Customers

We generally sell our products and services directly to carriers and service providers that offer voice, data and video services to businesses, governments, utilities and residential subscribers. Our global customer base includes regional, national and international carriers and service providers. To date, our products have been deployed by hundreds of carriers and service providers worldwide.

We also sell solutions indirectly to end customers through system integrators and distributors to the service providers, hospitality, education, stadiums, manufacturing and business enterprises as well as to the government and military.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, one customer represented 13% of net revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2021, two customers represented 19% and 12% of net revenue, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2020, two customers represented 14% and 13% of net revenue, respectively

Research and Development

The industry in which we compete is subject to rapid technological developments, evolving industry standards, changes in customer requirements, and continuing developments in communications service offerings. Our continuing ability to adapt to these changes, and to develop new and enhanced products, is a significant factor in maintaining or improving our competitive position and our prospects for growth. Therefore, we continue to make significant investments in product development.

We have core research and development teams located in the United States, South Korea, Vietnam, India, Spain, and Canada. In all of these centers, we develop and test both our hardware and software solutions. We continue to invest heavily in automated and scale testing capabilities for our products to better emulate our customers’ networks.

Our product development activities focus on products to support both existing and emerging technologies in the segments of the communications industry that we consider viable revenue opportunities. We are continuing to refine our solution architecture, introducing new products using the various solutions we support, and creating additional interfaces and protocols for both domestic and international markets.

We are committed to investinvesting in leading edgeadvanced technology research and development for new products and innovative solutions that align with our business strategy. Our research and product development expenses were $56.1 million, $47.0 million and $38.0 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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Intellectual Property

We seek to establish, maintain and protect our proprietary rights in our technology and products through the use of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets. We also seek to maintain our trade secrets and confidential information by nondisclosure policies and through the use of appropriate confidentiality agreements. We have obtained a number of patents and trademarks in the United States of America (“United States”) and in other countries.countries, and in connection with the ASSIA Acquisition, we also acquired a significant number of software patents. There can be no assurance, however, that these rights can be successfully enforced against competitive products in every jurisdiction or any particular jurisdiction. Although we believe the protection afforded by our patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets has value, the rapidly changing technology in the networking industry and uncertainties in the legal process, both domestically and internationally, make our future success dependent primarily on the innovative skills, technological expertise, and management abilities of our employees rather than on the protection afforded by patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws.

Many of our products include intellectual property licensed from third parties. While it may be necessary in the future to seek or renew licenses relating to various aspects of our products, we believe, based upon past experience and standard industry practice, that such licenses generally could be obtained on commercially reasonable terms. Nonetheless, there can be no assurance that the necessary licenses would be available on acceptable terms, if at all. Our inability to obtain certain licenses or other rights or to obtain such licenses or rights on favorable terms, or the need to engage in litigation regarding these matters, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. The communications industry is characterized by rapidly changing technology, a large number of patents, and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. We cannot assure you that our patents or other proprietary rights will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, that others will not assert intellectual property rights to technologies that are relevant to us, or that our rights will give us a competitive advantage. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries may not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States.

Sales and Marketing

We have a global sales presence with customers from over 10070 countries, and we sell our products and services both directly and indirectly through channel partners with support from our sales force. Channel partners include distributors, value added resellers, system integrators and service providers. These partners sell directly to and service end customers and often provide additional value-added services such as system installation, technical support, and professional support services in addition to equipment sales. Our sales efforts are generally organized and sized according to geographical regions for target carriers, service providers, municipalities and enterprise customers.

Our marketing team works closely with our sales, research and product development organizations, and our customers by providing communications that keep the market current on our products and features. Marketing also identifies and sizes new target markets for our products, creates awareness of our company and products, generates contacts and leads within these targeted markets, performs outbound education and public relations, and participates in industry associations and standard industry bodies to promote the growth of the overall industry.

Our backlog consists of purchase orders for products and services that we expect to ship or perform within the next year. Our backlog may fluctuate based on the timing of when purchase orders are received. As of December 31, 2021,2022, our backlog was approximately $225.0$291.3 million, compared to $71.0$225.0 million at December 31, 2020.2021. We consider backlog to be an indicator, but not the sole predictor, of future sales because our customers may cancel or defer orders without penalty.

Competition

We compete in communications equipment markets, providing products and services for the delivery of broadband connectivity, connected home and business, mobile and optical edge transport, and cloud software-based services. These markets are characterized by rapid change, converging technologies and a migration to solutions that offer advantages in both operational efficiency and service performance. These market factors represent both an opportunity and a competitive threat to us. We compete with numerous vendors in our core broadband connectivity and connected home and business markets, including ADTRAN, Calix, Huawei, Nokia, Ubiquoss, and ZTE, among others. In our FiberLAN business, which is a subset of our broadband connectivity and connected home and business market, our competitors include Cisco, Nokia, and Tellabs, among others. In our mobile and optical edge transport business, our competitors include Ciena, Cisco and Juniper Networks, among others. In our cloud software business, our competitors include solutions from ADTRAN, Calix, Ciena, Nokia, and Solarwinds. In addition, a number of companies have introduced products that address the same network needs that our products and solutions address, both domestically and internationally. The overall number of our competitors may increase, and the identity and composition of competitors may change. As we continue to expand our sales globally, we may see new competition in different geographic regions. Barriers to entry are relatively low, and new ventures to create products that do or could compete with our products are regularly formed. Many of our competitors have greater financial, technical, sales and marketing resources than we do.

The principal competitive factors in the markets in which we presently compete and may compete in the future include:

While we believe that we compete successfully with respect to each of these factors, we currently face and expect we will continue to face intense competition in our markets. In addition, the inherent nature of communications networking requires interoperability. As such, we must cooperate and at the same time compete with many companies.

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Manufacturing and Operations

Operationally, we use a global sourcing procurement program to purchase and manage key raw materials and subassemblies through qualified suppliers, sub-contractors, original equipment and design manufacturers and electronic manufacturing service vendors. TheThrough 2022, our manufacturing process useshas used a strategic combination of procurement from qualified suppliers and in-house manufacturing. Throughout the process we manage the assembly, quality assurance, customer testing, final inspection and shipping of our products.

We manufacture our low volume, high mix products at our manufacturing facility in Seminole, Florida, USA. For certainIn October 2022, we announced an agreement with Fabrinet, a third-party provider of electro-mechanical and electronic manufacturing and distribution services, to transition the sourcing, procurement, order-fulfillment, manufacturing and return merchandise authorization activities in the Company's Seminole facility to Fabrinet. The transition began in October 2022 and substantially completed in the beginning of 2023, whereupon the Company no longer manufactures the products weit sells. We have also relied and will continue to rely on other contract manufacturers, primarily located in VietnamChina and China,South Korea, and original design manufacturers for high volume, low mix products. We have generally been able to have sufficient production capacity to meet demand for our product offerings through a combination of existing and added capacity, additional employees and the outsourcing of products or components.

Some completed products are procured to our specifications and shipped directly to our customers. We also acquire completed products from certain suppliers, which we configure and ship from our facility. Some of these purchases are significant. We purchase both standard off-the-shelf parts and components, which are generally available from more than one supplier, and single-source parts and components. We have generally been able to obtain adequate supplies to meet customer demand in a timely manner from our current vendors, or, when necessary, from alternate vendors. We believe that alternate vendors can be identified if current vendors are unable to fulfill our needs, or design changes can be made to employ alternate parts.

The recent outbreak of the coronavirus in China and other countries has negatively impacted our supply chain in recent months. Supply chain pricing, freight and logistics costs, availability, and extended lead-times became a challenge in 2021 as the world economy recovered from the COVID-19 pandemic.pandemic and such challenges continued in to 2022. As we continue to incur elevated costs for components and expedite fees, our supply chain and operations teams continue to focus on managing through a constrained environment, thereby enabling DZS to maximize shipments despite elongated lead times. We remain cautious about continued supply chain headwinds that challenge the industry and anticipate a constrained supply chain environment to persist throughout 2022.2023.

We design, specify, and monitor all of the tests that are required to meet our quality standards. Our manufacturing and test engineers work closely with our design engineers to ensure manufacturability and testability of our products, and to ensure that manufacturing and testing processes evolve along with our technologies. Our manufacturing engineers specify, build, or procure our test stations, establish quality standards and protocols, and develop comprehensive test procedures and processes to assure the reliability and quality of our products. Products that are procured complete or partially complete are inspected, tested, or audited for quality control.

Our Quality Management System is compliant with, and we are certified to, ISO-9001:2015 by our external registrar, National Standards Authority of Ireland. ISO-9001:2015 requires that our processes be documented, followed and continuously improved. Internal audits are conducted on a regular schedule by our quality assurance personnel, and external audits are conducted by our external registrar each year. Our quality system is based upon our model for quality assurance in production and service to ensure our products meet rigorous quality standards.

Compliance with Regulatory and Industry Standards

Our products must comply with a significant number of voice and data regulations and standards which vary by jurisdiction. Standards for new services continue to evolve, and we may need to modify our products or develop new versions to meet these standards. Standards setting and compliance verification in the United States are determined by the Federal Communications Commission, Underwriters Laboratories (a global safety certification company), Quality Management Institute (a management training and leadership company), Telecordia (an operations management and fraud prevention solutions company which is a subsidiary of Ericsson), and other communications companies. In international markets, our products must comply with standards issued, implemented and enforced by the regulatory authorities of foreign jurisdictions, as applicable, such as the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (“ETSI”), among others.

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Environmental Matters

Our operations and manufacturing processes are subject to federal, state, local and foreign environmental protection laws and regulations. Such laws and regulations relate to the presence, use, handling, storage, discharge and disposal of certain hazardous materials and wastes, the pre-treatment and discharge of process waste waters and the control of process air pollutants. Under certain laws of the United States, we can be held responsible for cleanup costs at currently or formerly owned or operated locations or at third party sites to which our wastes were sent for disposal. To date, liabilities relating to contamination have not been significant, and have not had a material impact on our operations or results. We believe that our operations and manufacturing processes currently comply in all material respects with applicable environmental protection laws and regulations. If we fail to comply with any present or future laws or regulations, we could be subject to liabilities, the suspension of production or a prohibition on the sale of our products. In addition, such regulations could require us to incur significant expenses to comply with environmental laws or regulations, including expenses associated with the redesign of any non-compliant product or the development or installation of additional pollution control technology. From time to time new laws or regulations are enacted, and it is difficult to anticipate how such laws or regulations will be implemented and enforced, or the impact they will have on our operations or results.

Our operations in the European Union are subject to the Restriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive. We are aware of and are taking suitable action to comply with the new European Union Restriction of Hazardous Substances standards. Our operations in the United States or other countries, such as Japan and China are subject to similar legislation. Our failure to comply with any regulatory requirements or contractual obligations relating to environmental matters or hazardous materials could result in us being liable for costs, fines, penalties and third-party claims, and could jeopardize our ability to conduct business in the jurisdictions where such laws or the regulations apply.

Employees

As of December 31, 2021,2022, we employed over 840765 personnel worldwide. We consider the relationships with our employees to be positive. Competition for technical personnel in our industry is intense. We believe that our future success depends in part on our continued ability to hire, assimilate and retain qualified personnel. To date, we believe that we have been successful in recruiting qualified employees, but there is no assurance that we will continue to be successful in the future.

Website and Available Information

Our investor website address is http://investor-dzsi.cominvestor.dzsi.com. The information on, or accessible through, our website does not constitute part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or any other report, schedule or document we file or furnish to the SEC. On our investor website, we make available the following filings available free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC: our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov.

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below and the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in other filings we make with the SEC before making an investment decision. Our business, prospects, financial condition, or operating results could be harmed by any of these risks, as well as other risks not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial. If any of such risks and uncertainties actually occurs, our business, financial condition or operating results could differ materially from the plans, projections and other forward-looking statements included in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report and in our other public filings. The trading price of our common stock could decline due to any of these risks, and, as a result, you may lose all or part of your investment.

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Risks Directly Related to the ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has previously adversely affected significant portions of our business and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Authorities have imposed,The emergence of the Omicron and businesses and individuals have implemented, numeroussubsequent variants beginning in late 2021 with a resulting increase in COVID cases in 2022 resulted in re-implementation of various measures, to try to contain the virus or treat its impact, such asincluding shutdowns, travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, shelter-in-place/stay-at-homelimitations on public and private gatherings, business and port closures or operating restrictions, social distancing, and shelter-in-place orders shutdowns,in certain regions around the world. The health effects of the pandemic and vaccine requirements. Thesethe above measures taken in response thereto have had an effect on the global economy in general and have materially impacted and may furtherwill likely continue to impact our workforcethe Company’s financial condition, results of operations and operations, the operations of our customers, and those of our respective suppliers and partners. We have experienced, and could in the future experience, reduced workforce availability at some of our sites, construction delays, and reduced capacity at some of our suppliers.cash flows. We have operations in the US, Canada,United States, South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, India, Spain, and Canada as well as in other countries in Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Latin America, and each of these countries is takinghas taken varied measures in response to the pandemic. Restrictions on our manufacturing or support operations or workforce, similar limitations for our suppliers, and transportation restrictions or disruptions cancould limit our ability to meet customer demand and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Our customers have experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions in their operations and supply chains, which can result in delayed, reduced, or cancelled orders, or collection risks, and which may adversely affect our results of operations.

We have experienced and continue to experience disruptions in our supply chain due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has also impacted and may adversely impact our operations (including, without limitation, logistical and other operational costs) and the operations of some of our key suppliers. Supply chain pricing, freight and logistics costs, product and component availability, and extended lead-times became a challenge in 2021 and continued into 2022. If our vendors for product components are unable to meet our cost, quality, supply and transportation requirements, continue to remain financially viable or fulfill their contractual commitments and obligations, we could experience disruption in our supply chain, including shortages in supply or increases in production costs, which would materially adversely affect our results of operations. The current worldwide shortage of semiconductors and continued inflation may exacerbate these risks.

The pandemic has caused us to modify our business practices, including with respect to employee travel; employee work locations; limitations on physical participation in meetings, events, and conferences; and social distancing measures. Future vaccine mandates in the countries in which we operate could adversely affect our workforce retention and hiring. We may take

further actions as required by government authorities or others, or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, suppliers, and partners. Work-from-home and other measures introduce additional operational risks, including cybersecurity risks, and have affected the way we conduct our product development, validation, and qualification, customer support, and other activities, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations. There is no certainty that such measures will be sufficient to mitigate the risks posed by the virus, and illness and workforce disruptions could lead to unavailability of key personnel and harm our ability to perform critical functions.

The pandemic has significantly increased economic and demand uncertainty and has led to volatility in capital markets and credit markets. Adverse changes in economic conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic can significantly harm demand for our products and make it more challenging to forecast our operating results. Given the continued and substantial economic uncertainty and volatility created by the pandemic, it is difficult to predict the nature and extent of impacts on demand for our products.

The degree to which COVID-19 impacts our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the duration and severity of the pandemic; the actions taken to contain the virus or treat its impact; other actions taken by governments, businesses, and individuals in response to the virus and resulting economic disruption; and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume. Additional impacts and risks may arise that we are not aware of or able to respond to effectively. We are similarly unable to predict the extent of the impact of the pandemic on our customers, suppliers, and other partners, but a material effect on these parties could also materially adversely affect us. The impact of COVID-19 can also exacerbate other risks discussed in this Risk Factors section and throughout this report.

Risks Related to our Liquidity

We may not have the liquidity to support our future operations and capital requirements.

As of December 31, 2021,2022, we had approximately $46.7$34.3 million in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents, including $30.1$11.3 million in cash balances held by our international subsidiaries. If we are unable to raise additional capital, we may be unable to adequately fund our existing operations. Our current liquidity condition exposes us to the following risks: (i) vulnerability to adverse economic conditions in our industry or the economy in general; (ii) limitations on our ability to adequately plan for, or react to, changes in our business and industry; and (ii) negative investor and customer perceptions about our financial stability, which could limit our ability to obtain financing or acquire customers.

Our current liquidity condition could be further harmed, and we may incur significant losses or expend significant amounts of capital if: (i) the market for our products develops more slowly than anticipated or if it retracts; (ii) we fail to establish market share or generate revenue at anticipated levels; (iii) our capital expenditure forecasts change or prove to be inaccurate; or (iv) we fail to respond to unforeseen challenges or take advantage of unanticipated opportunities; or (v) the on-going COVID-19 pandemic continues to negatively impact our business or further exacerbates any of the foregoing risks.

To meet our liquidity needs and to finance our capital expenditures and working capital needs for our business, we may be required to raise substantial additional capital, reduce our operations (including through the sale of assets) or both.

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We have experienced significant losses and we may incur losses in the future. If we fail to generate sufficient revenue to sustain our profitability, our stock price could decline.

We had a net loss of $37.4 million, $34.7 million and $23.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Additionally, we have incurred significant losses in prior years. We have an accumulated deficit of $87.0$124.8 million as of December 31, 2021.2022. We expect that we will continue to incur substantial manufacturing,product cost, research and product development, sales and marketing, customer support, administrative and other expenses in connection with the ongoing development of our business. In addition, we may be required to spend more on research and product development than originally budgeted to respond to industry trends. We may also incur significant new costs related to acquisitions and the integration of new technologies and other acquisitions that may occur in the future. We may not be able to adequately manage costs and expenses or achieve or maintain adequate operating margins. As a result, our ability to sustainachieve profitability in future periods will depend on our ability to generate and sustain higher revenue while maintaining reasonable costs and expense levels. If we fail to generate sufficient revenue to sustainachieve profitability in future periods, we may continue to incur operating losses, which could be substantial, and our stock price could decline.

In connection with the Keymile acquisition, we assumed certain of Keymile’s liabilities, which could harm our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Pursuant to the definitive agreement for the acquisition of Keymile GmbH, now DZS GmbH (“Keymile” or “DZS GmbH”), we assumed certain of Keymile’s liabilities, including tax and pension liabilities, and any liabilities that may arise related to breaches of representations and warranties made by Keymile in connection with a prior sale of assets by Keymile that survive through 2022. Although the definitive agreement for the Keymile acquisition entitles us to indemnification for certain losses

incurred related to those assumed liabilities, our right to indemnification from the Keymile sellers is limited by the survival period of the representations and warranties included in the Keymile acquisition definitive agreement and recovery is limited in amount to the purchase price of Keymile, or EUR 10.3 million (approximately $11.7 million). Additionally, our rights to recovery against such losses is limited under our and third party provided warranty and indemnity liability insurance coverage of up to EUR 35.3 million (approximately $40.2 million).  If such claims or losses exceed such amount, or if they are not indemnifiable under the Keymile acquisition definitive agreement, any such losses could negatively impact our financial situation. In addition, our closing of the Keymile acquisition could give rise to substantial tax liabilities under German law, which could negatively impact our financial condition and liquidity.

Customer and Product Risk

The long and variable sales cycles for our products could cause revenue and operating results to vary significantly from quarter to quarter.

The target customers for our products have substantial and complex networks that they traditionally expand in large increments on a periodic basis. Accordingly, our marketing efforts are focused primarily on prospective customers that may purchase our products as part of a large-scale network deployment. Our target customers typically require a lengthy evaluation, testing and product qualification process. Throughout this process, we are often required to spend considerable time and incur significant expenses educating and providing information to prospective customers about the uses and features of our products. Even after a company makes the final decision to purchase our products, it could deploy our products over extended periods of time. The timing of deployment of our products varies widely, and depends on a number of factors, including our customers’ skill sets, geographic density of potential subscribers, the degree of configuration and integration required to deploy our products, and our customers’ ability to finance their purchase of our products as well as their operations. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our supply chain has increased the volatility of our deployment timeframes. As a result of any of these factors, our revenue and operating results could vary significantly from quarter to quarter.

The market we serve is highly competitive and we may not be able to compete successfully.

Competition in communications equipment markets is intense. These markets are characterized by rapid change, converging technologies and a migration to networking solutions that offer superior advantages. We are aware of many companies in related markets that address particular aspects of the features and functions that our products provide. Currently, our primary competitors in our core business include ADTRAN, Calix, Huawei, Nokia and ZTE, among others. In our FiberLAN business, our competitors include Cisco, Nokia and Tellabs. In our Ethernet switching business, our competitors include Cisco, and Juniper. We also may face competition from other communications equipment companies or other companies that may enter our markets in the future. In addition, a number of companies have introduced products that address the same network needs that our products and solutions address, both domestically and internationally. Many of our competitors have longer operating histories, greater name recognition, larger customer bases and greater financial, technical, sales and marketing resources than we do and may be able to undertake more extensive marketing efforts, adopt more aggressive pricing policies and provide more customer financing than we can. In particular, we are encountering price-focused competitors from Asia, especially China, which places pressure on us to reduce our prices. If we are forced to reduce prices in order to secure customers, we may be unable to sustain gross margins at desired levels or achieve profitability. Competitive pressures could result in increased pricing pressure, reduced profit margins, increased sales and marketing expenses and failure to increase, or the loss of, market share, any of which could reduce our revenue and adversely affect our financial results. Moreover, our competitors may foresee the course of market developments more accurately than we do and could develop new technologies that render our products less valuable or obsolete.

In our markets, principal competitive factors include: (i) product performance; (ii) interoperability with existing products; (iii) scalability and upgradeability; (iv) conformance to standards; (v) breadth of services; (vi) reliability; (vii) ease of installation and use; (viii) geographic footprints for products; (ix) ability to provide customer financing; (x) pricing; (xi) technical support and customer service; and (xii) brand recognition.

If we are unable to compete successfully against our current and future competitors, we may have difficulty obtaining or retaining customers, and we could experience price reductions, order cancellations, increased expenses and reduced gross margins, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

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We depend upon the development of new products and enhancements to existing products, and if we fail to predict and respond to emerging technological trends and customers’ changing needs, our operating results and market share may suffer.

The markets for our products are characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, changes in end-user requirements, frequent new product introductions and changes in communications offerings from network service provider customers. Our future success depends on our ability to anticipate or adapt to such changes and to offer, on a timely and cost-effective basis, products that meet changing customer demands and industry standards. We may not have sufficient resources to successfully and accurately anticipate customers’ changing needs and technological trends, manage long development cycles or develop, introduce and market new products and enhancements. The process of developing new technology is complex and uncertain, and if we fail to develop new products or enhancements to existing products on a timely and cost-effective basis, or if our new products or enhancements fail to achieve market acceptance, our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity would be materially adversely affected.

Because our products are complex and are deployed in complex environments, our products may have defects that we discover only after full deployment by our customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We produce highly complex products that incorporate leading-edge technology, including both hardware and software. Software often contains defects or programming flaws that can unexpectedly interfere with expected operations. In addition, our products are complex and are designed to be deployed in large quantities across complex networks. Because of the nature of these products, they can only be fully tested when completely deployed in large networks with high amounts of traffic, and there is no assurance that our pre-shipment testing programs will be adequate to detect all defects. As a result, our customers may discover errors or defects in our hardware or software, or our products may not operate as expected. If we are unable to cure a product defect, we could experience damage to our reputation, reduced customer satisfaction, loss of existing customers and failure to attract new customers, failure to achieve market acceptance, reduced sales opportunities, loss of revenue and market share, increased service and warranty costs, diversion of development resources, legal actions by our customers, and increased insurance costs. Defects, integration issues or other performance problems in our products could also result in damages to our customers, financial or otherwise. Our customers could seek damages for related losses from us, which could seriously harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. A product liability claim brought against us, even if unsuccessful, would likely be time consuming and costly. The occurrence of any of these problems would seriously harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Sales to communications service providers are especially volatile, and weakness in sales orders from this industry could harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Sales activity in the service provider industry depends upon the stage of completion of expanding network infrastructures, the availability of funding, and the extent to which service providers are affected by regulatory, economic and business conditions in the country of operations. Although some service providers may be increasing capital expenditures over the depressed levels that have prevailed over the last few years, weakness in orders from this industry could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. Additionally, a weaker global economy could cause some of these service providers to delay or cancel planned capital expenditures. Changes in technology, competition, overcapacity, changes in the service provider market, regulatory developments, adverse economic effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and constraints on capital availability have had a material adverse effect on many of our service provider customers, with many of these customers going out of business or substantially reducing their expansion plans. These conditions have materially harmed our business and operating results, and we expect that some or all of these conditions may continue for the foreseeable future. Finally, service provider customers typically have longer implementation cycles; require a broader range of services including design services; demand that vendors take on a larger share of risks; often require acceptance provisions, which can lead to a delay in revenue recognition; and expect financing from vendors. All these factors can add further risk to business conducted with service providers.

We depend on a limited source of suppliers for several key components. If we are unable to obtain these components on a timely basis, we will be unable to meet our customers’ product delivery requirements, which would harm our business.

We currently purchase several key components from a limited number of suppliers. If any of our limited source of suppliers become insolvent, cease business or experience capacity constraints, work stoppages or any other reduction or disruption in output, they may be unable to meet our delivery schedules. Our suppliers may enter into exclusive arrangements with our competitors, be acquired by our competitors, stop selling their products or components to us at commercially reasonable prices, refuse to sell their products or components to us at any price or be unable to obtain or have difficulty obtaining components for their products from their suppliers. If we do not receive critical components from our limited source of suppliers in a timely manner, we will be unable to meet our customers’ product delivery requirements. Any failure to meet a customer’s delivery requirements could materially adversely affect our business, operations, and financial condition and liquidity and could materially damage customer relationships. We may occasionally build up in inventory in response to these supply chain issues which increases the risk of inventory obsolescence. The current worldwide shortage of semiconductors may exacerbate these risks.

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We rely on the availability of third-party licenses.

Many of our products are designed to include software or other intellectual property licensed from third parties. It may be necessary in the future to seek or renew licenses relating to various elements of the technology used to develop these products.

We cannot assure you that our existing or future third-party licenses will be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Our inability to maintain or obtain any third-party license required to sell or develop our products and product enhancements could require us to obtain substitute technology of lower quality or performance standards, or at greater cost.

Our intellectual property rights could prove difficult to protect and enforce.

We generally rely on a combination of copyrights, patents, trademarks and trade secret laws and commercial agreements containing restrictions on disclosure and other appropriate terms to protect our intellectual property rights. We enter into confidentiality, employee, contractor and commercial agreements with our employees, consultants and corporate partners, and control access to and distribution of our proprietary information and use of our intellectual property and technology. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties, including those affiliated with foreign governments, may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our products, technology or intellectual property. Monitoring unauthorized use of our technology and intellectual property is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use of our technology, particularly in foreign countries or jurisdictions where laws may not protect our proprietary rights as extensively as in the United States. We cannot assure you that our pending, or any future, patent applications will be granted, that any existing or future patents will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented, or that any existing or future patents will be enforceable or that infringement by third parties will even be detected. While we are not dependent on any individual patents, if we are unable to protect our proprietary rights, we may find ourselves at a competitive disadvantage to others who need not incur the substantial expense, time and effort required to create the innovative products.

There are additional risks to our intellectual property as a result of our international business operations.

We may face risks to our technology and intellectual property as a result of our conducting strategic business discussions outside of the United States, and particularly in jurisdictions that do not have comparable levels of protection of corporate proprietary information and assets such as intellectual property, trademarks, trade secrets, know-how and customer information and records. While these risks are common to many companies, conducting business in certain foreign jurisdictions, housing technology, data and intellectual property abroad, or licensing technology to joint ventures with foreign partners may have more significant exposure. For example, we have shared intellectual properties with entities in China, South Korea, India, Thailand, and Vietnam pursuant to confidentiality agreements in connection with discussions on potential strategic collaborations, which may expose us to material risks of theft of our proprietary information and other intellectual property, including technical data, manufacturing processes, data sets or other sensitive information. Our technology may be reverse engineered by the parties or other parties, which could result in our patents being infringed or our know-how or trade secrets stolen. The risk can be by direct intrusion wherein technology and intellectual property is stolen or compromised through cyber intrusions or physical theft through corporate espionage, including with the assistance of insiders, or via more indirect routes.

Claims that our current or future products or components contained in our products infringe the intellectual property rights of others may be costly and time consuming to defend and could adversely affect our ability to sell our products.

The communications equipment industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patent, copyright, trademark and other intellectual property rights, that may relate to technologies and related standards that are relevant to us. From time to time, we receive correspondence from companies claiming that our products are using technology covered by or related to the intellectual property rights of these companies and inviting us to discuss or demanding licensing or royalty arrangements for the use of the technology or seeking payment for damages, injunctive relief and other available legal remedies through litigation. These companies also include third-party non-practicing entities (also known as patent trolls) that focus on extracting royalties and settlements by enforcing patent rights through litigation or the threat of litigation. These companies typically have little or no product revenues and therefore our patents could provide little or no deterrence against such companies filing patent infringement lawsuits against us. In addition, third parties have initiated and could continue to initiate litigation against our manufacturers, suppliers, distributors or even our customers alleging infringement or misappropriation of their proprietary rights with respect to existing or future products, or components of our products. For example, proceedings alleging patent infringement are routinely commenced in various jurisdictions against manufacturers and consumers of products in the wireless and broadband communications industry. In some cases, courts have issued rulings adverse to such manufacturers and customers, which can result in monetary damages that we are obligated to indemnify or that may impact the cost and availability of components or sales of our products. Courts may also issue injunctions preventing manufacturers from offering, distributing, using or importing products that include the challenged intellectual property. Adverse rulings or injunctive relief awarded against key suppliers of components for our products could result in delays or stoppages in the shipment of affected components, or require us to recall, modify or redesign our products containing such components. Regardless of the merit of claims against us or our manufacturers, suppliers, distributors or customers, intellectual property litigation can be time consuming and costly, and result in the diversion of the attention of technical and management personnel. Any such litigation could force us to stop manufacturing, selling, distributing, exporting,

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incorporating or using products or components that include the challenged intellectual property, or to recall, modify or redesign such products. In addition, if a party accuses us of infringing upon its proprietary rights, we may have to enter into royalty or licensing agreements, which may not be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we are unsuccessful in any such litigation, we could be subject to significant liability for damages and loss of our proprietary rights. Any of these events or results could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Due to the international nature of our business, political or economic changes or other factors in a specific country or region could harm our future revenue, costs and expenses, and financial condition.

We currently have significant operations in Canada, South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, India, Spain, and Vietnam,Canada, as well as sales and technical support teams in various locations around the world. We continue to consider opportunities to expand our international operations in the future. The successful management and expansion of our international operations requires significant human effort and the commitment of substantial financial resources. Further, our international operations may be subject to certain risks, disruptions and challenges that could materially harm our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity, including: (i) unexpected changes in laws, policies and regulatory requirements, including but not limited to regulations related to import-export control; (ii) trade protection measures, tariffs, embargoes and other regulatory requirements which could affect our ability to import or export our products into or from various countries; (iii) political unrest or instability, acts of terrorism or war in countries where we or our suppliers or customers have operations, including heightened security concerns stemming from North Korea in relation to our operations in South Korea;the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and China-Taiwan tensions; (iv) political considerations that affect service provider and government spending patterns; (v) heightened political tensions between the U.S. and China regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, trade practices and intellectual property rights; (vi) differing technology standards or customer requirements; (vii) developing and customizing our products for foreign countries; (viii) fluctuations in currency exchange rates, foreign exchange controls and restrictions on cash repatriation; (ix) longer accounts receivable collection cycles and financial instability of customers; (x) requirements for additional liquidity to fund our international operations; (xi) pandemics, epidemics and other public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic; (xii) difficulties and excessive costs for staffing and managing foreign operations; (xiii) ineffective legal protection of our intellectual property rights in certain countries; (xiv) potentially adverse tax consequences; and (xv) changes in a country’s or region’s political and economic conditions.

In addition, some of our customer purchase agreements are governed by foreign laws and regulations, which may differ significantly from the laws and regulations of the United States. We may be limited in our ability to enforce our rights under these agreements and to collect damages, if awarded. Any of these factors could harm our existing international operations and business or impair our ability to continue expanding into international markets.

We face exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.

We conduct significant business in South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, India, Vietnam,Spain, and Canada, as well as in other countries in Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Latin America, all of which subject us to foreign currency exchange rate risk.

We have in the past and may in the future undertake a hedging program to mitigate the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. The use of such hedging activities may not offset any or more than a portion of the adverse financial effects of unfavorable movements in foreign currency exchange rates over the limited time the hedges are in place. Moreover, the use of hedging instruments may introduce additional risks if we are unable to structure effective hedges with such instruments, which could adversely affect our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

As such, our results of operations and our cash flows could be impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Risks Related to our Industry

The telecommunications networking business requires the application of complex revenue and expense recognition rules and the regulatory environment affecting generally accepted accounting principles is uncertain. Changes in financial accounting standards or practices may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and harm our business.

The nature of our business requires the application of complex revenue and expense recognition rules and the current regulatory environment affecting U.S. GAAP is uncertain. Significant changes in U.S. GAAP could affect our financial statements going forward and may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and harm our operating results. U.S. GAAP is subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. In addition, we have in the past and may in the future need to significantly change our customer contracts, accounting systems and processes when we adopt future or proposed changes in accounting principles. The cost and effect of these changes may negatively impact our results of operations during the periods of transition.

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Changes in government regulations related to our business could harm our operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Our operations are subject to various laws and regulations, including those regulations promulgated by the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”). The FCC has jurisdiction over the entire communications industry in the United States and, as a result, our existing and future products and our customers’ products are subject to FCC rules and regulations. Changes to current FCC rules and regulations and future FCC rules and regulations could negatively affect our business. Non-compliance with the FCC’s rules and regulations would expose us to potential enforcement actions, including monetary

forfeitures, and could damage our reputation among potential customers. The uncertainty associated with future FCC decisions may cause network service providers to delay decisions regarding their capital expenditures for equipment for broadband services. In addition, international regulatory bodies establish standards that may govern our products in foreign markets. The SEC has adopted disclosure rules regarding the use of “conflict minerals” mined from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries and procedures regarding a manufacturer’s efforts to prevent the sourcing of such conflict minerals. These rules may have the effect of reducing the pool of suppliers who can supply “conflict free” components and parts, and we may not be able to obtain “conflict free” products or supplies in sufficient quantities for our operations. Also, we may face reputational challenges with our customers, stockholders and other stakeholders if we are unable to sufficiently verify the origins for the conflict minerals used in our products. In addition, governments and regulators in many jurisdictions have implemented or are evaluating regulations relating to cyber security, privacy and data protection, which can affect the markets and requirements for networking and communications equipment. We are unable to predict the scope, pace or financial impact of government regulations and other policy changes that could be adopted in the future, any of which could negatively impact our operations and costs of doing business. Because of our smaller size, legislation or governmental regulations can significantly increase our costs and affect our competitive position. Changes to or future domestic and international regulatory requirements could result in postponements or cancellations of customer orders for our products and services, which could harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. Further, we cannot be certain that we will be successful in obtaining or maintaining regulatory approvals that could, in the future, be required to operate our business.

Industry consolidation may lead to increased competition and could harm our operating results.

There has been a trend toward industry consolidation in the communications equipment market for several years. We expect this trend to continue as companies attempt to strengthen or hold their market positions in an evolving industry and as companies are acquired or are unable to continue operations. We believe that industry consolidation may result in stronger competitors that are better able to compete as sole-source vendors for customers. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Furthermore, rapid consolidation could result in a decrease in the number of customers we serve. The loss of a major customer could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Risks Related to our Common Stock

DASAN Networks, Inc. (“DNI”) owns a significant amount of our outstanding common stock and has the ability to exert significant influence or control over any matters that require stockholder approval, including the election of directors and the approval of certain transactions, and DNI’s interests may conflict with our interests and the interests of other stockholders.

As of December 31, 2021,2022, DNI owned approximately 36.7%29.4% of the outstanding shares of our common stock, representing a significant amount of the votes entitled to be cast by the holders of our outstanding common stock at a stockholder meeting. Due to its significant ownership percentage of our common stock, DNI has the ability to substantially influence or control the outcome of any matter submitted for the vote of our stockholders, including the election of directors and the approval of certain transactions. The interests of DNI may conflict with the interests of our other stockholders or with holders of our indebtedness and may cause us to take actions that our other stockholders or holders of our indebtedness do not view as beneficial.

DNI’s large concentration of stock ownership may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or discourage a third party from seeking to acquire us. Any potential third-party acquirer would most likely need to negotiate any such transaction with DNI, and the interests of DNI with respect to such transaction may be different from the interests of our other stockholders or with holders of our indebtedness.

Additionally, two of the Company’s directors serve as executive officers of DNI – Min Woo Nam is the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors of DNI and Choon Yul Yoo is the Chief Operating Officer of DNI. Messrs. Nam and Yoo owe fiduciary duties to us and, in addition, have duties to DNI. As a result, these directors may face real or apparent conflicts of interest with respect to matters affecting both us and DNI.

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There is a limited public market of our common stock.

There is a limited public market for our common stock. The average daily trading volume in our common stock during the 12 months ended December 31, 20212022 was approximately 125,000111,000 shares per day. We cannot provide assurances that a more active trading market will develop or be sustained. As a result of low trading volume in our common stock, the purchase or sale of a relatively small number of shares of our common stock could result in significant price fluctuations and it may be difficult for holders to sell their shares without depressing the market price of our common stock.

DNI, our largest stockholder, owned approximately 10.19.1 million shares of our common stock as of December 31, 20212022 and such shares are registered with the SEC for resale. ItsThese shares becameare eligible for resale without restriction as to volume limitations. Our stock price could suffer a significant decline as a result of any sudden increase in the number of shares sold in

the public market or market perception that the increased number of shares available for sale will exceed the demand for our common stock.

We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future, as we anticipate that we will invest future earnings in the development and growth of our business. Therefore, holders of our common stock will not receive any return on their investment unless they sell their securities, and holders may be unable to sell their securities on favorable terms or at all.

General Risk Factors

We may need additional capital, and we cannot be certain that additional financing will be available.

In 2022, we entered into a Credit Agreement, as amended from time to time, (the “Credit Agreement”) by and between the Company, as borrower, certain subsidiaries of the Company, as guarantors, the lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, which provided for Revolving Credit Facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $30.0 million. On May 27, 2022, the Company entered into a First Amendment to Credit Agreement (the “Amendment”), which, among other things, provides for a Term Loan in an aggregate principal amount of $25.0 million. Refer to Note 8 Debt, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for more detail. In November 2022 and January 2021, we also raised approximately $30.8 million and $59.5 million, respectively, in anseparate equity offering.offerings. Refer to Note 9 Stockholders’ Equity, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for more detail.

We need sufficient capital to fund our ongoing operations and may require additional financing in the future to expand our business, acquire assets or repay or refinance our existing debt. Our ability to obtain financing will depend, among other things, on our development efforts, business plans, operating performance and condition of the capital markets at the time we seek financing. We cannot assure you that additional financing will be available to us on favorable terms when required, or at all. Any debt financing secured by us in the future could become more expensive due to rising interest rates or involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital-raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to the rights of our common stock, and our stockholders may experience dilution.

If we need additional capital and cannot raise it on acceptable terms, we may not be able to, among other things: (i) maintain existing operations; (ii) pay ordinary expenses; (iii) fund our business expansion or product innovation; (iv) pursue future business opportunities, including acquisitions; (v) respond to unanticipated capital requirements; (vi) repay or refinance our existing debt; (vii) hire, train and retain employees; or (viii) respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements.

Our failure to do any of these things could seriously harm our business, financial condition, liquidity and operating results. In addition, we may be required to reduce the scope of our planned product development and sales and marketing efforts beyond the reductions that we have previously taken, and reduce operations in low margin regions, including reductions in headcount, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

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Our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity

In 2022, we entered into the Credit Agreement and the Amendment by and between the Company, as borrower, certain subsidiaries of the Company, as guarantors, the lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent. On October 31, 2022, DASAN Network Solutions, Inc., a corporation organized under the laws of the Republic of Korea, and an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“DNS Korea”), entered into a Loan Agreement with Dasan Networks, Inc. ("DNI"), pursuant to which DNS Korea borrowed KRW 7.2 billion ($5.0 million USD) from DNI (the “November 2022 DNI Loan”). In the first quarter of 2023, the entire outstanding balance on this term loans was repaid and DNS Korea entered into a new short-term loan arrangement with DNI (the “February 2023 DNI Loan”) and borrowed KRW 5 billion ($4.1 million USD).

As of December 31, 2022, the Company's debt obligation under the Term Loan was $24.1 million, net of unamortized issuance cost of $0.3 million. The Company had $4.0 million outstanding borrowings and $0.1 million in letters of credit issued under the $30.0 million Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2022. The Company's debt obligation under the November 2022 DNI Loan was KRW 7.2 billion ($5.7 million USD) as of December 31, 2022. We may incur additional indebtedness in the future, including additional borrowings under the Credit Agreement or other future credit facilities with other financial institutions or DNI.

Even if we are able to obtain new financing upon a default under the Credit Agreement and the February 2023 DNI Loan, it may not be on commercially reasonable terms or on terms that are acceptable to us. The level of indebtedness could have important consequences and could materially and adversely affect us in a number of ways, including:

The Credit Agreement, the February 2023 DNI Loan and the instruments governing our other indebtedness contain certain covenants, limitations, and conditions with respect to the Company that could restrict our ability to operate our business. The covenants include a maximum leverage ratio, a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, a minimum liquidity covenant and minimum EBITDA, as well as financial reporting obligations, and usual and customary events of default. On February 15, 2023, the Company entered into a Second Amendment to Credit Agreement (the "Second Amendment"), which amends the Credit Agreement dated February 9, 2022 (as previously amended on May 27, 2022). The Second Amendment, among other things, suspends certain financial covenants until the fiscal quarter ending September 30, 2023. If an event of default occurs under the Credit Agreement or the February 2023 DNI Loan, as applicable, the agent and the lenders will be entitled to take various actions, including requiring the immediate repayment of all outstanding amounts, terminating commitments to make additional advances and selling our assets to satisfy the obligations under the outstanding indebtedness.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with our financial or other covenants in the future, or that any covenant violations will be waived in the future. Any acceleration of amounts due could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to generate cash flow in amounts sufficient to enable us to service our debt or to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations or to borrow sufficient funds to service our debt, due to borrowing base restrictions or otherwise, we may be required to sell assets, reduce capital expenditures, purchase credit insurance or obtain additional financing. We cannot assure you that we will be able to engage in any of these actions on reasonable terms, if at all.

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Our future operating results are difficult to predict and our stock price may continue to be volatile.

As a result of a variety of factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our revenues for a particular quarter are difficult to predict. Our revenue and operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter due to a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control. The primary factors that could affect our results of operations include the following: (i) commercial acceptance of our products and services; (ii) fluctuations in demand for network access products; (iii) fluctuation in gross margin; (iv) our ability to attract and retain qualified and key personnel; (v) the timing and size of orders from customers; (vi) the ability of our customers to finance their purchase of our products as well as their own operations; (vii) new product introductions, enhancements or announcements by our competitors; (viii) our ability to develop, introduce and ship new products and product enhancements that meet customer requirements in a timely manner; (ix) changes in our pricing policies or the pricing policies of our competitors; (x) the loss of or failure to renew on commercially reasonable terms any third-party licenses necessary for or relating to our products; (xi) the ability of our company and our contract manufacturers to attain and maintain production volumes and quality levels for our products; (xii) our ability to obtain sufficient supplies of sole or limited source components; (xiii) increases in the prices of the components we purchase, or quality problems associated with these components; (xiv) unanticipated changes in regulatory requirements which may require us to redesign portions of our products; (xv) changes in accounting rules; (xvi) integrating and operating any acquired businesses; (xvii) our ability to achieve targeted cost reductions; (xviii) how well we execute on our strategy and operating plans; (xix) general economic conditions as well as those specific to the communications, internet and related industries; and (xx) the economic uncertainty created by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, including its potentially adverse impact on all the foregoing factors.

Any of the foregoing factors, or any other factors discussed elsewhere herein, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity that could adversely affect our stock price. Further, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in severe disruption and volatility in the financial markets. We anticipate that our stock price and trading volume may continue to be volatile in the future, whether due to the factors described above, volatility in public stock markets generally (particularly in the technology sector) or otherwise.

Strategic acquisitions or investments that we have made or that we could pursue or make in the future may disrupt our operations and harm our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

As part of our business strategy, we have made investments in and acquired other companies, including Optelian and RIFTASSIA in 2021,2022, that we believe are complementary to our core business. In the future we may continue to make investments in or acquire

other companies or complementary solutions or technologies. Any such acquisition or investment may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating, and pursuing suitable opportunities, whether or not the transactions are completed, and may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. These transactions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities, the incurrence of debt or assumption of liabilities, and increase our risk of litigation exposure, which could adversely affect our operating results. In addition, if the resulting business from such a transaction fails to meet our expectations, our operating results, business, and financial condition may suffer or we may be exposed to unknown risks or liabilities.

Additionally, any significant acquisition would require the consent of our lenders. Any failure to receive such consent could delay or prohibit us from acquiring companies that we believe could enhance our business. Furthermore, we may dedicate significant time and capital resources in the pursuit of acquisition opportunities and may be unable to find and identify desirable acquisition targets or business opportunities or be successful in entering into an agreement with any particular strategic partner.

Upon the closing of any acquisition transaction, we will need to integrate the acquired organization and its products and services with our legacy operations. The integration process may be expensive, time-consuming and a strain on our resources and our relationships with employees, customers, distributors and suppliers, and ultimately may not be successful. The benefits or synergies we may expect from the acquisition of complementary or supplementary businesses may not be realized to the extent or in the time frame we initially anticipated. Mergers and acquisitions of high-technology companies are inherently subject to increased risk and to many factors outside of our control, and we cannot be certain that our previous or future acquisitions will be successful and will not materially adversely affect our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Any failure to successfully acquire and integrate acquired organizations and their products and services could seriously harm our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

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Some of the risks that could affect our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses, including Optelian and Rift’sASSIA's telecommunication systems business, include those associated with: (i) failure to successfully further develop the acquired products or technology; (ii) insufficient revenues to offset increased expenses associated with acquisitions and where competitors in such markets have stronger market positions; (iii) conforming the acquired company’s standards, policies, processes, procedures and controls with our operations; (iv) difficulties in entering markets in which we have no or limited prior experience; (v) difficulties in integrating the operations, technologies, products and personnel of the acquired companies; (vi) coordinating new product and process development, especially with respect to highly complex technologies; (vii) potential loss of key employees, customers, distributors, vendors and other business partners of the companies we acquire following and continuing after the announcement of acquisition plans or transactions; (viii) hiring and training additional management and other critical personnel; (ix) in the case of foreign acquisitions, the need to integrate operations across different cultures and languages and to address the particular economic, currency, political and regulatory risks associated with specific countries; (x) increasing the scope, geographic diversity and complexity of our operations; (xi) diversion of management’s time and attention away from normal daily operations of the business and the challenges of managing larger and more widespread operations resulting from acquisitions; (xii) consolidation of facilities, integration of the acquired company’s accounting, human resource and other administrative functions and coordination of product, engineering and sales and marketing functions; (xiii) the geographic distance between the companies; (xiv) failure to comply with covenants related to the acquired business; (xv) unknown, underestimated, and/or undisclosed liabilities for activities of the acquired company before the acquisition, including patent and trademark infringement claims, violations of laws, employment claims, pension liabilities, commercial disputes, tax liabilities and other known and unknown liabilities; (xvi) litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired company, including claims for terminated employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties; and (xvii) the disruption, economic and otherwise, created by the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, including its potentially compounding effect on all the foregoing factors.

If demand for our products and solutions does not develop as we anticipate, then our business operations, financial condition, and liquidity will be adversely affected.

Our future revenue depends significantly on our ability to successfully develop, enhance and market our products and solutions to our target markets. Most network service providers have made substantial investments in their current infrastructure, and they may elect to remain with their current architectures or to adopt new architectures in limited stages or over extended periods of time. A decision by a customer to purchase our products will involve a significant capital investment. We must convince our service provider customers that they will achieve substantial benefits by deploying our products for future upgrades or expansions. We may experience difficulties with product reliability, partnering, and sales and marketing efforts that could adversely affect our business and divert management attention and resources from our core business. We do not know whether a viable market for our products and solutions will develop or be sustainable in our businesses. If these markets do not develop or develop more slowly than we expect, including as a result of conditions created by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity will be materially harmed.

Increased tariffs on products and goods that we purchase from off-shore sources (particularly Chinese sources) and changes in international trade policies and relations could have an adverse effect on our customers and operating results.

The pricing of our products to customers and our ability to conduct business with certain customers can be affected by changes in U.S. and other countries’ trade policies. For example, before the trade deal was signed between the U.S. and China on January 15, 2020, the United States had imposed tariffs on a wide-range of products and goods manufactured in China that are directly or indirectly imported into the United States. In response, various countries and economic regions announced plans or intentions to impose retaliatory tariffs on a wide-range of products they import from the United States. Any newly imposed, announced and threatened U.S. tariffs and retaliatory tariffs could have the effect of increasing the cost of materials we use to manufacture certain products, which could result in lower margins. The tariffs could also result in disruptions to our supply chain, as suppliers struggle to fill orders from companies trying to purchase goods in bulk ahead of announced tariffs. Although we believe that the incremental costs to us of these tariffs were immaterial, if new tariffs are imposed or if new tariffs apply to additional categories of components used in our manufacturing activities, and if we are unable to pass on the costs of tariffs to our customers, our operating results would be harmed.

Changes in political environments, governmental policies, international trade policies and relations, including as a result of tensions between the United States and China regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, trade practices and the protection of intellectual property rights, could result in revisions to laws or regulations or their interpretation and enforcement, trade sanctions, or retaliatory actions by China in response to U.S. actions, which could have an adverse effect on our customers, business plans and operating results.

We rely on contract manufacturers for a portion of our manufacturing requirements.

We relyThrough 2022, we have relied on contract manufacturers to perform a portion of the manufacturing operations for our products. TheseIn October 2022, we announced an agreement with Fabrinet, a third-party provider of electro-mechanical and electronic

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manufacturing and distribution services, to transition the sourcing, procurement, order-fulfillment, manufacturing and return merchandise authorization activities in the Company's Seminole, Florida facility to Fabrinet. The transition began in October 2022 and substantially completed in the beginning of 2023, whereupon the Company no longer manufactures its products. Fabrinet and other contract manufacturers we utilize build products for other companies, including our competitors. In addition, we do not have contracts in place with some of these providers and may not be able to effectively manage those relationships. We cannot be certain that our contract manufacturers will be able to fill our orders in a timely manner. We face a number of risks associated with this dependence on contract manufacturers including reduced control over delivery schedules, the potential lack of adequate capacity during periods of excess demand, poor manufacturing yields and high costs, quality assurance, increases in prices, and the potential misappropriation of our intellectual property. We have experienced in the past, and may experience in the future, problems with our contract manufacturers, such as inferior quality, insufficient quantities and late delivery of products.

We face supply chain risk, and our failure to estimate customer demand properly could result in excess or obsolete component inventories that could adversely affect our gross margins.

Occasionally, weWe have experienced, and may continue to experience a supply shortage,shortages, or a delaydelays in receiving, certain component parts as a result of strong demand for the component parts and/or capacity constraints or other problems experienced by suppliers. If shortages or delays persist, the price of these components may increase, or the components may not be available at all, and we may also encounter shortages if we do not accurately anticipate our needs. Conversely, we may not be able to secure enough components at reasonable prices or of acceptable quality to build new products in a timely manner in the quantities or configurations needed. Accordingly, our revenue and gross margins could suffer until other sources can be developed. During 2021 and 2022, we experienced disruptions in our supply chain,, and we anticipate that such disruptions will continue in 2022.2023. These supply issues have limited our ability to supply demand of certain customers. It is difficult to predict the future impact of these ongoing supply issues. Our operating results would also be adversely affected if, anticipating greater demand than actually develops, we commit to the purchase of more components than we need. Furthermore, as a result of binding price or purchase commitments with suppliers, we may be obligated to purchase components at prices that are higher than those available in the current market. In the event that we become committed to purchase components at prices in excess of the current market price, our gross margins could decrease. In the past we experienced component shortages that adversely affected our financial results and, in the future, may continue to experience component shortages.

The loss of a key customer or a significant deterioration in the financial condition of a key customer could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

The Company’s revenue is dependent on several key customers. A loss of one or more of the Company’s key customers, or a dispute or litigation with one of these key customers could affect adversely our revenue and results of operations. A significant deterioration in the financial condition or bankruptcy filing of a key customer could affect adversely the Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition.

In addition, the Company is subject to credit risk associated with the concentration of accounts receivable from its key customers. As of December 31, 2021, two2022, no customers represented 26% andmore than 10% of net accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2021,2022 the Company has an allowance for doubtful account of $16.7$13.1 million related to one customer. If one or more of the Company’s top customers were to become bankrupt or insolvent or otherwise were unable to pay for the products and services provided by the Company, including as a result of conditions created by the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, the Company may incur significant write-offs of accounts receivable or incur other impairment charges, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

We have experienced significant turnover with respect to our executives, and our board, and our business could be adversely affected by these and other transitions in our senior management team or if any future vacancies cannot be filled with qualified replacements in a timely manner.

We have experienced significant turnover on our executive team and board since 2018. As a result of this turnover, our remaining management team has been required to take on increased responsibilities, which could divert attention from key business areas. If we continue to experience similar turnover in the future, we may be unable to timely replace the talent and skills of our management team and directors.  team.

Management transitions are often difficult and inherently cause some loss of institutional knowledge, which could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our ability to execute our business strategies may be adversely affected by the uncertainty associated with these transitions and the time and attention from the board and management needed to fill any future vacant roles could disrupt our business. If we are unable to successfully identify and attract adequate replacements for future vacancies in our management roles in a timely manner, we could experience increased employee turnover and harm to our business, growth, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We face significant competition for executives with the qualifications and experience we seek.

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Further, we cannot guarantee that we will not face similar turnover in the future. Our senior management’s knowledge of our business and industry would be difficult to replace, and any further turnover could negatively affect our business, growth, financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows.

Decreased effectiveness of share-based compensation could adversely affect our ability to attract and retain employees.

We have historically used equity incentives, including stock options and restricted stock units, as a key component of our employee compensation program in order to align the interests of our employees with the interests of our stockholders, encourage employee retention and provide competitive compensation and benefit packages. If the trading price of our common stock declines, this would reduce the value of our share-based compensation to our present employees and could adversely affect our ability to retain existing or attract prospective employees. Difficulties relating to obtaining stockholder approval of equity compensation plans could also make it harder or more expensive for us to grant share-based payments to employees in the future.

Our success largely depends on our ability to retain and recruit key personnel, and any failure to do so could harm our ability to meet key objectives.

Our future success depends upon the continued services of our Chief Executive Officer and other key employees, and our ability to identify, attract and retain highly skilled technical, managerial, sales and marketing personnel who have critical industry experience and relationships that we rely on to build and operate our business. As discussed elsewhere in these Risk Factors, we have experienced significant turnover on our executive team and board since 2018, including the departures of our former Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. The loss of the services of any of our key employees or executive officers could delay the development and production of our products and negatively impact our ability to maintain customer relationships, which could harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Our collection, processing, storage, use, and transmission of personal data could give rise to liabilities as a result of governmental regulation, increasing legal requirements.

We collect, process, store, use, and transmit personal data on a daily basis. Personal data is increasingly subject to legal and regulatory protections around the world, which vary widely in approach and which possibly conflict with one another. In recent years, for example, U.S. legislators and regulatory agencies, such as the Federal Trade Commission, as well as U.S. states have increased their focus on protecting personal data by law and regulation and have increased enforcement actions for violations of privacy and data protection requirements. The State of California recently adopted the California Consumer Protection Act (“CCPA”), which went into effect on January 1, 2020. The European Commission also approved and adopted the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), a data protection law, which became effective in May 2018. These data protection laws and regulations are intended to protect the privacy and security of personal data that is collected, processed, and transmitted in or from the relevant jurisdiction. Both the CCPA and the GDPR established new requirements applicable to the processing of personal data, afford new data protection rights to individuals and impose significant penalties for data breaches. Individuals also have a right to compensation under the GDPR for financial or non-financial losses. In July 2020, the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield framework which allowed U.S. companies that self-certify to the U.S. Department of Commerce and publicly commit to comply with specified requirements to import personal data from the EU was invalidated as a GDPR compliance mechanism by the European Court of Justice (“ECJ”). These developments create some uncertainty. Ensuring compliance with these laws is an ongoing commitment that involves substantial costs, which could otherwise adversely affect our business operations and negatively impact our financial position or cash flows. Any failure to comply with applicable regulations could also result in regulatory enforcement actions against us, subject us to negative publicity and significant penalties and ultimately cause an adverse effect on our business.

If we experience a significant disruption in, or breach in security of, our information technology systems, our business could be adversely affected.

We rely on several centralized information technology systems to provide products and services, maintain financial records, process orders, manage inventory, process shipments to customers and operate other critical functions. If we experience a prolonged system disruption in the information technology systems that involve our interactions with customers or suppliers, it could result in the loss of sales and customers and significant incremental costs, which could adversely affect our business. In addition, our information technology systems could be susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to power outages, hardware failures, computer viruses, attacks by computer hackers, telecommunication failures, user errors, catastrophes or other unforeseen events. Furthermore, security breaches of our information technology systems could result in the misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information belonging to the company or our employees, partners, customers or suppliers, which could result in significant financial, legal or reputational damage to the Company. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a large portion of our workforce worked remotely, and future remote working could exacerbate any of the foregoing risks.

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Compliance or the failure to comply with current and future environmental regulations could cause us significant expense.

We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and foreign environmental regulations. If we fail to comply with any present or future regulations, we could be subject to liabilities, the suspension of production or prohibitions on the sale of our products. In addition, such regulations could require us to incur other significant expenses to comply with environmental regulations, including expenses associated with the redesign of any non-compliant product. From time to time new regulations are enacted, and it is difficult to anticipate how such regulations will be implemented and enforced and the impact that they could have on our operations or results. For example, in 2003 the European Union enacted the Restriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive, for implementation in European Union member states. We are aware of similar legislation that is currently in force or has been considered in the U. S.U.S., as well as other countries, such as Japan and China. Implementation of and compliance with these laws may be costly or could otherwise adversely affect our business operations, which could negatively impact our financial position or cash flows. Our failure to comply with any such regulatory requirements or contractual obligations could result in us being liable for costs, fines, penalties or third-party claims, and could jeopardize our ability to conduct business in countries or jurisdictions where such regulations apply.

Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar laws associated with our international activities could subject us to significant civil or criminal penalties.

Failure to comply with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act could subject us to significant civil or criminal penalties. A significant portion of our revenues is generated from sales outside of the United States. As a result, we are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”). The FCPA generally prohibits U.S. companies and their intermediaries from making corrupt payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment and requires companies to maintain adequate record-keeping and internal accounting practices to accurately reflect the transactions of the company. The FCPA applies to companies, individual directors, officers, employees and agents. Under the FCPA, U.S. companies may be held liable for the corrupt actions taken by employees, strategic or local partners or other representatives. If we or our intermediaries fail to comply with the requirements of the FCPA or similar legislation, governmental authorities in the U.S. and elsewhere could seek to impose civil and/or criminal fines and penalties which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, and our business may be adversely affected if we do not remediate this material weakness, or if we have other material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting in the future.

In connection with their evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our chief executive officer (“CEO”) and chief financial officer (“CFO”) concluded that a material weakness exists in our internal control over financial reporting. This material weakness relates to a misapplication of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles related to revenue recognition for a sales agreement with an existing customer which was subject to unique terms. Specifically, the Company’s processes, procedures and controls related to financial reporting were not effective to ensure there was comprehensive analysis, documentation and accounting review of relevant facts in connection with revenue recognition related to such transaction. We have identified a number of measures to strengthen our internal control over financial reporting and address the material weakness that we identified and corrected prior to issuance of the related financial statements. (See Item 9A. Controls and Procedures contained in this report). The existence of one or more material weaknesses or significant deficiencies could result in errors in our financial statements, and substantial costs and resources may be required to rectify any internal control deficiencies. If we cannot produce reliable financial reports, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, we may be unable to obtain additional financing to operate and expand our business and our business and financial condition could be harmed.

Our business and future operating results are subject to global economic and market conditions.

Market turbulence and weak economic conditions, including those caused by the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, as well as concerns about energy costs, geopolitical issues, inflation, the availability and cost of credit, business and consumer confidence, and unemployment could impact our business in a number of ways, including:

Potential deferment of purchases and orders by customers: Uncertainty about global economic conditions could cause consumers, businesses and governments to defer purchases in response to flat revenue budgets, tighter credit, decreased cash availability and weak consumer confidence. Accordingly, future demand for our products could differ materially from our current expectations.

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Customers’ inability to obtain financing to make purchases and/or maintain their business: Some of our customers require substantial financing in order to finance their business operations, including capital expenditures on new equipment and equipment upgrades, and make purchases from us. The potential inability of these customers to access the capital needed to finance purchases of our products and meet their payment obligations to us could adversely impact our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. While we monitor these situations carefully and attempt to take appropriate measures to protect ourselves, including factoring credit arrangements to financial institutions, it is possible that we may have to defer

revenue until cash is collected or write-down or write-off uncollectible accounts. Such write-downs or write-offs, if large, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. If our customers become insolvent due to market and economic conditions or otherwise, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Negative impact from increased financial pressures on third-party dealers, distributors and retailers: We make sales in certain regions through third-party dealers, distributors and retailers. These third parties may be impacted, among other things, by a significant decrease in available credit. If credit pressures or other financial difficulties result in insolvency for these third parties and we are unable to successfully transition end customers to purchase our products from other third parties, or from us directly, it could adversely impact our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Negative impact from increased financial pressures on key suppliers: Our ability to meet customers’ demands depends, in part, on our ability to obtain timely and adequate delivery of quality materials, parts and components from our suppliers. Certain of our components are available only from a single source or limited sources. If certain key suppliers were to become capacity constrained or insolvent, it could result in a reduction or interruption in supplies or a significant increase in the price of supplies and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, credit constraints of key suppliers could result in accelerated payment of accounts payable by us, impacting our cash flow.

We may experience material adverse impacts on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity as a result of weak or recessionary economic or market conditions in the United States, South Korea, Germany, or the rest of the world.

Natural disasters, public health crises, political crises, and other catastrophic events or other events outside of our control may damage our facilities or the facilities of third parties on which we depend, and could materially impact our supply chain and the operations of our customers and suppliers.

Our global headquarters is located in Plano, Texas, we have development centers in the U.S., South Korea, Vietnam, India, Spain, and Canada and our U.S. manufacturing facility ispartners are primarily located in Seminole, Florida.the U.S., China and South Korea. These facilities are subject to disruption from natural causes beyond our control, including physical risks from tornados, severe storms, floods, other natural disaster or power shortages or outages that could disrupt operations or impair critical systems. Any of these disruptions or other events outside of our control could affect our business negatively, harming our operating results. In addition, in the event any of our facilities or the facilities of our suppliers, contract manufacturers, third-party service providers, or customers, is affected by natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, power shortages or outages, floods or monsoons, public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic to the extent not already occurring, political crises, such as terrorism, war, political instability or other conflict, or other events outside of our control, our business and operating results could suffer. Disasters occurring at our or our vendors’ facilities also could impact our reputation.

Any of the foregoing events may have the effect of disrupting our supply chain, which could harm our business, financial condition results of operations. Illness, travel restrictions, absenteeism, or other workforce disruptions could negatively affect our supply chain, manufacturing, distribution, or other business processes. We may face additional production disruptions in the future, which may place constraints on our ability to produce products in a timely manner or may increase our costs.

Future issuances of additional equity securities could result in dilution of existing stockholders’ equity ownership.

We may determine from time to time to issue additional equity securities to raise additional capital, to support growth, or, as we have in recent years, to make acquisitions. Further, we may issue stock options, grant restricted stock awards or other equity awards to retain, compensate and/or motivate our employees and directors. These issuances of our securities could dilute the voting and economic interests of existing stockholders.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

In 2020, the Company moved its headquarter and established its Engineering Center of Excellence in Plano, Texas, U.S, where we lease the office spaces.space. We lease facilities for manufacturing in Seminole, Florida, U.S., where we manufacturepreviously manufactured our low volume, high mix products. In October 2022, we started a transition of the manufacturing to Fabrinet, which was substantially completed in the beginning of 2023, whereupon the Company no longer manufactures its products. We also lease facilities for office and warehouse space in South Korea and India, and maintain offices to provide sales and customer support at various domestic and international locations. We believe that our existing facilities are suitable and adequate for our present purposes.

From time to time, the the Company is subject to various legal proceedings, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. While the outcome of these matters is currently not determinable, the Company records an accrual for legal contingencies that it has determined to be probable to the extent that the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company does not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on its consolidated

financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings could occur. If an unfavorable ruling were to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the results of operations and cash flows of the reporting period in which the ruling occurs, or future periods.

Not applicable.

INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Set forth below is information concerning our executive officers as of December 31, 2021.2022.

Charlie Vogt was appointed as the President and Chief Executive Officer of the DZS Inc., effective August 1, 2020. In addition, Mr. Vogt was elected as a member of the Board of Directors, also effective August 1, 2020. In connection with Mr. Vogt’s appointment, Il Yung Kim ceased to serve as President and Chief Executive Officer of DZS Inc. and as a member of the Board effective July 31, 2020. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Vogt was most recently President and Chief Executive Officer of ATX Networks, a leader in broadband access and media distribution, where he led the company through extensive transformation and growth since February 2018 and will remain a member of the board.distribution. From July 2013 to January 2018, Mr. Vogt served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Imagine Communications, where he directed the company through change as it evolved its core technology, including large-scale restructuring and rebranding and multiple technology acquisitions as he implemented a vision and growth strategy. Before joining Imagine Communications, Mr. Vogt was President and Chief Executive Officer of GENBAND (today known as Ribbon Communications), where he transformed the company from a startup to a global leader in voice over IP and real-time IP communications solutions. His professional career has also included leadership roles at Taqua (Tekelec), Lucent Technology (Nokia), Ascend Communications (Lucent), ADTRAN, Motorola and IBM.

Misty Kawecki was appointed to the position of Chief Financial Officer on August 2, 2021. Ms. Kawecki most recently served as Chief Financial Officer and Head of Operations at MediaKind, Inc., a large-scale media platform. Prior roles include Chief Accounting Officer at Imagine Communications, Inc., and executive roles at GENBAND (today(today known as Ribbon Communications) and McAfee (today is a subsidiary of Intel Corporation). She began her career at Ernst & Young LLP. She is a Certified Public Accountant and holds a Master’s Degree in accounting from Texas Tech University.

Justin K. Ferguson has served as Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary since September 2020. Prior to joining DZS, from 2018 to 2020, Mr. Ferguson was the Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Ribbon Communications Inc., a Nasdaq listed company that provides real time communications software and packet and optical transport solutions. Prior to joining Ribbon, from 2015 to 2018, Mr. Ferguson was the Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Zix Corporation, a Nasdaq listed company that provides email security solutions. From 2011 to 2015, Mr. Ferguson served as Senior Vice President—Director of Legal for GENBAND. Prior to GENBAND, he was an attorney at the law firms of Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP and Baker Botts L.L.P. Mr. Ferguson received a Juris Doctorate degree from Texas Tech University School of Law and a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration from Texas Tech University. He is a member of the State Bar of Texas.

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PART II

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “DZSI”.

As of March 4, 2022,1, 2023, we had 376379 registered stockholders of record. A substantially greater number of holders of DZS common stock are “street name” or beneficial holders, whose shares are held of record by banks, brokers or financial institutions.

Dividend Policy

We have never paid or declared any cash dividends on our common stock or other securities and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of the Board of Directors, subject to any applicable restrictions under our debt and credit agreements, and will be dependent upon our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business condition and such other factors as the Board of Directors may deem relevant.

We are a global provider of leading-edge access 5G transport, and enterprise communications platformsoptical networking infrastructure and cloud software solutions that enable the emerging hyper-connected, hyper-broadband world. Our solutions are deployed by over 750 active customers, including advanced Tier 1, nationalworld and broadband experiences. The Company provides a wide array of reliable, cost-effective networking technologies and software to a diverse customer base.

We research, develop, test, sell, manufacture and support platforms in the areas of mobile transport and fixed broadband access, as discussed below. We have extensive regional service providersdevelopment and enterprise customers in more than 100 countries worldwide.Our solutions and platforms portfolio include products in Broadband Connectivity, Connected Home & Business, Mobile & Optical Edge, and Network & Experience Software.support centers around the world to support our customer needs.

Our key financial objectives include the following:

20212022 Highlights and Recent Developments

During 2021,On February 9, 2022, the Company appointed several industry leaders to new roles within the DZS executive team. These appointments, among others, include Misty Kawecki as Chief Financial Officerentered into a Credit Agreement by and Jennifer Yohe as Chief Operations Officer. Each brings a deep history of experience in our markets.

In the first quarter of 2021,between the Company, made the strategic decision to transition DZS GmbH, formerly Keymile GmbH, a subsidiaryas borrower, certain subsidiaries of the Company, locatedas guarantors, the lenders party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent. The Credit Agreement originally provided for revolving loans in Germany,an aggregate principal amount of up to a sales$30.0 million, up to $15.0 million of which is available for letters of credit, and research and development center.was scheduled to mature on February 9, 2024. On July 15, 2021,May 27, 2022, the Company cameentered into a First Amendment to Credit Agreement, which amends the Credit Agreement dated February 9, 2022 and provides, among other things, for a Term Loan in an aggregate principal amount of $25.0 million with a maturity date of May 27, 2027 and extends the maturity date of the $30.0 million Revolving Credit Facility to May 27, 2025. On May 27, 2022, the Company borrowed the full amount of the Term Loan to finance the ASSIA Acquisition discussed below. During year ended December 31, 2022, the Company borrowed $22.0 million and repaid $18.0 million under the revolving facility. On February 15, 2023, the Company entered into a Second Amendment to Credit Agreement (the “Second Amendment”), which amends the Credit Agreement dated February 9, 2022 (as previously amended on May 27, 2022) and, among other things, modifies certain financial covenants. Refer to Note 8 Debt, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for further information on the Second Amendment.

On May 27, 2022, the Company acquired certain assets and liabilities of ASSIA, an industry pioneer of broadband access quality-of-experience software solutions. The core assets acquired include the CloudCheck® WiFi experience management and Expresse® access network optimization software solutions. These software solutions add powerful data analytics and network intelligence capabilities to DZS Cloud, including cloud-managed WiFi solutions, access network optimization and intelligent automation tools. The initial purchase consideration was $25.0 million, including a $2.5 million holdback that will be released 13 months following the transaction close date. In October 2022, the Company agreed to pay an additional $1.35 million of purchase consideration to settle certain unresolved matters related to the ASSIA acquisition.

On September 17, 2022, DZS signed an agreement with Fabrinet, a third-party provider of electro-mechanical and electronic manufacturing and distribution services, to transition the works councilsourcing, procurement, order-fulfillment, manufacturing and entered into a social plan that covers statutory benefitsreturn merchandise authorization activities in the Company's Seminole, Florida facility to Fabrinet. The agreement was announced on October 4, 2022. The transition to Fabrinet began in October 2022 and one-time severance obligations. The Company incurred related restructuring and other charges of approximately $11.9 million in 2021, consisting primarily of termination-related benefits and impairment of long-lived assets. DZS GmbH reduced headcount by approximately 100 employees. The restructuring was essentiallysubstantially completed in the fourth quarterbeginning of 2021.  

On March 3, 2021, the Company acquired substantially all of the assets of RIFT, Inc., a network automation solutions company, including all the outstanding shares of RIFT.IO India Private Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of RIFT, Inc. (collectively “RIFT”). RIFT developed a carrier-grade RIFT.ware software platform that simplifies the deployment of any slice, service, or application on any cloud. The total purchase consideration was $0.5 million, including a $0.2 million holdback that was released in April of 2021 following the fulfillment of certain requirements in the purchase agreement.

On February 5, 2021, we acquired all the outstanding stock of Optelian Access Networks Corporation (“Optelian”), a leading optical networking solution provider based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and its portfolio of optical transport solutions. This acquisition introduced the “O-Series” to2023. Post transition, the DZS portfolio of carrier grade optical networking products with 100 gigabits per secondSeminole, Florida-based operations, supply chain and above capability, expanding DZS product portfoliosmanufacturing workforce will be reduced by providing environmentally hardened, high capacity,approximately two-thirds and flexible solutions at the network edge. The purchase price of $7.5 million included cash paidremaining team will be relocated to the shareholders and option holders of Optelian, cash paid to retire Optelian's outstanding debt on the date of acquisition, and contingent payments to shareholders.an appropriately sized facility.

On January 26, 2021,November 16, 2022, we entered into an underwriting agreement to sell 4.62.9 million shares of Common Stock (including 0.60.4 million shares issued pursuant to the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares) at a price of $14.00$11.50 per share in an underwritten public offering. The equity offering closed on January 29, 2021November 21, 2022 and resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $64.4$33.2 million and net proceeds, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, of approximately $59.5$30.8 million. We used a portion of the net proceeds from the equity offering to pay off the entire outstanding balance of debt with related parties.

2021 Key Product Developments

Streamlined Product Portfolio. Our focus on product rationalization during 2021 produced a streamlined, simplified, and strategically aligned global product portfolio. Our research and development investment scale has been enhanced through product rationalization efforts and further accelerated by our pivot to a platform-based development approach for our Software and Systems solutions. These platforms give our research and development teams the capacity to increase product innovation with reuse of technology modules across multiple products, improving our ability to bring innovative and differentiated products to market quickly. In 2021 we completed the development of 29 new products across all our technology pillars.

Fiber-Fueled Broadband Connectivity Drives Innovation. We are heavily engaged25

Trends and Uncertainties

Over the last few years, the world has experienced a significant demand for mobile and fixed network access solutions and communications equipment that enable or support access to higher speed bandwidth access to the internet. The demand was exacerbated in 2020 by the global COVID-19 pandemic which drove a dramatic rise in remote work and benefiting from the unprecedented and accelerated upgrade cycle from legacy copper and first generation PON technologies to 10 gigabit broadband connectivity solutions. We are enabling the next wave of network deployments fueled by HD video collaboration, augmented and virtual

reality, interactive gaming, and the interactive and collaborative world now known as the Metaverse. The DZS Velocity Broadband Connectivity portfolio accelerates and simplifies the network wide deployment of future-proof next generation, multi-gigabit services over fiber, which are punctuated by new product introductions that simplify the evolution from sub-gigabit PON to 10 Gbps PON, OLTs and next generation G.fast distribution point units (“DPUs”) that deliver multi-gigabit service over legacy copper in MDUs and offer a simplified path to disaggregated network architectures.

Software-Driven Connected Home & Business Experience. The unprecedented drive from service providers to deliver multi-gigabit services to subscribers creates a market opportunity for DZS to complement those advanced services with systems and software to extend those services from the network to connected subscribers’ devices. DZS has responded to this opportunity with the introduction of Intelligent 10Gbps capable Fiber Termination Points, Wi-Fi 6 Residential Gateways and Access Points, and DZS Xperience Software. We accelerated our software strategy and roadmap throughout 2021, building upon the DZS Cloud feature set and announcing a launch of DZS Xperience software that optimizes the management of Wi-Fi services (including Wi-Fi 6).  

Differentiated Converged Network Edge. The DZS Helix portfolio focuses on growing service provider opportunities to serve the unique needs of the Connected Home & Business. Featuring one of the industry’s largest collections of feature-rich fiber termination pointslearning as well as residentialentertainment streaming. We are benefiting from these shifts in business and enterprise gatewaysconsumer behaviors, that represent positive, long-term opportunities for our business.

In the face of extraordinary demand across a range of industries and Wi-Fi systems, the DZS portfolio includes support for multi-gigabit capable services, Wi-Fi 6 and managed access network support all the way to the premises edge and beyond. DZS Helix portfolio is also differentiated for its support for new converged network service opportunities in Enterprises and MDUs.

Mobile & Optical Edge. The adoption of 5G and O-RAN technologies have dramatically increased the requirement for bandwidth at the edge of the mobile network and disrupted the way mobile operators are architecting mobile networks. During 2021, we extended our product offerings in the midhaul and backhaul areas of the network with the following:

Trends and Uncertainties

In December 2019, a strain of coronavirus, now known to cause COVID-19, was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China. Since that time, the widespread and sustained transmission of the virus has reached global pandemic status. In response to the pandemic, many national and international health agencies recommended, and many countries and state, provincial and local governments implemented various measures, including travel bans and restrictions, limitations on public and private gatherings, business closures or operating restrictions, social distancing, and shelter-in-place orders. The health effects of the pandemic and the above measures taken in response thereto have had an effect on the global economy in general and have materially impacted and will likely continue to impact the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the virus and its variants, and the worldwide response related thereto, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, on our business. Due to the uncertainty around the future economic impact of the pandemic, the fair value measurementsglobal supply for certain raw materials and components used in our products has experienced substantial constraint and disruption in recent periods. The current worldwide shortage of semiconductors and continued inflation have exacerbated these risks. Supply chain pricing, freight and logistics costs, product and component availability, and extended lead-times became a challenge in 2021 and continue into 2022 as the Company’s impairment assessments could be negatively impactedworld economy recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic. We have experienced and could result in future impairments of goodwill, intangibles and other long-lived assets. During the year ended December 31, 2021, our revenues increased by 16% compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, however the impact of a continued COVID-19 pandemic or sustained measures taken to limit or contain the outbreak could continue to have a material and adverse effect onexperience disruptions in our business, financial condition, results ofsupply chain, which has adversely impacted our operations and cash flows.the operations of some of our key suppliers.

We conduct significant business in South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, India, Spain, and Canada, as well as in other countries in Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Latin America, all of which subject us to foreign currency exchange rate risk. The local currencies of our significant foreign subsidiaries are the South Korean Won ("KRW"), Japanese Yen ("JPY"), Euro ("EUR), and Pound Sterling ("GBP"). Revenues and operating expenses are typically denominated in the local currency of each country and result from transactions by our operations in these countries. However, a significant portion of our international cost of sales is denominated in the U.S. Dollar (“USD”). During 2022, the USD appreciated significantly against the KRW, JPY, EUR and GBP which reduced the translated revenues, cost of sales and operating expenses transacted in local currencies, but not the USD based cost of sales, resulting in compressed margins and lower profitability. Late in 2022, exchange rates for these currencies returned to rates more comparable to historical rates.

Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices

The financial statements and related data presented herein have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. Although our operations are influenced by general economic conditions, we do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our results of operations during our fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.2022.

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FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

Consolidated Results of Operations

The table below presents the historical consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) with year-over-year changes (in thousands except percent change).

The table below presents the historical consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) as a percentage of revenues.revenues and year-over-year changes (in thousands except percent change).

Net Revenue

The following table presents our revenues by source (in millions)millions except percent change):

Our product revenue represents revenue from sales of access networking infrastructure products including Access Edge, Optical Edge, and Subscriber Edge network solutions. Our services and software revenue represents revenue from maintenance and other professional services associated with product shipments and our Cloud Software solutions including DZS Xtreme, Expresse and CloudCheck software.

Our revenues increased 7.3% or $25.5 million to $375.7 million for 2022 compared to $350.2 million for 2021. The increase in product revenue during the period was attributable to increased sales of access networking infrastructure solutions across different product portfolios. The increase in service and software revenue was primarily due to the increased product and software sales and revenue related to the ASSIA Acquisition, partially offset by the negative impact of foreign exchange fluctuations, particularly related to revenue recorded in our South Korean and Japanese entities.

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Our revenues increased 16.5% or $49.6 million to $350.2 million for 2021 compared to $300.6 million for 2020. The increase in product revenue during the period was primarily attributable to increased sales of our mobile and optical edge and broadband connectivity productsaccess networking infrastructure solutions across different product portfolios and partly as a result of recovering from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. Service revenue represents revenue from maintenance and other services associated with product shipments.2020. The increase in service revenue was primarily due to the increased product sales. In 2021, we generated $504 million

Our sales growth over the last few years has been positively impacted by new and existing customer demand aligned with the global GPON/XGS-PON upgrade cycle, market share gains in sales orders as comparedNorth America and Europe, Optical Edge and Middle Mile Broadband Network opportunities, and share capture resulting from Chinese equipment replacement initiatives. Our product revenue growth in 2023 will be influenced by our ability to $310 million in orders in 2020secure the necessary semiconductors and components to support our backlog and market demand. We anticipate our software sales to increase in 2023 as we realize a full-year of December 31, 2021 was approximately $225 million as compared to $71 million as of December 31, 2020.recurring software revenue from the ASSIA Acquisition.

Information about our revenues by geography is summarized below (in millions):

Our geographic diversification reflects the combination of market demand, a strategic focus on capturing market share through new customer wins and new product introductions. As we have strategically expanded our revenue mix in North America over the past year, we continue to leverage our strength in the Asia market, particularly with Tier 1 customers in South Korea and Japan. We anticipate North America will continue

The increase in net revenue in both 2022 and 2021 was attributable to increase as a percentage of totalincreased revenue in all regions driven by the 53increased spending levels from our major customers and new customers captured during 2021.capture. Additionally, the ASSIA Acquisition contributed $18.1 million to our revenue growth in 2022.

We anticipate that our results of operations in any given period may depend to a large extent on sales to a small number of large accounts. As a result, our revenue for any quarter may be subject to significant volatility based upon changes in orders from one or a small number of key customers.customers across the regions.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit

Total cost of revenue increased 11.9% to $257.3 million for 2022, compared to $229.9 million for 2021. Total cost of revenue was 68.5% of net revenue for 2022, compared to 65.7% of net revenue for 2021, which resulted in a decrease in gross profit percentage to 31.5% for 2022 from 34.3% for 2021. The increase in total cost of revenue was primarily due to the increase in sales volume combined with fees paid to expedite certain product components. The gross profit percentage decrease was primarily due to the change in number and mix of products sold, including the geographic mix of those sales, negative exchange rate impacts on revenues and such expedite fees, which was partially offset by the software sales related to the ASSIA Acquisition.

Total cost of revenue increased 12.8% to $229.9 million for 2021, compared to $203.8 million for 2020. Total cost of revenue was 65.7% of net revenue for 2021, compared to 67.8% of net revenue for 2020, which resulted in an increase in gross profit percentage to 34.3% for 2021 from 32.2% for 2020. The increase in total cost of revenue was primarily due to the increase in

sales volume. The gross profit improvement was primarily due to our strategic investments and geographic diversification decisions directed towards the higher margin North America region, despite increased supply chain costs.

Our 29 newWe anticipate our gross margin to improve in 2023 as we realize a full-year of recurring software revenue from the ASSIA Acquisition, a higher proportion of revenue contribution from North America and EMEA, operating cost savings and product introductions throughout 2021 provided synergy and simplificationcost improvement resulting from our contract manufacturing transition to our next generation product portfolio, and also improved product margins. Price adjustmentsFabrinet, from price increases implemented in 2021 are designed to offset increased semiconductor, component, logistics and expedite costs, which have generally been understood2022, and accepted by our customers.a more stable foreign exchange environment.

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We anticipate that our new pricing strategy, combined with our aforementioned geographic mix diversification, new product introductions and DZS Cloud software expansion strategy, will allow us to deliver both revenue growth and margin expansion.

Operating expenses

Research and Product Development Expenses: Research and development expenses include personnel costs, outside contractor and consulting services, depreciation on lab equipment, costs of prototypes and overhead allocations.

Research and product development expenses increased by 19.3% to $56.1 million for 2022 compared to $47.0 million for 2021. The increase in research and product development expenses was primarily due to strategic hiring decisions in research, development, and product line management with the intent to accelerate growth and capture market share and the ASSIA Acquisition.

Research and product development expenses increased by 24.0% to $47.0 million for 2021 compared to $38.0 million for 2020. The increase in research and product development expenses was primarily due to strategic hiring decisions in research, development, and product line management in the second half of 2020 and into the first half of 2021 with the intent to accelerate growth and capture market share.

Selling, Marketing, General and Administrative Expenses: Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses include personnel costs for sales, marketing, administration, finance, information technology, human resources and general management as well as legal and accounting expenses, rent, utilities, trade show expenses and related travel costs.

Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses decreased by 5.4% to $85.4 million for 2022 compared to $90.2 million for 2021. The decrease was primarily due to $14.2 million of bad debt expense recorded in the first quarter of 2021 for one customer in India. Refer to Note 1, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for further information on the bad debt expense. The above impact was partially offset by higher stock-based compensation and strategic hiring decisions across sales and administration with the intent to accelerate growth and capture market share, along with the impact of the ASSIA Acquisition.

Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses increased by 42.0% to $90.2 million for 2021 compared to $63.5 million for 2020. The increase in selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to the increase in allowance for doubtful accounts for one customer in India of $14.2 million in the first quarter of 2021. Refer to Note 1, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for further information on the bad debt expense. The increase was also partially due to strategic hiring decisions across sales and administration in the second half of 2020 and into the first half of 2021 with the intent to accelerate growth and capture market share, along with the impact of the Optelian and Rift acquisitions.

Restructuring and Other Charges: Restructuring and other charges for 2022 and 2021 were $12.3 million and relaterelated primarily to the strategic decisiondecisions in the third quarter of 2022 to outsource manufacturing from the Company's Seminole, Florida facility to Fabrinet, and in 2021, to transition DZS GmbH and Optelian to a sales and research and development center. Thecenters. In 2022, restructuring and other charges primarily related to the Fabrinet transition, including accelerated depreciation of manufacturing and facility related assets of $1.3 million, termination-related benefits of $0.7 million, loss on inventory sold to Fabrinet of $0.5 million, and other costs of $0.9 million. The Company recorded $0.8 million of restructuring costs related to DZS GmbH and Optelian, consisting primarily of logistics costs and professional services. The Company also included in restructuring and other charges approximately $0.4 million of implementation costs related to the Company’s new enterprise resource planning and reporting software. In 2021, restructuring and other charges consisted of termination-related benefits of $8.5 million, an impairment of long-lived assets charge of $2.7 million mainly related to right-of-use assets from operating leases, professional services of $0.9 million, and $0.2 million of other charges. See Note 6 Restructuring and Other Charges, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for further information.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets: During 2022, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $0.8 million for the right-of use assets from operating leases in connection with vacating the office space in Redwood City, California, acquired in conjunction with ASSIA Acquisition. Following the acquisition, the Company made the decision to vacate the space in Redwood City and to adopt a remote work policy in the region. During 2021, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $1.7 million for the right-of use assets from operating leases related to completionin connection with the relocation of the headquarters relocation to Plano, Texas. See Note 13 Leases, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for further information. During 2020,, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $6.5 million for DZS GmbH intangible assets as part of the Company’s evaluation for impairment, based on a triggering event for potential impairmentimpairment.

Interest Expense, net:. Interest expense, net relates mainly to earnings from our cash and cash equivalents, interest expense associated with the credit facilities and amortization of debt issuance costs associated with obtaining such credit facilities. The Company recorded $1.4 million, $0.2 million and $2.0 million of interest expense, net, in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

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Loss on Extinguishment of Debt:Debt: During March 2020, the Company paid the outstanding term loan borrowings in full and terminated the PNC Credit Facilities. In association with this debt repayment, the Company recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1.4 million. There was no debt extinguishment related charge in 2022 and 2021.

Other Income (Expense), net: Other income (expense), net relates mainly to realized and unrealized foreign exchange gains and losses. Other income,The Company recorded $1.8 million net wasloss, $1.0 million for 2021 compared to other expense, net ofgain, and $3.7 million net loss in 2020.2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The main reason for the increasechange in other income (expense), net was primarily due to foreign currency exchange gains in 2021.rates fluctuation during the above periods.

Income Tax Provision (Benefit): We recorded an income tax expense of $3.2$2.0 million for 20212022 as compared to $3.2 million and $3.5 million expense incurred in 2020.2021 and 2020, respectively. Despite consolidated net losses, we incur income tax expense due to taxable income generated in South Korea and Japan.

Information about our effective tax rate is summarized below (in thousands except tax rate):

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

In managing our business and assessing our financial performance, we supplement the information provided by our U.S. GAAP results with adjusted earnings before stock-based compensation, interest, taxes, and depreciation, or Adjusted EBITDA, a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) plus (i) interest expense, net, (ii) other income and expense, (iii) provision (benefit) for taxes, (iii)(iv) depreciation and amortization, (iv)(v) stock-based compensation, and (v)(vi) the impact of material transactions or events that we believe are not indicative of our core operating performance, such as merger and acquisition transaction costs, inventory valuation step-up amortization, purchase price adjustments,impairment of goodwill, intangibles or long-lived assets, loss on debt extinguishment, legal costs related to certain litigation, restructuring and other charges, goodwill impairment, bargain purchase gain, gain (loss) on sale of assets, impairment of long-lived assets or loss on debt extinguishment,including termination related benefits, headquarters and facilities relocation, executive transition, and bad debt expense primarily related to a large customer in India, any of which may or may not be recurring in nature. We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA enhances the usefulness of our financial information by presenting a measure that management uses internally to monitor and evaluate our operating performance and to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies. We believe Adjusted EBITDA also assists investors and analysts in comparing our performance across reporting periods on a consistent basis because it excludes the impact of items that we do not believe reflect our core operating performance.performance.

During the third quarter of 2022, DZS revised its calculation of Adjusted EBITDA to exclude other income and expenses. Previously reported periods have been revised to confirm to current period presentation.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool. Some of these limitations are:

Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss) or any other performance measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP or as a measure of liquidity. Management understands these limitations and compensates for these limitations by relying primarily on our U.S. GAAP results and using Adjusted EBITDA only as a supplemental measure.

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Set forth below is a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA, which we consider to be the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):