UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

FORM 10-K 

FIRST DATA CORPORATION 

 

225 LIBERTY STREET, 29th FLOOR, NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10281

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 

Amounts in this Form 10-K and the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K are presented in U.S. Dollars rounded to the nearest million, unless otherwise noted.

 

Certain matters we discuss in this Form 10-K and in other public statements may constitute forward-looking statements. You can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seeks,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” or “anticipates” or similar expressions which concern our strategy, plans, projections or intentions. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, all statements we make relating to revenue, earnings before net interest expense, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA), earnings, margins, growth rates, and other financial results for future periods. By their nature, forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made; are not statements of historical fact or guarantees of future performance; and are subject to risks, uncertainties, assumptions or changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict or quantify. Actual results could differ materially and adversely from our forward-looking statements due to a variety of factors, including the following: (1) adverse impacts from global economic, political, and other conditions affecting trends in consumer, business, and government spending; (2) our ability to anticipate and respond to changing industry trends, including technological changes and increasing competition; (3) our ability to successfully renew existing client contracts on favorable terms and obtain new clients; (4) our ability to prevent a material breach of security of any of our systems; (5) our ability to implement and improve processing systems to provide new products, improve functionality, and increase efficiencies; (6) the successful management of our merchant alliance program which involves several alliances not under our sole control and each of which acts independently of the others; (7) our successful management of credit and fraud risks in our business units and merchant alliances, particularly in the context of eCommerce and mobile markets; (8) consolidation among financial institution clients or other client groups that impacts our client relationships; (9) our ability to use our net operating losses without restriction to offset income for US tax purposes; (10) our ability to improve our profitability and maintain flexibility in our capital resources through the implementation of cost savings initiatives; (10)(11) the acquisition or disposition of a material business or assets; (12) our ability to successfully value and integrate acquired businesses, including those outside of the United States; (11)businesses; (13) our high degree of leverage; (12)(14) adverse impacts from currency exchange rates or currency controls imposed by any government or otherwise; (13)(15) changes in the interest rate environment that increase interest on our borrowings or the interest rate at which we can refinance our borrowings; (14)(16) the impact of new or changes in current laws, regulations, credit card association rules, or other industry standards; and (15)(17) new lawsuits, investigations, or proceedings, or changes to our potential exposure in connection with pending lawsuits, investigations, or proceedings, or changes to our potential exposure in connection with pending lawsuits, investigations or proceedings, and various other factors discussed throughout this report, including but not limited to, Item 1 - Business, Item 1A - Risk Factors, and Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Except as required by law, we do not intend to revise or update any forward-looking statement as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

PART I 

 

General

 

First Data Corporation (we, our, Company or First Data) sits at the center of global electronic commerce. We believe we offer our clients the most complete array of integrated solutions in the industry, covering their needs across next-generation commerce technologies, merchant acquiring, issuing, and network solutions. We serve our clients in 118over 100 countries, reaching approximatelyover 6 million business locations and over 4,000 financial institutions. We believe we have the industry’s largest distribution network, driven by our partnerships with many of the world’s leading financial institutions, our direct sales force, and a network of distribution partners. We are the largest merchant acquirer, issuer processor, and independent network services provider in the world, enabling businesses to accept electronic payments, helping financial institutions issue credit, debit and prepaid cards, and routing secure transactions between them. In 2015,2017, we processed 7993 billion transactions globally, or over 2,500approximately 3,000 per second, and processed 28% of the world’s eCommerce volume.second. In our largest market, the United States, we acquired $1.7processed approximately $2.1 trillion of payment volume, accounting for nearlywhich represents over 10% of U.S. GDPUnited States gross domestic product (GDP) last year.

We have operations and offices located within the United States (U.S.) (domestic) and outside of the U.S. (international) where sales, customer service and/or administrative personnel are based. Total revenues from processing domestic and international transactions as a percentage of total revenues and total long lived assets attributable to domestic and international operations as a percentage of total long lived assets, are displayed in the below table.

No single international country outside the US is greater than 10% of our total revenues or long-lived assets during any of the years presented in the above table. Further financial information relating to our international and domestic revenues and long-lived assets is set forth in note 7 "Segment Information" to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Our business is characterized by transaction and account related fees, multi-year contracts, and a diverse client base, which allows us to grow alongside our clients. Our multi-year contracts allow us to achieve a high level of recurring revenues with the same clients. While the contracts typically do not specify fixed revenues to be realized thereunder, they do provide a framework for revenues to be

Products and Services Segments Information

We provide a range of solutions to businesses and financial institutions across the value chain of commerce-enabling services and technologies. We createdeliver our value-added solutions from a suite of proprietary technology products, software, cloud-based applications, processing services, security offerings, and customer support programs that we configure to meet our clients' individual needs.

We operate three reportable segments: Global Business Solutions (GBS), Global Financial Solutions (GFS), and Network & Security Solutions (NSS). Our segments are designed to establish global lines of businesses that support our global client base and allow us to further globalize our solutions while working seamlessly with our geographic teams across our regions: the United States and Canada (North America); Europe, Middle East, and Africa (EMEA); Latin America (LATAM); and Asia Pacific ( APAC)(APAC) and be supported by a corporate team focused on companywidecompany-wide issues.

See "Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for a detailed explanation of our operating results.

The segments’ profit measure is a form of EBITDA (earnings before net interest expense, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization). A discussion of factors potentially affecting our operations is set forth in Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Form 10-K.

We do not have any significant customers that account for 10% or more of total consolidated revenues.

Overview of Payment Processing

The processing of a traditional card transaction includes two sub-processes: (1) capture and authorization and (2) clearing and settlement. Below is an illustrative diagram of the flow of a typical card transaction and an explanation of each step in the process.

In the capture and authorization process, the business obtains approval for payment from the card issuing bank. This process includes the following steps:

In the clearing and settlement process, a request for payment is initiated, funds are transferred and the transaction is posted to the business owner's and the consumer's account statements. The clearing and settlement process includes the following steps:

The following table presents Global Business SolutionsGBS information as a percentage of total segment revenue and adjustedsegment EBITDA:

See note 7 "Segment Information" to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for a detail of segment revenue and adjustedsegment EBITDA results.

GBS employs a variety of go-to-market strategies in our Global Business Solutions segment. We operatestrategies. GBS operates direct sales teams and also partnerpartners with indirect non-bank sales forces, such as independent sales agents, independent sales organizations (ISOs), independent software vendors (ISVs), value added retailers (VARs), and payment services providers (PSPs) to sell our commerce solutions to Small and Medium Sized Business (SMBs). In addition, we leverageGBS leverages the powerful sales capabilities of ourits bank partners to go to market through several structures, including joint venture equity alliances, revenue sharing alliances, and referral partnerships.agreements.

Our Global Business SolutionsGBS segment revenues are primarily derived from processing credit and debit card transactions for merchants and other business clients and includes fees for providing processing, loyalty and software services, and sales and leases of POS devices. Revenues are generated from a variety of sources, including:

We typically provide these services as part of a broader commerce-enabling solution to our business clients across multiple channels, including:

Through December 31, 2017, we have shipped over 750,000 Clover devices and the current Clover platform processes approximately $50 billion in payment volume annually. Within Clover,, we also offer a cloud-based Clover App Market for business applications. Our softwareapplication marketplace is designed specifically to provide business clientsmerchants with integrated software applications that they can download and install quickly and easily on their Clover devices. Business applications can be developed internally by us, such as Insightics or by third party developers. As of December 31, 2015,2017, the Clover App Market has 141over 300 active business applicationsapplications. We already offer Clover throughout North America and 389within numerous countries in development.

The primary competitive factors impacting this segmentGBS are brand, data security, breadth of features and functionality, ease of technological integration, strength of financial institution partnerships, price, and servicing capability. Other factors impacting

The following table presents Global Financial SolutionsGFS information as a percentage of total segment revenue and adjustedsegment EBITDA:

See note 7 "Segment Information" to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for a detail of segment revenue and adjustedsegment EBITDA results.

Our Global Financial SolutionsGFS clients include some of the world's largest financial institutions, which we serve across 90in approximately 100 countries. Our largest service in this segmentGFS is outsourced issuer processing, which helps banks and non-bank issuers provide credit, commercial, and retail card programs to their account holders. Weholders, as well as loan programs. GFS also provideprovides licensed and managed platformssoftware solutions for financial processing activities to financial institutions globally. Depending on the market, our solutions are often bundled with related offerings, such as statement printingcustomer communications and personalization of plastic cards, settlement and back office support, outsourced

billing, remittance processing, and customer support call center services.service support. As part of these solutions, we also provide professional services, including custom programming and development, to clients.

The primary competitive factors impacting this segmentGFS are system performance and reliability, digital solutions, data security, breadth of features and functionality, disaster recovery capabilities and business continuity preparedness, platform scalability and flexibility, price, and servicing capability. Another factor impacting this segment isMarket events that impact GFS include financial institution consolidation.consolidation and portfolio transactions between financial institutions.

Network & Security Solutions Segment

The following table presents Network & Security SolutionsNSS information as a percentage of total segment revenue and adjustedsegment EBITDA:

See note 7 "Segment Information" to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for a detail of segment revenue and adjustedsegment EBITDA results.

There are other possible configurations of transactions that result in us receiving multiple fees for a transaction, depending on the role we play.

Our commercial prepaid offerings are primarily sold to businesses and are comprised of:

reloadable and non-reloadable prepaid cards, and may be used with a variety of mobile applications.

The primary competitive factors impacting this segmentNSS are system performance and reliability, data security, breadth of features and functionality, platform scalability and flexibility, price, and financial institution consolidation. Other factors impacting this segmentNSS include increasingly powerful and affordable technology capacity, improved data management and analytic tools, and emergence of cloud-based delivery models.

Corporate

Corporate operations include corporate-wide governance functions such as our executive management team, aviation, tax, treasury, internal audit, corporate strategy, and certain accounting, human resources and legal costs related to supporting the corporate function. Costs incurred by Corporate that are attributable to a segment are allocated to the respective segment.

Global Regions

Over the past 15 years, we have established a global leadership position. We currently have operations in 3634 countries and serve businesses and financial institutions in 118over 100 countries around the world as illustrated on the following map:

We deliver our solutions throughout the world via four regions:

North America (United States and Canada) is our largest region. We are the largest merchant acquirer, issuer processor, independent network services provider in the region.and third largest U.S. debit network. The United States is our largest market in the world and accounts for the majority of our activity in the region. In 2015,2017, we processed approximately 6877 billion commercial transactions and acquired $1.7processed $2.1 trillion of payment volume in the United States, accounting for nearlyrepresenting over 10% of U.S. GDP.

We have operations in 1917 countries and serve clients in 6566 countries in this region. We are a leading acquirer processor in EMEA and provide our suite of next-generation commerce-enabling solutions to businesses and financial institutions of all sizes and types.

We have operations in 7 countries and serve clients in 32 countries in this region. We are a leading merchant acquirer, issuer processor, and eCommerce processor to businesses and financial institutions of all sizes and types in the region.

We have operations in 8 countries and serve clients in 1917 countries in this region. We are a leading merchant acquirer, issuer processor, ATM services provider, and eCommerce processor to businesses and financial institutions of all sizes and types in the region and have begun to introduce other commerce-enabling solutions in selected markets.

Intellectual Property

Employees and Labor

Available Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 225 Liberty Street, 29th Floor, New York, NY 10281, telephone (800) 735-3362. Our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports are available free of charge to shareholders and other interested parties through the “Investor Relations” portion of our website at http://investor.firstdata.com as soon as reasonably practical after they are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this document, and you should not consider information on our website to be part of this document. The SEC maintains a website, www.sec.gov, which contains reports and other information filed electronically with the SEC by us. Various corporate governance documents, including our Audit Committee Charter, Governance, Compensation and Nominations Committee Charter, and Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers are available without charge through the “About Us” “Investor Relations” “Corporate Governance” portion of our investor relations website, listed above.

Government Regulations

Various aspects of our service areas are subject to U.S. federal, state, and local regulation, as well as regulation outside the United States. Failure to comply with regulations may result in the suspension or revocation of licenses or registrations, the limitation, suspension or termination of service, and/or the imposition of civil and criminal penalties, including fines. Certain of our services also are subject to rules promulgated by various payment networks and banking authorities as more fully described below.

now regulated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Federal Reserve Board), and must be “reasonable and proportional” to the cost incurred by the card issuer in authorizing, clearing, and settling the transaction. Effective October 1, 2011, the Federal Reserve Board capped debit interchange rates for card issuers operating in the United States with assets of $10 billion or more at the sum of $0.21 per transaction and an ad valorem component of 5 basis points to reflect a portion of the issuer’s fraud losses plus, for qualifying issuers, an additional $0.01 per transaction in debit interchange for fraud prevention costs.more. In addition, the new regulations contain non-exclusivity provisions that ban debit payment card networks from prohibiting an issuer from contracting with any other payment card network that may process an electronic debit transaction involving an issuer’s debit cards and prohibit card issuers and payment networks from inhibiting the ability of merchants to direct the routing of debit card transactions over any network that can process the transaction. Beginning April 1, 2012, all debit card issuers in the United States were required to participate in at least two unaffiliated debit payment card networks. On April 1, 2013, the ban on network exclusivity arrangements became effective for prepaid card and healthcare debit card issuers, with certain exceptions for prepaid cards issued before that date.

Effective July 22, 2010, merchants were allowed to set minimum dollar amounts (not to exceed $10) for the acceptance of a credit card (while federal governmental entities and institutions of higher education may set maximum amounts for the acceptance of credit cards). They were also allowed to provide discounts or incentives to entice consumers to pay with an alternative payment method, such as cash, checks or debit cards. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act created a new entity, the Financial Stability Oversight Council, and authorized it to require that a nonbank financial company that is deemed to pose a systemic risk to the U.S. financial system become subject to consolidated, prudential supervision by the Federal Reserve Board. At this point it is unclear whether we would be subject to additional systemic risk related oversight.

FDR Limited is authorized and regulated in the United Kingdom by the Financial Conduct Authority, one of the two principal financial markets regulators in the United Kingdom. FDR Limited is authorized by the Financial Conduct Authority to arrange and advise on certain insurance contracts for the purpose of arranging insurance taken out by its issuer clients' cardholders. FDR Limited is also required to obtainhas obtained permission from the Financial Conduct Authority by March 31, 2016 in respect of certain consumer credit activities related activities in order to continue to carry on such activities after that date for the purposes of its issuer services and merchant terminal leasing businesses. FDR Limited has applied for this permission and, in the meantime, the Financial Conduct Authority has granted FDR Limited an interim consumer credit permission effective April 1, 2014 (being the date when the Financial Conduct Authority took over as the regulatory body for consumer credit). As a firm authorized by the Financial Conduct Authority, FDR Limited is required to comply with certain prudential, conduct of business and reporting requirements.

As a result of the implementation of the Payment Services Directive (2007/64/EC) in the European Union (PSD), a number of our subsidiaries in the Global Business Solutions segmentGBS hold payment institution licenses in the European Union member states in which such subsidiaries do business. As payment institutions, we are subject to regulation and oversight in the applicable European Union member state, which includes (amongst other obligations) a requirement to maintain specified regulatory capital. In July 2013, the European Commission proposed legislation in two parts, coveringThe PSD was amended by a wide range of proposed regulatory reforms affecting the payments industry across the European Union. The first part was a proposed European Union-wide regulation on interchange fees for card-based payment transactions (Interchange Fee Regulation). The Interchange Fee Regulation (2015/751) was published in May 2015 and entered into effect in June 2015. The second part consisted of a recasting of therevised Payment Services Directive. The European Commission'sDirective, known as PSD2 proposal has been consideredwhich was required to be transposed into national law by January 2018. Under PSD2, each subsidiary holding a payment institution license will need to submit by April 2018 a reauthorization application to the two other main European Union legislative institutions,applicable regulatory authority and be approved to continue providing the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament. The Council of the European Union published its final compromise proposal on the PSD2 in June 2015.licensed business activity.

First Data Trust Company, LLC (FDTC) engages in trust activities previously conducted by the trust department of a former banking subsidiary of ours and is subject to regulation, examination, and oversight by the Division of Banking of the Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies. Since FDTC is not a “bank” under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (BHCA), our affiliation with FDTC does not cause us to be regulated as a bank holding company or financial holding company under the BHCA.

Further, several subsidiaries provide services such as factoring or settlement that make them subject to regulation by local banking agencies, including the National Bank of Slovakia, the National Bank of Poland, the Reserve Bank of Australia, and the German Federal Financial Supervision Agency.

Credit Reporting and Debt Collections Regulations TeleCheck is subject to the Federal Fair Credit Reporting Act and various similar state laws based on TeleCheck’s maintenance of a database containing the check-writing histories of consumers and the use of that information in connection with its check verification and guarantee services.

The collection business within TRS Recovery Services, Inc. (TRS) is subject to the Federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act and various similar state laws. TRS has licenses in a number of states in order to engage in collection in those states. In the United Kingdom, FDR Limited has a license under the Consumer Credit Act of 1974 (CCA) to enable it to undertake, among other things, credit administration and debt collections activities on behalf of its card issuing clients through calls and correspondence with the cardholders. FDR Limited is also licensed under the CCA to carry on the activity of a consumer hire business for the purpose of leasing point of sale devices to merchants.

In addition, several of our subsidiaries are subject to comparable local laws regarding collection activities and obtaining credit reports.

large cash transactions and suspicious activity, and to maintain transaction records. Our subsidiary Money Network Financial LLC provides prepaid access for various open loop prepaid programs for which it is the program manager and therefore must meet the requirements of the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), the agency that enforces the BSA. Recently FinCEN released rules requiring the collection and verification of beneficial owners holding equal to or greater than 25% equity interest. We will be required to comply with the new rules, which have a mandatory compliance date of May 2018.

We are also subject to anti-corruption laws and regulations, including the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and other laws, that prohibit the making or offering of improper payments to foreign government officials and political figures and includes anti-bribery provisions enforced by the Department of Justice and accounting provisions enforced by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The FCPA has a broad reach and requires maintenance of appropriate records and adequate internal controls to prevent and detect possible FCPA violations. Many other jurisdictions where we conduct business also have similar anticorruption laws and regulations. We have policies, procedures, systems, and controls designed to identify and address potentially impermissible transactions under such laws and regulations.

We are also subject to certain economic and trade sanctions programs that are administered by the Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), which prohibit or restrict transactions to or from or dealings with specified countries, their governments, and in certain circumstances, their nationals, and with individuals and entities that are specially-designated nationals of those countries, narcotics traffickers, and terrorists or terrorist organizations. Other group entities may be subject to additional local sanctions requirements in other relevant jurisdictions.

Similar anti-money laundering and counter terrorist financing and proceeds of crime laws apply to movements of currency and payments through electronic transactions and to dealings with persons specified in lists maintained by the country equivalents to OFAC lists in several other countries and require specific data retention obligations to be observed by intermediaries in the payment process. Our businesses in those jurisdictions are subject to those data retention obligations. In the European Union, for example, certain of our businesses are subject to requirements under the Third Money Laundering Directive (2005/60/EC) (MLD3) as implemented in relevant European Union member states. MLD3 was repealed and replaced by the Fourth Money Laundering Directive ((EU) 2015/849) (MLD4), when the latter entered into force on June 25, 2015. European Union member states arewere required to implement MLD4 into national law by June 26, 2017.

In the United States, most states license money transmitters and issuers of payment instruments. Many states exercise authority over the operations of our services related to money transmission and payment instruments and, as part of this authority, subject us to periodic examinations. Many states require, among other things, that proceeds from money transmission activity and payment instrument sales be invested in high-quality marketable securities before the settlement of the transactions. Such licensing laws also may cover matters such as regulatory approval of consumer forms, consumer disclosures and the filing of periodic reports by the licensee, and require the licensee to demonstrate and maintain levels of net worth. Many states also require money transmitters, issuers of payment instruments, and their agents to comply with federal and/or state anti-money laundering laws and regulations.

resources to assist our clients in meeting their new and enhanced oversight and audit requirements established by the CFPB, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and others. The banking agencies, including the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, also have imposed requirements on regulated financial institutions to manage their third-party service providers. Among other things, these requirements include performing appropriate due diligence when selecting third-party service providers; evaluating the risk management, information security, and information management systems of third-party service providers; imposing contractual protections in agreements with third-party service providers (such as performance measures, audit and remediation rights, indemnification, compliance requirements, confidentiality and information security obligations, insurance requirements, and limits on liability); and conducting ongoing monitoring of the performance of third-party service providers. Accommodating these requirements applicable to our clients imposes additional costs and risks in connection with our financial institution relationships. We expect to expend significant resources on an ongoing basis in an effort to assist our clients in meeting their legal requirements.

In addition, the Housing Assistance Tax Act of 2008 included an amendment to the Internal Revenue Code that requires information returns to be made for each calendar year by merchant acquiring entities and third-party settlement organizations with respect to payments made in settlement of payment card transactions and third-party payment network transactions occurring in that calendar year. Reportable transactions are also subject to backup withholding requirements. We could be liable for penalties if we are not in compliance with these rules.

 

The following are certain risks that could affect our business and our results of operations. The risks identified below are not all encompassing but should be considered in establishing an opinion of our future operations.

Business and Operational Risks

Adverse economic trends may accelerate the timing, or increase the impact of, risks to our financial performance. Such trends may include, but are not limited to, the following:

A weakening in the economy could also force some retailers to close, resulting in exposure to potential credit losses and declines in transactions, and reduced earnings on transactions due to a potential shift to large discount merchants. Additionally, credit card issuers may reduce credit limits and become more selective in their card issuance practices. Changes in economic conditions could adversely impact our future revenues and profits and result in a downgrade of our debt ratings, which may lead to termination or modification of certain contracts and make it more difficult for us to obtain new business. Any of these developments could have a material adverse impact on our overall business and results of operations.

Financial services, payments, and technology industries are subject to rapid technological advancements, new products and services, including mobile payment applications, evolving competitive landscape, developing industry standards, and changing client and consumer needs and preferences. We expect that new services and technologies applicable to the financial services, payments, and technology industries will continue to emerge. These changes in technology may limit the competitiveness of and demand for our services. Also, our clients and their customers continue to adopt new technology for business and personal uses. We must anticipate and respond to these changes in order to remain competitive within our relative markets. For example, our ability to provide innovative point-of-sale technology to our merchant clients could have an impact on our Global Business Solutions business.

Failure to develop value-added services that meet the needs and preferences of our clients could have an adverse effect on our ability to compete effectively in our industry. Furthermore, clients' and their customers' potential negative reaction to our products

and services can spread quickly through social media and damage our reputation before we have the opportunity to respond. If we are unable to anticipate or respond to technological changes or evolving industry standards on a timely basis, our ability to remain competitive could be materially adversely affected.

Financial services, payments, and technology industries are highly competitive and our payment solutions compete against all forms of financial services and payment systems, including cash and checks, and electronic, mobile, and eCommerce payment platforms. If we are unable to differentiate ourselves from our competitors, drive value for our clients and/or effectively align our resources with our goals and objectives, we may not be able to compete effectively. Our competitors may introduce their own value-added or other services or solutions more effectively than we do, which could adversely impact our growth. We also compete against new entrants that have developed alternative payment systems, eCommerce payment systems, and payment systems for mobile devices. Failure to compete effectively against any of these competitive threats could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, the highly competitive nature of our industry could lead to increased pricing pressure which could have a material impact on our overall business and results of operations.

We expect that the competitive landscape will continue to change, including:

Failure to compete effectively against any of these competitive threats could have a material adverse effect on us.

Our alliance structures take on different forms, including consolidated subsidiaries, equity method investments, and revenue sharing arrangements. Under our alliance program, a bank or other institution forms an alliance with us on an exclusive basis, either contractually or through a separate legal entity. Merchant contracts may be contributed to the alliance by us and/or the bank or institution. The banks and other institutions generally provide card association sponsorship, clearing, and settlement services and typically act as a merchant referral source when the institution has an existing banking or other relationship with such merchant. We provide transaction processing and related functions. Both we and our alliance partners may also provide management, sales, marketing, and other administrative services. The alliance structure allows us to be the processor for multiple financial institutions, any one of which may be selected by the merchant as its bank partner. We relyOur Global Business Solutions business is dependent, in part, on the growth of our merchant relationships, alliances, and other distribution channelschannels. We are working with our alliance partners to support our business.grow their businesses. There can be no guarantee that our efforts will be successful and that we will achieve this growth.growth in our merchant relationships, alliances, and other distribution channels. In addition, our contractual arrangements with our merchants and merchant alliance partners are for fixed terms and may also allow for early termination upon the occurrence of certain events. There can be no assurance that we will be able to renew our contractual

Most of our sales involve long-term contracts, which generally require a notice period prior to their scheduled expiration if a client chooses not to renew. Some of these contracts may also allow for early termination upon the occurrence of certain events such as a change in control. While a vast majority of our contracts remain in effect through their scheduled expiration, we may face pricing pressure in obtaining and retaining our larger clients. Some of our competitors may offer more attractive fees to our current and prospective clients, or other services that we do not offer. Larger clients may be able to seek lower prices from us when they renew a contract, when a contract is extended, or when the client’s business has significant volume changes. They may also reduce services if they decide to move services in-house. Further, our SMB clients may exert pricing pressure due to pricing competition or other economic needs or pressures such clients experience from their customers. On some occasions, this pricing pressure results in lower revenue from a client than we had anticipated based on our previous agreement with that client. This reduction in revenue could result in an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

For potential clients of our business segments, switching from one vendor of core processing or related software and services (or from an internally-developed system) to a new vendor is a significant undertaking. As a result, potential clients often resist change. We seek to overcome this resistance through strategies such as making investments to enhance the functionality of our software. However, there can be no assurance that our strategies for overcoming potential clients’ reluctance to change vendors will be successful, and this resistance may adversely affect our growth.

In order to provide our services, we process, store, and transmit sensitive business information and personal consumer information, including, but not limited to, names, bankcard numbers, home or business addresses. Social Securityaddresses, social security numbers, driver's license numbers, and bank account numbers. Under the card network rules, and various federal, state and stateinternational laws, and client contracts, we are responsible for information provided to us by financial institutions, merchants, ISOs, third-party service providers, and other agents.others. The confidentiality of such sensitive business information and personal consumer information that resides on our systems is critical to our business because we require such information to approve merchant accounts, process transactions, and protect against fraud.business. We cannot be certain that the security measures and procedures we have in place to protect this sensitive data will be successful or sufficient to counter all current and emerging technology threats designed to breach our systems in order to gain access to confidential information. The increasing sophistication of cyber criminals may increaseand their continuous attempts to breach our system has increased the risk of a security breach of our systems. A breach of our products or systems processing or storing sensitive business information or personal consumer information could lead to claims against us, reputational damage, lost clients and lost revenue, substantial additional costs (including costs of notification of consumers, credit monitoring, card reissuance, contact centers and forensics), loss of our financial institution sponsorship, loss of clients' and their customers’ confidence, as well as imposition of fines and damages, or potential restrictions imposed by card networks on our ability to process transactions, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, profitability, financial condition, and future growth. In addition, as security threats continue to evolve we maywill be required to invest additional resources to modify the security of our systems, whichsystems. The level of required investment could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our core business depends heavily on the reliability of our processing systems. A system outage could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Not only would we suffer damage to our reputation in the event of a system outage, but we may also be liable to third parties. Many of our contractual agreements with financial institutionsclients require us to pay penalties if our systems do not meet certain operating standards. To successfully operate our business, we must be able to protect our processing and other systems from interruption, including from events that may be beyond our control. Events that

could cause system interruptions include, but are not limited to, fire, natural disaster, unauthorized entry, power loss, telecommunications failure, computer viruses, terrorist acts, cyber attacks, and war. Although we have taken steps to protect against data loss and system failures, there is still risk that we may lose critical data or experience system failures. To help protect against these events, we perform the vast majority of disaster recovery operations ourselves, but we also utilize select third parties for certain operations, particularly outside of the United States. To the extent we outsource our disaster recovery, we are at risk of the vendor’s unresponsiveness or other failures in the event of breakdowns in our systems. In addition, our property and business interruption insurance may not be adequate to compensate us for all losses or failures that may occur.

Our products are based on sophisticated software and computing systems that often encounter development delays, and the underlying software may contain undetected errors, viruses, or defects. Defects in our software products and errors or delays in our processing of electronic transactions could result in additional development costs, diversion of technical and other resources from our other development efforts, loss of credibility with current or potential clients, harm to our reputation, fines imposed by card networks, or exposure to liability claims. In addition, we rely on technologies supplied to us by third parties that may also contain undetected errors, viruses or defects that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Although we attempt to limit our potential liability for warranty claims through disclaimers in our software documentation and limitation-of-liability provisions in our license and other agreements with our clients, we cannot assure that these measures will be successful in limiting our liability.

We are subject to the risk of our merchants being unable to satisfy obligations for which we may also be liable. For example, we and our merchants acquiring alliances may be subject to contingent liability for transactions originally acquired by us that are disputed by the cardholder and charged back to the merchants. If we or the alliance is unable to collect this amount from the merchant because of the merchant’s insolvency or other reasons, we or the alliance will bear the loss for the amount of the refund paid to the cardholder. We have an active program to manage our credit risk and often mitigate our risk by obtaining collateral. It is possible, however, that a default on such obligations by one or more of our merchants could have a material adverse effect on our business. For further information on our merchant credit losses, see note 1 "Summary of Significant Policies" to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

We may be subject to potential liability for fraudulent electronic payment transactions or credits initiated by merchants or others. Examples of merchant fraud include when a merchant or other party knowingly uses a stolen or counterfeit credit, debit or prepaid card, card number, or other credentials to record a false sales transaction, processes an invalid card, or intentionally fails to deliver the merchandise or services sold in an otherwise valid transaction. Criminals are using increasingly sophisticated methods to engage in illegal activities such as counterfeiting and fraud. It is possible that incidents of fraud could increase in the future. Failure to effectively manage risk and prevent fraud would increase our chargeback liability or other liability. Increases in chargebacks or other liability could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In recent years, we have been negatively affected by the substantial consolidation in the bank industry. Bank industry consolidation affectscould affect existing and potential clients in our service areas. Our alliance strategy could also be negatively affected by consolidations, especially where the banks involved are committed to their internal merchant processing businesses that compete with us. Bank consolidation has led to an increasingly concentrated client base, resulting in a changing

client mix as well as increased price compression. Further consolidation in the bank industry or other client base could have a negative impact on us, including a loss of revenue and price compression.

We rely on various financial institutions to provide clearing services in connection with our settlement activities. If such financial institutions should stop providing clearing services or limit our volumes we must find other financial institutions to provide those services. If we are unable to find a replacement financial institution we may no longer be able to provide processing services to certain clients, which could negatively impact our revenue and earnings.

Our business is dependent on third-party vendors to provide us with certain products and services. The failure of these vendors to perform their obligations in a timely manner could adversely affect our operations and profitability. In addition, if we are unable to renew our existing contracts with our most significant vendors, we might not be able to replace the related product or service at the same cost, which would negatively impact our profitability.

From time to time, card associations and debit networks increase the organization and/or processing fees (known as interchange fees) that they charge. It is possible that competitive pressures will result in us absorbing a portion of such increases in the future, which would increase our operating costs, reduce our profit margin, and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition. In addition, the various card associations and networks prescribe certain capital requirements. Any increase in the capital level required would further limit our use of capital for other purposes.

We offer merchant acquiring, processing and issuing services outside of the United States, including in the United Kingdom, Germany, Argentina, Greece, India, and Australia,Brazil, where our principal non-U.S. operations are located. Our revenues derived from these and other non-U.S. operations are subject to additional risks, including those resulting from social and geopolitical instability and unfavorable political or diplomatic developments, all of which could negatively impact our financial results.

As we expand internationally and grow our non-U.S. client base, we may face challenges due to the presence of more established competitors and our lack of experience in such non-U.S. markets, and we may also incur higher than anticipated costs. For example, we expanded our presence in Brazil in the third quarter of 2014 by launching our acquiring solution developed specifically for Brazil. If we are unable to successfully manage expenses relating to the international expansion of our business, our financial position and results of operations could be negatively impacted.

In recent years, we have implemented certain measures aimed at improving our profitability and maintaining flexibility in our capital resources, including restructuring efforts to align the business with our strategic objectives and the introduction of cost savings initiatives. For example, in the fourth quarter of 2014, we began an off-shoring initiativeWe expect to employ lower cost off-shore resources. We have forecasted cost savings from these initiatives based on a number of assumptions and expectations which, if achieved, wouldcontinue to take measures to improve our profitability and cash flows from operating activities. However, there can be no assurance that the expected resultscost control measures will be achieved.successful. In addition, these and any future spending reductions, if any, may negatively impact our other initiatives or our efforts to grow our business, which may negatively impact our future results of operations and increase the burden on existing management, systems, and resources.

All of our businesses function at the intersection of rapidly changing technological, social, economic, and regulatory developments that requires a wide range of expertise and intellectual capital. For us to successfully compete and grow, we must retain, recruit, and develop the necessary personnel who can provide the needed expertise across the entire spectrum of our intellectual capital needs. In addition, we must develop our personnel to provide succession plans capable of maintaining continuity in our business. The market for qualified personnel, however, is competitive and we may not succeed in recruiting additional personnel or may

fail to effectively replace current personnel who depart with qualified or effective successors. Our effort to retain and develop personnel may also result in significant additional expenses, which could adversely affect our profitability. We cannot assure that key personnel, including executive officers, will continue to be employed or that we will be able to attract and retain qualified personnel in the future. Failure to retain or attract key personnel could have a material adverse effect on us.

We have actively acquired businesses and may continue to make acquisitions of businesses or assets in the future. The acquisition and integration of businesses or assets involves a number of risks. The core risks are valuation (negotiating a fair price for the business), integration (managing the process of integrating the acquired company’s people, products, technology, and other assets to extract the value and synergies projected to be realized in connection with the acquisition), regulation (obtaining necessary regulatory or other government approvals that may be necessary to complete acquisitions), and diligence (identifying undisclosed or unknown liabilities or restrictions that will be assumed in the acquisition).

In addition, acquisitions outside of the United States often involve additional or increased risks including, for example:

The process of integrating operations could cause an interruption of, or loss of momentum in, the activities of one or more of our combined businesses and the possible loss of key personnel. The diversion of management’s attention and any delays or difficulties encountered in connection with acquisitions and the integration of the two companies’ operations could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or prospects.

Financial Risks

We are highly leveraged. As of December 31, 2015,2017, we had $19.6$19.2 billion of total debt. Our high degree of leverage could have important consequences, including:

Successful execution of our business strategy is dependent in part upon our ability to manage our capital structure to reduceminimize interest expense and enhance free cash flow generation. Our senior secured revolving credit facility has $1.25 billion in commitments that are scheduled to mature in June 2020. In addition, approximately $8.3$1.7 billion of obligations under our existing long termlong-term borrowings are scheduled to mature prior to December 31, 2020. We may not be able to refinance our senior secured credit facilities or our other existing indebtedness at or prior to their maturity at attractive rates of interest because of our high levels of debt, debt incurrence restrictions under our debt agreements or because of adverse conditions in credit markets generally.

An increase in interest rates may negatively impact our operating results and financial condition.

Certain of our borrowings, including borrowings under our senior secured credit facilities, to the extent the interest rate is not fixed by an interest rate swap, are at variable rates of interest. An increase in interest rates would have a negative impact on our results of operations by causing an increase in interest expense.

As of December 31, 2015,2017, we had $9.6$10.0 billion aggregate principal amount of variable rate long-term indebtedness, of which we have fixed interest rate swaps fix the interest ratecollar contracts on $5.0$4.3 billion in notional amount. The interest rate collar contracts mitigate exposure to interest rate fluctuations, but are subject to contractual ceilings and floors. The interest rate collars provide for interest rate protection if one month LIBOR rises above 150 or 175 basis points. As a result, as of December 31, 2015,2017, the impact of a

The agreements governing our indebtedness contain various covenants that limit our ability to engage in specified types of transactions. These covenants limit our and certain of our subsidiaries' ability to, among other things:

A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under one or more of these agreements, including as a result of cross-default provisions and, in the case of our senior secured revolving credit facility, permit the lenders to cease making loans to us. Upon the occurrence of an event of default under these agreements, the holders of our debt could elect to declare all amounts outstanding thereunder to be immediately due and payable and, in the case of our senior secured revolving credit facility, terminate all commitments to extend further credit. Such actions by these holders could cause cross-defaults under our other indebtedness. If we were unable to repay those amounts, the lenders under our senior secured credit facilities or holders of our senior secured notes could proceed against the collateral securing such debt. We have pledged a significant portion of our assets as collateral under our senior secured credit facilities and our senior secured notes. If the holders of our debt accelerate the repayment of borrowings, we may not have sufficient assets to repay our senior secured credit facilities or any other debt that may become due as a result of that acceleration and we could experience a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our consolidated balance sheet includes goodwill and intangible assets that represent approximately 60%45% of our total assets atas of December 31, 2015.2017. These assets consist primarily of goodwill and client relationship intangible assets associated with our acquisitions. We also expect to engage in additional acquisitions, which may result in our recognition of additional goodwill and intangible assets. Under current accounting standards, we are required to amortize certain intangible assets over the useful life of the asset, while goodwill and certain other intangible assets are not amortized. On a regular basis we assess whether there have been impairments in the carrying value of goodwill and certain intangible assets. If the carrying value of the asset is determined to be impaired, then it is written down to fair value by a charge to operating earnings. An impairment of a significant portion of goodwill or intangible assets could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to risks related to the changes in currency rates as a result of our investments in non-U.S. operations and from revenues generated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Revenue and profit generated by such non-U.S. operations will increase or decrease compared to prior periods as a result of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. From time to time, we utilize foreign currency forward contracts or other derivative instruments to mitigate the cash flow or market value risks associated with foreign currency-denominated transactions. These hedge contracts may not, however, eliminate all of the risks related to foreign

Unfavorable resolution of tax contingencies could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows from operations.

Our tax returns and positions are subject to review and audit by federal, state, local, and international taxing authorities. An unfavorable outcome to a tax audit could result in higher tax expense, thereby negatively impacting our results of operations as well as our cash flows from operations. We have established contingency reserves for material, known tax exposures relating to deductions, transactions, and other matters involving some uncertainty as to the proper tax treatment of the item. These reserves reflect what we believe to be reasonable assumptions as to the likely final resolution of each issue if raised by a taxing authority. While we believe that the reserves are adequate to cover reasonably expected tax risks, there is no assurance that, in all instances,

Regulatory and Legal Risks

Failure to comply with, or changes in, laws, regulations and enforcement activities may adversely affect the products, services, and markets in which we operate.

We and our clients are subject to laws and regulations that affect the electronic payments industry in the many countries in which our services are used. In particular, our clients are subject to numerous laws and regulations applicable to banks, financial institutions, and card issuers in the United States and abroad, and, consequently, we are at times affected by these federal, state, and local laws and regulations. The United States government has increased its scrutiny of a number of credit card and other loan practices, from which some of our clients derive significant revenue. Regulation of the payments industry, including regulations applicable to us and our clients, has increased significantly in recent years. Failure to comply with laws and regulations applicable to our business may result in the suspension or revocation of licenses or registrations, the limitation, suspension or termination of services, and/or the imposition of consent orders or civil and criminal penalties, including fines which could have an adverse effect on our results of operation and financial condition.

We are subject to U.S. and international financial services regulations, a myriad of consumer protection laws, economic sanctions, laws and regulations, and anti-corruption laws, escheat regulations and privacy and information security regulations to name only a few. Changes to legal rules and regulations, or interpretation or enforcement of them, could have a negative financial effect on us. In particular, changing regulations or standards in the area of privacy and data protection could also adversely impact us. For example, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which becomes effective in May 2018, extends the scope of the E.U. data protection law to all companies processing data of E.U. residents, regardless of the company’s location. The law requires companies to meet new requirements regarding the handling of personal data. Our efforts to comply with GDPR and other privacy and data protection laws may entail substantial expenses, may divert resources from other initiatives and projects, and could limit the services we are able to offer. Further, failure to meet GDPR requirements could result in fines, penalties, and reputational damage. The GDPR and other privacy and data protection laws may be interpreted and applied differently from country to country and may create inconsistent or conflicting requirements. Such regulations increase our compliance and administrative burden

Additionally, the Dodd-Frank Act significantly changed the United States financial regulatory system by, among other things, creating the CFPB to regulate consumer financial products and services (including many offered by our clients), restrict debit card fees paid by merchants to issuer banks and allow merchants to offer discounts for different payment methods. CFPB rules, examinations, and enforcement actions may require us to adjust our activities and may increase our compliance costs. ChangingThe regulations under the Dodd-Frank Act require all debit card issuing financial institutions to participate in at least two, unaffiliated debit networks (banning exclusivity agreements between one debit network and one debit card issuer) and prohibit card issuers and payment networks from inhibiting the ability of merchants to choose among the enabled debit networks for the routing of each debit card transaction. Changes to the Dodd-Frank Act or standards in the area of privacy and data protectionregulations could also adversely impact us.our debit network business. In addition, certain of our alliance partners are subject to regulation by federal and state authority and, as a result, could pass through some of those compliance obligations to us.

We operate our business around the world, including in certain foreign countries with developing economies, where companies often engage in business practices that are prohibited by U.S. and U.K. regulations, including the FCPA and the U.K. Bribery Act. Such laws prohibit improper payments or offers of payments to foreign governments and their officials and political parties by the U.S. and other business entities for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We have implemented policies to discourage such practices; however, there can be no assurance that all of our employees, consultants, and agents, including those that may be based in or from countries where practices that violate U.S. laws may be customary, will not take actions in violation of our policies, for which we may be ultimately responsible.

In addition, we are subject to anti-money laundering laws and regulations, including the BSA.Bank Secrecy Act (BSA). Among other things, the BSA requires money services businesses (such as money transmitters and providers of prepaid access) to develop and implement risk-based anti-money laundering programs, report large cash transactions and suspicious activity, and maintain transaction records. Our subsidiary Money Network Financial LLC provides prepaid access for various open loop prepaid programs for which it is the program manager and therefore must meet the requirements of the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, the agency that enforces the BSA.

We are also subject to certain economic and trade sanctions programs that are administered by the OFAC which prohibit or restrict transactions to or from or dealings with specified countries, their governments, and in certain circumstances, their nationals, and with individuals and entities that are specially-designated nationals of those countries, narcotics traffickers, and terrorists or terrorist organizations.

Similar anti-money laundering and counter terrorist financing and proceeds of crime laws apply to movements of currency and payments through electronic transactions and to dealings with persons specified in lists maintained by the country equivalents to OFAC lists in several other countries and require specific data retention obligations to be observed by intermediaries in the payment process. Our businesses in those jurisdictions are subject to those data retention obligations.

Failure to comply with any of these laws and regulations or changes in this regulatory environment, including changing interpretations and the implementation of new or varying regulatory requirements by the government, may result in significant financial penalties, reputational harm, or change the manner in which we currently conduct some aspects of our business, which could significantly affect our results of operations or financial condition.

Changes in credit card association or other network rules or standards could adversely affect our business.

In order to provide our transaction processing services, several of our subsidiaries are registered with Visa and MasterCard and other networks as members or service providers for member institutions. As such, we and many of our clients are subject to card association and network rules that could subject us or our clients to a variety of fines or penalties that may be levied by the card associations or networks for certain acts or omissions by us, acquiring clients, processing clients, and merchants. Visa, MasterCard, and other networks, some of which are our competitors, set the rules and standards with which we must comply. The termination of our member registration or our status as a certified service provider, or any changes in card association or other network rules or standards, including interpretation and implementation of the rules or standards, that increase the cost of doing business or limit

our ability to provide transaction processing services to or through our clients, could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Failure to comply with state and federal antitrust requirements could adversely affect our business.

Through our merchant alliances, we hold an ownership interest in several competing merchant acquiring businesses while serving as an electronic processor for those businesses. In order to satisfy state and federal antitrust requirements, we actively maintain an antitrust compliance program. Notwithstanding our compliance program, it is possible that perceived or actual violations of state or federal antitrust requirements could give rise to regulatory enforcement investigations or actions. Regulatory scrutiny of, or regulatory enforcement action in connection with, compliance with state and federal antitrust requirements could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and business.

We are the subject of various legal proceedings which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue and profitability.

We are involved in various litigation matters. We are also involved in or are the subject of governmental or regulatory agency inquiries or investigations and make voluntary self-disclosures to government or regulatory agencies from time to time. Our insurance or indemnities may not cover all claims that may be asserted against us, and any claims asserted against us, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, may harm our reputation. If we are unsuccessful in our defense in these litigation matters, or any other legal proceeding, we may be forced to pay damages or fines, enter into consent decrees, and/or change our business practices, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue and profitability.

Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (Code), contains rules that impose an annual limitation on the ability of a company with net operating loss carryforwards that undergoes an ownership change, which is generally any change in ownership of more than 50% of its stock (by value) over a three-year period, to utilize its net operating loss carryforwards in years after the ownership change. These rules generally operate by focusing on ownership changes among holders owning directly or indirectly 5% or more of the shares of stock of a company or any change in ownership arising from a new issuance of shares of stock by such company. If a company’s income in any year is less than the annual limitation prescribed by Section 382 of the Code, the unused portion of such limitation amount may be carried forward to increase the limitation (and net operating loss carryforward utilization) in subsequent tax years.

Our initial public offering in October 2015 and the subsequent follow-on secondary offering in September 2017 did not result in an ownership change within a three-year period for purposes of Section 382 of the Code. If, however, we were to undergo an ownership change as a result of future transactions involving our common stock, including a follow-on offering of our common

stock or purchases or sales of common stock between 5% holders, our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards would be subject to the limitations of Section 382 of the Code. As a result,It is possible that a portion of our net operating loss carryforwards may expire before we would be able to use them. IfIn the event we are unable to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards, there may be a negative impact on our financial position and results of operations.

In addition to the aforementioned federal income tax implications pursuant to Section 382 of the Code, most states follow the general provisions of Section 382 of the Code, either explicitly or implicitly resulting in separate state net operating loss limitations.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common StockStructure

KKR holdscontrols a majority of the combined voting power of our common stock. As a result, KKR has the ability to elect all of the members of our Board and thereby control our policies and operations, including the appointment of management, future issuances of our Class A common stock or other securities, the payment of dividends, if any, on our Class A common stock, the incurrence of debt by us, amendments to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, and the entering into of extraordinary transactions and the interests of KKR may not in all cases be aligned with your interests.

In addition, KKR may have an interest in pursuing acquisitions, divestitures and other transactions that, in its judgment, could enhance its investment, even though such transactions might involve risks to you. For example, KKR could cause us to make acquisitions that increase our indebtedness or cause us to sell revenue-generating assets. KKR is in the business of making investments in companies and may from time to time acquire and hold interests in businesses that compete directly or indirectly with us. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will provideprovides that none of KKR or any director who is not employed by us (including any nonemployee director who serves as one of our officers in both his or her director and officer capacities) or his or her affiliates will have any duty to refrain from engaging, directly or indirectly, in the same business activities or similar business activities or lines of business in which we operate. KKR also may pursue acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business, and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us.

So long as a KKR affiliate continues to beneficially own a sufficient number of shares of Class B common stock, even if it beneficially owns significantly less than 50% of the shares of our outstanding common stock, it will continue to be able to effectively control our decisions. For example, if our Class B common stock amounted to 15% of our outstanding common stock, beneficial owners of our Class B common stock (including KKR), would collectively control 64% of the voting power of our common stock. The shares of our Class B common stock beneficially owned by a KKR affiliate may be transferred to an unrelated third party if the holders of a majority of the shares of Class B common stock have consented to such transfer in writing in advance.

In addition, KKR will be able to determine the outcome of all matters requiring stockholder approval and will be able to cause or prevent a change of control of our Company or a change in the composition of our Board and could preclude any acquisition of our Company. This concentration of voting control could deprive you of an opportunity to receive a premium for your shares of Class A common stock as part of a sale of our Company and ultimately might affect the market price of our Class A common stock.

 

None.

 

As of December 31, 2015,2017, we and our subsidiaries owned or leased 6679 domestic properties and 9072 international properties. These facilities are used for operational, sales and administrative purposes, and are substantially all currently being utilized.

We believe that our facilities are suitable and adequate for our current business; however, we periodically review our space requirements and may acquire new space to meet the needs of our businesses or consolidate and dispose of or sublet facilities which are no longer required.

 

From time to time, we are involved in various litigation matters arising in the ordinary course of our business. None of these matters, individually or in the aggregate, currently is material to us. Information with respect to this item may be found in note 14 “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

 

Not applicable.

 

Our Class A common stock has traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "FDC" since October 15, 2015. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our common stock.

Price Range of Class A common stock

The information presented in the table below represents the high and low closing sales prices per share of Class A common stock as reported on the NYSE for the periods indicated. There is currently no established public trading market for our Class B common stock.

There were 1625 holders of record of our Class A common stock and 22622 holders of record of our Class B common stock as of JanuaryDecember 31, 2016.2017. The number of beneficial owners of our Class A common stock is substantially greater than the number of record holders, because a large portion of our Class A common stock is held in "street name" by banks and brokers.

Dividend Policy

InSince our initial public offering (IPO) on October 15, 2015, we paid three dividends totaling $4 million to First Data Holdings Inc., our direct parent prior to the IPO. In 2014, we paid five dividends totaling $686 million to FDH. We dohave not currently anticipate declaringdeclared or payingpaid any cash dividends on our common stock.stock, and we have no current plan to do so. Because a significant portion of our operations is through our subsidiaries, our ability to pay dividends depends in part on our receipt of cash dividends from our operating subsidiaries, which may further restrict our ability to pay dividends as a result of the laws of their jurisdiction of organization, agreements of our subsidiaries or covenants under any existing and future outstanding indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur. In addition, the senior secured revolving credit facility, senior secured term loan facility, and the indentures governing the senior notes limit our ability to pay dividends. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Capital Resources and Liquidity” included in Part II, Item 7 and note 5 "Stockholders' Equity and Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest" to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Stock Performance Graph

The following graph shows a comparison from October 15, 2015 (the date our Class A common stock commenced trading on the NYSE) through December 31, 20152017 of the cumulative total return for our Class A common stock, the S&P 500 Index and the S&P Information Technology Index. Data for the S&P 500 Index and the S&P Information Technology Index assume reinvestment of dividends. Note that historic stock price performance is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

This performance graph shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the Securities and Exchange Commission for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of First Data Corporation under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

 

The following table sets forth our selected consolidated financial data as of the dates and for the periods indicated. The selected financial data as of December 31, 20152017 and 20142016 and for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014,2017, 2016, and 20132015 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K. The selected consolidated financial data as of December 2013, 2012,31, 2015, 2014, and 20112013 and for the years ended December 201231, 2014 and 20112013 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto not included in this Form 10-K.

The results of operations for any period are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future period. The selected consolidated financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with, and are qualified by reference to "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

The notes to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K contain additional information about various acquisitions, dispositions, and certain charges and benefits resulting from other operating expenses, and other income (expense) which affect the comparability of information presented. Amounts below include acquisitions since the date acquired.

The following contains management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations and should be read together with “Selected Financial Data,” included in Part II, Item 6 of this Form 10-K and our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements and involves numerous risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in any forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under “Forward-Looking Statements,” “Risk Factors,” and elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Executive Overview

We sitFirst Data Corporation sits at the center of global electronic commerce. We believe we offer our clients the most complete array of integrated solutions in the industry, covering their needs across next generation commerce technologies, merchant acquiring, issuing, and network solutions. We serve our clients in 118over 100 countries, reaching approximately 6 million business locations over the course of a year and over 4,000 financial institutions. We believe we have the industry’s largest distribution network, driven by our partnerships with many of the world’s leading financial institutions, our direct sales force, and a network of distribution partners. We are the largest merchant acquirer, issuer processor, and independent network services provider in the world, enabling businesses to accept electronic payments, helping financial institutions issue credit, debit and prepaid cards, and routing secure transactions between them. In 2015,2017, we processed 7993 billion transactions globally, or over 2,500approximately 3,000 transactions per second, and processed 28% of the world’s eCommerce volume.second. In our largest market, the United States, we acquired $1.7processed $2.1 trillion of payment volume, accounting for nearlyrepresenting over 10% of U.S. GDPUnited States gross domestic product (GDP) last year.

Our business is characterized by transaction related fees, multi-year contracts, and a diverse client base, which allows us to grow alongside our clients. Our multi-year contracts allow us to achieve a high level of recurring revenues with the same clients. While the contracts typically do not specify fixed revenues to be realized thereunder, they do provide a framework for revenues to be generated based on volume of services provided during such contract’scontracts term. Our business also generally requires minimal incremental capital expenditures and working capital to support additional revenue within our existing business lines.

We operate three reportable segments; Global Business Solutions (GBS), Global Financial Solutions (GFS), and Network & Security Solutions (NSS). Our segments are designedcontinue to establish global lines of businesses that support our global client base and allow us to further globalize our solutions while working seamlessly with our geographic teams across our regions: the United States and Canada (North America); Europe, Middle East, and Africa (EMEA); Latin America (LATAM); and Asia Pacific ( APAC) and be supported by a corporate team focusedexecute on company wide issues.key initiatives:

Components of Revenue

We generate revenue by providing commerce-enabling solutions. Set forth below is a description of our revenues by segment and factors impacting total revenues.

Our Global Business Solutions segment(GBS) revenues are primarily derived from processing credit and debit card transactions for business clients and also include fees for providing processing, loyalty and software services, and sales and leases of POS devices. Revenues are generated from a variety of sources:

A substantial portion of our business within the Global Business Solutions segmentGBS is conducted through merchant alliances between us and financial institutions. If we have majority ownership and management control over an alliance, then the alliance's financial statements are consolidated with ours and the related processing fees are treated as an intercompany transaction and eliminated upon consolidation. If we do not have a controlling ownership interest inmanagement control over an alliance, we use the equity method of accounting to account for our investment in the alliance.accounting. As a result, our consolidated revenues include certain processing fees charged to alliances accounted for under the equity method.

A large portion of GBS'sGBS' revenue is derived from transaction and processing related services. This business is dependent on macroeconomic consumer trends and global economic conditions that affect the volume of consumer spending and the use of electronic payments and changes in these factors have in the past, impacted, and may in the future impact, our ability to grow this portion of the business. We have begun to implement recent initiatives, such as the introduction of several new products and expansion of our sales force, expanding through ISV partnerships, and expansion into new international markets in an effort to grow this business versus prior periods. We also completed acquisitions which have strengthened our presence in ISV and enterprise resource planning (ERP) integrated payment solutions.

Our Global Financial Solutions (GFS) revenues are primarily derived from outsourced credit and retail cardaccount processing services, customer communications, plastics personalization, remittance processing services, software solutions for clients to support in-house card processing, statement and letters printing, plastics personalization, and check

Our Network & Security Solutions (NSS) revenues are primarily derived from network services such as Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Network Solutions, Stored Value Network Solutions, and Security and Fraud Management Solutions.

Factors Affecting the Comparability of Our Results of Operations

As a result of a number of factors, our historical results of operations are not comparable from period to period and may not be comparable to our financial results of operations in future periods. Key factors affecting the comparability of our results of operations are summarized below.

AAlthough the majority of our revenue is earned in U.S. dollars, a portion of our revenues and expenses are in foreign currencies. As a result, changes in foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar can impact our results of operations. Additionally, we have intercompany debts in foreign currencies, which impacts our results of operations. We believe the presentation of constant currency provides relevant information and we use this non-GAAP financial measure to, among other things, evaluate our ongoing operations in relation to foreign currency fluctuations. The presentation of non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for our related financial results prepared in accordance with GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). For additional information on our constant currency calculation, see “Segment Results” within this Form 10-K.

We continually evaluate our cost base and over the past three years have executed a number of restructuring initiatives, which have allowed us to streamline management, eliminate excess facilities, and work with our suppliers to lower costs. In recent periods,connection with these initiatives, we have incurred restructuring charges of $83 million, $49 million and $53 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. These Restructuring and Cost Management Initiatives have contributed to our 270 basis points EBITDA margin expansion over the U.S. dollarpast three years. The Company has appreciated significantly against most foreign currencies,ongoing expense management initiatives, which has negatively impactedare expected to result in approximately $20 million in additional restructuring costs over the course of 2018. In connection with our revenues generatedfocus on maintaining positive operating leverage, we will likely incur additional restructuring costs in foreign currencies as presented in U.S. dollars inthe future. See note 10 “Other Operating Expenses” to our consolidated financial statements. We have presented changes related tostatements in Part II of this Form 10-K for additional information about our segment results of operations on a constant currency basis in “-Operating revenues overview.”restructuring and cost savings initiatives.

As a result of our 2014 and 2015 capital market activities we have lowered the averageweighted-average interest rate of our outstanding debt from 7.4% at5.0% as of December 31, 20142016 to 5.6% at4.8% as of December 31, 20152017. Due to the current year acquisitions, we have increased our outstanding borrowings balance from $18.5 billion as of December 31, 2016 to $19.2 billion as of December 31, 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we incurred $10 million in fees to modify existing long-term debt which is recorded within "Interest expense, net" in the consolidated statements of operations.

We incurred $80 million, $70 million, and incurred $1.1 billion and $274 million in lossof losses on debt extinguishment during 2015the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2014,2015, respectively.

Directly associated with our initial public offering, we have incurred approximately $254 million in share-basedThe table below shows the stock-based compensation expense during 2015split between Cost of services and expect to recognize approximately $70 million during the first quarter of 2016. Selling, general, and administrative expense.

See note 4 “Stock Compensation Plans”Plans��� to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information about our stock compensation plans. Furthermore, we will incur ongoing share-based compensation expense as employee awards are expensed over the requisite service period.

Results of Operations

 

Consolidated results should be read in conjunction with note 7 "Segment Information" to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K, which provides more detailed discussions concerning certain components of our consolidated statements of operations. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated within the consolidated results.

Overview

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 20152017 increased 3%4% to $11.5$12.1 billion from $11.2$11.6 billion in 20142016 while operating profits decreased 19%increased 7% to $1.2$1.7 billion from $1.4$1.6 billion in 2014.2016. On a constant currency basis, revenue was up,increased 4%, driven primarily by all segments.our GBS segment. Foreign currency negatively impacteddid not impact total revenue, andhowever it negatively impacted operating profit by 2 percentage points.1%.

Net lossincome attributable to First Data Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2015 increased2017 improved to $1.5 billion from $458 million.$420 million during the same period in 2016. The decline was primarilyimprovement in net income is attributable to an income tax benefit of $810 million, lower interest expense of $131 million, and an increase in operating profit of $112 million driven by revenue growth, partially offset by a $794decrease in equity earnings of $38 million.

Net income attributable to First Data Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2016 improved to $420 million increasefrom a net loss of $1.5 billion during the same period in 2015. The improvement in net income is attributable to lower debt extinguishment charges associated withof $1.0 billion, lower interest expense of $469 million, lower depreciation and amortization expense of $73 million, a $66 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense, and a $29 million gain on the debt restructuring activity duringVisa Europe share sale, partially offset by a $34 million loss on divestiture of an international business unit. Net income for the year as well as one-time IPO-triggered expenses amounting to $332 million, comprising $254ended December 31, 2016 also benefited by $100 million related to the vestingtermination of certain previously granted equity based compensationour management agreement with KKR, as well as overall expense savings as part of our announced expense management initiatives and $78 million to terminate the KKR management fee.improved operating results.

Segment Results

The business segment measurements provided to and evaluated by the chief operating decision maker are computed in accordance with the principles listed below.below: