary end users—HealthStream’s solutions forhelp them to professionally develop their knowledge and skills, manage and fulfill their required continuing education and certifications, manage their schedules, including swapping and filling shifts, engage with peers, provide personalized competency development, and optimize their career pathways.

For both healthcare organizations—allorganizations and healthcare professionals, HealthStream’s solutions are generally accessed through SaaS application suites that are increasingly enhanced through our emerging hStream technology platform. Our learning and development, credentialing and privileging, and scheduling and capacity management application suites are designed to support the people that deliver patient care, which in turn, supports the improvement of business and clinical outcomes. Delivered primarily as Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), our solutions focus on some ofhelp solve the most significant challengescritical problems facing the healthcare workforce today. They accomplish this by utilizing a combination of established and cutting-edge technologies, such as initiative and workflow management capabilities; proprietary taxonomy engines; dynamic engagement models; artificial intelligence (AI) driven clinical assessments; virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and physical based simulations; healthcare-specific benchmarks; and automated license monitoring and validation.

HealthStream’s success in offering the largest, most diverse ecosystem of workforce solutions in healthcare organizations today, including the need to effectively manage, retain, engage, schedule, and develop healthcare workforce talent; meet rigorous compliance requirements; and efficiently manage ongoing medical staff credentialing and privileging processes.

With approximately 30 years of experience, HealthStream is recognized ashas made it a leading innovator and thought leader and barometer of innovation for the industry. From its roots in the healthcare industry for its healthcare workforce solutions. Using technology to enhance learning and productivity, HealthStream pioneered the delivery ofpioneering online learning for hospitals’ required regulatory training as Internet-based training washealthcare organizations to the Company's more recent release of "Jane," the first introduced. Stemming from that early success, demand for expanded learning solutions led the CompanyAI-driven clinical assessment application, HealthStream continues to build a growing ecosystem of diverse workforce and clinical-focused applications, courseware, assessments, and talent management programs.

HealthStream believesbelieve that the key to quality patient care is—and always has been—lies in the people who deliver care. To that end, the Company’s solutionsevery solution that HealthStream offers is intended to support the recruiting, retaining, engaging, assessing,Company's vision "to improve the quality of healthcare by developing scheduling, credentialing, and privileging of the healthcare workforce, including medical staffpeople who provide patient care in our customers’ organizations.deliver care."

INDUSTRY BACKGROUND

According to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), spending in the healthcare industry reached $3.8$4.1 trillion in 2019,2020, or 17.7%19.7% of the U.S. gross domestic product. Hospital care expenditures in 20192020 accounted for approximately 31% of the $3.8$4.1 trillion industry. The growth in national healthcare expenditures in 2020 was driven primarily by federal spending in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of January 2020,2022, approximately 20.120.2 million professionals are employed in the healthcare segment of the domestic economy, with approximately 5.25.1 million employed in acute-care hospitals and, according to CMS, approximately 5.35.8 million employed in healthcare organizations throughout the continuum of care, the primary target markets for our products. (Organizations in the continuum of care employ approximately 1.52.1 million employees in ambulatory centers, approximately 3.52.8 million employees in post-acute care facilities, and approximately 300,000over 0.9 million employees in health & human services facilities.)

All of the approximately 5.25.1 million hospital-based healthcare professionals that work in the nation’s approximately 6,000 inpatient hospitals that are registered with Medicare are required by federal and state mandates and accrediting bodies to complete training in a number of areas. This training includes safety training mandated by both the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and The Joint Commission (an independent, not-for-profit organization that accredits and certifies healthcare organizations and programs in the United States), as well as training on patient information confidentiality required under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA).

In hospitals, staffing issues and personnel shortages have also contributed to the need for more effective and efficient workflows, including scheduling and capacity management as well as credentialing and privileging. Staffing shortages have also increased the need for facility-based workforce development as well as additional assessment and competency-based training. An ongoing nursing shortage, for example, is resulting in skill gaps and rising costs. By 2028,From 2020 to 2030, more than 371,000276,800 new Registered Nurse (RN) jobs are projected to be added to the workforce, from 2018, surging from approximately 3.063.8 million jobsregistered nurses currently employed in 2018 to a projected 3.43 million jobs,the U.S., according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. We believe that offering training & education and educationother engagement solutions for hospital personnel is increasingly being utilized as a retention and recruitment incentive.

Many healthcare professionals use continuing education to keep abreast of the latestclinical and other industry developments as well as to meet licensing and certification requirements. Continuing education is required for nurses, emergency medical services personnel, first responder personnel, radiologic personnel, and physicians.physicians, among many other healthcare professionals. Pharmaceutical and medical device companies must also provide their medical industry sales representatives with training mandated for the healthcare industry and training for new products. Such companies also provide support and content for education and training of audiences that use their products in healthcare organizations.

The healthcare education and training industry is highly fragmented, varies significantly in delivery methods (i.e., online products, live events, written materials, and technology-enabled manikins for simulation-based training), and is composed of a wide variety of entities competing for customers. The sheer volume of healthcare information available to satisfy continuing education needs, rapid advances in medical developments, and the time constraints that healthcare professionals face can make it difficult to quickly and efficiently access the continuing education content most relevant to an individual’s practice or profession. Historically, healthcare professionals have received continuing education and training through offline publications, such as medical journals or by attending conferences and seminars. In addition, otherOther healthcare workers and pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers’ sales and internal regulatory personnel usually fulfill their training from external vendors or internal training departments. While these approaches satisfy the ongoing education and training requirements, they are typically costly and inconvenient. In addition, live courses are often limited in the breadth of offerings and do not provide aan automated method for tracking training completion. The resultseffectiveness of these traditional methods, both from a business and compliance standpoint, areis difficult to track and measure.

Provider data management has become more complex and arduous for healthcare organizations. Spurred by The Joint Commission Medical Staff standards and other regulatory requirements, credentialing and privileging has been transformed from a periodic review to a continuous, evidence-driven analysis of professional competency and provider performance. This transformation requires ongoing, automatic monitoring of licenses, sanctions, and exclusions, as well as expanding the scope of review at initial credentialing and re-credentialing. In addition, provider enrollment processes have compounded in difficulty. For example, a single provider may need to enroll annually with some 30 to 40 payers, with each payer application often taking two to four hours to complete.

Finally, the

The hospital industry continues to operate under ongoing pressure to reduce costs as a result of actual and potential reductions in government reimbursement rates and increased focus on cost containment consistent with participation of patients in managed care programs, among other factors. In addition, many hospitals, as well as pharmaceutical and medical device companies, may continue to experience rising operating costs, coupled with increased pressure to measure and report on the outcomes of the dollars spent on training. Our products and services are designed to meet these needs by reducing healthcare organizations’ costs of training while improving learning outcomes, enhancing reporting capabilities, and supporting customers’ business objectives.

HEALTHSTREAM’S

HEALTHSTREAM’S SOLUTIONS

During the year ended December 31, 2020,2021, HealthStream’s products, services, and operations were organized and managed under two business segments—Workforce Solutions and Provider Solutions—that collectively help healthcare organizations meet their ongoing clinical development, talent management, training, education, assessment, competency management, safety and compliance, scheduling, and provider credentialing, & privileging management, and provider enrollment needs. HealthStream’s solutions are provided to a wide range of customers within the healthcare industry across the continuum of care.

HealthStream Workforce Solutions — Our workforce solutions, which are comprised primarily of SaaS, subscription-based products, are used by healthcare organizations to meet a broad range of their clinical development, talent management, training, certification, engagement, scheduling, competency assessment, performance appraisal, and additional needs. Our numerous content libraries allow customers to subscribe to a wide array of courseware, which includes content from leading healthcare and nursing associations, medical and healthcare publishers, and other content providers. Additionally, medical device companies and other industry partners offer online training support through HealthStream’s platform for their products.

HealthStream’s SaaS-based learning application has long been one of the most widely adopted workforce development platformsapplications in healthcare. To facilitate innovation and growth of our ecosystem, HealthStream’sthe hStream technology platform technology,

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hStream™, was launched in 2018. hStream2018 and is becoming the essential technologyplatform that powersenables activity in the HealthStream ecosystem. The Company’s existing customers are gradually upgrading to the hStream platform, typically in connection with renewalacross HealthStream's diverse ecosystem of their contracts.solutions. At December 31, 2020,2021, HealthStream had contracts with customers for approximately 4.225.04 million subscriptions to hStream, compared to 3.154.22 million subscriberssubscriptions as of December 31, 2019.2020. The transition to the hStream technology platform supports our strategic advancement toward a Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) approach.single, unified platform strategy and approach intended to benefit both customers and partners.

Pricing for hStream and HealthStream’s workforce applications is primarily subscription-based, with fees based on the number of subscriptions, solutions provided, and other factors. We offer implementation, training, and account management services to facilitate adoption of our subscription-based solutions. Fees for implementation services are based on the time and efforts of the personnel involved. Training fees vary based on the size, scope, and complexity of the project. Our platform and subscription-based solutions are hosted on a combination of private-cloud infrastructure and public-cloud infrastructure, leveraging Amazon Web Services and Azure, which allows authorized personnel access to our services through the Internet, thereby eliminating the need for onsite local implementations of installed workforce development products.

Other Applications on our Platform — HealthStream offers an array of other applications on our platform, each serving a unique function for hospitals and health systems.healthcare customers. Each application on our platform has its own value. Examples of individual applications that are offered on our platform include applications for learning, performance appraisal, compensation management, succession planning, competency management, disclosure management, clinical assessment and development, simulation-based education, quality management, scheduling, and industry training.

HealthStream Provider Solutions – Our provider solutions are offered through our business segment that is branded in the marketplace as VerityStream. VerityStream delivers enterprise-class solutions to transform the healthcare provider experience for healthcare organizations and providers. We currently serve hospitals and outpatient facilities, including ambulatory surgery centers, urgent care facilities, clinics, medical groups, and other healthcare organizations. As of December 31, 2020, VerityStream had 270 employees with headquarters in Boulder, Colorado and satellite offices in San Diego, California and Chicago, Illinois, as well as employees located in the Nashville, Tennessee corporate office.

Our legacy products include EchoCredentialing™EchoCredentialing and MSOW™,MSOW, comprehensive platforms that manage medical staff credentialing, enrollment, and privileging processes for hospitals; EchoOneApp™,EchoOneApp, a provider enrollment platform for medical groups; and CredentialMyDoc™,CredentialMyDoc, a credentialing and enrollment SaaS solution for medical groups and surgery centers.

In January 2018, we launched our SaaS-based provider credentialing, privileging, and enrollment solution branded as CredentialStream. As a SaaS-solution, CredentialStream includes an intuitive, modern user experience that delivers a continual stream of platform enhancements, evidence-based content, and curated data. A subscription to this infrastructureapplication provides healthcare organizations with tools to support the provider lifecycle from recruiting, application submission, verification of licensure and other credentials, privileging, appointments by credentialing committees, enrollment, network management, onboarding, and performance evaluation of providers. As of December 31, 2020,2021, more than 300450 healthcare organizations had contracted for the CredentialStream SaaS application.

BUSINESS ACQUISITIONS

As part of our overall growth strategy, we evaluate opportunities for mergers and acquisitions, and since the beginning of 2019,2020, we have completed sevensix acquisitions. We acquired Providigm in January 2019, and we acquired substantially all the assets of CredentialMyDoc in December 2019. In March 2020, we acquired NurseGrid,NurseGrid; in October 2020, we acquired ShiftWizard,ShiftWizard; and in December 2020, we acquired ANSOS as well as substantially all of the assets of myClinicalExchange. In January 2021, we acquired ComplyALIGN.ComplyALIGN; and in December 2021, we acquired substantially all of the assets of Rievent. For additional information regarding acquisitions, please see Note 8 of the Consolidated Financial Statements and Item 7, Management’s“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, included elsewhereOperations” in Part II, Item 7 of this report.Form 10-K.

COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Our business is focused on providing workforce and provider solutions to healthcare organizations and asthe healthcare workforce. As such, the pandemic’s adverse impact on healthcare organizations and the healthcare workforce has resulted in an adverse impact on certain aspects of the Company.Company's business while benefitting certain other aspects. For information regarding the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company and our response to the pandemic, see the discussion below under “Impact of and Response to COVID-19 Pandemic” included in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of this Form 10-K.

CUSTOMERS

We provide our solutions to customers across a broad range of entities within the healthcare industry, including private, not-for-profit, and government entities, as well as pharmaceutical and medical device companies. We derive a substantial portion of our revenues from a relatively small number of customers that are healthcare providers. However, during the year ended December 31, 2021, no single customer accounted for 10 percent or more of our annual revenue.

SALES AND MARKETING

We market our products and services primarily through our direct sales teams, who are located throughout the United States.States and, to a lesser extent, in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. As of December 31, 2020,2021, our Workforce Solutions sales personnel consisted of 164168 employees who carried sales quotas, and our Provider Solutions sales personnel consisted of 37 employees who carried sales quotas.

We conduct a variety of marketing programs to promote our products and services, including product catalogs, user groups, trade shows, social media, internet promotion and demonstrations, telemarketing campaigns, public relations, distribution of product-specific literature, direct mail, advertising, and in partnership with third parties. We have marketing teams that are responsible for these initiatives and for working with and supporting our product management and sales teams. At December 31, 2020,2021, our marketing personnel consisted of 3135 employees.

OPERATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY

We believe our ability to establish and maintain long-term customer relationships, obtain recurring sales, and develop and maintain new and existing products are dependent on the strength of our operations, customer service, product development and maintenance, training, and other support teams. As of December 31, 2020,2021, our Workforce Solutions operations team consisted of 511514 employees and our Provider Solutions operations team consisted of 222244 employees. Our operations teams for each of these segments are primarily associated with technical support, customer implementation and training, product management, software development and quality assurance, and other functions.

Our services are designed to be reliable, secure, and scalable. Our software is a combination of proprietary and commercially available software and operating systems. Our software solutions support hosting and management of content, publication of our websites, execution of courseware, registration and tracking of users, tracking and reporting of physician credentialing and provider enrollment information, and reporting of information for both internal and external use. We designed the platforms that provide our services to allow each component to be independently scaled by adding commercially available hardware and a combination of commercially available and proprietary software components.

Our software applications, servers, and network infrastructure that deliver our services are hosted by a combination of third-partythird party data center providers and cloud-based infrastructure. We maintain fully redundant disaster recovery data centers whichthat are located in geographically separate locations. Our technology equipment is maintained in secure, limited access environments, supported by redundant power, environmental conditioning, and network connectivity, and we follow industry best practices for backup and disaster recovery. Company personnel monitor all servers, networks, and systems on a continuous basis, and we employ enterprise firewall systems and data abstraction to protect our databases, customer information, and courseware library from unauthorized access.

COMPETITION

In addition to the competing healthcare education delivery methods in the industry, we also have direct competitors. In our Workforce Solutions business segment, a number of companies offer competitive learning management products, scheduling solutions, and talent management modules to the healthcare industry. We compete with companies such as Cornerstone OnDemand, Healthcare Source,Symplr, Ultimate Kronos Group, Oracle, SAP, Infor, and Workday, who provide their services to multiple industries, including healthcare. We also compete with large medical publishers that have operating units that focus on healthcare, such as Relias Learning. In our Provider Solutions business segment, we have competition primarily from several large companies, such as Symplr, Verisys, MD-Staff, AMN Healthcare, as well as from a broadening array of smaller companies.

We believe our Workforce Solutions, which include both products and servicesapplications that facilitateare increasingly enabled by a single technology platform known as hStream, provide us a competitive advantage by facilitating education, training, assessment, engagement, scheduling, and development for healthcare professionals offerthrough a wide assortment of content, functionality, and applications provided on a single platform over the Internet and provide us with a competitive advantage.applications. In our Provider Solutions business segment, we believe the scope and quality of our products, capability to connect medical staff credentialing with provider enrollment, and innovative new predictive analytics, as well as the increasing connection of Provider Solutions to hStream, provide us with a competitive advantage. We believe that the principal competitive factors affecting the marketing of our Workforce and Provider Solutions to the healthcare industry include:

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We believe these capabilities provide us with the ability to improve the quality of healthcare by developing the people who deliver care.

GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF THE INTERNET AND THE HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY

Regulation of the Internet and the Privacy and Security of Personal Information

We are subject to various legal requirements related to the internet and the privacy and security of personal information, which legal requirements may change rapidly. The following are areas of law in this regard that are significant to our business:

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Laws and regulations directly applicable to content regulation, e-commerce, Internet communications, and the privacy and security of personal information are becoming more prevalent and/or broader in scope. The dynamic nature of this regulatory environment increases the uncertainty regarding the marketplace impact of such regulation. The enactment of any additional laws or regulations may increase our cost of conducting business or otherwise harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Regulation of Education, Training, and Other Services for Healthcare Professionals

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. OSHA regulations require employers to provide training to employees to minimize the risk of injury from various potential workplace hazards. Employers in the healthcare industry are required to provide training with respect to various topics, including, but not limited to, blood borne pathogens exposure control, laboratory safety, and tuberculosis infection control. OSHA regulations require employers to keep records of their employees’ completion of training with respect to these workplace hazards.

The Joint Commission. The Joint Commission accreditation and certification standards require employers in the healthcare industry to provide certain workplace safety and patient interaction training to employees. Training required by The Joint Commission may include programs on infection control, patient bill of rights, radiation safety, and incident reporting. Healthcare organizations are required to provide and document training on these topics to receive accreditation from The Joint Commission. In addition, The Joint Commission imposes continuing education requirements on physicians that relate to each physician’s specific staff appointments.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.Act of 1996. HIPAA and its implementing regulations restrict how certain organizations (known as Covered Entities)covered entities), including most healthcare providers and health plans, use and disclose certain protected health information. HIPAA regulations also require these organizations to provide reasonable and appropriate safeguards to protect the privacy, integrity, and confidentiality of protected health information, whether in paper, oral, or electronic form. Covered Entitiesentities are required to establish, maintain, and provide training with regard to their policies and procedures for protecting the integrity and confidentiality of protected health information and must document training on these topics to support their compliance. Certain HIPAA privacy and security requirements apply to entities (known as Business Associates)business associates) that handle protected health information on behalf of Covered Entitiescovered entities or other Business Associates.business associates. Covered Entities, Business Associates,entities, business associates, and their subcontractors may be directly subject to criminal and civil sanctions for violations of HIPAA privacy and security standards.

The American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC). ANCC, a subsidiary of the American Nurses Association (ANA), provides individuals and organizations throughout the nursing profession with the resources they need to achieve practice excellence. ANCC’s internationally renowned credentialing programs certify nurses in specialty practice areas; recognize healthcare organizations for promoting safe, positive work environments through the Magnet Recognition Program® and the Pathway to Excellence® Program; and accredit providers of continuing nursing education. In addition, ANCC’s Institute for Credentialing Innovation® offers an array of informational and educational services and products to support its core credentialing programs. ANCC maintains twenty-three certification exams to validate nurses’ skills, knowledge, and abilities. Moreabilities, and more than a quarter million nurses have been certified by ANCC since 1990. More than 80,000 advanced practice nurses are currently certified by ANCC. The ANCC Magnet Recognition Program recognizes healthcare organizations that provide the very best in nursing care and professionalism in nursing practice. The program also provides a vehicle for disseminating best practices and strategies among nursing systems. The ANCC Magnet Recognition Program is a highly regarded standard for nursing excellence. The Pathway to Excellence Program recognizes the essential elements of a high standard nursing practice environment. The designation is earned by healthcare organizations that create work environments where nurses can develop professionally. The award substantiates the professional satisfaction of nurses and identifies best places to work.

Continuing Nursing Education (CNE). State nurse practice laws generally authorize a state’s board of nursing to establish CNE requirements for professional nurses to maintain valid licensure. CNE requirements vary widely from state to state, with reporting generally on a bi-annual basis. In some states, the CNE requirement only applies to re-licensure of advance practice nurses, while in other states, additional CNEs may be required of this category of nurses. Board certifications

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(e.g. (e.g., Certified Nurse Operating Room (CNOR) – certification of perioperative nursing) also require CNE hours/credits, with certain percentages required in specific categories based on the certification type. Failure to obtain the requisite and type of CNE could result in non-renewal of the license or certification. The ANCC Commission on Accreditation is responsible for accrediting or approving organizations to award ANCC nursing continuing professional development (NCPD) credit (contract(contact hours) to activities for a national audience of nurses. State boards of nursing approve individual CNE activities or CE providers that offer CNE activities primarily for nurses within the state. ANCC NCPD credit for online activities is accepted by all state boards of nursing. Our HealthStream CNE Provider Unit is accredited as a provider of NCPD by ANCC. We are also approved by the California Board of Registered Nursing and the Florida Board of Nursing.

Continuing Medical Education (CME). State licensing boards, professional organizations, and employers require physicians to certify that they have accumulated a minimum number of CME hours to maintain their licenses. Generally, each state’s medical practice laws authorize the state’s board of medicine to establish and track CME requirements. Forty-eight state medicalMedical licensing boards in most U.S. states and territories currently have CME requirements, as well as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The number of CME hours required by each state ranges from 15 to 50 hours per year.requirements. Other sources of CME requirements are state medical societies and practice specialty boards. The failure to obtain the requisite amount and type of CME could result in non-renewal of the physician’s license to practice medicine and/or membership in a medical or practice specialty society. The American Medical Association (AMA) classifies CME activities as either Category 1, which includes formal CME activities, or Category 2, which includes self-designated credit for informal activities that meet certain requirements. CME providers that certify educational activities can only designate those activities for AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™Credit™. Most boards of medical examiners nationwide that require CME participation specify AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™Credit™. Only institutions and organizations accredited to provide CME can designate an activity for AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™Credit™. The Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) is responsible for awarding accreditation status to state medical societies, medical schools, and other institutions and organizations that provide CME activities, typically for a national audience of physicians. State medical societies, operating under the aegis of the ACCME, accredit institutions and organizations that provide CME activities primarily for physicians within the state or bordering states. We are recognized as an accredited provider of CME for physicians by the ACCME.

Centers for Medicare& Medicaid Services (CMS). CMS has summarized its quality strategy vision as “better, smarter, healthier.” The agency is focused on using incentives to improve care; changing how care is delivered, including through improved teamwork and coordination across healthcare settings, increased attention to population health, and utilization of healthcare information; and tying payment to value through new payment models. Value-based purchasing (VBP), which links payment more directly to the quality of care provided, is a strategy that can helpaims to transform the current payment system by rewarding providers for delivering high quality, efficient clinical care. Through a number of public reporting programs, demonstration projects, pilot programs, and other initiatives, some voluntary and some mandatory, CMS has launched VBP initiatives in various settings, including hospitals, physician offices, nursing homes, home health services, and dialysis facilities. Since 2017,Through its “Meaningful Measures” initiative, CMS has focused on its comprehensive deregulatory initiative, “Meaningful Measures,” which identifies priorities for quality measurement and improvement. The framework is intended to improve patient outcomes while also reducing burdens on providers.

Promoting Interoperability Programs. The CMS Promoting Interoperability Programs continue to encourage eligible professionals, eligible hospitals, and critical access hospitals (CAHs) to adopt EHRelectronic health record (EHR) technology by imposing payment reductions for failure to demonstrate meaningful use of certified EHR technology. By putting into action andProviders that meaningfully usinguse an EHR system providers may reap benefits beyond financial incentives–such as reduction in errors, availability of records and data, reminders and alerts, clinical decision support, and e-prescribing/refill automation. Further, the 21st Century Cures Act and implementing regulations promote interoperability and the exchange of patient health information through a number of requirements including a ban on information blocking by healthcare providers, health IT developers, and certain other entities, whichentities. Information blocking is generally defined as engaging in activities that are likely to interfere with the access, exchange, or use of electronic health information, subject to limited exceptions.

Allied Disciplines. Various allied health professionals are required to obtain continuing education to maintain their licenses. For example, emergency medical services personnel may be required to attain up to 20 continuing education hours per year, all or a portion of which can be fulfilled online. These requirements vary by state and depend on the professional classification of the individual. HealthStream is an organization accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Prehospital Continuing Education (CAPCE) and the Florida Board of Emergency Medical Services.

Regulation of Educational Program Sponsorship and Support

There are a variety of laws and regulations that affect the relationships between our medical device and pharmaceutical customers and the users of our products and services, including the sponsorship and support of educational programs. For example, the Physician PaymentPayments Sunshine Act (Sunshine Act) requires manufacturers of drugs, biological devices, and medical devices covered by Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children’s Health Insurance Program to report annually to CMS

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payments and other transfers of value given by such manufacturers to physicians, certain other healthcare professionals, and teaching hospitals, including educational programs for physicians, with limited exceptions. CMS regulations require manufacturers to report the physician’srecipient’s name, business address, and national provider identifier as well as other information about the payment or transfer of value including the amount, date, form, and nature of what is offered. CMS publishes the information on its Open Payments website. Manufacturers that do not meet the reporting obligations are subject to significant monetary penalties.

Further, the Office of Inspector General (OIG) has issued Compliance Program Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and for the Durable Medical Equipment, Prosthetics, Orthotics, and Supply Industry (collectively, the Guidelines). The Guidelines address compliance risks raised by the support of continuing educational activities by pharmaceutical and medical device companies. The Guidelines have affected and may continue to affect the type and extent of commercial support we receive for our continuing education activities. The trade associations for the pharmaceutical and medical device industries (PhRMA and AdvaMed, respectively) have also promulgated their own codes of ethics that further restrict the interactions between industry and health care professionals. In addition, the AMA has established its own code of ethics regarding Gifts to Physicians from Industry to provide standards of conduct for the medical profession.

We follow all standards/criteria/guidelines set-forth by ACCME, ANCC, and other continuing education organizations regarding the regulation of educational program sponsorship and support. This includes full compliance with the Standards for Integrity and Independence in Accredited Continuing Education, to ensure that our CME and CNE activities are evidence-based, designed to improve patient care and/or community health, and are free from commercial influence.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Current FDA and FTC rules and enforcement actions and regulatory policies, or those that the FDA or the FTC may develop in the future, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to provide existing or future applications or services to our end users or obtain the necessary corporate sponsorship to do so. The FDA and the FTC regulate the form, content, and dissemination of labeling, advertising, and promotional materials, including direct-to-consumer prescription drug and medical device advertising, prepared by, or for, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, or medical device companies. The FTC regulates over-the-counter drug advertising and, in some cases, medical device advertising. Generally, regulated companies must limit their advertising and promotional materials to discussions of the FDA-approved indications. Therefore, any information that promotes the use of pharmaceutical or medical device products that is presented with our services is subject to the FDA and FTC requirements and regulatory oversight including criminal, civil and administrative actions. We believe that banner advertisements, sponsorship links, and any educational programs we may present with our services, even if we lack independent editorial control over it, could be subject to FDA or FTC regulation. While the FDA and the FTC place the principal burden of compliance with advertising and promotional regulations on the advertiser, if the FDA or FTC finds that any regulated information presented with our services violates FDA or FTC regulations, they may take regulatory action against us or the advertiser or sponsor of that information. In addition, the FDA may adopt new regulatory policies that more tightly regulate the format and content of promotional information on the Internet.

ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS

We are subject to a number of federal, state, and local environmental laws, rules, and regulations. In addition, we could be affected by climate change to the extent that climate change results in severe weather conditions or other disruptions impacting the communities in which we have office locations and/or where we have network infrastructure or adversely impacts general economic conditions. At the current time, our compliance with environmental legal requirements, including legal requirements relating to climate change, does not have a material effect on our capital expenditures, financial results, or operations, and we did not incur material capital expenditures with respect to environmental matters during the year ended December 31, 2021.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND OTHER PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

To protect our proprietary rights, we rely generally on copyright, trademark, patent, and trade secret laws; confidentiality agreements, contracts, and procedures with employees, consultants and other third parties; contractual provisions in license agreements with consultants, vendors, and customers; and use measures designed to control access to our software, documentation, and other proprietary information. We own federal trademark and service mark registrations for several marks, including, without limitation “HEALTHSTREAM”, “HEALTHSTREAM LEARNING CENTER”, “HSTREAM”"JANE", “HEALTHSTREAM EPORTFOLIO”, “KNOWLEDGEQ”, and “VERITYSTREAM.” We also have obtained registration of the “HEALTHSTREAM” mark in certain other countries. Additionally, we hold a number of patents related to the solutions we provide. Applications for several trademarks and patents are currently pending. However, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining registration of trademarks and patents for which we have applied.

The content we license to our customers is developed through a combination of license agreements with publishers and authors, assignments and work-for-hire arrangements with third parties, and development by employees. We require publishers, authors, and other third parties to represent and warrant that their content does not infringe on or misappropriate any third-partythird party intellectual property rights and that they have the right to provide their content and have obtained all third-partythird party consents necessary to do so. Our publishers, authors, and other third parties also agree to indemnify us against certain liability we might sustain due to the content they provide.

If a third party asserts a claim that we or our third-partythird party partners have infringed its patents or other intellectual property right, we may be required to redesign or discontinue products that we currently offer or enter into royalty or licensing agreements.agreements, which may result in negative publicity, harm to our reputation, or decreasing our revenues. In addition, we license technologies from third parties for incorporation into our services. Licensing agreements with these third parties may not be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Additionally, despite the steps

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we have taken to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights, our efforts may not be adequate. Third parties may infringe or misappropriate our intellectual property, and such violations of our intellectual property are difficult to detect and police. Competitors may also independently develop technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to the technologies we employ in our products or services. If we are unable to safeguard our proprietary rights adequately, our competitors could offer similar services, potentially significantly harming our competitive position and decreasing our revenues.

We hold inbound licenses for certain intellectual property that is used internally, and in some cases, utilized in HealthStream’s products or services. While it may be necessary in the future to seek or renew licenses relating to various aspects of our products and services, we believe, based upon past experience and industry practice, such licenses generally can be obtained on commercially reasonable terms. We believe our operations and products and services are not materially dependent on any single license or other agreement with any third party.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

The Company files reports with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and other reports from time to time. The SEC maintains an Internet site at http://www.sec.gov that contains the reports, proxy, and other filings made by us electronically. Our website address is www.healthstream.com. Please note that our website address is provided as an inactive textual reference only. We make available, free of charge through our website, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, all amendments to those reports, and other filings made by us with the SEC, as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. The information provided on our website is not part of this report and is not incorporated by reference herein.

HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES

As of December 31, 2020,2021, the Company had 1,0371,074 full-time and 3227 part-time employees.

Since

From March 16, 2020 through November 30, 2021, all employees have beenwere required to work from home as a matter of safety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Beginning December 1, 2021, employees showing proof of full vaccination status were provided the option to work from one of our offices at their discretion, but none of our employees have been required to return to office work to date. Additionally, the Company has adopted a hybrid work policy that allows employees to work remotely if they so choose, even after the pandemic ends. Prior to the commencement of this requirement,pandemic, approximately 25 percent of employees worked remotely, while approximately 45 percent worked in our corporate office in Nashville, Tennessee and the surrounding area, with the remaining 30 percent working across the Company’s other offices.

HealthStream’s culture is both exemplified and driven by our Constitution, which is a living document and the lens through which we endeavor to view and shape our actions. Our Constitution is comprised of the Company’s vision statement, values, and business principles. Upon being hired at HealthStream, each employee completes a course on our Constitution, which we view to be an important step in engagement, development, and training of our employees. Our Constitution is available on our website on the Investor Relations page. This and other information on our website is not a part of this reportAnnual Report on Form 10-K and is not incorporated by reference herein.

HealthStream is committed to recruiting, maintaining, and growing a diverse, equitable, and inclusive workforce that helphelps us live our Constitutional values as we strive to achieve positive results for our shareholders, employees, customers, and community.

The labor market for personnel, including technical personnel, has recently been very competitive. For additional information regarding risks related to the current competitive labor market, see “See Item 1A. “Risk Factors — “We operate in a challenging market for talent and may fail to attract and retain qualified personnel, including key management personnel.”

INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

The following is a brief summary of the business experience of each of the executive officers of the Company. Executive officers of the Company are elected by the Board of Directors and serve at the pleasure of the Board of Directors. The following table sets forth certain information regarding the executive officers of the Company:

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Robert A. Frist, Jr., one of our co-founders, has served as our chief executive officer and chairman of the board of directors since 1990 and served as our president since 2001. On May 15, 2018, following the appointment of Mr. Pearson as the president of the Company, Mr. Frist no longer served in such position. Mr. Frist is the company’s chief operating decision maker. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Business with concentrations in Finance, Economics, and Marketing from Trinity University.

J. Edward Pearson joined the Company in June 2006 as senior vice president and was promoted to chief operating officer in 2011 and to president on May 15, 2018. He earned a Bachelor of Business Administration in Accounting from Middle Tennessee State University.

Michael Sousa joined the Company in October 2004 and served as senior vice president of sales from January 2010 to June 2014. In June 2014, he was promoted to senior vice president of business development. In February 2015, he was named president of Echo, Inc. (now known as VerityStream), HealthStream’s Provider Solutions business segment, while continuing to serve as a senior vice president of the Company. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Boston College and a Master of Business Administration from Boston University.

Scott A. Roberts joined the Company in January 2002 and served as vice president of accounting and finance beginning in January 2015, following service in multiple positions to which he was promoted. Thereafter, Mr. Roberts was appointed as interim chief financial officer in February 2019 and was appointed as chief financial officer and senior vice president of the Company in September 2019. He earned a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from Middle Tennessee State University.

Jeffrey D. Cunningham joined the Company in July 2017 as senior vice president and chief technology officer. Prior to joining the Company, he founded and served as chief technology officer and chief strategy officer for Informatics Corporation of America for twelve years. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science from University of North Texas.

Michael M. Collier joined the Company in August 2011 as vice president and general counsel, began serving as the vice president of business development and general counsel shortly thereafter, and was promoted to senior vice president of corporate development and general counsel in July 2017. Mr. Collier also serves as the Company’s Corporate Secretary. He graduated with bachelors and masters degrees in Philosophy and Religion from University of Tennessee-Knoxville and earned a Juris Doctorate (J.D.) from University of California, Berkeley – School of Law.

Trisha L. Coady joined the Company in January 2014 and served as associate vice president and subsequently vice president and general manager of clinical development solutions from June 2015 to November 2018. In November 2018, she was promoted to senior vice president and general manager of clinical solutions. Ms. Coady currently serves as general manager of workforce development solutions. She earned a Science in Nursing degree from Université de Moncton.

M. Scott McQuigg joined the Company in January 2019 as senior vice president of hStream solutions. Mr. McQuigg currently serves as general manager of scheduling solutions. Prior to joining the Company, he co-founded and served as chief executive officer for GoNoodle for thirteen years. Before this role, he co-founded and served as chief executive officer of HealthLeaders.

Kevin O’Hara joined the Company in January 2021 as senior vice president and general manager of platform solutions. Prior to joining the Company, he served as chief product officer for Caresyntax for one year and as chief executive officer for Syus, a predecessor entity, for eight years. He earned a Bachelor of Arts in Public Policy Studies and a J.D. from Vanderbilt University.

Scott Fenstermacher joined the Company in 2012 and served as vice president of sales beginning in 2017 and was promoted to senior vice president of sales in January 2021. He graduated from University of PittsburgPittsburgh with a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Science.

Item1A.Risk Factors

We believe that the risks and uncertainties described below are the material risks facing the Company as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, and/or prospects could be materially and adversely affected by the occurrence of any of the following risks and uncertainties. The considerations and risks that follow are organized within relevant headings but may be relevant to other headings as well. Additional risks or uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, also may adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Therefore, the risk factors below should not be considered a complete list of potential risks we may face. The trading price of our common stock could also decline due to

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the occurrence of any of the following risks, as well as risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial.

Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic

The coronavirus pandemic has adversely impacted our business and could have material adverse impacts on our business or financial results particularly if negativepublic health and/or economic conditions impacting healthcare organizations persist for a significant period of time orin the United States deteriorate.

The COVID-19 pandemic, which spread throughoutwas first declared to be a national public health emergency by HHS in January 2020, continues to significantly impact economic and public health conditions in the world andUnited States. Although vaccines have become widely available in the United States, during 2020 and has resultedCOVID-19 continues to result in a significant economic downturn, persists despite vaccines beginning to be administerednumber of hospitalizations and deaths in the United States, and abroad. The pandemic continues to cause uncertaintyrestrictive measures, including mask and economic volatility, including with regard to the pandemic’svaccine requirements, have continued or been reinstated by various governmental authorities and unpredictable impacts on our healthcare customers and our business.private businesses.

Our business is focused on providing workforce and

As a provider of solutions to healthcare organizations. Many healthcare organizations, we have been, and will likelyexpect to continue to be, substantially adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has resulted in a substantial reduction in the number of elective surgeries, physician office visits, and otherpandemic's adverse impact on healthcare procedures due to restrictive measures, including quarantines and shelter-in-place orders, as well as general concernsorganizations. We believe that certain developments related to the riskpandemic negatively impacted our business in 2021, and are expected to continue to negatively impact our business during 2022 and potentially thereafter. In particular, sales cycles have been delayed or postponed such that declines in sales bookings by customers since the beginning of contracting COVID-19 from interacting with the healthcare system. Additionally, adverse conditionspandemic will result in negative impact to revenue and earnings in 2022 and potentially thereafter. Conditions and uncertainty related to the pandemic have caused and could continue to cause, certain of oursome customers to be unable to pay for our products and services in a timely and fulsome manner, or unable to pay at all, which has had, and will likely continue todelay purchasing decisions they would have an adverse impact on our financial results. To the extent these trends continue, or our customers are unable to pay due to the deterioration of their businesses as the result of COVID-19, our bad debt may increase and future revenue generating opportunities with those customers may be limited.

Conditions related to the pandemic mayotherwise made. Such conditions have also adversely impactimpacted the ability or willingness of oursome customers to renew their contracts with us (oror to renew contracts at the same levels) andlevels. Pandemic-related conditions have also delayed or adversely impacted the willingness of some customers to expand the quantity and type of solutions they purchase from us. For example, renewing customers that have reduced or expect to reduce the number of their staff due to COVID-19 may not have a need to renew their contracts for as many user subscriptions as purchased under their previous contracts. The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted, and will likely continue to adversely impact, our ability to enter into contracts with new potential customers. Customers may also be unwilling or unable to pay the same prices for our products and solutions than they have paid in the past, which could negatively impact our results and growth. Many existing orcustomers, as some potential customers are not currently allowing vendors, including ourselves,have been focused on dealing with the demands of the COVID-19 pandemic on their premises, whichworkforce and business. Moreover, since mid-March 2020, our sales organization has had to readjust their sales strategy to accommodate virtual meetings as opposed to onsite meetings with customers. This readjustment period, along with our customers’ need to focus pandemic-related demands, has reduced, and will likelymay continue to reduce, the ability of our sales team to make sales they might otherwise would likely make but forabsent such conditions. Further, given that we sell multiple year subscriptions to our solutions, the revenue impact of COVID-19. Our sales opportunities generated from in-person marketing initiatives, such as tradeshows, have also been negatively impacted due to the cancellation of such in-person events, and this has led to, and will likely continue to lead to, lost or delayed bookings through sales opportunities. in a given period generally does not manifest until future periods, just as the revenue we recognize in a given period is generally the result of bookings from a prior period. 

Additionally, wethe timing of implementation of our services is relevant to our business because our software solutions do not recognizeresult in revenue recognition until a software product is made available for a customer to use. In this regard, toTo the extent our customers delay or fail to implement products they have previously purchased, as we have experienced with certain customers since the onset of the pandemic, or to the extent we are unable to fulfill our own implementation backlogs due to COVID-19, our financial results will likely suffer, as may our future prospects.be adversely impacted. While we have experienced certain implementation delays related to the pandemic that have negatively impacted us, these delays have not been consistent across products or customers.

Our business also relies on a network of partners whose solutions we resell or whose solutions are sold and delivered over our platform. To the extent that COVID-19the pandemic results in ongoing or increased business disruption or adverse impacts to our partners, such disruptions and adverse impacts could adversely impact our business as well.well, though we have not yet experienced significant adverse impacts in this respect.

Due to COVID-19,the pandemic, we have adopted a hybrid work policy that provides our entire workforce is continuingemployees with the ability to choose to work remotely or from home, evenone of our offices. Moreover, our offices remained closed to employees until December 2021, when we provided employees demonstrating proof of vaccination with the option to work from one of our offices, if andthey so choose. Despite this option, a large majority of our employees continue to the extent that phased re-opening orders provided by local and state governments would allow forwork on a limited return to office work.fully remote basis. While we have not observed a negative disruption to productivity to date, operating on a prolonged basis as a remote workforce could result in decreases in productivity, increased security risks, impair our ability to manage our business, and harm our ability to attract, retain, and onboard employees. Moreover, the implementation of local, state, and federal vaccine mandates, some of which may conflict with one another, could have an adverse impact on our business.

Many healthcare organizations have been, and may continue to be, adversely impacted by the pandemic. Moreover, adverse conditions related to the pandemic have caused, and could continue to cause, certain of our customers to be unable to pay for our products and services in a timely and complete manner, or unable to pay at all, which has had, and may continue to have, an adverse impact on our financial results.

There continuecontinues to be significant uncertainties associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, including with respect to the severity and duration of the pandemic, the timingavailability, acceptance and availabilitysustained efficacy of widespread medical treatments and vaccines (including additional doses of vaccines) with respect to COVID-19, the spread of potentially more contagious and/or virulent forms of the virus, including any variants for which currently available vaccines, treatments, and/or tests may not be effective or authorized, actions that have been and may continue to be taken by governmental authorities and private businesses to mitigate against the impact of the pandemic, including through existing and any future stimulus efforts as well as vaccine and testing requirements, and the ongoing impact of COVID-19the pandemic on healthcare organizations and on economic activity and unemployment and underemployment levels.conditions. Moreover, COVID-19 developments related to the pandemic continue to evolve quickly, and additional developments may occur whichthat we are unable to predict, particularly given thethat various new strains of the virus that have begun toemerged and may continue to emerge and proliferate.

Developments related to COVID-19the pandemic have adversely impacted our business and are expected to continue to adversely impact our business. In addition, the pandemic could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and/or cash flows particularly if negativepublic health and/or economic conditions impacting healthcare organizations persist for a significant period of time orin the United States deteriorate. In addition, the impact of COVID-19the pandemic may

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exacerbate other risks discussed in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, any of which could have a material effect on us.10-K.

Risks Related to Our Business Model

We may be unable to effectively execute our growthbusiness strategy which could have an adverse effect on our business and competitive position in the industry.

Our business strategy includes increasing our market share and presence through sales to new customers, additional sales to existing customers, introductions of new products and services, participation in our ecosystem, interoperability and integration with our platform, and maintaining strong relationships with our existing customers. Risks that we may encounter in executing our growth strategy include:

If any of these risks are realized, our business, and our competitive position in the industry, could suffer.

Unfavorable conditions in our industry or the U.S. economy, or reductions in information technology spending, could limit our ability to grow our business and negatively affect our operating results.

Our operating results may vary based on the impact of changes in our industry or the economy on us or our clients. The revenue growth and potential profitability of our business depends on demand for workforce and providerour solutions forby healthcare providers. We sell our products and services to large, mid-sized, and small organizations whose businesses fluctuate based on general economic and business conditions. In addition, a portion of our revenue is attributable to the number of users of our products at each of our clients, which in turn is influenced by the employment and hiring patterns of our clients and potential clients. To the extent that economic uncertainty or weak economic conditions including in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic as noted above, cause our clients and potential clients to freeze or reduce their headcount or operations, demand for our products may be negatively affected. Historically, as well as in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic,Moreover, prior economic downturns have resulted in overall reductions in spending by some healthcare providers as well as pressure from clients and potential clients for extended billing terms. If economic conditions deteriorate, our clients and potential clients may elect to decrease their workforce and providerbudgets for our solutions budgets by deferring or reconsidering purchases, which would limit our ability to grow our business and negatively affect our operating results.

Moreover, other economic, regulatory or other developments that adversely or disproportionately impact the healthcare industry may reduce spending on information technology by healthcare organizations and otherwise adversely affect our customer base. Furthermore, the margins of many healthcare providers are modest, and potential decreases in reimbursement for healthcare costs may reduce the overall solvency of our customers or cause further deterioration in their financial or business condition. These developments could reduce our sales or adversely impact the ability of our customers to pay for our products and services.

In addition, as noted above, there continue to be significant uncertainties associated with the extent and duration of COVID-19’s negativethe pandemic’s ongoing impact on the economy, the healthcare sector, and our financial results. Our business also could be adversely impacted by catastrophic events (particularly in areas where we have office locations and/or where we have network infrastructure), such as fires, earthquakes, hurricanes, natural disasters, civil unrest, military conflicts or warfare (such as that escalating in Europe), geographic instability, terrorist attacks, pandemics or other public health emergencies, or the effects of climate change (such as drought, flooding, wildfires, increased storm severity and sea level rise).

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While the U.S. economy has improved in comparison to 2020, it has recently experienced various disruptions, including inflationary pressures, significant disruptions to global supply networks, and challenging labor market conditions. In this regard, we have recently experienced, and believe that some of Contentsour customers have experienced, increased labor, supply chain, capital, and other expenditures associated with current inflationary pressures. We may be unable to fully offset the impact of these increased expenditures, which may adversely impact our business and results of operations.

We may be unable to effectively identify, complete, or integrate the operations of acquisitions, joint ventures, collaborative arrangements, or other strategic investments, which would inhibit our ability to execute upon our growth strategy.

As part of our growth strategy, we actively review possible acquisitions, joint ventures, collaborative arrangements, or strategic investments that complement or enhance our business, and we completed two acquisitions in 2021 and four acquisitions in 2020 and have completed one acquisition in 2021, as part of this growth strategy. However, we may be unable to source or complete future acquisitions, joint ventures, collaborative arrangements, or other strategic investments on acceptable terms or at all. In addition, if we finance acquisitions, joint ventures, collaborative arrangements, or other strategic initiatives by issuing equity securities, our existing shareholders may be diluted, which could affect the market price of our stock. As a result, if we fail to properly evaluate and execute acquisitions, joint ventures, collaborative arrangements, or strategic investments, our performance or prospects may be seriously harmed. Risks that we may encounter in implementing our acquisition, joint venture, collaborative arrangement, or strategic investment strategies include:

Moreover, although we conduct what we believe to be a prudent level of investigation regarding the operating, financial, and information security conditions of acquired companies, joint ventures, collaborative arrangements, or other strategic investments, an unavoidable level of risk remains regarding the operating performance, financial condition, information and cyber security, and potential liabilities of these businesses, and we may not be able to fully assess these risks until a transaction has been completed.

In addition, a significant portion of the purchase price of companies we acquire may be allocated to acquired goodwill, or intangible assets which must be assessed for impairment at least annually, or to intangible assets, which are assessed for impairment upon certain triggering events. In the future, if our acquisitions do not yield expected returns, we may be required to take charges to our operating results based on this impairment assessment process, which could harm our operating results.

We are subject to risks associated with our equity investments, including partial or complete loss of invested capital, and significant changes in the fair value of these investments could adversely impact our financial results.

We have invested in, and may continue to invest in, early-to-late stage companies for strategic reasons and to support key business initiatives, and we may not realize a return on our equity investments. Many such companies generate net losses and the market for their products, services, or technologies may be slow to develop or never materialize.

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Further, valuations of non-marketable equity investments are inherently complex due to the lack of readily available market data. We may experience additional volatility to our financial results due to changes in market prices of our marketable equity investments, the valuation and timing of observable price changes or impairments of our non-marketable equity investments, including impairments to such investments due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and changes in the proportionate share of earnings and losses or impairment of our equity investments accounted for under the equity method. This volatility could be material to our results in any particular period.

Our ability to accurately forecast our financial performance for certain products and services may be hindered by customer scheduling.

While the revenue we receive from particular products and services in our subscription business may be predictable during the term of the applicable contract, the performance of our subscription business may become more subject to fluctuations between quarterly periods as our solution offerings diversify and become more sophisticated. Certain professional services contracts are subject to the customers’ involvement in the provision of the product or service. The timing and magnitude of these product and service contracts may vary widely from quarter to quarter and year to year, and thus may affect our ability to accurately forecast our financial performance. In addition, some products can require significant implementation lead times and resources and may require a level of change management efforts from our clients, which may also impact our ability to accurately forecast our financial performance. Additionally, as we expand our revenue generating model such that third parties may pay network connection fees based on sales they make, our ability to forecast revenue from such arrangements may not be predictable. Finally, until the impacts arising from the COVID-19 pandemic have abated, it will continue to be more difficult for us to forecast our financial results.

Our ability to accurately forecast our financial performance may be affected bydifficult to predict as the result of lengthy and widely varying sales cycles.cycles and other factors.

The period from our initial contact with a potential customer and such customer’s first purchase of our solution typically ranges from three to nine months, and in some cases may be significantly longer. Sales of additional solutions to existing customers may also experience sales cycles ranging from three to nine months, or longer. The range in the sales cycle can be impacted by multiple factors, including an increasing trend towards more formal request for proposal processes and more competition within our industry, delays associated with the impact of COVID-19,the pandemic, as well as formal budget timelines which impact timing of purchases by target customers. New products, including those that may compete with or replace our former product offerings, tend to have a longer and more unpredictable revenue ramp period because of varying customer adoption rates. As a result of these factors, we have only limitedour ability to forecastaccurately predict the timing and type of initial sales. This,sales may be limited. Moreover, while the revenue we receive from particular products and services in turn, makes itour subscription business may be predictable during the term of the applicable contract, the performance of our subscription business may become more difficultsubject to fluctuations between quarterly periods as our solution offerings are increasingly diversified and become more sophisticated. Certain professional services contracts are subject to the customers’ involvement in the provision of the product or service. The timing and magnitude of these product and service contracts may vary widely from quarter to quarter and year to year, and thus may affect our ability to accurately forecast our financial performance. In addition, some products can require significant implementation lead times and resources and may require a level of change management efforts from our clients, which may also limit our ability to accurately predict our financial performance. Additionally, our ability to accurately predict our financial performance may be further limited as we expand our revenue generating model such that third parties may pay network connection fees based on sales they make, our ability to forecast revenue from such arrangements may not be predictable.make.

We may not be able to maintain our competitive position against current and potential competitors, especially those with significantly greater financial, technical, marketing, or other resources.

Many of our competitors and potential competitors have longer operating histories and significantly greater financial, technical, marketing, or other resources than we do. We encounter direct competition from both large and small companies focused on providing workforce and provider solutions to the healthcare industry.that compete with those we offer. Given the profile and growth of the healthcare industry and the ongoing need for training, simulation, scheduling, credentialing, and other information products and services, it is likely that additional competitors will emerge. Additionally, mergers of or other strategic transactions by our competitors could weaken our competitive position. Moreover, our lack of market diversification resulting from our concentration on the healthcare industry may make us susceptible to losing market share to our competitors who also offer solutions, and in some cases a more robust suite of solutions, to a cross-section of industries. These companies may be able to respond more quickly than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards, or customer requirements. Additionally, given the evolving nature of technology, our technology enabled offerings may be disrupted by innovative or emerging technologies, such as blockchain, Web3, or quantum computing technologies, and such disruption could adversely impact our ability to compete. Further, most of our customer agreements are for terms ranging from one to five years, with no obligation to renew. The terms of these agreements may enable customers to more easily shift to one of our competitors.competitors following the expiration of the agreement.

Expanding our business model such that third-partiesthird parties may pay network connection fees in exchange for the ability to deliver their products through our technology platform and have them featured as part of our ecosystem may result in unpredictability to and/or harm to the operational and financial performance of our business.

Historically, the

The Company has marketed and sold products and services through our own sales team and for delivery through our technology platform. More recently, the Company beganexpanded its business model by offering third-partiesthird parties the ability to utilize their sales teams to market and sell their third-partythird party products and have such products delivered through the Company’s technology platform, provided such third-partiesthird parties pay a network connectivity fee when such products are sold to customers in our network. Given that these third parties are responsible for their products and the marketing and selling thereof, the Company may not always be able to ensure the operational, financial, or security-related performance or impact of

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products controlled by a third-party.third party. While we have contractual protections with third-partiesthird parties regarding their products, including but not limited to service levels, information security, confidentiality, data rights, and indemnification against certain breaches, these may not be sufficient to ensure the predictability or performance of such products, or potential negative impacts related thereto.

The failure to maintain and strengthen our relationships with ecosystem partners or significant changes in the terms of the agreements we have with themecosystem partners may have an adverse impact on our ability to successfully market, sell, and deliver certain product and service offerings.

We have entered into contracts with ecosystempartners, including content, application, infrastructure, technology, and retail channel vendors. Our ability to increase the sales of our products and services depends in part upon maintaining and strengthening relationships with these current and future ecosystempartners. Some of these contracts are on a non-exclusive basis. Certain ecosystempartners may offer multiple products and services, including, in some instances, products or services which may compete with other products and services we offer. Moreover, under contracts with some of our ecosystem partners, we may be bound by provisions that restrict our ability to market and sell our products and services to certain potential customers. The success of these contractual arrangements will depend in part upon the ecosystem partners’ own competitive, marketing, and strategic considerations, including the relative advantages for such ecosystem partners in using alternative products being developed and marketed by them or our competitors, rather than our products and services.

Moreover, most of our agreements with ecosystem partners are for initial terms of three or more years. These partners may choose not to renew their agreements with us or may terminate their agreements early if we do not fulfill our contractual obligations. If our partners terminate or fail to renew their agreements with us on as favorable terms, such as through a reduction in our revenue share arrangement, it could result in a reduction in the number of solutions we are able to distribute, declines in the number of subscribers to our platform, and decreased revenues. Some of our agreements with our ecosystem partners are non-exclusive, and our competitors offer, or could offer, solutions that are similar to or the same as those we offer. If our current partners offer or otherwise make available their products and services to users or our competitors on more favorable terms than those offered to us or increase our license fees, our competitive position, revenue, and our profit margins and prospects could be harmed.

We cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain and strengthen our relationships with ecosystem partners, that we will be successful in effectively integrating or enhancing such partners’ products and technology, including without limitation through our emerging PaaSplatform strategy, with, into, or through our own, or that such relationships will be successful in generating additional revenue. If any of these ecosystem partners have negative experiences with our products and services, or seek to amend or terminate the financial or other terms of the contracts or arrangements we have with them, we may need to increase our organizational focus on the types of services and solutions they sell and alter our development, integration, and/or distribution strategies, which may divert our planned efforts and resources from other projects.

We could also be subject to claims and liability or related expenses as a result of the activities, products, or services of these ecosystem partners and/or our actual or alleged acts or omissions with regard to these ecosystem partners. Even if these claims do not result in liability to us, investigating and defending these claims could be expensive, time-consuming, divert our attention, and result in suspension of or interference with certain offerings to our clients and/or adverse publicity that could harm our business.

We may not be able to retain distribution rights from our ecosystem partners, which could adversely affectimpact our business and results of operations.business. 

Most of our agreements with ecosystem partners are for initial terms of three or more years. These partners may choose not to renew their agreements with us or may terminate their agreements early if we do not fulfill our contractual obligations. If our partners terminate or fail to renew their agreements with us on as favorable terms, such as a reduction in our revenue share arrangement, it could result in a reduction in the number of courses and solutions we are able to distribute, declines in the number of subscribers to our platforms, and decreased revenues. Some of our agreements with our ecosystem partners are non-exclusive, and our competitors offer, or could offer, solutions that are similar to or the same as those we offer. If our current partners offer or otherwise make available their products and services to users or our competitors on more favorable terms than those offered to us, or increase our license fees, our competitive position, revenue, and our profit margins and prospects could be harmed.

We may not be able to develop new products and services or enhancements to our existing products and services, or be able to achieve widespread acceptance of new products, services, or features, or keep pace with technological developments.

Our growth strategy depends in part on our ability to generate revenue growth through sales to new customers as well as increasing sales of additional subscriptions and other products and services to existing customers. Our identification of additional features, content, products, and services may not result in timely development of complementary products. In addition, the success of certain new products and services may be dependent on continued growth in our customer base. Furthermore, we are not able to accurately predict the volume or speed with which existing and new customers may adopt such new products and services. Because healthcare technology continues to change and evolve, we may be unable to accurately predict and develop new products, features, content, and other products to address the needs of the healthcare industry. Further, the new products, services, and enhancements we develop may introduce significant defects into or otherwise negatively impact our technology platform. While all new products and services are subject to testing and quality control, all software and software-based services are subject to errors and malfunctions. If we release new products, services, and/or enhancements with bugs, defects, or errors or that cause bugs, defects, or errors in existing products, it could result in lost revenues and/or reduced ability to meet contractual obligations and would be detrimental to

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our business and reputation. If new products, features, or content are not accepted or integrated by new or existing customers, we may not be able to recover the cost of this development, and our financial performance may be adversely affected. Continued growth and maintenance of our customer population is dependent on our ability to continue to provide relevant products and services in a timely manner. The success of our business will depend on our ability to continue providing our products and services as well as enhancing our content, product, and service offerings that address the needs of healthcare organizations.organizations in a timely manner.

We may be unable to continue to license our third-partythird party software, on which a portion of our product and service offerings rely, or we may experience errors in this software, which could increaseadversely impact our costs and decrease our revenue.business.

We use technology components in some of our products that have been licensed from third parties. Future licenses to these technologies may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all. The loss of or inability to obtain or maintain any of these licenses could result in delays in the introduction of new products and services or could force us to discontinue offering portions of solutions until equivalent technology, if available, is identified, licensed, and integrated. In addition, we could experience customers choosingmay choose not to renew their agreements with us or terminatingto terminate their agreements early if we lose or are unable to maintain licenses to some of our product components. If our customers terminate or fail to renew their agreements with us on as favorable terms, it could result in a reduction in the number of content and solutions we are able to distribute, declines in the number of subscribers to our platforms,offerings, and decreased revenues. The operation of our products would be impaired if errors occur in third party technology or content that we incorporate, and we may incur additional costs to repair or replace the defective technology or content. It may be difficult for us to correct any errors in third party products because the products are not within our control. Accordingly, our revenue could decrease, and our costs could increase in the event of any errors in this technology. Furthermore, we may become subject to legal claims related to licensed technology based on product liability, infringement of intellectual property, or other legal theories. Even if these claims do not result in liability to us, investigating and defending these claims could be expensive and time-consuming and could result in suspension of or interference with certain offerings to our clients and/or adverse publicity that could harm our business.

Financial Risks

A significant portion of our revenue is generated from a relatively small number of customers.

We derive a substantial portion of our revenues from a relatively small number of customers. A termination or material modification of our agreements with any of our significant customers or a failure of these customers to renew their contracts on favorable terms, or at all, could have an adverse effect on our business.

A significant portion of our business is subject to renewal. Therefore, renewals have a significant impact on our revenue and operating results.

For the year ended December 31, 2020,2021, approximately 96%95% of our net revenue was derived from SaaS-based subscriptions and software licensing agreements. Our product and service contracts typically range from one to five years in length, and customers are not obligated to renew their contract with us after their contract term expires; in fact, some customers have elected not to renew their contract, and this risk has increased as the result of conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, our customers may renew at a lower pricingprice or activity level. Our customers’ renewals may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including but not limited to, their dissatisfaction with our service, a dissipation or cessation of their need for one or more of our products or services, pricing, or competitive product offerings. If we are unable to renew a substantial portion of the contracts that are up for renewal or maintain our pricing, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Failure to adequately expand and optimize our direct sales infrastructure will impede our growth.

We will need to continue to expand and optimize our sales infrastructure in order to grow our customer base and our business. Identifying and recruiting qualified personnel and training them in our sales methodology, our sales systems, and the use of our software requires significant time, expense, and attention. Moreover, the current competitive labor market has increased the challenge of recruiting and retaining qualified sales representatives. It can take significant time before our sales representatives are fully trained and productive. Our business may be adversely affected if our efforts to expand and train our direct sales teams do not generate a corresponding increase in revenues. In particular, if we are unable to hire, develop, and retain talented sales personnel or if new direct sales personnel are unable to achieve desired productivity levels in a reasonable period of time, we may not be able to realize the expected benefits of this investment or increase our revenues.

We may be unable to accurately predict the timing of revenue recognition from sales activity as it is often dependent on achieving certain events or performance milestones, and this inability could impact our operating results.

Our ability to recognize revenue is dependent upon several factors in order for us to implement customers on our subscription-based platform and platform applications. If customers do not provide us with the information required to complete implementations in a timely manner, our ability to recognize revenue may be delayed, which could adversely

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impact our operating results. SomeMoreover, some products including several in our Provider Solutions segment, can require significant implementation lead times and the rate at which customer orders move from backlog to revenue generation in connection with these products may significantly affect the timing of revenue recognition.

Because we recognize revenue from subscriptions for our products and services over the term of the subscription period, downturns or upturns in sales may not be immediately reflected in our operating results.

During the year ended December 31, 2020,2021, we recognized approximately 96%95% of our revenue from customers monthly over the terms of their subscription or software licensing agreements, which generally have contract terms ranging from one to five years. As a result, much of the revenue we report in each quarter is related to subscription or licensing agreements entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed subscription or licensing agreements in any one quarter will not necessarily be reflected in the revenue in that quarter and will negatively affect our revenue in future quarters. In addition, we may be unable to adjust our cost structure to reflect this reduced revenue. Accordingly, the effect of significant downturns in sales and market acceptance of our products and services may not be reflected in our results of operations until future periods. Additionally, our subscription model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our revenue through additional sales in any period, as revenue from new customers must be recognized over the applicable subscription term.

Moreover, as noted above, we generally have contract terms ranging from one to five years, and the fees payable under such contracts are often determined without reference to any increases in the consumer price index or similar inflation-related metric over the term of such contract. As such, particularly for longer term contracts, we may be adversely impacted by inflationary conditions such as those that the U.S. economy is currently experiencing given that the fees that we are receiving during the outstanding term of such contracts will not be impacted by general price increases resulting from inflation whereas such inflationary conditions may increase the amount of labor, capital, and other expenditures we incur in connection with the operation of our business.

We may not be able to meet our strategic business objectives unless we obtain additional financing, which may not be available to us on favorable terms or at all.

We may need to raise additional funds for various purposes, including to:

At December 31, 2020,2021, we had approximately $46.5$51.9 million in cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities. We also have up to $65.0 million of availability under our Revolving Credit Facility, subject to certain covenants, which expires in October 2023.

We actively review possible business acquisitions to complement or enhance our products, services, and technology platforms. We may not have adequate cash and investments or availability under our Revolving Credit Facility to consummate one or more of these acquisitions.

We cannot assure yoube assured that if we need additional financing, it will be available on terms favorable to us or at all. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to disruption and volatility in financial and capital markets and could lead to future disruption and/or volatility, particularly if public health conditions related to the pandemic deteriorate or persist for a significant period of time.volatility. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on acceptable terms, our ability to fund expansion, take advantage of available opportunities, develop or enhance services or products, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures would be significantly limited. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or convertible debt securities, the percentage ownership of our existing shareholders may be reduced.

Goodwill, identifiable intangible assets, long-lived assets, and strategic investments recorded on our balance sheet may be subject to impairment losses that could reduce our reported assets and earnings.

There are inherent uncertainties in the estimates, judgments, and assumptions used in assessing recoverability of goodwill, intangible assets, long-lived assets, and strategic investments. Economic, legal, regulatory, competitive, reputational, contractual, and other factors could result in future declines in the operating results of our business units or market values that do not support the carrying value of goodwill, identifiable intangible assets, long-lived assets, and strategic investments. Moreover, the risk of such declines in operating results and market values may be increased by conditions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. If the value of our goodwill, intangible assets, long-lived assets, or strategic investments is impaired, accounting principles require us to reduce their carrying value and report an impairment charge, which would reduce our reported assets and earnings for the period in which an impairment is recognized.

We may be affected by healthcare reform efforts and other changes in the healthcare industry that impact us and our clients.

Our clients are concentrated in the healthcare industry, which is subject to changing regulatory, economic, and political conditions. In the past several years, we have experienced bankruptcies amongst our customers. Additionally, the

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COVID-19 pandemic has substantially affected and imposed increased financial pressures on many healthcare organizations. Adverse conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic have caused, and could continue to cause, certain of our customers to be unable to pay for our products and services in a timely and fulsome manner, or unable to pay at all, which has had, and will likely continue to have, an adverse impact on our financial results. This decrease in creditworthiness among certain of our customers along with other economic challenges facing the healthcare sector caused us to record bad debt expense of $0.3 million, $0.2 million, and $1.0 million in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. Any escalation of these trends could result in our inability to collect amounts owed from existing clients and decrease our ability to gain new clients, which could adversely impact our revenue, results of operations, and ability to execute on our growth strategy.

The U.S. Congress and certain state legislatures have passed or are considering laws and regulations intended to result in major changes to the U.S. healthcare system. The most prominent of these reform efforts, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Healthcare and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, Affordable Care Act)the ACA), was designed to increase access to affordable health insurance for U.S. citizens and improve quality of care, but it also has reduced government program spending and imposed operating costs and changes on many of our clients.

Changes

The ACA has been subject to the Affordable Care Act have created uncertainty on its future. As a result of Congress eliminating the financial penalty associated with the individual mandate, a federal judge in Texas ruled in December 2018 that the mandate was unconstitutionallegislative and determined that the rest of the Affordable Care Act was therefore invalid. In December 2019, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld this decision with respect to the individual mandate but remanded for further consideration the issue of how this affects the rest of the law. On November 10, 2020, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments,regulatory changes and law remains in place pending the appeals process.

court challenges. There is uncertainty regarding whether, when, and how the Affordable Care ActACA will be further changed the ultimate impact of court challenges,and how the law will be interpreted and implemented,implemented. There is also uncertainty regarding whether, when, and what other health reform initiatives will be adopted and the impact of other initiatives intended to reformsuch efforts on the healthcare delivery, coverage, and/or financial systems.industry. For example, some members of Congress have proposed significantly expanding the coverage of government-funded programs. programs, while others have proposed reducing them. There are also examples of additional reform efforts other than the ACA, such as the recently enacted No Surprises Act.

Other industry participants, such as large employer groups and their affiliates, may also introduce financial or delivery system reforms or otherwise intensify competitive pressures. Some of the recent changes in the healthcare industry have driven consolidation, particularly among health insurance providers, which could affect the size of our customer base. Other reforms or industry changes may reduce payments from third party healthcare payers, including Medicare and Medicaid, to our customers.

Any such legal or regulatory developments, as well as other healthcare-related or other developments, that adversely impact the business or financial condition of our clients, could reduce the amount of business we receive from such clients and thus have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Some of the recent changes in the healthcare industry have driven consolidation, particularly among health insurance providers. Other industry participants, such as large employer groups and their affiliates, may also introduce financial or delivery system reforms or otherwise intensify competitive pressures. These developments could adversely affect us or our customers and therefore have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

We may discover weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting, which may adversely affect investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and consequently the market price of our securities.

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires our management to report on and requires our independent public accounting firm to attest to, the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. The rules governing the standards to be met are complex and may require significant process review, documentation, and testing, as well as remediation efforts for any identified deficiencies. This process of review, documentation, testing, and remediation may result in increased expenses and require significant attention from management and other internal and external resources. These requirements may also extend to acquired entities and our efforts to integrate those operations into our system of internal controls. Any material weaknesses identified during this process may preclude us from asserting the effectiveness of our internal controls. This may negatively affect our stock price if we cannot effectively remediate the issues identified in a timely manner.

Changes in accounting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, could adversely affect our balance sheet, revenue, and results of operations, and could require a significant expenditure of time, attention, and resources, especially by senior management.

Our accounting and financial reporting policies conform to GAAP, which are periodically revised and/or expanded. The application of accounting principles is also subject to varying interpretations over time. Accordingly, we are required to adopt new or revised accounting standards or comply with revised interpretations that are issued from time to time by various parties, including accounting standard setters and those who interpret the standards, such as the FASB and the SEC and our independent registered public accounting firm. Changes to regulations concerning revenue recognition could require us to alter our current revenue accounting practices and cause us to either defer revenue into a future period or to recognize lower revenue in a current period. Likewise, changes to regulations concerning expense recognition could require us to alter our current expense accounting practices and cause us to defer recognition of expense into a future

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period or to recognize increased expenses in a current period. Such changes could also cause us to alter the manner in which we contract for, sell, and incentivize sales of products and services. Changes to either revenue recognition or expense recognition accounting practices could affect our financial results.

Risks Related to Operations

Our operating margins could be affected if our ongoing refinement to pricing models for our products and services is not accepted by our customers and the market.

We continue to make changes in the pricing of our product and service offerings so as to increase revenue and meet the needs of our customers. We cannot predict whether the current pricing of our products and services,offerings or any ongoing refinements we make will be accepted by our existing customer base or by prospective customers. If our customers and potential customers decide not to accept our current or future pricing or product and service offerings, it could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Additionally, ecosystem partners establish the price for some of the products we market and sell, and we do not have control over such price setting or customer acceptance thereof or reaction thereto.

We may be unable to adequately develop our systems, processes, and support in a manner that will enable us to meet the demand for our products and services.

We have provided our online products and services for a significant period of time and continue to expand our ability to provide our solutions on both a subscription and transactional basis over the Internet or otherwise. Our future success will depend on our ability to effectively develop and maintain our infrastructure, including procurement of additional hardware and software, integrate and interoperate with third party systems, and to implement the services, including customer support, necessary to meet the demand for our products and services.offerings. Our inability from time to time to successfully develop the necessary systems and implement the necessary services on a timely basis may result in our customers experiencing delays, interruptions, and/or errors in their service. Such delays or interruptions may cause customers to become dissatisfied with our service and move to competing providers of workforce and provider solutions services.providers. If this happens, our reputation, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Our business operations could be significantly disrupted if we lose members

We operate in a challenging market for talent and may fail to attract and integrate new members to, ourretain qualified personnel, including key management team.personnel.

Our future performance is substantially dependent on the continued services of our management team and our ability to attract, retain, and motivate them. The loss of the services of any of our officers or senior managers, or the inability to attract additional officers or senior managers as appropriate, could harm our business, as we may not be able to find suitable replacements. We do not have employment agreements with any of our key personnel, other than our chief executive officer, and we do not maintain any “key person” life insurance policies.

We Moreover, current competitive labor market conditions may not be ablemake it more difficult for us to attract hire, and retain a sufficient number of qualified employees and, as a result, we may not be able to effectively executekey management personnel.

In addition, our growth strategy or maintain the quality of our services.

Our future success will depend on our ability to attract, train, motivate, and retain other highly skilled technical, managerial, marketing, sales, and customer support personnel. Competition for certain personnel is intense and, during the so called "Great Resignation" has reached historically high levels, especially for software developers, web designers, user experience and interaction designers, and sales personnel, and we may be unable to successfully attract sufficiently qualified personnel. Additionally, current competitive labor market conditions have increased, and may continue to increase, our labor costs as well as the difficulty of hiring and retaining qualified personnel. We have experienced in the past, and continue to experience, difficulty hiring qualified personnel in a timely manner for these positions, and we may not be able to fill positions in desired geographic areas or at all. The pool of qualified technical personnel, in particular, is limited in Nashville, Tennessee, where our headquarters are located. Similar challenges exist within our Provider Solutions segment in our locations in San Diego, California, and Boulder, Colorado.limited. Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have and some of these companies may offer more lucrative compensation packages. We anticipate needing to continue to maintain or increase the size of our staff to support our anticipated growth, without compromising the quality of our offerings or customer service. Our inability to locate, attract, hire, integrate and retain qualified personnel in sufficient numbers may reduce the quality of our services and impair our ability to grow and adversely impact our financial performance.

We may not be able to upgrade our hardware and software technology infrastructure quickly enough to effectively meet demand for our services or our operational needs.

We must continue to obtain reasonably priced, commercially available hardware, operating software, and hosting services, as well as continue to enhance our software and systems to accommodate the increased use of our platform, the increased content in our library, the expanding amount and type of data we store on behalf of our customers, and the resulting increase in operational demands on our business, including as imposed by new and changing legal and regulatory requirements applicable to our business. Decisions about hardware and software enhancements are based in part on

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estimated forecasts of the growth in demand for our services. This growth in demand for our services is difficult to forecast and the potential audience for our services is widespread and dynamic. If we are unable to increase the data storage and processing capacity of our systems at least as fast as the growth in demand, our customers may encounter delays or disruptions in their service. Unscheduled downtime or reduced response time of our platforms could harm our business and could discourage current and potential customers from using or continuing to use our services and reduce future revenue. If we are unable to acquire, update, or enhance our technology infrastructure and systems quickly enough to effectively meet increased operational demands on our business, that may also have an adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Further, our applications necessarily must integrate with a variety of systems and technologies. As we develop our platformsplatform and applications and rely on ever changing and improving technologies, we may be impeded by our customers’ and ecosystem partners’ inability to adopt new technologies and technology standards upon which new platform enhancements may be based.

Our network infrastructure and computer systems and software may fail.

An unexpected event (including but not limited to a cyber-security incident, such as ransomware attack, security compromise, or other attempts to misappropriate our confidential information; telecommunications failure; vandalism; fire; earthquake; public health crises; epidemics or pandemics; or other catastrophic loss) at or impacting our Internet service providers’ facilities, our on-site data center facilities, or our public-cloud infrastructure providers, could cause the loss of critical data and prevent us from offering our products and services for an unknown period of time. Moreover, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic could have a significant adverse operational impact on these facilities and/or these providers on which we rely, as such providers continue to navigate their own challenges resulting from their employee basisbase continuing to work remotely and other impacts of the pandemic. In addition, in the remote work environments, the daily activities and productivity of our workforce is now more closely tied to key vendors, such as video conference services, consistently delivering their services without material disruption. Our ability to deliver information using the Internet and to operate in a remote working environment may be impaired because of infrastructure failures, service outages at third party internet providers, malicious attacks or other factors. System downtime could negatively affect our reputation and ability to sell our products and services and may expose us to significant third-partythird party claims. Our cyber liability and business interruption insurance may not adequately compensate us for losses that may occur. In addition, we rely on third parties to securely store our archived data, house our infrastructure and network systems, and connect us to the Internet. While our service providers have planned for certain contingencies, the failure by any of these third parties to provide these services satisfactorily and our inability to find suitable replacements would impair our ability to access archives and operate our systems and software, and our customers may encounter delays. Such disruptions could harm our reputation and cause customers to become dissatisfied and possibly take their business to a competing provider, which would adversely affect our financial performance.

A data breach or security incident could result in a loss of confidential data, give rise to remediation and other expenses, expose us to liability under HIPAA, the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (“FERPA”(“FERPA”), the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH), foreign data privacy regulations, federal and state data protection and data privacy laws,requirements, consumer protection laws, common law theories, orand other laws, rules and regulations, subject us to litigation and federal and state governmental inquiries, damage our reputation, and otherwise could adversely impact our business.

There

We collect and store sensitive information, including intellectual property, individually identifiable health and other information, provider credentialing and privileging data, education records, and other sensitive personal information, on our networks. We are directly subject to certain privacy and security requirements imposed under HIPAA and we collect and store data that qualifies as Protected Health Information (PHI) under HIPAA. In addition, there are a variety of other state, national, foreign, and international laws and regulations that apply to the collection, use, retention, protection, security, disclosure, transfer, and other processing of personal data, such as the California Consumer Protection Act (CCPA), which was recently significantly modified by the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA), the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, and the Colorado Privacy Act, as well as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)., Canada's Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, Australia's Privacy 1988, and New Zealand's Privacy Act 2020. The CCPA and CPRA apply broadlyalso provide for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that may increase data breach litigation. We may also be exposed to litigation, regulatory fines, penalties or other sanctions if the personal, confidential, or proprietary information that identifiesof our customers is mishandled or is associated withmisused by any California householdof our suppliers, ecosystem partners, counterparties, or individual, and compliance with the CCPA and CPRA may require usother third parties, or if such third parties do not have appropriate controls in place to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses to comply. In addition,protect such personal, confidential, or proprietary information. Moreover, several other states, including Virginia and Washington, may pass new privacy legislation, which may lead toas well as federal lawmakers, have proposed additional operational impact and costs for us to comply.legislation. Further, many foreign data privacy regulations (including the GDPR and China’s Cybersecurity Law)GDPR) can be more stringent than those in the United States. TheseThe laws and regulations to which we are subject are rapidly evolving and changing and could have an adverse effect on our operations. Companies’ obligations and requirements under these laws and regulations are subject to uncertainty in how they may be interpreted by government authorities and regulators. The costs of compliance with, and the other burdens imposed by, these and other laws or regulatory actions may increase our operational costs, affect our customers’ willingness to permit us to use and store personal data, prevent us from selling our products or services, and/or affect our ability to invest in or jointly develop products. Failure to comply with these laws may result in governmental enforcement actions, private claims, including class action lawsuits, and damage to our reputation. We may also face audits or investigations by one or more domestic or foreign government agencies relating to our compliance with these regulations.

We collect and store sensitive information, including intellectual property, individually identifiable health information, provider credentialing and privileging data, education records, and other personal information, on our networks.

The secure maintenance of thissensitive information is critical to our business operations. As a result, the continued development and enhancement of controls, processes, and practices designed to protect our information systems from attack, damage, or unauthorized access remain a priority for us. If the security measures that we use to protect customer or personal information are ineffective, we may lose users of our services, which could reduce our revenue, tarnish our reputation, and subject us to significant liability. In addition, if our subcontractors, subprocessors, or various other vendors on which we

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rely fail to use adequate security or data protection processes or use personal date in an unpermitted or improper manner, we may be liable for certain losses and may damage our reputation. Additionally, our costs and efforts associated with obtaining and maintaining certain certifications related to data privacy and protection may also increase, to the extent we are able to obtain or maintain such certifications at all.

We have implemented multiple layers of security measures to protect confidential data that we collect and store through technology, processes, and our people, and our defenses are monitored and routinely tested internally and by external parties. We rely, in part, on security and authentication technology licensed from third parties. With this technology, we perform real-time credit card authorization and verification, as well as the encryption of other selected secure customer data. We cannot predict whether these security measures could be circumvented by new technological developments. Moreover, advanced new attacks that may be directed at us or our third party vendors create risk of cybersecurity incidents, including ransomware, malware, and phishing incidents. We may also be subject to attacks in which malicious actors seek to, and potentially succeed in, exploiting our products or services as a vector to compromise the security or integrity of our customers, partners, or vendors. Further, the audit processes, penetration and vulnerability testing, and controls used within our production platforms may not be sufficient to identify and prevent errors or deliberate misuse. In addition, our software, databases, and servers may contain vulnerabilities or irregularities that lead to computer viruses, physical or electronic attacks, and similar disruptions. We may be at increased risk because we outsource certain services or functions to, or have systems that interface with, third parties. Our contracts with service providers typically require them to implement and maintain adequate security controls, but we may not have the ability to effectively monitor these security measures. As a result, inadequacies of the third party security controls may not be detected until after a security breach has occurred. For example, third party IT vendors may not provide us with fixes or updates to hardware or software in a manner as to avoid an unauthorized loss, access, or disclosure of data or to address a known vulnerability, which may subject us to known threats and cause system failures or disruptions. Third party vendors that store or have access to our data may not have effective controls, processes, or practices to protect our information from attack, damage, or unauthorized access. These risks may be heightened in connection with employees and service providers working from remote work environments, as our dependency on certain service providers, such as video conferencing and web conferencing services, has significantly increased. In addition, to access our network, products, and services, customers and other third parties may use personal mobile computing devices that are outside of our network environment and subject to their own security risk. A breach or attack affecting any of these third parties could harm our business. We cannot assure that we can prevent all security breaches.

Despite these efforts, a

Like many organizations, we have experienced data breachand cyber incidents from time to time in the course of our business and have handled those incidents in accordance with our internal policies and our understanding of applicable laws. In the future, potential data breaches or security incidentincidents could result from a variety of circumstances and events, including third-partythird party action or inaction, system errors or downtime, employee negligence or error, malfeasance, failures during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases, or components thereof, power outages, hardware failures, telecommunication failures, user errors, catastrophic events, or threats from malicious persons and groups, new vulnerabilities, and advanced new attacks against information systems. Data incidents could result in interruptions, delays, loss, access, misappropriation, and disclosure or corruption of data which could damage our reputation and could otherwise adversely impact our business. Like many other organizations, we have experienced data incidents from time to timeMoreover, in the course of our businesscurrent threat environment, cyberattacks have become increasingly frequent, sophisticated, and handled these incidents in accordance with our internal policiesdifficult to detect, and understanding of the applicable laws.we may not be able to anticipate, prevent, or detect all such attacks. There can be no assurance that we will not be subject to data incidents that bypass our security measures, result in loss of confidential information, or disputedisrupt our information systems or business. In addition, data and cyber incidents, particularly if a large number of individuals are affected or if the compromised information is highly sensitive, could expose us and our customers to liability under privacy, security, and consumer protection laws, such as HIPAA, FERPA, CCPA, and CPRA, and foreign data privacy regulations or litigation under these or other laws, including common law theories, and subject us to federal and state governmental inquiries or enforcement, especially if a large numbercould require us to devote significant management resources to address the problems created by such events, could interfere with the pursuit of individuals are affected or if the compromised information is highly sensitive. Ourother important business strategies, and could cause us to incur additional expenditures, which could be material, including to investigate such events, remedy cybersecurity problems, recover lost data, and adapt systems and practices in response to such events. Moreover, our cyber liability and business interruption insurance may not adequately compensate us for losses that may occur. We may need to spend significant resources to protect against security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by any breaches.

Furthermore, we have acquired a number of companies, products, services, and technologies in recent years, including four acquisitions completed during 2020 and one acquisition that has been completed during 2021.years. Although we devote significant resources to address any security issues with respect to such acquisitions, we still may inherit additional security risks when we integrate those companies within HealthStream. Moreover, if a high-profile security breach occurs with respect to an industry peer, our customers and potential customers may lose trust in the security of our solutions in general.

As threats to confidential information continue to evolve, we may be required to continue to expend significant additional resources to continue tomaintain, modify, or enhance our internal processes, governance, or protective measures, or to investigate and remediate any security vulnerabilities. The occurrence of a data incident and the resulting potential costs and liabilities could have an adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations and harm our business reputation.

We may experience errors or omissions in our software products or processes, including those that deliver provider credentialing, privileging, and payer enrollment services for our hospitals and medical practicehealthcare customers and those that administer and report on hospitalhealthcare facility performance, and these errors could result in action taken against us that could harm our business.

Hospitals and medical practices use our credentialing, privileging, and payer enrollment software to manage, validate, and maintain their providers’ and other staff credentials and authorization to practice in a particular facility and to maintain authorization to perform care covered by insurance providers. In some instances, we rely on sources outside the Company for information that we use in our credentialing and privileging products. If errors or omissions occur that inaccurately validate or invalidate the credentials of a provider or staff, or improperly deny or authorize a provider or staff to practice in a hospital or medical practice, these errors or omissions could result in litigation brought against us either by our customers, the provider or staff member, or other interested parties. For example, an important element in a malpractice case brought against a hospital or other provider could be the validation of proper credentialing for the provider, and any errors or omissions in our products that provide these services could subject us to claims. Further, a list of providers’ privileges may be made available to the

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general public by hospitals and medical practices, and errors in credentialing and privileging may result in damage to the hospital, medical practice, or provider.

We may also be required to indemnify against such claims and defending against any such claims could be costly and time-consuming and could negatively affect our business.

The expiration

Our legacy agreements with Laerdal (Legacy Agreements) for the HeartCode and Resuscitation Quality Improvement (RQI) products expired pursuant to their terms on December 31, 2018 and were not renewed. Revenues associated with sales of HeartCode and RQI products pursuant to the Legacy Agreements have been significant in recent years, although margins on such products have been lower than HealthStream’s average margin. Revenues from these products were $58.9 million in 2019 and $38.4 million in 2020 and will be approximately zero beginning with the first quarter of 2021.

While we have entered into agreements to market, sell, and deliver new resuscitation programs to our customers (i.e., other than HeartCode and RQI), including through our collaboration with the American Red Cross which was announced in January 2019, there is no assurance that we will be successful in efforts to market, sell, or deliver such products. To the extent we are not successful in these efforts and new resuscitation programs do not generate revenue and/or earnings in a manner that supplants the impact of the Legacy Agreements, our revenue and results of operations will be adversely affected.

Risks Related to Government Regulation, Content, and Intellectual Property

Government regulation may subject us to investigation, litigation, or liability or require us to change the way we do business.

The laws and regulations that govern our business change rapidly. Evolving areas of law that are relevant to our business include privacy and security laws (as discussed above), proposed encryption laws, content regulation, information security accountability regulation, privacy laws, sales and use tax laws, and regulations and attempts to regulate activities on the Internet. For example, we are directly subject to certain requirements of the HIPAA privacy and security regulations. In addition, we are required through contractsbusiness associate agreements with our customers known as “business associate agreements” to protect the privacy and security of certain personal and health related information. Further, government laws and regulations such as the Affordable Care Act, that directly affect our customers, can have an indirect impact on our business. We may also be required to develop features, enhancements, or modifications to our products to support our customers’ evolving compliance obligations. This may require us to divert development and other resources from other areas, incur significant expenditures, or, if we are unsuccessful in delivering these features, enhancements, or modifications, result in monetary damages, loss of revenue or customers, reputational harm, or other adverse impacts to our business.

We may lose sales from existing or potential customers or incur significant expenses if states are successful in imposing state sales and use taxes on our services to a greater degree than is currently the case or we inherit potential state sales and use tax compliance issues in connection with acquisitions we may make from time to time. A successful assertion by one or more states that we should collect sales or uses taxes on the sale of our services to a greater degree than is our current practice could result in substantial tax liabilities for past sales, decrease our ability to compete on pricing with other vendors, and otherwise harm our business. Each state has different rules and regulations governing sales and use taxes, and these rules and regulations are subject to varying interpretations that may change over time. We cannot assure yoube assured that we will not be subject to sales and use taxes or related penalties for past sales in states where we believe no compliance is necessary.

We are also subject to income and other taxes in the United States as well as in those states and foreign jurisdictions in which we do business. Changes in federal tax laws applicable to U.S. corporations and/or other laws, or interpretations of tax laws by taxing authorities or other standard setting bodies, could increase our tax obligations and adversely impact our results of operations. Additionally, we may be subject to taxes and tax laws in foreign jurisdictions where we do business.

The rapidly evolving and uncertain regulatory and technology environment could require us to change how we do business or incur additional costs. It may be difficult to predict how changes to these laws and regulations might affect our business. Our current and past privacy and security practices, including any breaches of protected health information or other data, could be subject to review or other investigation by various state and federal regulatory authorities or could become the subject of future litigation.

While we strive to adhere our practices and procedures to the laws that are applicable to our business, they are subject to evolving rules and regulations, interpretations, and regulator discretion. To the extent a regulator or court disagrees with our interpretation of these laws and determines that our practices are not in compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we could be subject to civil and criminal penalties that could adversely affect the continued operation of our business, including significant fines or monetary damages and/or penalties. In addition, failure to comply with applicable legal or regulatory requirements in the U.S. or in any of the countries in which we operate could result in significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation, subject us to contractual penalties (including termination of our

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customer agreements), adversely affect our ability to retain clients and attract new clients, or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business operations, financial condition, and results of operations.

Any reduction or change in the regulation of continuing education and training in the healthcare industry may adversely affect our business.

A portion of our business model is dependent in part on required training and continuing education for healthcare professionals and other healthcare workers resulting from regulations of state and federal agencies, state licensing boards, and professional organizations. Any change in these regulations that reduce the requirements for continuing education and training for the healthcare industry could harm our business. In addition, a portion of our business with pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers and hospitals is predicated on our ability to maintain accreditation status with organizations such as the ACCME and ANCC. The failure to maintain status as an accredited provider could have a detrimental effect on our business.

We may be liable to third parties for content that is sold or made available by us.

We may be liable to third parties for the content sold or made available by us if the text, graphics, software, or other content therein violates copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights, if our ecosystem partners violate their contractual obligations to others by providing content that we sell or make available, or if the content is inaccurate, incomplete, or does not conform to accepted standards of care in the healthcare profession. Further, we may be liable to these ecosystem partners if we allow access or release and lose control of their intellectual property stored on our platform either due to security issues or through improper release to customers who have not paid for access to such intellectual property. We attempt to minimize these types of liabilities by requiring representations and warranties relating to our intellectual property partners’ ownership of the rights to distribute as well as the accuracy of their intellectual property. We also take measures to review this intellectual property ourselves. Although our agreements with our ecosystem partners in most instances contain provisions providing for indemnification by the ecosystem partners in the event of inaccurate intellectual property, our ecosystem partners may not have the financial resources to meet these indemnification obligations. Alleged liability could harm our business by damaging our reputation, requiring us to incur legal costs in defense, exposing us to awards of damages and costs, and diverting management’s attention away from our business.

Protection of certain intellectual property may be difficult and costly, and our inability to protect our intellectual property could reduce the value of our products and services or reduce our competitive advantage.

Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights, as well as the intellectual property rights of our ecosystem partners, a third party could, without authorization, copy or otherwise misappropriate our content, information from our databases, or other intellectual property, including that of our third-partythird party ecosystem partners. Our agreements with employees, consultants, and others who participate in development activities could be breached and result in our trade secrets becoming known. Alternatively, competitors and other third parties may independently develop or create content or systems that do not infringe our intellectual property rights. We may not have adequate remedies for such breaches or protections against such competitor developments. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and effective intellectual property protection may not be available in those jurisdictions.

Our business could be harmed if unauthorized parties infringe upon or misappropriate our intellectual property, proprietary systems, content, platform, applications, services, or other information or the intellectual property of our ecosystem partners. Our efforts to protect our intellectual property through copyright, trademarks, trade secrets, patents, and other forms of protection, as well as our efforts to protect the intellectual property of our ecosystem partners, may not be adequate. For instance, we may not be able to secure trademark or service mark registrations for marks in the United States or in foreign countries or to secure patents for our proprietary products and services, and even if we are successful in obtaining patent and/or trademark registrations, these registrations may be opposed or invalidated by a third party. We also have certain contractual obligations to protect the intellectual property of our ecosystem partners and could be required to indemnify such ecosystem partners if we do not adequately provide such protections.

There has been substantial litigation in the software services and healthcare technology industries regarding intellectual property assets, particularly patents. Third parties may claim infringement by us with respect to current and future products, trademarks, or other proprietary rights, and we may counterclaim against such third parties in such actions. Any such claims or counterclaims could be time-consuming, result in costly litigation, divert management’s attention, cause product release delays, require us to redesign our products, restrict our use of the intellectual property subject to such claim, or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements, any of which could have an adverse effect upon our business, financial condition, and operating results. Such royalty and licensing agreements may not be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

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We may be liable for infringing the intellectual property rights of others.

Our competitors may develop similar intellectual property, duplicate our products and/or services,offerings, or design around any patents or other intellectual property rights we hold. Litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights or to determine the validity and scope of the patents, intellectual property, or other proprietary rights of third parties, which could be time consuming and costly and have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Intellectual property infringement claims could be made against us and our ecosystem partners, especially as the number of our competitors grows. These claims, even if not meritorious, could be expensive and divert our attention from operating our company and result in a temporary inability to use the intellectual property subject to such claim. In addition, if we, our ecosystem partners, and/or customers become liable to third parties for infringing their intellectual property rights, we could be required to pay a substantial damage award and develop comparable non-infringing intellectual property, to obtain a license, or to cease providing the content or services that contain the infringing intellectual property. We may be unable to develop non-infringing intellectual property or obtain a license on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

We use open source software in our products, which could subject us to litigation or other actions.

We use open source software in our products and may use more open source software in the future. From time to time, there have been claims challenging the ownership of open source software against companies that incorporate open source softwareit into their products. As a result, we could be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software. Litigation could be costly for us to defend, have a negative effect on our operating results and financial condition, or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our products. In addition, if we were to combine our proprietary software products with open source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain of the open source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software products.products to the public. If we inappropriately use open source software, we may be required to re-engineer our products, discontinue the sale of our products, or take other remedial actions.

Our sources of data might restrict our use of or refuse to license data, which could adversely impact our ability to provide certain products or services.

A portion of the data that we use is either purchased or licensed from third parties or public records or is obtained from our customers for specific customer engagements. We believe that we have all rights necessary to use the data that is incorporated into our products and services. However, if new laws or regulations impose restrictions on our use of the data or regulators’ or courts’ interpretations result in restrictions of the data that we currently use in our products and services, or a large number of data providers withdraw their data from us, our ability to provide our products and fulfilfulfill our contractual obligations to our customers could be materially adversely impacted.

Risks Related to International Operations

We face risks arising from our international operations.

Following our acquisition of ANSOS, which was completed in December 2020, we have international offices and/or operations in several countries outside of the United States, including Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Conducting our business internationally, particularly with expansion into countries in which we have limited experience, subjects us to a variety of risks that that we do not necessarily face to the same degree in the US. These risks include, among others:

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Risks Related to Provisions in Our Organizational Documents and Tennessee Corporate Law

It may be difficult for a third party to acquire our company.

Tennessee corporate law and our charter and bylaws contain provisions that could delay, defer, or prevent a change in control of our company or our management. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other shareholders to elect directors and take other corporate actions. These provisions in our organizational documents:

In addition, we are subject to certain provisions of Tennessee law which limit, in some cases, our ability to engage in certain business combinations or transactions with significant shareholders.

These provisions, either alone or in combination with each other, give our current directors a substantial ability to influence the outcome of a proposed acquisition of the Company. These provisions would apply even if an acquisition or other significant corporate transaction was considered beneficial by some of our shareholders. If a change in control or change in management is delayed or prevented by these provisions, the market price of our securities could decline.

Item1B.Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item2.Properties

Our principal office is located in Nashville, Tennessee, which is primarily used to support our workforce solutions operations and corporate functions. Our lease for approximately 92,000 square feet at this location will end in October 2031. As of December 31, 2020,2021, we leased other facilities in Nashville, Tennessee; San Diego, California; Chicago, Illinois; Denver, Colorado; Boulder, Colorado; Savannah, Georgia; Durham, North Carolina; Raleigh, North Carolina; and Christchurch, New Zealand.

Item3.Legal Proceedings

None.

Item4.Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item5.Market for Registrant’sRegistrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “HSTM”. Our common stock began trading on the Nasdaq National Market on April 14, 2000.

As of February 18, 2021,11, 2022, the Company had a total of 7,37510,672 shareholders, including 9671,389 registered holders and 6,4089,283 beneficial holders.

DIVIDEND POLICY

In our history, we have only declared and paid a dividend one time. In connection with the proceeds from divestiture of the Patient Experience business unit in 2018, we declared a $1.00 per common share special cash dividend, which was paid on April 3, 2018 to shareholders of record on March 6, 2018. We do not anticipate paying normal cash dividends in the future as we intend to retain earnings for use in the operation of our business.

See the table labeled Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans to be contained in our 20212022 Proxy Statement, incorporated by reference in Part III, Item 12 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH

The graph below matches HealthStream, Inc.'s cumulative 5-Year5-year total shareholder return on common stock with the cumulative total returns of the NASDAQ Composite index and the NASDAQ Computer & Data Processing index. The graph tracks the performance of a $100 investment in our common stock and in each index (with the reinvestment of all dividends) from 12/31/20152016 to 12/31/2020.2021.

The comparisons in the graph below are based on historical data and are not necessarily indicative of future performance of our common stock.

The stock price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES

None.

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

On March 13, 2020,November 30, 2021, the Company announced a share repurchase program authorized by the Company’s Board of Directors under which the Company may purchase up to $30.0$20.0 million of its common stock. Pursuant to this authorization, repurchases have been made, and may continue to be made from time to time, in the open market through privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, including under a Rule 105b-110b5-1 plan, which permits shares to be repurchased when the Company might otherwise be precluded from doing so under insider trading laws in accordance with specific prearranged terms related to timing, price, and volume (among others), without further direction from the Company. Under this program, during 20202021 the Company repurchased 957,367203,284 shares of common stock at an aggregate fair value of $20.0$5.1 million, reflecting an average price per share of $20.89$25.14 (excluding the cost of broker commissions). In addition, any future repurchases under the authorization will be subject to prevailing market conditions, liquidity and cash flow considerations, applicable securities laws requirements (including under Rule 10b-18 and Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as applicable), and other factors. The share repurchase program will terminate on the earlier of March 12, 2021November 29, 2022 or when the maximum dollar amount has been expended. The table below sets forth activity under the stock repurchase plan for the three months ended December 31, 2020.2021.

Item6.Reserved

Item 6.Selected Financial Data

Not applicable.

Item 7.Management’sManagement’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion of the financial condition and results of operations of HealthStream should be read in conjunction with Selected Financial Data and HealthStream’s Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. HealthStream’s actual results may differ significantly from the results discussed and those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not limited to the risks described under Risk Factors and elsewhere in this report, as well as additional risks or uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial.

The following discussion addresses our 20202021 and 20192020 results and year-to-year comparisons between 20202021 and 2019.2020. A discussion of year-to-year comparisons between 20192020 and 20182019 can be found in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019,2020, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2020,2021, under Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

OVERVIEW

HealthStream provides workforce and provider solutionsprimarily SaaS based applications for healthcare organizations—all designed to support the people that deliver patient care, which in turn, supports the improvement ofimprove business and clinical outcomes by supporting the people who deliver patient care.

We are in the process of more completely unifying the Company under a single platform strategy that will serve as the foundation for the entire enterprise. By enabling our applications through a common technology platform known as hStream, we believe that stand-alone applications, which already provide a powerful value proposition, will begin to leverage each other to more efficiently and effectively empower our customers to manage their businesses and improve their outcomes. As we continue to achieve this goal of orienting multiple applications in relation to a single technology platform, distinctions between our current reporting segments of Workforce Solutions and Provider Solutions may become less applicable, or even obsolete, in terms of how we operate and report on the Company's business. At the current time, what we characterize and report on as Workforce Solutions products are used by healthcare organizations to meet a broad range of their clinical development, talent management, training,learning and performance, certification, scheduling, safety and compliance, and competency assessment and performance appraisal needs. Provider Solutions products are used by healthcare organizations for provider credentialing, privileging, and enrollment needs. HealthStream’s primary customers include healthcare organizations pharmaceutical and medical device companies, and other participants in the healthcare industry.

Revenues for the year ended December 31, 20202021 were $244.8$256.7 million, compared to $254.1$244.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, a decrease2020, an increase of 4% primarily due to a decline5%. Revenues were positively impacted from recent acquisitions (detailed below) of $20.5$27.2 million, from the legacy resuscitation products partially offset by increasesnet of deferred revenue write-downs, and growth in other workforce and provider revenues including revenuesof $19.6 million. The contributions from recent acquisitions and growth in other revenues more than offset the decline of $11.2 million.$34.9 million from the legacy resuscitation products. Gross margins improved to 63.5%64.5% during 20202021 compared to 59.1%63.5% in 2019.2020. Operating income increaseddecreased by

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7% 49% to $8.1 million for 2021, compared to $15.8 million for 2020, compared2020. Net income decreased to $14.7$5.8 million for 2019. Income from continuing operations decreased by 1%2021, compared to $14.1 million for 2020, compared to $14.2 million for 2019.2020. Earnings per share (EPS) from continuing operations were $0.18 per share (diluted) for 2021, compared to $0.44 per share (diluted) for both 2020 and 2019, respectively. Net income decreased to $14.1 million for 2020, compared to $15.8 million for 2019. Earnings per share were $0.44 per share (diluted) for 2020, compared to $0.49 per share (diluted) for 2019.2020. Revenues from Workforce Solutions declinedincreased by 5%4%, or $11.0$7.9 million, and revenues from Provider Solutions grew by 4%9%, or $1.7$4.0 million. As of December 31, 2020,2021, the Company had approximately 4.225.04 million contracted subscriptions to hStream,^TM, our Platform-as-a-Service technology.emerging technology platform. During 2020,2021, the Company completed fourdeployed capital to fund two acquisitions for approximately $121.3$6.0 million in cash and made approximately $20.0$5.1 million of share repurchases. As of December 31, 2020,2021, cash and investment balances approximated $46.5$51.9 million, and the Company maintained full availability under its $65.0 million revolving credit facility.

Since the beginning of 2019,2020, we have completed sevensix acquisitions. We acquired Providigm in January 2019, and we acquired substantially all the assets of CredentialMyDoc in December 2019. Moreover,NurseGrid in March 2020, we acquired NurseGrid,ShiftWizard in October 2020, we acquired ShiftWizard, and in December 2020, we acquired ANSOS as well asand substantially all of the assets of myClinicalExchange. In January 2021, we acquired ComplyALIGN.ComplyALIGN and substantially all the assets of Rievent in December 2021. For additional information regarding acquisitions, please see Note 8 of the Consolidated Financial Statements and Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, included elsewhere in this report.

IMPACT AND RESPONSE TO COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The COVID-19 pandemic which spread throughout the worldpersists and the United States during 2020 and has resulted in a significant economic downturn, persists despite vaccines beginning to be administered in the United States and abroad. While the vaccines currently approved for distribution appear promising, uncertainty remains regarding the extent to which the availability of these vaccines will positively impact public health conditions and whether new, potentially more contagious and/or virulent strains of COVID-19 may pose additional public health risks. The pandemic continues to cause uncertainty and potential economic volatility, including with regard to the pandemic’s various and unpredictable impacts on our healthcare customers and our business.

Our business is focused on providing workforce and provider solutions to healthcare organizations, and as such the pandemic’s adverse impact on healthcare organizations has resulted in an adverse impact on our Company. Although weWe believe that COVID-19 did not have a significant negative impact on our revenues or net income during 2020, certain developments related to COVID-19 havethe pandemic negatively impacted our business in 2021, and are expected to continue to negatively impact our business during 20212022 and potentially thereafter, as described below. In particular, sales cycles have been delayed or postponed such that declines in sales bookings by customers during 2020since the beginning of the pandemic will result in a negative impact to revenue and earnings in 20212022 and potentially thereafter.

Our

Similar to the year ended December 31, 2020, our operating income for the year ended December 31, 20202021 benefited from a temporary reduction of operating expenses related to COVID-19 conditions,the pandemic, but the operating expense reduction itself—despite its positive impact on our operating income—results—is indicative of the negative impact the pandemic is having on new bookings and renewals. We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, delayed and reduced bookings and renewals due to the pandemic. Given that we sell multiple year subscriptions to our solutions, the revenue impact of lost or delayed sales in a given period generally does not manifest until future periods, just as the revenue we recognize in a given period is generally the result of sales from a prior period. Since mid-March 2020, our sales organization has been unablehad limited opportunities to travel and conduct onsite sales meetings with existing or prospective customers, and we have also cancelled tradeshows, which typically provide future sales opportunities. As

When travel restrictions lessen and travel resumes at a result,more normal level, we expect operating income benefittedexpenses associated with travel to have a negative impact on our operating results, and we do not expect revenue generated from a $3.6 million reduction insuch activities to begin offsetting such increases to operating expense relatedexpenses at the same time we incur such expenses. However, the uncertain trajectory of the pandemic may impact when and to the discontinuance of travel and a $0.8 million reduction inwhat extent normal operating expenses, including expenses related to the cancellation ofsales travel and in-person tradeshows, during 2020 compared to 2019.increases or remains abated. 

The extent, timing, and duration of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business remain uncertain, and will depend upon, among other things, the length and severity of the pandemic, particularly with respect to the pandemic’s ongoing impact on healthcare organizations.

We continue to closely monitor developments related to COVID-19the pandemic that may have an adverse impact on our operational and financial performance. We also continue to take actions focused on the safety and well-being of our employees, assisting our customers in this time of need, and mitigating operational and financial impacts to our business. We intend to continue serving our customers both in their battle to defeat the coronavirus and across the continuum of their other workforce and provider solution needs.

In February 2020, our customers began using our proprietary technology platform to author and deliver COVID-19 training and education courses to their staff as they began to prepare for caring for COVID-19 patients. In March 2020, we made available to all caregivers, free of charge, a curated library of proprietary content and to our customers, a bundle of cross-training courses to further their staff’s preparation to deliver safe and effective care to COVID-19 patients. This has

resulted in approximately 3.9 million course completions related to COVID-19 through December 31, 2020, including courses self-authored by customers and proprietary courses, over our technology platform. Additionally, as previously announced, HealthStream, in partnership with the State of Tennessee Office of the Governor, has been providing its COVID-19 Rapid Response Program, which includes training bundles and its workforce platform, along with other workforce resources to support the state’s efforts to rapidly train new, returning, and current caregivers who are volunteering to work in Alternate Healthcare Facilities that have been set-up across the state. This COVID-19 Rapid Response Program continues to be provided free of charge.

Additionally, to promote the safety and well-being of our employees, we required our entire workforce to begin working remotely from home beginning March 16, 2020, and2020. Beginning December 1, 2021, we allowed employees who demonstrated proof of vaccination the entireoption to work in our offices at their discretion, but a large majority of our workforce continues to work remotely. In 2021, we also adopted a hybrid work policy that allows employees the choice of whether to work in an office or remotely, and we expect this policy to date. We have not established a date to return to non-remote working conditions.govern our work after the pandemic ends.

Many healthcare organizations have been, and will likelymay continue to be, substantially adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The period of time over which this adverse impact continues, the extent to which certain healthcare organizations continue to receive and/or are eligible to utilize governmental funds as the result of federal stimulus and relief measures, and ongoing public health conditions related to the pandemic are important factors that may impact our business. The pandemic has resulted in a significant reduction of revenue generating services for many healthcare organizations, such as elective surgeries and other elective procedures, while, in some cases, the cost of providing emergency care as the result of treating COVID-19 cases has increased; however, some healthcare organizations have been able to offset, at least in part, adverse impacts from the pandemic with the benefit of governmental funds received as the result of federal stimulus and relief measure as noted above. Healthcare organizations are likely to continue to be adversely impacted by the pandemic, particularly if hospitalizations related to COVID-19 show surges similar to those experienced at various times in 2020.

In light of adverse developments with respect to healthcare organizations as noted above, we are continuing to monitor the ability or willingness of our customers to:

We monitor our cash position and credit exposure by evaluating, among other things, weekly cash receipts, days sales outstanding (DSO), customer requests to modify payment or contract terms, and bankruptcy notices. We experienced modest increasesdecreases in DSO during 20202021 compared to 20192020 as a result of slowerfaster payments from customers, whileand bad debts were not significantly different from pre-pandemic levels. WhileHowever, while we have not experienced any adverse impacts to customer defaults resulting from COVID-19, we are unable to know whether or to what extent future negative trends related to the pandemic may arise or increase over time. Any deterioration in the collectability (or the timing of payments) of our accounts receivable willcould adversely impact our financial results.

The timing of implementation of our services is also relevant to our business because our software solutions do not result in revenue recognition until they are made available for use. To the extent our customers delay or fail to implement products they have previously purchased, our financial results will be adversely impacted. While we have experienced a negative impact from certain implementation delays related to COVID-19, these delays have not been consistent across products or across customers. Our Provider Solutions business segment has,In fact, we have become more efficient in implementing certain products during the pandemic, particularly with regard to products focused on workforce development solutions such as hStream and the HealthStream Learning Center. In contrast, solutions like CredentialStream that require greater change management efforts on the part of our customers have, in some instances, been more sensitive to implementation delays thandelays.

The U.S. economy has recently experienced various disruptions, including inflationary pressures, significant disruptions to global supply networks, and challenging labor market conditions. In this regard, we have recently experienced, and believe that some of our Workforce Solutions segment as the result of complexitiescustomers have experienced, increased labor, supply chain, capital, and other expenditures associated with implementing certaincurrent inflationary pressures. We may be unable to fully offset the impact of the solutions offered through thatthese increased expenditures, which may adversely impact our business segment.and results of operations.

Conditions related to the pandemic have caused, and may continue to cause, some customers to delay purchasing decisions they otherwise would have made. Such conditions also adversely impacted the ability or willingness of some customers to renew their contracts with us or to renew contracts at the same levels. For example, renewing customers that have reduced or expect to reduce the number of their staff due to COVID-19 may not have a need to renew their contracts for as many user subscriptions as purchased under their previous contracts. Pandemic-related conditions have also delayed or otherwise adversely impacted our ability to enter into contracts with new potential customers, as some potential customers have been focused on dealing with the impact and demands that COVID-19the pandemic is having on their businesses. In addition, many existing or potential customers are not currently allowing vendors, including representatives of the Company,limitations noted above on their premises, which hasonsite sales meetings and in-person trade shows, as well as our customers’ ongoing uncertainties due to the pandemic, have reduced, and will likelymay continue to reduce, the ability of our sales team to make sales they otherwise would likely make but for the impact of COVID-19. In addition, our customers’ uncertainties due to COVID-19, combined with the inability to travel and conduct tradeshows, has had, and is likely to continue to have, a negative impact on our sales volumes.pandemic. As the pandemic has persisted, we have, however, continued to evolve our sales approach such that our sales representatives are in frequent contact with customers via video conference and other remote means that do not require physical travel or onsite visits to our customers’ facilities. While COVID-19 has had a negative impact on sales volumes, particularly at times when surges in hospitalizations reach or threaten to outpace the capacity of our customers to respond

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while also maintaining their standard operations, sales have continued throughout the pandemic albeit at a reduced bookings volume.

Our business also relies on a network of partners whose solutions we resell or whose solutions are soldThe timing and delivered over our platform. At least one of our partners has declared and emerged from bankruptcy during the pandemic, though such partner’s operations were not discontinued as partextent of the bankruptcy process. Toresumption of in-person activities will be dependent on the extentprevalence and severity of future COVID-19 outbreaks, including with regard to new variants of COVID-19 that COVID-19 results in ongoing or increased business disruption or adverse impacts to our partners, such disruptions and adverse impacts could adversely impact our business.may emerge.

Given the uncertainty surrounding the adverse impacts that COVID-19the pandemic could have on our business, we took certain expense management measures in 2020 which included:

Theseas previously disclosed. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we generally discontinued these expense management measures contributedtaking into account the improved economic environment and current conditions related to the decreasepandemic, provided that certain expenses such as those associated with travel and tradeshows remain significantly lower than pre-pandemic levels due to limitations on our ability to engage in our operating expenses, which declined by approximately $5.6 million (prior to giving effectsuch activities at the same levels as prior to the actions noted in the paragraph below) during 2020 compared to 2019. Additionally, wepandemic. We are continuing to monitor developments regardingrelated to the COVID-19 pandemic and may undertake furtherwill continue to make such expense management initiatives in 2021 ifadjustments as we deem necessary.

The Company’s financial performance during the pandemic has remained solid, partly due to the above expense control measures. While we believe these expense control measures have been prudent in light

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period, and related disclosures. In the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements, we describe our significant accounting policies used in preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements. Our policies are evaluated on an ongoing basis and are drawn from historical experience and other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ under different assumptions or conditions. Our management has identified the following critical accounting policies for the areas that are materially impacted by estimates and assumptions.

Revenue Recognition

Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring those goods or services.

Revenue is recognized based on the following five step model:

Subscription services revenues primarily consist of fees in consideration of providing customers access to one or more of our SaaS-based solutions and/or courseware subscriptions, as well as fees related to licensing agreements, all of which include routine customer support and technology enhancements. Revenue is generally recognized over time during the contract term beginning when the service is made available to the customer. Subscription contracts are generally non-cancelable, one to five years in length, and billed annually, semi-annually, quarterly, or monthly in advance.

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Professional services revenues primarily consist of fees for implementation services, consulting, custom courseware development, and training. The majority of our professional services contracts are billed in advance based on a fixed price basis, and revenue is recognized over time as the services are performed. For both subscription services and professional services, the time between billing the customer and when performance obligations are satisfied is generally not significant.

Our contracts with customers often contain promises for multiple goods and services. For these contracts, the Company accounts for the promised goods and services in its contracts as separate performance obligations if they are distinct. The contract price, which represents transaction price when the contract reflects a fixed fee arrangement, or management’s estimate of variable consideration including application of the constraint when the contract does not have a fixed fee, is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. We generally determine standalone selling prices based on the standard list price for each product, taking into consideration certain factors, including contract length and the number of subscriptions within the contract. Judgment is required in determining whether performance obligations are distinct, standalone selling prices, and the amount of variable consideration to reflect as transaction price.

We receive payments from customers based on billing schedules established in our contracts. Accounts receivable - unbilled represent contract assets related to our conditional right to consideration where performance has occurred under the contract. Accounts receivable are primarily comprised of trade receivables that are recorded at the invoice amount, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, when the right to consideration becomes unconditional.

Deferred revenue represents contract liabilities that are recorded when cash payments are received or are due in advance of our satisfaction of performance obligations.

Accounting for Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities measured at tax rates that will be in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Management evaluates all available evidence, both positive and negative, to determine whether, based on the weight of that evidence, a valuation allowance is needed. We assess the realizability of our deferred tax assets, and to the extent that we believe a recovery is not likely, we establish a valuation allowance to reduce the deferred tax asset to the amount we estimate will be recoverable. As of December 31, 2020,2021, the Company established a valuation allowance of $0.6$2.0 million for the portion of its deferred tax assets that are not more likely than not expected to be realized, compared to a valuation allowance of $64,000$0.6 million as of December 31, 2019.2020.

Software Development Costs

Capitalized software development includes costs to develop, acquire, and maintain our products and applications, including our SaaS-based workforce and provider solutions products, which are accounted for as internal use software. For internal use software development, once planning is completed and the software development process begins, internal costs and payments to third parties associated with the software development efforts are capitalized when the life expectancy is greater than one year and the anticipated cash flows are expected to exceed the cost of the related asset. During 2020 and 2019, we capitalized $17.9 million and $14.1 million, respectively, for software development and content. Such amounts are included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets under the caption capitalized software development. The Company amortizes capitalized software development costs over their expected life of generally three years using the straight-line method. Capitalized software development costs are subject to a periodic impairment review in accordance with our impairment review policy.

Goodwill Intangibles, and Other Long-lived Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price in a business combination over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired. We evaluate goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level by assessing whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value. If this assessment concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, then goodwill is not considered impaired and no further impairment testing is required. Conversely, if the assessment concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, a goodwill impairment test is performed to compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. The Company determines fair value of the reporting units using both income and market-based models. Our models contain significant assumptions and accounting estimates about discount rates, future cash flows, and terminal values that could materially affect our operating results or financial position if they were to change significantly in the future and could result in an impairment. We perform our goodwill impairment assessment whenever events or changes in facts or circumstances indicate that impairment may exist and during the fourth quarter each year. Intangible assets and other long-lived assets are also reviewed for events or changes in facts and circumstances, both internally and externally, which may indicate an impairment is present. We measure any impairment using observable market values or discounted future cash flows from the related long-lived assets. The cash flow estimates and discount

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rates incorporate management’s best estimates, using appropriate and customary assumptions and projections at the date of evaluation. For 2021, our qualitative assessment indicated that the fair value of our reporting units substantially exceeded their carrying values such that a quantitative assessment was not necessary.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The Company estimates its allowance for doubtful accounts based on its historical collection experience, a review in each period

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Revenues and Expense Components

The following descriptions of the components of revenues and expenses apply to the comparison of results of operations.

Revenues, net. Revenues for our Workforce Solutions business segment primarily consist of the following products and services: provision of services through our hStream^TMplatform, learning management applications, a variety of training and development content subscriptions, staff scheduling software solutions, competency and performance appraisal tools, and training, implementation and onboarding, and consulting services to serve professionals that work within healthcare organizations. Revenues for our Provider Solutions business segment are generated from our proprietary software and SaaS-based applications to help facilitate provider credentialing, privileging, call center, and enrollment administration for healthcare organizations.

Cost of Revenues (excluding depreciation and amortization). Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation and amortization) consistsconsist primarily of salaries and employee benefits, stock basedstock-based compensation, employee travel and lodging, materials, contract labor, hosting costs, third party software licensing costs, and other direct expenses associated with revenues, as well as royalties paid by us to content providers. Personnel costs within cost of revenues are associated with individuals that facilitate product delivery, provide services, handle customer support calls or inquiries, manage the technology infrastructure for our applications, manage content, and provide training or implementation services.

Product Development. Product development consists primarily of salaries and employee benefits, contract labor, stock basedstock-based compensation, costs associated with the development of new software feature enhancements, new products, third party software licensing costs, and costs associated with maintaining and developing our products. Personnel costs within product development include our systems teams, application development, quality assurance teams, product managers, and other personnel associated with software and product development.

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing consist primarily of salaries and employee benefits, commissions, stock basedstock-based compensation, employee travel and lodging, third party software licensing costs, advertising, trade shows, customer conferences, promotions, and related marketing costs. Personnel costs within sales and marketing include our sales teams and marketing personnel.

Other General and Administrative Expenses. Other general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and employee benefits, stock basedstock-based compensation, employee travel and lodging, facility expenses, office expenses, fees for professional services, business development and acquisition-related costs, third party software licensing for internal use,costs, and other operational expenses. Personnel costs within general and administrative expenses include individuals associated with normal corporate functions (accounting, legal, business development, human resources, administrative, internal information systems, and executive management).

Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization consist of fixed asset depreciation, amortization of intangibles considered to have definite lives, and amortization of capitalized software development.

Other (Loss) Income, Net. The primary componentcomponents of other income is interest income related to interest earned on cash and cash equivalents and investments in marketable securities. The primary component of other expense is interest expense related to our revolving credit facility. In addition, the income or loss attributed to equity method investments and fair value adjustments related to non-marketable equity investments is included in this category.

20202021 Compared to 20192020

Revenues, net. Revenues decreasedincreased approximately $9.3$11.9 million, or 4%5%, to $256.7 million for 2021 from $244.8 million for 2020 from $254.12020. At December 31, 2021, the Company had 5.04 million for 2019.contracted subscriptions to hStream, our emerging technology platform, as compared to 4.22 million contracted subscriptions at December 31, 2020. A comparison of revenues by business segment is as follows (in thousands):

Revenues for Workforce Solutions, which are primarily subscription-based, decreased $11.0increased $7.9 million, or 5%4%, to $205.4 million in 2021 from $197.6 million in 20202020. Revenues from $208.6recent acquisitions contributed to the year-over-year growth of approximately $27.2 million, in 2019. Revenues in 2020net of deferred revenue write-downs, while growth from other solutions accounted for an additional $15.6 million compared to last year. Partially offsetting this revenue growth were negatively impacted by lower revenuesreductions from our legacy resuscitation products, which were $3.5 million for 2021 compared to $38.4 million for 2020, compared to $58.9 million for 2019, a decrease of $20.5$34.9 million. Other workforce revenues, including revenues from acquisitions during 2020, increased by $9.4 million, or 6%, and included growth in platform and content subscriptions of $7.1 million, or 5%. Revenues from acquisitions during 2020 were approximately $2.3 million, net of deferred revenue write-downs. At December 31, 2020, the Company had 4.22 million contracted subscriptions to hStream^TM, our Platform-as-a-Service technology, as compared to 3.15 million contracted subscriptions at December 31, 2019.

Revenues for Provider Solutions increased $1.7$4.0 million, or 4%9%, to $51.3 million for 2021 from $47.2 million for 2020 from $45.5 million for 2019.2020. Revenue growth in 20192021 was primarily attributable to revenues from the CredentialMyDoc acquisition completed in December 2019.new subscription revenues.

Cost of Revenues (excluding depreciation and amortization). Cost of revenues decreased $14.6increased $1.7 million, or 14%2%, to $91.0 million for 2021 from $89.3 million for 2020 from $103.9 million for 2019.2020. Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues was 36%35% and 41%36% of revenues for 2021 and 2020, and 2019, respectively

Cost of revenues for Workforce Solutions decreased $15.1increased $0.7 million to $73.5$74.1 million and approximated 37%36% and 42%37% of revenues for Workforce Solutions for 20202021 and 2019,2020, respectively. The decreaseincrease in amount is primarily associated with increased expenses related to recent acquisitions, the one-time contractual adjustment to cost of revenues in the amount of $3.4 million recorded during the first quarter of 2020, an increase in software expense classified as cost of revenues, and stock-based compensation related to the stock awards granted during the three months ended December 31, 2021 in connection with the contribution of stock by our chief executive officer to enable such grants. These increases in cost of revenues were partially offset by lower royalty expense associated with the decline in the legacy resuscitation revenues along with the favorable $3.4 million contractual adjustment that resulted in a decrease to royalty expense upon the resolution of a mutual disagreement relating to various elements of a past partnership recorded in the first quarter of 2020. These declines in cost of revenues were partially offset by an increase in personnel associated with the 2020 acquisitions.revenues. Cost of revenues for Provider Solutions increased $0.5$1.0 million to $15.8$16.9 million and approximated 33% and 34% of Provider Solutions revenues for both2021 and 2020, and 2019.respectively. The increase in amount is primarily associated with additions toan increase in software expense classified as cost of revenues as well as an increase in personnel and increased contract labor costs, partially offset by a reduction in travel and entertainment costs resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic conditions as set forth above.expenses.

Product Development. Product development expenses increased $3.2$9.4 million, or 11%29%, to $41.7 million for 2021 from $32.3 million for 2020 from $29.1 million for 2019.2020. Product development expenses as a percentage of revenues were 13%16% and 11%13% of revenues for 2021 and 2020, and 2019, respectively.

Product development expenses for Workforce Solutions increased $1.6$9.9 million to $25.5$35.4 million andapproximated 13%17% and 11%13% of revenues for Workforce Solutions for 20202021 and 2019,2020, respectively. The increase is primarily due to an increase in personnel associated with the 2020recent acquisitions, partially offset by a decrease in travelincreased product development efforts across other workforce solutions, and entertainment costs resulting fromstock-based compensation related to stock awards granted during the COVID-19 pandemic conditionsthree months ended December 31, 2021 as set forthnoted above. Product development expenses for Provider Solutions increased $1.6decreased $0.5 million to $6.8$6.3 million and approximated 14%12% and 11%14% of revenues for Provider Solutions for 20202021 and 2019,2020, respectively. The increasedecrease is primarily due to increased personnel and contractan increase in labor over 2019.capitalized for internally developed software related to additional product investments across the VerityStream product suite. 

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses, including personnel costs, decreased $2.6increased $4.2 million, or 7%12%, to $39.5 million for 2021 from $35.3 million for 2020 from $37.9 million for 2019.2020. Sales and marketing expenses were 14%15% and 15%14% of revenues for 2021 and 2020, and 2019, respectively.

Sales and marketing expenses for Workforce Solutions decreased $2.7increased $3.5 million to $28.0$31.5 million and approximated 14%15% and 15%14% of revenues for Workforce Solutions for 20202021 and 2019,2020, respectively. The decreaseincrease is primarily due to increases in personnel associated with recent acquisitions, stock-based compensation related to stock awards granted during the three months ended December 31, 2021 as noted above, and marketing expenses, but was partially offset by lower sales commissions consistentassociated with the decreasesdecline in legacy resuscitation revenues and decreases in travel and entertainment expenses as well as tradeshow expenses as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic conditions as set forth above, and declines in general

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marketing expenses, but were partially offset by increases to personnel associated with the 2020 acquisitions.pandemic. Sales and marketing expenses for Provider Solutions increased $62,000$0.5 million to $6.2$6.7 million and approximated 13% and 14% of revenues for Provider Solutions for 2020both 2021 and 2019, respectively.2020. The increase in amount is primarily due to increases in general marketing expenses and stock-based compensation related to stock awards granted during the three months ended December 31, 2021 as noted above. The unallocated corporate portion of sales and marketing expenses were approximately $1.1increased $0.2 million to $1.3 million for both2021 compared to 2020 and 2019.due to increases in investor relation expenses.

Other General and Administrative Expenses. Other general and administrative expenses increased $1.3decreased $2.2 million, or 3%5%, to $39.7 million for 2021 from $41.9 million for 2020 from $40.6 million for 2019.2020. Other general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues were 17%15% and 16%17% of revenues for 2021 and 2020, and 2019, respectively.

Other general and administrative expenses for Workforce Solutions increased $1.7decreased $4.0 million to $16.1$12.1 million and approximated 8%6% and 7%8% of revenues for Workforce Solutions for 20202021 and 2019,2020, respectively. The increasedecrease is primarily due to the 2020associated with a decrease in software expense classified as general and administrative expenses, partially offset by expenses associated with recent acquisitions and increases in technology infrastructure expenses.stock-based compensation related to stock awards granted during the three months ended December 31, 2021 as noted above. Other general and administrative expenses for Provider Solutions decreased $0.3increased $0.2 million to $3.4$3.6 million and approximated 7% and 8% of revenues for Provider Solutions for 2020both 2021 and 2019, respectively.2020. The decreaseincrease in amount is primarily due to increases in personnel expenses and stock-based compensation related to stock awards granted during the three months ended December 31, 2021 as noted above, partially offset by a reductiondecrease in professional servicessoftware expense classified as general and compensationadministrative expenses. The unallocated corporate portion of other general and administrative expenses approximatedincreased $1.6 million to $24.0 for 2021 from $22.5 million in both 2020for 2020. The increase is primarily due to increased personnel expenses over the prior year and 2019. The mix of costs was influencedstock-based compensation related to stock awards granted during the three months ended December 31, 2021 as noted above, partially offset by an increasea reduction in acquisition-related expenses and other professional service expenses but was almost entirely offset by reductions in contract labor, share based compensation, office expenses, and travel.expenses.

Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization increased $2.3$6.6 million, or 8%22%, to $36.8 million for 2021 from $30.2 million for 2020 from $27.9 million for 2019.2020. The increase resulted from higher amortization of capitalized software and intangibles resulting from our recent acquisitions.

Other (Loss) Income, Net. Other (loss) income, net was a loss of $0.3 million for 2021 compared to income of $2.0 million for 2020 compared to $3.2 million for 2019.2020. The decrease is due to lower interest income due to reductions in bond yields and bank deposit interest rates partially offsetdriven by the $1.2 million gain associated with the change in fair value of the non-marketable equity investment in NurseGrid prior to the acquisition of NurseGrid on March 9, 2020.2020, coupled with lower interest income due to reductions in bond yields and bank interest rates.

Income Tax Provision. The Company recorded a provision for income taxes from continuing operations of $1.9 million and $3.7 million for both2021 and 2020, and 2019.respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate was 25% for 2021 compared to 21% for both 20202020. The Company's effective tax rate primarily reflects the statutory corporate income tax rate, the net effect of state taxes, foreign income taxes, and 2019.

Income from Continuing Operations. Income from continuing operations was $14.1 million for 2020 compared to $14.2 million for 2019. Earnings per diluted share from continuing operations were $0.44 for both 2020 and 2019.

Income from Discontinued Operations. On February 12, 2018,the effect of various permanent tax differences. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company divested its PX business to Press Ganey for $65.2recorded discrete tax expense of $0.5 million, which included changes in cash (after giving effect tostate tax rates enacted during the post-closing working capital adjustment),period and lower research and development tax credits recognized than previously estimated. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded a $1.2 million change in the fair value of non-marketable equity investments as a result of the NurseGrid acquisition, which is not a taxable transaction, resulting in no gain in 2020a tax benefit of $0.3 million, and a gain, net ofrecognized tax of $1.6 million in 2019.benefits from higher research and development tax credits than previously estimated. 

Net Income. Net income decreased $1.7$8.3 million, or 11%59%, to $5.8 million for 2021 compared to $14.1 million for 2020 compared to $15.8 million for 2019.2020. Earnings per diluted share were $0.18 per share (diluted) for 2021, compared to $0.44 per share (diluted) for 2020, compared to $0.49 per share for 2019.2020.

Adjusted EBITDA (aincreased 15% to $52.7 million for 2021 compared to $46.0 million for 2020. The increase resulted from the factors mentioned above. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure which we define as net income excluding the impact of the deferred revenue write-downs associated with fair value accounting for acquired businesses and before interest, income taxes, stock basedstock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization, changes in fair value of non-marketable equity investments, the de-recognition of non-cash expense resulting from the PTO expense reduction in the first quarter of 2021 and the de-recognition of non-cash royalty expense resulting from our resolution of a mutual disagreement related to various elements of a past partnership which resulted in a reduction to cost of sales in the first quarter of 2020) from continuing operations decreased 2% to $46.0 million for 2020 compared to $47.2 million for 2019.2020. See Reconciliation"Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial MeasuresMeasures" below for a reconciliation of this calculation to the most comparable measure under U.S. GAAP and information regarding why this non-GAAP financial measure provides useful information in investors.

Adjusted EBITDA decreased 7% to $46.0 million for 2020 compared to $49.2 million for 2019. The decrease resulted primarily from the gain on the sale of the PX business in 2019 as noted above. See Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures below for a reconciliation of this calculation to the most comparable measure under US GAAP and information regarding why this non-GAAP financial measure provides useful information to investors.

KEY BUSINESS METRICS

Key Business Metrics

Our management utilizes the following financial and non-financial key business metrics in connection with managing our business.

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Other Developments

Our legacy agreements with Laerdal (Legacy Agreements) for the HeartCode and Resuscitation Quality Improvement (RQI) products expired pursuant to their terms on December 31, 2018. Revenues associated with sales of HeartCode and RQI products pursuant to the Legacy Agreements have been significant in recent years, although margins on such products have been lower than HealthStream’s average margin. Revenue generated by HeartCode and RQI products pursuant to the Legacy Agreements was $38.4 million and $58.9 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively. We do not expect any revenue from HeartCode and RQI products sold pursuant to the Legacy Agreements in 2021.

On December 6, 2018, we announced a new agreement with RQI Partners, a joint venture between Laerdal and the American Heart Association. This agreement with RQI Partners was not an extension or renewal of the expired Legacy Agreements with Laerdal and should not be construed as such. Under our agreement with RQI Partners, HealthStream will neither market nor sell HeartCode or RQI. Our RQI Partners agreement provides for continuity of service for customers that desire to purchase HeartCode or RQI from RQI Partners after December 31, 2018 and receive it via the HealthStream Learning Center. RQI Partners will remit a fee to us when sales of HeartCode and RQI are delivered via the HealthStream Learning Center. These fees will not be sufficient to supplant the revenue runout associated with the Legacy Agreements.

We remain actively engaged in efforts to broaden the scope and utilization of our simulation-related offerings to include a range of clinical competencies that extend beyond resuscitation, and we intend to bring to market a broadened scope of simulation-based offerings, including resuscitation programs. On January 17, 2019, as part of a seven-year collaboration agreement with the American Red Cross which spans to 2026, we announced the launch of the American Red Cross Resuscitation Suite. We are actively engaged in efforts to market, sell, and deliver our new resuscitation offering, which includes the American Red Cross Resuscitation Suite and validation of skills through a technology enabled Innosonian manikin. A growing number of customers have been implemented on our new resuscitation offering and the solution is gaining acceptance in the market. We believe our efforts to market, sell, and deliver the American Red Cross Resuscitation Suite, along with efforts to bring additional simulation-related offerings to market, are giving rise to additional and higher margin opportunities than those that existed under the Legacy Agreements, and the American Red Cross Resuscitation Suite outperformed our sales expectations in 2020, despite headwinds from COVID-19. Although revenue and earnings from our current simulation-related offerings in 2021 are not expected to equal the revenue and earnings contribution from the Legacy Agreements in 2020, we believe that the revenue and/or earnings achievable from our current and new simulation-based offerings has the potential over time to exceed what we were able to achieve under the Legacy Agreements, though there is no assurance that we will meet or exceed our performance under the Legacy Agreements, or (even if this occurs) the timeframe over which this may occur.

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This report presents adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations, both of which are non-GAAP financial measures used by management in analyzing our financial results and ongoing operational performance.

In order to better assess the Company’s financial results, management believes that net income excluding the impact of the deferred revenue write-downs associated with fair value accounting for acquired businesses and before interest, income taxes, stock basedstock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization, changes in fair value of non-marketable equity investments, the de-recognition of non-cash royalty expense resulting from ourthe paid time off expense reduction in the first quarter of 2021, and the resolution of a mutual disagreement related to various elements of a past partnership which resulted in a reduction to cost of sales in the first quarter of 2020 (adjusted EBITDA) is a useful measure for evaluating the operating performance of the Company because adjusted EBITDA reflects net income adjusted for certain GAAP accounting, non-cash, and/or non-operating items which may not, in any such case, fully reflect the underlying operating performance of our business. Management also believes that adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations is a useful measure for evaluating the operating performance of the Company because such measure excludes the results of operations of the PX business that we no longer own and the gain on sale in connection with the sale of suchthe PX business in February 2018 included in our results of operations during the year ended December 31, 2019, and thus reflects the Company’s ongoing business operations and assists in comparing the Company’s results of operations between periods. We also believe that adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations are useful to many investors to assess the Company’s ongoing results from current operations. In addition, beginning in 2021, executive bonuses are based on the achievement of adjusted EBITDA targets.

The Company has revised its

As noted above, the definition of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations to adjustincludes an adjustment for the impact of the deferred revenue write-downs associated with fair value accounting for acquired businesses and has made this update for the calculation of such non-GAAP financial measures for all periods presented herein.businesses. Following the completion of any acquisition by the Company, the Company must record the acquired deferred revenue at fair value as defined in GAAP, which may result in a write-down of deferred revenue. If the Company is required to record a write-down of deferred revenue, it may result in lower recognized revenue, operating income, and net income in subsequent periods. Revenue for any such acquired business is deferred and is typically recognized over a one-to-two year period following the completion of any particular acquisition, so our GAAP revenues for this one-to-two year period will not reflect the full amount of revenues that would have been reported if the acquired deferred revenue was not written down to fair value. Management believes that including an adjustment in the definition of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations for the impact of the deferred write-downs associated with fair value accounting for acquired businesses provides useful information to investors because the deferred revenue write-down recognized in periods after an acquisition may, given the nature of this non-cash accounting impact, cause our GAAP financial results during such periods to not fully reflect our underlying operating performance and thus adjusting for this amount may assist in comparing the Company’s results of operations between periods.

Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations are non-GAAP financial measures and should not be considered as measures of financial performance under GAAP. Because adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations are not measurements determined in accordance with GAAP, such non-GAAP financial measures are susceptible to varying calculations. Accordingly, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations, as presented, may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies.

These non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered as a substitute for, or superior to, measures of financial performance which are prepared in accordance with US GAAP.

A reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations to the most directly comparable GAAP measures for the years ended December 31, 2021, December 31, 2020, and December 31, 2019, is set forth below (in thousands).

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations was $42.4 million during 2021 compared to $35.9 million during 2020, compared to $65.7 million during 2019, a decreasean increase of 45%18%. The decreaseincrease resulted from lowerhigher cash receiptscollections compared to the prior year, primarily resulting from the reduction in legacy resuscitation revenues.year. The number of days sales outstanding (DSO) was 50 days for 2021 compared to 51 days for 2020 compared to 47 days for 2019, which increase was partially due to the increase in accounts receivable balances from acquisitions completed in the fourth quarter of 2020. The Company calculates DSO by dividing the average accounts receivable balance (excluding unbilled and other receivables) by average daily revenues for the year. The Company’s primary sources of cash were receipts generated from the sales of our products and services. The primary uses of cash to fund operations included personnel expenses, sales commissions, royalty payments, payments for contract labor and other direct expenses associated with delivery of our products and services, and general corporate expenses.

Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $25.7 million during 2021 compared to $110.4 million during 2020. During 2021, the Company acquired two businesses, ComplyALIGN, and Rievent, for a combined $5.9 million in cash and on a net basis received $1.2 million of proceeds upon settling post-closing adjustments related to the ANSOS and ShiftWizard acquisitions which closed during 2020 compared to $67.5for a net cash outflow of $4.7 million, during 2019.invested in marketable securities of $5.2 million, made payments for capitalized software development of $21.9 million, purchased property and equipment of $3.4 million, and invested $1.8 million in non-marketable equity investments. These uses of cash were partially offset by $9.9 million in maturities of marketable securities and $1.4 million in proceeds from the sale of non-marketable equity investments. During 2020, the Company acquired four businesses, NurseGrid, ShiftWizard, ANSOS, and myClinicalExchange, for a combined $121.3 million in cash, invested in marketable securities of $61.2 million, purchased property and equipment of $2.0 million, made payments for capitalized software development of $16.8 million, purchased property and equipment of $2.0 million, and invested $1.3 million in non-marketable equity investments. These uses of cash were partially offset by $92.2 million in sales and maturities of marketable securities. During 2019, the Company acquired two businesses, Providigm and CredentialMyDoc, for a combined $27.0 million in cash, invested in marketable securities of $87.3 million, purchased property and equipment of $22.0 million, made payments for capitalized software development of $14.5 million, and invested $3.3 million in non-marketable equity investments. These uses of cash were partially offset by $80.6 million in maturities of marketable securities and $6.1 million in proceeds from the sale of its PX business segment.

Cash used in financing activities was $6.2 million during 2021 compared to $20.5 million during 2020 compared to $0.9 million during 2019.2020. The primary uses of cash in financing activities during 2021 included $5.0 million for repurchases of common stock and $1.2 million for payments of payroll taxes from stock-based compensation. During 2020, the primary use of cash in financing activities included $20.0 million for repurchases of common stock and $0.4 million for payments of payroll taxes from stock basedstock-based compensation. During 2019, the primary use

Our balance sheet reflects positive working capital of $6.5 million at December 31, 2021 compared to negative working capital of $4.7 million at December 31, 2020 compared to positive working capital of $119.4 million at December 31, 2019.2020. The decreaseincrease in working capital was primarily due to a reductionan increase in cash and marketable securities to fund acquisitions and share repurchases.a reduction in accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and current deferred revenue. The Company’s primary source of liquidity is $46.5$51.9 million of cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities. The Company also has a $65.0 million revolving credit facility loan agreement, all of which was available at December 31, 2020.2021. For additional information regarding our

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revolving credit facility, see Note 14 to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.

The Company's contractual obligations arising in the normal course of business primarily consist of operating lease obligations and purchase obligations. The amounts included as contractual obligations represent the non-cancelable portion of agreements or the minimum cancellation fee. As further discussed in Note 15 to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements, as of December 31, 2021, we had operating lease obligations of approximately $38.0 million, of which $4.5 million is expected to be paid within 12 months. The Company's purchase obligations that represent non-cancelable contractual obligations primarily relate to information technology assets and our revolving credit facility, which facility is described further in Note 14 to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had purchase obligations of $2.6 million, with $1.7 million expected to be paid within 12 months. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, cash generated from operations, and available borrowings under our revolving credit facility will be sufficient to meet anticipated working capital needs, new product development, and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months.months and for the foreseeable future thereafter.

The Company’s growth strategy includes acquiring businesses that provide complementary products and services. It is anticipated that future acquisitions, if any, would be effectedaffected through cash consideration, stock consideration, or a combination of both. The issuance of our stock as consideration for an acquisition or to raise additional capital could have a dilutive effect on earnings per share and could adversely affect our stock price. The revolving credit facility contains financial covenants and availability calculations designed to set a maximum leverage ratio of outstanding debt to consolidated EBITDA (as defined in our credit facility) and an interest coverage ratio of consolidated EBITDA to interest expense. Therefore, the maximum borrowings against the revolving credit facility would be dependent on the covenant values at the time of borrowing. As of December 31, 2020,2021, the Company was in compliance with all covenants. There can be no assurance that amounts available for borrowing under our revolving credit facility will be sufficient to consummate any possible acquisitions, and we cannot assure yoube assured that if we need additional financing, that it will be available on terms favorable to us or at all. Failure to generate sufficient cash flow from operations or raise additional capital when required in sufficient amounts and on terms acceptable to us could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Contractual Obligations

The following table presents a summary of future anticipated payments due by the Company under contractual obligations with firm minimum commitments as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands):

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016,October 2021, the FASBFinancial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2016-03, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (ASC 326)Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Measurement of Credit LossesAccounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. The new guidance requires contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured by the acquirer on Financial Instrumentsthe acquisition date in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which amends guidance onas if it had originated the contracts. This approach differs from the current requirement to measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination at fair value. The standard will be effective for the first interim period within annual reporting credit losses for assets held at amortized cost basisperiods beginning after December 15, 2022 and available for sale debt securities. For assets held at amortized cost basis, ASC 326 eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold in prior GAAP and, instead, requires an entity to reflect its current estimate of all expected credit losses.early adoption is permitted. The Company adoptedwill early adopt this ASU on January 1, 2020,2022 and the effectadoption impact of adoptionthe new standard will depend on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures wasmagnitude of future acquisitions. The standard will not material.impact contract assets or liabilities from business combinations occurring prior to the adoption date.

Item7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

The Company is exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates, foreign currency risk, and investment risk. We do not have any material commodity price risk.

Interest Rate Risk

As of December 31, 2020,2021, the Company had no outstanding debt. We may become subject to interest rate market risk associated with any future borrowings under our revolving credit facility. The interest rate under the revolving credit facility varies depending on the interest rate option selected by the Company plus a margin determined in accordance with a pricing grid. We are exposed to market risk with respect to our cash and investment balances, which approximated $46.5$51.9 million at December 31, 2020.2021. Assuming a hypothetical 10% decrease in interest rates, interest income from cash and investments would decrease on an annualized basis by approximately $17,000.

Table of Contents$6,000.

Foreign Currency Risk

We have foreign currency risks related to our revenue and operating expenses denominated in currencies other than the US dollar, including Canadian dollar, New Zealand dollar, and Australian dollar. Increases and decreases in our foreign-denominated revenue from movements in foreign exchange rates are often partially offset by the corresponding decreases or increases in our foreign-denominated operating expenses.

To the extent that our international operations grow, our risks associated with fluctuation in currency rates will become greater, and we will continue to assess our approach to managing this risk. In addition, currency fluctuations or a weakening US dollar can increase the costs of our international operations. To date, we have not entered into any foreign currency hedging contracts although we may do so in the future.

Investment Risk

The Company’s investment policy and strategy is focused on investing in highly rated securities, with the objective of minimizing the potential risk of principal loss. The Company’s policy limits the amount of credit exposure to any single issuer and sets limits on the average portfolio maturity.

We have an investment portfolio that includes strategic investments in privately held companies, which primarily include early-stage companies. We primarily invest in healthcare technology companies that we believe can help expand our ecosystem. We may continue to make these types of strategic investments as opportunities arise that we find attractive. We may experience additional volatility to our Consolidated Financial Statements due to changes in market prices, observable price changes, and impairments to our strategic investments. These changes could be material based on market conditions and events. 

The above market risk discussion and the estimated amounts presented are forward-looking statements of market risk assuming the occurrence of certain adverse market conditions. Actual results in the future may differ materially from those projected as a result of actual developments in the market.

Item8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

HEALTHSTREAM, INC.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS