| ITEM 1. | BUSINESS |
The words “Equinix”"Equinix", “we”"we", “our”"our", “ours”"ours", “us”"us" and the “Company”"Company" refer to Equinix, Inc. All statements in this discussion that are not historical are forward‑lookingforward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including statements regarding Equinix’s “expectations”Equinix's "expectations", “beliefs”"beliefs", “intentions”"intentions", “strategies”"strategies", “forecasts”"forecasts", “predictions”"predictions", “plans”"plans" or the like. Such statements are based on management’smanagement's current expectations and are subject to a number of factors and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward‑lookingforward-looking statements. Equinix cautions investors that there can be no assurance that actual results or business conditions will not differ materially from those projected or suggested in such forward‑lookingforward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to, the risk factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Equinix expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward‑forward looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in Equinix’sEquinix's expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions, or circumstances on which any such statements are based.
Overview
Equinix, Inc. connects more than 6,300(1)9,800 companies directly to their customers and partners insideacross the world’sworld's most interconnected data centers. Today, businesses leverage thecenter and interconnection platform. Platform Equinix interconnection platform in 33 strategic markets across the Americas, Asia-Pacific, and Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA).
We elected to users. This enables customers to improve performancebe taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes beginning with cost-effective and scalable interconnections, work with vendors to deploy new technologies, such as cloud computing, and collaborate with the widest variety of partners and customers to achieve their ambitions.
Bulgaria, United Arab Emirates and a portion of Turkey. Our data center operations in other jurisdictions are operated as taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRSs").
Careful, steady expansion has been key to Equinix's growth strategy since our founding, as we seek to offer our customers interconnection opportunities ahead of demand. In April 2018, Equinix purchased the 1.6 million-square foot Infomart Building™ in Dallas, including its operations and tenants, where we had already been operating four Equinix data centers. In the same month, we closed our acquisition of Australian data center provider Metronode and its 10 data centers.
In September 2018, Equinix named Charles Meyers President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company. Meyers also joined Equinix's Board of Directors. Meyers succeeded Peter Van Camp, who had served as interim CEO since January 2018. Upon Meyers' appointment as CEO, Van Camp resumed his role as Executive Chairman of the Equinix Board of Directors, a position he has establishedheld since 2005. Meyers joined Equinix in 2010 as President, Equinix Americas, leading our most profitable region through a critical masstime of customers that continues to drive new and existing customersignificant growth and bookings. Our network-strong operating performance. Meyers then served as the Chief Operating Officer at Equinix, where he led the Global Sales, Marketing, Operations and cloud-neutralCustomer Success teams. For the past year, he was President, Strategy, Services and Innovation (SSI) leading Equinix's strategic business model also contributesteams including Corporate Strategy, Technology Innovation, Product Management and Engineering. Under Meyers' leadership, SSI worked to optimize our successposition as a cloud enabler, identify key growth areas, and evolve our offerings in the market. Rather than selling a particular network, we offer customers direct interconnectionresponse to an aggregation of bandwidth providers. The providers in our sites include the world’s top carriers, mobile providers, Internet service providers (ISPs), broadband access networks (DSL / cable)market, competitive and international carriers. Our neutrality also means our customers can choose to buy from, or partner with, leading companies across our five targeted verticals. These include:
Industry Background
The Internetinternet is a collection of numerous independent networks interconnected to form a network of networks. Users on different networks are able to communicate with each other through interconnection between these networks. For example, when a person sends an email to someone who uses a different provider for his or her connectivity (e.g., Comcast versus Verizon)AT&T), the email must pass from one network to the other to get to its final destination. EquinixA data center provides a physical point at which that interconnection can occur.
To accommodate the rapid growth of Internetinternet traffic that was occurring in the early years of the internet, an organized approach for network interconnection was needed. This was the start of the network era, when networks gained mutual advantage by exchanging data traffic on interoperable platforms. The exchange of traffic between these networks became known as peering. Peeringpeering, which is when networks agree to trade traffic at relatively equal amounts, and set up agreements to trade traffic, often at no charge to the other party. At first, government and nonprofit organizations established places where these networks could exchange traffic, or peer with each other-theseother. These points were known as network access points, or NAPs. Over time, many NAPs became a natural extension of carrier services and were run by companies such companies as MFS (now a part of Verizon Business), Sprint, Ameritech and Pacific Bell (the latter two are now part of AT&T).
Ultimately, these NAPs were unable to scale with the growth of the Internet,internet, and the lack of “neutrality”"neutrality" by the carrier owners of these NAPs created a conflict of interest with the participants. This created a market need for network-neutral interconnection points that could accommodate the rapidly growing needdemand to increase performance for enterprise and consumer users of the Internet,internet, especially with the rise of important content providers such as AOL, Microsoft, Yahoo! and others. In addition, the providers, as well as a growing number of enterprises, required a more secure and reliable solution for direct connection to a variety of
telecommunications networks, as the importance of their Internetinternet operations continued to grow. These were the seeds of the connected era, when peering expanded exponentially and betweenamong new players, and access to information anytime and anywhere became the norm.
To accommodate Internetinternet traffic growth, the largest networks left the NAPs and began connecting and trading traffic by placing private circuits between each other. Peering, which once occurred at the NAP locations, was moved to these private circuits. Over the years, these circuits became expensive to expand and could not be built quickly enough to accommodate traffic growth. This led to a need by the large carriers to find a more efficient way to peer. The multi-tenant or colocation data center was introduced to meet this need. Today, many customers satisfy their requirements for peering through data center providers like Equinix because this strategy permits them to peer with the networks they require within one location, using simple, direct and secure connections. Their ability to peer within a data center or across a data center campus, instead of across a metro area, has increased the scalability of their operations while decreasing network costs.
The interconnection model has further evolved over the years to include new offerings, as the collaborative landscape of the interconnected era imposes new demands on connectivity. As enterprises becomefor connectivity that facilitates more scalable interactive and real-time digital interconnections. Enterprises are becoming increasingly interdependent and cloud-enabled,cloud- and digital-enabled, and to compete they need real-time data exchange and reliable, instant connections between the various corners ofand across any given digital ecosystem to compete.ecosystem. Starting with the peering and network communities, interconnection has been used for new network services,solutions, including carrier Ethernet, multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), virtual private networks (VPNs), and mobile services, in addition to traditional international private line and voice services. The data center industry continues to evolve with a set of new offerings where interconnection is often used to solve the network-to-network and the cloud-to-cloud interconnection challenges in orderworking to keep up with the rapid digital transformation of today’s businesses.today's businesses, and it continues to evolve with a set of new network offerings (such as SDN, blockchain and 5G) where interconnection is often used to solve any challenge using both physical and virtual networks, across geographic boundaries.
In addition, the enterprise customer segment is also evolving. In the past, most enterprises opted to keep their data center requirements in house.in-house. However, current trends are leading more and more enterprise chief information officers (CIOs) to either outsource their data center requirements, and/or extend their corporate wide area networks (WANs) into carrier-neutral colocation facilities. facilities where there are dense ecosystems of network, cloud and IT service providers, and business partners that enterprises can directly and securely interact with in real-time.
The combinationfollowing are macro, technology and regulatory trends that are forcing enterprises and service providers across all industries to rethink their IT architectures to decrease complexity and cost, and seize new opportunities to compete successfully as digital businesses:
Digital businesstransformation is becoming a global phenomenon. According to IDC, by 2021 at least 50% of globalization,global GDP will be digitized, and growth in every industry will be driven by digitally enhanced offerings, operations and relationships. Interconnection becomes a key building block for digital business along that journey because real-time interactions between people, things, locations, clouds and data are critical in a digital age.
Urbanization is increasing in the proliferationmajority of bandwidth intensive Internet-facingmetros worldwide. Today, about 55% of the world's population lives in urban areas, and that will grow to 68% by 2050, according to the United Nations. With so many people so close together, digital services must be increasingly concentrated and close to users, so companies can deliver the connectivity their users expect. Interconnection brings applications, data, content and rich media content,networking into proximity in these densely populated areas. It allows companies to deliver on their service promises, even as demand keeps growing.
Cybersecurity has increased in frequency, scope and complexity in our more closely connected world. In fact, a large-scale cybersecurity breach is one of the most serious risks facing companies today. Ernst & Young projects the global cost of cybersecurity breaches will reach $6.0 trillion by 2021. Companies need to provide accessstrengthen their defenses, even as they increase their vulnerability by distributing their data across a variety of sources and users. To do that, businesses need their security controls to be distributed as well, leveraging interconnection out at the edge where most traffic exchange is happening. The direct, private nature of interconnection also increases data protection and lowers the risk of being compromised.
Data Compliance has become a mandate among businesses around the world. The digital economy may be global, but more countries are regulating the data at the heart of the digital economy and prescribing enhanced rules around personal data protections (e.g., GDPR). But remaining compliant is about more than following the rules. In a Thompson Reuters survey, 69% of respondents said successful compliance efforts can drive up business efficiency and effectiveness by enabling greater focus on value-added activities. The need to address compliance drives interconnection because it enables companies to link their data storage, analytics and clouds in the same business region. That data can stay proximate, and local if required by regulations, but still be accessed globally to meet business requirements.
Business Ecosystemsare becoming the life-blood of digital business. Gartner predicts that by 2021, the number of organizations using a mix of intermediaries will more than double, and that active engagement by these organizations with industries in ecosystems outside their native industry will nearly triple. The reason is that digital trade flows are creating global business and data processes that involve an increasing variety of customers, partners and employees. Interconnection securely and efficiently connects all the players in all these business ecosystems, as those ecosystems expand in depth and number.
Other trends that we see impacting our customers' IT strategies include:
The need for businesses and organizations to create a "digital edge" - where commerce, population centers and digital ecosystems meet. A more geographically distributed IT infrastructure is needed to support the digital operations that now cover every global region and every aspect of today's global businesses.
The growth of "proximity communities" that rely on immediate physical colocation and interconnection with strategic partners and customers. Examples include financial exchange ecosystems for electronic trading and settlement, media and content provider ecosystems, and ecosystems for real-time bidding and fulfillment of internet advertising.
The Internet of Things (IoT), big data infrastructures, artificial intelligence (AI) and the emergence of 5G high-speed mobile and wireless networks, which are creating unprecedented quantities of data that fuel digital business.
The accelerating adoption and ubiquitous nature of cloud computing environmentstechnology services, in particular hybrid/multiclouds, along with enterprise cloud service offerings such as Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) and business continuityPlatform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and security and disaster recovery options, plus tight corporate IT budgets, mean that enterprise CIOs must do moreservices.
The continuing growth of consumer internet traffic from new bandwidth-intensive services (e.g., video, voice over IP, social media, mobile data, gaming, data-rich media), Ethernet and wireless services, as well as new devices (e.g., wearables, home assistances, AR/VR headsets). These devices and services also increase the requirements for anytime, anywhere and any device interconnection out at the edge to improve the performance, security, scalability and reliability of interconnecting people, locations, clouds, data and things.
Significant increases in power and cooling requirements for today's data center equipment. New generations of servers and storage devices continue to concentrate processing capability and the associated power consumption and cooling load into smaller footprints; and many legacy-built data centers are unable to accommodate these new power and cooling demands. The high capital costs associated with less. building and maintaining "in-sourced" data centers creates an opportunity for capital savings by leveraging an outsourced colocation model.
Industry analysts forecastproject the compound annual growth inrate of the global carrier neutral colocation market to be approximately 10% per year over the next four years.8.4% between 2018 and 2022.
Equinix Value Proposition
Equinix's global platform for digital business offers these unique value propositions to customers:
Reach Everywhere
With Platform Equinix, enterprises and service providers can deploy digital infrastructure anywhere they need to be. Customers are quickly and easily able to place applications, data, security and networking controls next to users, clouds and networks in major metros globally. With one global partner, our customers are able to reduce complexity and accelerate time to market while relying on the consistency of a proven worldwide interconnection and data center leader.
Interconnect Everyone
Businesses operating on Platform Equinix will be able to discover and reach anyone on demand, through one connection to the world, by directly connecting physically or virtually to customers, partners, providers and between their points of presence. This gives our customers the capabilities to reach everyone they need to from one place and to simplify, scale and dynamically adapt their digital infrastructures to keep pace with rapidly changing business demands.
Integrate Everything
On Platform Equinix, our customers are able to activate their digital edge through leading technology tools, partners and services. By leveraging software controls and expert advisors, service providers and enterprises can dynamically design, implement and manage their digital edge. They can also secure, view, control and manage hybrid IT environments to seamlessly scale digital integration across their business.
More than 6,3009,800 companies, including a diversified mix of cloud and IT service providers, content providers, enterprises, financial companies, and network and mobile service providers, currently operate within Equinix IBX data centers. These companies derive specific value from the following elements of the Equinix serviceplatform offering:
Interconnection leadership: The global digital economy’seconomy's demands for fast, secure business collaboration putscreates a need for interconnection across Equinix's global platform. As this digital journey intensifies, businesses are creating new commerce and collaboration models to compete. Success in this fast-moving world can be facilitated by a single interconnection platform for digital business that is connected physically and virtually around the interconnection inside Equinixworld. Companies that can deploy an interconnected digital infrastructure can connect broadly and securely scale the integration of their business at a premium. The 6,300 companies inside Equinix represent a range of global businesses, from cloud, to networks, to finance. Inside Equinix, customers can interconnect across industries with the speed, security, reliability and scalability needed to compete and grow.digital edge.
Comprehensive global solution: With 112200 IBX data centers in 3352 markets in the Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific, Equinix offers a consistent, interconnected global solution.
Premium data centers:centers and expertise: Equinix IBX data centers feature advanced design, security, power and cooling, and data center infrastructure management (DCIM) elements to provide customers with industry-leading visibility and reliability, including average uptime of 99.9999% globally in 2015. While others in the market have business models that include additional offerings,2018. Equinix is focused on colocationProfessional Services offers practical guidance and interconnection as our core competencies.proven solutions to help customers optimize their data center architecture.
Dynamic interconnected business ecosystems: Equinix’sEquinix's network- and cloud-neutral model has enabled us to attract a critical mass of networks and cloud and IT services providers, and that, in turn, attracts other businesses seeking to interconnect within a single location.location or across metros. This local ecosystem model versus connecting to multiple partners in disparate locations, reducesleverages lower networking costs and optimizes the performance of data exchange. At the same time, the ECX Fabric enables private access to remote business ecosystems in regionally distributed IBX data centers to further reduce long-distance networking costs and deliver high performance. As Equinix grows and attracts an even moreever-more diversified base of customers, the value of Equinix’sEquinix's IBX interconnected data center offering increases.
Improved economics: Customers seeking to outsource their data center operations rather than build their own capital-intensive data centers enjoy significant capital cost savings. Customers also benefit from improved economics because of the broad access to networks and clouds that Equinix provides. Rather than purchasing often costly local loops from multiple transit providers, customers can connect directly to more than 1,1001,800 networks and 2,900 cloud and IT service providers inside Equinix’sEquinix's IBX data centers.
Leading interconnection insight: WithAfter more than 1720 years ofin the industry, experience, Equinix has a specialized staff of industry experts, professional services specialists and solutions architects who helped build and shape the interconnection infrastructure of the Internet.internet, and who are now positioned to do the same for digital businesses. This specialization and industry knowledge base offeroffers customers unique expertise and the competitive advantage needed to compete in the global digital economy.
Lasting sustainability: Energy efficiency and environmental sustainability are a unique consultative valuepart of everything we do, whether we're building new data centers or upgrading existing facilities. We have committed to design, build and operate our data centers with high energy efficiency standards, and we have a competitive advantage.long-term goal of using 100% clean and renewable energy across our global platform.
Our Strategy
Our objective is to expand our global leadership position as the premier network-network and cloud-neutral data center and interconnection platform for enterprises, cloud and IT services providers, media and content providers,companies, financial companies, enterprisesservices firms, IoT and big data providers, and network and mobile services providers. KeyThese are the key components of our strategy include the following: strategy:
Improve customer performance through global interconnection. To best succeed in today’stoday's digital economy, enterprises around the globeworld must adopt globally interconnected, on-demand digital IT architectures. The business connections forged in Equinix data centers through the power of interconnection are vital to accelerating our customers' businesses. To help companies understand, deploy and benefit from globalinterconnection, Equinix has created a blueprint for becoming an interconnected enterprise - the Interconnection Oriented Architecture™ (IOA™Architecture® (IOA®). strategy. Based on work with more than 100many Fortune 500 customers, and 400+ Equinix Performance Hub™ deployments, Equinix developedour IOA as a proven and repeatableframework is an engagement model that both enterprises and solution providers can leverage to directly and securely connect people, locations, clouds and data. An IOA strategy shifts the fundamental IT delivery architecture from siloed and centralized to interconnected and distributed. Since the introduction of its IOA strategy, Equinix has created the "IOA Playbook" and "IOA Knowledge Base™," which were developed from our aggregated learnings across more than 600 Equinix customer (enterprise and service provider) deployments. These tools are offered online at no charge to any organization and provide fundamental, repeatable steps that organizations can take to deploy an IOA strategy across common digital workloads. They offer application blueprints for networks, security, data and applications, as well as for various use cases including ecosystems, analytics, content delivery, collaboration, hybrid multicloud and the IoT.
When combined with Equinix's longstandingcritical mass of premier network and cloud providers and content companies, thisthe increasing rate of adoption of an IOA strategy is enablingby the world's enterprise companies enables Equinix to extend its leadership as one of the core interconnection hubs of the information-driven, digital world. Equinix's critical massThe density of providers inside Equinix is a key selling point for companies that wantlooking to connect with a diverse set of networks to provideand deliver the best connectivity to their end customers andat the digital edge, as well as to network companies that want to sell bandwidth to companies and efficiently interconnect with other networks in the most efficient manner available. Currently, we housenetworks. Equinix currently houses more than 1,1001,800 unique networks, including all of the top tiertop-tier networks, allowing ourwhich allow customers to directly interconnect with providers that best meet their unique global and regional price and performance needs. We have a growing mass of key players in cloud and IT services such as Accenture, Amazon(Amazon Web Services, AT&T, Google Cloud Platform, Microsoft Azure and Office 365, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, SAP HANA Enterprise Cloud and SAP Cloud Platform, Salesforce.com, IBM Cloud and VMware Cloud), and in the enterprise and financialfinancial/insurance sectors such(Anheuser-Busch, Aon, Bloomberg, Deloitte, Ericsson, Ford Motors, NASDAQ, PayPal, Sysco Foods and The Society of Lloyd's) as Bechtel, Bloomberg, Chicago Board of Trade, The GAP, McGraw-Hill and others.customers. We expect these customer segments will continue to grow as theycustomers seek to leverage our critical massdensity of network providers and interconnect directly with each other to improve performance.
Streamline ease of doing business globally. DataCustomers say data center reliability, power availability and network choice are the most important attributes considered by our customersthey consider when they choosechoosing a data center provider in a particular location. We have long been recognized as a leader in these areas and our performance continues to improve against these criteria. Our power infrastructure delivered 99.9999% uptime globally in 2015.areas.
In 2015,2018, more than half of our revenue came from customers with deployments in all three of our global regions, and as globalization continues, seamlesswe expect global solutions willto become an increasingly important data center selection criteria.criteria as the need for globally interconnected, on-demand digital IT architectures continues to grow. We continue to focus on strategic acquisitions to expand our market coverage and on global product standardization, pricing and contracts harmonization initiatives to meet these global demands.
Deepen existing ecosystems and growdevelop new ecosystems.ones. As networks, cloudvarious enterprises and IT services providers,service and content providers financial services providers and enterprises locate in our IBX data centers, it benefits their suppliers and business partners to do so as well, tobenefit by doing the same, and they gain the full economic and performance benefits of direct, global interconnection for their business ecosystems. These partners, in turn, pull in their business partners, creating a “network effect”"network effect" of customer adoption. Our interconnection offerings enable scalable, secure, reliable and cost-effective interconnectivity and optimized traffic exchange, thus loweringwhich lowers overall costcosts and increasingincreases flexibility. The ability to directly and globally interconnect with a wide variety of companies is a key differentiator for us in the market and enables companies to create new opportunities within unique ecosystems by working together. We also have efficient and innovative Internetinternet and Cloud Exchangecloud exchange platforms in our IBX sites to accelerate commercial growth within the ecosystems invia the network effect.
Expand our IBX sites via this network effect.product and service portfolio. Our customers’ needs for new solutions to help them scale and adopt new technologies inspire us to create new products and services. We recently introduced our Equinix Cloud Exchange Fabric™ to connect our data centers around the world and enable customers to connect on demand to clouds, networks and any other customer from any Equinix location. We also recently introduced Equinix SmartKey™, a global key management and encryption as a service offering to help our customers manage the security requirements of disbursing data across multiple clouds and third-party providers. We will continue to work with our customers to innovate and introduce new solutions to meet their evolving needs.
Expand vertical go-to-market plan. We plan to continue to focus our go-to-market efforts on customer segments and business applications that appreciate the Equinix value proposition of interconnection, reliability, global reach and ecosystemprime collaboration opportunities. Today, weopportunities within and across ecosystems. We have identified these segments today as cloud and IT services, content and digital media, financial services, enterprises, IT services, and network and mobile service providers. As digital business evolves, we will continue to identify and focus our go-to-market efforts on industry segments that need our value proposition.
Accelerate global reach and scale. We continue to evaluate expansion opportunities in select markets based on customer demand. In 2014,April 2018, we purchased the 1.6 million-square foot Infomart Building™ in Dallas, including its operations and tenants, where we had already been operating four data centers. Also, in April 2018, we completed theour acquisition of ALOG Data Centers of Brazil S.A.Australian data center provider Metronode and took the remaining ownership interest in the fourits 10 data centers, at ALOG, obtainingwhich expanded our operations into Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra and Perth, and added scale in Melbourne and Sydney. This acquisition tripled our Australian data center footprint to 15 sites. Careful, steady expansion has been key to our growth strategy since our founding, as we seek to offer our customers interconnection opportunities ahead of demand. As of the remaining ownership interest in four data centers, two in São Paulo and two in Rio de Janeiro. In 2015, we acquired professional services company Nimbo in the U.S. and Bit-isle in Japan. In January 2016, we also closed the TelecityGroup acquisition in Europe. The TelecityGroup acquisition significantly expandsend of 2018, Equinix's total global interconnection platform from 112footprint had expanded to 200 data centers in 33 metros to 145 data centers52 markets in 40 metros. The new metros we entered with our TelecityGroup acquisition in 2016 were Dublin, Helsinki, Istanbul, Milan, Sofia, Stockholmthe Americas, EMEA and Warsaw. We also added capacity across our global footprint in 2015 by opening our ninth data center in New York, our second in Toronto, our first in Melbourne, our third in Singapore and our sixth in London.Asia-Pacific.
Our Customers and Partners
Our customers include carriers, mobile and other bandwidth providers, cloud and IT services providers, content providers, financial companies and global enterprises. We provide each customercompany access to a choice of business partners and solutions based on their colocation, interconnection and managed IT service needs. As of December 31, 2015,2018, we had more than 6,3009,800 customers worldwide.
Customers in our five key customer and partner categories include the following:
| Cloud and IT Services | Content Providers | Enterprise | Network and Mobile Services | |||
Amazon Web Services Box Inc. Cisco Systems Inc. Google Cloud Platform Datapipe IBM Cloud Microsoft Azure NetApp Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Salesforce.com Cloud and SAP Cloud Platform VMware Cloud Workday, Inc. | Netflix Priceline.com | Anheuser-Busch Aetna BMC Software Ericsson CDM Smith Colony Brands Deloitte DocuSign Ford Motors Ingram Micro Mazda Motor Corp. Smithfield Foods Sysco Foods Weyerhaueser Wing On | Allianz Technology of America Aon Bloomberg Chicago Board Options Exchange Lincoln Financial NASDAQ Options Exchange PayPal The Society of Lloyd's TIAA | AT&T British Telecom China Mobile NTT Communications TATA Communications Verizon Vodafone | ||
Customers typically sign renewable contracts of one or more years in length. Our largest customer accounted for approximately 3% of our recurring revenues for the periodyears ended December 31, 20152018, 2017 and 2% of our recurring revenues for the periods ended December 31, 2014 and 2013.2016. Our 50 largest customers accounted for approximately 34%38%, 36%37% and 35%36% of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015, 20142018, 2017 and 2013,2016, respectively.
Our Offerings
Equinix provides a choice of data center offeringsinterconnection solutions and platform services primarily comprised of colocation, interconnection solutions and managed IT infrastructure and professionalplatform services.
Our IBX data centers provide our customers with secure, reliable and robust environments that are necessary for optimum Internet commerce interconnection. Many of ourto aggregate and distribute information globally. Our IBX data centers include multiple layers of physical security, scalable cabinet space availability, on-site trained staff (24x7x365), dedicated areas for customer care and equipment staging, redundant AC/DC power systems and other redundant and fault-tolerant infrastructure systems. Some specifications of offerings provided by individual IBX data centers may differ based on original facility design or market.
Within our IBX data centers, customers can deploy their equipment and interconnect with a choice of networks, cloud SaaS providers or other business partners. We also provide customized solutions for customers looking to package our IBX offerings as part of their complex solutions. Our colocation offerings include:
Cabinets. Our customers have several choices for colocating their networking, server and storage equipment. They can place the equipment in one of our shared or private cages or customize their space. In certain select markets, customers can purchase their own private “suite”"suite" which is walled off from the rest of the data center. As customers’customers' colocation requirements increase, they can expand within their original cage (or suite) or upgrade into a cage that meets their expanded requirements. Customers buy the hardware they place in our IBX data centers directly from their chosen vendors. Cabinets (or suites) are priced with an initial installation fee and an ongoing recurring monthly charge.
Power. Power is an element of increasing importance in customers’customers' colocation decisions. We offer both AC and DC power circuits at various amperages and phases customized to a customer’scustomer's individual power requirements. We also offer metered power in certain markets. Power is priced with an initial installation fee and an ongoing recurring monthly charge.
IBX SmartView™. Equinix IBX SmartView™ offers application programming interface (API) -based DCIM that provides real-time access to environmental and operating information within an Equinix IBX footprint, as if those cages were all on site with the customer. IBX SmartView helps its customers consistently maintain their IBX operations and deployments with alerts and notifications, while enhancing long-term planning with customizable reports.
Smart Hands Services®. The Equinix Smart Hands service enables customers to use our highly trained IBX data center personnel to act as their hands (or eyes and ears) when their own staff cannot be on-site. Smart Hands technicians offer a range of services, from routine equipment inventory and labeling to more complex installations and configuring. Smart Hands technicians also provide technical assistance and troubleshooting services.
Hyperscale Data Centers. Our integration efforts with the major cloud players have provided us with insight into the evolving architecture of the cloud. Today, a large number of private interconnection nodes for the major cloud players are located in Equinix facilities. In addition, we are in discussions with a targeted set of hyperscale customers to develop capacity to serve their larger footprint needs. We are leveraging the combination of existing capacity and dedicated hyperscale builds to meet these needs in a handful of key markets.
Interconnection Solutions
Our interconnection solutions are evolving to enable high-performance, secure, scalable, reliable and cost-effective interconnection and traffic exchange between Equinix customers.customers across our global platform. These interconnection solutions are either on a one-to-one basis with direct cross connects or on a one-to-many basis through one of our Equinix ExchangeECX Fabric or other exchange solutions. In the peering community, we play an important industry leadership role by acting as the relationship broker between parties who would like to interconnect within our IBX data centers or between regionally distributed IBX data centers. Our staff holds or has held significant positions in many leading industry groups, such as the North American Network Operators’Operators' Group or NANOG,(NANOG) and the Internet Engineering Task Force or IETF.(IETF). Members of our staff have published industry-recognized white papers and strategy documents in the areas of peering and interconnection, many of which are used by other institutions worldwide in furthering the education and promotion of this important set of solutions. We expect to continue to develop additional solutions in the area of traffic exchange that will allow our customers to leverage the critical mass of networks, cloud services providers, and many important financial services and e-commerce industry leaders now available in our IBX data centers.
Our current exchangeinterconnection solutions are comprised of the following:
Physical Cross Connect/Direct Interconnections. Customers needing to directly and privately connect to another IBX data center customer can do so through single or multi-mode fiber. These cross connections are the physical link between customers and can be implemented within 24 hours of request. Cross-connect offerings are priced with an initial installation fee and an ongoing monthly recurring charge.
Equinix Internet Exchange™. Customers may choose to connect to and peer through the central switching fabric of our Equinix Internet Exchange, rather than purchase a direct physical cross connection. With a connection to this switch, a customer can aggregate multiple interconnects over one physical connection with multiple, linked 10 gigabit100-gigabit ports of capacity, instead of purchasing individual physical cross connects. The offering is priced per IBX data center with an initial installation fee and an ongoing monthly recurring charge. Individual IBX data center prices increase as the number of participants on the exchange service grows.
Equinix Metro Connect. Customers who are located in one IBX data center may need to interconnect with networks or other customers located in an adjacent or nearby IBX data center in the same metro area. Metro Connect allows customers to seamlessly interconnect between IBX data centers at capacities up to an OC-192, or 10 gigabits100 Gigabits per second level. Metro Connect offerings are priced with an initial installation fee and an ongoing monthly recurring charge dependent on the capacity purchased by the customer. second.
Internet Connectivity Services.Connectivity. Customers who are installing equipment in our IBX data centers generally require IP connectivity or bandwidth services.access. Although many large customers prefer to contract directly with carriers, we offer customers the ability to contract for these servicesIP connectivity and bandwidth access through us from any of the major bandwidth providers in that data center. This service, which is provided in our Asia-Pacific and EMEA regions,bandwidth access is targeted to customers who require a single bill and a single point of
support for their entire contract through Equinix for the entire contract for their bandwidth needs. Internet connectivity services are priced with an initial installation fee and an ongoing monthly recurring charge based on the amount of bandwidth committed.
Equinix Cloud Exchange™Exchange Fabric™ (ECX Fabric™). The ECX Fabric directly and securely connects distributed infrastructure and digital ecosystems on Platform Equinix Cloud Exchange is an advanced interconnection solution that enables seamless, on-demand, direct access to multiple clouds from multiple networks around the world. Cloud Exchange provides virtualized, private direct connections that bypass the Internet to provide better security and performance with a range of bandwidth options.via global, software-defined interconnection. It enables businesses to connectcustomize their connectivity to many participants (clouds, networks, enterprise customers) overpartners, customers and suppliers through an interface that provides all the benefits companies have come to expect from "as-a-service" models. This includes real-time provisioning via a portal or API, pay-as-you-go billing increments and the removal of friction in establishing elastic connectivity between metros. The ECX Fabric is designed for scalability, agility and virtualized connectivity. Through a single physical port, enabling dynamic bandwidth allocation among various parties. Equinix customers can discover and reach anyone on demand, locally or across metros.
The Equinix Cloud Exchange Portalnew ECX Fabric capabilities are now available in the Americas, EMEA and APIs simplify the process of provisioningAPAC regions, including Amsterdam, Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Dublin, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Geneva, Helsinki, Hong Kong, London, Los Angeles, Manchester, Melbourne, Miami, Milan, Munich, New York, Osaka, Paris, São Paulo, Seattle, Silicon Valley, Singapore, Stockholm, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Washington, D.C. and managing connections to multiple cloud services and networks. Equinix Cloud Exchange offerings are priced with an initial installation fee and an ongoing monthly recurring charge dependent on the capacity purchased by the customer.Zurich.
Equinix Performance Hub™®.
The Equinix Performance Hub enables companies to securely and directly connect to leading public clouds, easily deploy a private cloud, and lay the foundation of a hybrid cloud. Performance Hub solutions are extensions of companies’ IT network that reside within Equinix data centers. An Equinix Performance Hub places corporate IT resources near large user populations in IBX data centers connected to many networks and clouds.clouds near large user populations. Performance Hub solutions can be implemented gradually, without closing or moving out of existing data centers. Performance Hub allows companies to efficiently deploy resources at the edge, closest to their end-users, enabling an affordable, low-risk approach to improving network performance and reducing costs. This distributed, connectivity-driven approach to data center computing has been provenshown by Gartner, 451 Group, and many enterprise customers to provide dramatic benefits in application and network performance, as well as in business and IT agility. The
Equinix Data Hub®
Equinix Data Hub is an extension of the Equinix Performance Hub offeringframework and is priced pera data center solution that addresses enterprise demand for real-time analytics, IoT, data collection and data protection. Data Hub empowers organizations to build a globally optimized data platform located in strategic data centers around the world and maintain full control over business-critical data for any and all security and compliance demands. Data Hub use cases include cloud integrated tiered storage, big data analytics infrastructures and data protection and replication.
Platform Services
Our platform services offer the expertise and tools to help companies create and grow as digital businesses. Our experienced professionals are supporting leading global companies in their digital transformation projects and know which strategies, systems, and IT services and architectures best support business goals in a variety of industries, leveraging existing and emerging technologies.
Equinix SmartKey™. SmartKey is a global SaaS-based, secure key management and cryptography service offered on cloud-neutral Platform Equinix. It provides a secure encryption key service that simplifies data and applications access management across on-premises and hybrid/multicloud infrastructures, whether they are inside or outside of an Equinix IBX data center with an initial installation fee and an ongoing recurring monthly charge.center.
Cloud Consulting Services. MigrationMany companies are migrating to a hybrid or multi-cloudmulticloud environment comes with uncertainty, but it’s also become essential: The cloud’sas the cloud's cost advantages and flexibility are too critical to forego in an era of rising electronic collaboration and user expectations. Equinix’s cloud consulting services, led by the recently acquired professional services company Nimbo,Equinix's Professional Services for Cloud are designed to take the mystery out offacilitate cloud migration with a detailed assessment, design and implementation process that gives customers a faster, smoother path to the cloud. The 1,3002,900 cloud and IT service providers and 1,1001,800 network servicesservice providers inside Equinixwithin Equinix's network help our experts tailor cloud deployments to individual business needs and maximize their cloud performance, savings and security while ensuring future resilience and agility.
Network and IOA Transformation Services. While digital transformation creates new revenue streams, it also creates congestion and performance issues for an organization's legacy network. The growth in data, applications and locations that must be served by a digital enterprise, plus the reduction in latency required by real-time applications, all put stress on legacy IT infrastructure. Equinix's Professional Services for network and IOA transformation helps companies plan and build their future network and infrastructure architectures and get ready to tackle the challenges of digital business today and tomorrow.
Global Solutions Architects™.Architects
Equinix Global Solutions Architects (GSAs) are industry experts, innovators and thought leaders, committed to helping companies deploy their IT infrastructures in ways that best serve their business needs and fully exploit the advantages offered by Equinix’sEquinix's global interconnection platform. Equinix’sEquinix's GSAs have decades of combined experience in cloud deployments, facility operations, business analytics and network design and operations. They work as extensions of our customers’customers' IT and technology teams, helping to efficiently deploy high-performance solutions, advising them on service provider choices, and designing IT architectures that help them reach today’s goals and anticipate tomorrow’s requirements.architectures.
Solution Validation Centers™. Equinix
Solution Validation Centers (SVCs) are state-of-the-art facilities that allow customers to test and fine-tune their IT infrastructure, network, cloud and data center rollouts in a real-world environment before full build-out and deployment. Customers can measure how their applications perform when movedthey move off legacy systems, spot and address unforeseen technical barriers, and optimize various infrastructure components, network connections and applications. Our SVCs operate in eight18 strategic markets globally, helping companies reduce risk and maximize their IT investments.
Equinix Smart HandsMarketplace
Marketplace is a service enablesfor customers that helps them innovate and grow their business by connecting them to userich industry ecosystems and qualified buyers and sellers within our highly trained IBX data center personnel to act as their hands (or eyescenters and ears) when their own staff can’t be on-site. Smart Hands technicians offer a range of services, from routine equipment inventory and labeling to more complex installations and configuring. Smart Hands technicians also provide technical assistance and troubleshooting services.in the surrounding markets.
Equinix Customer Portal.Portal
The Equinix Customer Portal offers all-day, every day24/7 access to our customer care personnel, so customers can report problems, schedule shipments or order Smart Hands services at any time of the day or night.
Business Continuity Trading Rooms.Rooms
Trading infrastructure is mission-critical for financial firms worldwide, and our Business Continuity Trading Rooms (BCTRs) ensure that trading doesn’tdoes not stop, even if primary operations are knocked off-line or are disabled. A BCTR backs up our customers’customers' trading operations in one of our secure data center facilities, right down to telephone services and multiple desktop monitors. BCTR offerings are protected with back-upbackup generators and uninterruptible power supply to guarantee reliability and deliver peace of mind.
Sales and Marketing
Sales. We use a direct sales force and channel marketing program to market our offerings to global enterprises, content providers, financial companies, and mobile and network service providers. We organize our sales force by customer type, as well as by establishing a sales presence in diverse geographic regions, which enables efficient servicing of the customer base from a network of regional offices. In addition to our worldwide headquarters located in Silicon Valley, we have established an Asia-Pacific regional headquarters in Hong Kong and a Europeanan EMEA regional headquarters in Amsterdam. Our AmericasWe also operate a network of sales offices are locatedto deploy our field sales and support teams in Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Reston, Silicon Valley and Toronto and sales offices in Brazil operate out of data centers in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Our EMEA sales offices are located in Amsterdam, Dubai, Dusseldorf, Enschede, Frankfurt, Geneva, London, Munich, Paris, Zurich and Zwolle. Our Asia-Pacific sales offices are located in Beijing, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Osaka, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney, Melbourne and Tokyo. our major markets across all three regions.
Our sales team works closely with each customer to foster the natural network effect of our IBX model, resulting in access to a wider potential customer base via our existing customers. As a result of the IBX interconnection model, IBX data center participants often encourage their customers, suppliers and business partners to also locate in our IBX data centers. These customers, suppliers and business partners, in turn, encourage their business partners to locate in our IBX data centers, resulting in additional customer growth. This network effect significantly reduces our new customer acquisition costs. In addition, large network providers, cloud providers or managed service providers may refer customers to Equinix as a part of their total customer solution. Equinix also focuses the selling by our vertical sales specialists on supporting specific industry requirements for network, mobile, and media and content providers, financial services, cloud computing, systems integrators and enterprise customer segments.
The Equinix channel program adds an ecosystem of system integrators and service providers, from managed network to cloud services. They help our customers design and deploy the right cloud and IT solutions needed to reach their customers, employees and supply chains. Our channel partners understand how to leverage and integrate the advantages of the Platform Equinix global footprint, high performance connectivity options and global supply-chain ecosystems to deliver solutions that meet our customers' performance, reliability and cost requirements.
Marketing. To support our sales efforts and to actively promote our brand in the Americas, Asia-Pacific and EMEA, we conduct comprehensive marketing programs. Our marketing strategies include active public relations and ongoing customer communications programs. Our marketing efforts are focused on major business and trade publications, online media outlets, industry events and sponsored activities. Our staff holds leadership positions in key networking organizations, and we participate in a variety of Internet,internet, enterprise IT, computer and financial industry conferences, placing our officers and employees in keynote speaking engagements at these conferences. We also regularly measure customer satisfaction levels and host key customer forums to ensure customer needs are understood and incorporated in product and service planning efforts. From a brand perspective, we build recognition through our website, external blog and social media channels by sponsoring or leading industry technical forums, by participating in Internetinternet industry standard-setting bodies and through advertising, paid social media and online campaigns. We continue to develop and host industry educational forums focused on peering technologies and practices for ISPs and content providers.
Our Competition
While a large number of enterprises own their own data centers, many others outsource some or all of their requirements to multi-tenant Internet data center (MTDC) facilities, such as those operated by Equinix. We believe that the outsourcing trend is likely to not only continue but also to growaccelerate in the coming years. The global MTDC market is highly fragmented. It is estimated that Equinix is one of more than 6501,200 companies that provide Internet data centerMTDC offerings around the world, ranging in size from firms with a single data center in a single market to firms in over 20 markets. Equinix competes with these firms which vary in terms of their data center offerings, including:
Colocation Providers
Colocation data centers are a type of Internet data centerMTDC that can also be referred to as “retail”"retail" data center space. Typically, colocation data center space is offered on the basis of individual racks/cabinets or cages ranging from 500 to 10,000 square feet in size. Typical customers of colocation providers include:
Large enterprises with significant IT expertise and requirements.requirements
Small and medium businesses looking to outsource data center requirements.requirements
Cloud and network service providers
Electronic trading, digital payments and financial services companies
Internet application providers.providers
Major Internetinternet content, entertainment and social networking providers.providers
Shared, dedicated and managed hosting providers.providers
Mobile and network service providers.providers
Content delivery networks.networks
Full facility maintenance and systems, including fire suppression, security, power backup and HVAC, are routinely included in managed colocation offerings. A variety of additional services are typically available, including remote hands technician services and network monitoring services.
Carrier-Neutral Colocation Providers
In addition to data center space and power, colocation providers also offer interconnection. CertainSome of these providers, known as network or carrier-neutral colocation providers, can offer customers the choice of hundreds of network service providers or ISPs to choose from. Typically, customers use interconnection to buy Internetethernet or internet connectivity, connect to VoIP telephone networks, perform financial exchange and settlement functions or perform business-to-business e-commerce. Carrier-neutral data centers are often located in key network hubs around the world, such as New York, Ashburn, Va., London, Amsterdam, Singapore and Hong Kong. Two types of data center facilities offering carrier-neutral colocation are used for many network-to-network interconnections:
A Meet Me Room (MMR) is typically a smaller space, generally 5,000 square feet or less, located in a major carrier hotel and often found in a wholesale data center facility.
A carrier-neutral data center is generally larger than an MMR and may be a stand-alone building separate from existing carrier hotels.
Providers in addition to Equinix other providers that we believe could be defined as offering carrier-neutral colocation include CoreSite, Digital Reality,Realty Trust, Global Switch, Interxion and Telehouse.
Wholesale Data Center Providers
Wholesale data center providers lease data center space that is typically offered in cells or pods (i.e., individual white-space rooms) ranging in size from 10,000 to 20,000 square feet or larger. Wholesale data center offerings are targeted to both enterprises and colocation providers. These data centers primarily provide space and power without additional services like technicians, remote hands services or network monitoring (although other tenants might offer such services).
Sample wholesale data center providers include Digital Realty Trust DuPont Fabros Technology, e-Shelter and Global Switch.
Managed HostersHosting Providers
Managed hosting services are provided by several firms that also provide data center colocation services.solutions. Typically, managed hosting providers can manage server hardware that is owned by either the hosting provider or the customer. They can also provide a combination of comprehensive systems administration, database administration and sometimes application management services. Frequently, this results in managed hosting providers “running”"running" the customer’scustomer's servers, although such administration is frequently shared. The provider may manage such functions as operating systems, databases, security and patch management, while the customer will maintain management of the applications riding on top of those systems.
The full list of potential services that can be offered as part of managed hosting is substantial and includes services such as remote management, custom applications, helpdesk, messaging, databases, disaster recovery, managed storage, managed virtualization, managed security, managed networks and systems monitoring. Managed hosting services are typically used for:
Application hosting by organizations of any size, including large enterprises.enterprises
Hosted or managed messaging, including Microsoft Exchange and other complex messaging applications.applications
Complex or highly scalable Webweb hosting or e-commerce websites.websites
Managed storage solutions (including large drive arrays or backup robots).
Server disaster recovery and business continuity, including clustering and global server load balancing.balancing
Database servers, applications and services.services
Examples of managed hosters includehosting providers include: AT&T, CenturyLink, NaviSite, Rackspace, SunGard and Verizon Business.
Unlike other providers whose core businesses are bandwidth or managed services, we focus on neutral interconnection hubs for cloud and IT service providers, content providers, financial companies, enterprises and network service providers. As a result, we do not have the limited choices found commonly at other hosting/colocation companies. We compete based on the quality of our IBX data centers, our ability to provide a one-stop global solution in our Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific locations, the performance and diversity of our network- and cloud-neutral strategy, and the economic benefits of the aggregation of top network, cloud and business ecosystems under one roof. We expect to continue to benefit from severalprevailing industry trends, including the need for contracting with multiple networks due to create a “digital edge”, the uncertainty ingrowth of proximity communities, the telecommunications market; customers’ increasing power requirements; enterprise customers’ increased useadoption of virtualization and outsourcing;IOT, AI, 5G cloud computing, the continued growth of broadband and significant growth in Ethernet as a network alternative;internet traffic and the growth in mobile applications.increased power and cooling requirements of new generations of IT equipment.
Our Business Segment Financial Information
We currently operate in three reportable segments comprised of our Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific geographic regions. Information attributable to each of our reportable segments is set forth in Note 1617 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Employees
We had 5,0427,903 employees as of December 31, 2015.2018. We had 2,3293,480 employees based in the Americas, 1,1882,751 employees based in EMEA and 1,5251,672 employees based in Asia-Pacific. Excluding Bit-isle, 1,963Of those employees, 3,773 employees were in engineering and operations, 9071,429 employees were in sales and marketing and 1,4862,701 employees were in management, finance and administration.
Available Information
We were incorporated in Delaware in June 1998. We are required to file reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, with the Securities and Exchange Commission. You may read and copy our materials on file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. You may obtain information regarding the SEC’s Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330.Commission ("SEC"). The SEC also maintains an Internetinternet website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information.
You may also obtain copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and our current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to such reports, free of charge by visiting the Investor Relations page on our website, www.equinix.com. These reports are available as soon as reasonably practical after we file them with the SEC. Information contained on our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
| ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS |
In addition to the other information contained in this report, the following risk factors should be considered carefully in evaluating our business and us:
Acquisitions present many risks, and we may not realize the financial or strategic goals that were contemplated at the time of any transaction.
the possible disruption of our ongoing business and diversion of management’smanagement's attention by acquisition, transition and integration activities, particularly when multiple acquisitions and integrations are occurring at the same time;
our potential inability to successfully pursue or realize some or all of the anticipated revenue opportunities associated with an acquisition or investment;
the possibility that we may not be able to successfully integrate acquired businesses, or businesses in which we invest, or achieve anticipated operating efficiencies or cost savings;
the possibility that announced acquisitions may not be completed, due to failure to satisfy the conditions to closing as a result of:
| ◦ | an injunction, law or order that makes unlawful the consummation of the acquisition; |
| ◦ | inaccuracy or breach of the representations and warranties of, or the non-compliance with covenants by, either party; |
| ◦ | the nonreceipt of closing documents; or |
| ◦ | for other reasons; |
the possibility that there could be a delay in the completion of an acquisition, which could, among other things, result in additional transaction costs, loss of revenue or other negative effects resulting from uncertainty about completion of the respective acquisition;
the dilution of our existing stockholders as a result of our issuing stock as consideration in transactions, such asa transaction or selling stock in connection with our acquisitions of Switch & Data Facilities Company, Inc. in 2010 ("Switch and Data") and TelecityGroup;order to fund the transaction;
the possibility of customer dissatisfaction if we are unable to achieve levels of quality and stability on par with past practices;
the possibility that we will be unable to retain relationships with key customers, landlords and/or suppliers of the acquired businesses, some of which may terminate their contracts with the acquired business as a result of the acquisition or which may attempt to negotiate changes in their current or future business relationships with us;
the possibility that we could lose key employees from the acquired businesses before integrating them;
the possibility that we may be unable to integrate or migrate IT systems, which could create a risk of errors or performance problems and could affect our ability to meet customer service level obligations;
the potential deterioration toin our ability to access credit markets due to increased leverage;
the possibility that our customers may not accept either the existing equipment infrastructure or the “look-and-feel”"look-and-feel" of a new or different IBX data center;
the possibility that additional capital expenditures may be required or that transaction expenses associated with acquisitions may be higher than anticipated;
the possibility that required financing to fund an acquisition may not be available on acceptable terms or at all;
the possibility that we may be unable to obtain required approvals from governmental authorities under antitrust and competition laws on a timely basis or at all, which could, among other things, delay or prevent us from completing an acquisition, limit our ability to realize the expected financial or strategic benefits of an acquisition or have other adverse effects on our current business and operations;
the possible loss or reduction in value of acquired businesses;
the possibility that future acquisitions may present new complexities in deal structure, related complex accounting and coordination with new partners, particularly in light of our desire to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT;
the possibility that we may not be able to prepare and issue our financial statements and other public filings in a timely and accurate manner, and/or maintain an effective control environment, due to the strain on the finance organization when multiple acquisitions and integrations are occurring at the same time;
the possibility that future acquisitions may trigger property tax reassessments resulting in a substantial increase to our property taxes beyond that which we anticipated;
the possibility that future acquisitions may be in geographies and regulatory environments to which we are unaccustomed;unaccustomed and we may become subject to complex requirements and risks with which we have limited experience;
the possibility that carriers may find it cost-prohibitive or impractical to bring fiber and networks into a new IBX data center;
the possibility of litigation or other claims in connection with, or as a result of, an acquisition, including claims from terminated employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties;
the possibility that asset divestments may be required in order to obtain regulatory clearance for a transaction; and
the possibility of pre-existing undisclosed liabilities, including, but not limited to, lease or landlord related liability, environmental liability or asbestos liability, for which insurance coverage may be insufficient or unavailable, or other issues not discovered in the diligence process; and
the possibility that we receive limited or incorrect information about the acquired business in the diligence process. For example, we sometimes do not receive all of the customer contracts associated with our acquisitions in the diligence process, which affects our visibility into customer termination rights and could expose us to additional liabilities.
The occurrence of any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. If an acquisition does not proceed or is materially delayed for any reason, the price of our common stock may be adversely impacted and we will not recognize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition.
We cannot assure that the price of any future acquisitions of IBX data centers will be similar to prior IBX data center acquisitions. In fact, we expect costs required to build or render new IBX data centers operational to increase in the future. If our revenue does not keep pace with these potential acquisition and expansion costs, we may not be able to maintain our current or expected margins as we absorb these additional expenses. There is no assurance we would successfully overcome these risks, or any other problems encountered with these acquisitions.
Our substantial debt could adversely affect our cash flows and limit our flexibility to raise additional capital.
We have a significant amount of debt and may need to incur additional debt to support our growth. Additional debt may also be incurred to fund future acquisitions, any future special distributions, regular distributions or the other cash outlays associated with maintaining our qualification for taxation as a REIT. As of December 31, 2015,2018, our total indebtedness (gross of debt issuance cost, debt discount, and debt premium) was approximately $6.5$11.4 billion, our stockholders’stockholders' equity was $2.7$7.2 billion and our cash, cash equivalents, and investments totaled $2.2$0.6 billion. In addition, as of December 31, 2015,2018, we had approximately $1.1$1.9 billion of additional liquidity available to us from our $1.5$2.0 billion revolving credit facility and approximately $700 million of additional liquidity available to us from our undrawn Term Loan B (as defined below) commitments as part of an approximately $2.7 billion senior credit facility agreement entered into with a group of lenders, and approximately $8.7 million undrawn from the Bridge Term Loan Agreement (as defined below) entered into to fund the Bit-isle acquisition.facility. Some of our debt contains covenants which may limit our operating flexibility. In addition to our substantial debt, we lease a majority of our IBX data centers and certain equipment under non-cancellable lease agreements, the majoritysome of which are accounted for as operating leases. As of December 31, 2015,2018, our total minimum operating lease commitments under those lease agreements, excluding potential lease renewals, was approximately $1.2$2.0 billion, which represents off-balance sheet commitments.
Our substantial amount of debt and related covenants, and our off-balance sheet commitments, could have important consequences. For example, they could:
require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to make interest and principal payments on our debt and in respect of other off-balance sheet arrangements, reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund future capital expenditures, working capital, execution of our expansion strategy and other general corporate requirements;
increase the likelihood of negative outlook from our credit rating agencies;
make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations under our various debt instruments;
increase our cost of borrowing and even limit our ability to access additional debt to fund future growth;
increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions and adverse changes in governmental regulations;
limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry, which may place us at a competitive disadvantage compared with our competitors;
limit our operating flexibility through covenants with which we must comply, such as limiting our ability to repurchase shares of our common stock;
limit our ability to borrow additional funds, even when necessary to maintain adequate liquidity, which would also limit our ability to further expand our business; and
make us more vulnerable to increases in interest rates because of the variable interest rates on some of our borrowings to the extent we have not entirely hedged such variable rate debt.
The occurrence of any of the foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the performance of our stock price may trigger events that would require the write-off of a significant portion of our debt issuance costs related to our convertible debt, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
We may also need to refinance a portion of our outstanding debt as it matures. There is a risk that we may not be able to refinance existing debt or that the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of our existing debt. Furthermore, if prevailing interest rates or other factors at the time of refinancing result in higher interest rates upon refinancing, then the interest expense relating to that refinanced indebtedness would increase. These risks could materially adversely affect our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
Adverse global economic conditions and credit market uncertainty could adversely impact our business and financial condition.
Adverse global economic conditions continue and uncertain conditions in the credit markets have created, and in the future may create, uncertainty and unpredictability and add risk to our future outlook. An uncertain global economy could also result in churn in our customer base, reductions in revenues from our offerings, longer sales cycles, slower adoption of new technologies and increased price competition, adversely affecting our liquidity. The uncertain economic environment could also have an impact on our foreign exchange forward contracts if our counterparties’counterparties' credit deteriorates or they are otherwise unable to perform their obligations. Finally, our ability to access the capital markets may be severely restricted at a time when we would like, or need, to do so which could have an impact on our flexibility to pursue additional expansion opportunities and maintain our desired level of revenue growth in the future.
If we cannot effectively manage our international operations, and successfully implement our international expansion plans, or comply with evolving laws and regulations, our revenues may not increase, and our business and results of operations would be harmed.
For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recognized approximately 55%, 55% and 57%, respectively, of our revenues outside the U.S. We currently operate outside of the U.S. in Canada, Brazil, Colombia, EMEA and Asia-Pacific.
To date, the network neutrality of our IBX data centers and the variety of networks available to our customers has often been a competitive advantage for us. In certain of our acquired IBX data centers in the Asia-Pacific region, the limited number of carriers available reduces that advantage. As a result, we may need to adapt our key revenue-generating offerings and pricing to be competitive in those markets. In addition, we are currently undergoing expansions or evaluating expansion opportunities outside of the U.S. Undertaking and managing expansions in foreign jurisdictions may present unanticipated challenges to us.
Our international operations are generally subject to a number of additional risks, including:
the costs of customizing IBX data centers for foreign countries;
protectionist laws and business practices favoring local competition;
greater difficulty or delay in accounts receivable collection;
difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations, including negotiating with foreign labor unions or workers' councils;
difficulties in managing across cultures and in foreign languages;
political and economic instability;
fluctuations in currency exchange rates;
difficulties in repatriating funds from certain countries;
our ability to obtain, transfer or maintain licenses required by governmental entities with respect to our business;
unexpected changes in regulatory, tax and political environments such as the United Kingdom's pending withdrawal from the European Union ("Brexit");
our ability to secure and maintain the necessary physical and telecommunications infrastructure;
compliance with anti-bribery and corruption laws;
compliance with economic and trade sanctions enforced by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of Treasury; and
compliance with evolving governmental regulation with which we have little experience.
Geo-political events, such as Brexit, may increase the likelihood of the listed risks to occur. With respect to Brexit, it is possible that the level of economic activity in the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe will be adversely impacted and that we will face increased regulatory and legal complexities in these regions which could have an adverse impact on our business and employees in EMEA and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, compliance with international and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations increases our cost of doing business in foreign jurisdictions. These laws and regulations include the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and other data privacy requirements, labor relations laws, tax laws, anti-competition regulations, import and trade restrictions, export requirements, economic and trade sanctions, U.S. laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and local laws which also prohibit corrupt payments to governmental officials. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, and prohibitions on the conduct of our business. Any such violations could include prohibitions on our ability to offer our offerings in one or more countries, could delay or prevent potential acquisitions, and could also materially damage our reputation, our brand, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, our business and operating results. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to anticipate and address these risks and manage these difficulties.
Economic and political uncertainty in developing markets could adversely affect our revenue and earnings.
We conduct business and are contemplating expansion in developing markets with economies and governments that tend to be more volatile than those in the U.S. and Western Europe. The risk of doing business in developing markets such as Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Oman, Russia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and other economically volatile areas could adversely affect our operations and earnings. Such risks include the financial instability among customers in these regions, political instability, fraud or corruption and other non-economic factors such as irregular trade flows that need to be managed successfully with the help of the local governments. In addition, commercial laws in some developing countries can be vague, inconsistently administered and retroactively applied. If we are deemed to be not in compliance with applicable laws in developing countries where we conduct business, our prospects and business in those countries could be harmed, which could then have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial position. Our failure to successfully manage economic, political and other risks relating to doing business in developing countries and economically and politically volatile areas could adversely affect our business.
Terrorist activity throughout the world and military action to counter terrorism could adversely impact our business.
The continued threat of terrorist activity and other acts of war or hostility contribute to a climate of political and economic uncertainty. Due to existing or developing circumstances, we may need to incur additional costs in the future to provide enhanced security, including cyber security, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. These circumstances may also adversely affect our ability to attract and retain customers, our ability to raise capital and the operation and maintenance of our IBX data centers.
Sales or issuances of shares of our common stock may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
Future sales or issuances of common stock or other equity related securities may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, including any shares of our common stock issued to finance capital expenditures, finance acquisitions or repay debt. We have established an "at-the-market" stock offering program (the "ATM Program") through which we may, from time to time, issue and sell shares of our common stock to or through sales agents up to established limits. By the end of 2018, we completed sales having an aggregate gross proceeds of $750.0 million, thereby completing a previously authorized program, and subsequently received authorization for up to an additional $750.0 million. We may also seek authorization to sell additional shares of common stock under the ATM Program once we have reached the current $750.0 million limit which could lead to additional dilution for our stockholders. Please see Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for sales of our common stock under the ATM Program to date.
The market price of our stock may continue to be highly volatile, and the value of an investment in our common stock may decline.
The market price of the shares of our common stock has been and may continue to be highly volatile. General economic and market conditions, and market conditions for telecommunications and real estate investment trust stocks in general, may affect the market price of our common stock.
Announcements by us or others, or speculations about our future plans, may also have a significant impact on the market price of our common stock. These may relate to:
our operating results or forecasts;
new issuances of equity, debt or convertible debt by us;us, including issuances through our ATM Program;
increases in market interest rates and changes in other general market and economic conditions, including inflationary concerns;
changes to our capital allocation, tax planning or business strategy;
our qualification for taxation as a REIT and our declaration of distributions to our stockholders;
changes in management or key personnel;
developments in our relationships with corporate customers;
announcements by our customers or competitors;
changes in regulatory policy or interpretation;
governmental investigations;
changes in the ratings of our debt or stock by rating agencies or securities analysts;
our purchase or development of real estate and/or additional IBX data centers;
our acquisitions of complementary businesses; or
the operational performance of our IBX data centers.
The stock market has from time to time experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations, which have particularly affected the market prices for telecommunications companies, and which have often been unrelated to their operating performance. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our common stock is our distribution rate as a percentage of our stock price relative to market interest rates. If market interest rates increase, prospective investors may demand a higher distribution rate or seek alternative investments paying higher dividends or interest. As a result, interest rate fluctuations and conditions in the capital markets may affect the market value of our common stock. Furthermore, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and/or damages, and divert management’smanagement's attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.
If we are not able to generate sufficient operating cash flows or obtain external financing, our ability to fund incremental expansion plans may be limited.
Our capital expenditures, together with ongoing operating expenses, obligations to service our debt and the cash outlays associated with our REIT distribution requirements, are, and will continue to be, a substantial burden on our cash flow and may decrease our cash balances. Additional debt or equity financing may not be available when needed or, if available, may not be available on satisfactory terms. Our inability to obtain additional debt and/or equity financing or to generate sufficient cash from operations may require us to prioritize projects or curtail capital expenditures which could adversely affect our results of operations.
Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates in the markets in which we operate internationally could harm our results of operations.
We may experience gains and losses resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. To date, the majority of our revenues and costs are denominated in U.S. dollars; however, the majority of revenues and costs in our international operations are denominated in foreign currencies. Where our prices are denominated in U.S. dollars, our sales and revenues could be adversely affected by declines in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, thereby making our offerings more expensive in local currencies. We are also exposed to risks resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates in connection with our international operations. To the extent we are paying contractors in foreign currencies, our operations could cost more than anticipated as a result of declines in the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies. In addition, fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates have a direct impact on how our international results of operations translate into U.S. dollars.
Although we currently undertake, and may decide in the future to further undertake, foreign exchange hedging transactions to reduce foreign currency transaction exposure, we do not currently intend to eliminate all foreign currency transaction exposure. In addition, REIT compliance rules may restrict our ability to enter into hedging transactions. Therefore, any weakness of the U.S. dollar may have a positive impact on our consolidated results of operations because the currencies in the foreign countries in which we operate may translate into more U.S. dollars. However, if the U.S. dollar strengthens relative to the currencies of the foreign countries in which we operate, our consolidated financial position and results of operations may be negatively impacted as amounts in foreign currencies will generally translate into fewer U.S. dollars. For additional information on foreign currency risk,risks, refer to our discussion of foreign currency risk in “Quantitative"Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk”Risk" included in Item 7A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our derivative transactions expose us to counterparty credit risk.
Our derivative transactions expose us to risk of financial loss if a counterparty fails to perform under a derivative contract. Disruptions in the financial markets could lead to sudden decreases in a counterparty's liquidity, which could make them unable to perform under the terms of their derivative contract and we may not be able to realize the benefit of the derivative contract.
Changes in U.S. or foreign tax laws, regulations, or interpretations thereof, including changes to tax rates, may adversely affect our financial statements and cash taxes.
We are a U.S. company with global subsidiaries and are subject to income taxes in the U.S. (although currently limited due to our taxation as a REIT) and many foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes. The U.S. government has also recently changed tax laws in the U.S. and the governments of many of the countries in which we operate are actively discussing changes to foreign tax laws. Although we believe that we have adequately assessed and accounted for our potential tax liabilities, and that our tax estimates are reasonable, there can be no certainty that additional taxes will not be due upon audit of our tax returns or as a result of further changes to the tax laws and interpretations thereof. The U.S. Congress as well as the governments of many of the countries in which we operate are actively discussing changes to the corporate recognition and taxation of worldwide income. The
nature and timing of any future changes to each jurisdiction’sjurisdiction's tax laws and the impact on our future tax liabilities cannot be predicted with any accuracy but could materially and adversely impact our results of operations and financial position or cash flows.
We may be vulnerable to security breaches which could disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our financial performance and operating results.
We face risks associated with unauthorized access to our computer systems, loss or destruction of data, computer viruses, malware, distributed denial-of-service attacks or other malicious activities. These threats may result from human error, equipment failure or fraud or malice on the part of employees or third parties. A party who is able to compromise the security measures on our networks or the security of our infrastructure could misappropriate either our proprietary information or the personal information of our customers or our employees, or cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations or our customers' operations. As we provide assurances to our customers that we provide a high level of security, such a compromise could be particularly harmful to our brand and reputation. We may be required to expend significant capital and resources to protect against such threats or to alleviate problems caused by breaches in security. As techniques used to breach security change frequently and are generally not recognized until launched against a target, we may not be able to promptly detect that a cyber breach has occurred, or implement security measures in a timely manner or, if and when implemented, we may not be able to determine the extent to which these measures could be circumvented. Any breaches that may occur could expose us to increased risk of lawsuits, regulatory penalties, loss of existing or potential customers, damage relating to loss of proprietary information, harm to our reputation and increases in our security costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance and operating results. We maintain insurance coverage for cyber risks, but such coverage may be unavailable or insufficient to cover our losses.
We offer professional services to our customers where we consult on data center solutions and assist with implementations. We also offer managed services in certain of our foreign jurisdictions outside of the U.S. where we manage the data center infrastructure for our customers. The access to our clients' networks and data, which is gained from these services, creates some risk that our clients' networks or data will be improperly accessed. We may also design our clients' cloud storage systems in such a way that exposes our clients to increased risk of data breach. If Equinix were held to be responsible for any such a breach, it could result in a significant loss to Equinix, including damage to Equinix's client relationships, harm to our brand and reputation, and legal liability.
We are continuing to invest in our expansion efforts but may not have sufficient customer demand in the future to realize expected returns on these investments.
We are considering the acquisition or lease of additional properties and the construction of new IBX data centers beyond those expansion projects already announced. We will be required to commit substantial operational and financial resources to these IBX data centers, generally 12 to 18 months in advance of securing customer contracts, and we may not have sufficient customer demand in those markets to support these centers once they are built. In addition, unanticipated technological changes could affect customer requirements for data centers, and we may not have built such requirements into our new IBX data centers. Either of these contingencies, if they were to occur, could make it difficult for us to realize expected or reasonable returns on these investments.
Our offerings have a long sales cycle that may harm our revenuesrevenue and operating results.
A customer’scustomer's decision to purchase our offerings typically involves a significant commitment of resources. In addition, some customers will be reluctant to commit to locating in our IBX data centers until they are confident that the IBX data center has adequate carrier connections. As a result, we have a long sales cycle. Furthermore, we may devote significant time and resources into pursuing a particular sale or customer that does not result in revenue.revenues. We have also significantly expanded our sales force in recent years, and it will take time for these new hires to become fully productive.
Delays due to the length of our sales cycle may materially and adversely affect our revenues and operating results, which could harm our ability to meet our forecasts and cause volatility in our stock price.
Any failure of our physical infrastructure or offerings, or damage to customer infrastructure within our IBX data centers, could lead to significant costs and disruptions that could reduce our revenue and harm our business reputation and financial results.
Our business depends on providing customers with highly reliable solutions. We must safehouse our customers’customers' infrastructure and equipment located in our IBX data centers.centers and ensure our IBX data centers and non-IBX offices remain operational. We own certain of our IBX data centers, but others are leased by us, and we rely on the landlord for basic maintenance of our leased IBX data centers.centers and office buildings. If such landlord has not maintained a leased property sufficiently, we may be forced into an early exit from the center which could be disruptive to our business. Furthermore, we continue to acquire IBX data centers not built by us. If we discover that these IBX data centersbuildings and their infrastructure assets are not in the condition we expected when they were acquired, we may be required to incur substantial additional costs to repair or upgrade the centers.
human error;
equipment failure;
physical, electronic and cybersecuritycyber security breaches;
fire, earthquake, hurricane, flood, tornado and other natural disasters;
extreme temperatures;
water damage;
fiber cuts;
power loss;
terrorist acts;
sabotage and vandalism; and
failure of business partners who provide our resale products.
Problems at one or more of our IBX data centers, whether or not within our control, could result in service interruptions or significant equipment damage. We have service level commitment obligations to certain of our customers. As a result, service interruptions or significant equipment damage in our IBX data centers could result in difficulty maintaining service level
commitments to these customers and potential claims related to such failures. Because our IBX data centers are critical to many of our customers’customers' businesses, service interruptions or significant equipment damage in our IBX data centers could also result in lost profits or other indirect or consequential damages to our customers. We cannot guarantee that a court would enforce any contractual limitations on our liability in the event that one of our customers brings a lawsuit against us as a result of a problem at one of our IBX data centers and we may decide to reach settlements with affected customers irrespective of any such contractual limitations. Any such settlement may result in a reduction of revenue under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). In addition, any loss of service, equipment damage or inability to meet our service level commitment obligations could reduce the confidence of our customers and could consequently impair our ability to obtain and retain customers, which would adversely affect both our ability to generate revenues and our operating results.
Furthermore, we are dependent upon Internetinternet service providers, telecommunications carriers and other website operators in the Americas, Asia-Pacific and EMEA regions and elsewhere, some of which have experienced significant system failures and electrical outages in the past. Our customers may in the future experience difficulties due to system failures unrelated to our systems and offerings. If, for any reason, these providers fail to provide the required services, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted.
We are currently making significant investments in our back office information technology systems including those surrounding the customer experienceand processes. Difficulties from initial quote to customer billing, and upgrading our worldwide financial application suite. Difficulties, distractions or disruptions to these efforts may interrupt our normal operations and adversely affect our business and operating results.
and automate processes, such as our fixed asset procure to disposal process, or to support our billingcompliance with evolving U.S. GAAP, such as the new revenue accounting, derivatives and revenue process was completed in August 2014, work continues on our back office systemshedging and their global implementation, including upgrades and developing new functionality.leasing standards. As a result of that discontinued support and our continued work on these projects, we may experience difficulties with our systems, management distraction and significant business disruptions. DifficultiesFor example, difficulties with our systems may interrupt our ability to accept and deliver customer orders and may adversely impact our overall financial operations, including our accounts payable, accounts receivables, general ledger, fixed assets, revenue recognition, close processes, internal financial controls and our ability to otherwise run and track our business. We may need to expend significant attention, time and resources to correct problems or find alternative sources for performing these functions. All of these changes to our financial systems also create an increased risk of deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting until such systems are stabilized. Such significant investments in our back office systems may take longer to complete and cost more than originally planned. In addition, we may not realize the full benefits we hoped to achieve and there is a risk of an impairment charge if we decide that portions of these projects will not ultimately benefit the company or are de-scoped. Finally, the collective impact of these changes to our business has placed significant demands on impacted employees across multiple functions, increasing the risk of errors and control deficiencies in our financial statements, distraction from the effective operation of our business and difficulty in attracting and retaining employees. Any such difficultydifficulties or disruptiondisruptions may adversely affect our business and operating results.
Inadequate or inaccurate external and internal information, including budget and planning data, could lead to inaccurate financial forecasts and inappropriate financial decisions.
Our financial forecasts are dependent on estimates and assumptions regarding budget and planning data, market growth, foreign exchange rates, our ability to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, and our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to reinvest in the business, fund internal growth, make acquisitions, pay dividends and meet our debt obligations. Our financial projections are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that our management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances and at the time they are made. However, if our external and internal information is inadequate, our actual results may differ materially from our forecasts and cause us to make inappropriate financial decisions. Any material variation between our financial forecasts and our actual results may also adversely affect our future profitability, stock price and stockholder confidence.
The level of insurance coverage that we purchase may prove to be inadequate.
We carry liability, property, business interruption and other insurance policies to cover insurable risks to our company. We select the types of insurance, the limits and the deductibles based on our specific risk profile, the cost of the insurance coverage versus its perceived benefit and general industry standards. Our insurance policies contain industry standard exclusions for events such as war and nuclear reaction. We purchase minimal levels of earthquake insurance for certain of our IBX data centers, but for most of our data centers, including many in California, we have elected to self-insure. The earthquake and flood insurance that we do purchase would be subject to high deductibles. Any of the limits of insurance that we purchase, including those for cyber risks, could prove to be inadequate, which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our construction of additional new IBX data centers or IBX data center expansions could involve significant risks to our business.
In order to sustain our growth in certain of our existing and new markets, we mustmay have to expand an existing data center, lease a new facility or acquire suitable land, with or without structures, to build new IBX data centers from the ground up. Expansions or new builds are currently underway, or being contemplated, in many of our markets. AnyThese construction projects expose us to many risks which could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. Some of the risks associated with these projects include:
construction delays;
lack of availability and delays for data center equipment, including items such as generators and switchgear;
unexpected budget changes;
increased prices for building supplies, raw materials and data center equipment;
labor availability, labor disputes and work stoppages with contractors, subcontractors and other third parties;
unanticipated environmental issues and geological problems; and
delays related to permitting from public agencies and utility companies.
Additionally, all construction requiresrelated projects require us to carefully select and rely on the experience of one or more designers, general contractors, and associated subcontractors during the design and construction process. Should a designer, general contractor or significant subcontractor experience financial problems or other problems
during the design or construction process, we could experience significant delays, increased costs to complete the project and/or other negative impacts to our expected returns.
Site selection is also a critical factor in our expansion plans. There may not be suitable properties available in our markets with the necessary combination of high power capacity and fiber connectivity, or selection may be limited. Thus, while we may prefer to locate new IBX data centers adjacent to our existing locations, it may not always be possible. In the event we decide to build new IBX data centers separate from our existing IBX data centers, we may provide interconnection solutions to connect these two centers. Should these solutions not provide the necessary reliability to sustain connection, this could result in lower interconnection revenue and lower margins and could have a negative impact on customer retention over time.
Environmental regulations may impose upon us new or unexpected costs.
We are subject to various federal, state, local and international environmental and health and safety laws and regulations, including those relating to the generation, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes. Certain of these laws and regulations also impose joint and several liability, without regard to fault, for investigation and cleanup costs on current and former owners and operators of real property and persons who have disposed of or released hazardous substances into the environment. Our operations involve the use of hazardous substances and materials such as petroleum fuel for emergency generators, as well as batteries, cleaning solutions and other materials. In addition, we lease, own or operate real property at which hazardous substances and regulated materials have been used in the past. At some of our locations, hazardous substances or regulated materials are known to be present in soil or groundwater, and there may be additional unknown hazardous substances or regulated materials present at sites we own, operate or lease. At some of our locations, there are land use restrictions in place relating to earlier environmental cleanups that do not materially limit our use of the sites. To the extent any hazardous substances or any other substance or material must be cleaned up or removed from our property, we may be responsible under applicable laws, regulations or leases for the removal or cleanup of such substances or materials, the cost of which could be substantial.
Electricity is a material cost in connection with our business, and an increase in the cost of electricity could adversely affect us. The generators that provide electricity to our facilities are subject to environmental laws, regulations and permit requirements that are subject to material change, which could result in increases in generators' compliance costs that may be passed through to us. Regulations recently promulgated by the U.S. EPA could limit air emissions from power plants, restrict discharges of cooling water, and otherwise impose new operational restraints on conventional power plants that could increase costs of electricity. In addition, we are directly subject to environmental, health and safety laws regulating air emissions, storm water management and other issues arising in our business. For example, our emergency generators are subject to state and federal regulations governing air pollutants, which could limit the operation of those generators or require the installation of new pollution control technologies. While these obligationsenvironmental regulations do not normally impose material costs upon our operations, unexpected events, equipment malfunctions, and human error and changes in law or regulations, among other factors, can lead to violations of environmental laws, regulations or permits.permits, and to additional unexpected operational limitations or costs.
Regulation of greenhouse gas (“GHG”("GHG") emissions could increase the cost of electricity by reducing amounts of electricity generated from fossil fuels, by requiring the use of more expensive generating methods or by imposing taxes or fees upon electricity generation or use. ElectricityThe U.S. EPA finalized a regulation in October 2015, called the "Clean Power Plan," that was intended to reduce GHG emissions from existing fossil fuel-fired power plants by 32 percent from 2005 levels by 2030. The Clean Power Plan was challenged in court and the rule has not been implemented because litigation is ongoing. In August 2018, the U.S. EPA issued a material costproposed rule that would replace the Clean Power Plan with the "Affordable Clean Energy" rule. Under the Affordable Clean Energy rule, coal-fired power plants will be required to make efficiency improvements to reduce their GHG emissions. The U.S. EPA expects to finalize the Affordable Clean Energy rule in connection with2019, but the rule will likely be challenged in court, which may delay its implementation. While we do not expect these regulatory developments to materially increase our business, and an increase in the costcosts of electricity, whether from regulationthe costs remain difficult to predict or estimate.
State regulations also have the potential to increase our costs of GHGs or otherwise, could adversely affect us. GHG reduction legislation exists in Europe, and in several of the states in the U.S., and there is a potential for new or additional legislation in the U.S. and other countries in which we operate.obtaining electricity. Certain states, like California, already regulatealso have issued or may enact environmental regulations that could materially affect our facilities and electricity costs. California has limited GHG emissions from new and existing state-regulated facilitiesconventional power plants by imposing regulatory caps on allowances and by selling or auctioning the rights to such emissions. Theseemission allowances. Washington, Oregon and Massachusetts have issued regulations to implement similar carbon cap and trade programs, and other states are considering proposals to limit carbon emissions through cap and trade programs, carbon pricing programs and other mechanisms. Some states limit carbon emissions through the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative ("RGGI") cap and trade program. State programs have not had a material adverse effect on our electricity costs to date, but due to the market-driven nature of some of the programs, they could do sohave a material adverse effect on electricity costs in the future. Such laws and regulations are also subject to change at any time.
Aside from regulatory requirements, we have separately undertaken efforts to procure energy from renewable energy projects in order to support new renewables development. The U.S. EPA published regulations in October 2015, calledcosts of procuring such energy may exceed the “Clean Power Plan,” that is intended to reduce GHG emissionscosts of procuring electricity from existing fossil fuel-fired power plants by 32 percent from 2005 levels by 2030. Under the rule, each state is requiredsources, such as existing utilities or electric service provided through conventional grids. These efforts to develop a plan to reduce state-wide carbon dioxide emissions to meet a specified emissions target set by EPA for that state. If implemented, the Clean Power Plan could impose new emissions trading or credit programs, or other requirements, that could indirectlysupport and enhance renewable electricity generation may increase the average costour costs of electricity in states in which we operate.
If we are unable to recruit or retain key executives and qualified personnel, our business could be harmed.
In connection with the evolving needs of our customers and our business, and under the direction of our new chief executive officer, we have undertaken a review of our organizational architecture. To the extent that we make changes to our organizational architecture as a result of that review, there can be no assurances that the changes won't result in attrition, or that any changes will result in increased organizational effectiveness. We must also continue to identify, hire, train and retain IT professionals, technical engineers, operations employees, and sales, marketing, finance and senior managementkey personnel who maintain relationships with our customers and who can provide the technical, strategic and marketing skills required for our company to grow.company's growth. There is a shortage of qualified personnel in these fields, and we compete with other companies for the limited pool of talent.
The failure to recruit and retain necessary key executives and personnel including, but not limited to, members of our executive team, could cause disruption, harm our business and hamper our ability to grow our company.
We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors.
The global multi-tenant data center market is highly fragmented. It is estimated that Equinix is one of more than 1,200 companies that provide these offerings around the world. Equinix competes with these firms which vary in terms of their data center offerings. We must continue to evolve our product strategy and be able to differentiate our IBX data centers and product offerings from those of our competitors. In addition to competing
As our customers evolve their IT strategies, we must remain flexible and evolve along with other neutral colocation providers, we compete with traditional colocation providers, including telecommunications companies, carriers, internet service providers, managed services providersnew technologies and large REITs who also operateindustry and market shifts. Ineffective planning and execution in our marketcloud and product development strategies may enjoy a costcause difficulty in sustaining competitive advantage in providing offerings similarour products and services.
We are also in discussions with a targeted set of hyperscale customers to those provideddevelop capacity to serve their larger footprint needs by leveraging existing capacity and dedicated hyperscale builds. We have announced our IBX data centers. We may experience competition from our landlords which could also reduce the amount of space availableintention to usseek a joint venture partner for expansion in the future. Rather than leasing available space in our buildings to large single tenants, they may decide to convert the space instead to smaller square foot units designed for multi-tenant colocation use, blurring the line between retail and wholesale space. We may also face competition from existing competitors or new entrants to the market seeking to replicate our global IBX data center concept by building or acquiring data centers, offering colocation on neutral terms or by replicating our strategy and messaging. Finally, customers may also decide it is cost-effective for them to build out their own data centers. Once customers have an established data center footprint, either through a relationship with onecertain of our competitorshyperscale builds. There can be no assurances that we find such partner or through in-sourcing, it may be extremely difficultthat we are able to convince them to relocate to our IBX data centers.successfully meet the needs of these customers.
Some of our competitors may adopt aggressive pricing policies, especially if they are not highly leveraged or have lower return thresholds than we do. As a result, we may suffer from pricing pressure that would adversely affect our ability to generate revenues. Some of these competitors may also provide our target customers with additional benefits, including bundled communication services or cloud services, and may do so in a manner that is more attractive to our potential customers than obtaining space in our IBX data centers. Similarly, with growing acceptance of cloud-based technologies, Equinix iswe are at risk of losing customers that may decide to fully leverage cloud infrastructure offerings instead of managing their own. Competitors could also operate more successfully or form alliances to acquire significant market share.
Failure to compete successfully may materially adversely affect our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
Our business could be harmed by prolonged power outages or shortages, increased costs of energy or general lack of availability of electrical resources.
Our IBX data centers are susceptible to regional costs of power, power shortages, planned or unplanned power outages and limitations, especially internationally, on the availability of adequate power resources.
Power outages, such asincluding, but not limited to those relating to large storms, earthquakes, fires and tsunamis, could harm our customers and our business. We attempt to limit our exposure to system downtime by using backup generators and power supplies; however, we may not be able to limit our exposure entirely even with these protections in place. Some of our IBXsIBX data centers are located in leased buildings where, depending upon the lease requirements and number of tenants involved, we may or may not control some or all of the infrastructure including generators and fuel tanks. As a result, in the event of a power outage, we may be dependent upon the landlord, as well as the utility company, to restore the power.
In addition, global fluctuations in the price of power can increase the cost of energy, and although contractual price increase clauses exist in the majority of our customer agreements, we may not always choose to pass these increased costs on to our customers.
In each of our markets, we rely on third parties to provide a sufficient amount of power for current and future customers. At the same time, power and cooling requirements are growing on a per unit basis. As a result, some customers are consuming an increasing amount of power per cabinet. We generally do not control the amount of power our customers draw from their installed circuits. This means that we could face power limitations in our IBX data centers. This could have a negative impact on the effective available capacity of a given center and limit our ability to grow our business, which could have a negative impact on our financial performance, operating results and cash flows.
We may also have difficulty obtaining sufficient power capacity for potential expansion sites in new or existing markets. We may experience significant delays and substantial increased costs demanded by the utilities to provide the level of electrical service required by our current IBX data center designs.
The use of high power density equipment may limit our ability to fully utilize our older IBX data centers.
Some customers have increased their use of high power density equipment, such as blade servers, in our IBX data centers which has increased the demand for power on a per cabinet basis. Because many of our IBX data centers were built a number of years ago, the current demand for power may exceed the designed electrical capacity in these centers. As power, not space, is a limiting factor in many of our IBX data centers, our ability to fully utilize those IBX data centers may be limited.impacted. The ability to increase the power capacity of an IBX data center, should we decide to, is dependent on several factors including, but not limited to, the local utility’sutility's ability to provide additional power; the length of time required to provide such power; and/or whether it is feasible to upgrade the electrical infrastructure of an IBX data center to deliver additional power to customers. Although we are currently designing and building to a higher power specification than that of many of our older IBX data centers, there is a risk that demand will continue to increase and our IBX data centers could become underutilized sooner than expected.
If our internal controls are found to be ineffective, our financial results or our stock price may be adversely affected.
Our most recent evaluation of our controls resulted in our conclusion that, as of December 31, 2018, in compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, our internal controls over financial reporting were effective. Our ability to manage our operations and growth, through, for example, the integration of Metronode, Infomart Dallas, Itconic, and Zenium, the adoption of new accounting principles and tax laws, and our overhaul of our back office systems that, for example, support the customer experience from initial quote to customer billing and our revenue recognition process, will require us to further develop our controls and reporting systems and implement or amend new or existing controls and reporting systems in those areas where the implementation and integration is still ongoing. All of these changes to our financial systems and the implementation and integration of acquisitions create an increased risk of deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting. If, in the future, our internal control over financial reporting is found to be ineffective, or if a material weakness is identified in our controls over financial reporting, our financial results may be adversely affected. Investors may also lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements which could adversely affect our stock price.
Our operating results may fluctuate.
We have experienced fluctuations in our results of operations on a quarterly and annual basis. The fluctuations in our operating results may cause the market price of our common stock to be volatile. We may experience significant fluctuations in our operating results in the foreseeable future due to a variety of factors, including, but not limited to:
fluctuations of foreign currencies in the markets in which we operate;
the timing and magnitude of depreciation and interest expense or other expenses related to the acquisition, purchase or construction of additional IBX data centers or the upgrade of existing IBX data centers;
demand for space, power and servicessolutions at our IBX data centers;
changes in general economic conditions, such as an economic downturn, or specific market conditions in the telecommunications and Internetinternet industries, both of which may have an impact on our customer base;
charges to earnings resulting from past acquisitions due to, among other things, impairment of goodwill or intangible assets, reduction in the useful lives of intangible assets acquired, identification of additional assumed contingent liabilities or revised estimates to restructure an acquired company’scompany's operations;
the duration of the sales cycle for our offerings and our ability to ramp our newly-hired sales persons to full productivity within the time period we have forecasted;
restructuring charges or reversals of restructuring charges, which may be necessary due to revised sublease assumptions, changes in strategy or otherwise;
acquisitions or dispositions we may make;
the financial condition and credit risk of our customers;
the provision of customer discounts and credits;
the mix of current and proposed products and offerings and the gross margins associated with our products and offerings;
the timing required for new and future IBX data centers to open or become fully utilized;
competition in the markets in which we operate;
conditions related to international operations;
increasing repair and maintenance expenses in connection with aging IBX data centers;
lack of available capacity in our existing IBX data centers to generate new revenue or delays in opening new or acquired IBX data centers that delay our ability to generate new revenue in markets which have otherwise reached capacity;
changes in rent expense as we amend our IBX data center leases in connection with extending their lease terms when their initial lease term expiration dates approach or changes in shared operating costs in connection with our leases, which are commonly referred to as common area maintenance expenses;
the timing and magnitude of other operating expenses, including taxes, expenses related to the expansion of sales, marketing, operations and acquisitions, if any, of complementary businesses and assets;
the cost and availability of adequate public utilities, including power;
changes in employee stock-based compensation;
overall inflation;
increasing interest expense due to any increases in interest rates and/or potential additional debt financings;
changes in our tax planning strategies or failure to realize anticipated benefits from such strategies;
changes in income tax benefit or expense; and
changes in or new generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in the U.S.GAAP as periodically released by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”("FASB").
Any of the foregoing factors, or other factors discussed elsewhere in this report, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Although we have experienced growth in revenues in recent quarters, this growth rate is not necessarily indicative of future operating results. Prior to 2008, we had generated net losses every fiscal year since inception. It is possible that we may not be able to generate net income on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. In addition, a relatively large portion of our expenses are fixed in the short-term, particularly with respect to lease and personnel expenses, depreciation and amortization and interest expenses. Therefore, our results of operations are particularly sensitive to fluctuations in revenues. As such, comparisons to prior reporting periods should not be relied upon as indications of our future performance. In addition, our operating results in one or more future quarters may fail to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors.
Our days sales outstanding (DSO) of our accounts receivables have been increasing.("DSO") may be negatively impacted by process and system upgrades and acquisitions.
Our reported financial results may be adversely affected by changes in U.S. GAAP.
make other changes in our financial statements, which will have a material effect on our financial statements. We are also implementing a new lease accounting tool, which may impact our accounting and reporting process. This, and other future changes to accounting rules, could have a material adverse effect on the reporting of our business, financial condition and results of operations. For additional information regarding the accounting standard updates, see "Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted" and "Accounting Standards Adopted" sections of Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We may incur goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges, or impairment charges to our property, plant and equipment, which could result in a significant reduction to our earnings.
In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we are required to assess our goodwill and other intangible assets annually, or more frequently whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate potential impairment, such as changing market conditions or any changes in key assumptions. If the testing performed indicates that an asset may not be recoverable, we are required to record a non-cash impairment charge for the difference between the carrying value of the goodwill or other intangible assets and the implied fair value of the goodwill or other intangible assets in the period the determination is made.
We also periodically monitor the remaining net book values of our property, plant and equipment, periodically, including at the individual IBX data center level. Although each individual IBX data center is currently performing in lineaccordance with our expectations, the possibility that one or more IBX data centers could begin to under-perform relative to our expectations is possible and may also result in non-cash impairment charges.
These charges could be significant, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.
We have incurred substantial losses in the past and may incur additional losses in the future.
As of December 31, 2015,2018, our accumulated deficit was $108.2retained earnings were $889.9 million. Although we have generated net income for each fiscal year since 2008, except for the year ended December 31, 2014, we are also currently investing heavily in our future growth through the build out of multiple additional IBX data centers, andexpansions of IBX data center expansions as well ascenters and acquisitions of complementary businesses. As a result, we will incur higher depreciation and other operating expenses, as well as acquisition costs and interest expense, that may negatively impact our ability to sustain profitability in future periods unless and until these new IBX data centers generate enough revenue to exceed their operating costs and cover ourthe additional overhead needed to scale our business for this anticipated growth. The current global financial uncertainty may also impact our ability to sustain profitability if we cannot generate sufficient revenue to offset the increased costs of our recently-opened IBX data centers or IBX data centers currently under construction. In addition, costs associated with the acquisition and integration of any acquired companies, as well as the additional interest expense associated with debt financing we have undertaken to fund our growth initiatives, may also negatively impact our ability to sustain profitability. Finally, given the competitive and evolving nature of the industry in which we operate, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.
The failure to obtain favorable terms when we renew our IBX data center leases, or the failure to renew such leases, could harm our business and results of operations.
While we own certain of our IBX data centers, others are leased under long-term arrangements with lease terms expiring at various dates through 2065. These leased centers have all been subject to significant development by us in order to convert them from, in most cases, vacant buildings or warehouses into IBX data centers. Most of our IBX data center leases have renewal options available to us. However, many of these renewal options provide for the rent to be set at then-prevailing market rates. To the extent that then-prevailing market rates or negotiated rates are higher than present rates, these higher costs may adversely impact our business and results of operations, or we may decide against renewing the lease. In the event that an IBX data center lease does not have a renewal option, or we fail to exercise a renewal option in a timely fashion and lose our right to renew the lease, we may not be successful in negotiating a renewal of the lease with the landlord. A failure to renew a lease could force us to exit a building prematurely, which could be disruptive todisrupt our business, harm our customer relationships, expose us to liability under our customer contracts, cause us to take impairment charges and negatively affect our operating results.results negatively.
We depend on a number of third parties to provide Internetinternet connectivity to our IBX data centers; if connectivity is interrupted or terminated, our operating results and cash flow could be materially and adversely affected.
The presence of diverse telecommunications carriers’carriers' fiber networks in our IBX data centers is critical to our ability to retain and attract new customers. We are not a telecommunications carrier, and as such, we rely on third parties to provide our customers with carrier services. We believe that the availability of carrier capacity will directly affect our ability to achieve our projected results. We rely primarily on revenue opportunities from the telecommunications carriers’carriers' customers to encourage them to invest the capital and operating resources required to connect from their centers to our IBX data centers. Carriers will likely evaluate the
revenue opportunity of an IBX data center based on the assumption that the environment will be highly competitive. We cannot provide assurance that each and every carrier will elect to offer its services within our IBX data centers or that once a carrier has decided to provide Internetinternet connectivity to our IBX data centers that it will continue to do so for any period of time.
Our new IBX data centers require construction and operation of a sophisticated redundant fiber network. The construction required to connect multiple carrier facilities to our IBX data centers is complex and involves factors outside of our control, including regulatory processes and the availability of construction resources. Any hardware or fiber failures on this network may result in significant loss of connectivity to our new IBX data center expansions. This could affect our ability to attract new customers to these IBX data centers or retain existing customers.
If the establishment of highly diverse Internetinternet connectivity to our IBX data centers does not occur, is materially delayed or is discontinued, or is subject to failure, our operating results and cash flow will be adversely affected.
We may be vulnerable to security breaches which could disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our financial performance and operating results.
We derive some revenues from contracts with the U.S. government, state and local governments and foreign governments. Some of these customers may terminate all or part of their contracts at any time, without cause.
There is increased pressure for governments and their agencies, both domestically and internationally, to reduce spending. Some of our federal government contracts are subject to the approval of appropriations being made by the U.S. Congress to fund the expenditures under these contracts. Similarly, some of our contracts at the state and local levels are subject to government funding authorizations.
Additionally, government contracts often have unique terms and conditions, such as most favored customer obligations, and are generally subject to audits and investigations which could result in various civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, refund of a portion of fees received, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspensions or debarment from future government business.
Because we depend on the development and growth of a balanced customer base, including key magnet customers, failure to attract, grow and retain this base of customers could harm our business and operating results.
Our ability to maximize revenues depends on our ability to develop and grow a balanced customer base, consisting of a variety of companies, including enterprises, cloud, digital content and financial companies, and network service providers. We consider certain of these customers to be key magnets in that they draw in other customers. The more balanced the customer base within
each IBX data center, the better we will be able to generate significant interconnection revenues, which in turn increases our overall revenues. Our ability to attract customers to our IBX data centers will depend on a variety of factors, including the presence of multiple carriers, the mix of our offerings, the overall mix of customers, the presence of key customers attracting business through vertical market ecosystems, the IBX data center’scenter's operating reliability and security and our ability to effectively market our offerings. However, some of our customers may face competitive pressures and may ultimately not be successful or may be consolidated through merger or acquisition. If these customers do not continue to use our IBX data centers it may be disruptive to our business. Finally, the uncertain global economic climate may harm our ability to attract and retain customers if customers slow spending, or delay decision-making on our offerings, or if customers begin to have difficulty paying us and we experience increased churn in our customer base. Any of these factors may hinder the development, growth and retention of a balanced customer base and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be subject to securities class action and other litigation, which may harm our business and results of operations.
We may be subject to securities class action or other litigation. For example, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following periods of volatility in the market price of its securities. Litigation can be lengthy, expensive, and divert management’smanagement's attention and resources. Results cannot be predicted with certainty and an adverse outcome in litigation could result in monetary damages or injunctive relief thatrelief. Further, any payments made in settlement may directly reduce our revenue under U.S. GAAP and could negatively impact our operating results for the period. For all of these reasons, litigation could seriously harm our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights.
We cannot make assurances that the steps taken by us to protect our intellectual property rights will be adequate to deter misappropriation of proprietary information or that we will be able to detect unauthorized use and take appropriate steps to enforce our intellectual property rights. We also are subject to the risk of litigation alleging infringement of third-party intellectual property rights. Any such claims could require us to spend significant sums in litigation, pay damages, develop non-infringing intellectual property or acquire licenses to the intellectual property that is the subject of the alleged infringement.
Government regulation may adversely affect our business.
Various laws and governmental regulations, both in the U.S. and abroad, governing Internet relatedinternet-related services, related communications services and information technologies remain largely unsettled, even in areas where there has been some legislative action. For example, the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") recently adopted newoverturned network neutrality rules, thatwhich may result in material changes in the regulations and contribution regime affecting us and our customers. Likewise, as partFurthermore, the U.S. Congress and state legislatures are reviewing and considering changes to the new FCC rules making the future of a reviewnetwork neutrality and its impact on Equinix uncertain. There may also be forthcoming regulation in the U.S. in the areas of cybersecurity, data privacy and data security, any of which could impact Equinix and our customers. Similarly, data privacy regulations outside of the current equity market structure, the SecuritiesU.S. continue to evolve and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) have both sought comments regarding the regulation of independent data centers, suchmust be addressed by Equinix as us, which provide colocation for financial markets and exchanges. The CFTC is also considering regulation of companies that use automated and high-frequency trading systems. Any such regulation may ultimately affect our provision of offerings.a global company.
The adoption, or modification of laws or regulations relating to the Internetinternet and our business, or interpretations of existing laws, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Industry consolidation may have a negative impact on our business model.
If customers combine businesses, they may require less colocation space, which could lead to churn in our customer base. Regional competitors may also consolidate to become a global competitor. Consolidation of our customers and/or our competitors may present a risk to our business model and have a negative impact on our revenues.
We have various mechanisms in place that may discourage takeover attempts.
Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a third party from acquiring control of us in a merger, acquisition or similar transaction that a stockholder may consider favorable. Such provisions include:
ownership limitations and transfer restrictions relating to our stock that are intended to facilitate our compliance with certain REIT rules relating to share ownership;
authorization for the issuance of “blank check”"blank check" preferred stock;
the prohibition of cumulative voting in the election of directors;
limits on the persons who may call special meetings of stockholders;
limits on stockholder action by written consent; and
advance notice requirements for nominations to the Board of Directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings.
In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which restricts certain business combinations with interested stockholders in certain situations, may also discourage, delay or prevent someone from acquiring or merging with us.
Risks Related to Our Taxation as a REIT
We may not remain qualified for taxation as a REIT.
We have elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes beginning with our 2015 taxable year. We believe that our organization and method of operation comply with the rules and regulations promulgated under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), such that we will continue to qualify for taxation as a REIT. However, we cannot assure you that we have qualified for taxation as a REIT or that we will remain so qualified. Qualification for taxation as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Code to our operations as well as various factual determinations concerning matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. There are limited judicial or administrative interpretations of applicable REIT provisions of the Code.
If, in any taxable year, we fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT and are not entitled to relief under the Code:
we will not be allowed a deduction for distributions to stockholders in computing our taxable income;
we will be subject to federal and state income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates; and
we would not be eligible to elect REIT status again until the fifth taxable year that begins after the first year for which we failed to qualify for taxation as a REIT.
Any such corporate tax liability could be substantial and would reduce the amount of cash available for other purposes. If we fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we may need to borrow additional funds or liquidate some investments to pay any additional tax liability. Accordingly, funds available for investment and distributions to stockholders could be reduced.
As a REIT, failure to make required distributions would subject us to federal corporate income tax.
We paid quarterly distributions in 2018 and have declared a quarterly distribution to be paid on March 20, 2019. The amount, timing and form of any future distributions will be determined, and will be subject to adjustment, by our Board of Directors. To remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we are generally required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gain) each year, or in limited circumstances, the following year, to our stockholders. Generally, we expect to distribute all or substantially all of our REIT taxable income. If our cash available for distribution falls short of our estimates, we may be unable to maintain distributions that approximate our REIT taxable income and may fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT. In addition, our cash flows from operations may be insufficient to fund required distributions as a result of differences in timing between the actual receipt of income and the payment of expenses and the recognition of income and expenses for federal income tax purposes, or the effect of nondeductible expenditures, such as capital expenditures, payments of compensation for which Section 162(m) of the Code denies a deduction, interest expense deductions limited by Section 163(j) of the Code, the creation of reserves or required debt service or amortization payments.
To the extent that we satisfy the 90% distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on our undistributed taxable income if the actual amount that we distribute to our stockholders for a calendar year is less than the minimum amount specified under the Code.
We may be required to borrow funds, sell assets or raise equity to satisfy our REIT distribution requirements.
Due to the size and timing of future distributions, including any distributions made to satisfy REIT distribution requirements, we may need to borrow funds, sell assets or raise equity, even if the then-prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings, sales or offerings.
Any insufficiency of our cash flows to cover our REIT distribution requirements could adversely impact our ability to raise short- and long-term debt, to sell assets, or to offer equity securities in order to fund distributions required to maintain our qualification and taxation as a REIT. Furthermore, the REIT distribution requirements may increase the financing we need to fund capital expenditures, future growth and expansion initiatives. This would increase our indebtedness. A significant increase in our outstanding debt could lead to a downgrade of our credit rating. A downgrade of our credit rating could negatively impact our ability to access credit markets. Further, certain of our current debt instruments limit the amount of indebtedness we and our subsidiaries may incur. Significantly more financing, therefore, may be unavailable, more expensive or restricted by the terms of our outstanding indebtedness. For a discussion of risks related to our substantial level of indebtedness, see other risks described elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
Whether we issue equity, at what price and the amount and other terms of any such issuances will depend on many factors, including alternative sources of capital, our then-existing leverage, our need for additional capital, market conditions and other factors beyond our control. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity securities or debt convertible into equity securities, the percentage of stock ownership by our existing stockholders may be reduced. In addition, new equity securities or convertible debt securities could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our current stockholders, which could substantially decrease the value of our securities owned by them. Depending on the share price we are able to obtain, we may have to sell a significant number of shares in order to raise the capital we deem necessary to execute our long-term strategy, and our stockholders may experience dilution in the value of their shares as a result.
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our flexibility or cause us to forgo otherwise attractive opportunities.
To remain qualified for taxation as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we must satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets and the amounts we distribute to our stockholders. For example, under the Code, no more than 20% of the value of the assets of a REIT may be represented by securities of one or more TRSs. Similar rules apply to other nonqualifying assets. These limitations may affect our ability to make large investments in other non-REIT qualifying operations or assets. In addition, in order to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gains. Even if we maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax
at regular corporate income tax rates for our undistributed REIT taxable income, as well as U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate income tax rates for income recognized by our TRSs; we also pay taxes in the foreign jurisdictions in which our international assets and operations are held and conducted regardless of our REIT status. Because of these distribution requirements, we will likely not be able to fund future capital needs and investments from operating cash flow. As such, compliance with REIT tests may hinder our ability to make certain attractive investments, including the purchase of significant nonqualifying assets and the material expansion of non-real estate activities.
Our ability to fully deduct our interest expense may be limited, or we may be required to adjust the tax depreciation of our real property in order to maintain the full deductibility of our interest expense.
The Code limits interest deductions for businesses, whether in corporate or passthrough form, to the sum of the taxpayer's business interest income for the tax year and 30% of the taxpayer's adjusted taxable income for that tax year. This limitation does not apply to an "electing real property trade or business". Although REITs are permitted to make such an election, we do not currently intend to do so. If we so elect in the future, depreciable real property that we hold (including specified improvements) would be required to be depreciated for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the alternative depreciation system of the Code, which generally imposes a class life for depreciable real property as long as forty years.
As a REIT, we are limited in our ability to fund distribution payments using cash generated through our TRSs.
Our ability to receive distributions from our TRSs is limited by the rules with which we must comply to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT. In particular, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year as a REIT must be derived from real estate. Consequently, no more than 25% of our gross income may consist of dividend income from our TRSs and other nonqualifying types of income. Thus, our ability to receive distributions from our TRSs may be limited and may impact our ability to fund distributions to our stockholders using cash flows from our TRSs. Specifically, if our TRSs become highly profitable, we might become limited in our ability to receive net income from our TRSs in an amount required to fund distributions to our stockholders commensurate with that profitability.
In addition, a significant amount of our income and cash flows from our TRSs is generated from our international operations. In many cases, there are local withholding taxes and currency controls that may impact our ability or willingness to repatriate funds to the United States to help satisfy REIT distribution requirements.
Our extensive use of TRSs, including for certain of our international operations, may cause us to fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT.
Our operations include an extensive use of TRSs. The net income of our TRSs is not required to be distributed to us, and income that is not distributed to us generally is not subject to the REIT income distribution requirement. However, there may be limitations on our ability to accumulate earnings in our TRSs and the accumulation or reinvestment of significant earnings in our TRSs could result in adverse tax treatment. In particular, if the accumulation of cash in our TRSs causes (1) the fair market value of our securities in our TRSs to exceed 20% of the fair market value of our assets or (2) the fair market value of our securities in our TRSs and other nonqualifying assets to exceed 25% of the fair market value of our assets, then we will fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT. Further, a substantial portion of our TRSs are overseas, and a material change in foreign currency rates could also negatively impact our ability to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT.
The Code imposes limitations on the ability of our TRSs to utilize specified income tax deductions, including limits on the use of net operating losses and limits on the deductibility of interest expense.
Our cash distributions are not guaranteed and may fluctuate.
A REIT generally is required to distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders.
Our Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, will determine on a quarterly basis the amount of cash to be distributed to our stockholders based on a number of factors including, but not limited to, our results of operations, cash flow and capital requirements, economic conditions, tax considerations, borrowing capacity and other factors, including debt covenant restrictions that may impose limitations on cash payments, future acquisitions and divestitures and any stock repurchase program. Consequently, our distribution levels may fluctuate.
Even if we remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, some of our business activities are subject to corporate level income tax and foreign taxes, which will continue to reduce our cash flows, and we will have potential deferred and contingent tax liabilities.
Even if we remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to some federal, state, local and foreign taxes on our income and assets, taxes on any undistributed income, and state, local or foreign income, franchise, property and transfer taxes.
In addition, we could in certain circumstances be required to pay an excise or penalty tax, which could be significant in amount, in order to utilize one or more relief provisions under the Code to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT.
A portion of our business is conducted through wholly-owned TRSs because certain of our business activities could generate nonqualifying REIT income as currently structured and operated. The income of our U.S. TRSs will continue to be subject to federal and state corporate income taxes. In addition, our international assets and operations will continue to be subject to taxation in the foreign jurisdictions where those assets are held or those operations are conducted. Any of these taxes would decrease our earnings and our available cash.
We will also be subject to a federal corporate level income tax at the highest regular corporate income tax rate (currently 21%) on gain recognized from a sale of a REIT asset where our basis in the asset is determined by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands of a C corporation (such as (i) an asset that we held as of the effective date of our REIT election, that is, January 1, 2015, or (ii) an asset that we or our qualified REIT subsidiaries ("QRSs") hold following the liquidation or other conversion of a former TRS). This 21% tax is generally applicable to any disposition of such an asset during the five-year period after the date we first owned the asset as a REIT asset (e.g., January 1, 2015 in the case of REIT assets we held at the time of our REIT conversion), to the extent of the built-in-gain based on the fair market value of such asset on the date we first held the asset as a REIT asset.
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively and increase the cost of our hedging and may cause us to incur tax liabilities.
The REIT provisions of the Code limit our ability to hedge assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Generally, income from hedging transactions that we enter into to manage risk of interest rate changes or fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made by us to acquire or carry real estate assets and income from certain currency hedging transactions related to our non-U.S. operations, as well as income from qualifying counteracting hedges, do not constitute "gross income" for purposes of the REIT gross income tests. To the extent that we enter into other types of hedging transactions, the income from those transactions is likely to be treated as nonqualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests. As a result of these rules, we may need to limit our use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through our TRSs, which we presently do. This increases the cost of our hedging activities because our TRSs are subject to tax on income or gains resulting from hedges entered into by them and may expose us to greater risks associated with changes in interest rates or exchange rates than we would otherwise want to bear. In addition, hedging losses in any of our TRSs may not provide any tax benefit, except for being carried forward for possible use against future income or gain in the TRSs.
Distributions payable by REITs generally do not qualify for preferential tax rates.
Dividends payable by U.S. corporations to noncorporate stockholders, such as individuals, trusts and estates, are generally eligible for reduced U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to "qualified dividends." Distributions paid by REITs generally are not treated as "qualified dividends" under the Code, and the reduced rates applicable to such dividends do not generally apply. However, for tax years beginning after 2017 and before 2026, REIT dividends paid to noncorporate stockholders are generally taxed at an effective tax rate lower than applicable ordinary income tax rates due to the availability of a deduction under the Code for specified forms of income from passthrough entities. More favorable rates will nevertheless continue to apply to regular corporate "qualified" dividends, which may cause some investors to perceive that an investment in a REIT is less attractive than an investment in a non-REIT entity that pays dividends, thereby reducing the demand and market price of our common stock.
Our certificate of incorporation contains restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our stock, though they may not be successful in preserving our qualification for taxation as a REIT.
In order for us to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, no more than 50% of the value of outstanding shares of our stock may be owned, beneficially or constructively, by five or fewer individuals at any time during the last half of each taxable year other than the first year for which we elected to be taxed as a REIT. In addition, rents from "affiliated tenants" will not qualify as qualifying REIT income if we own 10% or more by vote or value of the customer, whether directly or after application of attribution rules under the Code. Subject to certain exceptions, our certificate of incorporation prohibits any stockholder from owning, beneficially or constructively, more than (i) 9.8% in value of the outstanding shares of all classes or series of our capital stock or (ii) 9.8% in value or number, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of any class or series of our capital stock. We refer to these restrictions collectively as the "ownership limits" and we included them in our certificate of incorporation to facilitate our compliance with REIT tax rules. The constructive ownership rules under the Code are complex and may cause the outstanding stock owned by a group of related individuals or entities to be deemed to be constructively owned by one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.8% of our outstanding common stock (or the outstanding shares of any class or series of our stock) by an individual or entity could cause that individual or entity or another individual or entity to own constructively in excess of the relevant ownership limits. Any attempt to own or transfer shares of our common stock or of any of our other capital stock in violation of these restrictions may result in the shares being automatically transferred to a charitable trust or may be void. Even though our certificate of incorporation contains the ownership limits, there can be no assurance that these
provisions will be effective to prevent our qualification for taxation as a REIT from being jeopardized, including under the affiliated tenant rule. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that we will be able to monitor and enforce the ownership limits. If the restrictions in our certificate of incorporation are not effective and, as a result, we fail to satisfy the REIT tax rules described above, then absent an applicable relief provision, we will fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT.
In addition, the ownership and transfer restrictions could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders. As a result, the overall effect of the ownership and transfer restrictions may be to render more difficult or discourage any attempt to acquire us, even if such acquisition may be favorable to the interests of our stockholders.
Legislative or other actions affecting REITs could have a negative effect on us or our stockholders.
At any time, the federal or state income tax laws governing REITs, or the administrative interpretations of those laws, may be amended. Federal and state tax laws are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the Internal Revenue Service, the U.S. Department of the Treasury and state taxing authorities. Changes to the tax laws, regulations and administrative interpretations, which may have retroactive application, could adversely affect us. In addition, some of these changes could have a more significant impact on us as compared to other REITs due to the nature of our business and our substantial use of TRSs, particularly non-U.S. TRSs.
In addition, December 2017 legislation made substantial changes to the Code, particularly as it relates to the taxation of both corporate income and international income. Among those changes are a significant permanent reduction in the generally applicable corporate income tax rate and modifications to the calculation of taxable income, including changes to credits and deductions available to businesses and individuals. This legislation also imposes additional limitations on the deduction of net operating losses, which may in the future cause us to make additional distributions that will be taxable to our stockholders to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits in order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. The effect of these and other changes made in this legislation is still uncertain in many respects, both in terms of their direct effect on the taxation of an investment in our common stock and their indirect effect on the value of assets owned by us. Furthermore, many of the provisions of the new law will require additional guidance in order to assess their effect. It is also possible that there will be subsequent legislative amendments proposed with respect to the new law, the effect of which cannot be predicted and may be adverse to us or our stockholders. Our stockholders are encouraged to consult with their tax advisors about the potential effects that changes in law may have on them and their ownership of our common stock.
We could incur adverse tax consequences if we fail to integrate an acquisition target in compliance with the requirements to qualify for taxation as a REIT.
We periodically explore and occasionally consummate merger and acquisition transactions. When we consummate these transactions, we structure the acquisition to successfully manage the REIT income, asset, and distribution tests that we must satisfy. We believe that we have and will in the future successfully integrate our acquisition targets in a manner that has and will allow us to timely satisfy the REIT tests applicable to us, but if we failed or in the future fail to do so, then we could jeopardize or lose our qualification for taxation as a REIT, particularly if we were not eligible to utilize relief provisions set forth in the Code.
| ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS |
There is no disclosure to report pursuant to Item 1B.
| ITEM 2. | PROPERTIES |
Our executive offices are located in Redwood City, California, and we also have sales offices in several cities throughout the U.S. Our Asia-Pacific headquarters office is located in Hong Kong and we also have office spacesales offices in Shanghai, China; Singapore; Tokyo, Japan; and Sydney, Australia.several cities throughout Asia-Pacific. Our EMEA headquarters office is located in Amsterdam, the Netherlands and our regional sales offices in EMEA are based in our IBX data centers in EMEA. We have entered into leases for certain
The following table presents the locations of our leased and owned IBX data centers in Atlanta, Georgia; New York, New York; Dallas, Texas; Chicago, Illinois; Englewood, Colorado; Los Angeles, Palo Alto, San Jose, Santa Clara and Sunnyvale, California; Miami, Florida; Newark, North Bergen and Secaucus, New Jersey; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Reston and Vienna, Virginia; Seattle, Washington; Toronto, Canada; Waltham, Massachusetts and Rio De Janeiro and Sao Paolo, Brazil in the Americas region; Shanghai, China; Hong Kong; Singapore; Sydney, Australia and Osaka and Tokyo, Japan in the Asia-Pacific region; Dubai, U.A.E.; London, United Kingdom; Paris, France; Frankfurt, Munich and Dusseldorf, Germany; Zurich and Geneva, Switzerland and Enschede and Zwolle, the Netherlands in the EMEA region. We own certainas of our IBX data centers in Ashburn, Virginia; Chicago, Illinois; Los Angeles and San Jose, California; Melbourne, Australia; Secaucus, New Jersey; New York, New York; Paris, France; Frankfurt, Germany and Amsterdam, the Netherlands. We own campuses in Ashburn, Virginia, Silicon Valley and Frankfurt, Germany that house some of our IBX data centers mentioned in the precDecember 31, 2018eding sentence.:
| Leased | Owned (1) | |
| Americas | Rio de Janeiro & Sao Paulo, Brazil; Toronto, Canada; Atlanta, Georgia; Boston, Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois; Dallas, Texas; Washington D.C. & Ashburn, Virginia; Denver, Colorado; Miami, Florida; New York, New York; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Seattle, Washington; Silicon Valley & Los Angeles, California | Chicago, Illinois; Washington D.C., Ashburn & Culpeper, Virginia; Silicon Valley & Los Angeles, California; Rio de Janeiro & São Paulo, Brazil; Atlanta, Georgia; Boston, Massachusetts; Dallas & Houston, Texas; Denver, Colorado; Miami, Florida; New York, New York; Seattle, Washington; Bogotá, Columbia |
| EMEA | Paris, France; Frankfurt & Munich, Germany; Amsterdam & East Netherlands, the Netherlands; Geneva & Zurich, Switzerland; Dubai & Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.; London & Manchester, United Kingdom; Helsinki, Finland; Dublin, Ireland; Milan, Italy; Stockholm, Sweden; Istanbul, Turkey; Warsaw, Poland; Barcelona, Madrid & Seville, Spain | Paris, France; Frankfurt & Dusseldorf, Germany; London, United Kingdom; Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dublin, Ireland; Sofia, Bulgaria; Istanbul, Turkey; Milan, Italy; Helsinki, Finland; Lisbon, Portugal; Stockholm, Sweden |
| Asia-Pacific | Hong Kong & Shanghai, China; Singapore; Sydney, Australia; Tokyo & Osaka, Japan | Shanghai, China; Tokyo, Japan; Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Perth & Sydney, Australia |
(1) | Owned sites include IBX data centers subject to long-term ground leases. |
The following table presents an overview of our portfolio of IBX data centers as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands)2018 (1):
| # of IBXs | Total cabinet capacity (2) | Cabinets billed | Cabinet utilization % (3) | MRR per cabinet (4) | # of IBXs | Total Cabinet Capacity (2) | Cabinets Billed | Cabinet Utilization % (3) | MRR per Cabinet (4) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Americas | 55 | 62,600 | 50,600 | 81 | % | $ | 2,448 | 87 | 105,900 | 81,800 | 77 | % | $ | 2,389 | ||||||||||||||||
| EMEA | 30 | 49,500 | 40,500 | 82 | % | 1,439 | 73 | 113,500 | 94,700 | 83 | % | 1,352 | ||||||||||||||||||
Asia-Pacific | 27 | 27,800 | 22,600 | 81 | % | 1,903 | 40 | 57,300 | 47,500 | 83 | % | 1,762 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 112 | 139,900 | 113,700 | 200 | 276,700 | 224,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) |
(2) | Cabinets represent a specific amount of space within an IBX data center. Customers can combine and use multiple adjacent cabinets within an IBX data center, depending on their space requirements. |
(3) | The cabinet utilization rate represents the percentage of cabinet space billing versus |
(4) | MRR per cabinet represents average monthly recurring revenue recognized |
The following table presents a summary of our significant IBX data center expansion projects under construction as of December 31, 2015:2018:
| Property | Property location | Target open date | Sellable cabinets | Construction progress (in thousands) | |||
| Americas: | |||||||
| AT1 Phase IV | Atlanta | Q3 2016 | 365 | $ | 31,000 | ||
| DC7 Phase III | Ashburn | Q4 2016 | 230 | 6,000 | |||
| SP 3 Phase I | Sao Paolo | Q1 2017 | 725 | 76,000 | |||
| DC11 Phase III | Ashburn | Q1 2017 | 1,745 | 57,000 | |||
| 3,065 | 170,000 | ||||||
| EMEA: | |||||||
| FR4 Phase V | Frankfurt | Q1 2016 | 600 | 21,000 | |||
| AM1 Phase III | Amsterdam | Q2 2016 | 725 | 32,000 | |||
| LD6 Phase II | London | Q3 2016 | 1,385 | 42,000 | |||
| FR5 Phase III | Frankfurt | Q4 2016 | 500 | 8,000 | |||
| AM4 Phase I | Amsterdam | Q2 2017 | 1,555 | 113,000 | |||
| 4,765 | 216,000 | ||||||
| Asia-Pacific: | |||||||
| TY5 Phase VII | Tokyo | Q1 2016 | 725 | 43,000 | |||
| SY4 Phase I | Sydney | Q2 2016 | 1,500 | 97,000 | |||
| HK2 Phase IV | Hong Kong | Q1 2017 | 900 | 39,000 | |||
| 3,125 | 179,000 | ||||||
| Total | 10,955 | $ | 565,000 | ||||
| Property | Property Location | Target Open Date | Sellable Cabinets | Total Capex (in Millions)(1) | |||||||
| Americas: | |||||||||||
| DA6 phase III | Dallas | Q1 2019 | 425 | $ | 23 | ||||||
| CH3 phase V | Chicago | Q2 2019 | 450 | 15 | |||||||
| SE4 phase II | Seattle | Q2 2019 | 575 | 30 | |||||||
| NY5 phase III | New York | Q3 2019 | 1,100 | 33 | |||||||
| SP4 phase III | São Paulo | Q2 2020 | 1,025 | 59 | |||||||
| DA11 phase I | Dallas | Q2 2020 | 1,975 | 138 | |||||||
| 5,550 | 298 | ||||||||||
| EMEA: | |||||||||||
| FR2 phase VI-A | Frankfurt | Q1 2019 | 1,250 | 103 | |||||||
| LD4 phase II | London | Q1 2019 | 1,075 | 39 | |||||||
| LD9 phase V | London | Q1 2019 | 1,550 | 72 | |||||||
PA8 phase I (2) | Paris | Q1 2019 | 875 | 73 | |||||||
| SO2 phase I | Sofia | Q1 2019 | 350 | 19 | |||||||
| ZH5 phase III | Zurich | Q1 2019 | 525 | 51 | |||||||
| FR5 phase IV | Frankfurt | Q2 2019 | 350 | 25 | |||||||
| HE7 phase I | Helsinki | Q2 2019 | 250 | 20 | |||||||
| LD7 phase I | London | Q2 2019 | 1,775 | 120 | |||||||
| MD2 phase II | Madrid | Q2 2019 | 300 | 15 | |||||||
| WA3 phase I | Warsaw | Q2 2019 | 475 | 34 | |||||||
| SK2 phase VI | Stockholm | Q2 2019 | 540 | 35 | |||||||
| FR2 phase VI-B | Frankfurt | Q3 2019 | 2,200 | 67 | |||||||
| LD9 phase VI | London | Q3 2019 | 900 | 48 | |||||||
| LD10 phase III | London | Q3 2019 | 1,375 | 45 | |||||||
| ZH5 phase IV | Zurich | Q3 2019 | 475 | 25 | |||||||
| HH1 phase I | Hamburg | Q4 2019 | 375 | 27 | |||||||
| MC1 phase I | Muscat | Q4 2019 | 250 | 22 | |||||||
PA8 phase II (2) | Paris | Q4 2019 | 1,300 | 54 | |||||||
| 16,190 | 894 | ||||||||||
| Asia-Pacific: | |||||||||||
| SH6 phase I | Shanghai | Q1 2019 | 400 | 31 | |||||||
| TY11 phase I | Tokyo | Q2 2019 | 950 | 70 | |||||||
| HK2 phase V | Hong Kong | Q2 2019 | 1,000 | 43 | |||||||
| OS1 phase V | Osaka | Q2 2019 | 475 | 15 | |||||||
| PE2 phase II | Perth | Q2 2019 | 225 | 11 | |||||||
| HK4 phase II | Hong Kong | Q3 2019 | 500 | 34 | |||||||
| ME2 phase I | Melbourne | Q3 2019 | 1,000 | 84 | |||||||
| SL1 phase I | Seoul | Q3 2019 | 550 | 5 | |||||||
| SY5 phase I | Sydney | Q3 2019 | 1,825 | 160 | |||||||
| SG4 phase I | Singapore | Q4 2019 | 1,400 | 85 | |||||||
| HK1 phase XII | Hong Kong | Q1 2020 | 250 | 13 | |||||||
TY12 phase I (2) | Tokyo | Q4 2020 | 950 | 147 | |||||||
| 9,525 | 698 | ||||||||||
| Total | 31,265 | $ | 1,890 | ||||||||
(1) | Capital expenditures are approximate and may change based on final construction details. |
(2) | Dedicated hyperscale data centers |
| ITEM 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS |
None.
| ITEM 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE |
Not applicable.
PART II
| ITEM 5. | MARKET FOR |
Our common stock is quoted on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol of “EQIX.”"EQIX." Our common stock began trading in August 2000. The following table sets forth on a per share basis the low and high closing prices of our common stock as reported by the NASDAQ Global Select Market during the last two years.
| Low | High | ||||||
| Fiscal 2015 | |||||||
| Fourth Fiscal Quarter | $ | 265.41 | $ | 304.98 | |||
| Third Fiscal Quarter | 251.11 | 292.02 | |||||
| Second Fiscal Quarter | 233.59 | 270.15 | |||||
| First Fiscal Quarter | 216.86 | 238.95 | |||||
| Low | High | ||||||
| Fiscal 2014 | |||||||
| Fourth Fiscal Quarter | $ | 191.96 | $ | 234.10 | |||
| Third Fiscal Quarter | 206.26 | 223.58 | |||||
| Second Fiscal Quarter | 170.48 | 210.11 | |||||
| First Fiscal Quarter | 173.42 | 194.02 | |||||
As of January 31, 2016,2019, we had 69,025,41280,761,276 shares of our common stock outstanding held by approximately 274278 registered holders.
During the yearyears ended December 31, 2015,2018 and 2017, we did not issue or sell any securities on an unregistered basis.
Stock Performance Graph
The graph set forth below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on Equinix’sEquinix's common stock between December 31, 20102013 and December 31, 20152018 with the cumulative total return of (i) the S&P 500 Index, (ii) the NASDAQ Composite Index (iii) the NASDAQ Telecommunications Index and (iv)(iii) the FTSE NAREIT All REITs Index. The graph assumes the investment of $100.00 on December 31, 20102013 in Equinix’sEquinix's common stock and in each index, and assumes the reinvestment of dividends, if any. Equinix converted to a REIT effective January 1, 2015 and thus intends to compare the total stockholder return on Equinix’s common stock to the cumulative total return of the FTSE NAREIT All REITs Index instead of that of the NASDAQ Telecommunications index in future filings.
Equinix cautions that the stock price performance shown in the graph below is not indicative of, nor intended to forecast, the potential future performance of Equinix’sEquinix's common stock.
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in any of Equinix’sEquinix's previous or future filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that might incorporate this Annual Report on Form 10-K or future filings made by Equinix under those statutes, the stock performance graph shall not be deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any of those prior filings or into any future filings made by Equinix under those statutes.
COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*
*$100 invested on 12/31/1013 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends.
Fiscal year ending December 31.
Fiscal year ending December 31.
| ITEM 6. | SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA |
The following consolidated statement of operations data for the five years ended December 31, 20152018 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 2014, 2013, 2012 and 20112014 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for future periods. The following selected consolidated financial data for the threefive years ended December 31, 20152018 and as of December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and “Management’s"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”Operations" in Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, weWe completed an acquisitionacquisitions of Metronode and Infomart Dallas in April, 2018, the Zenium data center business in Istanbul and Itconic in October 2017, certain colocation business from Verizon in May 2017, IO UK's data center operating business in Slough, United Kingdom in February 2017 (the "IO Acquisition), certain Paris IBX data centers in August 2016 (the "Paris IBX Data Center Acquisition"), Telecity Group plc in January 2016, Bit-isle in November 2015 and Nimbo Technologies Inc. ("Nimbo") in January 2015 and Bit-isle, Inc. in November 2015, an2015. We also completed the acquisition of an approximate 53%the 100% controlling equity interest in ALOG Data Centers do Brasil S.A. (“ALOG”("ALOG") in April 2011 and the remaining outstanding sharesJuly 2014. We sold solar power assets of ALOG in July 2014, acquisitions of the Frankfurt Kleyer 90 carrier hotel in October 2013, a Dubai IBX data centerBit-isle in November 2012,2016 and acquisitions of Asia Tone Limited and ancotel GmbH in July 2012. We also sold 16eight of our IBX data centers located throughoutin the U.S.U.K., the Netherlands and Germany in November 2012.July 2016. For further information on our acquisitions and divestitures during the three years ended December 31, 2015,2018, refer to Note 23, Note 5 and Note 6 of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
| Years ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (dollars in thousands, except per share data) | (dollars in thousands, except per share data) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | 2,725,867 | $ | 2,443,776 | $ | 2,152,766 | $ | 1,887,376 | $ | 1,565,625 | $ | 5,071,654 | $ | 4,368,428 | $ | 3,611,989 | $ | 2,725,867 | $ | 2,443,776 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Costs and operating expenses: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenues | 1,291,506 | 1,197,885 | 1,064,403 | 944,617 | 829,024 | 2,605,475 | 2,193,149 | 1,820,870 | 1,291,506 | 1,197,885 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | 332,012 | 296,103 | 246,623 | 202,914 | 158,347 | 633,702 | 581,724 | 438,742 | 332,012 | 296,103 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | 493,284 | 438,016 | 374,790 | 328,266 | 265,554 | 826,694 | 745,906 | 694,561 | 493,284 | 438,016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring charges (reversals) | — | — | (4,837 | ) | — | 3,481 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition costs | 34,413 | 38,635 | 64,195 | 41,723 | 2,506 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impairment charges | — | — | — | 9,861 | — | — | — | 7,698 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition costs | 41,723 | 2,506 | 10,855 | 8,822 | 3,297 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gain on asset sales | (6,013 | ) | — | (32,816 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total costs and operating expenses | 2,158,525 | 1,934,510 | 1,691,834 | 1,494,480 | 1,259,703 | 4,094,271 | 3,559,414 | 2,993,250 | 2,158,525 | 1,934,510 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income from operations | 567,342 | 509,266 | 460,932 | 392,896 | 305,922 | 977,383 | 809,014 | 618,739 | 567,342 | 509,266 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | 3,581 | 2,891 | 3,387 | 3,466 | 2,280 | 14,482 | 13,075 | 3,476 | 3,581 | 2,891 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (299,055 | ) | (270,553 | ) | (248,792 | ) | (200,328 | ) | (181,303 | ) | (521,494 | ) | (478,698 | ) | (392,156 | ) | (299,055 | ) | (270,553 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense) | (60,581 | ) | 119 | 5,253 | (2,208 | ) | 2,821 | 14,044 | 9,213 | (57,924 | ) | (60,581 | ) | 119 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss on debt extinguishment | (289 | ) | (156,990 | ) | (108,501 | ) | (5,204 | ) | — | (51,377 | ) | (65,772 | ) | (12,276 | ) | (289 | ) | (156,990 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Income from operations before income taxes | 210,998 | 84,733 | 112,279 | 188,622 | 129,720 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations before income taxes | 433,038 | 286,832 | 159,859 | 210,998 | 84,733 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income tax expense | (23,224 | ) | (345,459 | ) | (16,156 | ) | (58,564 | ) | (37,347 | ) | (67,679 | ) | (53,850 | ) | (45,451 | ) | (23,224 | ) | (345,459 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) from continuing operations | 187,774 | (260,726 | ) | 96,123 | 130,058 | 92,373 | 365,359 | 232,982 | 114,408 | 187,774 | (260,726 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income from discontinued operations, net of tax | — | — | — | 13,086 | 1,009 | — | — | 12,392 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | 187,774 | (260,726 | ) | 96,123 | 143,144 | 93,382 | 365,359 | 232,982 | 126,800 | 187,774 | (260,726 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | — | 1,179 | (1,438 | ) | (3,116 | ) | 1,394 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to Equinix | $ | 187,774 | $ | (259,547 | ) | $ | 94,685 | $ | 140,028 | $ | 94,776 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest | — | — | — | — | 1,179 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to Equinix | $ | 365,359 | $ | 232,982 | $ | 126,800 | $ | 187,774 | $ | (259,547 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share ("EPS") attributable to Equinix: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic EPS from continuing operations | $ | 3.25 | $ | (4.96 | ) | $ | 1.92 | $ | 2.65 | $ | 1.75 | $ | 4.58 | $ | 3.03 | $ | 1.63 | $ | 3.25 | $ | (4.96 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| Basic EPS from discontinued operations | — | — | — | 0.27 | 0.02 | — | — | 0.18 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic EPS | $ | 3.25 | $ | (4.96 | ) | $ | 1.92 | $ | 2.92 | $ | 1.77 | $ | 4.58 | $ | 3.03 | $ | 1.81 | $ | 3.25 | $ | (4.96 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average shares | 57,790 | 52,359 | 49,438 | 48,004 | 46,956 | 79,779 | 76,854 | 70,117 | 57,790 | 52,359 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted EPS from continuing operations | $ | 3.21 | $ | (4.96 | ) | $ | 1.89 | $ | 2.58 | $ | 1.72 | $ | 4.56 | $ | 3.00 | $ | 1.62 | $ | 3.21 | $ | (4.96 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| Diluted EPS from discontinued operations | — | — | — | $ | 0.25 | $ | 0.02 | — | — | 0.17 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted EPS | $ | 3.21 | $ | (4.96 | ) | $ | 1.89 | $ | 2.83 | $ | 1.74 | $ | 4.56 | $ | 3.00 | $ | 1.79 | $ | 3.21 | $ | (4.96 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average shares | 58,483 | 52,359 | 50,116 | 51,816 | 47,898 | 80,197 | 77,535 | 70,816 | 58,483 | 52,359 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dividends per share (3) | $ | 9.12 | $ | 8.00 | $ | 7.00 | $ | 17.71 | $ | 7.57 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) | On January 1, 2018, we adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. The |
(2) | The higher income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily attributed to the de-recognition of $324.1 million of net deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities in December 2014, when our Board of Directors formally approved our conversion to a REIT and we reassessed the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities of our U.S. operations included in the REIT structure. |
(3) | During the year ended December 31, 2015, we paid $10.95 per share of special distribution and $6.76 per share of quarterly cash dividend. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we paid $7.57 per share of special distribution. |
| Years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | |||||||||||||||
Other financial data: (1) | (dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 894,793 | $ | 689,420 | $ | 604,608 | $ | 632,026 | $ | 587,320 | |||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (1,134,927 | ) | (435,839 | ) | (1,169,313 | ) | (442,873 | ) | (1,499,155 | ) | |||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 1,873,182 | 107,401 | 574,907 | (222,721 | ) | 748,728 | |||||||||||||
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: | (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments | $ | 610,706 | $ | 1,450,031 | $ | 761,927 | $ | 2,246,297 | $ | 1,140,751 | |||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | 630,119 | 576,313 | 396,245 | 291,964 | 262,570 | ||||||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | 11,026,020 | 9,394,602 | 7,199,210 | 5,606,436 | 4,998,270 | ||||||||||||||
Total assets (1) (2) | 20,244,638 | 18,691,457 | 12,608,371 | 10,356,695 | 7,781,978 | ||||||||||||||
| Capital lease and other financing obligations, less current portion | 1,441,077 | 1,620,256 | 1,410,742 | 1,287,139 | 1,168,042 | ||||||||||||||
Mortgage and loans payable, less current portion (1) | 1,310,663 | 1,393,118 | 1,369,087 | 472,769 | 532,809 | ||||||||||||||
Senior notes, less current portion (1) | 8,128,785 | 6,923,849 | 3,810,770 | 3,804,634 | 2,717,046 | ||||||||||||||
Convertible debt, less current portion (1) | — | — | — | — | 145,229 | ||||||||||||||
Total stockholders' equity (2) | 7,219,279 | 6,849,790 | 4,365,829 | 2,745,386 | 2,270,131 | ||||||||||||||
(1) |
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | |||||||||||||||
| (dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments | $ | 2,246,297 | $ | 1,140,751 | $ | 1,030,092 | $ | 546,524 | $ | 1,076,345 | |||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | 291,964 | 262,570 | 184,840 | 163,840 | 139,057 | ||||||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | 5,606,436 | 4,998,270 | 4,591,650 | 3,915,738 | 3,223,841 | ||||||||||||||
Total assets (1) | 10,356,695 | 7,781,978 | 7,457,039 | 6,105,507 | 5,753,328 | ||||||||||||||
| Capital lease and other financing obligations, excluding current portion | 1,287,139 | 1,168,042 | 914,032 | 545,853 | 390,269 | ||||||||||||||
Mortgage and loans payable, excluding current portion (1) | 472,769 | 532,809 | 197,172 | 186,287 | 168,795 | ||||||||||||||
Senior notes (1) | 3,804,634 | 2,717,046 | 2,220,911 | 1,478,482 | 1,475,220 | ||||||||||||||
Convertible debt, excluding current portion (1) | — | 145,229 | 720,499 | 702,469 | 685,593 | ||||||||||||||
| Redeemable non-controlling interests | — | — | 123,902 | 84,178 | 67,601 | ||||||||||||||
| Total stockholders' equity | 2,745,386 | 2,270,131 | 2,459,064 | 2,313,441 | 1,936,151 | ||||||||||||||
| The company adopted ASU 2015-03 during the year ended December 31, 2015. As a result, debt issuance costs of |
(2) | On January 1, 2018, we adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. We recorded a net increase to opening retained earnings of $269.8 million as of January 1, 2018 due to the cumulative impact of adopting Topic 606, with the impact primarily related to the costs to obtain a customer contract and |
| ITEM 7. |
The following commentary should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information in this discussion contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such statements are based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. For example, the words “believes,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “expects,” “intends”"believes," "anticipates," "plans," "expects," "intends" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Our actual results and the timing of certain events may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a discrepancy include, but are not limited to, those discussed in “Liquidity"Liquidity and Capital Resources”Resources" and “Risk Factors”"Risk Factors" elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All forward-looking statements in this document are based on information available to us as of the date hereof and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements.
Our management’smanagement's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is intended to assist readers in understanding our financial information from our management’smanagement's perspective and is presented as follows:
Overview
Results of Operations
| Years ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||
| 2015 | % | 2014 | % | Actual | Constant currency | ||||||||||
| Americas: | |||||||||||||||
| Recurring revenues | $ | 1,432,084 | 52% | $ | 1,311,518 | 54% | 9% | 12% | |||||||
| Non-recurring revenues | 80,451 | 3% | 64,585 | 3% | 25% | 25% | |||||||||
| 1,512,535 | 55% | 1,376,103 | 57% | 10% | 13% | ||||||||||
| EMEA: | |||||||||||||||
| Recurring revenues | 651,778 | 24% | 598,953 | 24% | 9% | 23% | |||||||||
| Non-recurring revenues | 47,029 | 2% | 38,312 | 1% | 23% | 41% | |||||||||
| 698,807 | 26% | 637,265 | 25% | 10% | 24% | ||||||||||
| Asia-Pacific: | |||||||||||||||
| Recurring revenues | 485,279 | 18% | 407,319 | 17% | 19% | 31% | |||||||||
| Non-recurring revenues | 29,246 | 1% | 23,089 | 1% | 27% | 39% | |||||||||
| 514,525 | 19% | 430,408 | 18% | 20% | 31% | ||||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||||
| Recurring revenues | 2,569,141 | 94% | 2,317,790 | 95% | 11% | 18% | |||||||||
| Non-recurring revenues | 156,726 | 6% | 125,986 | 5% | 24% | 32% | |||||||||
| $ | 2,725,867 | 100% | $ | 2,443,776 | 100% | 12% | 19% | ||||||||
| Years ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||
| 2015 | % | 2014 | % | Actual | Constant currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 637,604 | 49% | $ | 605,184 | 51% | 5% | 10% | |||||||
| EMEA | 350,270 | 27% | 337,095 | 28% | 4% | 19% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 303,632 | 24% | 255,606 | 21% | 19% | 30% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,291,506 | 100% | $ | 1,197,885 | 100% | 8% | 17% | |||||||
| Years ended | |||
| December 31, | |||
| 2015 | 2014 | ||
| Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues: | |||
| Americas | 42% | 44% | |
| EMEA | 50% | 53% | |
| Asia-Pacific | 59% | 59% | |
| Total | 47% | 49% | |
| Years ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||
| 2015 | % | 2014 | % | Actual | Constant currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 208,310 | 63% | $ | 172,264 | 58% | 21% | 24% | |||||||
| EMEA | 71,871 | 22% | 79,890 | 27% | (10)% | 0% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 51,831 | 15% | 43,949 | 15% | 18% | 27% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 332,012 | 100% | $ | 296,103 | 100% | 12% | 18% | |||||||
| Years ended | |||
| December 31, | |||
| 2015 | 2014 | ||
| Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues: | |||
| Americas | 14% | 13% | |
| EMEA | 10% | 13% | |
| Asia-Pacific | 10% | 10% | |
| Total | 12% | 12% | |
| Years ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||
| 2015 | % | 2014 | % | Actual | Constant currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 347,421 | 70% | $ | 315,533 | 72% | 10% | 11% | |||||||
| EMEA | 92,803 | 19% | 79,942 | 18% | 16% | 26% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 53,060 | 11% | 42,541 | 10% | 25% | 35% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 493,284 | 100% | $ | 438,016 | 100% | 13% | 16% | |||||||
| Years ended | |||
| December 31, | |||
| 2015 | 2014 | ||
| General and Administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues: | |||
| Americas | 23% | 23% | |
| EMEA | 13% | 13% | |
| Asia-Pacific | 10% | 10% | |
| Total | 18% | 18% | |
| Years ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||
| 2015 | % | 2014 | % | Actual | Constant currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 324,458 | 57% | $ | 282,219 | 56% | 15% | 15% | |||||||
| EMEA | 145,527 | 26% | 138,685 | 27% | 5% | 23% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 97,357 | 17% | 88,362 | 17% | 10% | 24% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 567,342 | 100% | $ | 509,266 | 100% | 11% | 19% | |||||||
| Years ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2015 | % | 2014 | % | Actual | Constant currency | ||||||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 698,604 | 55 | % | $ | 635,007 | 57 | % | 10 | % | 12 | % | |||||||
| EMEA | 318,561 | 25 | % | 269,222 | 24 | % | 18 | % | 35 | % | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 254,462 | 20 | % | 209,662 | 19 | % | 21 | % | 34 | % | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,271,627 | 100 | % | $ | 1,113,891 | 100 | % | 14 | % | 22 | % | |||||||
| Years ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||
| 2014 | % | 2013 | % | Actual | Constant currency | ||||||||||
| Americas: | |||||||||||||||
| Recurring revenues | $ | 1,311,518 | 54% | $ | 1,214,301 | 56% | 8% | 10% | |||||||
| Non-recurring revenues | 64,585 | 3% | 50,473 | 3% | 28% | 28% | |||||||||
| 1,376,103 | 57% | 1,264,774 | 59% | 9% | 11% | ||||||||||
| EMEA: | |||||||||||||||
| Recurring revenues | 598,953 | 24% | 492,361 | 23% | 22% | 19% | |||||||||
| Non-recurring revenues | 38,312 | 1% | 32,657 | 1% | 17% | 19% | |||||||||
| 637,265 | 25% | 525,018 | 24% | 21% | 19% | ||||||||||
| Asia-Pacific: | |||||||||||||||
| Recurring revenues | 407,319 | 17% | 343,300 | 16% | 19% | 22% | |||||||||
| Non-recurring revenues | 23,089 | 1% | 19,674 | 1% | 17% | 26% | |||||||||
| 430,408 | 18% | 362,974 | 17% | 19% | 22% | ||||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||||
| Recurring revenues | 2,317,790 | 95% | 2,049,962 | 95% | 13% | 14% | |||||||||
| Non-recurring revenues | 125,986 | 5% | 102,804 | 5% | 23% | 25% | |||||||||
| $ | 2,443,776 | 100% | $ | 2,152,766 | 100% | 14% | 15% | ||||||||
| Years ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||
| 2014 | % | 2013 | % | Actual | Constant currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 605,184 | 51% | $ | 576,869 | 54% | 5% | 8% | |||||||
| EMEA | 337,095 | 28% | 271,965 | 26% | 24% | 22% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 255,606 | 21% | 215,569 | 20% | 19% | 22% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,197,885 | 100% | $ | 1,064,403 | 100% | 13% | 14% | |||||||
| Years ended | |||
| December 31, | |||
| 2014 | 2013 | ||
| Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues: | |||
| Americas | 44% | 46% | |
| EMEA | 53% | 52% | |
| Asia-Pacific | 59% | 59% | |
| Total | 49% | 49% | |
| Years ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||
| 2014 | % | 2013 | % | Actual | Constant currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 172,264 | 58% | $ | 144,178 | 58% | 19% | 21% | |||||||
| EMEA | 79,890 | 27% | 68,925 | 28% | 16% | 12% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 43,949 | 15% | 33,520 | 14% | 31% | 35% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 296,103 | 100% | $ | 246,623 | 100% | 20% | 21% | |||||||
| Years ended | |||
| December 31, | |||
| 2014 | 2013 | ||
| Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues: | |||
| Americas | 13% | 11% | |
| EMEA | 13% | 13% | |
| Asia-Pacific | 10% | 9% | |
| Total | 12% | 11% | |
| Years ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||
| 2014 | % | 2013 | % | Actual | Constant currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 315,533 | 72% | $ | 263,145 | 70% | 20% | 21% | |||||||
| EMEA | 79,942 | 18% | 72,867 | 19% | 10% | 7% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 42,541 | 10% | 38,778 | 11% | 10% | 12% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 438,016 | 100% | $ | 374,790 | 100% | 17% | 17% | |||||||
| Years ended | |||
| December 31, | |||
| 2014 | 2013 | ||
| General and Administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues: | |||
| Americas | 23% | 21% | |
| EMEA | 13% | 14% | |
| Asia-Pacific | 10% | 11% | |
| Total | 18% | 17% | |
| Years ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||
| 2014 | % | 2013 | % | Actual | Constant currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 282,219 | 56% | $ | 279,785 | 61% | 1% | 1% | |||||||
| EMEA | 138,685 | 27% | 106,221 | 23% | 31% | 28% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 88,362 | 17% | 74,926 | 16% | 18% | 22% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 509,266 | 100% | $ | 460,932 | 100% | 10% | 11% | |||||||
| Years ended December 31, | % change | ||||||||||||||
| 2014 | % | 2013 | % | Actual | Constant currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 635,007 | 57% | $ | 608,718 | 61% | 4% | 6% | |||||||
| EMEA | 269,222 | 24% | 216,186 | 22% | 25% | 22% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 209,662 | 19% | 175,994 | 17% | 19% | 23% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,113,891 | 100% | $ | 1,000,898 | 100% | 11% | 12% | |||||||
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
| Years ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
| Income from operations | $ | 567,342 | $ | 509,266 | $ | 460,932 | |||||
| Depreciation, amortization, and accretion expense | 528,929 | 484,129 | 431,008 | ||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | 133,633 | 117,990 | 102,940 | ||||||||
| Restructuring charges | — | — | (4,837 | ) | |||||||
| Acquisition costs | 41,723 | 2,506 | 10,855 | ||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 1,271,627 | $ | 1,113,891 | $ | 1,000,898 | |||||
| Years ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 187,774 | $ | (260,726 | ) | $ | 96,123 | ||||
| Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | — | 1,179 | (1,438 | ) | |||||||
| Net (income) loss attributable to Equinix | 187,774 | (259,547 | ) | 94,685 | |||||||
| Adjustments: | |||||||||||
| Real estate depreciation and amortization | 439,969 | 417,703 | 377,049 | ||||||||
| Gain/loss on disposition of real estate property | 1,382 | 301 | 825 | ||||||||
| Adjustments for FFO from unconsolidated joint ventures | 113 | 112 | 112 | ||||||||
| Non-controlling interests' share of above adjustments | — | (5,303 | ) | (6,711 | ) | ||||||
| NAREIT FFO attributable to common shareholders | $ | 629,238 | $ | 153,266 | $ | 465,960 | |||||
| Years ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
| NAREIT FFO attributable to common shareholders | $ | 629,238 | $ | 153,266 | $ | 465,960 | |||||
| Adjustments: | |||||||||||
| Installation revenue adjustment | 35,498 | 25,720 | 25,017 | ||||||||
| Straight-line rent expense adjustment | 7,931 | 13,048 | 8,612 | ||||||||
| Amortization of deferred financing costs | 16,135 | 19,020 | 24,429 | ||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | 133,633 | 117,990 | 102,940 | ||||||||
| Non-real estate depreciation expense | 58,165 | 36,232 | 28,395 | ||||||||
| Amortization expense | 27,446 | 27,756 | 27,287 | ||||||||
| Accretion expense | 3,349 | 2,438 | (1,723 | ) | |||||||
| Recurring capital expenditures | (120,281 | ) | (105,366 | ) | (93,504 | ) | |||||
| Loss on debt extinguishment | 289 | 156,990 | 108,501 | ||||||||
| Restructuring charge reversal | — | — | (4,837 | ) | |||||||
| Acquisition costs | 41,723 | 2,506 | 10,855 | ||||||||
Income tax expense adjustment (1) | (1,270 | ) | 315,289 | (16,421 | ) | ||||||
| Adjustments for AFFO from unconsolidated joint ventures | (58 | ) | (76 | ) | (185 | ) | |||||
| Non-controlling interests' share of above adjustments | — | (3,134 | ) | (5,824 | ) | ||||||
| Adjusted Funds from Operations (AFFO) attributable to common shareholders | $ | 831,798 | $ | 761,679 | $ | 679,502 | |||||
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In 2018, as more fully described in Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we sold 930,934 shares of our common stock for approximately $388.2 million, net of payment of commissions to the sales agents and estimated equity offering costs under our ATM program launched in 2017 (the "2017 ATM Program"). As of December 31, 2018, no shares remained available for sale under the 2017 ATM Program. In December 2018, we launched another ATM program, under which we may offer and sell from time to time up to an aggregate of $750.0 million of our common stock in "at the market" transactions (the "2018 ATM Program"). As of December 31, 2018, no sales have been made under the 2018 ATM Program.
In July 2018, as more fully described in Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we entered into an amendment to our existing credit agreement to add a senior unsecured term loan in an aggregate principal amount of ¥47.5 billion (the "JPY Term Loan"). Concurrent with the closing of our JPY Term Loan, we drew down the full ¥47.5 billion of the JPY Term Loan, or approximately $424.7 million, and prepaid the remaining principal of our existing Japanese Yen Term Loan of ¥43.8 billion, or approximately $391.3 million. We recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $2.2 million during the third quarter of 2018 in connection therewith.
In April 2018, as more fully described in Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we completed the acquisition of Metronode for a cash purchase price of A$1.034 billion or approximately $804.6 million at the exchange rate in effect on April 18, 2018 (the "Metronode Acquisition"). We accounted for this transaction as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. The valuation and purchase accounting of this acquisition have not yet been finalized as of December 31, 2018.
In April 2018, as more fully described in Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we completed the acquisition of Infomart Dallas for total consideration of approximately $804.0 million (the "Infomart Dallas Acquisition"), consisting of approximately $45.8 million in cash, subject to customary adjustments, and $758.2 million aggregate fair value of 5.000% senior unsecured notes. We accounted for this transaction as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. The valuation and purchase accounting of this acquisition have not yet been finalized as of December 31, 2018.
In March 2018, as more fully described in Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we issued €750.0 million, or approximately $929.9 million in U.S. dollars, at the exchange rate in effect on March 14, 2018, aggregate principal amount of 2.875% senior notes due March 15, 2024. We incurred debt issuance costs of $11.6 million related to the 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024.
Overview
Equinix provides global data center offerings that protect and connect the world's most valued information assets. Global enterprises, financial services companies and content and network service providers rely upon Equinix's leading insight and data centers around the world for the safehousing of their critical IT equipment and the ability to directly connect to the networks that enable today's information-driven economy. The acquisitions of Infomart Dallas and Metronode expanded our total global footprint to 200 IBX data centers across 52 markets around the world. Equinix offers the following solutions: (i) premium data center colocation, (ii) interconnection and exchange and (iii) outsourced IT infrastructure solutions. As of December 31, 2018, we operated or had partner IBX data centers in Brazil, Canada, Colombia and throughout the U.S. in the Americas region; Bulgaria, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom in the EMEA region; and Australia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan and Singapore in the Asia-Pacific region.
Our data centers in 52 markets around the world are a global platform, which allows our customers to increase information and application delivery performance while significantly reducing costs. This global platform and the quality of our IBX data centers have enabled us to establish a critical mass of customers. As more customers choose our IBX data centers, it benefits their suppliers and business partners to colocate with us as well, in order to gain the full economic and performance benefits of our offerings. These partners, in turn, pull in their business partners, creating a "marketplace" for their services. Our global platform enables scalable, reliable and cost-effective colocation, interconnection and traffic exchange that lowers overall cost and increases flexibility. Our focused business model is built on our critical mass of customers and the resulting "marketplace" effect. This global platform, combined with our strong financial position, continues to drive new customer growth and bookings.
Historically, our market has been served by large telecommunications carriers who have bundled telecommunications products and services with their colocation offerings. The data center market landscape has evolved to include cloud computing/utility providers, application hosting providers and systems integrators, managed infrastructure hosting providers and colocation providers. More than 350 companies provide data center solutions in the U.S. alone. Each of these data center solutions providers can bundle various colocation, interconnection and network offerings and outsourced IT infrastructure solutions. We are able to offer our customers a global platform that reaches 24 countries with proven operational reliability, improved application performance, network choice and a highly scalable set of offerings.
Our utilization rate represents the percentage of our cabinet space billing versus net sellable cabinet space available, taking into account power limitations. Our utilization rates were approximately 81%, as of December 31, 2018, and 80%, excluding the Verizon Data Center, Paris IBX Data Center, Itconic, Zenium data center and IO acquisitions, as of December 31, 2017. Excluding the impact of IBX data center expansion projects that have opened during the last 12 months, our utilization rate would have increased to approximately 83% as of December 31, 2018. Our cabinet utilization rate varies from market to market among our IBX data centers across the Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific regions. We continue to monitor the available capacity in each of our selected markets. To the extent we have limited capacity available in a given market, it may limit our ability for growth in that market. We perform demand studies on an ongoing basis to determine if future expansion is warranted in a market. In addition, power and cooling requirements for most customers are growing on a per unit basis. As a result, customers are consuming an increasing amount of power per cabinet. Although we generally do not control the amount of power our customers draw from installed circuits, we have negotiated power consumption limitations with certain high power-demand customers. This increased power consumption has driven us to build out our new IBX data centers to support power and cooling needs twice that of previous IBX data centers. We could face power limitations in our IBX data centers, even though we may have additional physical cabinet capacity available within a specific IBX data center. This could have a negative impact on the available utilization capacity of a given IBX data center, which could have a negative impact on our ability to grow revenues, affecting our financial performance, operating results and cash flows.
Strategically, we will continue to look at attractive opportunities to grow our market share and selectively improve our footprint and offerings. As was the case with our recent expansions and acquisitions, our expansion criteria will be dependent on a number of factors, including but not limited to demand from new and existing customers, quality of the design, power capacity, access to networks, capacity availability in the current market location, amount of incremental investment required by us in the targeted property, lead-time to break even on a free cash flow basis and in-place customers. Like our recent expansions and acquisitions, the right combination of these factors may be attractive to us. Depending on the circumstances, these transactions may require additional capital expenditures funded by upfront cash payments or through long-term financing arrangements in order to bring these properties up to Equinix standards. Property expansion may be in the form of purchases of real property, long-term leasing arrangements or acquisitions. Future purchases, construction or acquisitions may be completed by us or with partners or potential customers to minimize the outlay of cash, which can be significant.
Our business is based on a recurring revenue model comprised of colocation and related interconnection and managed infrastructure offerings. We consider these offerings recurring because our customers are generally billed on a fixed and recurring basis each month for the duration of their contract, which is generally one to three years in length. Our recurring revenues have comprised more than 90% of our total revenues during the past three years. In addition, during any given quarter of the past three years, more than half of our monthly recurring revenue bookings came from existing customers, contributing to our revenue growth. Our largest customer accounted for approximately 3% of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Our 50 largest customers accounted for approximately 38%, 37% and 36%, respectively, of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Our non-recurring revenues are primarily comprised of installation services related to a customer's initial deployment and professional services we perform. These services are considered to be non-recurring because they are billed typically once, upon completion of the installation or the professional services work performed. The majority of these non-recurring revenues are typically billed on the first invoice distributed to the customer in connection with their initial installation. However, revenues from installation services are deferred and recognized ratably over the period of contract term. Additionally, revenue from contract settlements, when a customer wishes to terminate their contract early, is generally treated as a contract modification and recognized ratably over the remaining term of the contract, if any. As a percentage of total revenues, we expect non-recurring revenues to represent less than 10% of total revenues for the foreseeable future.
The largest components of our cost of revenues are depreciation, rental payments related to our leased IBX data centers, utility costs, including electricity, bandwidth access, IBX data center employees' salaries and benefits, including stock-based compensation, repairs and maintenance, supplies and equipment and security services. A majority of our cost of revenues is fixed in nature and should not vary significantly from period to period, unless we expand our existing IBX data centers or open or acquire new IBX data centers. However, there are certain costs that are considered more variable in nature, including utilities and supplies that are directly related to growth in our existing and new customer base. We expect the cost of our utilities, specifically electricity, will generally increase in the future on a per-unit or fixed basis, in addition to the variable increase related to the growth in consumption by our customers. In addition, the cost of electricity is generally higher in the summer months, as compared to other times of the year. To the extent we incur increased utility costs, such increased costs could materially impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Furthermore, to the extent we incur increased electricity costs as a result of either climate change policies or the physical effects of climate change, such increased costs could materially impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for sales and marketing personnel, including stock-based compensation, amortization of contract costs, marketing programs, public relations, promotional materials and travel, as well as bad debt expense and amortization of customer relationship intangible assets.
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related expenses, including stock-based compensation, accounting, legal and other professional service fees, and other general corporate expenses, such as our corporate regional headquarters office leases and some depreciation expense.
We expect our cost of revenues, sales and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses to grow in absolute dollars in connection with our business growth. We may periodically see a higher cost of revenues as a percentage of revenue when a large expansion project opens or is acquired, before it starts generating any meaningful revenue. Furthermore, in relation to cost of revenues, the Americas region has a lower cost of revenues as a percentage of revenue than either EMEA or Asia-Pacific. This is due to both the increased scale and maturity of the Americas region, compared to either the EMEA or Asia-Pacific region, as well as a higher cost structure outside of the Americas, particularly in EMEA. We expect the trend that the Americas having the lowest cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues to continue. As a result, to the extent that revenue growth outside the Americas grows in greater proportion than revenue growth in the Americas, our overall cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues may increase in future periods. Sales and marketing expenses may periodically increase as a percentage of revenues as we continue to scale our operations by investing in sales and marketing initiatives to further increase our revenue, including the hiring of additional headcount and new product innovations. General and administrative expenses may also periodically increase as a percentage of revenues as we continue to grow our business.
Taxation as a REIT
We elected to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes beginning with our 2015 taxable year. As of December 31, 2018, our REIT structure included all of our data center operations in the U.S., Canada, Japan, and the data center operations in EMEA with the exception of Bulgaria, United Arab Emirates and a portion of Turkey. Our data center operations in other jurisdictions are operated as TRSs.
As a REIT, we generally are permitted to deduct from our federal taxable income the dividends we pay to our stockholders (including, for this purpose, the value of any deemed distributions attributable to anti-dilution adjustments made with respect to our 4.75% convertible subordinated notes prior to their maturity in 2016). The income represented by such dividends is not subject to federal income tax at the entity level but is taxed, if at all, at the stockholder level. Nevertheless, the income of our TRSs which hold our U.S. operations that may not be REIT compliant is subject, as applicable, to federal and state corporate income tax. Likewise, our foreign subsidiaries continue to be subject to foreign income taxes in jurisdictions in which they hold assets or conduct operations, regardless of whether held or conducted through TRSs or through QRSs. We are also subject to a separate corporate income tax on any gain recognized from a sale of a REIT asset where our basis in the asset is determined by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands of a C corporation (such as (i) an asset that we held as of the effective date of our REIT election, that is, January 1, 2015, or (ii) an asset held by us or a QRS following the liquidation or other conversion of a former TRS). This built-in-gains tax is generally applicable to any disposition of such an asset during the five-year period after the date we first owned the asset as a REIT asset (e.g., January 1, 2015 in the case of REIT assets we held at the time of our REIT conversion), to the extent of the built-in-gain based on the fair market value of such asset on the date we first held the asset as a REIT asset. If we fail to remain qualified for federal income tax as a REIT, we will be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate tax rates. Even if we remain qualified for federal income tax as a REIT, we may be subject to some federal, state, local and foreign taxes on our income and property in addition to taxes owed with respect to our TRSs' operations. In particular, while state income tax regimes often parallel the federal income tax regime for REITs, many states do not completely follow federal rules and some may not follow them at all.
On each of March 21, June 20, September 19, and December 12, 2018, we paid quarterly cash dividends of $2.28 per share. We expect these quarterly and other applicable distributions to equal or exceed the REIT taxable income that we recognized in 2018.
On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("TCJA") which amended U.S. federal income tax laws. The TCJA retained the REIT regime but contained many significant changes that impact a REIT's taxable income subject to distribution, particularly a REIT with global operations. As of the end of 2018, we have finalized the analysis of the major tax impact to our business by the new tax legislation. Based on our current assessment, which is subject to further interpretation and guidance on the new tax legislation, we believe that we can continue to meet all the REIT compliance requirements in the foreseeable future and that the TCJA changes are not expected to meaningfully increase our tax liabilities in the U.S. because we expect to fully distribute our REIT taxable income.
We continue to monitor our REIT compliance in order to maintain our qualification for federal income tax as a REIT. For this and other reasons, as necessary, we may convert some of our data center operations in other countries into the REIT structure in future periods.
Results of Operations
Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 include the results of operations from the Metronode Acquisition from April 18, 2018 and the Infomart Dallas Acquisition from April 2, 2018. Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 include the results of operations of the IO Acquisition from February 3, 2017, the Verizon Data Center Acquisition from May 1, 2017, the Zenium data center acquisition from October 6, 2017 and the Itconic Acquisition from October 9, 2017. Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016 include the results of operations of TelecityGroup from January 15, 2016 and the Paris IBX Data Center Acquisition from August 1, 2016.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASU 2014-09") and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance, collectively referred as "Topic 606." On January 1, 2018, as more fully described in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we adopted Topic 606. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under Topic 606, while the comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under accounting standards in effect for those periods. Under the new standard, we recognize installation revenue over the contract period rather than over the estimated installation life as under the prior revenue standard. We also capitalize and amortize certain costs to obtain contracts, rather than expense them immediately as under the previous standard.
Discontinued Operations
We present the results of operations associated with the TelecityGroup data centers that were divested in July 2016 as discontinued operations in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. We did not have any discontinued operations activity during 2018 or 2017.
Years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017
Revenues. Our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were generated from the following revenue classifications and geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | % Change | ||||||||||||||
| 2018 | % | 2017 | % | Actual | Constant Currency | ||||||||||
| Americas: | |||||||||||||||
| Recurring revenues | $ | 2,357,326 | 46% | $ | 2,062,352 | 47% | 14% | 15% | |||||||
| Non-recurring revenues | 127,408 | 3% | 110,408 | 3% | 15% | 16% | |||||||||
| 2,484,734 | 49% | 2,172,760 | 50% | 14% | 15% | ||||||||||
| EMEA: | |||||||||||||||
| Recurring revenues | 1,467,492 | 29% | 1,266,971 | 29% | 16% | 12% | |||||||||
| Non-recurring revenues | 95,145 | 2% | 79,285 | 2% | 20% | 16% | |||||||||
| 1,562,637 | 31% | 1,346,256 | 31% | 16% | 12% | ||||||||||
| Asia-Pacific: | |||||||||||||||
| Recurring revenues | 951,684 | 19% | 790,797 | 18% | 20% | 19% | |||||||||
| Non-recurring revenues | 72,599 | 1% | 58,615 | 1% | 24% | 23% | |||||||||
| 1,024,283 | 20% | 849,412 | 19% | 21% | 20% | ||||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||||
| Recurring revenues | 4,776,502 | 94% | 4,120,120 | 94% | 16% | 15% | |||||||||
| Non-recurring revenues | 295,152 | 6% | 248,308 | 6% | 19% | 18% | |||||||||
| $ | 5,071,654 | 100% | $ | 4,368,428 | 100% | 16% | 15% | ||||||||
Americas Revenues. Revenues for our Americas region for the year ended December 31, 2018 included approximately $210.2 million of incremental revenues from the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, which closed in May 2017, and the Infomart Dallas Acquisition, which closed in April 2018. During both the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, our revenues from the United States, the largest revenue contributor in the Americas region for the periods, represented approximately 91% of the regional revenues. Excluding incremental revenues attributable to the Infomart Dallas and Verizon Data Center Acquisitions, growth in Americas revenues was primarily due to (i) $69.3 million of revenues generated from our recently-opened IBX data centers or IBX data center expansions in the Chicago, Culpeper, Denver, Houston, Miami, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Seattle, Silicon Valley, and Washington, D.C. areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative to the Brazilian real than during the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in approximately $23.6 million of unfavorable foreign currency impact on our Americas revenues during the year ended December 31, 2018 when compared to 2017 using average exchange rates.
EMEA Revenues. Revenues for our EMEA region for the year ended December 31, 2018 included approximately $52.6 million of incremental revenues from the IO Acquisition, which closed in February 2017, and the Itconic and Zenium data center acquisitions, which closed in October 2017. Our revenues from the U.K., our largest revenue contributor in the EMEA region, represented 30% of regional revenues for both the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Excluding incremental revenues attributable to the IO, Itconic, and Zenium acquisitions, our EMEA revenue growth was primarily due to (i) approximately $73.2 million of revenues from our recently-opened IBX data centers or IBX data center expansions in the Amsterdam, Frankfurt, London and Paris metro areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $54.4 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA revenues primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.
Asia-Pacific Revenues. Revenues for our Asia-Pacific region for the year ended December 31, 2018 included approximately $48.0 million of incremental revenues from the Metronode Acquisition, which closed in April 2018. Our revenues from Japan and Singapore, the largest revenue contributors in the Asia-Pacific region for the period, combined represented approximately 60% and 63% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Excluding incremental revenues attributable to the Metronode Acquisition, our Asia-Pacific revenue growth was primarily due to (i) approximately $59.2 million of revenues generated from our recently-opened IBX data center expansions in the Hong Kong, Melbourne, Osaka, and Singapore metro areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period. During the year ended December 31,
2018, the U.S. dollar was generally weaker relative to the Singapore dollar and Japanese yen than during the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in approximately $7.7 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our Asia-Pacific revenues during the year ended December 31, 2018 when compared to 2017 using average exchange rates.
Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | % Change | ||||||||||||||
| 2018 | % | 2017 | % | Actual | Constant Currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 1,113,854 | 43% | $ | 958,845 | 44% | 16% | 18% | |||||||
| EMEA | 916,751 | 35% | 749,933 | 34% | 22% | 18% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 574,870 | 22% | 484,371 | 22% | 19% | 18% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 2,605,475 | 100% | $ | 2,193,149 | 100% | 19% | 18% | |||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||
| 2018 | 2017 | |||
| Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues: | ||||
| Americas | 45% | 44% | ||
| EMEA | 59% | 56% | ||
| Asia-Pacific | 56% | 57% | ||
| Total | 51% | 50% | ||
Americas Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues for our Americas region for the year ended December 31, 2018 included approximately $115.4 million of incremental cost of revenues from the Verizon Data Center Acquisition and the Infomart Dallas Acquisition. Excluding the impact from these acquisitions, the increase in our Americas cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily due to (i) $10.6 million higher depreciation expense primarily due to our IBX data center expansion activity; (ii) $7.6 million of higher taxes, licenses, insurance, and other cost of sales in support of our business growth; (iii) $5.8 million of higher rent and facility costs due to new fuel cell leases and IBX growth and (iv) $15.5 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation and higher headcount growth (1,399 Americas cost of revenues employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 1,339 as of December 31, 2017). During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $15.1 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our Americas cost of revenues primarily due to a generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. We expect our Americas cost of revenues to increase as we continue to grow our business, including results from recent acquisitions.
EMEA Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues for our EMEA region for the year ended December 31, 2018 included $41.5 million of incremental cost of revenues from the IO, Itconic, and Zenium acquisitions. Excluding incremental cost of revenues attributable to these acquisitions, the increase in our EMEA cost of revenues was primarily due to (i) $47.3 million of higher utilities costs driven by IBX expansions, increased usage and price increases; (ii) $18.4 million of higher office expenses, rent and facility costs, and repair and maintenance primarily due to an increase in expansion activity and usage due to our business growth; (iii) $49.3 million of higher depreciation and accretion expenses, primarily driven by expansion activity in Amsterdam, Frankfurt, London, and Paris and (iv) $19.7 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation and higher headcount growth (1,490 EMEA cost of revenues employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 1,375 as of December 31, 2017), partially offset by an $11.8 million reduction in other cost of sales, primarily due to realized cash flow hedge gains. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $30.0 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA cost of revenues, primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. We expect EMEA cost of revenues to increase as we continue to grow our business.
Asia-Pacific Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues for our Asia-Pacific region for the year ended December 31, 2018 included approximately $33.2 million incremental cost of revenues from the Metronode Acquisition. Excluding the impact from the Metronode Acquisition, the increase in our Asia-Pacific cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily due to (i) $28.4 million of higher utilities costs, rent and facility costs and repairs and maintenance expense, primarily driven by higher usage in Australia, Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore; (ii) $16.1 million of higher depreciation and accretion expense, primarily from IBX expansions in Australia, Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore; (iii) $9.7 million of higher other cost of sales, primarily due
to custom service orders, and (iv) $3.9 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation and headcount growth (884 Asia-Pacific cost of revenues employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 828 as of December 31, 2017). During the year ended December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar was generally weaker relative to the Singapore dollar and Japanese yen than during the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in approximately $3.3 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our Asia-Pacific cost of revenues in 2018. We expect Asia-Pacific cost of revenues to increase as we continue to grow our business, including the impact from the Metronode acquisition.
Sales and Marketing Expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
| Years ended December 31, | % Change | ||||||||||||||
| 2018 | % | 2017 | % | Actual | Constant Currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 391,386 | 62% | $ | 349,666 | 60% | 12% | 13% | |||||||
| EMEA | 152,336 | 24% | 153,811 | 26% | (1)% | (4)% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 89,980 | 14% | 78,247 | 14% | 15% | 14% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 633,702 | 100% | $ | 581,724 | 100% | 9% | 8% | |||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | |||
| 2018 | 2017 | ||
| Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues: | |||
| Americas | 16% | 16% | |
| EMEA | 10% | 11% | |
| Asia-Pacific | 9% | 9% | |
| Total | 12% | 13% | |
Americas Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in our Americas sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to (i) $38.1 million of amortization of the acquired intangible assets in connection with the Verizon Data Center Acquisition and (ii) $5.4 million of higher consulting expenses to support our growth. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations to our Americas sales and marketing expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2017. We anticipate that we will continue to invest in Americas sales and marketing initiatives and expect our Americas sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase as we continue to grow our business, including the impact from recent acquisitions.
EMEA Sales and Marketing Expenses. Our EMEA sales and marketing expense did not materially change during the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $4.8 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA sales and marketing expenses primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. Over the past several years, we have been investing in our EMEA sales and marketing initiatives to further increase our revenues. We expect our EMEA sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase as we continue to grow our business.
Asia-Pacific Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in our Asia-Pacific sales and marketing expense is primarily due to (i) $4.1 million of amortization of the acquired intangible assets in connection with the Metronode Acquisition; (ii) $4.1 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation and headcount growth (306 Asia-Pacific sales and marketing employees as of December 31, 2018, versus 278 as of December 31, 2017) and (iii) $4.4 million of higher bad debt expense, primarily due to customer recovery in the prior year. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations to our Asia-Pacific sales and marketing expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2017. Over the past several years, we have been investing in our Asia-Pacific sales and marketing initiatives and expect our Asia-Pacific sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase as we continue to grow our business, including the impact from the Metronode acquisition.
General and Administrative Expenses. Our general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | % Change | ||||||||||||||
| 2018 | % | 2017 | % | Actual | Constant Currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 554,169 | 67% | $ | 472,942 | 63% | 17% | 18% | |||||||
| EMEA | 184,364 | 22% | 195,430 | 26% | (6)% | (8)% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 88,161 | 11% | 77,534 | 11% | 14% | 12% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 826,694 | 100% | $ | 745,906 | 100% | 11% | 10% | |||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | |||
| 2018 | 2017 | ||
| General and Administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues: | |||
| Americas | 22% | 22% | |
| EMEA | 12% | 15% | |
| Asia-Pacific | 9% | 9% | |
| Total | 16% | 17% | |
Americas General and Administrative Expenses. The increase in our Americas general and administrative expenses was primarily due to (i) $25.8 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, and headcount growth (1,389 Americas general and administrative employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 1,207 as of December 31, 2017); (ii) $18.1 million of higher office, rent and facilities costs and consulting expenses in support of our business growth; (iii) $3.8 million of higher recruiting, training, and travel expenses to support employee development and (iv) $30.2 million of higher depreciation expense associated with the implementation of certain systems, including revenue, data management and cloud exchange systems, to improve our quote to order and billing processes and to support the integration and growth of our business. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations to our Americas general and administrative expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2017. Over the course of the past year, we have been investing in our Americas general and administrative functions to scale our business effectively for growth, which has included additional investments in improving our back office systems. We expect our current efforts to improve our back office systems will continue over the next several years. Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we expect Americas general and administrative expenses to increase as we continue to further scale our operations to support our growth, including these investments in our back office systems, investments to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT and recent acquisitions and to comply with new accounting standards.
EMEA General and Administrative Expenses. The decrease in our EMEA general and administrative expenses was primarily due to (i) $23.1 million of lower amortization expense as a result of fully amortizing the TelecityGroup trade names during the third quarter of 2017; (ii) $5.2 million decrease due to realized cash flow hedge gains and (iii) $5.1 million lower outside services consulting expense, partially offset by an increase of $19.6 million of compensation expenses, including general salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation and headcount growth (830 EMEA general and administrative employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 807 as of December 31, 2017). During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $5.2 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA general and administrative expenses primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. Over the course of the past year, we have been investing in our EMEA general and administrative functions as a result of our ongoing efforts to scale this region effectively for growth. Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we expect our EMEA general and administrative expenses to increase in future periods as we continue to scale our operations to support our growth.
Asia-Pacific General and Administrative Expenses. The increase in our Asia-Pacific general and administrative expense was primarily due to $9.7 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and headcount growth (482 Asia-Pacific general and administrative employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 453 as of December 31, 2017). For the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations on our Asia-Pacific general and administrative expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2017. Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we expect Asia-Pacific general and administrative expenses to increase as we continue to support our growth, including the impact from the Metronode acquisition.
Acquisition Costs. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded acquisition costs totaling $34.4 million primarily in the Asia-Pacific and Americas regions, due to our acquisitions of Metronode and Infomart Dallas. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded acquisition costs totaling $38.6 million, primarily in the Americas region, due to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition.
Impairment Charges. We did not have impairment charges during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.
Gain on Asset Sales. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded a gain on asset sales of $6.0 million primarily relating to the sale of a data center in Frankfurt. We did not have any gain on asset sales during the year ended December 31, 2017.
Income from Operations. Our income from operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | % Change | ||||||||||||||
| 2018 | % | 2017 | % | Actual | Constant Currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 412,610 | 42% | $ | 363,220 | 45% | 14% | 15% | |||||||
| EMEA | 312,163 | 32% | 237,854 | 29% | 31% | 25% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 252,610 | 26% | 207,940 | 26% | 21% | 20% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 977,383 | 100% | $ | 809,014 | 100% | 21% | 19% | |||||||
Americas Income from Continuing Operations. The increase in our Americas income from operations was primarily due to higher income generated from acquisitions, higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative to the Brazilian real than during the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in approximately $4.0 million of unfavorable foreign currency impact on our Americas income from continuing operations during the year ended December 31, 2018 when compared to 2017 using average exchange rates.
EMEA Income from Continuing Operations. The increase in our EMEA income from operations was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and acquisitions, as described above, as well as lower sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues, which was partially due to lower amortization costs as a result of fully amortizing the TelecityGroup trade names during the third quarter of 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $14.5 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA income from continuing operations primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.
Asia-Pacific Income from Continuing Operations. The increase in our Asia-Pacific income from operations was primarily due to higher income generated from the Metronode Acquisition, higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above and lower cost of sales as a percentage of revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar was generally weaker relative to the Singapore dollar and Japanese yen than during the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in approximately $3.2 million of favorable foreign currency impact on our Asia-Pacific income from continuing operations during the year ended December 31, 2018 when compared to 2017 using average exchange rates.
Interest Income. Interest income was $14.5 million and $13.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The average yield for the year ended December 31, 2018 was 1.24% versus 0.64% for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Interest Expense. Interest expense increased to $521.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $478.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in interest expense was primarily attributable to our issuance of the €750.0 million 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024 in March 2018 and $750 million 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes in April 2018. The increase was partially offset by lower weighted average interest rates during the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we capitalized $19.9 million and $22.6 million, respectively, of interest expense to construction in progress. We expect to incur higher interest expense in future periods in connection with additional indebtedness that we incurred during 2018 and as a result of the increasing interest rates.
Other Income (Expense). We recorded net other income of $14.0 million and $9.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, primarily due to foreign currency exchange gains and losses during the periods.
Loss on Debt Extinguishment. We recorded $51.4 million net loss on debt extinguishment during the year ended December 31, 2018, comprised of (i) $17.1 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of amendments to leases impacting the related
financing obligations; (ii) $19.5 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the settlement of financing obligations as a result of the Infomart Dallas Acquisition; (iii) $12.6 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of the settlement of financing obligations for properties purchased and (iv) $2.2 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of the redemption of the Japanese Yen Term Loan. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded $65.8 million net loss on debt extinguishment comprised of (i) $14.6 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the early redemption of the senior notes; (ii) $22.5 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the redemption of term loans under the previously outstanding credit facility; (iii) $16.7 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of amendments to leases and financing obligations and (iv) $12.0 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the settlement of financing obligations as a result of properties purchased.
Income Taxes. We operate as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, we are generally not subject to federal income taxes on our taxable income distributed to stockholders. We intend to distribute or have distributed the entire taxable income generated by the operations of our QRSs for the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. As such, other than tax attributable to built-in-gains recognized and withholding taxes, no provision for U.S. income taxes for the QRSs has been included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.
We have made TRS elections for some of our subsidiaries in and outside the U.S. In general, a TRS may provide services that would otherwise be considered impermissible for REITs to provide and may hold assets that REITs cannot hold directly. U.S. income taxes for the TRS entities located in the U.S. and foreign income taxes for our foreign operations regardless of whether the foreign operations are operated as QRSs or TRSs have been accrued, as necessary, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.
For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we recorded $67.7 million and $53.9 million of income tax expenses, respectively. Our effective tax rates were 15.6% and 18.8%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. The decrease in the effective tax rate in 2018 as compared to 2017 is primarily due to a release of valuation allowance in the current period as a result of a legal entity reorganization in our Americas region.
Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is a key factor in how we assess the operating performance of our segments and develop regional growth strategies such as IBX data center expansion decisions. We define adjusted EBITDA as income or loss from operations plus depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges, acquisition costs and gain on asset sales. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for more information about adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to income or loss from operations. Our adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | % | 2017 | % | Actual | Constant Currency | ||||||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 1,183,831 | 49 | % | $ | 1,034,694 | 51 | % | 14 | % | 15 | % | |||||||
| EMEA | 698,280 | 29 | % | 582,697 | 28 | % | 20 | % | 15 | % | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 531,129 | 22 | % | 434,650 | 21 | % | 22 | % | 21 | % | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 2,413,240 | 100 | % | $ | 2,052,041 | 100 | % | 18 | % | 17 | % | |||||||
Americas Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our Americas adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition and the Infomart Dallas Acquisition, higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above. During the year ended December 31, 2018, currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $9.6 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact on our Americas adjusted EBITDA primarily due to the U.S. dollar being generally stronger relative to the Brazilian real during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.
EMEA Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our EMEA adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and acquisitions, as described above, as well as lower sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2018, currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $26.6 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA adjusted EBITDA primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.
Asia-Pacific Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our Asia-Pacific adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the Metronode Acquisition, higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above and lower cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar was generally weaker relative to the Singapore dollar and Japanese yen than during the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in approximately
$4.4 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our Asia-Pacific revenues during the year ended December 31, 2018 when compared to average exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2017.
Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016
Revenues. Our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were generated from the following revenue classifications and geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | % Change | ||||||||||||||
| 2017 | % | 2016 | % | Actual | Constant Currency | ||||||||||
| Americas: | |||||||||||||||
| Recurring revenues | $ | 2,062,352 | 47% | $ | 1,593,084 | 44% | 29% | 29% | |||||||
| Non-recurring revenues | 110,408 | 3% | 86,465 | 3% | 28% | 27% | |||||||||
| 2,172,760 | 50% | 1,679,549 | 47% | 29% | 29% | ||||||||||
| EMEA: | |||||||||||||||
| Recurring revenues | 1,266,971 | 29% | 1,106,652 | 31% | 14% | 15% | |||||||||
| Non-recurring revenues | 79,285 | 2% | 64,687 | 1% | 23% | 23% | |||||||||
| 1,346,256 | 31% | 1,171,339 | 32% | 15% | 15% | ||||||||||
| Asia-Pacific: | |||||||||||||||
| Recurring revenues | 790,797 | 18% | 717,638 | 20% | 10% | 11% | |||||||||
| Non-recurring revenues | 58,615 | 1% | 43,463 | 1% | 35% | 36% | |||||||||
| 849,412 | 19% | 761,101 | 21% | 12% | 12% | ||||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||||
| Recurring revenues | 4,120,120 | 94% | 3,417,374 | 95% | 21% | 21% | |||||||||
| Non-recurring revenues | 248,308 | 6% | 194,615 | 5% | 28% | 28% | |||||||||
| $ | 4,368,428 | 100% | $ | 3,611,989 | 100% | 21% | 21% | ||||||||
Americas Revenues. Revenues for our Americas region for the year ended December 31, 2017 included approximately $359.1 million of revenues attributable to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, our revenues from the United States, the largest revenue contributor in the Americas region for the periods, represented approximately 91% and 92%, respectively, of the regional revenues. Excluding revenues attributable to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, growth in Americas revenues was primarily due to (i) $34.5 million of revenue generated from our recently-opened IBX data centers or IBX data center expansions in the Dallas, New York, São Paulo, Silicon Valley, Toronto and Washington, D.C. areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the U.S. dollar was generally weaker relative to the Canadian dollar and Brazilian real than during the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting in approximately $11.4 million of favorable foreign currency impact on our Americas revenues during the year ended December 31, 2017 when compared to 2016 using average exchange rates.
EMEA Revenues. As compared to 2016, revenues for our EMEA region for the year ended December 31, 2017 include $47.2 million of incremental revenues from acquisitions including the TelecityGroup Acquisition, which closed on January 15, 2016, the Paris IBX Data Center Acquisition, which closed in August 2016, the IO Acquisition, which closed in February 2017, and the Itconic and Zenium data center acquisitions, which closed in October 2017. Our revenues from the U.K., our largest revenue contributor in the EMEA region, represented 30% of regional revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 32% of regional revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016. Excluding the acquisitions, our EMEA revenue growth was primarily due to (i) approximately $62.3 million of revenue from our IBX data centers or IBX data center expansions in the Amsterdam, Dubai, Dublin, Frankfurt, Helsinki, London, Paris and Zurich metro areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $4.9 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA revenues primarily due to a generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pound during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
Asia-Pacific Revenues. Our revenues from Japan, the largest revenue contributor in the Asia-Pacific region, represented approximately 34% and 35%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. Our Asia-Pacific revenue growth was primarily due to (i) approximately $42.6 million of revenue generated from our recently-opened IBX data center expansions in
the Hong Kong, Osaka and Sydney metro areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative to the Japanese Yen than during the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting in approximately $6.8 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our Asia-Pacific revenues during the year ended December 31, 2017 when compared to 2016 using average exchange rates.
Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | % Change | ||||||||||||||
| 2017 | % | 2016 | % | Actual | Constant Currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 958,845 | 44% | $ | 700,544 | 38% | 37% | 36% | |||||||
| EMEA | 749,933 | 34% | 653,766 | 36% | 15% | 15% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 484,371 | 22% | 466,560 | 26% | 4% | 5% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 2,193,149 | 100% | $ | 1,820,870 | 100% | 20% | 20% | |||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | |||
| 2017 | 2016 | ||
| Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues: | |||
| Americas | 44% | 42% | |
| EMEA | 56% | 56% | |
| Asia-Pacific | 57% | 61% | |
| Total | 50% | 50% | |
Americas Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues for our Americas region for the year ended December 31, 2017 included approximately $177.4 million of costs of revenues attributable to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition. Excluding the impact from the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, depreciation expense was $273.0 million and $241.6 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. The growth in depreciation expense was primarily due to our IBX expansion activity. In addition to the increase in depreciation expense, the increase in our Americas cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 was primarily due to (i) $30.4 million of higher utilities, repairs and maintenance, property taxes, and other cost of sales in support of our business growth and (ii) $13.2 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation (1,114 Americas cost of revenues employees, excluding the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, as of December 31, 2017 versus 1,023 as of December 31, 2016). During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $7.7 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our Americas cost of revenues primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real and Canadian dollar during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
EMEA Cost of Revenues. As compared to 2016, cost of revenues for our EMEA region for the year ended December 31, 2017 included $36.7 million of incremental cost of revenues attributable to acquisitions, including the TelecityGroup Acquisition that closed on January 15, 2016, the Paris IBX Data Center Acquisition that closed in August 2016, the IO Acquisition, which closed in February 2017, and the Itconic and Zenium data center acquisitions, which closed in October 2017. Excluding cost of revenues attributable to these acquisitions, the increase in our EMEA cost of revenues was primarily due to (i) $25.5 million of higher utilities in support of our business growth; (ii) $16.4 million of higher other cost of sales, including third party and managed service expenses; (iii) $10.7 million of higher depreciation expense and (iv) $7.2 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation (743 EMEA cost of revenues employees, excluding TelecityGroup employees, as of December 31, 2017 versus 623 as of December 31, 2016). During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $2.7 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA cost of revenues, primarily due to a generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pound during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
Asia-Pacific Cost of Revenues. The increase in our Asia-Pacific cost of revenues was primarily due to (i) $16.7 million of higher utilities, rent, facility costs, consulting, bandwidth cost, custom service orders and repairs and maintenance costs in support of our business growth and (ii) $3.3 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation and headcount growth (828 Asia-Pacific cost of revenues employees as of December 31, 2017 versus 787 as of December 31, 2016), partially offset by a decrease of $3.2 million in depreciation and accretion expenses. During the year ended
December 31, 2017, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative to the Japanese Yen than during the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting in approximately $5.0 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our Asia-Pacific cost of revenues in 2017.
Sales and Marketing Expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | % Change | ||||||||||||||
| 2017 | % | 2016 | % | Actual | Constant Currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 349,666 | 60% | $ | 230,900 | 53% | 51% | 51% | |||||||
| EMEA | 153,811 | 26% | 137,887 | 31% | 12% | 14% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 78,247 | 14% | 69,955 | 16% | 12% | 13% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 581,724 | 100% | $ | 438,742 | 100% | 33% | 33% | |||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | |||
| 2017 | 2016 | ||
| Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues: | |||
| Americas | 16% | 14% | |
| EMEA | 11% | 12% | |
| Asia-Pacific | 9% | 9% | |
| Total | 13% | 12% | |
Americas Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in our Americas sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to (i) $75.3 million of amortization of the acquired intangible assets in connection with the Verizon Data Center Acquisition; (ii) $33.1 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation and headcount growth (608 Americas sales and marketing employees, including those from the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, as December 31, 2017, versus 553 as of December 31, 2016) and (iii) $4.1 million of higher consulting expenses to support our growth. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations to our Americas sales and marketing expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2016.
EMEA Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in the EMEA sales and marketing expense was primarily due to (i) $12.3 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and headcount growth (378 EMEA sales and marketing employees as of December 31, 2017 versus 349 as of December 31, 2016) and (ii) an increase of $1.8 million in depreciation and amortization expense, primarily due to acquisitions made during the current year. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $2.8 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA sales and marketing expenses primarily due to a generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pound during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
Asia-Pacific Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in the Asia-Pacific sales and marketing expense is primarily due to (i) $6.5 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and a larger average headcount in 2017 as compared to 2016 and (ii) $3.2 million of higher rent expense in support of our growth. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations to our Asia-Pacific sales and marketing expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2016.
General and Administrative Expenses. Our general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | % Change | ||||||||||||||
| 2017 | % | 2016 | % | Actual | Constant Currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 472,942 | 63% | $ | 391,637 | 56% | 21% | 20% | |||||||
| EMEA | 195,430 | 26% | 228,310 | 33% | (14)% | (12)% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 77,534 | 11% | 74,614 | 11% | 4% | 5% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 745,906 | 100% | $ | 694,561 | 100% | 7% | 8% | |||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | |||
| 2017 | 2016 | ||
| General and Administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues: | |||
| Americas | 22% | 23% | |
| EMEA | 15% | 19% | |
| Asia-Pacific | 9% | 10% | |
| Total | 17% | 19% | |
Americas General and Administrative Expenses. The increase in our Americas general and administrative expenses was primarily due to (i) $35.5 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, and headcount growth (1,207 Americas general and administrative employees, including those from the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, as of December 31, 2017 versus 934 as of December 31, 2016); (ii) $22.9 million of higher depreciation expense associated with certain systems, including revenue, data management and cloud exchange systems, to improve our quote to order and billing processes and to support the integration and growth of our business and (iii) $16.6 million of higher office expense and consulting cost to support our growth. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations to our Americas general and administrative expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2016. Over the course of the past year, we have been investing in our Americas general and administrative functions to scale this region effectively for growth, which has included additional investments in improving our back office systems. We expect our current efforts to improve our back office systems will continue over the next several years. Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we expect Americas general and administrative expenses to increase as we continue to further scale our operations to support our growth, including these investments in our back office systems and investments to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT.
EMEA General and Administrative Expenses. The decrease in our EMEA general and administrative expenses was primarily due to (i) $20.8 million of lower amortization expenses as a result of fully amortizing the TelecityGroup trade names during the current period and (ii) $8.4 million of lower consulting expenses which was largely due to the completion of TelecityGroup integration activities in the current period. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $5.7 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA general and administrative expenses primarily due to a generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pound during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Over the course of the past year, we have been investing in our EMEA general and administrative functions as a result of our ongoing efforts to scale this region effectively for growth.
Asia-Pacific General and Administrative Expenses. The increase in our Asia-Pacific general and administrative expense was primarily due to $5.0 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and headcount growth (453 Asia-Pacific general and administrative employees as of December 31, 2017 versus 358 as of December 31, 2016), partially offset by a $1.3 million decrease in rent, repair and maintenance expense. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations on our Asia-Pacific general and administrative expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Acquisition Costs. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded acquisition costs totaling $38.6 million primarily in the Americas and EMEA regions, of which $28.5 million was related to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition during the year ended December 31, 2017 attributable to the Americas region. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded acquisition costs totaling $64.2 million primarily in the EMEA region due to the acquisitions of Telecity and the Paris IBX Data Center, and to a lesser degree, to the Americas region.
Impairment Charges. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded impairment charges totaling $7.7 million in the Asia-Pacific region relating to assets held for sale. We did not have impairment charges during the year ended December 31, 2017.
Gain on Asset Sales. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded a gain on asset sales of $32.8 million primarily relating to the sale of the LD2 data center in the EMEA region and a parcel of land in San Jose in the Americas region. We did not have any gain on asset sales during the year ended December 31, 2017.
Income from Operations. Our income from operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | % Change | ||||||||||||||
| 2017 | % | 2016 | % | Actual | Constant Currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 363,220 | 45% | $ | 352,180 | 57% | 3% | 3% | |||||||
| EMEA | 237,854 | 29% | 124,853 | 20% | 91% | 85% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 207,940 | 26% | 141,706 | 23% | 47% | 47% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 809,014 | 100% | $ | 618,739 | 100% | 31% | 30% | |||||||
Americas Income from Continuing Operations. Our Americas income from continuing operations did not change significantly year over year. While revenues increased as described above, this was largely offset by (i) an increase of $18.6 million in acquisition costs, which was primarily related to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition; (ii) additional amortization of the acquired intangible assets resulted from the Verizon Data Center Acquisition and (iii) higher cost of revenues and sales and marketing expense as a percentage of revenues. The impact of foreign currency fluctuations on our Americas income from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 was not significant when compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
EMEA Income from Continuing Operations. The increase in our EMEA income from continuing operations was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and acquisitions, as described above, as well as lower operating expenses as a percentage of revenues, lower amortization costs as a result of fully amortizing the TelecityGroup trade names during the current period and lower acquisition costs incurred for the year ended December 31, 2017. We incurred $9.2 million of acquisition costs during the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $54.5 million of acquisition costs during the year ended December 31, 2016, which was primarily related to our acquisition of TelecityGroup. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $6.4 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA income from continuing operations primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
Asia-Pacific Income from Continuing Operations. The increase in our Asia-Pacific income from continuing operations was primarily due to higher revenues as result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above and lower cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues. The impact of foreign currency fluctuations on our Asia-Pacific income from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 was not significant when compared to average exchange rates of the year ended December 31, 2016.
Interest Income. Interest income was $13.1 million and $3.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase in interest income was driven by higher cash balances and interest yield rates for the year ended December 31, 2017. The average yield for the year ended December 31, 2017 was 0.64% versus 0.37% for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Interest Expense. Interest expense increased to $478.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $392.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to the Term B-2 Loan borrowings of €1.0 billion and the issuance of $1.25 billion of 2027 Senior Notes in March 2017, as well as additional financings such as various capital lease and other financing obligations to support our expansion projects. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we capitalized $22.6 million and $13.3 million, respectively, of interest expense to construction in progress.
Other Income (Expense). We recorded net other income of $9.2 million and net expense of $57.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, primarily due to foreign currency exchange gains and losses during the periods, including $63.5 million in foreign currency losses recognized in the first quarter of 2016 as a result of completing the acquisition of TelecityGroup.
Loss on Debt Extinguishment. We recorded $65.8 million net loss on debt extinguishment during the year ended December 31, 2017 comprised of (i) $14.6 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the early redemption of the senior notes; (ii) $22.5 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the redemption of term loans under the previously outstanding credit facility; (iii) $16.7 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of amendments to leases and financing obligations and (iv) $12.0 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the settlement of financing obligations of properties purchased. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded a $12.3 million loss on debt extinguishment as a result of the settlement of the financing obligations for our Paris 3 IBX data center, a portion of the lender fees associated with the Japanese Yen Term Loan, and the prepayment and termination of our 2012 and 2013 Brazil financings.
Income Taxes. We operate as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, we are generally not subject to federal income taxes on our taxable income distributed to stockholders. We intend to distribute or have distributed the entire taxable income generated by the operations of our REIT and QRSs for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. As such, other than built-in-gains recognized and withholding taxes, no provision for U.S. income taxes for the REIT and QRSs has been included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
We have made TRS elections for some of our subsidiaries in and outside the U.S. In general, a TRS may provide services that would otherwise be considered impermissible for REITs to provide and may hold assets that REITs cannot hold directly. U.S. income taxes for the TRS entities located in the U.S. and foreign income taxes for our foreign operations regardless of whether the foreign operations are operated as QRSs or TRSs have been accrued, as necessary, for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we recorded $53.9 million and $45.5 million of income tax expenses, respectively. Our effective tax rates were 18.8% and 28.4%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. The decrease in the effective tax rate in 2017 as compared to 2016 is primarily due to recognition of unrecognized tax benefits related to our tax positions in the U.S. and Brazil as a result of a lapse in statutes of limitations and lower amount of non-deductible expenses within our EMEA operations. This is partially offset by net deferred tax asset remeasurement in the U.S. TRSs due to the corporate income tax rate reduction from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018 as a result of the TCJA.
Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is a key factor in how we assess the operating performance of our segments and develop regional growth strategies such as IBX data center expansion decisions. We define adjusted EBITDA as income or loss from operations plus depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges, acquisition costs and gain on asset sales. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for more information about adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to income or loss from operations. Our adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | % Change | ||||||||||||||
| 2017 | % | 2016 | % | Actual | Constant Currency | ||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 1,034,694 | 51% | $ | 787,311 | 47% | 31% | 31% | |||||||
| EMEA | 582,697 | 28% | 494,263 | 30% | 18% | 17% | |||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 434,650 | 21% | 375,900 | 23% | 16% | 16% | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 2,052,041 | 100% | $ | 1,657,474 | 100% | 24% | 24% | |||||||
Americas Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our Americas adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, higher revenues as result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above. During the year ended December 31, 2017, currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $4.5 million of net favorable foreign currency impact on our Americas adjusted EBITDA primarily due to the U.S. dollar being generally weaker relative to the Canadian dollar and Brazilian real during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
EMEA Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our EMEA adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above and lower operating expenses as a percentage of revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2017, currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $2.1 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA adjusted EBITDA primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
Asia-Pacific Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our Asia-Pacific adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth, as described above, and lower cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative to the Japanese Yen than during the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting in approximately $2.7 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our Asia-Pacific revenues during the year ended December 31, 2017 when compared to average exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2016.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We provide all information required in accordance with GAAP, but we believe that evaluating our ongoing operating results may be difficult if limited to reviewing only GAAP financial measures. Accordingly, we use non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our operations.
Non-GAAP financial measures are not a substitute for financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation, but should be considered together with the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. We have presented such non-GAAP financial measures to provide investors with an additional tool to evaluate our operating results in a manner that focuses on what management believes to be our core, ongoing business operations. We believe that the inclusion of these non-GAAP financial measures provides consistency and comparability with past reports and provides a better understanding of the overall performance of the business and ability to perform in subsequent periods. We believe that if we did not provide such non-GAAP financial information, investors would not have all the necessary data to analyze Equinix effectively.
Investors should note that the non-GAAP financial measures used by us may not be the same non-GAAP financial measures, and may not be calculated in the same manner, as those of other companies. Investors should therefore exercise caution when comparing non-GAAP financial measures used by us to similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures of other companies.
Our primary non-GAAP financial measures, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted funds from operations ("AFFO"), exclude depreciation expense as these charges primarily relate to the initial construction costs of our IBX data centers and do not reflect our current or future cash spending levels to support our business. Our IBX data centers are long-lived assets and have an economic life greater than 10 years. The construction costs of an IBX data center do not recur with respect to such data center, although we may incur initial construction costs in future periods with respect to additional IBX data centers, and future capital expenditures remain minor relative to our initial investment. This is a trend we expect to continue. In addition, depreciation is also based on the estimated useful lives of our IBX data centers. These estimates could vary from actual performance of the asset, are based on historical costs incurred to build out our IBX data centers and are not indicative of current or expected future capital expenditures. Therefore, we exclude depreciation from our operating results when evaluating our operations.
In addition, in presenting adjusted EBITDA and AFFO, we exclude amortization expense related to acquired intangible assets. Amortization expense is significantly affected by the timing and magnitude of our acquisitions and these charges may vary in amount from period to period. We exclude amortization expense to facilitate a more meaningful evaluation of our current operating performance and comparisons to our prior periods. We exclude accretion expense, both as it relates to asset retirement obligations as well as accrued restructuring charge liabilities, as these expenses represent costs which we believe are not meaningful in evaluating our current operations. We exclude stock-based compensation expense, as it can vary significantly from period to period based on share price, the timing, size and nature of equity awards. As such, we, and many investors and analysts, exclude stock-based compensation expense to compare our operating results with those of other companies. We also exclude restructuring charges. The restructuring charges relate to our decisions to exit leases for excess space adjacent to several of our IBX data centers, which we did not intend to build out, or our decision to reverse such restructuring charges. We also exclude impairment charges related to certain long-lived assets. The impairment charges are related to expense recognized whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of long-lived assets are not recoverable. We also exclude gain or loss on asset sales as it represents profit or loss that is not meaningful in evaluating the current or future operating performance. Finally, we exclude acquisition costs from AFFO and adjusted EBITDA to allow more comparable comparisons of our financial results to our historical operations. The acquisition costs relate to costs we incur in connection with business combinations. Such charges generally are not relevant to assessing the long-term performance of the company. In addition, the frequency and amount of such charges vary significantly based on the size and timing of the acquisitions. Management believes items such as restructuring charges, impairment charges, gain or loss on asset sales and acquisition costs are non-core transactions; however, these types of costs may occur in future periods.
Adjusted EBITDA
We define adjusted EBITDA as income from operations excluding depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges, acquisition costs, and gain on asset sales as presented below (in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| Income from operations | $ | 977,383 | $ | 809,014 | $ | 618,739 | |||||
| Depreciation, amortization, and accretion expense | 1,226,741 | 1,028,892 | 843,510 | ||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | 180,716 | 175,500 | 156,148 | ||||||||
| Acquisition costs | 34,413 | 38,635 | 64,195 | ||||||||
| Impairment charges | — | — | 7,698 | ||||||||
| Gain on asset sales | (6,013 | ) | — | (32,816 | ) | ||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 2,413,240 | $ | 2,052,041 | $ | 1,657,474 | |||||
Our adjusted EBITDA results have improved each year and in each region in total dollars due to the improved operating results discussed earlier in "Results of Operations", as well as the nature of our business model consisting of a recurring revenue stream and a cost structure which has a large base that is fixed in nature also discussed earlier in "Overview".
Funds from Operations ("FFO") and AFFO
We use FFO and AFFO, which are non-GAAP financial measures commonly used in the REIT industry. FFO is calculated in accordance with the standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts. FFO represents net income (loss), excluding gain (loss) from the disposition of real estate assets, depreciation and amortization on real estate assets and adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures' and non-controlling interests' share of these items.
In presenting AFFO, we exclude certain items that we believe are not good indicators of our current or future operating performance. AFFO represents FFO excluding depreciation and amortization expense on non-real estate assets, accretion, stock-based compensation, restructuring charges, impairment charges, acquisition costs, an installation revenue adjustment, a straight-line rent expense adjustment, a contract cost adjustment, amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums, gain (loss) on debt extinguishment, an income tax expense adjustment, recurring capital expenditures and adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures' and noncontrolling interests' share of these items and net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax. The adjustments for installation revenue, straight-line rent expense and contract costs are intended to isolate the cash activity included within the straight-lined or amortized results in the consolidated statement of operations. We exclude the amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums as these expenses relate to the initial costs incurred in connection with debt financings that have no current or future cash obligations. We exclude gain (loss) on debt extinguishment since it generally represents the write-off of initial costs incurred in connection with debt financings or a cost that is incurred to reduce future interest costs and is not a good indicator of our current or future operating performance. We include an income tax expense adjustment, which represents the non-cash tax impact due to changes in valuation allowances, uncertain tax positions and deferred taxes that do not relate to current period's operations. We deduct recurring capital expenditures, which represent expenditures to extend the useful life of its IBX data centers or other assets that are required to support current revenues. We also exclude net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, which represents results that may not recur and are not a good indicator of our current future operating performance.
Our FFO and AFFO were as follows (in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| Net income | $ | 365,359 | $ | 232,982 | $ | 126,800 | |||||
| Adjustments: | |||||||||||
| Real estate depreciation and amortization | 883,118 | 754,351 | 626,564 | ||||||||
| (Gain) loss on disposition of real estate property | 4,643 | 4,945 | (28,388 | ) | |||||||
| Adjustments for FFO from unconsolidated joint ventures | — | 85 | 113 | ||||||||
| FFO | $ | 1,253,120 | $ | 992,363 | $ | 725,089 | |||||
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| FFO | $ | 1,253,120 | $ | 992,363 | $ | 725,089 | |||||
| Adjustments: | |||||||||||
| Installation revenue adjustment | 10,858 | 24,496 | 20,161 | ||||||||
| Straight-line rent expense adjustment | 7,203 | 8,925 | 7,700 | ||||||||
| Contract cost adjustment | (20,358 | ) | — | — | |||||||
| Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums | 13,618 | 24,449 | 18,696 | ||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | 180,716 | 175,500 | 156,149 | ||||||||
| Non-real estate depreciation expense | 140,955 | 111,121 | 87,781 | ||||||||
| Amortization expense | 203,416 | 177,008 | 122,862 | ||||||||
| Accretion expense (adjustment) | (748 | ) | (13,588 | ) | 6,303 | ||||||
| Recurring capital expenditures | (203,053 | ) | (167,995 | ) | (141,819 | ) | |||||
| Loss on debt extinguishment | 51,377 | 65,772 | 12,276 | ||||||||
| Acquisition costs | 34,413 | 38,635 | 64,195 | ||||||||
| Impairment charges | — | — | 7,698 | ||||||||
| Net income from discontinued operations, net of tax | — | — | (12,392 | ) | |||||||
| Income tax expense adjustment | (12,420 | ) | 371 | 3,680 | |||||||
| Adjustments for AFFO from unconsolidated joint ventures | — | (17 | ) | (40 | ) | ||||||
| AFFO | $ | 1,659,097 | $ | 1,437,040 | $ | 1,078,339 | |||||
Our AFFO results have improved due to the improved operating results discussed earlier in "Results of Operations," as well as due to the nature of our business model which consists of a recurring revenue stream and a cost structure which has a large base that is fixed in nature as discussed earlier in "Overview."
Constant Currency Presentation
Our revenues and certain operating expenses (cost of revenues, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses) from our international operations have represented and will continue to represent a significant portion of our total revenues and certain operating expenses. As a result, our revenues and certain operating expenses have been and will continue to be affected by changes in the U.S. dollar against major international currencies such as the Euro, British pound, Japanese yen, Singapore dollar, Australian dollar and Brazilian real. In order to provide a framework for assessing how each of our business segments performed excluding the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, we present period-over-period percentage changes in our revenues and certain operating expenses on a constant currency basis in addition to the historical amounts as reported. Presenting constant currency results of operations is a non-GAAP financial measure and is not meant to be considered in isolation or as an alternative to GAAP results of operations. However, we have presented this non-GAAP financial measure to provide investors with an additional tool to evaluate our operating results. To present this information, our current and comparative prior period revenues and certain operating expenses from entities reporting in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are converted into U.S. dollars at constant exchange rates rather than the actual exchange rates in effect during the respective periods (i.e. average rates in effect for the year ended December 31, 2017 are used as exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2018 when comparing the year
ended December 31, 2018 with the year ended December 31, 2017, and average rates in effect for the year ended December 31, 2016 are used as exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2017 when comparing the year ended December 31, 2017 with the year ended December 31, 2016).
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2015,2018, our total indebtedness was comprised of (i) convertible debt principal totaling $150.1 million from our 4.75% convertible subordinated notes (gross of discount) and (ii) non-convertible debt and financing obligations totaling approximately $6.4$11.4 billion consisting of (a) approximately $3.9 billion$8,500.1 million of principal from our senior notes, (b) approximately $1.3 billion$1,518.9 million from our capital lease and other financing obligations (c) $325.6 million from our revolving credit facility, and (c) $920.1$1,390.4 million of principal from our mortgage and other loans payable and mortgage (gross of debt issuance cost, debt discount, andplus debt premium).
We believe we have sufficient cash, coupled with anticipated cash generated from operating activities, to meet our operating requirements, including repayment of the current portion of our debt as it becomes due, payment of regular dividend and special distributions due to our REIT conversion (see below) and completion of our publicly-announced expansion projects.
On March 14, 2018, we issued €750.0 million 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024. On April 2, 2018, we completed the Infomart Dallas Acquisition for a purchase price of approximately $804.0 million, which was funded with approximately $45.8 million in cash and $758.2 million aggregate fair value of 5.000% senior unsecured notes. On April 18, 2018, we completed the Metronode Acquisition for a cash purchase price of A$1.034 billion or approximately $804.6 million at the exchange rate in effect on April 18, 2018. In July, we drew down the full amount of the JPY Term Loan of ¥47.5 billion, or approximately $424.7 million at the exchange rate effective on July 31, 2018, and prepaid the remaining principal of our existing Japanese Yen Term Loan of ¥43.8 billion or approximately $391.3 million. As of December 31, 2015,2018, we had $2.2 billion$610.7 million of cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments, of which approximately $2.0 billion$280.1 million was held in the U.S. In January 2016, we used £1.2 billion, or approximately $1.7 billion in U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect on January 15, 2016, to fund the cash portion of the TelecityGroup purchase price. We believe that our current expansion activities in the U.S. can be funded with our U.S.-based cash and cash equivalents and investments. In addition to our cash and investment portfolio, we have additional liquidity available to us from our $2.0 billion revolving facility and the 2018 ATM Program as described below.
As of December 31, 2015,2018, we had 3042 irrevocable letters of credit totaling $55.3$68.5 million issued and outstanding under the revolving credit facility; as a result of these letters of credit plus $325.6 million of outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility, wefacility. We had a total of approximately $1.1$1.9 billion of additional liquidity available to us under the revolving credit facility. Revolving Facility.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, we sold 930,934 shares for approximately $388.2 million, net of payment of commissions to the sales agents and equity offering costs under our 2017 ATM Program. As of December 31, 2018, no shares remain available for sale under the 2017 ATM Program. In December 2018, we launched the 2018 ATM Program to sell up to $750.0 million of common stock in at the market offerings. As of December 31, 2018, no shares have been sold under the 2018 ATM Program.
Besides any further financing activitiesactivity we may pursue, customer collections are our primary source of cash. While we believe we have a strong customer base, and have continued to experience relatively strong collections, if the current market conditions were to deteriorate, some of our customers may have difficulty paying us and we may experience increased churn in our customer base, including reductions in their commitments to us, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity. Additionally, we may pursue additional expansion opportunities, primarily the build out of new IBX data centers, in certain of our existing markets which are at or near capacity within the next year, as well as potential acquisitions. We are also now operating as a REIT (see below).acquisitions and joint ventures. While we expect to fund these plans with our existing resources, additional financing, either debt or equity, may be required, and if current market conditions were to deteriorate, we may be unable to secure additional financing, or any such additional financing may only be available to us on unfavorable terms. An inability to pursue additional expansion opportunities will have a material adverse effect on our ability to maintain our desired level of revenue growth in future periods.
Sources and Uses of Cash
| Years ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||||
| (dollars in thousands) | (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 894,793 | $ | 689,420 | $ | 604,608 | $ | 1,815,426 | $ | 1,439,233 | $ | 1,019,353 | ||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (1,134,927 | ) | (435,839 | ) | (1,169,313 | ) | (3,075,528 | ) | (5,400,826 | ) | (2,045,668 | ) | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 1,873,182 | 107,401 | 574,907 | 470,912 | 4,607,860 | (897,065 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Operating Activities
Our cash provided by our operations is generated by colocation, interconnection, managed infrastructure and other revenues. Our primary use of cash from our operating activities include compensation and related costs, interest payments, other general corporate expenditures and taxes. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities during 20152018 compared to 20142017 was primarily due to improved operating results.results combined with incremental operating cash provided by the acquisitions of Infomart Dallas and Metronode in April 2018 and inclusion of full year operating results of the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, offset by increases in cash paid for cost of revenues, operating expenses, interest expense and income taxes. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities during 20142017 compared to 20132016 was primarily due to improved operating results combined with incremental operating cash provided by the Verizon Data Center Acquisition and other acquisitions in 2017, offset by unfavorable working capital activities such as decreasedtiming of collections of customeron our receivables and a $51.4 million increaseincreases in cash paid for cost of revenues, operating expenses, interest payments. We expect we will continue to generate cash from our operating activities during 2016.expense and income taxes.
Investing Activities
The decrease in net cash used in investing activities during 2018 compared to 2017 was primarily due to the decrease in spending for business acquisitions of approximately of $3.1 billion, primarily due to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition in 2017, partially offset by $717.4 million of higher capital expenditures and $87.3 million of higher purchases of real estate, primarily as a result of expansion activity. The increase in net cash used in investing activities during 20152017 compared to 20142016 was primarily due to a $513.9 millionthe increase in restricted cash,spending for business acquisitions of approximately of $2.2 billion, primarily related to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, a decrease in connection with our cash and share offer for TelecityGroup, $245.6proceeds from asset sales of $803.8 million, net of cash for our acquisition of Bit-isle and Nimbo, $207.9$265.4 million of higher capital expenditures and $67.0 million of higher purchases of real estate, primarily as a result of expansion activity and $21.5 million of higher purchase of real estate, partially offset by $187.0 million of lower purchase of investments and $87.6 million of higher sales and maturities of investment. The decrease in net cash used in investing activities during 2014 compared to 2013 was primarily due to $423.0 million of lower purchases of investments, $295.7 million of higher sales and maturities of investments, $57.5 million of lower real estate purchases and $49.3 million of lower business acquisition spending, partially offset by $87.8 million of higher capital expenditures as a result of more IBX expansion activity.
During 2016,2019, we expect thatanticipate our IBX expansion construction activity will be greater thanincrease from our 20152018 levels. However, ifIf the opportunity to expand is greater than planned and we have sufficient funding to pursue such expansion opportunities, we may further increase the level of capital expendituresexpenditure to support this growth as well as pursue additional business acquisitions, propertyand real estate acquisitions or joint ventures.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities during 20152018 was primarily due to (i) $1.1the issuance of €750.0 million 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024, or approximately $929.9 million in U.S. dollars, at the exchange rate in effect on March 14, 2018; (ii) borrowing of the JPY Term Loan of ¥47.5 billion, or approximately $424.7 million at the exchange rate effective on July 31, 2018; (iii) sale of gross930,934 shares under the 2017 ATM Program, for net proceeds of $388.2 million and (iv) proceeds from employee awards of $50.1 million. The proceeds were partially offset by (i) dividend distributions of $738.6 million; (ii) repayments of capital lease and other financing obligations of $103.8 million; (iii) repayments of mortgage and loans payable of $447.5 million, primarily related to the senior notes offeringprepayment of the remaining principal of our existing Japanese Yen Term Loan; (iv) payments of debt extinguishment costs of $20.6 million and (v) payments of debt issuance costs of $12.2 million.
Net cash provided by financing activities during 2017 was primarily due to (i) borrowings under our previously outstanding credit facility of €1,000.0 million, or approximately $1,059.8 million at the exchange rate in effect on January 6, 2017; (ii) the issuance of $1,250.0 million 2027 Senior Notes; (iii) the issuance of €1,000.0 million 2025 Euro Senior Notes, or approximately $1,199.7 million at the exchange rate on September 20, 2017; (iv) the issuance of €1,000.0 million 2026 Euro Senior Notes, approximately $1,179.0 million at the exchange rate on December 2015, (ii) $829.512, 2017; (v) borrowings under our Term Loan Facility of approximately $997.1 million of net proceeds from our public offeringon December 12, 2017, at the exchange rate in effect on that day; (vi) the sale of common stock for net proceeds of $2,481.4 million and (vii) proceeds from employee awards of $41.7 million, partially offset by (i) repayment of the entire $500.0 million principal amount of our 4.875% Senior Notes due 2020; (ii) repayment in November 2015,full of our previously outstanding credit facility of approximately $2,207.7 million in total at the exchange rate on December 12, 2017; (iii) $1.2 billiondividend distributions of $621.5 million; (iv) repayments of capital lease and other financing obligations of $93.5 million and (v) debt issuance costs of $81.0 million.
Net cash used in financing activities during 2016 was primarily due to (i) $1,462.9 million repayment of loans payable including repayment of loans assumed in the TelecityGroup acquisition, bridge term loan and revolving credit facility; (ii) $114.4 million repayment of capital lease and other financing obligations and (iii) $499.5 million payment of dividends, partially offset by $1,168.3 million of proceeds from loans payable including proceeds from our term loan modification, our bridge term loan and our revolvingpreviously outstanding credit facility partially offset by (iv) $715.3 million repayment of mortgage and loans payable including repayment of $171.2 million of loans assumed in the Bit-isle acquisition and repayment of $544.1 million of U.S. dollar-denominated term loan and other mortgage and loan payments, (v) $396.0 million of quarterly dividend distributions and (vi) $125.5 million of special distributions. The net cash provided by financing activities for 2014 was primarily due to $1.25 billion of proceeds from the senior notes offering in November 2014, $500.0 million of proceeds from the term loan facility, partially offset by (i) $1.1 billion for repayment of debt including $750.0 million for the redemption of the 7.00% senior notes, prepayment of the remaining principal balance of the U.S. term loan of $110.0 million, $43.5 million for repayments of mortgage and other loan payable, and $29.5 million for the exchanges of the 3.00% convertible subordinated notes and 4.75% convertible subordinated notes, (ii) $298.0 million for the purchases of treasury stock, (iii) $226.3 million for the purchase of Riverwood’s interest in ALOG and the approximate 10% of ALOG owned by ALOG management and (iv) $83.3 million for the cash portion of the special distribution. The net cash provided by financing activities for 2013 was primarily due to $1.5 billion of proceeds from the senior notes offering in March 2013, partially offset by $834.7 million for the redemption of the $750.0 million 8.125% senior notes, repayments of various debtJapanese Yen Term Loan.
Debt Obligations
Debt Facilities
We have various debt obligations with maturity dates ranging from 20162019 to 20262027 under which a total principal balance of $5.2$9.9 billion remained outstanding as of December 31, 2015.2018. For further information on debt obligations, see “Debt Facilities”"Debt Facilities" in Note 911 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Capital Lease and Other Financing Obligations
We have numerous capital lease and other financing obligations with maturity dates ranging from 20162019 to 20652053 under which a total principal balance of $1.3 billion$1,518.9 million remained outstanding as of December 31, 20152018 with a weighted average effective interest rate of 8.17%7.88%. For further information on our capital leases and other financing obligations, see “Capital Leases"Capital Lease and Other Financing Obligations”Obligations" in Note 810 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements
We lease a majority of our IBX data centers and certain equipment under non-cancelable lease agreements expiring through 2065. The following represents our debt maturities, financings, leases and other contractual commitments as of December 31, 20152018 (in thousands):
| 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | Thereafter | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||
Convertible debt (1) | $ | 150,082 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 150,082 | |||||||||||||
Senior notes (2) | — | — | — | — | 500,000 | 3,350,000 | 3,850,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Term loan A (2) | 41,565 | 39,541 | 39,540 | 336,094 | — | — | 456,740 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Bridge term loan (2) | 386,547 | — | — | — | — | — | 386,547 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Brazil financings (2) | 11,540 | 7,936 | 4,419 | — | — | — | 23,895 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Mortgage payable (2) | 1,049 | 1,094 | 1,141 | 1,191 | 1,242 | 26,626 | 32,343 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other loans payable (2) | 3,720 | 2,477 | 2,515 | 2,044 | 1,982 | 7,801 | 20,539 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Revolving credit facility (2) | 325,622 | — | — | — | — | — | 325,622 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Interest (3) | 203,872 | 220,234 | 218,821 | 217,806 | 201,034 | 682,032 | 1,743,799 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Capital lease and other financing obligations (4) | 140,632 | 139,653 | 140,981 | 138,847 | 136,587 | 1,346,341 | 2,043,041 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Operating leases (5) | 115,091 | 113,624 | 108,810 | 100,462 | 89,227 | 632,677 | 1,159,891 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other contractual commitments (6) | 476,217 | 79,750 | 18,898 | 4,252 | 4,302 | 25,540 | 608,959 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Asset retirement obligations (7) | 491 | 9,982 | 4,150 | 11,297 | 3,651 | 48,911 | 78,482 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 1,856,428 | $ | 614,291 | $ | 539,275 | $ | 811,993 | $ | 938,025 | $ | 6,119,928 | $ | 10,879,940 | ||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | Thereafter | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||
Term loans and other loans payable (1) | $ | 73,128 | $ | 73,443 | $ | 73,134 | $ | 1,165,871 | $ | 2,491 | $ | 2,339 | $ | 1,390,406 | |||||||||||||
Senior notes (1) | 300,000 | 300,000 | 150,000 | 750,000 | 1,000,000 | 6,000,125 | 8,500,125 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Interest (2) | 411,944 | 395,556 | 379,060 | 352,907 | 278,214 | 600,648 | 2,418,329 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Capital lease and other financing obligations (3) | 184,151 | 170,592 | 169,086 | 168,810 | 164,886 | 1,601,251 | 2,458,776 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Operating leases (4) | 187,280 | 179,515 | 166,159 | 158,115 | 147,677 | 1,130,494 | 1,969,240 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other contractual commitments (5) | 1,129,604 | 149,168 | 36,839 | 25,680 | 19,789 | 164,090 | 1,525,170 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Asset retirement obligations (6) | 6,776 | 3,801 | 3,972 | 11,633 | 5,582 | 64,899 | 96,663 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 2,292,883 | $ | 1,272,075 | $ | 978,250 | $ | 2,633,016 | $ | 1,618,639 | $ | 9,563,846 | $ | 18,358,709 | ||||||||||||||
(1) | Represents principal |
(2) |
| Represents interest on |
(3) | Represents principal and interest. |
(4) | Represents minimum operating lease payments, excluding potential lease renewals. |
(5) | Represents unaccrued contractual commitments. Other contractual commitments are described below. |
(6) | Represents liability, net of future accretion expense. |
In connection with certain of our leases and other contracts requiring deposits, we entered into 3042 irrevocable letters of credit totaling $55.3$68.5 million under the revolving credit facility. These letters of credit were provided in lieu of cash deposits under the revolving credit facility.deposits. If the landlords for these IBX leases decide to draw down on these letters of credit triggered by an event of default under the lease, we will be required to fund these letters of credit either through cash collateral or borrowing under the revolving credit facility. These contingent commitments are not reflected in the table above.
We had accrued liabilities related to uncertain tax positions totaling approximately $26.8$106.9 million as of December 31, 2015.2018. These liabilities, which are reflected on our balance sheet, are not reflected in the table above since it is unclear when these liabilities will be paid.
Primarily as a result of our various IBX data center expansion projects, as of December 31, 2015,2018, we were contractually committed for $256.8$687.6 million of unaccrued capital expenditures, primarily for IBX equipment not yet delivered and labor not yet provided in connection with the work necessary to complete construction and open these IBX data centers prior to making them available to customers for installation. This amount, which is expected to be paid during 20162019 and thereafter, is reflected in the table above as “other"other contractual commitments.”"
We had other non-capital purchase commitments in place as of December 31, 2015,2018, such as commitments to purchase power in select locations and other open purchase orders, which contractually bind us for goods, services or servicesarrangements that may contain
embedded leases to be delivered or provided during 20162019 and beyond. Such other purchase commitments as of December 31, 2015,2018, which total $352.2$837.5 million, are also reflected in the table above as “other"other contractual commitments.”"
Other Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements
We have various guarantor arrangements with both our directors and officers and third parties, including customers, vendors and business partners. As of December 31, 2015,2018, there were no significant liabilities recorded for these arrangements. For additional information, see “Guarantor Arrangements”"Guarantor Arrangements" in Note 1415 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“GAAP”).GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates and judgments to ensure that our consolidated financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with GAAP. Management bases its assumptions, estimates and judgments on historical experience, current trends and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results may differ from these assumptions and estimates, and such differences could be material.
Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 1 to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Management believes that the following critical accounting policies and estimates are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial statements, and they require significant judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain:
Accounting for income taxes;
Accounting for business combinations;
Accounting for impairment of goodwill; and
Accounting for property, plant and equipment.
Description | Judgments and Uncertainties | Effect if Actual Results Differ | |
Accounting for Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences that exist between the financial statement carrying value of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards on a taxing jurisdiction basis. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that will apply in the years in which we expect the temporary differences to be recovered or settled. The accounting standard for income taxes requires a reduction of the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by recording a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not (defined by the accounting standard as a likelihood of more than 50%) that such assets will not be realized. A tax benefit from an uncertain income tax position may be recognized in the financial statements only if it is more likely than not that the position is sustainable, based solely on its technical merits and consideration of the relevant taxing | The TCJA included a Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI") provision that increases U.S. federal taxable income by certain foreign subsidiary income in the year it is earned. Our accounting policy is to treat any tax on GILTI inclusions as a current period cost included in the tax expense in the year incurred. The Company believes the GILTI inclusion provision will result in no financial statement impact provided the Company satisfies its REIT distribution requirement with respect to the GILTI inclusions. Our qualification and taxation as a REIT depends on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy quarterly asset tests depends upon our analysis and the fair market values of our REIT and non-REIT assets. | The valuation of deferred tax assets requires judgment in assessing the likely future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. Our accounting for deferred tax consequences represents our best estimate of those future events. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider both positive and negative evidence related to the likelihood of realization of the deferred tax assets. If, based on the weight of that available evidence, it is more likely than not the deferred tax assets will not be realized, we record a valuation allowance. The weight given to the positive and negative evidence is commensurate with the extent to which the evidence may be objectively verified. This assessment, which is completed on a taxing jurisdiction basis, takes into account a number of types of evidence, including the following: 1) the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative financial reporting losses, 2) sources of future taxable income and 3) tax planning strategies. In assessing the tax benefit from an uncertain income tax position, the tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For purposes of the quarterly REIT asset tests, we estimate the fair market value of assets within our QRSs and TRSs using a discounted cash flow approach, by calculating the present value of forecasted future cash flows. We apply discount rates based on industry benchmarks relative to the market and forecasting risks. Other key assumptions used to estimate the fair market value of assets in QRSs and TRSs include projected revenue growth, operating margins and forecasted capital expenditure. We revisit key assumptions periodically to reflect any changes due to business or economic environment. | As of December 31, During the year ended December 31, 2018, we released the full valuation allowances against the deferred tax assets of one of our Brazilian legal entities, certain Japanese entities and partial valuation allowance against the Spanish deferred tax assets acquired from the Itconic acquisition as a result of legal entities reorganizations in the Americas, APAC and EMEA regions. As part of the purchase accounting determination for the Metronode Acquisition, we provided full valuation allowance against certain deferred tax assets in Australia that are not expected to be realizable in the foreseeable future. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we provided full and partial valuation allowances against the Spanish and Turkish deferred tax assets acquired from the Itconic and Zenium data center acquisitions, respectively. In addition, we set up a full valuation allowance against the deferred tax asset associated with excess tax goodwill established as a result of a reorganization in Brazil. As of December 31, |
Description | Judgments and Uncertainties | Effect if Actual Results Differ |
Accounting for Business Combinations In accordance with the accounting standard for business combinations, we allocate the purchase price of an acquired business to its identifiable assets and liabilities based on estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if any, is recorded as goodwill. We use all available information to estimate fair values. We typically engage outside appraisal firms to assist in determining the fair value | Our purchase price allocation methodology contains uncertainties because it requires assumptions and | During the last three years, we have completed As of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we had net intangible assets of $2.3 billion, $2.4 billion and $719.2 million, respectively. We recorded amortization expense for intangible assets of $203.4 million, $177.0 million and $122.9 million for the We do not believe there is a reasonable likelihood that there will be a material change in the estimates or assumptions we used to complete the purchase price allocations and the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. However, if actual results are not consistent with our estimates or assumptions, we may be exposed to losses or gains that could be material, which would be recorded in our consolidated statements of operations in |
Description | Judgments and Uncertainties | Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions |
Accounting for Impairment of Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets In accordance with the accounting standard for goodwill and other intangible assets, we perform goodwill and other intangible assets impairment reviews annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. We perform a review of other intangible assets for impairment by assessing events or changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. | To perform annual goodwill impairment assessment, we elected to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying There were no specific factors present in 2018 or 2017 that indicated a potential goodwill impairment. We performed our annual review of other intangible assets by assessing if there were events or changes in circumstances indicating that the | As of December 31, Future events, changing market conditions and any changes in key assumptions may result in an impairment charge. While we have not recorded an impairment charge against our goodwill to date, the development of adverse business conditions in our Americas, EMEA or Asia-Pacific reporting units, such as higher than anticipated customer churn or significantly increased operating costs, or significant deterioration of our market comparables that we use in the market approach, could result in an impairment charge in future periods. The balance of our other intangible assets, net, for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $2.3 billion. While we have not recorded an impairment charge against our other intangible assets to date, future events or changes in circumstances, such as a significant decrease in market price of an asset, a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which an asset is being used, a significant adverse change in legal factors or business climate, may result in an impairment charge in future periods. Any potential impairment charge against our goodwill and other intangible assets would not exceed the amounts recorded on our consolidated balance sheets. |
Description | Judgments and Uncertainties | Effect if Actual Results Differ |
Accounting for Property, Plant and Equipment We have a substantial amount of property, plant and equipment recorded on our consolidated balance sheet. The vast majority of our property, plant and equipment represent the costs incurred to build out or acquire our IBX data centers. Our IBX data centers are long-lived assets. Accounting for property, plant and equipment includes determining the appropriate period in which to depreciate such assets, making assessments for leased properties to determine whether they are capital or operating leases, determining if construction projects performed at leased properties trigger build-to-suit lease accounting, assessing such assets for potential impairment, capitalizing interest during periods of construction and assessing the asset retirement obligations required for certain leased properties that require us to return the leased properties back to their original condition at the time we decide to exit a leased property. | Judgments are Another area of judgment for us in connection with our property, plant and equipment is related to lease accounting. The assessment of long-lived assets for impairment requires assumptions and estimates of undiscounted and discounted future cash flows. These assumptions and estimates require significant judgment and are inherently uncertain. | As of December 31, Additionally, during the years ended December 31, respectively. |
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See “Recent"Recent Accounting Pronouncements”Pronouncements" in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
| ITEM 7A. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK |
Market Risk
The following discussion about market risk involves forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. We may be exposed to market risks related to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates and fluctuations in the prices of certain commodities, primarily electricity.
We employ foreign currency forward exchange contracts for the purpose of hedging certain specifically-identified exposures. The use of these financial instruments is intended to mitigate some of the risks associated with fluctuations in currency exchange rates, but does not eliminate such risks. We do not use financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Investment Portfolio Risk
We maintain an investment portfolio of various holdings, types, and maturities that is prioritized on meeting REIT asset requirements. All of our marketable securities are designated as available-for-sale and, therefore, are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value with unrealized gains or losses reported as a component of other comprehensive income,changes in fair values recognized in net of tax.income. We consider various factors in determining whether we should recognize an impairment charge for our securities, including the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than our cost basis and our intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery. We anticipate that we will recover the entire cost basis of these securities and have determined that no other-than-temporary impairments associated with credit losses were required to be recognized during the year ended December 31, 2015.2018.
As of December 31, 2015,2018, our investment portfolio of cash equivalents and marketable securities consisted of money market fund investments, U.S. government securities,funds, certificates of deposits and publicly traded equity securities and publicly traded fixed income securities. The amount in our investment portfolio that could be susceptible to market risk totaled $1.1 billion.$124.1 million.
Interest Rate Risk
outstanding debt. An immediate 10% increase or decrease in current interest rates from their position as of December 31, 20152018 would not have a material impact on our debt obligationsinterest expense due to the fixed nature ofcoupon rate on the majority of our debt obligations. However, the interest expense associated with our senior credit facility the Brazil financings and bridge term loan, whichloans, that bear interest at variable rates, could be affected. For every 100 basis point change in interest rates, our annual interest expense could increase by a total of approximately $12.7 million or decrease by a total of approximately $6.9$5.6 million based on the total balance of our primary borrowings under the term loan A facility, revolving credit facility, bridge term loan and the Brazil financingsTerm Loan Facility as of December 31, 2015.2018. As of December 31, 2015,2018, we had not employed any interest rate derivative products against our debt obligations. However, we may enter into interest rate hedging agreements in the future to mitigate our exposure to interest rate risk.
The fair value of our long-term fixed interest rate debt is subject to interest rate risk. Generally, the fair value of fixed interest rate debt will increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. These interest rate changes may affect the fair value of the fixed interest rate debt but do not impact our earnings or cash flows. The fair value of our convertible debt, which is traded in the market, is based on quoted market prices. The fair value of ourmortgage and loans payable and 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes, which are not traded in the market, is estimated by considering our credit rating, current rates available to us for debt of the same remaining maturities and the terms of the debt. The fair value of our other senior notes, which are traded in the market, was based on quoted market prices. The following table represents the carrying value and estimated fair value of our mortgage and loans payable and senior notes and convertible debt as of (in thousands):
| December 31, 2015 | December 31, 2014 | December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Carrying Value (1) | Fair Value | Carrying Value (1) | Fair Value | Carrying Value (1) | Fair Value | Carrying Value (1) | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mortgage and loans payable | $ | 920,064 | $ | 916,602 | $ | 595,752 | $ | 553,045 | $ | 1,388,524 | $ | 1,389,632 | $ | 1,468,275 | $ | 1,464,877 | ||||||||||||||
| Convertible debt | 150,082 | 151,997 | 157,885 | 162,159 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Senior notes | 3,850,000 | 3,954,000 | 2,750,000 | 2,790,023 | 8,500,125 | 8,422,211 | 7,002,000 | 7,288,673 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revolving credit facility | 325,622 | 325,617 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) | The carrying value is gross of debt |
Foreign Currency Risk
A significant portion of our revenue is denominated in U.S. dollars, however, approximately 48.5%55.3% of our revenues and 48.6%53.5% of our operating costs are attributable to Brazil, Canada, Colombia and the EMEA and Asia-Pacific regions, and a large portion of those revenues and costs are denominated in a currency other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the Brazilian Reals, Canadian dollar,Euro, British pound, Euro, Swiss franc, United Arab Emirates dirham, AustralianJapanese yen, Singapore dollar, Chinese Yuan, Hong Kong dollar, Japanese yenAustralian dollar and Singapore dollar. As a result, our operating results and cash flows are impacted by currency fluctuations relative to the U.S. dollar.Brazilian real. To protect against certain reductions in value caused by changes in currency exchange rates, we have established a risk management program to offset some of the risk of carrying assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we have entered into foreign currency forward contracts to manage the risk associated with certain foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities. We entered into foreign currency forward contracts to help manage ourthe exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, forwe have implemented a number of hedging programs, in particular (i) a cash flow hedging program
to hedge the forecasted revenues and expenses in our EMEA region.region, (ii) a balance sheet hedging program to hedge the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, and (iii) a net investment hedging program to hedge the long term investments in our foreign subsidiaries. Our risk management program reduces,hedging programs reduce, but doesdo not entirely eliminate, the impact of currency exchange rate movements and its impact on theour consolidated balance sheets, statements of operations.operations and statements of cash flows. As of December 31, 2015,2018, the outstanding foreign currency forward contracts had maturities of less thanup to two years.
We have entered into various foreign currency debt obligations. As of December 31, 2018, the total principal amount of foreign currency debt obligations was $4.5 billion, including $3.2 billion denominated in Euro, $612.7 million denominated in British Pound, $427.8 million denominated in Japanese Yen and $304.0 million denominated in Swedish Krona. As of December 31, 2018, we have designated $4.1 billion of the total principal amount of foreign currency debt obligations as net investment hedges against our net investments in foreign subsidiaries. For a net investment hedge, changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument designated as a net investment hedge, except the ineffective portion and forward points, are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income in the consolidated balance sheets. We did not record any ineffectiveness during the year ended December 31, 2018.
Fluctuations in the exchange rates between these foreign currencies (i.e. Euro, British Pound, Swedish Krona and Japanese Yen) and the U.S. Dollar will impact the amount of U.S. dollars that we will require to settle the foreign currency debt obligations at maturity. If the U.S. Dollar would have been weaker or stronger by 10% in comparison to these foreign currencies as of December 31, 2018, we estimate our obligation to cash settle the principal of these foreign currency debt obligations in U.S. dollars would have increased or decreased by approximately $449.5 million respectively.
For the foreseeable future, we anticipate that more thanapproximately 50% of our revenues and operating costs will continue to be generated and incurred outside of the U.S. in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. During fiscal 2015,2018, the U.S. dollar wasbecame generally strongstronger relative to certain of the currencies of the foreign countries in which we operate. This overall strengthstrengthening of the U.S. dollar had a negative impact on our consolidated results of operations because the foreign denominations translated into less U.S. dollars. In future periods, the volatility of the U.S. dollar as compared to the other currencies in which we do business could have a significant impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations including the amount of revenue that we report in future periods.
With the existing cash flow hedges in place, a hypothetical additional 10% weakening of the U.S. dollar during the year ended December 31, 2018 would have resulted in an increase of $130.8our revenues and operating expenses, including depreciation and amortization expenses, for the year by approximately $175.1 million and $23.1$179.4 million, in revenue and net income before taxes. Excluding consideration from hedging contracts, an immediate 10% depreciation in current foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2015 would have resulted in a decrease of $128.4 million and $25.2 million in revenue and net income before taxes.respectively.
We may enter into additional hedging activities in the future to mitigate our exposure to foreign currency risk as our exposure to foreign currency risk continues to increase due to our growing foreign operations; however, we do not currently intend to eliminate all foreign currency transaction exposure.
Commodity Price Risk
Certain operating costs incurred by us are subject to price fluctuations caused by the volatility of underlying commodity prices. The commodities most likely to have an impact on our results of operations in the event of price changes are electricity, supplies and equipment used in our IBX data centers. We closely monitor the cost of electricity at all of our locations. We have entered into several power contracts to purchase power at fixed prices during 2014 and beyond in certain locations in the U.S., Australia, Brazil, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore and the United Kingdom.
In addition, as we are building new, or expanding existing, IBX data centers, we are subject to commodity price risk for building materials related to the construction of these IBX data centers, such as steel and copper. In addition, the lead-time to procure certain pieces of equipment, such as generators, is substantial. Any delays in procuring the necessary pieces of equipment for the construction of our IBX data centers could delay the anticipated openings of these new IBX data centers and, as a result, increase the cost of these projects.
We do not currently employ forward contracts or other financial instruments to address commodity price risk other than the power contracts discussed above.
| ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA |
The financial statements and supplementary data required by this Item 8 are listed in Item 15(a)(1) and begin at page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
| ITEM 9. | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE |
There is no disclosure to report pursuant to Item 9.
| ITEM 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES |
Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”"Exchange Act"). Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2015.2018.
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013), our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2015.2018.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 20152018 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, believes that our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed and operated to be effective at the reasonable assurance level. However, our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must
reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal controls over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of fiscal 20152018 that has materially affected, or is reasonable likely to affect, our internal controls over financial reporting. We implemented certain internal controls related to the adoption of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, to ensure we adequately evaluated our contracts and properly assessed the impact of the new revenue recognition standard on our financial statements to facilitate its adoption effective January 1, 2018.
| ITEM 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION |
There is no disclosure to report pursuant to Item 9B.
PART III
| ITEM 10. |
Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 20162019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
We have adopted a Code of Ethics applicable for the Chief Executive Officer and Senior Financial Officers and a Code of Business Conduct. This information is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 20162019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is also available on our website, www.equinix.com.
| ITEM 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION |
Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 20162019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
| ITEM 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS |
Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 20162019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
| ITEM 13. | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE |
Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 20162019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
| ITEM 14. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES |
Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 20162019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
PART IV
| ITEM 15. | EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES |
(a)(1) Financial Statements:
(a)(2) All schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financialFinancial statements or notes thereto.and schedules:
(a)(3) Exhibits:
| Incorporated by Reference | ||||||||||
| Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | Filing Date/ Period End Date | Exhibit | Filed Herewith | |||||
| 2.1 | Rule 2.7 Announcement, dated as May 29, 2015. Recommended Cash and Share Offer for Telecity Group plc by Equinix, Inc. | 8-K | 5/29/15 | 2.1 | ||||||
| 2.2 | Cooperation Agreement, dated as of May 29, 2015, by and between Equinix, Inc. and Telecity Group plc. | 8-K | 5/29/15 | 2.2 | ||||||
| 2.3 | Amendment to Cooperation Agreement, dated as of November 24, 2015, by and between Equinix, Inc. and Telecity Group plc. | X | ||||||||
| 3.1 | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended to date. | 10-K/A | 12/31/02 | 3.1 | ||||||
| 3.2 | Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant | 8-K | 6/14/11 | 3.1 | ||||||
| 3.3 | Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant | 8-K | 6/11/13 | 3.1 | ||||||
| 3.4 | Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant | 10-Q | 6/30/2014 | 3.4 | ||||||
| 3.5 | Certificate of Designation of Series A and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock. | 10-K/A | 12/31/02 | 3.3 | ||||||
| 3.6 | Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant. | 8-K | 01/19/16 | 3.1 | ||||||
| 4.1 | Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6. | |||||||||
| 4.2 | Indenture dated June 12, 2009 by and between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. | 8-K | 6/12/09 | 4.1 | ||||||
| 4.3 | Form of 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Note Due 2016 (see Exhibit 4.2). | |||||||||
| 4.4 | Indenture for the 2020 Notes dated March 5, 2013 by and between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association as trustee | 8-K | 3/5/13 | 4.1 | ||||||
| Incorporated by Reference | ||||||||||
| Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | Filing Date/ Period End Date | Exhibit | Filed Herewith | |||||
| 8-K | 5/29/15 | 2.1 | ||||||||
| 8-K | 5/29/15 | 2.2 | ||||||||
| 10-K | 12/31/15 | 2.3 | ||||||||
| 8-K | 12/6/16 | 2.1 | ||||||||
| 10-K | 12/31/16 | 2.5 | ||||||||
| 8-K | 5/1/17 | 2.1 | ||||||||
| 10-Q | 8/8/18 | 2.7 | ||||||||
| 10-K/A | 12/31/02 | 3.1 | ||||||||
| 8-K | 6/14/11 | 3.1 | ||||||||
| Incorporated by Reference | ||||||||||
| Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | Filing Date/ Period End Date | Exhibit | Filed Herewith | |||||
| 4.5 | Form of 4.875% Senior Note due 2020 (see Exhibit 4.4) | |||||||||
| 4.6 | Indenture for the 2023 Notes dated March 5, 2013 by and between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association as trustee | 8-K | 3/5/13 | 4.3 | ||||||
| 4.7 | Form of 5.375% Senior Note due 2023 (see Exhibit 4.6) | |||||||||
| 4.8 | Indenture, dated as of November 20, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee | 8-K | 11/20/14 | 4.1 | ||||||
| 4.9 | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 20, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee | 8-K | 11/20/14 | 4.2 | ||||||
| 4.10 | Form of 5.375% Senior Note due 2022 (see Exhibit 4.9) | |||||||||
| 4.11 | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 20, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee | 8-K | 11/20/14 | 4.4 | ||||||
| 4.12 | Form of 5.750% Senior Note due 2025 (see Exhibit 4.11) | |||||||||
| 4.13 | Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 4, 2015, between Equinix, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee | 8-K | 12/04/15 | 4.2 | ||||||
| 4.14 | Form of 5.875% Senior Note due 2026 (see Exhibit 4.13) | |||||||||
| 4.15 | Form of Registrant’s Common Stock Certificate | 10-K | 12/31/14 | 4.13 | ||||||
| 10.1** | Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and each of its officers and directors. | S-4 (File No. 333-93749) | 12/29/1999 | 10.5 | ||||||
| 10.2** | 2000 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended. | 10-Q | 3/31/12 | 10.2 | ||||||
| 10.3** | 2000 Director Option Plan, as amended. | 10-K | 12/31/07 | 10.4 | ||||||
| 10.4** | 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan, as amended. | 10-K | 12/31/07 | 10.5 | ||||||
| 10.5** | Equinix, Inc. 2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended. | 10-Q | 6/30/14 | 10.5 | ||||||
| 10.6** | Severance Agreement by and between Stephen Smith and Equinix, Inc. dated December 18, 2008. | 10-K | 12/31/08 | 10.31 | ||||||
| 10.7** | Severance Agreement by and between Peter Van Camp and Equinix, Inc. dated December 10, 2008. | 10-K | 12/31/08 | 10.32 | ||||||
| 10.8** | Severance Agreement by and between Keith Taylor and Equinix, Inc. dated December 19, 2008. | 10-K | 12/31/08 | 10.33 | ||||||
| 10.9** | Change in Control Severance Agreement by and between Eric Schwartz and Equinix, Inc. dated December 19, 2008. | 10-K | 12/31/08 | 10.35 | ||||||
| 10.10 | Confirmation for Base Capped Call Transaction dated as of June 9, 2009 between Equinix, Inc. and Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch. | 8-K | 6/12/09 | 10.1 | ||||||
| 10.11 | Confirmation for Additional Capped Call Transaction dated as of June 9, 2009 between Equinix, Inc. and Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch. | 8-K | 6/12/09 | 10.2 | ||||||
| Incorporated by Reference | ||||||||||
| Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | Filing Date/ Period End Date | Exhibit | Filed Herewith | |||||
| 8-K | 6/11/13 | 3.1 | ||||||||
| 10-Q | 6/30/2014 | 3.4 | ||||||||
| 10-K/A | 12/31/02 | 3.3 | ||||||||
| 8-K | 3/29/16 | 3.1 | ||||||||
| 4.1 | Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6. | |||||||||
| 8-K | 3/5/13 | 4.3 | ||||||||
| 4.3 | Form of 5.375% Senior Note due 2023 (see Exhibit 4.2). | |||||||||
| 8-K | 11/20/14 | 4.1 | ||||||||
| 8-K | 11/20/14 | 4.2 | ||||||||
| 4.6 | Form of 5.375% Senior Note due 2022 (see Exhibit 4.5). | |||||||||
| 8-K | 11/20/14 | 4.4 | ||||||||
| 4.8 | Form of 5.750% Senior Note due 2025 (see Exhibit 4.7). | |||||||||
| 8-K | 12/04/15 | 4.2 | ||||||||
| 4.10 | Form of 5.875% Senior Note due 2026 (see Exhibit 4.9). | |||||||||
| 8-K | 3/22/17 | 4.2 | ||||||||
| 4.12 | Form of 5.375% Senior Notes due 2027 (see Exhibit 4.11). | |||||||||
| 8-K | 9/20/17 | 4.2 | ||||||||
| 4.14 | Form of 2.875% Senior Notes due 2025 (see Exhibit 4.13). | |||||||||
| Incorporated by Reference | ||||||||||
| Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | Filing Date/ Period End Date | Exhibit | Filed Herewith | |||||
| 10.12 | Confirmation for Base Capped Call Transaction dated as of June 9, 2009 between Equinix, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, London Branch. | 8-K | 6/12/09 | 10.4 | ||||||
| 10.13 | Confirmation for Additional Capped Call Transaction dated as of June 9, 2009 between Equinix, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, London Branch. | 8-K | 6/12/09 | 10.5 | ||||||
| 10.14 | Confirmation for Base Capped Call Transaction dated as of June 9, 2009 between Equinix, Inc. and Goldman, Sachs & Co. | 8-K | 6/12/09 | 10.7 | ||||||
| 10.15 | Confirmation for Additional Capped Call Transaction dated as of June 9, 2009 between Equinix, Inc. and Goldman, Sachs & Co. | 8-K | 6/12/09 | 10.8 | ||||||
| 10.16** | Switch & Data 2007 Stock Incentive Plan. | S-1/A (File No. 333-137607) filed by Switch & Data Facilities Company, Inc. | 2/5/07 | 10.9 | ||||||
| 10.17** | Change in Control Severance Agreement by and between Charles Meyers and Equinix, Inc. dated September 30, 2010. | 10-Q | 9/30/10 | 10.42 | ||||||
| 10.18** | Form of amendment to existing severance agreement between the Registrant and each of Messrs. Meyers, Smith, Taylor and Van Camp. | 10-K | 12/31/10 | 10.33 | ||||||
| 10.19** | Letter amendment, dated December 14, 2010, to Change in Control Severance Agreement, dated December 18, 2008, and letter agreement relating to expatriate benefits, dated April 22, 2008, as amended, by and between the Registrant and Eric Schwartz. | 10-K | 12/31/10 | 10.34 | ||||||
| 10.20** | Offer Letter from Equinix, Inc. to Sara Baack dated July 31, 2012. | 10-Q | 3/31/13 | 10.42 | ||||||
| 10.21** | Change in Control Severance Agreement by and between Sara Baack and Equinix, Inc. dated July 31, 2012. | 10-Q | 3/31/13 | 10.44 | ||||||
| 10.22** | Form of Revenue/Adjusted EBITDA Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for CEO and CFO. | 10-Q | 3/31/13 | 10.46 | ||||||
| 10.23** | Form of Revenue/Adjusted EBITDA Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for all other Section 16 officers. | 10-Q | 3/31/13 | 10.47 | ||||||
| 10.24** | International Long-Term Assignment Letter by and between Equinix, Inc. and Eric Schwartz, dated May 21, 2013. | 10-Q | 6/30/13 | 10.51 | ||||||
| 10.25** | Employment Agreement by and between Equinix (EMEA) B.V. and Eric Schwartz, dated as of August 7, 2013. | 10-Q | 9/30/13 | 10.54 | ||||||
| 10.26** | Restricted Stock Unit Agreement dated August 14, 2013 for Charles Meyers under the Equinix, Inc. 2000 Equity Incentive Plan. | 10-Q | 9/30/13 | 10.55 | ||||||
| 10.27** | Offer Letter from Equinix, Inc. to Karl Strohmeyer dated October 28, 2013. | 10-Q | 3/31/14 | 10.49 | ||||||
| Incorporated by Reference | ||||||||||
| Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | Filing Date/ Period End Date | Exhibit | Filed Herewith | |||||
| 8-K | 12/05/17 | 4.1 | ||||||||
| 8-K | 12/05/17 | 4.2 | ||||||||
| 4.17 | Form of 2.875% Senior Notes due 2026 (see Exhibit 4.16). | |||||||||
| 8-K | 03/14/18 | 4.2 | ||||||||
| 4.19 | Form of 2.875% Senior Notes due 2024 (see Exhibit 4.18). | |||||||||
| 8-K | 04/03/18 | 4.2 | ||||||||
| 4.21 | Form of 5.00% Senior Notes due April 2019 (see Exhibit 4.20). | |||||||||
| 4.22 | Form of 5.00% Senior Notes due October 2019 (see Exhibit 4.20). | |||||||||
| 4.23 | Form of 5.00% Senior Notes due April 2020 (see Exhibit 4.20). | |||||||||
| 4.24 | Form of 5.00% Senior Notes due October 2020 (see Exhibit 4.20). | |||||||||
| 4.25 | Form of 5.00% Senior Notes due April 2021 (see Exhibit 4.20). | |||||||||
| 10-K | 12/31/14 | 4.13 | ||||||||
10.1** | S-4 (File No. 333-93749) | 12/29/1999 | 10.5 | |||||||
10.2** | 10-K | 12/31/16 | 10.2 | |||||||
10.3** | 10-K | 12/31/16 | 10.3 | |||||||
10.4** | 10-K | 12/31/16 | 10.4 | |||||||
10.5** | 10-Q | 6/30/14 | 10.5 | |||||||
10.6** | 10-K | 12/31/08 | 10.32 | |||||||
10.7** | 10-K | 12/31/08 | 10.33 | |||||||
10.8** | 10-K | 12/31/08 | 10.35 | |||||||
| Incorporated by Reference | ||||||||||
| Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | Filing Date/ Period End Date | Exhibit | Filed Herewith | |||||
| 10.28** | Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for Karl Strohmeyer under the Equinix, Inc. 2000 Equity Incentive Plan. | 10-Q | 3/31/14 | 10.50 | ||||||
| 10.29** | Change in Control Severance Agreement by and between Karl Strohmeyer and Equinix, Inc. dated December 2, 2013. | 10-Q | 3/31/14 | 10.51 | ||||||
| 10.30** | 2014 Form of Revenue/Adjusted EBITDA Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for CEO and CFO. | 10-Q | 3/31/14 | 10.52 | ||||||
| 10.31** | 2014 Form of Revenue/Adjusted EBITDA Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for all other Section 16 officers. | 10-Q | 3/31/14 | 10.53 | ||||||
| 10.32** | 2014 Form of TSR Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for CEO and CFO. | 10-Q | 3/31/14 | 10.54 | ||||||
| 10.33** | 2014 Form of TSR Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for all other Section 16 officers. | 10-Q | 3/31/14 | 10.55 | ||||||
| 10.34 | Lease between Digital 1350 Duane, LLC and Equinix LLC, dated March 27, 2014. | 10-Q | 3/31/14 | 10.56 | ||||||
| 10.35 | Amendment Agreement dated as of May 2, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and Goldman, Sachs & Co., amending and restating the Master Terms and Conditions for Capped Call Transactions between Equinix, Inc. and Goldman, Sachs & Co. and amending the Confirmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. | 10-Q | 6/30/14 | 10.54 | ||||||
| 10.36 | Amendment Agreement dated as of May 2, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, amending and restating the Master Terms and Conditions for Capped Call Transactions between Equinix, Inc. and Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch and amending the Confirmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. | 10-Q | 6/30/14 | 10.55 | ||||||
| 10.37 | Amendment Agreement dated as of May 2, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, London Branch, amending and restating the Master Terms and Conditions for Capped Call Transactions between Equinix, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, London Branch and amending the Confirmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. | 10-Q | 6/30/14 | 10.56 | ||||||
| 10.38 | Amendment Agreement, dated as of May 13, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and Goldman, Sachs & Co., amending the Confirmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. | 10-Q | 6/30/14 | 10.57 | ||||||
| 10.39 | Amendment Agreement dated as of May 13, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, amending the Confirmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. | 10-Q | 6/30/14 | 10.58 | ||||||
| 10.40 | Amendment Agreement dated as of May 13, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, London Branch, amending the Confirmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. | 10-Q | 6/30/14 | 10.59 | ||||||
| 10.41 | Amendment Agreement, dated as of June 6, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and Goldman, Sachs & Co., amending the Confirmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. | 10-Q | 6/30/14 | 10.60 | ||||||
| Incorporated by Reference | ||||||||||
| Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | Filing Date/ Period End Date | Exhibit | Filed Herewith | |||||
10.9** | S-1/A (File No. 333-137607) filed by Switch & Data Facilities Company | 2/5/07 | 10.9 | |||||||
10.10** | 10-Q | 9/30/10 | 10.42 | |||||||
10.11** | 10-K | 12/31/10 | 10.33 | |||||||
10.12** | 10-K | 12/31/10 | 10.34 | |||||||
10.13** | 10-Q | 6/30/13 | 10.51 | |||||||
10.14** | 10-Q | 9/30/13 | 10.54 | |||||||
10.15** | 10-Q | 9/30/13 | 10.55 | |||||||
10.16** | 10-Q | 3/31/14 | 10.49 | |||||||
10.17** | 10-Q | 3/31/14 | 10.50 | |||||||
10.18** | 10-Q | 3/31/14 | 10.51 | |||||||
10.19** | 10-Q | 3/31/16 | 10.57 | |||||||
10.20** | 10-Q | 3/31/16 | 10.58 | |||||||
10.21** | 10-Q | 3/31/16 | 10.59 | |||||||
10.22** | 10-Q | 3/31/17 | 10.35 | |||||||
10.23** | 10-Q | 3/31/17 | 10.36 | |||||||
10.24** | 10-Q | 3/31/17 | 10.37 | |||||||
| Incorporated by Reference | ||||||||||
| Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | Filing Date/ Period End Date | Exhibit | Filed Herewith | |||||
| 10.42 | Amendment Agreement dated as of June 6, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, amending the Confirmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. | 10-Q | 6/30/14 | 10.61 | ||||||
| 10.43 | Amendment Agreement dated as of June 6, 2014, between Equinix, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, London Branch, amending the Confirmation for Base Capped Call Transaction. | 10-Q | 6/30/14 | 10.62 | ||||||
| 10.44 | Agreement for Purchase and Sale of Shares Among RW Brasil Fundo de Investimentos em Participação, Antônio Eduardo Zago De Carvalho and Sidney Victor da Costa Breyer, as Sellers, and Equinix Brasil Participaçãoes Ltda., as Purchaser, and Equinix South America Holdings LLC., as a Party for Limited Purposes and ALOG Soluções de Tecnologia em Informática S.A. as Intervening Consenting Party dated July 18, 2014 | 10-Q | 9/30/14 | 10.67 | ||||||
| 10.45 | Credit Agreement, by and among Equinix, Inc., as borrower, Equinix LLC and Switch & Data LLC as guarantors, the Lenders (defined therein), Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, a Lender and L/C issuer, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., and TD Securities (USA) LLC, as co-syndication agents, Barclays Bank PLC, Citibank, N.A., Royal Bank of Canada and ING Bank N.V., Singapore Branch, as Co-Documentation Agents and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, and TD Securities (USA) LLC, as joint lead arrangers and book runners, dated December 17, 2014. | 10-K | 12/31/14 | 10.48 | ||||||
| 10.46** | Equinix, Inc. 2015 Incentive Plan. | 10-Q | 3/31/15 | 10.49 | ||||||
| 10.47** | 2015 Form of Revenue/ AFFO Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for executives. | 10-Q | 3/31/15 | 10.50 | ||||||
| 10.48** | 2015 Form of TSR Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for executives. | 10-Q | 3/31/15 | 10.51 | ||||||
| 10.49** | 2015 Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for executives. | 10-Q | 3/31/15 | 10.52 | ||||||
| 10.50 | First Amendment to Credit Agreement and first Amendment to Pledge and Security Agreement by and among Equinix, Inc., as borrower, the Guarantors (defined therein), the Lenders (defined therein) and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, dated April 30, 2015. | 10-Q | 9/30/2015 | 10.52 | ||||||
| 10.51 | Bridge Credit Agreement dated as of May 28, 2015 among Equinix, Inc. as Borrower, Various Financial Institutions as Lenders, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent. JPMorgan Securities LLC as sole Arranger and Bookrunner. | 10-Q | 6/30/15 | 10.53 | ||||||
| Incorporated by Reference | ||||||||||
| Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | Filing Date/ Period End Date | Exhibit | Filed Herewith | |||||
10.25** | 10-Q | 3/31/17 | 10.39 | |||||||
10.26** | 10-Q | 3/31/18 | 10.31 | |||||||
10.27** | 10-Q | 3/31/18 | 10.32 | |||||||
10.28** | 10-Q | 3/31/18 | 10.33 | |||||||
10.29** | 10-Q | 3/31/18 | 10.34 | |||||||
| 10-Q | 9/30/14 | 10.67 | ||||||||
| 10-Q | 6/30/16 | 10.55 | ||||||||
10.32** | 10-Q | 6/30/16 | 10.56 | |||||||
| 10-Q | 9/30/16 | 10.42 | ||||||||
| 10-K | 12/31/2017 | 10.40 | ||||||||
| 10-Q | 8/8/2018 | 10.35 | ||||||||
| Incorporated by Reference | ||||||||||
| Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | Filing Date/ Period End Date | Exhibit | Filed Herewith | |||||
| 10.52 | First Amendment to the Bridge Credit Agreement Dated as of May 28, 2015 as Amended on June 19, 2015 among Equinix, Inc., as Borrower, Various Financial Institutions as Lenders, and JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. as Administrative Agent. JPMorgan Securities LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, CityGroup Global Markets Inc. and RBC Capital Markets, LLC as Lead Arrangers and Bookrunners and TD Securities (USA) LLC, ING Bank N.V., HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. and The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, LTD as Co-Managers | 10-Q | 6/30/15 | 10.54 | ||||||
| 10.53 | Term Loan Agreement dated as of September 30, 2015 among QAON G.K. and certain other direct and indirect subsidiaries of Equinix, Inc., as Borrowers, and The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. as Arranger and Lender. | 10-Q | 9/30/15 | 10.55 | ||||||
| 10.54 | First Amendment to Term Loan Agreement, dated as of October 26, 2015, among QAON G.K. and certain other direct and indirect subsidiaries of Equinix, Inc., as Borrowers, and The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. as Arranger and Lender. | 10-Q | 9/30/15 | 10.56 | ||||||
| 10.55 | Second Amendment to Credit Agreement by and among Equinix, Inc., as borrower, the Guarantors (defined therein), the Lenders (defined therein) and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, dated December 8, 2015. | X | ||||||||
| 21.1 | Subsidiaries of Equinix, Inc. | X | ||||||||
| 31.1 | Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | X | ||||||||
| 31.2 | Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | X | ||||||||
| 32.1 | Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | X | ||||||||
| 32.2 | Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. | X | ||||||||
| 101.INS | XBRL Instance Document. | X | ||||||||
| 101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. | X | ||||||||
| 101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Document. | X | ||||||||
| 101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Document. | X | ||||||||
| 101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Document. | X | ||||||||
| 101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Document. | X | ||||||||
| Incorporated by Reference | ||||||||||
| Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | Filing Date/ Period End Date | Exhibit | Filed Herewith | |||||
| 10-Q | 8/8/2018 | 10.36 | ||||||||
| X | ||||||||||
| X | ||||||||||
| X | ||||||||||
| X | ||||||||||
| X | ||||||||||
| X | ||||||||||
| X | ||||||||||
| 101.INS | XBRL Instance Document. | X | ||||||||
| 101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. | X | ||||||||
| 101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Document. | X | ||||||||
| 101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Document. | X | ||||||||
| 101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Document. | X | ||||||||
| 101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Document. | X | ||||||||
** Management contracts or compensation plans or arrangements in which directors or executive officers are eligible to participate.
| (b) | Exhibits. |
See (a) (3) above.
| (c) | Financial Statement Schedule. |
See (a) (2) above.
| ITEM 16. | FORM 10-K SUMMARY |
Not applicable.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
EQUINIX, INC. (Registrant) | ||
| February | By | /s/ |
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Stephen M. SmithCharles Meyers or Keith D. Taylor, or either of them, each with the power of substitution, their attorney‑in‑fact,attorney-in-fact, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10‑K10-K (including post‑effectivepost-effective amendments), and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys‑in‑fact,attorneys-in-fact, or their substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| Signature | Title | Date |
| /s/ | February | |
| /s/ KEITH D. TAYLOR | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial | February 22, 2019 |
| Keith D. Taylor | ||
| /s/ SIMON MILLER | Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) | February |
| /s/ PETER F. VAN CAMP | Executive Chairman | February |
| Peter F. Van Camp | ||
| /s/ THOMAS A. BARTLETT | Director | February |
| Thomas A. Bartlett | ||
| /s/ NANCI CALDWELL | Director | February |
| Nanci Caldwell | ||
| /s/ GARY F. HROMADKO | Director | February |
Gary F. Hromadko | ||
| /s/ SCOTT G. KRIENS | Director | February |
Scott G. Kriens | ||
| /s/ WILLIAM K. LUBY | Director | February |
William K. Luby | ||
| /s/ IRVING F. LYONS, III | Director | February |
Irving F. Lyons, III | ||
| /s/ CHRISTOPHER B. PAISLEY | Director | February |
Christopher B. Paisley | ||
INDEX TO EXHIBITS
Exhibit Number | Description of Document | |
| 101.INS | XBRL Instance Document. | |
| 101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. | |
| 101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Document. | |
| 101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Document. | |
| 101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Document. | |
| 101. PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Document. | |
** Management contracts or compensation plans or arrangements in which directors or executive officers are eligible to participate.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedulelisted in the accompanying indexpresents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidatedfinancial statements. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015,2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013)issued by the CommitteeCOSO.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for revenue from contracts with customers as of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). January 1, 2018.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, and financial statement schedule, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on thesethe Company's consolidated financial statements on the financial statement schedule, and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supportingregarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements, assessingstatements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, andas well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statement presentation.statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and liabilities and debt issuance costs on the consolidated balance sheet in 2015.Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’scompany's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’scompany's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable
assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’scompany's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
San Jose, CACalifornia
February 26, 201622, 2019
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2000.
EQUINIX, INC.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
| December 31, | December 31, | |||||||||||||
| 2015 | 2014 | 2018 | 2017 | Assets | ||||||||||
| Current assets: | ||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 2,228,838 | $ | 610,917 | $ | 606,166 | $ | 1,412,517 | ||||||
| Short-term investments | 12,875 | 529,395 | 4,540 | 28,271 | ||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $10,352 and $9,466 | 291,964 | 262,570 | ||||||||||||
| Current portion of restricted cash | 479,417 | 3,057 | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $15,950 and $18,228 | 630,119 | 576,313 | ||||||||||||
| Other current assets | 212,929 | 85,004 | 274,857 | 232,027 | ||||||||||
| Assets held for sale | 33,257 | — | ||||||||||||
| Total current assets | 3,259,280 | 1,490,943 | 1,515,682 | 2,249,128 | ||||||||||
| Long-term investments | 4,584 | 439 | — | 9,243 | ||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | 5,606,436 | 4,998,270 | 11,026,020 | 9,394,602 | ||||||||||
| Goodwill | 1,063,200 | 1,002,129 | 4,836,388 | 4,411,762 | ||||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | 224,565 | 147,527 | 2,333,296 | 2,384,972 | ||||||||||
| Restricted cash, less current portion | 10,172 | 14,060 | ||||||||||||
| Other assets | 188,458 | 128,610 | 533,252 | 241,750 | ||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 10,356,695 | $ | 7,781,978 | $ | 20,244,638 | $ | 18,691,457 | Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity | |||||
| Current liabilities: | ||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 400,948 | $ | 285,796 | $ | 756,692 | $ | 719,257 | ||||||
| Accrued property, plant and equipment | 103,107 | 114,469 | 179,412 | 220,367 | ||||||||||
| Current portion of capital lease and other financing obligations | 40,121 | 21,362 | 77,844 | 78,705 | ||||||||||
| Current portion of mortgage and loans payable | 770,236 | 59,466 | 73,129 | 64,491 | ||||||||||
| Current portion of convertible debt | 146,121 | — | ||||||||||||
| Current portion of senior notes | 300,999 | — | ||||||||||||
| Other current liabilities | 192,286 | 162,664 | 126,995 | 159,914 | ||||||||||
| Liabilities held for sale | 3,535 | — | ||||||||||||
| Total current liabilities | 1,656,354 | 643,757 | 1,515,071 | 1,242,734 | ||||||||||
| Capital lease and other financing obligations, less current portion | 1,287,139 | 1,168,042 | 1,441,077 | 1,620,256 | ||||||||||
| Mortgage and loans payable, less current portion | 472,769 | 532,809 | 1,310,663 | 1,393,118 | ||||||||||
| Convertible debt, less current portion | — | 145,229 | ||||||||||||
| Senior notes | 3,804,634 | 2,717,046 | ||||||||||||
| Senior notes, less current portion | 8,128,785 | 6,923,849 | ||||||||||||
| Other liabilities | 390,413 | 304,964 | 629,763 | 661,710 | ||||||||||
| Total liabilities | 7,611,309 | 5,511,847 | 13,025,359 | 11,841,667 | ||||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) | ||||||||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 15) | ||||||||||||||
| Stockholders' equity: | ||||||||||||||
| Preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share: 100,000,000 shares authorized in 2015 and 2014; zero shares issued and outstanding | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Common stock, $0.001 par value per share: 300,000,000 shares authorized in 2015 and 2014; 62,134,894 issued and 62,100,159 outstanding in 2015 and 56,505,122 issued and 56,451,255 outstanding in 2014 | 62 | 57 | ||||||||||||
| Preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share: 100,000,000 shares authorized in 2018 and 2017; zero shares issued and outstanding | — | — | ||||||||||||
| Common stock, $0.001 par value per share: 300,000,000 shares authorized in 2018 and 2017; 81,119,117 issued and 80,722,258 outstanding in 2018 and 79,440,404 issued and 79,038,062 outstanding in 2017 | 81 | 79 | ||||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 4,838,444 | 3,334,305 | 10,751,313 | 10,121,323 | ||||||||||
| Treasury stock, at cost; 34,735 shares in 2015 and 53,867 shares in 2014 | (7,373 | ) | (11,411 | ) | ||||||||||
| Treasury stock, at cost; 396,859 shares in 2018 and 402,342 shares in 2017 | (145,161 | ) | (146,320 | ) | ||||||||||
| Accumulated dividends | (1,468,472 | ) | (424,387 | ) | (3,331,200 | ) | (2,592,792 | ) | ||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (509,059 | ) | (332,443 | ) | (945,702 | ) | (785,189 | ) | ||||||
| Accumulated deficit | (108,216 | ) | (295,990 | ) | ||||||||||
| Retained earnings | 889,948 | 252,689 | ||||||||||||
| Total stockholders' equity | 2,745,386 | 2,270,131 | 7,219,279 | 6,849,790 | ||||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 10,356,695 | $ | 7,781,978 | $ | 20,244,638 | $ | 18,691,457 | ||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
EQUINIX, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except per share data)
| Years ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | 2,725,867 | $ | 2,443,776 | $ | 2,152,766 | $ | 5,071,654 | $ | 4,368,428 | $ | 3,611,989 | ||||||||||
| Costs and operating expenses: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenues | 1,291,506 | 1,197,885 | 1,064,403 | 2,605,475 | 2,193,149 | 1,820,870 | ||||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | 332,012 | 296,103 | 246,623 | 633,702 | 581,724 | 438,742 | ||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | 493,284 | 438,016 | 374,790 | 826,694 | 745,906 | 694,561 | ||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring reversals | — | — | (4,837 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition costs | 41,723 | 2,506 | 10,855 | 34,413 | 38,635 | 64,195 | ||||||||||||||||
| Impairment charges | — | — | 7,698 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gain on asset sales | (6,013 | ) | — | (32,816 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| Total costs and operating expenses | 2,158,525 | 1,934,510 | 1,691,834 | 4,094,271 | 3,559,414 | 2,993,250 | ||||||||||||||||
| Income from operations | 567,342 | 509,266 | 460,932 | 977,383 | 809,014 | 618,739 | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | 3,581 | 2,891 | 3,387 | 14,482 | 13,075 | 3,476 | ||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (299,055 | ) | (270,553 | ) | (248,792 | ) | (521,494 | ) | (478,698 | ) | (392,156 | ) | ||||||||||
| Other income (expense) | (60,581 | ) | 119 | 5,253 | 14,044 | 9,213 | (57,924 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Loss on debt extinguishment | (289 | ) | (156,990 | ) | (108,501 | ) | (51,377 | ) | (65,772 | ) | (12,276 | ) | ||||||||||
| Income from operations before income taxes | 210,998 | 84,733 | 112,279 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations before income taxes | 433,038 | 286,832 | 159,859 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense | (23,224 | ) | (345,459 | ) | (16,156 | ) | (67,679 | ) | (53,850 | ) | (45,451 | ) | ||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | 187,774 | (260,726 | ) | 96,123 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | — | 1,179 | (1,438 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to Equinix | $ | 187,774 | $ | (259,547 | ) | $ | 94,685 | |||||||||||||||
| Net income from continuing operations | 365,359 | 232,982 | 114,408 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income from discontinued operations, net of tax | — | — | 12,392 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 365,359 | $ | 232,982 | $ | 126,800 | ||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share ("EPS") attributable to Equinix: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share ("EPS"): | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic EPS from continuing operations | $ | 4.58 | $ | 3.03 | $ | 1.63 | ||||||||||||||||
| Basic EPS from discontinued operations | — | — | 0.18 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Basic EPS | $ | 3.25 | $ | (4.96 | ) | $ | 1.92 | $ | 4.58 | $ | 3.03 | $ | 1.81 | |||||||||
| Weighted-average shares | 57,790 | 52,359 | 49,438 | 79,779 | 76,854 | 70,117 | ||||||||||||||||
| Dilutive EPS from continuing operations | $ | 4.56 | $ | 3.00 | $ | 1.62 | ||||||||||||||||
| Dilutive EPS from discontinued operations | — | — | 0.17 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted EPS | $ | 3.21 | $ | (4.96 | ) | $ | 1.89 | $ | 4.56 | $ | 3.00 | $ | 1.79 | |||||||||
| Weighted-average shares | 58,483 | 52,359 | 50,116 | 80,197 | 77,535 | 70,816 | ||||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends declared per common share | $ | 9.12 | $ | 8.00 | $ | 7.00 | ||||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
EQUINIX, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(in thousands)
| Years ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 187,774 | $ | (260,726 | ) | $ | 96,123 | ||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | |||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment ("CTA") loss | (186,763 | ) | (204,065 | ) | (18,203 | ) | |||||
| Net investment hedge CTA gain | 4,484 | — | — | ||||||||
| Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities | (40 | ) | (279 | ) | (298 | ) | |||||
| Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges | 4,550 | 8,790 | (1,750 | ) | |||||||
| Net actuarial gain (loss) on defined benefit plans | 1,153 | (2,001 | ) | — | |||||||
| Total other comprehensive loss, net of tax | (176,616 | ) | (197,555 | ) | (20,251 | ) | |||||
| Comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 11,158 | (458,281 | ) | 75,872 | |||||||
| Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | — | 1,179 | (1,438 | ) | |||||||
| Other comprehensive (income) loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest | — | (1,810 | ) | 7,526 | |||||||
| Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Equinix | $ | 11,158 | $ | (458,912 | ) | $ | 81,960 | ||||
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| Net income | $ | 365,359 | $ | 232,982 | $ | 126,800 | |||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | |||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment ("CTA") gain (loss), net of tax effects of $4,419, $0 and $0 | (421,743 | ) | 454,269 | (507,420 | ) | ||||||
| Net investment hedge CTA gain (loss), net of tax effects of $1,358, $0 and $0 | 219,628 | (235,292 | ) | 45,505 | |||||||
| Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities, net of tax effects of $0, $(10) and $(784) | — | 14 | 2,249 | ||||||||
| Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges, net of tax effects of $(14,557), $18,542 and $(6,760) | 43,671 | (54,895 | ) | 19,551 | |||||||
| Net actuarial gain (loss) on defined benefit plans, net of tax effects of $(15), $39 and $(8) | 55 | (143 | ) | 32 | |||||||
| Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (158,389 | ) | 163,953 | (440,083 | ) | ||||||
| Comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | $ | 206,970 | $ | 396,935 | $ | (313,283 | ) | ||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
| Accumulated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| other | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock | Treasury stock | Additional | Accumulated | comprehensive | Accumulated | stockholder's | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | paid-in capital | dividends | income (loss) | deficit | equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2012 | 49,139,851 | $ | 49 | (363,743 | ) | $ | (36,676 | ) | $ | 2,582,238 | $ | — | $ | (101,042 | ) | $ | (131,128 | ) | $ | 2,313,441 | |||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 96,123 | 96,123 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to non-controlling interests | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (1,438 | ) | (1,438 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | — | — | (20,251 | ) | — | (20,251 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7,526 | — | 7,526 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for employee equity awards | 1,093,373 | 1 | 8,198 | 805 | 31,087 | — | — | — | 31,893 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Release of treasury stock upon conversions of convertible debt | — | — | 68 | 7 | (1 | ) | — | — | — | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common shares repurchased | — | — | (288,739 | ) | (48,799 | ) | — | — | — | — | (48,799 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests | — | — | — | — | (47,940 | ) | — | — | — | (47,940 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tax benefit from employee stock plans | — | — | — | — | 25,638 | — | — | — | 25,638 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures | — | — | — | — | 102,865 | — | — | — | 102,865 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2013 | 50,233,224 | 50 | (644,216 | ) | (84,663 | ) | 2,693,887 | — | (113,767 | ) | (36,443 | ) | 2,459,064 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (260,726 | ) | (260,726 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,179 | 1,179 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | — | — | (197,555 | ) | — | (197,555 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | — | — | — | — | — | — | (1,810 | ) | — | (1,810 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for employee equity awards | 933,554 | 1 | 7,846 | 1,185 | 28,134 | — | — | — | 29,320 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common shares repurchased | — | — | (1,517,743 | ) | (297,958 | ) | — | — | — | — | (297,958 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for the exchanges and conversions of 4.75% convertible debt | 1,411,851 | 2 | 1,000,102 | 147,706 | 43,024 | — | — | — | 190,732 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for the exchange of 3.00% convertible debt | 1,248,578 | 1 | 700,000 | 139,004 | 77,953 | — | — | — | 216,958 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for conversions of 3.00% convertible debt | 1,195,496 | 1 | 400,144 | 83,315 | 95,428 | — | — | — | 178,744 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock for special distribution | 1,482,419 | 2 | — | — | 332,732 | (414,856 | ) | — | — | (82,122 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued dividends on unvested equity awards | — | — | — | — | — | (9,531 | ) | — | — | (9,531 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests | — | — | — | — | (90,913 | ) | — | — | — | (90,913 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of redeemable non-controlling interests | — | — | — | — | 17,977 | — | (19,311 | ) | — | (1,334 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tax benefit from employee stock plans | — | — | — | — | 18,561 | — | — | — | 18,561 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures | — | — | — | — | 117,522 | — | — | — | 117,522 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
EQUINIX, INC. Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) For the Three Years Ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands, except share data) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) | Total Stockholders' Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock | Treasury stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Dividends | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2015 | 62,134,894 | $ | 62 | (34,735 | ) | $ | (7,373 | ) | $ | 4,838,444 | $ | (1,468,472 | ) | $ | (509,059 | ) | $ | (108,216 | ) | $ | 2,745,386 | ||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 126,800 | 126,800 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | — | — | (440,083 | ) | — | (440,083 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for employee equity awards | 847,374 | 1 | 7,099 | 1,502 | 33,172 | — | — | — | 34,675 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock for TelecityGroup acquisition | 6,853,500 | 7 | — | — | 2,077,905 | — | — | — | 2,077,912 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock, net and release of treasury stock for the exchanges and conversions of 4.75% convertible debt | 1,981,662 | 2 | (380,779 | ) | (141,688 | ) | 291,711 | — | — | — | 150,025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividend distributions | — | — | — | — | — | (492,403 | ) | — | — | (492,403 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Settlement of accrued dividends on vested equity awards | — | — | — | — | 8,270 | (1,000 | ) | — | — | 7,270 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued dividends on unvested equity awards | — | — | — | — | — | (7,770 | ) | — | — | (7,770 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tax benefit from employee stock plans | — | — | — | — | 2,773 | — | — | — | 2,773 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures | — | — | — | — | 161,244 | — | — | — | 161,244 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2016 | 71,817,430 | 72 | (408,415 | ) | (147,559 | ) | 7,413,519 | (1,969,645 | ) | (949,142 | ) | 18,584 | 4,365,829 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustment from adoption of new accounting standard | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,123 | 1,123 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 232,982 | 232,982 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | — | — | 163,953 | — | 163,953 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock in public offering of common stock, net | 6,069,444 | 6 | — | — | 2,126,333 | — | — | — | 2,126,339 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for employee equity awards | 790,329 | 1 | 6,073 | 1,239 | 40,449 | — | — | — | 41,689 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under 2017 ATM Program, net | 763,201 | — | — | — | 355,082 | — | — | — | 355,082 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividend distributions | — | — | — | — | — | (612,085 | ) | — | — | (612,085 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Settlement of accrued dividends on vested equity awards | — | — | — | — | 4,280 | (890 | ) | — | — | 3,390 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued dividends on unvested equity awards | — | — | — | — | — | (10,172 | ) | — | — | (10,172 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures | — | — | — | — | 181,660 | — | — | — | 181,660 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2017 | 79,440,404 | 79 | (402,342 | ) | (146,320 | ) | 10,121,323 | (2,592,792 | ) | (785,189 | ) | 252,689 | 6,849,790 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustment from adoption of new accounting standard | — | — | — | — | — | — | (2,124 | ) | 271,900 | 269,776 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 365,359 | 365,359 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | — | — | (158,389 | ) | — | (158,389 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for employee equity awards | 747,779 | 1 | 5,483 | 1,159 | 48,976 | — | — | — | 50,136 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under 2017 ATM Program, net | 930,934 | 1 | — | — | 388,171 | — | — | — | 388,172 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accumulated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| other | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock | Treasury stock | Additional | Accumulated | comprehensive | Accumulated | stockholder's | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | paid-in capital | dividends | income (loss) | deficit | equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2014 | 56,505,122 | 57 | (53,867 | ) | (11,411 | ) | 3,334,305 | (424,387 | ) | (332,443 | ) | (295,990 | ) | 2,270,131 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 187,774 | 187,774 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | — | — | (176,616 | ) | — | (176,616 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock in public offering of common stock | 2,994,792 | 3 | — | — | 829,493 | — | — | — | 829,496 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for employee equity awards | 856,406 | 1 | 7,348 | 1,546 | 28,493 | — | — | — | 30,040 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for the exchanges and conversions of 4.75% convertible debt | 90,163 | — | 11,784 | 2,492 | 5,392 | — | — | — | 7,884 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividend distributions | — | — | — | — | — | (393,584 | ) | — | — | (393,584 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Settlement of accrued dividends on vested equity awards | — | — | — | — | 3,775 | — | — | — | 3,775 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock and cash payment for special distribution | 1,688,411 | 1 | — | — | 501,513 | (627,221 | ) | — | — | (125,707 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued dividends on unvested equity awards | — | — | — | — | — | (23,280 | ) | — | — | (23,280 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tax benefit from employee stock plans | — | — | — | — | 30 | — | — | 30 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures | — | — | — | — | 135,443 | — | — | — | 135,443 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2015 | 62,134,894 | $ | 62 | (34,735 | ) | $ | (7,373 | ) | $ | 4,838,444 | $ | (1,468,472 | ) | $ | (509,059 | ) | $ | (108,216 | ) | $ | 2,745,386 | ||||||||||||
EQUINIX, INC. Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) - continued For the Three Years Ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands, except share data) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) | Total Stockholders' Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock | Treasury stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Dividends | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividend distributions | — | — | — | — | — | (727,448 | ) | — | — | (727,448 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Settlement of accrued dividends on vested equity awards | — | — | — | — | 2,319 | (876 | ) | — | — | 1,443 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued dividends on unvested equity awards | — | — | — | — | — | (10,084 | ) | — | — | (10,084 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures | — | — | — | — | 189,799 | — | — | — | 189,799 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interests | — | — | — | — | 725 | — | — | — | 725 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2018 | 81,119,117 | $ | 81 | (396,859 | ) | $ | (145,161 | ) | $ | 10,751,313 | $ | (3,331,200 | ) | $ | (945,702 | ) | $ | 889,948 | $ | 7,219,279 | |||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
EQUINIX, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
| Years ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 187,774 | $ | (260,726 | ) | $ | 96,123 | |||||||||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 365,359 | $ | 232,982 | $ | 126,800 | ||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation | 498,134 | 453,935 | 405,444 | 1,024,073 | 865,472 | 714,345 | ||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | 132,443 | 117,990 | 102,940 | 180,716 | 175,500 | 155,567 | ||||||||||||||||
| Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation | (30 | ) | (19,582 | ) | (27,330 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets | 27,446 | 27,756 | 27,027 | 203,416 | 177,008 | 122,862 | ||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts | 16,050 | 18,667 | 23,868 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts and premiums | 13,618 | 24,449 | 19,137 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts | 5,037 | 7,093 | 5,819 | 7,236 | 5,627 | 8,260 | ||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring charges (reversals) | — | — | (4,837 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Impairment charges | — | — | 7,698 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gain on asset sales | (6,013 | ) | — | (32,816 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| Gain on sale of discontinued operations | — | — | (2,351 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Loss on debt extinguishment | 289 | 156,990 | 108,501 | 51,377 | 65,772 | 12,276 | ||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency transactions and other, net | 16,490 | 19,912 | 11,543 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other items | 19,660 | (11,243 | ) | 20,609 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | (44,583 | ) | (101,966 | ) | (27,956 | ) | (52,931 | ) | (161,774 | ) | (100,230 | ) | ||||||||||
| Income taxes, net | (109,579 | ) | 226,774 | (108,189 | ) | (10,670 | ) | (34,936 | ) | 29,020 | ||||||||||||
| Other assets | (70,371 | ) | (6,496 | ) | (36,853 | ) | (47,635 | ) | 20,180 | (72,831 | ) | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 109,125 | 10,681 | 7,242 | 35,495 | 74,488 | 61,565 | ||||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities | 126,568 | 38,392 | 21,266 | 31,725 | 5,708 | (50,558 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 894,793 | 689,420 | 604,608 | 1,815,426 | 1,439,233 | 1,019,353 | ||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of investments | (359,031 | ) | (545,997 | ) | (968,971 | ) | (65,180 | ) | (57,926 | ) | (42,325 | ) | ||||||||||
| Sales of investments | 837,708 | 573,582 | 276,351 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Maturities of investments | 35,431 | 211,966 | 213,484 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (245,553 | ) | — | (49,337 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| Sales and maturities of investments | 85,777 | 46,421 | 53,164 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Business acquisitions, net of cash and restricted cash acquired | (829,687 | ) | (3,963,280 | ) | (1,766,606 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of real estate | (38,282 | ) | (16,791 | ) | (74,332 | ) | (182,418 | ) | (95,083 | ) | (28,118 | ) | ||||||||||
| Purchases of other property, plant and equipment | (868,120 | ) | (660,203 | ) | (572,406 | ) | (2,096,174 | ) | (1,378,725 | ) | (1,113,365 | ) | ||||||||||
| Increase in restricted cash | (512,319 | ) | (968 | ) | (837,190 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| Release of restricted cash | 15,239 | 2,572 | 843,088 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of assets, net of cash transferred | 12,154 | 47,767 | 851,582 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (1,134,927 | ) | (435,839 | ) | (1,169,313 | ) | (3,075,528 | ) | (5,400,826 | ) | (2,045,668 | ) | ||||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of treasury stock | — | (297,958 | ) | (48,799 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from employee equity awards | 30,040 | 29,320 | 31,892 | 50,136 | 41,696 | 34,179 | ||||||||||||||||
| Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation | 30 | 19,582 | 27,330 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Payment of dividends and special distribution | (521,461 | ) | (83,266 | ) | — | (738,600 | ) | (621,497 | ) | (499,463 | ) | |||||||||||
| Purchase of non-controlling interests | — | (226,276 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from public offering of common stock, net of issuance costs | 829,496 | — | — | 388,172 | 2,481,421 | — | ||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from senior notes | 1,100,000 | 1,250,000 | 1,500,000 | 929,850 | 3,628,701 | — | ||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from loans payable | 1,197,108 | 508,826 | 28,038 | 424,650 | 2,056,876 | 1,168,304 | ||||||||||||||||
| Repayment of senior notes | — | (750,000 | ) | (750,000 | ) | — | (500,000 | ) | — | |||||||||||||
| Repayment of convertible debt | — | (29,513 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Repayment of capital lease and other financing obligations | (28,663 | ) | (18,030 | ) | (40,133 | ) | (103,774 | ) | (93,470 | ) | (114,385 | ) | ||||||||||
| Repayment of mortgage and loans payable | (715,270 | ) | (153,473 | ) | (52,500 | ) | (447,473 | ) | (2,277,798 | ) | (1,462,888 | ) | ||||||||||
| Debt extinguishment costs | — | (116,517 | ) | (97,864 | ) | (20,556 | ) | (26,122 | ) | (11,380 | ) | |||||||||||
| Debt issuance costs | (18,098 | ) | (25,294 | ) | (23,057 | ) | (12,218 | ) | (81,047 | ) | (11,381 | ) | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 1,873,182 | 107,401 | 574,907 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents | (15,127 | ) | (11,959 | ) | (521 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 1,617,921 | 349,023 | 9,681 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 610,917 | 261,894 | 252,213 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 2,228,838 | $ | 610,917 | $ | 261,894 | ||||||||||||||||
| Other financing activities | 725 | (900 | ) | (51 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 470,912 | 4,607,860 | (897,065 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of foreign currency exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (33,907 | ) | 31,187 | (21,800 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (823,097 | ) | 677,454 | (1,945,180 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 1,450,701 | 773,247 | 2,718,427 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 627,604 | $ | 1,450,701 | $ | 773,247 | ||||||||||||||||
| Supplemental cash flow information | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for taxes | $ | 132,302 | $ | 117,197 | $ | 123,690 | $ | 93,375 | $ | 72,641 | $ | 39,320 | ||||||||||
| Cash paid for interest | $ | 237,410 | $ | 262,018 | $ | 210,629 | $ | 496,795 | $ | 444,793 | $ | 350,083 | ||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 606,166 | $ | 1,412,517 | $ | 748,476 | ||||||||||||||||
| Current portion of restricted cash included in other current assets | 10,887 | 26,919 | 15,065 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Non-current portion of restricted cash included in other assets | 10,551 | 11,265 | 9,706 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statement of cash flows | $ | 627,604 | $ | 1,450,701 | $ | 773,247 | ||||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of Business
Equinix, Inc. (“Equinix”("Equinix" or the “Company”"Company") was incorporated in Delaware on June 22, 1998. Equinix provides colocation space and related services.offerings. Global enterprises, content providers, financial companies and network service providers rely upon Equinix’sEquinix's insight and expertise to safehouse and connect their most valued information assets. The Company operates International Business ExchangeTM (“IBX®”("IBX®") data centers, or IBX data centers, across the Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”("EMEA") and Asia-Pacific geographic regions where customers directly interconnect with a network ecosystem of partners and customers. More than 1,0001,800 network service providers offer access to the world’s Internetworld's internet routes inside the Company’sCompany's IBX data centers. This access to Internetinternet routes provides Equinix customers improved reliability and streamlined connectivity while significantly reducing costs by reaching a critical mass of networks within a centralized physical location.
The Company beganhas been operating as a Real Estate Investment Trust ("REIT")real estate investment trust for federal income tax purposes ("REIT") effective January 1, 2015. See “Income Taxes”"Income Taxes" in Note 114 below for additional information.
On November 2, 2015,April 18, 2018, the Company acquired Bit-isle,all of the equity interests in Metronode from the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan Board (the "Metronode Acquisition") and on April 2, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of Infomart Dallas, including its operations and tenants, from ASB Real Estate Investments (the "Infomart Dallas Acquisition"). On October 9, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of Itconic, a data center business in Spain and Portugal and on October 6, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of Zenium's data center business in Istanbul. On May 1, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of certain colocation business from Verizon Communications Inc. ("Bit-isle), a Tokyo-based company which primarily providesVerizon") consisting of 29 data center servicesbuildings located in Japan.the United States, Brazil and Colombia (the "Verizon Data Center Acquisition"). On February 3, 2017, the Company acquired IO UK's data center operating business in Slough, United Kingdom ("IO Acquisition"). On August 1, 2016, the Company completed the purchase of Digital Realty's operating business in Paris (the "Paris IBX Data Center Acquisition"), which housed Equinix' Paris 2 and Paris 3 data centers. On January 15, 2016, the Company completed its acquisition of Telecity Group plc ("TelecityGroup") which providesprovided data center servicessolutions in Europe. As a result of these acquisitions, the Company operates 145200 IBX data centers in 4052 markets across five continents.
Basis of Presentation, Consolidation and Foreign Currency
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Equinix and its subsidiaries, including the acquisitions of Bit-isle Inc. ("Bit-isle)Metronode from NovemberApril 18, 2018, Infomart Dallas from April 2, 2015, Nimbo Technologies Inc. ("Nimbo")2018, Itconic from October 9, 2017, the Zenium data center from October 6, 2017, the Verizon data center business from May 1, 2017, the IO UK data center operating business from February 3, 2017, the Paris IBX Data Center from August 1, 2016, and TelecityGroup from January 14, 2015 and Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel from October 1, 2013.15, 2016. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Foreign exchange gains or losses resulting from foreign currency transactions, including intercompany foreign currency transactions, that are anticipated to be repaid within the foreseeable future, are reported within other income (expense) on the Company’sCompany's accompanying consolidated statements of operations. For additional information on the impact of foreign currencies to the Company’sCompany's consolidated financial statements, see “Accumulated"Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss”Loss" in Note 11.12.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S.") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including, but not limited to, those related to the allowance for doubtful accounts, fair values of financial instruments, intangible assets and goodwill, useful lives of intangible assets and property, plant and equipment, assets acquired and liabilities assumed from acquisitions, asset retirement obligations restructuring charges, redemption value of redeemable non-controlling interests and income taxes. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term and Long-Term Investments
The Company considers all highly liquid instruments with an original maturity from the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist of money market mutual funds and highly liquid debt securities of corporations and certificates of deposit with original
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maturities up to 90 days. Short-term investments generally consist of debt securitiescertificates of deposit with original maturities of between 90 days and one year. Long-term investments consist of debt securitiescertificates of deposit with original maturities greater than 365 daysof one year or more and publicly traded equity securities. The Company’s fixedPublicly traded equity securities are measured at fair value with changes in the fair values recognized within other income securities and(expense) in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-01, the Company's investments in publicly traded equity securities are classified as “available-for-sale”"available-for-sale" investments and are carriedmeasured at fair valuevalues with unrealized gains and losses reported in stockholders’stockholders' equity as a component of other comprehensive income (loss).or loss. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018, the Company recorded a net cumulative effect increase of $2.1 million to retained earnings. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. The Company reviews its investment portfolio quarterly to determine if any securities may be other-than-temporarily impaired due to increased credit risk, changes in industry or sector of a certain instrument or ratings downgrades.
Equity method and cost method investmentsMethod Investments
The Company's investments in non-marketable equity securities are generally accounted under cost method accounting. The Company records the dividends declared by the investees in other income and expense in the consolidated statement of operations and records any dividends in excess of earnings as a reduction of cost of investment. The Company's other equity investments include private equity investments which are accounted undermethod. For equity method accounting. Theinvestments, the Company adjusts the carrying amount of an investment for its share of the earnings and losses of the investees and recognizes its share of income or loss in other income and expense in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company records cost method andnon-marketable equity method investmentsinvestment in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company reviews these investments periodically to determine if any investments may be other-than-temporarily impaired primarily basedconsidering both qualitative and quantitative factors that may have a significant impact on the financial condition and near-term prospects of these companies and funds.investee's fair value.
Financial Instruments and Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, long-term investments and accounts receivable. Risks associated with cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and long-term investments are mitigated by the Company’sCompany's investment policy, which limits the Company’sCompany's investing to only those marketable securities rated at least A-1/P-1 Short Term Rating and A-/A3 Long Term Rating, as determined by independent credit rating agencies. Risk to the Company’s investment portfolio is further mitigated by its significant weighting in U.S. government securities in order to achieve REIT asset measure requirements.
A significant portion of the Company’sCompany's customer base is comprised of businesses throughout the Americas. However, a portion of the Company’sCompany's revenues are derived from the Company’sCompany's EMEA and Asia-Pacific operations. The following table sets forth percentages of the Company’sCompany's revenues by geographic region for the years ended December 31:
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||
| Americas | 55 | % | 56 | % | 59 | % | 49 | % | 50 | % | 47 | % | ||||
| EMEA | 26 | % | 26 | % | 24 | % | 31 | % | 31 | % | 32 | % | ||||
| Asia-Pacific | 19 | % | 18 | % | 17 | % | 20 | % | 19 | % | 21 | % | ||||
No single customer accounted for greater than 10% of accounts receivable or revenues as of or for the years ended December 31, 2015, 20142018, 2017 and 2013.2016.
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at the Company’sCompany's original cost or at fair value for acquired property, plant and equipment.equipment acquired through acquisitions, net of depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Leasehold improvements and assets acquired under capital leasesintegral equipment at leased locations are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset or improvement, unless they are considered integral equipment, in which case they are amortized over the lease term.improvement. Leasehold improvements acquired in a business combinationthrough acquisition are amortized over the shorter of the useful life of the assets or a termterms that includesinclude required lease periods and renewals that are deemed to be reasonably assured at the date of acquisition. Leasehold improvements that are placed into service significantly after and not contemplated at or near the beginning of the lease term are amortized over the shorter of the useful life of the assets or a term that includes required lease periods and renewals that are deemed to be reasonably assured at the date the leasehold improvements are purchased.
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The Company’sCompany's estimated useful lives of its property, plant and equipment are as follows:
| Core systems | 3-25 years |
| Buildings | |
| Leasehold improvements | 12-40 years |
| Personal Property | 3-10 years |
The Company reviews its property, plant and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable such as a significant decrease in market price of an asset, a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which an asset is being used or in its physical condition, a significant adverse change in legal factors or business climate that could affect the value of an asset or a continuous deterioration of the Company's financial condition. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is assessed by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated discounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. The Company did not record any impairment charges related to its property, plant and equipment during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. However, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $7.7 million relating to assets held for sale for the year ended December 31, 2016 as described below.
The Company enters into non-cancellable lease arrangements as the lessee primarily for its data center spaces, office spaces and equipment. Assets acquired through capital leases and other financing obligations are included in property, plant and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets. In addition, a portion of the Company's property, plant and equipment are used for revenue arrangements which are accounted for as operating leases where the Company is the lessor.
Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations
Assets and liabilities to be disposed of that meet all of the criteria to be classified as held for sale as set forth in the accounting standard for impairment or disposal of long-lived assets are reported at the lower of their carrying amounts or fair values less costs to sell. Assets are not depreciated or amortized while they are classified as held for sale. A component of a reporting entity or a group of components of a reporting entity that are disposed or meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale should be reported in discontinued operations if the disposal represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity's operations and financial results. The accounting guidance requires a business activity that, on acquisition, meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale be reported as a discontinued operation. For further information on the Company's assets held for sale and discontinued operations, see Notes 5 and 6.
Asset Retirement Costs and Asset Retirement Obligations
The fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation is recognized in the period in which it is incurred. The associated retirement costs are capitalized and included as part of the carrying value of the long-lived asset and amortized over the useful life of the asset. Subsequent to the initial measurement, the Company accretes the liability in relation to the asset retirement obligations over time and the accretion expense is recorded as a cost of revenue. The Company’sCompany's asset retirement obligations are primarily related to its IBX data centers, of which the majority are leased under long-term arrangements, and, in certain cases, are required to be returned to the landlords in their original condition. The majority of the Company’sCompany's IBX data center leases have been subject to significant development by the Company in order to convert them from, in most cases, vacant buildings or warehouses into IBX data centers. The majority of the Company’sCompany's IBX data centers’centers' initial lease terms expire at various dates ranging from 20172019 to 2065 and most of them enable the Company to extend the lease terms.
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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
The Company has three reportable segments comprised of the 1) Americas, 2) EMEA and 3) Asia-Pacific geographic regions, which the Company also determined are its reporting units. Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually. As of December 31, 2015,2018, the Company had goodwill attributable to its Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific reporting units. In 2014, the Company changed its annual goodwill impairment testing date from November 30th to October 31st of each year, commencing on October 31, 2014, to better align its annual goodwill impairment test with the timing of the Company’s budgeting and forecasting process.
The Company has the option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If, after assessing the qualitative factors, the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then performing the two-stepquantitative impairment test is unnecessary. However, if the Company concludes otherwise, then it is required to perform the first step of the two-stepquantitative goodwill impairment test. The first step, identifying a potentialquantitative impairment test, which is used to identify both the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss, compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not impaired. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step would need to be conducted; otherwise, no further steps are necessary as no potential impairment exists. The second step, measuring the impairment loss, compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. Anyany excess of the reporting unit goodwill carrying value over the respective implied fair value is recognized as an impairment loss.
The Company assessedassesses qualitative and quantitative factors during the fourth quarter of 2015 to determine whether it wasis more likely than not that the fair value of its Americas, reporting unit,EMEA reporting unit and Asia-Pacific reporting unit wasunits is less than its carrying value. Qualitative factors considered in the assessment include industry and market conditions, overall financial performance, and other relevant events and factors affecting the reporting unit. Additionally, as part of this analysis, the Company may perform a quantitative analysis to support the qualitative factors by evaluating sensitivities to assumptions and inputs used in measuring a reporting unit's fair value. Prior to 2015, the Company performed the first step of the two-step goodwill impairment test for its Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific reporting units during the quarter ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. In order to determine the fair value of each reporting unit, the Company utilizes the discounted cash flow and market methods. The Company had used both methods in its goodwill impairment tests as it believes both methods, in conjunction with each other, provide a reasonable estimate of the determination of fair value of each reporting unit – the discounted cash flow method being specific to anticipated future results of the reporting unit and the market method, which is based on the Company’s market sector including its competitors. The assumptions supporting the discounted cash flow method was determined using the Company’sCompany's best estimates as of the date of the impairment review.
As of OctoberDecember 31, 2015,2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company concluded that it was more likely than not that goodwill attributed to the Company’sCompany's Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific reporting units was not impaired as the fair value of each
reporting unit exceeded the carrying value of its respective reporting unit, including goodwill. In addition, the Company concluded that no events occurred or circumstances changed subsequent to October 31, 2015 through December 31, 2015 that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific reporting units below its carrying value. The Company has performed various sensitivity analyses on certain of the assumptions used in the discounted cash flow method, such as forecasted revenues and discount rate, and notes that no reasonably possible changes would reduce the fair value of the reporting unit to such a level that would cause an impairment charge.
Impairment assessments inherently involve judgment as to assumptions about expected future cash flows and the impact of market conditions on those assumptions. Future events and changing market conditions may impact the Company’sCompany's assumptions as to prices, costs, growth rates or other factors that may result in changes in the Company’sCompany's estimates of future cash flows. Although the Company believes the assumptions it used in testing forits evaluation of impairment are reasonable, significant changes in any one of the Company’sCompany's assumptions could produce a significantly different result. Indicators of potential impairment that might lead the Company to perform interim goodwill impairment assessments include significant and unforeseen customer losses, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, a significant adverse action or assessment by a regulator, a significant stock price decline or unanticipated competition.
All of the Company's intangible assets are subject to amortization and are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated period of benefit. The Company performs a review of other intangible assets for impairment by assessing events or changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is assessed by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated discounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. The Company did not record any impairment charges related to its other intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
For further information on goodwill and other intangible assets, see Note 53 and Note 7 below.
Debt Issuance Costs
Loan fees and costs are capitalized and are amortized over the life of the related loans based on the effective interest method. Such amortization is included as a component of interest expense.
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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Derivatives and Hedging Activities
The Company recognizes all derivatives on the Company's consolidated balance sheetsheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in the value of a derivative depends on whether or not the contract is for trading purposes or has been designated and qualifies for hedge accounting. In order to qualify for hedge accounting, a derivative must be considered highly effective at reducing the risk associated with the exposure being hedged. In order for a derivative to be designated as a hedge, there must be documentation of the risk management objective and strategy, including identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item and the risk exposure, and how effectiveness is to be assessed prospectively and retrospectively. Foreign currency gains or losses associated with derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recorded within other income (expense), net in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations, with the exception of foreign currency embedded derivatives contained in certain of the Company’s customer contracts (see “Revenue Recognition” below), which are recorded within revenues in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
To assess effectiveness of derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting, the Company uses a regression analysis. The extent to which a hedging instrument has been and is expected to continue to be effective at achieving offsetting changes in cash flows is assessed and documented at least quarterly. Any ineffectiveness is reported in current-period earnings. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective at hedging the designated exposure, hedge accounting is discontinued. For qualifying cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and recognized in the consolidated statements of operations when the hedged cash flows affect earnings.earnings in the same statement of operations line item as the hedged item. The ineffective portion of cash flow hedges is immediately recognized in earnings. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective at hedging the designated exposure, hedge accounting is discontinued. If the hedge relationship is terminated, then the change in fair value of the derivative recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) is recognized in earnings when the cash flows that were hedged occur, consistent with the original hedge strategy. For hedge relationships discontinued because the forecasted transaction is not expected to occur according to the original strategy, any related derivative amounts recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) are immediately recognized in earnings.
Foreign currency gains or losses associated with derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recorded within other income (expense) in the Company's consolidated statements of operations, with the exception of foreign currency embedded derivatives contained in certain of the Company's customer contracts (see "Revenue Recognition" below), which are recorded within revenues in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. The Company does not use derivatives for speculative or trading purposes.
For further information on derivatives and hedging activities, see Note 68 below.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying value of the Company’sCompany's cash and cash equivalents, short-term andinvestments, long-term investments and derivative instruments represent their fair value, while the Company’sCompany's accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses and accrued property, plant and equipment approximate their fair value due primarily to the short-term maturity of the related instruments. The fair value of the Company’sCompany's debt, which is traded in the public debt market, is based on quoted market prices. The fair value of the Company’sCompany's debt, which is not publicly traded, is estimated by considering the Company’sCompany's credit rating, current rates available to the Company for debt of the same remaining maturities and terms of the debt.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company measures and reports certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis, including its investments in money market funds, and available-for-sale debt investments in other public companies, governmental units and other agencies,certificates of deposit, publicly traded equity securities and derivatives.
The Company also follows the accounting standard for the measurement of fair value for non-financial assets and liabilities on a nonrecurring basis. These include:
Non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities initially measured at fair value in a business combination or other new basis event, but not measured at fair value in subsequent reporting periods;
Reporting units and non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities measured at fair value for goodwill impairment tests;
Indefinite-lived intangible assets measured at fair value for impairment assessments;
Non-financial long-lived assets or asset groups measured at fair value for impairment assessments or disposal; and
Asset retirement obligations initially measured at fair value but not subsequently measured at fair value; and
For further information on fair value measurements, see Note 79 below.
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Revenue
Revenue Recognition
Equinix derives more than 90% of its revenues from recurring revenue streams, consisting primarily of (1) colocation, which includes the licensing of cabinet space and power; (2) interconnection offerings, such as cross connects and Equinix Exchange ports; (3) managed infrastructure servicessolutions and (4) other revenues consisting of rental income from tenants or subtenants. The remainder of the Company’sCompany's revenues are from non-recurring revenue streams, such as installation revenues, professional services, contract settlements and equipment sales. Revenues by service lines and geographic areas are included in segment information (see Note 17). The majority of the Company's revenue contracts are classified as licenses and accounted for in accordance with Topic 606, with the exception of certain contracts that contain lease components and are accounted for in accordance with Topic 840, Leases.
Under the revenue accounting guidance, revenues are recognized when control of these products and services is transferred to its customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to be entitled to in exchange for the products and services. Revenues from recurring revenue streams are generally billed monthly and recognized ratably over the term of the contract, generally one to three years for IBX data center colocation customers. Non-recurring installation fees, although generally paid in a lump sumupfront upon installation, are deferred and recognized ratably over the period the customer is expected to benefit from the installation.contract term. Professional service fees and equipment sales are recognized in the period in whichwhen the services were provided and representprovided. For the culminationcontracts with customers that contain multiple performance obligations, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct or as a series of a separate earnings process as long as theydistinct obligations if the individual performance obligations meet the criteriaseries criteria. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment. The transaction price is allocated to the separate recognition underperformance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis. The standalone selling price is determined based on overall pricing objectives, taking into consideration market conditions, geographic locations and other factors. Other judgments include determining if any variable consideration should be included in the accounting standard related to revenue arrangements with multiple deliverables. total contract value of the arrangement such as price increases.
Revenue from bandwidth and equipment sales is
generally recognized on a gross basis in accordance with the accounting standard related to reporting revenue on a gross basis as a principal versus on a net basis as an agent, primarily becauseas the Company acts asis primarily responsible for fulfilling the principal in the transaction, takes title to products and services andcontract, bears inventory risk and credit risk.has discretion in establishing the price when selling to the customer. To the extent the Company does not meet the criteria for recognizing bandwidth and equipment services asrevenue on a gross revenue,basis, the Company records the revenue on a net basis. Revenue from contract settlements, when a customer wishes to terminate their contract early, is generallytreated as a contract modification and recognized on a cash basis, when noratably over the remaining performance obligations exist, toterm of the extent that the revenue has not previously been recognized.contract, if any.
The Company guarantees certain service levels, such as uptime, as outlined in individual customer contracts. To the extent thatIf these service levels are not achieved due to any failure of the physical infrastructure or offerings, or in the event of certain instances of damage to customer infrastructure within the Company's IBX data centers, the Company reduceswould reduce revenue for any credits or cash payments given to the customer as a result. The Company generally has the ability to determine such service level credits prior to the associated revenue being recognized, and historically,customer. Historically, these credits and cash payments have generally not been significant. There were no significant service level credits issued during
Occasionally, the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014Company enters into contracts with customers for data center and 2013.
As a result of certain customer agreements being priced in currencies different from the functional currencies of the parties involved, under applicable accounting rules, the Company is deemed to have foreign currency forward contracts embedded in these contracts. The Company refersassessed these embedded contracts and concluded them to these asbe foreign currency embedded derivatives (see Note 6)8). These instruments are separated from their host contracts and held on the Company’sCompany's consolidated balance sheet at their fair value. The majority of these foreign currency embedded derivatives arise in certain of the Company’sCompany's subsidiaries where the local currency is the subsidiary’ssubsidiary's functional currency and the customer contract is denominated in the U.S. dollar. Changes in their fair values are recognized within revenues in the Company’sCompany's consolidated statements of operations.
F-14
Contract Balances
The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections result in accounts receivables, contract assets and deferred revenues. A receivable is recorded at the invoice amount, net of an allowance for doubtful account and is recognized in the period when the Company has transferred products or provided services to its customers and when its right to consideration is unconditional. Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although terms generally include a requirement of payment within 30 to 45 days. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, the Company has determined that the Company's contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. The Company assesses collectability based on a number of factors, including past transaction history with the customer and the credit-worthiness of the customer. The Company generally does not request collateral from its customers although in certain cases the Company obtains a security interest in a customer’scustomer's equipment placed in its IBX data centers or obtains a deposit. If the Company determines that collection of a fee is not reasonably assured, the fee is deferred and revenue is recognized at the time collection becomes reasonably assured, which is generally upon receipt of cash. In addition, theThe Company also maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments for which the Company had expected to collect the revenues. If the financial condition of the Company’sCompany's customers were to deteriorate or if they became insolvent, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, greater allowances for doubtful accounts may be required. Management specifically analyzes accounts receivable and current economic news and trends, historical bad debts, customer concentrations, customer credit-worthiness and changes in customer payment terms when evaluating revenue recognition and the adequacy of the Company’sCompany's reserves. Any amounts that were previously recognized as revenue and subsequently determined to be uncollectibleuncollectable are charged to bad debt expense included in generalsales and administrativemarketing expense in the consolidated statements of operations. A specific bad debt reserve of up to the full amount of a particular invoice value is provided for certain problematic customer balances. An additional reserve is established for all other accounts based on the age of the invoices and an analysis of historical credits issued. Delinquent account balances are written-offwritten off after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable.
A contract asset exists when the Company has transferred products or provided services to its customers, but customer payment is contingent upon satisfaction of additional performance obligations. Certain contracts include terms related to price arrangements such as price increases and free months. The Company recognizes revenues ratably over the contract term, which could potentially give rise to contract assets during certain periods of the contract term. Contract assets are recorded in other current assets and other assets in the consolidated balance sheet.
Deferred revenue (a contract liability) is recognized when the Company has an unconditional right to a payment before it transfers products or services to customers. Deferred revenue is included in other current liabilities and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet.
Contract Costs
Direct and indirect incremental costs solely related to obtaining revenue contracts are capitalized as costs of obtaining a contract, when they are incremental and if they are expected to be recovered. Such costs consist primarily of commission fees and sales bonuses, as well as indirect related payroll costs. Contract costs are amortized over the estimated period of benefit on a straight-line basis. The Company elected to apply the practical expedient which allows the Company to expense contract costs when incurred, if the amortization period is one year or less.
For further information on revenue recognition, see Note 2 below.
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts that are expected more likely than not to be realized in the future. A tax benefit from an uncertain income tax position may be recognized in the financial statements only if it is more likely than not that the position is sustainable, based solely on its technical merits and consideration of the relevant taxing authority’sauthority's widely understood administrative practices and precedents.
The Company began operatingelected to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes effective January 1, 2015. In Maybeginning with its 2015 the Company received a favorable private letter ruling (“PLR”) from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”).taxable year. As a result, the Company may deduct the distributions made to its stockholders from taxable income generated by the Company and its qualified REIT subsidiaries ("QRSs"). The Company's dividends paid deduction generally eliminates the U.S. taxable income of the Company
and its shareholders from taxable income generated by the Company's Qualified REIT Subsidiaries (“QRSs”). The Company’s dividends paid deduction generally eliminates the U.S. taxable income of the Company's QRSs, resulting in no U.S. income tax due. However, the TaxableCompany's taxable REIT Subsidiaries (“TRSs”subsidiaries ("TRSs") will continue to be subject to income taxes on any taxable income generated by them. In addition, the foreign operations of the Company will continue to be subject to local income taxes regardless of whether the foreign operations are operated as a QRSQRSs or TRS.TRSs.
The Company's qualification and taxation as a REIT depends on its satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. The Company's ability to satisfy quarterly asset tests depends upon its analysis and the fair market values of its REIT and non-REIT assets. For purposes of the quarterly REIT asset tests, the Company recognizes interestestimates the fair market value of assets within its QRSs and penalties relatedTRSs using a discounted cash flow approach, by calculating the present value of forecasted future cash flows. The Company applies discount rates based on industry benchmarks relative to unrecognized tax benefits within income tax benefit (expense)the market and forecasting risks. Other key assumptions used to estimate the fair market value of assets in the consolidated statements of operations.QRSs and TRSs include projected revenue growth, operating margins, and forecasted capital expenditures. The Company revisits key assumptions periodically to reflect any changes due to business or economic environment.
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date for all stock-based awards made to employees and directors based on the fair value of the award and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period.
The Company grants restricted stock units to its employees and these equity awards generally have only a service condition. The Company grants restricted stock units to its executives and these awards generally have a service and performance condition or a service and market condition. To date, any performance conditions contained in an equity award are tied to the financial performance of the Company or a specific region of the Company. The Company assesses the probability of meeting these performance conditions on a quarterly basis. The majority of the Company’sCompany's equity awards vest over four years, although certain of the equity awards for executives vest over a range of two to four years. The valuation of restricted stock units with only a service condition or a service and performance condition requires no significant assumptions as the fair value for these types of equity awards is based solely on the fair value of the Company’sCompany's stock price on the date of grant. The Company uses a Monte Carlo simulation option-pricing model to determine the fair value of restricted stock units with a service and market condition.
The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of its employee stock purchase plan. The determination of the fair value of shares purchased under the employee stock purchase plan is affected by assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables including the Company’sCompany's expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards and actual and projected employee stock purchase behaviors. The Company estimated the expected volatility by using the average historical volatility of its common stock that it believed was best representative of future volatility. The risk-free interest rate used was based on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term of the equity awards. The expected dividend rate used in 2015 was based on average dividend yields and the expected dividend rate used prior to 2015 was zero as the Company did not anticipate paying dividends. The expected term used was equal to the term of each purchase window.
The accounting standard for stock-based compensation does not allow the recognition of unrealized tax benefits associated with the tax deductions in excess of the compensation recorded (excess tax benefit) until the excess tax benefit is realized (i.e., reduces taxes payable). TheIn periods prior to 2017, the Company recognizesrecognized the benefit from stock-based compensation in equity when the excess tax benefit is realized by following the “with-and-without”"with-and-without" approach. Upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) on January 1, 2017, the Company records the excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation as income tax expense through the statement of operations instead of additional paid-in capital as required under the previous guidance.
For further information on stock-based compensation, see Note 1213 below.
Foreign Currency Translation
The financial position of foreign subsidiaries is translated using the exchange rates in effect at the end of the period, while income and expense items are translated at average rates of exchange during the period. Gains or losses from translation of foreign operations where the local currency is the functional currency are included as other comprehensive income (loss). The net gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are recorded in net income (loss) in the period incurred and reportedrecorded within other income and expense.(expense). Certain inter-company balances are designated as long-term.loans of a long-term investment-type nature. Accordingly, exchange gains and losses associated with these long-term inter-company balances are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (loss), along with translation adjustments. How the U.S. dollar performs against certain of the currencies of the foreign countries in which the Company operates can have a significant impact to the Company. Strengthening and weakening of the U.S. dollar against theses currencies has significantly impacted the Company’s consolidated balance sheets (as evidenced in the Company’s foreign currency translation loss), as well as its consolidated statements of operations as amounts denominated in foreign currencies can increase or decrease the Company’s revenues and expenses. To the extent that the U.S. dollar strengthens or weakens further, this will continue to impact the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of operations including the amount of revenue that the Company reports in future periods.
Earnings Per Share
The Company computes basic and diluted EPS for net income (loss) attributable to the Company.income. Basic EPS is computed using net income (loss) attributable to the Company and the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed using net income, attributable to the Company, adjusted for interest expense as a result of the assumed conversion of the Company’s 3.00% Convertible Subordinated Notes andCompany's 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes, if dilutive, and the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding plus any dilutive potential common shares outstanding. Dilutive potential common shares include the assumed exercise, vesting and issuance activity of employee equity awards using the treasury stock method, as well as shares issuable upon the assumed conversion of the 3.00% Convertible Subordinated Notes and 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes.
Treasury Stock
The Company accounts for treasury stock under the cost method. When treasury stock is re-issued at a higher price than its cost, the difference is recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital to the extent that there are gains to offset the losses. If there are no treasury stock gains in additional paid-in capital, the losses are recorded as a component of accumulated deficit.retained earnings.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted
In August 2017, Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2017-12 Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. This ASU was issued to improve the financial reporting of hedging relationships to better portray the economic results of an entity's risk management activities in its financial statements and to simplify the application of the hedge accounting guidance in current GAAP. This ASU permits hedge accounting for risk components involving nonfinancial risk and interest rate risk, requires an entity to present the earnings effect of the hedging instrument in the same income statement line item in which the hedged item is reported, no longer requires separate measurement and reporting of hedge ineffectiveness, eases the requirement for hedge effectiveness assessment, and requires a tabular disclosure related to the effect on the income statement of fair value and cash flow hedges. This ASU is effective for annual or any interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted. On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted this standard and is finalizing its evaluation of the impact that the adoption of this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.
In June 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The ASU requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The ASU requires enhanced disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization's portfolio. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. In addition, the ASU amends the accounting for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for all organizations for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company will adopt this new ASU on January 1, 2019. The Company expects this ASU to impact its accounting for allowances for doubtful accounts and is currently evaluating the extent of the impact that the adoption of this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements, including its accounting policies, processes and systems.
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”)FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”)ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) ("ASU 2016-02"). and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance. Under the new guidance, lessees will be required to recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date: (1) a lease liability, which is a lessee‘slessee's future obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and (2) a right-of-use ("ROU") asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’slessee's right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. UnderThe accounting applied by a lessor is substantially unchanged under Topic 842. The standard allows entities to adopt with one of two methods: the new guidance, lessor accounting is largely unchanged. Certain targeted improvements were made to align, where necessary, lessor accounting with the lessee accounting model and Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The new lease guidance simplified the accounting for sale and leaseback transactions primarily because lessees must recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. Lessees (for capital and operating leases) and lessors (for sales-type, direct financing, and operating leases) must apply a modified retrospective transition approach for leases existing at,method or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements.alternative transition method. The modified retrospective approach would not require any transition accounting for leases that expired before the earliest comparative period presented. Lessees and lessors may not apply a full retrospective transition approach. ASU 2016-02standard is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. While the Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements, the Company believes this standard will have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements due, in part, to the substantial amount of operating leases it has.
permitted. On November 2, 2015,January 1, 2019, the Company acting through its Japanese subsidiary, completed a cash tender offer for approximately 97% ofadopted Topic 842 using the equity instruments, including stock options, of Tokyo-based Bit-isle. The Company acquired the remaining outstanding equity instruments of Bit-isle in December 2015. The offer price was JPY 922 per share, in an all cash transaction totaling ¥33,196,000,000 or approximately $275,367,000.
The Company included Bit-isle’s resultselected the package of operations from November 2, 2015practical expedients which allows the Company not to reassess (1) whether any expired or existing contracts contain leases under the new definition of a lease; (2) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and the estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in its consolidated balance sheets beginning November 2, 2015.(3) whether previously capitalized initial direct costs would qualify for capitalization under ASC 842. The Company incurred acquisition costs of approximately $8,645,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015 related to the Bit-isle Acquisition.also
F-17
elected the land easements practical expedient which permits the Company not to assess at transition whether any expired or existing land easements are or contain leases if they were not previously accounted for as leases under Topic 840.
Upon the adoption of the new standard, the Company expects to derecognize build-to-suit assets and liabilities. Some build-to-suit leases are classified as operating leases, while some are classified as finance leases. The Company expects to recognize operating lease assets and liabilities of approximately $1.3 billion to $1.6 billion, which includes the derecognition of certain existing build-to-suit assets and liabilities subsequently assessed as operating leases. The Company is still finalizing its embedded lease assessment hence the above estimates exclude the potential impacts that might arise from the search for embedded, or previously unidentified, leases in existence as of adoption. In addition, the Company is still evaluating the impact of this standard on its financial statements as a lessor.
Accounting Standards Adopted
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASU 2014-09") and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance, collectively referred as "Topic 606." Topic 606 replaces most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP. The core principle of Topic 606 is that an entity should recognize revenue for the transfer of control of the goods or services equal to the amount that it expects to be entitled to receive for those goods or services. Topic 606 requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments.
On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective approach applied to those contracts, which were not completed as of January 1, 2018, and recognized a net increase to the opening retained earnings of $269.8 million, net of tax impacts. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under Topic 606, while the comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under accounting standards in effect for those periods.
In adopting the new guidance, the Company elected to apply the practical expedient, which allows the company not to retrospectively restate contracts with multiple modifications on a modification by modification basis. Instead, the Company reflected the aggregate amount of all modifications that occurred before the beginning of the earliest period presented using the new standard. In addition, where appropriate, the Company elected to apply the practical expedient to account for the new standard under the portfolio approach as the Company reasonably expects that the effects of applying the guidance under the portfolio approach will not differ materially from applying the guidance to individual contracts. The Company also elected to apply the practical expedient that allows the Company not to disclose the remaining performance obligations for variable consideration that is allocated to entirely unsatisfied performance obligations or to a wholly unsatisfied distinct good or service that forms part of a single obligation.
The most significant impacts to the Company from Topic 606 relate to installation revenue and costs to obtain contracts. Under the new standard, the Company recognizes installation revenue over the contract period rather than over the estimated installation life as under the prior revenue standard. The Company is also required to capitalize and amortize certain costs to obtain contracts, rather than expense them immediately as under the previous standard.
F-18
The cumulative effect of the changes made to the Company's consolidated January 1, 2018 balance sheet from the adoption of Topic 606 was as follows (in thousands):
| Balance Sheet | Balance at December 31, 2017 | Adjustments due to adoption of Topic 606 | Balance at January 1, 2018 | |||||||||
| Assets | ||||||||||||
| Other current assets | $ | 232,027 | $ | 9,002 | $ | 241,029 | ||||||
Other assets (1) | 241,750 | 179,578 | 421,328 | |||||||||
| Liabilities | ||||||||||||
| Other current liabilities | 159,914 | (16,215 | ) | 143,699 | ||||||||
Other liabilities (2) | 661,710 | (63,051 | ) | 598,659 | ||||||||
| Equity | ||||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (3) | (785,189 | ) | (1,930 | ) | (787,119 | ) | ||||||
| Retained earnings | $ | 252,689 | $ | 269,776 | $ | 522,465 | ||||||
(1) | Includes cumulative adjustments related to cost to obtain contracts, non-current contract assets and deferred tax assets. |
(2) | Includes cumulative adjustments related to non-current deferred revenue and deferred tax liabilities. |
(3) | Includes cumulative adjustments related to CTA. |
The following tables summarize the effects of adopting Topic 606 on the consolidated financial statement line items (in thousands, except per share data):
| Balance Sheets | December 31, 2018 | Adjustments | Balances without adoption of Topic 606 | |||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | $ | 630,119 | $ | (2,386 | ) | $ | 627,733 | |||||
| Other current assets | 274,857 | (9,830 | ) | 265,027 | ||||||||
| Total current assets | 1,515,682 | (12,216 | ) | 1,503,466 | ||||||||
| Other assets | 533,252 | (192,306 | ) | 340,946 | ||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 20,244,638 | $ | (204,522 | ) | $ | 20,040,116 | |||||
| Current liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 756,692 | $ | (3,203 | ) | $ | 753,489 | |||||
| Other current liabilities | 126,995 | 17,916 | 144,911 | |||||||||
| Total current liabilities | 1,515,071 | 14,713 | 1,529,784 | |||||||||
| Other liabilities | 629,763 | 73,414 | 703,177 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities | 13,025,359 | 88,127 | 13,113,486 | |||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (945,702 | ) | 7,846 | (937,856 | ) | |||||||
| Retained earnings | 889,948 | (300,495 | ) | 589,453 | ||||||||
| Total stockholders' equity | 7,219,279 | (292,649 | ) | 6,926,630 | ||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 20,244,638 | $ | (204,522 | ) | $ | 20,040,116 | |||||
F-19
| Statements of Operations | Year Ended December 31, 2018 | Adjustments | Balance without adoption of Topic 606 | |||||||||
| Revenues | $ | 5,071,654 | $ | (15,415 | ) | $ | 5,056,239 | |||||
| Sales and marketing | 633,702 | 20,226 | 653,928 | |||||||||
| Total costs and operating expenses | 4,094,271 | 20,226 | 4,114,497 | |||||||||
| Income from operations | 977,383 | (35,641 | ) | 941,742 | ||||||||
| Income from continuing operations before income taxes | 433,038 | (35,641 | ) | 397,397 | ||||||||
| Income tax expense | (67,679 | ) | 4,922 | (62,757 | ) | |||||||
| Net income from continuing operations | 365,359 | (30,719 | ) | 334,640 | ||||||||
| Net income | $ | 365,359 | $ | (30,719 | ) | $ | 334,640 | |||||
| Basic EPS | $ | 4.58 | $ | (0.39 | ) | $ | 4.19 | |||||
| Diluted EPS | $ | 4.56 | $ | (0.39 | ) | $ | 4.17 | |||||
| Statements of Cash Flow | Year Ended December 31, 2018 | Adjustments | Balance without adoption of Topic 606 | |||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | ||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 365,359 | $ | (30,719 | ) | $ | 334,640 | |||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | ||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | (52,931 | ) | 1,413 | (51,518 | ) | |||||||
| Income taxes, net | (10,670 | ) | (1,863 | ) | (12,533 | ) | ||||||
| Other assets | (47,635 | ) | 18,048 | (29,587 | ) | |||||||
| Other liabilities | 31,725 | 13,121 | 44,846 | |||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 1,815,426 | $ | — | $ | 1,815,426 | ||||||
F-20
The Company also adopted the following standards during 2018, none of which had a material impact to the Company's consolidated financial statements or financial statement disclosures:
| Standards | Description | Effective Date and Adoption Consideration | ||
| ASU 2017-09 Compensation–Stock Compensation (Topic 718) | This ASU was issued primarily to provide clarity and reduce both diversity in practice and cost and complexity when applying the guidance in Topic 718 to a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. This ASU affects any entity that changes the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. This ASU provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. | January 1, 2018 | ||
| ASU 2017-07 Compensation–Retirement Benefits (Topic 715) | This ASU was issued primarily to improve the presentation of net periodic pension cost and net periodic post-retirement benefit cost. This ASU requires that an employer reports the service cost component in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. It also requires the other components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic post-retirement benefit cost to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside a subtotal of income from operations, if one is presented. Additionally, only the service cost component is eligible for capitalization, when applicable. | January 1, 2018 | ||
| ASU 2017-05 Other Income—Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Non-Financial Assets (Subtopic 610-20) | This ASU is to clarify the scope of the non-financial asset guidance in Subtopic 610-20 and to add guidance for partial sales of non-financial assets. This ASU defines the term in substance non-financial asset and clarifies that non-financial assets within the scope of Subtopic 610-20 may include non-financial assets transferred within a legal entity to a counterparty. The ASU also provides guidance on the accounting for what often are referred to as partial sales of non-financial assets within the scope of Subtopic 610-20 and contributions of non-financial assets to a joint venture or other non-controlled investee. | January 1, 2018 | ||
| ASU 2017-04 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. | This ASU is to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill. The ASU eliminates step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. | The Company elected to early adopt this ASU on a prospective basis, effective January 1, 2018. | ||
| ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business | This ASU provides new guidance to assist entities with evaluating when a set of transferred assets and activities is a business. The definition of a business affects many areas of accounting including acquisitions, disposals, goodwill and consolidation. | The Company adopted this standard on a prospective basis, effective January 1, 2018. The adoption of this standard may impact the accounting of future transactions. | ||
| ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory | This ASU requires the recognition of the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. | January 1, 2018 | ||
ASU 2016-01 Financial Instruments- Overall (Subtopic 825-10) | This ASU requires all equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income other than those accounted for under equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investees. The ASU also requires that an entity present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments. | The Company adopted this standard using the modified retrospective method, effective January 1, 2018 and recorded a net increase to retained earnings of $2.1 million. | ||
F-21
| 2. | Revenue Recognition |
Contract Balances
The following table summarizes the opening and closing balances of the Company's accounts receivable, net; contract asset, current; contract asset, non-current; deferred revenue, current; and deferred revenue, non-current (in thousands):
| Accounts receivable, net | Contract asset, current | Contract asset, non-current | Deferred revenue, current | Deferred revenue, non-current | |||||||||||||||
Beginning balances as of January 1, 2018 (1) | $ | 576,313 | $ | 9,002 | $ | 16,186 | $ | 71,085 | $ | 53,101 | |||||||||
| Closing balances as of December 31, 2018 | 630,119 | 9,778 | 16,396 | 73,142 | 46,641 | ||||||||||||||
| Increase/(decrease) | $ | 53,806 | $ | 776 | $ | 210 | $ | 2,057 | $ | (6,460 | ) | ||||||||
(1) | Includes cumulative adjustments made to these accounts on January 1, 2018 from the adoption of Topic 606. |
The difference between the opening and closing balances of the Company's accounts receivable, net, contract assets and deferred revenues primarily results from the timing difference between the satisfaction of the Company's performance obligation and the customer's payment, as well as business combinations closed during the year ended December 31, 2018. The amounts of revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2018 from the opening deferred revenue balance was approximately $81.8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2018, no impairment loss related to contract balances was recognized in the consolidated statement of operations.
Contract Costs
The ending balance of net capitalized contract costs as of December 31, 2018 was $188.2 million, which was included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. For the year ended December 31, 2018, $73.1 million of contract costs were amortized, which were included in sales and marketing expense in the consolidated statement of operations.
Remaining performance obligations
As of December 31, 2018, approximately $5.8 billion of total revenues and deferred installation revenues are expected to be recognized in future periods, the majority of which will be recognized over the next 24 months. While initial contract terms vary in length, substantially all contracts thereafter automatically renew in one-year increments. Included in the remaining performance obligations is either 1) remaining performance obligations under the initial contract terms or 2) remaining performance obligations related to contracts in the renewal period once the initial terms have lapsed. The remaining performance obligations do not include variable consideration related to unsatisfied performance obligations such as the usage of metered power or any contracts that could be terminated without any significant penalties such as the majority of interconnection revenues. The remaining performance obligations above exclude approximately $1.2 billion total revenues to be recognized in the future related to arrangements where the Company is the lessor.
| 3. | Acquisitions |
2018 Acquisitions
On April 18, 2018, the Company acquired all of the equity interests in Metronode from the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan Board for a cash purchase price of A$1.034 billion, or approximately $804.6 million at the exchange rate in effect on April 18, 2018. Metronode operated 10 data centers in six metro areas in Australia. The acquisition supports the Company's ongoing global expansion to meet customer demand in the Asia-Pacific region.
F-22
On April 2, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of Infomart Dallas, including its operations and tenants, from ASB Real Estate Investments, for total consideration of approximately $804.0 million. The consideration was comprised of approximately $45.8 million in cash, subject to customary adjustments and $758.2 million aggregate fair value of 5.000% senior unsecured notes (see Note 11). Prior to the acquisition, a portion of the building was leased to the Company and was being used as its Dallas 1, 2, 3 and 6 data centers, which were all accounted for as build-to-suit leases. Upon acquisition, the Company effectively terminated the leases and settled the related financing obligations and other liabilities related to the leases for approximately $170.3 million and $1.9 million, respectively, and recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $19.5 million. The acquisition of this highly interconnected facility and tenants adds to the Company's global platform and secures the ability to further expand in the Americas market in the future.
Both acquisitions constitute a business under the accounting standard for business combinations and, therefore, were accounted for as business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the total purchase price wasis allocated to Bit-isle’s net tangiblethe assets acquired and intangible assets based upon theirliabilities assumed measured at fair value ason the date of acquisition.
A summary of the Bit-isle acquisition date. Based upon theallocation of total purchase price and the valuation of Bit-isle, the purchase price allocation wasconsideration is presented as follows (in thousands):
| Metronode | Infomart Dallas | ||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 3,206 | $ | 17,432 | |||
| Accounts receivable | 8,318 | 637 | |||||
| Other current assets | 9,894 | 395 | |||||
| Property, plant and equipment | 297,092 | 362,023 | |||||
| Intangible assets | 128,229 | 65,847 | |||||
| Goodwill | 413,871 | 197,378 | |||||
Other assets (1) | 44,373 | — | |||||
| Total assets acquired | 904,983 | 643,712 | |||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | (17,104 | ) | (5,056 | ) | |||
| Other current liabilities | (2,038 | ) | (2,141 | ) | |||
| Deferred tax liabilities | (35,437 | ) | — | ||||
Other liabilities (1) | (45,851 | ) | (4,723 | ) | |||
| Net assets acquired | $ | 804,553 | $ | 631,792 | |||
| Cash and cash equivalent | $ | 33,198 | |
| Accounts receivable | 7,359 | ||
| Other current assets | 51,038 | ||
| Long-term investments | 3,806 | ||
| Property, plant and equipment | 308,985 | ||
| Goodwill | 95,444 | ||
| Intangible assets | 111,374 | ||
| Other assets | 22,981 | ||
| Total assets acquired | 634,185 | ||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | (15,028 | ) | |
| Accrued property, plant and equipment | (465 | ) | |
| Capital lease and other financing obligations | (108,833 | ) | |
| Mortgage and loans payable | (190,227 | ) | |
| Other current liabilities | (8,689 | ) | |
| Deferred tax liabilities | (32,192 | ) | |
| Other liabilities | (3,384 | ) | |
| Net assets acquired | $ | 275,367 | |
(1) | In connection with the Metronode Acquisition, the Company recorded indemnification assets of $44.4 million, which represented the seller's obligation under the purchase agreement to reimburse pre-acquisition tax liabilities settled after the acquisition. |
The following table presents certain information on the acquired identifiable intangible assets (dollars in(in thousands):
Intangible assets | Fair value | Estimated useful lives (years) | Weighted-average estimated useful lives (years) | ||||
| Customer relationships | $ | 105,434 | 13 | 13.0 | |||
| Trade name | 3,455 | 2 | 2.0 | ||||
| Favorable solar contracts | 2,410 | 18 | 18.0 | ||||
| Other intangible assets | 75 | 0.25 | 0.25 | ||||
| Intangible Assets | Fair Value | Estimated Useful Lives (Years) | Weighted-average Estimated Useful Lives (Years) | |||||
| Customer relationships (Metronode) | $ | 128,229 | 20.0 | 20.0 | ||||
| Customer relationships (Infomart Dallas) | 35,860 | 20.0 | 20.0 | |||||
| In-place leases (Infomart Dallas) | 19,960 | 3.6 - 7.5 | 6.8 | |||||
| Trade names (Infomart Dallas) | 9,552 | 20.0 | 20.0 | |||||
| Favorable leases (Infomart Dallas) | 475 | 3.6 - 7.5 | 7.0 | |||||
The fair value of customer relationships was estimated by applying an income approach. The fair value was determinedapproach, by calculating the present value of estimated future operating cash flows generated from existing customers less costs to realize the revenue. The Company applied a weighted-average discount raterates of approximately 11.0%,7.3% for Metronode and 8.2% for Infomart Dallas, which reflected the nature of the assets as it relatesthey relate to the risk and uncertainty of the estimated future operating cash flows. Other significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the customer relationships includeincluded projected revenue growth, capital expenditures, probability of renewal, customer attrition rates sales and marketing expenses and operating margins. The fair value of the Bit-isleInfomart Dallas' trade name was estimated using the relief offrom royalty method under the income approach. The Company applied a relief offrom royalty rate of 2.0%1.5% and a weighted-average discount rate of approximately 12.0%8.2%. The other acquired identifiable intangible assets werefair value of in-place leases
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was estimated by applying an income orprojecting the avoided costs, such as the cost approach as appropriate.of originating the acquired in-place leases, during a typical lease up period. The fair value measurements were based on significant inputs that are not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements as defined in the accounting standard for fair value measurements.
The Company determinedfair value of property, plant and equipment was estimated by applying the cost approach, with the exception of land which was estimated by applying the market approach, for the Metronode Acquisition. For the Infomart Dallas Acquisition, the fair values of land, building and personal property were estimated by applying the market approach, residual income method and cost approach, respectively. The cost approach uses the replacement or reproduction cost as an indicator of fair value. The premise of the cost approach is that a market participant would pay no more for an asset than the amount for which the asset could be replaced or reproduced. The key assumptions of the cost approach include replacement cost new, physical deterioration, functional and economic obsolescence, economic useful life, remaining useful life, age and effective age. The residual income method estimates the fair value of the loans payable assumed inInfomart Dallas building using an income approach less the Bit-isle Acquisition by estimating Bit-isle’s debt ratingfair values attributed to land, personal property, in-place leases and reviewed market data with a similar debt ratingfavorable and other characteristicsunfavorable leases.
As of December 31, 2018, the Company had not completed the detailed valuation analysis of Metronode or Infomart Dallas to derive the fair value of various items including, but not limited to: property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and related tax impacts; therefore, the allocation of the debt, including the maturity datepurchase price to assets acquired and security type. During the year endedliabilities assumed is based on provisional estimates and is subject to continuing management analysis. As of December 31, 2015,2018, the Company prepaidupdated the preliminary allocation of purchase price for Metronode and terminatedInfomart Dallas from the majorityprovisional amounts reported as of June 30, 2018. The adjustments made primarily resulted in a decrease in property, plant and equipment, other assets, other liabilities and deferred tax assets of $10.1 million, $10.0 million, $9.7 million and $4.1 million, respectively, and an increase in goodwill, deferred tax liabilities and intangible assets of $45.3 million, $35.4 million and $4.8 million, respectively, for the Metronode Acquisition. The adjustments for the Infomart Dallas Acquisition primarily resulted in a decrease in goodwill of $6.2 million and an increase in intangible assets of $4.6 million. The changes in fair value of acquired assets and liabilities assumed did not have a significant impact on the Company's results of operations for any reporting periods prior to December 31, 2018. The Company may further adjust these loans payable. In conjunction withamounts as valuations are finalized and the repayment ofCompany obtains information necessary to complete the loans payable,analyses, but no later than one year from the company incurred an insignificant amount of pre-payment penalties and interest rate swap termination costs, which were recorded as interest expense in the consolidated statement of operations.acquisition date.
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. The goodwillacquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is attributable to the workforce of the acquired business and the projected revenue increase expected to arise from future customers after the Metronode and Infomart Dallas acquisitions. Goodwill from the acquisition of Metronode is not amortizable for local tax purposes and is attributable to the Company's Asia-Pacific region. Goodwill from the acquisition of Infomart Dallas is expected to be deductible for local tax purposes. Goodwill will not be amortizedpurposes and will be tested for impairment at least annually. Goodwill recorded as a result of the Bit-isle acquisition is attributable to the Company’sCompany's Americas region. Operating results of Metronode and Infomart Dallas have been reported in the Asia-Pacific reportable segment (see Note 16) and reporting unit (see Note 5). ForAmericas regions, respectively.
The Company incurred acquisition costs of approximately $31.1 million during the quarter and year ended December 31, 2015, Bit-isle recognized revenues of $21,588,000 and had a net loss of $3,233,000, which were included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
2018 for both acquisitions. The following unaudited pro forma combined consolidated financial information has been prepared by the Company using the acquisition method of accounting to give effect to the Bit-isle Acquisition as though the acquisition occurred on January 1, 2014. The unaudited pro forma combined consolidated financial information reflect certain adjustments, such as additional depreciation, amortization and interest expense on assets and liabilities acquired.
| 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
| Revenues | $ | 2,847,411 | $ | 2,614,127 | |||
| Net income | 195,501 | (251,067 | ) | ||||
On January 14, 2015,May 1, 2017, the Company acquired allcompleted the acquisition of certain colocation business from Verizon consisting of 29 data center buildings located in the issuedUnited States, Brazil and outstanding share capital of Nimbo Technologies Inc. (“Nimbo”), a company which specializes in migrating business applications to the cloud with extensive experience moving legacy applications into a hybrid cloud architecture, and connecting legacy data centers to the cloud,Colombia, for a cash paymentpurchase price of $10,000,000approximately $3.6 billion. The addition of these facilities and a contingent earn-out arrangementcustomers adds to be paid over two years (the “Nimbo Acquisition”). Nimbo continues to operate under the Nimbo name. The Nimbo Acquisition was accounted for usingCompany's global platform, increases interconnections and assists with the acquisition method. As a resultCompany's penetration of the Nimbo Acquisition, the Company recorded goodwill of $17,192,000, which represents the excess of the total purchase price over the fair value of the assets acquiredenterprise and liabilities assumed.strategic markets, including government and energy. The Company recordedfunded the contingent earn-out arrangement at its estimated fair value. The results of operations for Nimbo are not significant to the Company; therefore, the Company does not present its purchase price allocation or pro forma combined results of operations. In addition, any prospective changes in the Company’s earn-out estimates are not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations.
In connection with TelecityGroup acquisition,the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, the Company entered into a commitment letter (the "Commitment Letter"), dated December 6, 2016, pursuant to which a group of lenders committed to provide a senior unsecured bridge credit agreement with J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (“JPMCB”) as the initial lender and as administrative agent for the lenders (the “Lenders”) for afacility in an aggregate principal amount of £875,000,000 or approximately $1,289,000,000 at$2.0 billion for the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2015 (the “Bridge Loan”). The Bridge Loan had an initial maturitypurposes of 12 months from the datefunding a portion of the first drawdowncash consideration for the Verizon Data Center Acquisition. Following the completion of the debt and atequity financings associated with the initial maturity date (if not repaid prior to that time), would have been converted into seven-year extended term loan.Verizon Data Center Acquisition in March 2017, the Company terminated the Commitment Letter. The Company paid $10.0 million of commitment fees associated with the BridgeCommitment Letter and recorded $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and $7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
The Company included the Verizon Data Center Acquisition's results of operations from May 1, 2017 in its consolidated statements of operations and the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in its consolidated balance sheets beginning May 1, 2017. The Company incurred acquisition costs of approximately $28.5 million and $7.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, related to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition.
Purchase Price Allocation
The Company will initially designate all the legal entities acquired as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”).
| Property, plant and equipment | $ | 85,969 | |
| Intangible assets | 10,011 | ||
| Total assets acquired | 95,980 | ||
| Mortgage payable | (42,906) | ||
| Intangible - unfavorable leases | (2,982) | ||
| Net assets acquired | $ | 50,092 | |
| Certain Verizon Data Center Assets | |||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,073 | |
| Accounts receivable | 2,019 | ||
| Other current assets | 7,319 | ||
| Property, plant and equipment | 840,335 | ||
Intangible assets (1) | 1,693,900 | ||
| Goodwill | 1,095,262 | ||
| Total assets acquired | 3,639,908 | ||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | (1,725 | ) | |
| Other current liabilities | (2,020 | ) | |
| Capital lease and other financing obligations | (17,659 | ) | |
| Deferred tax liabilities | (18,129 | ) | |
| Other liabilities | (5,689 | ) | |
| Net assets acquired | $ | 3,594,686 | |
Intangible assets | Fair value | Estimated useful lives (years) | Weighted-average estimated useful lives (years) | ||||
| Customer contracts | $ | 9,363 | 0.3 - 8 | 4.9 | |||
| Unfavorable leases | (2,982) | 1 - 6 | 4.8 | ||||
| Favorable leases | 648 | 1 - 8 | 7.5 | ||||
(1) | The nature of the intangible assets acquired is customer relationships with an estimated useful life of 15 years. Included in this amount is a customer relationship intangible asset for Verizon totaling $245.3 million. Pursuant to the acquisition agreement, the Company formalized agreements to provide pre-existing space and services to Verizon at the acquired data centers. |
The fair value of customer contractsrelationships was estimated by applying an income approach. The fair value was determined by calculating the present value of estimated future operating cash flows generated by existing customer relationships less costs to realize the revenue. The Company applied a discount rate of approximately 9.0%rates ranging from 7.7% to 12.2%, which reflectsreflected the nature of the assets as it relatesthey relate to the risk and uncertainty of the estimated future operating cash flows. Other significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the customer contractsrelationships include projected revenue growth, customer attrition rates, sales and marketing expenses and operating margins. The fair value of leases was estimated using the market approach. The fair value measurements were based on significant inputs that are not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements as defined in the accounting standard for fair value measurements.
The fair value of property, plant and equipment was estimated by applying the cost approach, with the exception of land which was estimated by applying the market approach. The cost approach is to use the replacement or reproduction cost as an indicator of fair value. The assumptions of the cost approach include replacement cost new, physical deterioration, functional and economic obsolescence, economic useful life, remaining useful life, age and effective age.
Goodwill is attributable to the workforce of the acquired business and the projected revenue increase expected to arise from future customers after the Verizon Data Center Acquisition. Goodwill is deductible for U.S. tax purposes and is attributable to the Company's Americas region. The Company's results of continuing operations include the Verizon Data Center Acquisition's revenues of $359.1 million and net income from continuing operations of $87.8 million for the period May 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017.
Other 2017 Acquisitions
In addition to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, the Company also acquired Itconic, Zenium's data center business in Istanbul, Turkey and IO UK's data center business during 2017. The Company incurred acquisition costs of approximately $8.1 million in total during the year ended December 31, 2017 related to these acquisitions.
On October 9, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of Itconic for a cash purchase price of €220.5 million, or $259.1 million at the exchange rate in effect on October 9, 2017. Itconic is a data center provider in Spain and Portugal, and also includes CloudMas, an Itconic subsidiary which is focused on supporting enterprise adoption and use of cloud services. The acquisition includes five data centers in four metro areas, with two located in Madrid and one each in Barcelona, Seville and Lisbon. Itconic's operating results have been reported in the EMEA region following the date of acquisition.
The nature of the intangible assets acquired from the Itconic acquisition is customer relationships with an estimated useful life of 15 years. The fair value of customer relationships was estimated by applying an income approach. The Company determinedapplied a discount rate of 16.0%, which reflects the risk and uncertainty of the estimated future operating cash flows. Other assumptions include projected revenue growth, customer attrition rates and operating margins. The fair value measurements were based on significant inputs that are not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements as defined in the accounting standard for fair value measurements. Goodwill is attributable to the workforce of the acquired business and the projected revenue increase from future customers expected to arise after the acquisition.
On October 6, 2017, the Company acquired Zenium's data center business in Istanbul for a cash payment of approximately $92.0 million. Zenium's operating results have been reported in the EMEA region following the date of acquisition. The nature of the intangible assets acquired from this acquisition is customer relationships with an estimated useful life of 15 years.
As of December 31, 2018, the Company completed the detailed valuation analysis to derive the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the mortgage payable assumed inItconic and the Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Hotel Acquisition by estimating Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Hotel’s debt ratingZenium data center acquisitions and reviewing market data with a similar debt rating and other characteristicsupdated the final allocation of purchase price from the debt, including the maturity date and security type.
On April 25, 2011 (the “ALOG Acquisition Date”), the Company and RW Brasil Fundo de Investimento em Participações, a subsidiary of Riverwood Capital L.P. (“Riverwood”), completed the acquisition of approximately 90% of the outstanding capital stock of ALOG Data Centers do Brasil S.A. (“ALOG”). As a result,February 3, 2017, the Company acquired IO UK's data center operating business in Slough, United Kingdom, for a cash payment of £29.1 million, or approximately $36.3 million at the exchange rate in effect on February 3, 2017. The acquired facility was renamed London 10 ("LD10") data center. LD10's operating results have been reported in the EMEA region following the date of acquisition. The nature of the intangible assets acquired from this acquisition is customer relationships with an approximate 53% controlling equity interest in ALOG (the “ALOG Acquisition”).
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The final purchase price allocations for the three acquisitions are as follows (in thousands):
| Itconic | Zenium data center | IO UK's data center | |||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 15,659 | $ | 692 | $ | 1,388 | |||||
| Accounts receivable | 16,429 | 198 | 7 | ||||||||
| Other current assets | 1,885 | 6,430 | 1,082 | ||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment | 64,499 | 58,931 | 40,251 | ||||||||
| Intangible assets | 101,755 | 7,900 | 6,252 | ||||||||
| Goodwill | 127,711 | 21,834 | 15,804 | ||||||||
| Deferred tax assets | — | — | 6,714 | ||||||||
| Other assets | 4,025 | 313 | 3,396 | ||||||||
| Total assets acquired | 331,963 | 96,298 | 74,894 | ||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | (15,846 | ) | (1,012 | ) | (439 | ) | |||||
| Other current liabilities | (12,374 | ) | (451 | ) | (168 | ) | |||||
| Capital lease and other financing obligations | (30,666 | ) | — | (33,091 | ) | ||||||
| Loans payable | (3,253 | ) | — | (4,067 | ) | ||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities | (3,198 | ) | (2,227 | ) | — | ||||||
| Other liabilities | (7,515 | ) | (614 | ) | (828 | ) | |||||
| Net assets acquired | $ | 259,111 | $ | 91,994 | $ | 36,301 | |||||
Goodwill from the acquisitions of Itconic, the Zenium data center and IO UK's data center is not deductible for local tax purposes and is attributable to the Company's EMEA region. The Company's results of continuing operations include $22.4 million of revenues from the combined operations of Itconic, the Zenium data center and IO UK's data center and an insignificant net loss from continuing operations for the periods from their respective dates of acquisition through December 31, 2017.
2016 Acquisitions
On January 15, 2016, the Company completed the acquisition of the entire issued and to be issued share capital of TelecityGroup. TelecityGroup operated data center facilities in cities across Europe. The acquisition of TelecityGroup enhances the Company's existing data center portfolio by adding new IBX metro markets in Europe. As a result of the transaction, TelecityGroup has become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Equinix. The Company acquired all outstanding shares of TelecityGroup and all vested equity awards of TelecityGroup at 572.5 pence in cash and 0.0336 new shares of Equinix common stock for a total purchase consideration of approximately £2.6 billion, or approximately $3.7 billion at the exchange rate in effect on the acquisition date. In addition, the Company assumed $1.3 million of vested TelecityGroup's employee equity awards as part of consideration transferred. The Company incurred acquisition costs of approximately $42.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 related to the TelecityGroup acquisition. The Company's results of continuing operations include TelecityGroup revenues of $400.0 million and net loss from continuing operations of $47.1 million for the period January 15, 2016 through December 31, 2016.
On August 1, 2016, the Company completed the purchase of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.'s ("Digital Realty's") operating business, including its real estate and facility, located in St. Denis, Paris, for cash consideration of approximately €193.8 million, or $216.4 million at the exchange rate in effect on August 1, 2016. A portion of the building was leased to the Company and was being used by the Company as its Paris 2 and Paris 3 data centers. The Paris 2 lease was accounted for as an operating lease and the Paris 3 lease was accounted for as a financing lease. Upon acquisition, the Company in effect terminated both leases. The Company settled the financing lease obligation of Paris 3 for €47.8 million or approximately $53.4 million and recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of €8.8 million or approximately $9.9 million. The Company's results of continuing operations include $4.1 million of revenues and an insignificant net income from continuing operations for the period August 1, 2016 through December 31, 2016 from this acquisition. The Company incurred acquisition costs of approximately $12.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 related to this acquisition.
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Unaudited Pro Forma Combined Financial Information
The following unaudited pro forma combined financial information has been prepared by the Company using the acquisition method of accounting to give effect to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition as though it occurred on January 1, 2016. The incremental results of operations from the other acquisitions are not significant and are therefore not reflected in the pro forma combined results of operations.
The Company completed the Verizon Data Center Acquisition on May 1, 2017. The unaudited pro forma combined financial information for the years ending December 31, 2017 and 2016 combine the actual results of the Company and the actual Verizon Data Center Acquisition operating results for the period prior to the acquisition date and reflect certain adjustments, such as additional depreciation, amortization and interest expense on assets and liabilities acquired and acquisition financings.
The Company and Verizon entered into agreements at the closing of the Verizon Data Center Acquisition pursuant to which the Company will provide space and services to Verizon at the acquired data centers. These arrangements are not reflected in the unaudited pro forma combined financial information.
The unaudited pro forma combined financial information is presented for illustrative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have actually been reported had the acquisition occurred on the above dates, nor is it necessarily indicative of the future results of operations of the combined company.
The following table sets forth the unaudited pro forma combined results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
| 2017 | 2016 | ||||||
| Revenues | $ | 4,509,602 | $ | 4,053,280 | |||
| Net income from continuing operations | 258,618 | 19,248 | |||||
| Basic EPS | 3.31 | 0.25 | |||||
| Diluted EPS | 3.28 | 0.25 | |||||
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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
| 4. | Earnings Per Share |
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted EPS for the years ended December 31 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 187,774 | $ | (260,726 | ) | $ | 96,123 | |||||||||||||||
| Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | — | 1,179 | (1,438 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to Equinix, basic and diluted | $ | 187,774 | $ | (259,547 | ) | $ | 94,685 | |||||||||||||||
| Net income from continuing operations | $ | 365,359 | $ | 232,982 | $ | 114,408 | ||||||||||||||||
| Net income from discontinued operations, net of tax | — | — | 12,392 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 365,359 | $ | 232,982 | $ | 126,800 | ||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average shares used to calculate basic EPS | 57,790 | 52,359 | 49,438 | 79,779 | 76,854 | 70,117 | ||||||||||||||||
| Effect of dilutive securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Employee equity awards | 693 | — | 678 | 418 | 681 | 699 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total dilutive potential shares | 693 | — | 678 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average shares used to calculate diluted EPS | 58,483 | 52,359 | 50,116 | 80,197 | 77,535 | 70,816 | ||||||||||||||||
| EPS attributable to Equinix: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic EPS: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Continuing operations | $ | 4.58 | $ | 3.03 | $ | 1.63 | ||||||||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | — | — | 0.18 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Basic EPS | $ | 3.25 | $ | (4.96 | ) | $ | 1.92 | $ | 4.58 | $ | 3.03 | $ | 1.81 | |||||||||
| Diluted EPS: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Continuing operations | $ | 4.56 | $ | 3.00 | $ | 1.62 | ||||||||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | — | — | 0.17 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted EPS | $ | 3.21 | $ | (4.96 | ) | $ | 1.89 | $ | 4.56 | $ | 3.00 | $ | 1.79 | |||||||||
The following table sets forth potential shares of common stock that are not included in the diluted EPS calculation above because to do so would be anti-dilutive for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||
| Shares related to the potential conversion of 3.00% convertible subordinated notes | — | 861 | 3,613 | |||||||||||||
| Shares related to the potential conversion of 4.75% convertible subordinated notes | 1,977 | 2,824 | 4,432 | — | — | 893 | ||||||||||
| Common stock related to employee equity awards | 88 | 1,820 | 254 | 265 | 63 | 27 | ||||||||||
| 2,065 | 5,505 | 8,299 | 265 | 63 | 920 | |||||||||||
| 5. | Assets Held for Sale |
In October 2016, the Company entered into a Share Transfer Agreement for Salethe transfer of common stock of Terra Power Co., Ltd., relating to the divestiture of the solar power assets of Bit-isle. The Company received ¥2,900.0 million or approximately $25.9 million in 2016 and the remaining payment of ¥5,313.4 million in the first quarter of 2017, or approximately $47.8 million. During the three months ended September 30, 2016, the Company evaluated the recoverability of the carrying value of its assets held for sale related to the sales agreement signed in October and concluded that the Company would not recover the carrying value of certain assets. Accordingly, the Company recorded an impairment charge on other current assets of $7.7 million on September 30, 2016, reducing the carrying value of such assets from $79.5 million to the estimated fair value of $71.8 million. The associated loss on the sale was not significant. Furthermore, the revenue and net income generated by the solar power assets of Bit-isle during the year ended December 31, 2016 were not significant.
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2016, the LD2 data center generated revenue of $6.1 million and an insignificant net income. The results of operations for the TelecityGroup data centers that were divested, as well as the Company will continue operating similar businesses aftergain on divestiture, were classified as discontinued operations from January 15, 2016, the acquisition. date the acquisition closed, through July 5, 2016 (see Note 6).
During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company entered into an agreement to sell a parcel of land in San Jose, California, whoseCalifornia. The sale was completed in February 2016. The consolidated financial statements reflect2016 and the LD2Company recognized a gain on sale of $5.2 million.
| 6. | Discontinued Operations |
In order to obtain the approval of the European Commission for the acquisition of TelecityGroup, the Company and TelecityGroup agreed to divest certain data center assetscenters of TelecityGroup in the United Kingdom, Netherlands and liabilities and San Jose land parcelGermany. These TelecityGroup data centers were classified as held for sale on the acquisition date and were reported as discontinued operations.
On July 5, 2016, the Company completed the sale of these data centers and related assets to Digital Realty for approximately €304.6 million and £376.2 million, or approximately total of $827.3 million at the exchange rates in effect on July 5, 2016. The Company recognized a gain on sale of the TelecityGroup data centers in discontinued operations of $2.4 million. The results of operations for these data centers that were divested, as well as the gain on divestiture, have been reported as net income from discontinued operations, net of tax, from January 15, 2016, the date of the acquisition, to July 5, 2016 in the accompanyingCompany's consolidated balance sheet asstatements of operations. As of the date of acquisition, depreciation and amortization of discontinued operations ceased. Capital expenditures from the date of acquisition through the date of sale were $31.5 million.
The following table presents the financial results of the Company's discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2015. During2016 (in thousands). The Company did not record income from discontinued operations, net of tax for the years ended December 31, 20152018 and 2014, the Company recognized revenue of $17,579,000 and $21,772,000, respectively, and net income of $7,166,000 and $9,218,000, respectively from LD2.
| Accounts Receivable | $ | 2,222 | |
| Other current assets | 408 | ||
| Property, plant and equipment | 23,533 | ||
| Goodwill | 5,000 | ||
| Intangible assets | 784 | ||
| Other assets | 1,310 | ||
| Total assets held for sale | $ | 33,257 | |
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | (654 | ) |
| Accrued property, plant and equipment | (816 | ) | |
| Other current liabilities | (435 | ) | |
| Other liabilities | (1,630 | ) | |
| Total liabilities held for sale | $ | (3,535 | ) |
| 2016 | |||
| Revenues | $ | 48,782 | |
| Costs and operating expenses: | |||
| Cost of revenues | 24,795 | ||
| Sales and marketing | 1,030 | ||
| General and administrative | 7,026 | ||
| Total costs and operating expenses | 32,851 | ||
| Income from operations of discontinued operations | 15,931 | ||
| Interest expense and other, net | (1,286 | ) | |
| Income from discontinued operations before income taxes | 14,645 | ||
| Income tax expense | (4,604 | ) | |
| Gain on sale of discontinued operations, net of tax | 2,351 | ||
| Net income from discontinued operations, net of tax | $ | 12,392 | |
| 7. | Balance Sheet Components |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term and Long-Term Investments
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents: | ||||||||||||||
Cash (1) | $ | 1,139,554 | $ | 207,953 | $ | 486,648 | $ | 985,382 | ||||||
| Cash equivalents: | ||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | 1,089,284 | 402,964 | 119,518 | 427,135 | ||||||||||
| Total cash and cash equivalents | 2,228,838 | 610,917 | 606,166 | 1,412,517 | ||||||||||
| Marketable securities: | ||||||||||||||
| U.S. government securities | — | 336,440 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. government agency securities | — | 192,955 | ||||||||||||
| Short-term and long-term investments: | ||||||||||||||
| Certificates of deposit | 14,106 | 439 | 2,823 | 31,351 | ||||||||||
| Publicly traded equity securities | 3,353 | — | 1,717 | 6,163 | ||||||||||
| Total marketable securities | 17,459 | 529,834 | ||||||||||||
| Total short-term and long-term investments | 4,540 | 37,514 | ||||||||||||
| Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments | $ | 2,246,297 | $ | 1,140,751 | $ | 610,706 | $ | 1,450,031 | ||||||
(1) | Excludes restricted cash. |
(2) | Total unrealized gains on the publicly traded equity securities as of December 31, 2017 were insignificant. The changes in the fair values of publicly traded equity securities were recognized within other income (expense) in the Company's consolidated statements of operations as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018. |
As of December 31, 20152018 and 2014,2017, cash and cash equivalents included investments which were readily convertible to cash and had original maturity dates of 90 days or less. The maturities of debt instrumentscertificates of deposit classified as short-term investments were one year or less as of December 31, 20152018 and 2014.2017. The maturities of debt instrumentscertificates of deposits classified as long-term investments were greater than one year and less than three years as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. Through the acquisition2017. The balance of Bit-isle, the Company acquired certain publicly-traded equity securities which were included in long-term investment in the consolidated balance sheet ascertificates of December 31, 2015.
| 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||||||||
| Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | ||||||||||||
| Due within one year | $ | 12,875 | $ | 12,875 | $ | 529,567 | $ | 529,395 | |||||||
| Due after one year through three years | 1,231 | 1,231 | 439 | 439 | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | 14,106 | $ | 14,106 | $ | 530,006 | $ | 529,834 | |||||||
| Amortized Cost | Gross unrealized gains | Gross unrealized losses | Fair Value | ||||||||||||
| Certificates of deposit | $ | 14,106 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 14,106 | |||||||
| Publicly traded equity securities | 3,561 | — | (208 | ) | 3,353 | ||||||||||
| Total | $ | 17,667 | $ | — | $ | (208 | ) | $ | 17,459 | ||||||
| Amortized Cost | Gross unrealized gains | Gross unrealized losses | Fair Value | ||||||||||||
| U.S. government securities | $ | 336,561 | $ | 45 | $ | (166 | ) | $ | 336,440 | ||||||
| U.S. government agency securities | 193,006 | 30 | (81 | ) | 192,955 | ||||||||||
| Certificates of deposit | 439 | — | — | 439 | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | 530,006 | $ | 75 | $ | (247 | ) | $ | 529,834 | ||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | ||||||
| Due within one year | $ | 2,823 | $ | 28,271 | |||
| Due after one year through three years | — | 3,080 | |||||
| Total | $ | 2,823 | $ | 31,351 | |||
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable, net, consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | $ | 302,316 | $ | 272,036 | $ | 646,069 | $ | 594,541 | ||||||
| Allowance for doubtful accounts | (10,352 | ) | (9,466 | ) | (15,950 | ) | (18,228 | ) | ||||||
| $ | 291,964 | $ | 262,570 | |||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | $ | 630,119 | $ | 576,313 | ||||||||||
Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and generally do not bear interest.
| Balance as of December 31, 2012 | $ | 3,716 | |
| Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts | 5,819 | ||
| Net write-offs | (2,833 | ) | |
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | (62 | ) | |
| Balance as of December 31, 2013 | 6,640 | ||
| Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts | 7,093 | ||
| Net write-offs | (3,825 | ) | |
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | (442 | ) | |
| Balance as of December 31, 2014 | 9,466 | ||
| Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts | 5,037 | ||
| Net write-offs | (3,438 | ) | |
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | (713 | ) | |
| Balance as of December 31, 2015 | $ | 10,352 | |
The following table summarizes the activity of the Company's allowance for doubtful accounts (in thousands):
| Balance as of December 31, 2015 | $ | 10,352 | |
| Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts | 8,260 | ||
| Net write-offs | (2,521 | ) | |
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | (416 | ) | |
| Balance as of December 31, 2016 | 15,675 | ||
| Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts | 5,627 | ||
| Net write-offs | (4,546 | ) | |
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | 1,472 | ||
| Balance as of December 31, 2017 | 18,228 | ||
| Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts | 7,236 | ||
| Net write-offs | (8,396 | ) | |
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | (1,118 | ) | |
| Balance as of December 31, 2018 | $ | 15,950 | |
Other Current Assets
Other current assets consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses | $ | 48,322 | $ | 29,501 | $ | 70,433 | $ | 64,832 | ||||||
| Taxes receivable | 33,979 | 17,071 | 98,245 | 110,961 | ||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets, net | — | 6,579 | ||||||||||||
| Restricted cash, current | 10,887 | 26,919 | ||||||||||||
| Other receivables | 1,925 | 2,324 | 12,611 | 7,797 | ||||||||||
| Derivative instruments | 60,165 | 17,732 | 62,170 | 4,175 | ||||||||||
| Contract asset, current | 9,778 | — | ||||||||||||
| Other current assets | 68,538 | 11,797 | 10,733 | 17,343 | ||||||||||
| $ | 212,929 | $ | 85,004 | |||||||||||
| Total other current assets | $ | 274,857 | $ | 232,027 | ||||||||||
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net
Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||
| Core systems | $ | 3,820,772 | $ | 3,252,569 | $ | 7,073,912 | $ | 6,334,702 | ||||||
| Buildings | 2,383,387 | 2,074,382 | 4,822,501 | 3,906,686 | ||||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | 1,204,900 | 1,053,451 | 1,637,133 | 1,850,351 | ||||||||||
| Construction in progress | 351,697 | 460,259 | 974,152 | 425,428 | ||||||||||
| Personal Property | 450,914 | 387,909 | ||||||||||||
| Personal property | 857,585 | 798,133 | ||||||||||||
| Land | 183,946 | 160,035 | 631,367 | 423,539 | ||||||||||
| 8,395,616 | 7,388,605 | 15,996,650 | 13,738,839 | |||||||||||
| Less accumulated depreciation | (2,789,180 | ) | (2,390,335 | ) | (4,970,630 | ) | (4,344,237 | ) | ||||||
| $ | 5,606,436 | $ | 4,998,270 | |||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 11,026,020 | $ | 9,394,602 | ||||||||||
Core systems, buildings, leasehold improvements, personal property and construction in progress recorded under capital leases aggregated $725,337,000to $823.6 million and $585,288,000$760.4 million as of December 31, 20152018 and 2014,2017, respectively. AmortizationAs of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded accumulated depreciation for assets recorded under capital leases is included in depreciation expenseof $248.9 million and accumulated depreciation on such assets totaled $117,338,000 and $83,291,000 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014,$199.2 million, respectively.
Goodwill and Other Intangibles
| 2015 | 2014 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||
| Goodwill: | ||||||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 460,203 | $ | 463,902 | $ | 1,745,804 | $ | 1,561,512 | ||||||
| EMEA | 374,070 | 404,093 | 2,474,164 | 2,610,899 | ||||||||||
| Asia-Pacific | 228,927 | 134,134 | 616,420 | 239,351 | ||||||||||
| $ | 1,063,200 | $ | 1,002,129 | $ | 4,836,388 | $ | 4,411,762 | |||||||
| Intangible assets, net: | ||||||||||||||
| Intangible assets - customer relationships | $ | 2,733,864 | $ | 2,673,886 | ||||||||||
| Intangible assets - trade names | 71,778 | 73,295 | ||||||||||||
| Intangible assets - favorable leases | 35,969 | 37,913 | ||||||||||||
| Intangible assets - in-place leases | 33,671 | 10,327 | ||||||||||||
| Intangible assets - licenses | 9,697 | 9,696 | ||||||||||||
| 2,884,979 | 2,805,117 | |||||||||||||
| Intangible assets: | ||||||||||||||
| Intangible assets - customer contracts | $ | 311,581 | $ | 220,674 | ||||||||||
| Intangible assets - favorable leases | 22,783 | 24,300 | ||||||||||||
| Intangible assets - licenses | 9,697 | 9,697 | ||||||||||||
| Intangible assets - others | 13,491 | 8,132 | ||||||||||||
| Accumulated amortization - customer relationships | (467,111 | ) | (331,930 | ) | ||||||||||
| Accumulated amortization - trade names | (62,585 | ) | (71,728 | ) | ||||||||||
| Accumulated amortization - favorable leases | (9,986 | ) | (9,607 | ) | ||||||||||
| Accumulated amortization - in-place leases | (8,118 | ) | (3,644 | ) | ||||||||||
| Accumulated amortization - licenses | (3,883 | ) | (3,236 | ) | ||||||||||
| 357,552 | 262,803 | (551,683 | ) | (420,145 | ) | |||||||||
| Accumulated amortization - customer contracts | (117,167 | ) | (102,074 | ) | ||||||||||
| Accumulated amortization - favorable leases | (8,909 | ) | (7,656 | ) | ||||||||||
| Accumulated amortization - licenses | (1,942 | ) | (1,294 | ) | ||||||||||
| Accumulated amortization - others | (4,969 | ) | (4,252 | ) | ||||||||||
| (132,987 | ) | (115,276 | ) | |||||||||||
| $ | 224,565 | $ | 147,527 | |||||||||||
| Total intangible assets, net | $ | 2,333,296 | $ | 2,384,972 | ||||||||||
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by geographic regions are as follows (in thousands):
| Americas | EMEA | Asia-Pacific | Total | ||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2013 | $ | 471,845 | $ | 435,041 | $ | 135,267 | $ | 1,042,153 | |||||||
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | (7,943 | ) | (30,948 | ) | (1,133 | ) | (40,024 | ) | |||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2014 | 463,902 | 404,093 | 134,134 | 1,002,129 | |||||||||||
| Purchase accounting adjustments | 17,192 | — | 95,437 | 112,629 | |||||||||||
| Asset held for sale adjustments | — | (5,000 | ) | — | (5,000 | ) | |||||||||
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | (20,891 | ) | (25,023 | ) | (644 | ) | (46,558 | ) | |||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2015 | $ | 460,203 | $ | 374,070 | $ | 228,927 | $ | 1,063,200 | |||||||
| Americas | EMEA | Asia-Pacific | Total | ||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2016 | $ | 469,438 | $ | 2,281,306 | $ | 235,320 | $ | 2,986,064 | |||||||
| Purchase accounting adjustments - Verizon Data Center acquisition | 1,095,262 | — | — | 1,095,262 | |||||||||||
| Purchase accounting adjustments - Other 2017 acquisitions | — | 163,993 | — | 163,993 | |||||||||||
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | (3,188 | ) | 165,600 | 4,031 | 166,443 | ||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2017 | 1,561,512 | 2,610,899 | 239,351 | 4,411,762 | |||||||||||
| Purchase accounting adjustments - Infomart Dallas acquisition | 197,378 | — | — | 197,378 | |||||||||||
| Purchase accounting adjustments - Metronode acquisition | — | — | 413,871 | 413,871 | |||||||||||
| Purchase accounting adjustments - Other acquisitions | 333 | 1,357 | — | 1,690 | |||||||||||
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | (13,419 | ) | (138,092 | ) | (36,802 | ) | (188,313 | ) | |||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2018 | $ | 1,745,804 | $ | 2,474,164 | $ | 616,420 | $ | 4,836,388 | |||||||
Changes in the net book value of intangible assets by geographic regions are as follows (in thousands):
| Americas | EMEA | Asia-Pacific | Total | ||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2012 | $ | 89,467 | $ | 84,186 | $ | 27,909 | $ | 201,562 | |||||||
| Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel acquisition (see Note 2) | — | 10,010 | — | 10,010 | |||||||||||
| New York IBX Center purchase | 1,100 | — | — | 1,100 | |||||||||||
| Adjustments | — | (2,070 | ) | — | (2,070 | ) | |||||||||
| Amortization of intangibles | (12,604 | ) | (11,613 | ) | (2,810 | ) | (27,027 | ) | |||||||
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | (1,739 | ) | 2,196 | 150 | 607 | ||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2013 | 76,224 | 82,709 | 25,249 | 184,182 | |||||||||||
| Amortization of intangibles | (12,257 | ) | (12,795 | ) | (2,704 | ) | (27,756 | ) | |||||||
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | (1,013 | ) | (7,729 | ) | (157 | ) | (8,899 | ) | |||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2014 | 62,954 | 62,185 | 22,388 | 147,527 | |||||||||||
| Nimbo acquisition | 1,089 | — | — | 1,089 | |||||||||||
| Bit-Isle acquisition | — | — | 111,374 | 111,374 | |||||||||||
| Asset held for sale adjustments | — | (784 | ) | — | (784 | ) | |||||||||
| Write-off of intangible asset | — | (357 | ) | — | (357 | ) | |||||||||
| Amortization of intangibles | (11,432 | ) | (11,675 | ) | (4,339 | ) | (27,446 | ) | |||||||
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | (1,968 | ) | (5,014 | ) | 144 | (6,838 | ) | ||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2015 | $ | 50,643 | $ | 44,355 | $ | 129,567 | $ | 224,565 | |||||||
| Americas | EMEA | Asia-Pacific | Total | ||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2015 | $ | 50,643 | $ | 44,355 | $ | 129,567 | $ | 224,565 | |||||||
| TelecityGroup acquisition | — | 694,243 | — | 694,243 | |||||||||||
| Paris IBX Data Center acquisition | — | 11,758 | — | 11,758 | |||||||||||
| Sale of Terra Power | — | — | (2,460 | ) | (2,460 | ) | |||||||||
| Write-off of intangible asset | (573 | ) | — | — | (573 | ) | |||||||||
| Amortization of intangibles | (11,348 | ) | (97,715 | ) | (13,799 | ) | (122,862 | ) | |||||||
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | 1,395 | (90,280 | ) | 3,445 | (85,440 | ) | |||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2016 | 40,117 | 562,361 | 116,753 | 719,231 | |||||||||||
| Verizon Data Center acquisition | 1,693,900 | — | — | 1,693,900 | |||||||||||
| Other 2017 acquisitions | — | 112,645 | — | 112,645 | |||||||||||
| Write-off of intangible asset | — | (725 | ) | — | (725 | ) | |||||||||
| Amortization of intangibles | (84,749 | ) | (79,105 | ) | (13,154 | ) | (177,008 | ) | |||||||
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | (2,895 | ) | 36,043 | 3,781 | 36,929 | ||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2017 | 1,646,373 | 631,219 | 107,380 | 2,384,972 | |||||||||||
| Infomart Dallas acquisition | 65,847 | — | — | 65,847 | |||||||||||
| Metronode acquisition | — | — | 128,229 | 128,229 | |||||||||||
| Other acquisitions | — | 8,342 | — | 8,342 | |||||||||||
| Write-off of intangible asset | (334 | ) | (1,661 | ) | (3 | ) | (1,998 | ) | |||||||
| Amortization of intangibles | (125,683 | ) | (62,283 | ) | (15,450 | ) | (203,416 | ) | |||||||
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | (7,232 | ) | (31,757 | ) | (9,691 | ) | (48,680 | ) | |||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2018 | $ | 1,578,971 | $ | 543,860 | $ | 210,465 | $ | 2,333,296 | |||||||
The Company’sCompany's goodwill and intangible assets in EMEA, denominated in Euros, British Pounds, Turkish Lira and the United Arab Emirates dirham, British pounds and Euros,Dirham, goodwill and intangible assets in Asia-Pacific, denominated in Australian Dollars, Singapore dollars,Dollars, Hong Kong dollars,Dollars, Japanese yenYen and Chinese yuanYuan, and certain goodwill and intangibles in Americas, denominated in Canadian dollarsDollars, Brazilian Reals and Brazilian reals,Colombian Pesos, are subject to foreign currency fluctuations. The Company’sCompany's foreign currency translation gains and losses, including goodwill and intangibles, are a component of other comprehensive income and loss.
Estimated future amortization expense related to these intangibles is as follows (in thousands):
| Year ending: | ||||||
| 2016 | $ | 35,298 | ||||
| 2017 | 33,644 | |||||
| 2018 | 29,690 | |||||
| Years ending: | ||||||
| 2019 | 24,978 | $ | 199,862 | |||
| 2020 | 19,217 | 193,073 | ||||
| 2021 | 185,332 | |||||
| 2022 | 181,211 | |||||
| 2023 | 180,883 | |||||
| Thereafter | 81,738 | 1,392,935 | ||||
| Total | $ | 224,565 | $ | 2,333,296 | ||
Other Assets
Other assets consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets, net | $ | 61,152 | $ | 45,134 | $ | 58,300 | $ | 66,031 | ||||||
| Prepaid expenses, non-current | 54,372 | 37,006 | ||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses | 125,158 | 89,784 | ||||||||||||
| Debt issuance costs, net | 19,709 | 9,022 | 8,532 | 10,670 | ||||||||||
| Deposits | 33,132 | 26,068 | 54,986 | 48,296 | ||||||||||
| Restricted cash | 10,551 | 11,265 | ||||||||||||
| Derivative instruments | 8,735 | 5,007 | 10,904 | 4,110 | ||||||||||
| Other assets, non-current | 11,358 | 6,373 | ||||||||||||
| $ | 188,458 | $ | 128,610 | |||||||||||
| Contract assets, non-current | 16,396 | — | ||||||||||||
| Contract costs | 188,200 | — | ||||||||||||
| Other assets | 60,225 | 11,594 | ||||||||||||
| Total other assets | $ | 533,252 | $ | 241,750 | ||||||||||
Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses
Accounts payable and accrued expenses consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | 49,892 | $ | 30,221 | $ | 96,980 | $ | 101,744 | ||||||
| Accrued compensation and benefits | 131,204 | 115,184 | 235,697 | 214,585 | ||||||||||
| Accrued interest | 67,077 | 29,116 | 126,142 | 100,347 | ||||||||||
Accrued taxes(1) | 37,004 | 41,295 | 118,818 | 130,272 | ||||||||||
| Accrued utilities and security | 31,789 | 31,531 | 78,547 | 68,916 | ||||||||||
| Accrued professional fees | 18,380 | 8,148 | 17,010 | 13,830 | ||||||||||
| Accrued repairs and maintenance | 3,618 | 4,086 | 10,736 | 11,232 | ||||||||||
| Accrued other | 61,984 | 26,215 | 72,762 | 78,331 | ||||||||||
| $ | 400,948 | $ | 285,796 | |||||||||||
| Total accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 756,692 | $ | 719,257 | ||||||||||
(1) | Includes income taxes payable of $67.9 million and $56.4 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. |
Other Current Liabilities
Other current liabilities consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities, net | $ | — | $ | 83,264 | ||||||||||
| Deferred installation revenue | 56,055 | 48,707 | ||||||||||||
| Deferred revenue, current | $ | 73,143 | $ | 87,300 | ||||||||||
| Customer deposits | 23,676 | 13,492 | 20,430 | 16,598 | ||||||||||
| Derivative instruments | 79,256 | 810 | 8,812 | 34,466 | ||||||||||
| Deferred recurring revenue | 12,515 | 6,879 | ||||||||||||
| Deferred rent | 3,572 | 2,675 | 6,466 | 6,546 | ||||||||||
| Dividends payable | 13,674 | 4,559 | 8,795 | 11,181 | ||||||||||
| Asset retirement obligations | — | 945 | 6,776 | 1,716 | ||||||||||
| Other current liabilities | 3,538 | 1,333 | 2,573 | 2,107 | ||||||||||
| $ | 192,286 | $ | 162,664 | |||||||||||
| Total other current liabilities | $ | 126,995 | $ | 159,914 | ||||||||||
Other Liabilities
Other liabilities consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
| Asset retirement obligations, non-current | $ | 78,482 | $ | 63,913 | |||
| Deferred tax liabilities, net | 100,624 | 69,212 | |||||
| Deferred installation revenue, non-current | 86,660 | 76,744 | |||||
| Deferred rent, non-current | 68,787 | 52,968 | |||||
| Accrued taxes, non-current | 26,763 | 24,726 | |||||
| Dividends payable, non-current | 13,394 | 4,972 | |||||
| Customer deposits, non-current | 4,701 | 4,618 | |||||
| Deferred recurring revenue, non-current | 3,645 | 445 | |||||
| Derivative instruments | 669 | — | |||||
| Other liabilities | 6,688 | 7,366 | |||||
| $ | 390,413 | $ | 304,964 | ||||
| 2018 | 2017 | ||||||
| Asset retirement obligations | $ | 89,887 | $ | 96,823 | |||
| Deferred tax liabilities, net | 247,849 | 252,287 | |||||
| Deferred revenue, non-current | 46,641 | 121,257 | |||||
| Deferred rent | 108,693 | 97,782 | |||||
| Accrued taxes | 116,735 | 64,378 | |||||
| Dividends payable | 6,545 | 6,669 | |||||
| Customer deposits | 9,671 | 10,849 | |||||
| Derivative instruments | 928 | 6,381 | |||||
| Other liabilities | 2,814 | 5,284 | |||||
| Total other liabilities | $ | 629,763 | $ | 661,710 | |||
The following table summarizes the activityactivities of the Company’sCompany's asset retirement obligation liability("ARO") (in thousands):
| Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2012 | $ | 63,150 | ||||
| Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2015 | $ | 78,482 | ||||
| Additions | 8,713 | 22,955 | ||||
Adjustments (1) | (14,874 | ) | (2,366 | ) | ||
| Accretion expense | 2,932 | 6,685 | ||||
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | (373 | ) | (2,741 | ) | ||
| Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2013 | 59,548 | |||||
| Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2016 | 103,015 | |||||
| Additions | 5,774 | 17,736 | ||||
Adjustments (1) | (871 | ) | (34,576 | ) | ||
| Accretion expense | 2,438 | 7,335 | ||||
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | (2,031 | ) | 5,029 | |||
| Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2014 | 64,858 | |||||
| Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2017 | 98,539 | |||||
| Additions | 17,337 | 5,126 | ||||
Adjustments (1) | (4,676 | ) | (11,288 | ) | ||
| Accretion expense | 3,349 | 6,285 | ||||
| Impact of foreign currency exchange | (2,386 | ) | (1,999 | ) | ||
| Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2015 | $ | 78,482 | ||||
| Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2018 | $ | 96,663 | ||||
(1) | The ARO adjustments are primarily due to lease amendments and acquisition of real estate assets, as well as other adjustments. |
| 8. | Derivatives and Hedging Instruments |
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
Net Investment Hedges. The Company is exposed to the impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations in theon its investments in its wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries thatwhose functional currencies are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. In order to mitigate the volatility inimpact of foreign currency exchange rates, the Company has entered into avarious foreign currency term loandebt obligations, which are designated as hedges against the Company's net investment in April 2015,foreign subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the total principal amount of foreign currency debt obligations designated as discussed in Note 9,net investment hedges, was $4,139.8 million and designated 100%$3,149.5 million, respectively. From time to time, the Company also uses foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge against the effect of the term loan to hedgeforeign exchange rate fluctuations on a portion of its net investment in its wholly-ownedthe foreign subsidiaries that are denominated in the same currencies as the term loan. Allsubsidiaries. For a net investment hedge, changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument designated as a net investment hedge, except the ineffective portion and forward points, are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheet. Effective December 15, 2015, the Company terminated hedging its net investment in subsidiaries that are denominated in
The Company recorded pre-tax net foreign exchange gaingains of $4,484,000$218.3 million and net foreign exchange losses of $235.3 million in other comprehensive income (loss) for the yearyears ended December 31, 2015.2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company recorded no ineffectiveness from its net investment hedges for the yearyears ended December 31, 2015.2018 and 2017.
Cash Flow Hedges. During the fourth quarter of 2013, theThe Company initiated a program to hedgehedges its exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuationstranslation exposure for forecasted revenues and expenses in its EMEA region in order to help manage the Company’s exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations between the U.S. Dollardollar and the British Pound, Euro, Swedish Krona and Swiss Franc. TheFrom time to time, the foreign currency forward and option contracts that the Company uses to hedge this exposure are designated as cash flow hedges under the accounting standard for derivatives and hedging.
The following disclosure is prepared on a consolidated basis. Assets and liabilities resulting from intercompany derivatives have been eliminated in consolidation.
As of December 31, 2015,2018, the Company's cash flow hedge instruments had maturity dates rangingranging from January 20162019 to December 20172020 as followsfollows (in thousands):
| Notional Amount | Fair Value (1) | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (2)(3) | Notional Amount | Fair Value (1) | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (2)(3) | |||||||||||||||||
| Derivative assets | $ | 367,330 | $ | 16,027 | $ | 34,578 | $ | 642,542 | $ | 38,606 | $ | 27,968 | ||||||||||
| Derivative liabilities | 47,447 | (813 | ) | (19,709 | ) | 118,324 | (865 | ) | (1,997 | ) | ||||||||||||
| $ | 414,777 | $ | 15,214 | $ | 14,869 | $ | 760,866 | $ | 37,741 | $ | 25,971 | |||||||||||
(1) | All derivative assets related to cash flow hedges are included in the consolidated balance sheets within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities. |
(2) | Included in the consolidated balance sheets within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). |
(3) | The Company recorded a net gain of |
As of December 31, 2014,2017, the Company's cash flow hedge instruments had maturity dates ranging from January 20152018 to January 2016October 2019 as follows (in(in thousands):
| Notional Amount | Fair Value (1) | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(2) | Notional Amount | Fair Value (1) | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (2)(3) | |||||||||||||||||
| Derivative assets | $ | 281,055 | $ | 8,404 | $ | 8,480 | $ | 72,262 | $ | 2,379 | $ | 2,055 | ||||||||||
| Derivative liabilities | — | — | — | 440,637 | (29,777 | ) | (34,311 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| $ | 281,055 | $ | 8,404 | $ | 8,480 | $ | 512,899 | $ | (27,398 | ) | $ | (32,256 | ) | |||||||||
(1) | All derivative assets related to cash flow hedges are included in the consolidated balance sheets within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities. |
(2) | Included in the consolidated balance sheets within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). |
(3) | The Company recorded a net loss of $26.7 million within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) relating to cash flow hedges that will be reclassified to revenue and expenses as they mature over the next 12 months. |
During the yearsyear ended December 31, 2015 and 2014,2018, the amount of net gains from the ineffective and excluded portions of cash flow hedges recognized in other income (expense) were not significant.was $16.5 million. During the year ended December 31, 2015,2017, the amount of net gains from the ineffective and excluded portions of cash flow hedges recognized in other income (expense) was $3.8 million. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the amount of net losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to revenues was $30.6 million and the amount of net gains reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to revenueoperating expenses were $27,973,000$15.3 million. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the amount of net gains reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to revenues was $20.8 million and the amount of net losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to operating expenses were $6,256,000.was $11.2 million. During the year ended December 31, 2014,2016, the amount of net gains reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to revenue were $4,332,000 and the amount of net losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to operating expenses were not significant. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the amount of gains (losses) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to revenue and operating expenses were not significant.revenues was $38.4 million
and the amount of net losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to operating expenses was $19.9 million.
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Embedded Derivatives. The Company is deemed to have foreign currency forward contracts embedded in certain of the Company’sCompany's customer agreements that are priced in currencies different from the functional or local currencies of the parties involved. These embedded derivatives are separated from their host contracts and carried on the Company’sCompany's balance sheet at their fair value. The majority of these embedded derivatives arise as a result of the Company’sCompany's foreign subsidiaries pricing their customer contracts in the U.S. dollar. Gains and losses on these embedded derivatives are included within revenues in the Company’sCompany's consolidated statements of operations. DuringThe company recognized a net loss of $6.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2015, the gain or loss associated with these embedded derivatives was insignificant.2017. During the years ended December 31, 20142018 and 2013,2016, the Company recognized a net gain of $3,807,000 and $4,836,000gains or losses associated with these embedded derivatives respectively.were not significant.
Economic Hedges of Embedded Derivatives. The Company uses foreign currency forward contracts to help manage the foreign exchange risk associated with the Company’sCompany's customer agreements that are priced in currencies different from the functional or local currencies of the parties involved (“("economic hedges of embedded derivatives”derivatives"). Foreign currency forward contracts represent agreements to exchange the currency of one country for the currency of another country at an agreed-upon price on an agreed-upon settlement date. Gains and losses on these contracts are included in revenues along with gains and losses of the related embedded derivatives. The Company entered into various economic hedges of embedded derivatives during the years ended December 31, 2015, 20142018, 2017 and 20132016. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the gains or losses associated with these economic hedges of embedded derivatives were not significant. The Company recognized a net lossgain of $2,287,000, $2,602,000 and $4,497,000, respectively.$2.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2016.
Foreign Currency Forward and Option Contracts.currency forward contracts. The Company also uses foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage the foreign exchange risk associated with certain foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities.liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. As a result of foreign currency fluctuations, the U.S. dollar equivalent values of its foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities change. Gains and losses on these contracts are included in other income (expense), on a net basis, along with the foreign currency gains and losses of the related foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities associated with these foreign currency forward contracts. The Company entered into various foreign currency forward and option contracts during the years ended December 31, 2015, 20142018, 2017 and 2013.2016. The Company recognized a net lossgain of $24,319,000$91.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2015 and2018, a net gainloss of $12,657,000$69.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2014. Gains (losses) from these foreign currency forward contracts were not significant2017 and a net gain of $74.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2013.2016 related to its foreign currency forward contracts.
Offsetting Derivative Assets and Liabilities
The following table presents the fair value of derivative instruments recognized in the Company’sCompany's consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 20152018 (in thousands):
| Gross Amounts | Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet | Net balance sheet amounts(1) | Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet (2) | Net | Gross Amounts | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet | Net Consolidated Balance Sheet Amounts(1) | Gross Amounts not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet (2) | Net | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Designated as hedging instruments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward and option contracts | $ | 16,027 | $ | — | $ | 16,027 | $ | (813 | ) | $ | 15,214 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges | $ | 38,606 | $ | — | $ | 38,606 | $ | (865 | ) | $ | 37,741 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Not designated as hedging instruments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Embedded derivatives | 8,926 | — | 8,926 | — | 8,926 | 4,656 | — | 4,656 | — | 4,656 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Economic hedges of embedded derivatives | 744 | — | 744 | — | 744 | 525 | — | 525 | (104 | ) | 421 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | 43,203 | — | 43,203 | (34,577 | ) | 8,626 | 29,287 | — | 29,287 | (2,941 | ) | 26,346 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 52,873 | — | 52,873 | (34,577 | ) | 18,296 | 34,468 | — | 34,468 | (3,045 | ) | 31,423 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Additional netting benefit | — | — | — | (9,512 | ) | (9,512 | ) | — | — | — | (2,607 | ) | (2,607 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 68,900 | $ | — | $ | 68,900 | $ | (44,902 | ) | $ | 23,998 | $ | 73,074 | $ | — | $ | 73,074 | $ | (6,517 | ) | $ | 66,557 | |||||||||||||||||
| Liabilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Designated as hedging instruments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward and option contracts | $ | 813 | $ | — | $ | 813 | $ | (813 | ) | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges | $ | 865 | $ | — | $ | 865 | $ | (865 | ) | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Not designated as hedging instruments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Embedded derivatives | 1,772 | — | 1,772 | — | 1,772 | 2,426 | — | 2,426 | — | 2,426 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Economic hedges of embedded derivatives | 417 | — | 417 | — | 417 | 180 | — | 180 | (104 | ) | 76 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | 76,923 | — | 76,923 | (34,577 | ) | 42,346 | 6,269 | — | 6,269 | (2,941 | ) | 3,328 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 79,112 | — | 79,112 | (34,577 | ) | 44,535 | 8,875 | — | 8,875 | (3,045 | ) | 5,830 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Additional netting benefit | — | — | — | (9,512 | ) | (9,512 | ) | — | — | — | (2,607 | ) | (2,607 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 79,925 | $ | — | $ | 79,925 | $ | (44,902 | ) | $ | 35,023 | $ | 9,740 | $ | — | $ | 9,740 | $ | (6,517 | ) | $ | 3,223 | |||||||||||||||||
(1) | As presented in the |
(2) | The Company enters into master netting agreements with its counterparties for transactions other than embedded derivatives to mitigate credit risk exposure to any single counterparty. Master netting agreements allow for individual derivative contracts with a single counterparty to offset in the event of default. For presentation on the consolidated balance sheets, the Company elects not to offset fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments under master netting arrangements. |
The following table presents the fair value of derivative instruments recognized in the Company’sCompany's consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 20142017 (in thousands):
| Gross Amounts | Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet | Net amounts (1) | Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet (2) | Net | Gross Amounts | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet | Net Consolidated Balance Sheet Amounts(1) | Gross Amounts not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet (2) | Net | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Designated as hedging instruments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | $ | 8,404 | $ | — | $ | 8,404 | $ | — | $ | 8,404 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges | $ | 2,379 | $ | — | $ | 2,379 | $ | (2,379 | ) | $ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Not designated as hedging instruments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Embedded derivatives | 9,182 | — | 9,182 | — | 9,182 | 5,076 | — | 5,076 | — | 5,076 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward and option contracts | 5,153 | — | 5,153 | (138 | ) | 5,015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Economic hedges of embedded derivatives | 325 | — | 325 | — | 325 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | 505 | — | 505 | (340 | ) | 165 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 14,335 | — | 14,335 | (138 | ) | 14,197 | 5,906 | — | 5,906 | (340 | ) | 5,566 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Additional netting benefit | — | — | — | (508 | ) | (508 | ) | — | — | — | (490 | ) | (490 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 22,739 | $ | — | $ | 22,739 | $ | (646 | ) | $ | 22,093 | $ | 8,285 | $ | — | $ | 8,285 | $ | (3,209 | ) | $ | 5,076 | |||||||||||||||||
| Liabilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Designated as hedging instruments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges | $ | 29,777 | $ | — | $ | 29,777 | $ | (2,379 | ) | $ | 27,398 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Not designated as hedging instruments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Embedded derivatives | 4 | — | 4 | — | 4 | 3,503 | — | 3,503 | — | 3,503 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Economic hedges of embedded derivatives | 390 | — | 390 | — | 390 | 20 | — | 20 | — | 20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward and option contracts | 416 | — | 416 | (138 | ) | 278 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | 7,547 | — | 7,547 | (340 | ) | 7,207 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 810 | — | 810 | (138 | ) | 672 | 11,070 | — | 11,070 | (340 | ) | 10,730 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Additional netting benefit | — | — | — | (508 | ) | (508 | ) | — | — | — | (490 | ) | (490 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 810 | $ | — | $ | 810 | $ | (646 | ) | $ | 164 | $ | 40,847 | $ | — | $ | 40,847 | $ | (3,209 | ) | $ | 37,638 | |||||||||||||||||
(1) | As presented in the |
(2) | The Company enters into master netting agreements with its counterparties for transactions other than embedded derivatives to mitigate credit risk exposure to any single counterparty. Master netting agreements allow for individual derivative contracts with a single counterparty to offset in the event of default. For presentation on the consolidated balance sheets, the Company elects not to offset fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments under master netting arrangements. |
Fair value at December 31, | Fair value measurement using | ||||||||||
| 2015 | Level 1 | Level 2 | |||||||||
| Assets: | |||||||||||
| Cash | $ | 1,139,554 | $ | 1,139,554 | $ | — | |||||
| Money market and deposit accounts | 1,089,284 | 1,089,284 | — | ||||||||
| Publicly traded equity securities | 3,353 | 3,353 | — | ||||||||
| Certificates of deposit | 14,106 | — | 14,106 | ||||||||
Derivative instruments (1) | 68,900 | — | 68,900 | ||||||||
| $ | 2,315,197 | $ | 2,232,191 | $ | 83,006 | ||||||
| Liabilities: | |||||||||||
Derivative instruments (1) | $ | 79,925 | $ | — | $ | 79,925 | |||||
Fair value at December 31, | Fair value measurement using | ||||||||||
| 2014 | Level 1 | Level 2 | |||||||||
| Assets: | |||||||||||
| Cash | $ | 207,953 | $ | 207,953 | $ | — | |||||
| Money market and deposit accounts | 402,964 | 402,964 | — | ||||||||
| U.S. government securities | 336,440 | 336,440 | — | ||||||||
| U.S. government agency securities | 192,955 | — | 192,955 | ||||||||
| Certificates of deposit | 439 | — | 439 | ||||||||
Derivative instruments (1) | 22,739 | — | 22,739 | ||||||||
| $ | 1,163,490 | $ | 947,357 | $ | 216,133 | ||||||
| Liabilities: | |||||||||||
Derivative instruments (1) | $ | 810 | $ | — | $ | 810 | |||||
Valuation Methods
Fair value estimates are made as of a specific point in time based on methods using the market approach valuation method which uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities or other valuation techniques. These techniques involve uncertainties and are affected by the assumptions used and the judgments
made regarding risk characteristics of various financial instruments, discount rates, estimates of future cash flows, future expected loss experience and other factors.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments. The fair value of the Company's investments in money market funds approximates their face value. Such instruments are included in cash equivalents. The Company’s U.S. government securities,Company's money market funds and publicly traded equity securities are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. The fair value of the Company's other investments, approximate their face value, including certificates of deposit, and available-for-sale debt investments related to the Company's investments in the securitiesapproximates
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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
their face value. The fair value of these investments is priced based on the quoted market price for similar instruments or nonbinding market prices that are corroborated by observable market data. Such instruments are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company determines the fair values of its Level 2 investments by using inputs such as actual trade data, benchmark yields, broker/dealer quotes and other similar data, which are obtained from quoted market prices, custody bank, third-party pricing vendors or other sources. The Company uses such pricing data as the primary input to make its assessments and determinations as to the ultimate valuation of its investment portfolio and has not made, during the periods presented, any material adjustments to such inputs. The Company is responsible for its consolidated financial statements and underlying estimates.
The Company uses the specific identification method in computing realized gains and losses. Realized gains and losses on the investments are included within other income (expense) in the Company’sCompany's consolidated statements of operations. Short-term and long-termThe Company's investments are classified as available-for-sale andin publicly traded equity securities are carried at fair value withvalue. Subsequent to the adoption of ASU 2016-01, unrealized gains and losses on publicly traded equity securities are reported within other income (expense) in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-01, unrealized gains and losses on publicly traded equity securities were reported in stockholders’stockholders' equity as a component of other comprehensive income or loss,loss. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-01, the Company recorded a net cumulative effect increase of any related tax effect. The Company reviews its investment portfolio quarterly$2.1 million to determine if any securities may be other-than-temporarily impaired due to increased credit risk, changes in industry or sector of a certain instrument or ratings downgrades over an extended period of time.retained earnings.
Derivative Assets and Liabilities. For derivatives, the Company uses forward contract and option models employing market observable inputs, such as spot currency rates and forward points with adjustments made to these values utilizing published credit default swap rates of its foreign exchange trading counterparties and other comparable companies. The Company has determined that the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, therefore the derivatives are categorized as Level 2.
During the years ended December 31, 20152018 and 2014,2017, the Company did not have any nonfinancial assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
The Company's financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 were as follows (in thousands):
Fair Value at December 31, | Fair Value Measurement Using | ||||||||||
| 2018 | Level 1 | Level 2 | |||||||||
| Assets: | |||||||||||
| Cash | $ | 486,648 | $ | 486,648 | $ | — | |||||
| Money market and deposit accounts | 119,518 | 119,518 | — | ||||||||
| Publicly traded equity securities | 1,717 | 1,717 | — | ||||||||
| Certificates of deposit | 2,823 | — | 2,823 | ||||||||
Derivative instruments (1) | 73,074 | — | 73,074 | ||||||||
| $ | 683,780 | $ | 607,883 | $ | 75,897 | ||||||
| Liabilities: | |||||||||||
Derivative instruments (1) | $ | 9,740 | $ | — | $ | 9,740 | |||||
(1) | Includes both foreign currency embedded derivatives and foreign currency forward contracts. Amounts are included within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheet. |
F-41
The Company's financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):
Fair Value at December 31, | Fair Value Measurement Using | ||||||||||
| 2017 | Level 1 | Level 2 | |||||||||
| Assets: | |||||||||||
| Cash | $ | 985,382 | $ | 985,382 | $ | — | |||||
| Money market and deposit accounts | 427,135 | 427,135 | — | ||||||||
| Publicly traded equity securities | 6,163 | 6,163 | — | ||||||||
| Certificates of deposit | 31,351 | — | 31,351 | ||||||||
Derivative instruments (1) | 8,285 | — | 8,285 | ||||||||
| $ | 1,458,316 | $ | 1,418,680 | $ | 39,636 | ||||||
| Liabilities: | |||||||||||
Derivative instruments (1) | $ | 40,847 | $ | — | $ | 40,847 | |||||
(1) | Includes both foreign currency embedded derivatives and foreign currency forward contracts. Amounts are included within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheet. |
The Company did not have any Level 3 financial assets or financial liabilities during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.
| 10. | Leases |
Capital Lease and Other Financing Obligations
The Company’sCompany's capital lease and other financing obligations expire at various dates ranging from 20152019 to 2053. The weighted average effective interest rate of the Company’sCompany's capital lease and other financing obligations was 8.17%7.88% as of December 31, 2015.2018.
The Company’sCompany's capital lease and other financing obligations are summarized as follows as of December 31, 2015 (dollars in2018 (in thousands):
| Capital lease obligations | Other financing obligations | Total | Capital Lease Obligations | Other Financing Obligations (1) | Total | |||||||||||||||||
| 2016 | $ | 74,457 | $ | 66,175 | $ | 140,632 | ||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | 73,537 | 66,116 | 139,653 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 74,053 | 66,928 | 140,981 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 74,857 | 63,990 | 138,847 | $ | 103,859 | $ | 80,292 | $ | 184,151 | |||||||||||||
| 2020 | 74,868 | 61,719 | 136,587 | 97,326 | 73,266 | 170,592 | ||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 95,414 | 73,672 | 169,086 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 94,954 | 73,856 | 168,810 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 95,463 | 69,423 | 164,886 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Thereafter | 827,789 | 518,552 | 1,346,341 | 878,755 | 722,496 | 1,601,251 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total minimum lease payments | 1,199,561 | 843,480 | 2,043,041 | 1,365,771 | 1,093,005 | 2,458,776 | ||||||||||||||||
| Plus amount representing residual property value | — | 467,616 | 467,616 | — | 389,643 | 389,643 | ||||||||||||||||
| Less estimated building costs | — | (247 | ) | (247 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| Less amount representing interest | (557,433 | ) | (625,717 | ) | (1,183,150 | ) | (602,026 | ) | (727,472 | ) | (1,329,498 | ) | ||||||||||
| Present value of net minimum lease payments | 642,128 | 685,132 | 1,327,260 | 763,745 | 755,176 | 1,518,921 | ||||||||||||||||
| Less current portion | (23,435 | ) | (16,686 | ) | (40,121 | ) | (43,498 | ) | (34,346 | ) | (77,844 | ) | ||||||||||
| $ | 618,693 | $ | 668,446 | $ | 1,287,139 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 720,247 | $ | 720,830 | $ | 1,441,077 | ||||||||||||||||
(1) | Other financing obligations are primarily related to build-to-suit arrangements. |
F-42
New York 4, New York 5, New York 6 and New York 7 ("NY4, NY5, NY6 and NY7") Data Centers
In May 2015,December 2018, the Company entered into new lease agreements with the landlord of the Company's NY4, NY5 and NY6 data centers, replacing the existing leases. Additionally, the Company signed a modification of the lease agreement for its NY7 IBX data center. The total contractual obligation over the estimated term of the four new leases is collectively approximately $335.6 million. The Company had previously accounted for NY4 and NY7 as capital leases and NY5 and NY6 as build-to-suit arrangements. Pursuant to the current accounting standard for leases, the Company determined that NY4 and NY7 continued to be accounted for as capital leases and recognized an incremental capital lease obligation of $23.7 million during the three months ended December 31, 2018. As a result of the new leases for NY5 and NY6, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of approximately $6.5 million during the three months ended December 31, 2018. Monthly payments under NY4, NY5, NY6 will be made through December 2048. The Company has certain renewal options available after December 2048, which have not been included in the lease term. Monthly payments under NY7 will be made through December 2028.
Stockholm 2 ("SK2") Data Center
In March 2018, the Company acquired the land and building for the SK2 IBX data center for cash consideration of SEK457.9 million, or approximately $54.9 million at the exchange rate in effect on March 31, 2018. The Company had previously accounted for SK2 as a build-to-suit arrangement. As a result of the purchase, the prior arrangement was effectively terminated, and the financing obligation was settled in full. The Company settled the financing obligation of the SK2 data center for SEK234.5 million or approximately $28.1 million and recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of SEK170.5 million, or approximately $20.4 million at the exchange rate in effect on March 31, 2018.
Tokyo 11 ("TY11") Data Center
In February 2018, the Company entered into a lease amendment to extendagreement for the lease term of the Company’s Atlanta 1TY11 IBX (the “AT1 Lease”). The lease was originally accounted for as an operating lease.data center. Pursuant to the accounting standard for leases, the Company reassessedassessed the lease classification of the AT1 Lease as a result of theTY11 lease amendment and determined that upon the amendment the lease should be accounted for as a capital lease. The Company recorded a capital lease asset and liability totaling approximately $21,274,000 during the three months ended June 30, 2015. The lease term was extended to September 2035.
Operating Leases
The Company also leases its IBX data centers and certain equipment under noncancelable operating lease agreements. The majority of the Company’sCompany's operating leases for its land and IBX data centers expire at various dates through 20532065 with renewal options available to the Company. The lease agreements typically provide for base rental rates that increase at defined intervals during the term of the lease. In addition, the Company has negotiated some rent expense abatement periods for certain leases to better match the phased build out of its IBX data centers. The Company accounts for such abatements and increasing base rentals using the straight-line method over the life of the lease. The difference between the straight-line expense and the cash payment is recorded as deferred rent (see Note 5, “Other7, "Other Current Liabilities”Liabilities" and “Other Liabilities”"Other Liabilities").
Minimum future operating lease payments as of December 31, 2018 are summarized as follows (in thousands):
| Years ending: | |||
| 2019 | $ | 187,280 | |
| 2020 | 179,515 | ||
| 2021 | 166,159 | ||
| 2022 | 158,115 | ||
| 2023 | 147,677 | ||
| Thereafter | 1,130,494 | ||
| Total | $ | 1,969,240 | |
Total rent expense was approximately $185.4 million, $157.9 million and $140.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
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| Year ending: | |||
| 2016 | $ | 115,091 | |
| 2017 | 113,624 | ||
| 2018 | 108,810 | ||
| 2019 | 100,462 | ||
| 2020 | 89,227 | ||
| Thereafter | 632,677 | ||
| Total | $ | 1,159,891 | |
| 11. | Debt Facilities |
Mortgage and Loans Payable
The Company’sCompany's mortgage and loans payable consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
| Term loan A | $ | 456,740 | $ | 500,000 | |||
| Bridge term loan | 386,547 | — | |||||
| Revolving credit facility borrowings | 325,622 | — | |||||
| Brazil financings | 27,113 | 56,863 | |||||
| Mortgage payable and other loans payable | 47,677 | 36,608 | |||||
| 1,243,699 | 593,471 | ||||||
| Less the amount representing debt discount and debt issuance cost | (2,681 | ) | (3,477 | ) | |||
| Add the amount representing mortgage premium | 1,987 | 2,281 | |||||
| 1,243,005 | 592,275 | ||||||
| Less current portion | (770,236 | ) | (59,466 | ) | |||
| $ | 472,769 | $ | 532,809 | ||||
| 2018 | 2017 | ||||||
| Term loans | $ | 1,344,482 | $ | 1,417,352 | |||
| Mortgage payable and other loans payable | 44,042 | 48,872 | |||||
| 1,388,524 | 1,466,224 | ||||||
| Less the amount representing unamortized debt discount and debt issuance cost | (6,614 | ) | (10,666 | ) | |||
| Add the amount representing unamortized mortgage premium | 1,882 | 2,051 | |||||
| 1,383,792 | 1,457,609 | ||||||
| Less current portion | (73,129 | ) | (64,491 | ) | |||
| $ | 1,310,663 | $ | 1,393,118 | ||||
Senior Credit Facility
On December 17, 2014,12, 2017, the Company entered into a credit agreement with a group of lenders for a $1,500,000,000$3,000.0 million credit facility (“("Senior Credit Facility”Facility"), comprised of a $1,000,000,000$2,000.0 million senior unsecured multicurrency revolving credit facility (“("Revolving Credit Facility”Facility") and a $500,000,000an approximately $1,000.0 million senior unsecured multicurrency term loan facility (“("Term Loan A Facility”Facility"). The Senior Credit Facility contains twocustomary covenants, including financial covenants with which require the Company must comply on a quarterly basis, including a maximum consolidated net lease adjustedto maintain certain financial coverage and leverage ratioratios, as well as customary events of default, and a minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio. The Senior Credit Facility is guaranteed by certain of the Company’sCompany's domestic subsidiaries and is secured by its domestic accounts receivable as well as pledges of the equity interest of certain of the Company’s direct and indirect subsidiaries. The RevolvingSenior Credit Facility and the Term Loan A Facility both havehas a five-year term, maturing on December 17, 2019, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions with respect to the Company’s outstanding convertible subordinated notes. The Company may use the remaining Senior Credit Facility for working capital, capital expenditures and other corporate purposes.12, 2022.
The Term Loan ARevolving Facility bearsallows the Company to borrow, repay and reborrow over its term. The Revolving Facility provides a sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit of up to $250.0 million at any one time. Borrowings under the Revolving Facility bear interest at a rate based on LIBORa benchmark rate defined in the credit agreement plus a margin that can vary from 0.85% to 1.40% or, at the Company’sCompany's option, the base rate, which is defined as the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Rate plus 1/2 of 1%0.5%, (b) the Bank of America prime rate and (c) one-month LIBOR plus in either case,1% plus a margin that varies as a function of the Company’s consolidated net lease adjusted leverage ratio that ranges between
The Company borrowed £500.0 million and the U.S. revolving credit line was terminated.
that date. The Company is required to repay the foreign-currency denominated borrowings under the Term Loan A Facility in equal quarterly installments on the last business day of each March, June, September and December, commencing on June 30, 2015, equal to the amount of 2.00% of the result of the respective Term Loan A Facility on April 30, 2015 divided by 0.98. The remaining principal amount will be paid on the maturity date of the Term Loan A Facility.
JPY Term Loan
On July 26, 2018, the Company entered into an amendment to its Senior Credit Facility. The amendment provided for a senior unsecured term loan in an aggregate principal amount of ¥47.5 billion (the "JPY Term Loan"). The Company is required to repay the JPY Term Loan at the rate of 5% of the original principal amount per annum with the remaining balance to be reborrowed.repaid in full at the maturity of the Senior Credit Facility. The JPY Term Loan bears interest at a rate based on LIBOR plus a margin that can vary from 1.00% to 1.70% and contains customary covenants consistent with the Senior Credit Facility.
On July 31, 2018, the Company drew down the full ¥47.5 billion of the JPY Term Loan, or approximately $424.7 million at the exchange rate effective on July 31, 2018, and prepaid the remaining principal of its existing Japanese Yen Term Loan of ¥43.8 billion or approximately $391.3 million. As of December 31, 2018, total outstanding borrowings under the JPY Term Loan were ¥46.9 billion, or approximately $427.8 million at the exchange rate effective on that date, with an effective interest rate of 1.74%. Debt issuance costs, net of amortization, related to the JPY Term Loan were $4.3 million as of December 31, 2018.
Japanese Yen Term Loan B made under the USD Term Loan B Commitment bear interest at a rate based on LIBOR or, at the Company’s option, the base rate, which is defined as the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Rate plus 1/2 of 1%, (b) the Bank of America prime rate and (c) one-month LIBOR, or 0.75% if LIBOR is less than 0.75%, plus a margin of 3.25%. Term Loan B made under the Sterling Term Loan B Commitment bear interest at a rate based on LIBOR, or 0.75% if LIBOR is less than 0.75%, plus a margin of 3.75%.
Mortgage Payable
In October 2013, as a result of the Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel Acquisition, the Company assumed a mortgage payable of $42,906,000 (see Note 2)$42.9 million with an effective interest rate of 4.25%. The mortgage payable has monthly principal and interest payments and has an expiration date of August 2022.
Convertible Debt
| 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
| 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes | $ | 150,082 | $ | 157,885 | |||
| Less amount representing debt discount and debt issuance cost | (3,961 | ) | (12,656 | ) | |||
| $ | 146,121 | $ | 145,229 | ||||
4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes
In June 2009, the Company issued $373,750,000$373.8 million aggregate principal amount of 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes due June 15, 2016 (the “4.75%"4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes”Notes"). Interest is payable semi-annually on June 15In 2014 and December 15 of each year and commenced on December 15, 2009.
In April and the excess of the fair value of liability componentJune 2016, certain holders of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes over its carryingconverted or redeemed a total of $150.1 million of the principal amount including debt discountof the notes for 1,981,662 shares of the Company's common stock and unamortized debt issuance costs, in accordance with the accounting standard for convertible debt instruments that may be settled$3.6 million in cash, upon conversion (including partialcomprised of accrued interest, cash settlement).paid in lieu of fractional shares and principal redemption. In the Company’sCompany's consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2014,2016, the premiumprincipal redemption and cash paid in lieu of issuing fractional shares to settle a portion of the principal amount were included within net cash provided by (used in) financing activities and the accrued interest paid was included within net cash provided by operating activities.
| 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
Equity component (1) | $ | 42,091 | $ | 44,278 | |||
| Liability component: | |||||||
| Principal | $ | 150,082 | $ | 157,885 | |||
Less debt discount and debt issuance costs, net (2) | (3,961 | ) | (12,656 | ) | |||
| Net carrying amount | $ | 146,121 | $ | 145,229 | |||
The following table sets forth total interest expense recognized related to the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes for the yearsyear ended December 31 (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2016 | ||||||||
| Contractual interest expense | $ | 7,501 | $ | 10,976 | $ | 3,267 | ||||
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | 428 | 629 | 186 | |||||||
| Amortization of debt discount | 8,060 | 10,448 | 3,775 | |||||||
| $ | 15,989 | $ | 22,053 | $ | 7,228 | |||||
| Effective interest rate of the liability component | 10.65 | % | 10.88 | % | 10.48 | % | ||||
To minimize the impact of potential dilution upon conversion of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes, the Company entered into capped call transactions ("the Capped(the "Capped Call") separate from the issuance of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes and paid a premium of $49,664,000$49.7 million for the Capped Call in 2009. The Capped Call covers a total of approximately 4,432,638 shares of the Company’sCompany's common stock, subject to adjustment. Under the Capped Call, the Company effectively raised the conversion price
Upon maturity of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes from $84.32 to $114.82. In May andon June 2014,15, 2016, the Company amendedsettled the Capped Call to provide that early exchanges of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes would not result in the termination of a relative amount of the Capped Call if the Company did not exercise the Capped Call at the time the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes were exchanged. Instead, the Capped Call will remain outstanding in its entirety. The amendment to the Capped Call had no impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2015capped call transaction and 2014, pursuant to the accounting standard for derivative financial instruments indexed to, and potentially settled in, an entity’s own common stock and the accounting standard for determining whether an instrument (or embedded feature) is indexed to an entity’s own stock.
Senior Notes
The Company’sCompany's senior notes consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Senior Notes | Issuance Date | Maturity Date | Amount | Effective Rate | Amount | Effective Rate | |||||||||||||||||||
| 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes | April 2018 | April 2019 - April 2021 | $ | 750,000 | 4.40 | % | $ | — | — | % | |||||||||||||||
| 5.375% Senior Notes due 2022 | November 2014 | January 2022 | 750,000 | 5.56 | % | 750,000 | 5.56 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| 5.375% Senior Notes due 2023 | $ | 1,000,000 | $ | 1,000,000 | March 2013 | April 2023 | 1,000,000 | 5.51 | % | 1,000,000 | 5.51 | % | |||||||||||||
| 5.375% Senior Notes due 2022 | 750,000 | 750,000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.875% Senior Notes due 2020 | 500,000 | 500,000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5.75% Senior Notes due 2025 | 500,000 | 500,000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024 | March 2018 | March 2024 | 859,125 | 3.08 | % | — | — | % | |||||||||||||||||
| 5.750% Senior Notes due 2025 | November 2014 | January 2025 | 500,000 | 5.88 | % | 500,000 | 5.88 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2025 | September 2017 | October 2025 | 1,145,500 | 3.04 | % | 1,201,000 | 3.04 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| 5.875% Senior Notes due 2026 | 1,100,000 | — | December 2015 | January 2026 | 1,100,000 | 6.03 | % | 1,100,000 | 6.03 | % | |||||||||||||||
| 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2026 | December 2017 | February 2026 | 1,145,500 | 3.04 | % | 1,201,000 | 3.04 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| 5.375% Senior Notes due 2027 | March 2017 | May 2027 | 1,250,000 | 5.51 | % | 1,250,000 | 5.51 | % | |||||||||||||||||
| 3,850,000 | 2,750,000 | 8,500,125 | 7,002,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less amount representing debt issuance cost | (45,366 | ) | (32,954 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Less amount representing unamortized debt issuance cost | Less amount representing unamortized debt issuance cost | (75,372 | ) | (78,151 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Add amount representing unamortized debt premium | Add amount representing unamortized debt premium | 5,031 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 3,804,634 | $ | 2,717,046 | 8,429,784 | 6,923,849 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Less current portion | (300,999 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 8,128,785 | $ | 6,923,849 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024
On March 14, 2018, the Company issued €750.0 million, or approximately $929.9 million in U.S. dollars, at the exchange rate in effect on March 14, 2018, aggregate principal amount of 5.750%2.875% senior notes due January 1, 2025, which are referred to as the “2022 Senior Notes” and “2025 Senior Notes”, respectively, and collectively, as the “2022 and 2025 Senior Notes”.March 15, 2024. Interest on each series of the notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on January 1March 15 and July 1September 15 of each year, commencing on July 1, 2015.
All senior notes are unsecured and rank equal in right of payment to the Company’sCompany's existing or future senior indebtedness and senior in right of payment to the Company’sCompany's existing and future subordinated indebtedness. The 2022 and 2025 Senior Notes are effectively subordinated to all of the existing and future secured debt, including debt outstanding under any bank facility or secured by any mortgage, to the extent of the assets securing such debt. They are also structurally subordinated to any existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of any of the Company’s subsidiaries.
| Redemption Price of the 2022 Notes | ||
| 2018 | 104.031 | % |
| 2019 | 102.688 | % |
| 2020 | 101.344 | % |
| 2021 and thereafter | 100.000 | % |
Redemption Price of the 2025 Notes | ||
| 2020 | 102.875 | % |
| 2021 | 101.917 | % |
| 2022 | 100.958 | % |
| 2023 and thereafter | 100.000 | % |
incur additional debt;
pay dividends or make other restricted payments;
purchase, redeem or retire capital stock or subordinated debt;
make asset sales;
enter into transactions with affiliates;
F-46
| • | incur liens(2); |
| • | enter into sale-leaseback transactions(2); |
provide subsidiary guarantees;
make investments; and
| • | merge or consolidate with any other person(2). |
(1) | If the senior notes are rated investment grade at any time by two or more of Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch, most of the restrictive covenants contained in the supplemental indentures will be suspended. |
(2) | The supplemental indentures for the 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes, 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024 and 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2026 only contain these covenants footnoted with (2). |
Subject to compliance with any other person.
The Company is no longer subjectnot required to amake any mandatory redemption with respect to the senior notes; however, upon the event of a change in control, the Company may be required to offer to purchase the senior notes.
Optional Redemption Schedule
| Senior Note Description | Early Equity Redemption Price | First Scheduled Redemption Date | First Scheduled Redemption Price | Second Year Redemption Price | Third Year Redemption Price | Fourth Year (if scheduled) Redemption Price |
| 5.375% Senior Notes due 2022 | 105.375% | January 1, 2018 | 104.031% | 102.688% | 101.344% | 100.000% |
| 5.375% Senior Notes due 2023 | 105.375% | April 1, 2018 | 102.688% | 101.792% | 100.896% | 100.000% |
| 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024 | 102.875% | September 15, 2020 | 101.438% | 100.719% | 100.000% | |
| 5.750% Senior Notes due 2025 | 105.750% | January 1, 2020 | 102.875% | 101.917% | 100.958% | 100.000% |
| 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2025 | 102.875% | October 1, 2020 | 101.438% | 100.719% | 100.000% | |
| 5.875% Senior Notes due 2026 | 105.875% | January 15, 2021 | 102.938% | 101.958% | 100.979% | 100.000% |
| 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2026 | 102.875% | February 1, 2021 | 101.438% | 100.719% | 100.000% | |
| 5.375% Senior Notes due 2027 | 105.375% | May 15, 2022 | 102.688% | 101.792% | 100.896% | 100.000% |
Each series of senior notes provides for optional redemption, with the exception of 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes. Within 90 days of the 2026 Senior Notes.
On or after January 15, 2021,the first scheduled redemption date listed in the Optional Redemption Schedule, the Company may redeem all or a part of the 2026 Senior Notes,a series of senior notes, on any one or more occasions, at the redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) set forth belowin the Optional Redemption Schedule, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to, but not including, the applicable redemption date, if redeemed during the twelve-month period beginning January 15on the first scheduled redemption date and at reduced scheduled redemption prices during the twelve or eighteen-month periods beginning on the anniversaries of the years indicated below:
| Redemption Price of the 2026 Notes | ||
| 2021 | 102.938 | % |
| 2022 | 101.958 | % |
| 2023 | 100.979 | % |
| 2024 and thereafter | 100.000 | % |
In addition, at any time prior to January 15, 2021,the first scheduled redemption date, the Company may redeem all or a part of the 2026 Senior Notesany series of senior notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of 2026 Senior Notessuch senior notes redeemed plus the applicable premium (the “2026 Senior Notes Applicable Premium”"Applicable Premium") as of, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of the redemption, subject to the rights of the holders of record of 2026 Senior Notessuch senior notes on the relevant record date to receive interest due on the relevant interest payment date. The 2026 Senior Notes Applicable Premium means the greater of:
| (1) | 1.0% of the principal amount of the senior notes; |
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Redemption Price of the 2020 Senior Notes | ||
| 2017 | 102.438 | % |
| 2018 | 101.219 | % |
| 2019 and thereafter | 100.000 | % |
| (2) | the excess of: |
(b)the principal amount of the 2020 Senior Notes.
| Redemption Price of the 2023 Senior Notes | ||
| 2018 | 102.688 | % |
| 2019 | 101.792 | % |
| 2020 and thereafter | 100.896 | % |
| 2021 and thereafter | 100.000 | % |
Loss on Debt Extinguishment
During the year ended December 31, 2015,2018, the Company recorded $289,000$51.4 million of loss on debt extinguishment comprised of (i) $17.1 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of amendments to leases impacting the related financing obligations, (ii) $19.5 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the settlement of financing obligations as a result of the Infomart Dallas Acquisition, (iii) $12.6 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of the conversionssettlement of financing obligations for properties purchased and (iv) $2.2 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes.
During the year ended December 31, 2014,2017, the Company recorded $156,990,000$65.8 million of loss on debt extinguishment comprised of (i) $103,273,000$14.6 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the redemption of the 7.00% Senior Notes,senior notes, which included the $93,965,000$12.2 million redemption premium that was paid in cash and $9,307,000$2.4 million related to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs, (ii) $51,183,000 related to the exchanges$22.5 million of the 3.00% Convertible Subordinated Notes and 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes and (iii) $2,534,000 as a result of the prepayment and termination of the U.S. Term Loan and the U.S. Revolving Credit Line.
During the London 4 and 5 IBX data centers that replacedyear ended December 31, 2016, the existing leases and (iii) $1,710,000 from an amendmentCompany recorded $12.3 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of (i) the settlement of the New York 5 and 6financing obligations for Paris 3 IBX data center, lease.(ii) a portion of the lender fees associated with the Japanese Yen Term Loan and (iii) the prepayment and terminations of the 2012 and 2013 Brazil financings.
Maturities of Debt FacilitiesInstruments
The following table sets forth maturities of the Company’sCompany's debt, including mortgage and loans payable, convertible debt and senior notes, gross of debt issuance costs, debt discounts and discounts,debt premiums, as of December 31, 20152018 (in thousands):
| Year ending: | |||
| 2016 | $ | 920,125 | |
| 2017 | 51,048 | ||
| 2018 | 47,615 | ||
| 2019 | 339,329 | ||
| 2020 | 503,224 | ||
| Thereafter | 3,384,427 | ||
| $ | 5,245,768 | ||
| Years ending: | |||
| 2019 | $ | 373,128 | |
| 2020 | 373,443 | ||
| 2021 | 223,134 | ||
| 2022 | 1,915,871 | ||
| 2023 | 1,002,491 | ||
| Thereafter | 6,002,464 | ||
| $ | 9,890,531 | ||
Fair Value of Debt FacilitiesInstruments
The following table sets forth the estimated fair values of the Company’sCompany's mortgage and loans payable convertible debt,and senior notes and revolving credit line, including current maturities, as of December 31 (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||
| Mortgage and loans payable | $ | 916,602 | $ | 553,045 | $ | 1,389,632 | $ | 1,464,877 | ||||||
| Convertible debt | 151,997 | 162,159 | ||||||||||||
| Senior notes | 3,954,000 | 2,790,023 | 8,422,211 | 7,288,673 | ||||||||||
| Revolving credit line | 325,617 | — | ||||||||||||
The fair valuevalues of the mortgage and loans payable and convertible debt,5.000% Infomart Senior Notes, which were not publicly traded, waswere estimated by considering the Company’sCompany's credit rating, current rates available to the Company for debt of the same remaining maturities and terms of the debt (level 2). The fair value of the senior notes, which were traded in the public debt market, was based on quoted market prices (level 1).
Interest Charges
The following table sets forth total interest costs incurred and total interest costs capitalized for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
| Interest expense | $ | 299,055 | $ | 270,553 | $ | 248,792 | |||||
| Interest capitalized | 10,943 | 19,004 | 10,608 | ||||||||
| Interest charges incurred | $ | 309,998 | $ | 289,557 | $ | 259,400 | |||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| Interest expense | $ | 521,494 | $ | 478,698 | $ | 392,156 | |||||
| Interest capitalized | 19,880 | 22,625 | 13,338 | ||||||||
Interest charges incurred (1) | $ | 541,374 | $ | 501,323 | $ | 405,494 | |||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2013 | $ | 123,902 | |
| Net loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest | (1,179 | ) | |
| Other comprehensive income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | 1,810 | ||
| Increase in redemption value of non-controlling interests | 90,913 | ||
| Impact of foreign currency translation | 1,724 | ||
| Exercise of vested and outstanding ALOG stock options | 8,459 | ||
| Purchase price of redeemable non-controlling interests | (225,629 | ) | |
| Balances as of December 31, 2014 | $ | — | |
(1) | Interest charges incurred for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 also include interest expense incurred under the previously outstanding credit facility the Company entered in 2014, which was terminated in December 2017. |
Total interest paid, net of capitalized interest, during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $476.9 million, $422.2 million and $336.7 million, respectively.
| 12. | Stockholders' Equity |
The Company’sCompany's authorized share capital is 300,000,000 shares of common stock and 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock, of which 25,000,000 is designated Series A, 25,000,000 is designated as Series A-1 and 50,000,000 is undesignated. As of December 31, 20152018 and 2014,2017, the Company had no preferred stock issued and outstanding.
Common Stock
In November 2015,December 2018, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement with Barclays Capital Inc., Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, HSBC Securities (USA) Inc., MUFG Securities Americas Inc. and TD Securities (USA) LLC, establishing an "at the market" equity offering program, under which the Company may offer and sell from time to time up to an aggregate of $750.0 million of its common stock in "at the market" transactions (the "2018 ATM Program"). As of December 31, 2018, no sales have been made under the 2018 ATM Program.
In August 2017, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement with RBC Capital Market, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, establishing an "at the market" equity offering program, under which the Company may offer and sell from time to time up to an aggregate of $750.0 million of its common stock in "at the market" transactions (the "2017 ATM Program"). For the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company sold 930,934 shares and 763,201 shares, respectively, for approximately $388.2 million and $355.1 million, respectively, net of payment of commissions to the sales agents and estimated equity offering costs. As of December 31, 2018, no shares remain available for sale under the 2017 ATM Program.
In March 2017, the Company issued and sold 2,994,7926,069,444 shares of its common stock in a public offering pursuant to a registration statement and a related prospectus and prospectus supplement, in each case filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The shares issued and sold included the full exercise of the underwriters’underwriters' option to purchase 390,625791,666 additional shares. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $829,496,000,$2,126.3 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $32,344,000 and estimated offering expenses of $660,000.$58.7 million.
In December 2015, certainApril and June 2016, upon the maturity of the Company's 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes, holders of the Company's 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes elected to convert a portionconverted $150.1 million principal amount of the notes into 101,9471,981,662 shares of the Company's common stock. In June 2016, the Company also settled the capped call transaction and received 380,779 shares of common stock, which were placed in treasury and resulted in a credit of $141.7 million to additional paid-in capital at the market price of $372.10 on June 15, 2016. See convertible debt in Note 911 for additional information.
F-49
As of December 31, 2015,2018, the Company had reserved the following shares of authorized but unissued shares of common stock for future issuances:
| Common stock options and restricted stock units | ||
| Common stock employee purchase plans | ||
| Total | ||
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The components of the Company’sCompany's accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, consisted of the following as of December 31, 20152018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):
| Balance as of December 31, 2014 | Net Change | Balance as of December 31, 2015 | December 31, 2015 | Net Change | December 31, 2016 | Net Change | December 31, 2017 | Net Change | Cumulative Effect Adjustment | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment ("CTA") loss | $ | (336,946 | ) | $ | (186,763 | ) | $ | (523,709 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustment ("CTA") gain (loss) | $ | (523,709 | ) | $ | (507,420 | ) | $ | (1,031,129 | ) | $ | 454,269 | $ | (576,860 | ) | $ | (421,743 | ) | $ | — | $ | (998,603 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges(1) | 6,603 | 4,550 | 11,153 | 11,153 | 19,551 | 30,704 | (54,895 | ) | (24,191 | ) | 43,671 | — | 19,480 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment hedge CTA gain(1) | — | 4,484 | 4,484 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net investment hedge CTA gain (loss)(1) | 4,484 | 45,505 | 49,989 | (235,292 | ) | (185,303 | ) | 219,628 | — | 34,325 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale securities(2) | (99 | ) | (40 | ) | (139 | ) | (139 | ) | 2,249 | 2,110 | 14 | 2,124 | — | (2,124 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net actuarial gain (loss) on defined benefit plans(3) | (2,001 | ) | 1,153 | (848 | ) | (848 | ) | 32 | (816 | ) | (143 | ) | (959 | ) | 55 | — | (904 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | (332,443 | ) | $ | (176,616 | ) | $ | (509,059 | ) | $ | (509,059 | ) | $ | (440,083 | ) | $ | (949,142 | ) | $ | 163,953 | $ | (785,189 | ) | $ | (158,389 | ) | $ | (2,124 | ) | $ | (945,702 | ) | |||||||||||
(1) | Refer to Note |
(2) | Upon adoption of ASU 2016-01 during the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company recorded a net cumulative effect adjustment of $2.1 million from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings. The realized gains and losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net income |
(3) | The Company has a defined benefit pension plan covering all employees in one country where such plans are mandated by law. The Company does not have any defined benefit plans in any other countries. The unamortized gain (loss) on defined benefit plans includes gains or losses resulting from a change in the value of either the projected benefit obligation or the plan assets resulting from a change in an actuarial assumption, net of amortization. |
Changes in foreign currencies can have a significant impact to the Company’sCompany's consolidated balance sheets (as evidenced above in the Company’sCompany's foreign currency translation gain or loss), as well as its consolidated results of operations, as amounts in foreign currencies are generally translatingtranslated into more U.S. dollars when the U.S. dollar weakens or less U.S. dollars when the U.S. dollar strengthens. AtAs of December 31, 2015,2018, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative to certain of the currencies of the foreign countries in which the Company operates.operates as compared to December 31, 2017. This overall strengthstrengthening of the U.S. dollar had an overall negative impact on the Company’sCompany's consolidated financial position because the foreign denominations translated into less U.S. dollars as evidenced by anthe increase in foreign currency translation loss for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 20142018 as reflected in the above table. In future periods, the volatility of the U.S. dollar as compared to the other currencies in which the Company does business could have a significant impact on its consolidated financial position and results of operations including the amount of revenue that the Company reports in future periods.
During the year ended December 31, 2014,2018, the Company's Board of Directors declared quarterly dividends of $2.28 per share on November 1, August 8, May 2 and February 14, 2018, to stockholders of record on November 14, August 22, May 23 and February 26, 2018, respectively, and payment dates of December 12, September 19, June 20 and March 21, 2018, respectively. The Company repurchasedpaid a total of 1,517,743 shares of its common stock$727.4 million in the open market at an average price of $196.32 per share for total consideration of $297,958,000 under the 2013 Share Repurchase Program. Duringquarterly dividends during the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company repurchased a total of 288,739 shares of its common stock in the open market at an average price of $169.01 per share for total consideration of $48,799,000 under the 2013 Share Repurchase Program. The 2013 Share Repurchase Program expired on December 31, 2014.2018.
During the year ended December 31, 2014,2017, the Company's Board of Directors declared quarterly dividends of $2.00 per share on November 1, August 2, April 26 and February 15, 2017, to stockholders of record on November 15, August 23, May 24 and February 27, 2017, respectively, and payment dates of December 13, September 20, June 21 and March 22, 2017, respectively. The Company re-issuedpaid a total of 355,477 shares of its treasury stock with a total value of $66,424,000, primarily related to the exchange and conversions of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes (see Note 9). During$612.1 million in quarterly dividends during the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company re-issued a total of 8,266 shares of its treasury stock with a total value of $811,000, primarily related to the settlement of restricted stock units. During the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company re-issued a total of 638,167 shares of its treasury stock with a total value of $63,354,000, primarily related to the settlement of the 2.50% Convertible Subordinated Notes (see Note 9).
During the year ended December 31, 2015,2016, the Company's Board of Directors declared quarterly cash dividends of $1.69$1.75 per share on October 28, July 29,November 2, August 3, May 74 and February 19, 2015, with18, 2016, to stockholders of record dates of December 9,on November 16, August 26,24, May 2725 and March 11, 2015,9, 2016, respectively, and payment dates of December 16,14, September 16,14, June 1715 and March 25, 2015,23, 2016, respectively. The Company paid a total of $393,584,000$492.4 million in cashquarterly dividends during the year ended December 31, 2015.2016.
In addition, as of December 31, 2015,2018, for dividends and special distributions attributed to the RSU awards,restricted stock units, the Company recorded a short term dividend payable of $13,674,000$8.8 million and a long term dividend payable of $13,394,000$6.5 million for the restricted stock units that have not yet vested (See Note 12).
For federal income tax purposes, distributions to stockholders are treated as ordinary income, capital gains, return of capital or a combination thereof. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the quarterly dividends were canceled in December 2012 and replaced with a new grant of stock options for 18,421,648 shares of which stock options for 4,711,808 shares were immediately vested (the “2012 ALOG Stock Options”). The 2012 ALOG Stock Options were accounted forclassified as liability-classified awards under the accounting standard for share-based payments and were be re-measured each reporting period prospectively until the underlying shares were settled. Under certain circumstances, the 2012 ALOG Stock Options were eligible for net cash settlement by the stock option holders.follows:
| Record Date | Payment Date | Total Distribution | Nonqualified Ordinary Dividend | Qualified Ordinary Dividend | Return of Capital | |||||||||||||
| (per share) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Fiscal 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2/26/2018 | 3/21/2018 | $ | 2.280000 | $ | 2.280000 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||
| 5/23/2018 | 6/20/2018 | 2.280000 | 2.280000 | — | — | |||||||||||||
| 8/22/2018 | 9/19/2018 | 2.280000 | 2.280000 | — | — | |||||||||||||
| 11/14/2018 | 12/12/2018 | 2.280000 | 2.280000 | — | — | |||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 9.120000 | $ | 9.120000 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||
| Fiscal 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2/27/2017 | 3/22/2017 | $ | 2.000000 | $ | 2.000000 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||
| 5/24/2017 | 6/21/2017 | 2.000000 | 2.000000 | — | — | |||||||||||||
| 8/23/2017 | 9/20/2017 | 2.000000 | 2.000000 | — | — | |||||||||||||
| 11/15/2017 | 12/13/2017 | 2.000000 | 2.000000 | — | — | |||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 8.000000 | $ | 8.000000 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||
| 13. | Stock-Based Compensation |
Equinix Equity Awards
Equity Compensation Plans
In May 2000, the Company’sCompany's stockholders approved the adoption of the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan as the successor plan to the 1998 Stock Plan. Beginning in August 2000, the Company no longer issued additional grants under the 1998 Stock Plan, and unexercised options under the 1998 Stock Plan that are canceled due to an optionee’s termination may be reissued under the successor 2000 Equity Incentive Plan. Under the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan, nonstatutory stock options, restricted shares, restricted stock units and stock appreciation rights may be granted to employees, outside directors and consultants at not less than 85% of the fair value on the date of grant, and incentive stock options may be granted to employees at not less than 100% of the fair value on the date of grant. Options granted prior to October 1, 2005 generally expire 10 years from the grant date, and equity awards granted to employees and consultants on or after October 1, 2005 will generally expire 7 years from the grant date, subject to continuous service of the optionee. Equity awards granted under the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan generally vest over 4 years. As of December 31, 2015, theThe Company had reserved a total of 16,636,172 shares for issuance under the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan of which 3,628,4571,892,262 shares were still available for grant.grant as of December 31, 2018. The 2000 Equity Incentive Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”"Compensation Committee"), and the Compensation Committee may terminate or amend the plan, with approval of the stockholders as may be required by applicable law, at any time.
In May 2000, the Company’sCompany's stockholders approved the adoption of the 2000 Director Option Plan, which was amended and restated effective January 1, 2003. Under the 2000 Director Option Plan, each non-employee board member who was not previously an employee of the Company willwould receive an automatic initial nonstatutory stock option grant which vests in four annual installments. In addition, each non-employee board member will receiveas well as an annual non-statutory
F-51
stock option grant on the date of the Company’sCompany's regular Annual Meeting of Stockholders, provided the board member will continue to serve as a director thereafter. Such annual option grants shall vest in full on the earlier of a) the first anniversary of the grant, or b) the date of the regular Annual Meeting of Stockholders held in the year following the grant date. A new director who receives an initial option will not receive an annual option in the same calendar year. Options granted under the 2000 Director Option Plan will have an option price not less than 100% of the fair value on the date of grant and will have a 10-year contractual term, subject to continuous service of the board member.Stockholders. On December 18, 2008, the Company’sCompany's Board of Directors passed resolutions eliminating all automatic stock option grant mechanisms under the 2000 Director Option Plan and replaced them with an automatic restricted stock unit grant mechanism under the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2015, theThe Company had reserved 594,403 shares for issuance under the 2000 Director Option Plan of which 505,646 shares were still available for grant.grant as of December 31, 2018. The 2000 Director Option Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee and the Compensation Committee may terminate or amend the plan, with approval of the stockholders as may be required by applicable law, at any time.
In September 2001, the Company adopted the 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan, under which non-statutory stock options and restricted shares/restricted stock units may be granted to consultants and employees who are not executive officers or board members, at not less than 85% of the fair value on the date of grant. Options granted prior to October 1, 2005 generally expire 10 years from the grant date, and options granted on or after October 1, 2005 will generally expire seven years from the grant date, subject to continuous service of the optionee. Current stock options granted under the 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan generally vest over four years. As of December 31, 2015, theThe Company had reserved a total of 1,494,275 shares for issuance under the 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan, of which 260,498 shares were still available for grant.grant as of December 31, 2018. The 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan is administered by
the Compensation Committee, and the plan will continue in effect indefinitely unless the Compensation Committee decides to terminate it earlier.
The 1998 Stock Plan, 2000 Equity Incentive Plan, 2000 Director Option Plan and 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan are collectively referred to as the “Equity"Equity Compensation Plans.”
| Number of shares outstanding | Weighted average exercise price per share | Weighted average remaining contractual life (years) | Aggregate intrinsic value (1) (dollars in thousands) | |||||||||
| Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2012 | 296,529 | $ | 68.68 | |||||||||
| Stock options exercised | (147,819 | ) | 63.66 | |||||||||
| Stock options canceled | (655 | ) | 3.06 | |||||||||
| Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2013 | 148,055 | 73.99 | ||||||||||
| Stock options exercised | (71,780 | ) | 72.44 | |||||||||
| Additional shares granted due to special distribution | 1,659 | — | ||||||||||
| Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2014 | 77,934 | 73.84 | ||||||||||
| Stock options exercised | (41,889 | ) | 64.18 | |||||||||
| Additional shares granted due to special distribution | 1,454 | — | ||||||||||
| Stock options expired | (250 | ) | 41.12 | |||||||||
| Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2015 | 37,249 | 82.06 | 1.72 | $ | 8,208 | |||||||
| Stock options vested and exercisable at December 31, 2015 | 37,249 | 82.06 | 1.72 | 8,208 | ||||||||
| Outstanding | Exercisable | ||||||||||||||
| Range of exercise prices | Number of shares | Weighted average remaining contractual life (years) | Weighted-average exercise price | Number of shares | Weighted-average exercise price | ||||||||||
| $28.56 to $54.22 | 1,631 | 2.88 | $ | 35.83 | 1,631 | $ | 35.83 | ||||||||
| $80.84 to $81.23 | 21,183 | 1.21 | 81.13 | 21,183 | 81.13 | ||||||||||
| $88.56 to $89.23 | 14,435 | 2.35 | 88.63 | 14,435 | 88.63 | ||||||||||
| 37,249 | 1.72 | 82.06 | 37,249 | 82.06 | |||||||||||
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
| Total fair value of stock options vested | $ | — | $ | 45 | $ | 485 | |||||
Total aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised (1) | 7,198 | 9,227 | 19,385 | ||||||||
"
Restricted Stock Units
Since 2008, the Company primarily grants restricted stock units to its employees, including executives and non-employee directors, in lieu of stock options. The Company generally grants restricted stock units that have a service condition only or have both a service and performance condition. Each restricted stock unit is not considered issued and outstanding and does not have voting rights until it is converted into one share of the Company’sCompany's common stock upon vesting. Restricted stock unit activity is summarized as follows:
| Number of shares outstanding | Weighted-average grant date fair value per share | Weighted-average remaining contractual life (years) | Aggregate intrinsic value (1) (dollars in thousands) | Number of Shares Outstanding | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) (Dollars in Thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 2012 | 1,583,840 | $ | 115.22 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units granted | 775,029 | 204.20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units released, vested | (738,767 | ) | 199.14 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units canceled | (110,720 | ) | 138.27 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted shares outstanding, December 31, 2013 | 1,509,382 | 122.05 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units granted | 803,692 | 190.90 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Additional shares granted due to special distribution | 48,171 | 224.45 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units released, vested | (703,393 | ) | 201.85 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units canceled | (253,878 | ) | 179.71 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted shares outstanding, December 31, 2014 | 1,403,974 | 114.56 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 2015 | 1,416,438 | $ | 148.53 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units granted | 711,990 | 236.89 | 720,601 | 309.18 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Additional shares granted due to special distribution | 51,432 | 297.03 | 37 | 297.03 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units released, vested | (623,554 | ) | 173.79 | (655,584 | ) | 213.72 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Special distribution shares released | (19,966 | ) | 227.99 | (35,354 | ) | 269.94 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units canceled | (103,922 | ) | 198.67 | (93,940 | ) | 242.41 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Special distribution shares canceled | (3,516 | ) | 235.43 | (4,319 | ) | 272.84 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted shares outstanding, December 31, 2015 | 1,416,438 | 148.53 | 1.21 | $ | 428,331 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 2016 | 1,347,879 | 192.59 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units granted | 658,196 | 389.60 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units released, vested | (606,064 | ) | 260.75 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Special distribution shares released | (15,667 | ) | 243.06 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units canceled | (79,451 | ) | 313.83 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Special distribution shares canceled | (1,002 | ) | 282.49 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 2017 | 1,303,891 | 252.30 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units granted | 704,249 | 387.31 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units released, vested | (593,528 | ) | 299.07 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Special distribution shares released | (13,880 | ) | 283.14 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units canceled | (173,460 | ) | 336.75 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Special distribution shares canceled | (485 | ) | 295.77 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 2018 | 1,226,787 | $ | 361.22 | 1.24 | $ | 432,516 | ||||||||||||||||||
F-52
EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
(1) | The intrinsic value is calculated based on the market value of the stock as of December 31, 2018. |
The total fair value of restricted stock units vested and released during the years ended December 31, 2015, 20142018, 2017 and 20132016 was $157,605,000, $141,980,000$249.8 million, $259.1 million and $147,119,000.$227.4 million, respectively.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In June 2004, the Company’sCompany's stockholders approved the adoption of the 2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2004"2004 Purchase Plan”Plan") as a successor plan to a previous plan that ceased activity in 2005. A total of 500,000 shares have been reserved for issuance under the 2004 Purchase Plan, and the number of shares available for issuance under the 2004 Purchase Plan automatically increased on January 1 each year, beginning in 2005 and ending in 2014 by the lesser of 2% of the shares of common stock then outstanding or 500,000 shares. Effective November 25, 2014, 3,197 shares were added to the 2004 Purchase Plan, representing an anti-dilutive adjustment pursuant to the 2014 Special Distribution. Effective November 10, 2015, 9,020 shares were added to the 2004 Purchase Plan, representing an anti-dilutive adjustment pursuant to the 2015 Special Distribution. As of December 31, 2015,2018, a total of 3,577,9113,120,425 shares remained available for purchase under the 2004 Purchase Plan. The 2004 Purchase
Plan permits eligible employees to purchase common stock on favorable terms via payroll deductions of up to 15% of the employee’semployee's cash compensation, subject to certain share and statutory dollar limits. Two overlapping offering periods commence during each calendar year, on each February 15 and August 15 or such other periods or dates as determined by the Compensation Committee from time to time, and the offering periods last up to 24 months with a purchase date every six months. The price of each share purchased is 85% of the lower of a) the fair value per share of common stock on the last trading day before the commencement of the applicable offering period or b) the fair value per share of common stock on the purchase date. The 2004 Purchase Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, and such plan will terminate automatically in June 2024 unless a) the 2004 Purchase Plan is extended by the Board of Directors and b) the extension is approved within 12 months by the Company’sCompany's stockholders.
The Company provides the following disclosures for the 2004 Purchase Plan as of December 31 (dollars, except shares):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average purchase price per share | $ | 150.13 | $ | 144.95 | $ | 108.97 | $ | 341.48 | $ | 250.65 | $ | 217.91 | ||||||||||
| Weighted average grant-date fair value per share of shares purchased | 57.63 | 53.37 | 41.30 | $ | 90.04 | $ | 72.21 | $ | 60.49 | |||||||||||||
| Number of shares purchased | 182,175 | 166,384 | 214,985 | 145,346 | 162,076 | 150,044 | ||||||||||||||||
The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of shares purchased under the 2004 Purchase Plan with the following weighted average assumptions forduring the years ended December 31:
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||
| Dividend yield | 2.65 - 2.81% | 0 | % | 0 | % | |||
| Expected volatility | 31 | % | 34 | % | 41 | % | ||
| Risk-free interest rate | 0.26 | % | 0.19 | % | 0.37 | % | ||
| Expected life (in years) | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | |||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||
| Range of dividend yield | 1.97 - 2.00% | 2.10 - 2.31% | 2.38 - 2.53% | |||||
| Range of risk-free interest rate | 1.79 - 2.68% | 0.70 - 1.35% | 0.48 - 0.76% | |||||
| Range of expected volatility | 19.04 - 24.33% | 16.42 - 24.27% | 18.80 - 30.94% | |||||
| Weighted-average expected volatility | 20.74 | % | 20.30 | % | 25.01 | % | ||
| Weighted average expected life (in years) | 1.43 | 1.52 | 1.41 | |||||
Stock-Based Compensation Recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Operations
The Company generally recognizes stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. However, for awards with market conditions or performance conditions, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each vesting tranche of the award.
As of December 31, 2015,2018, the total stock-based compensation cost related to unvested equity awards not yet recognized, net of estimated forfeitures, totaled $201,206,000$337.8 million which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.082.14 years.
The following table presents, by operating expense, the Company's stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company's consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenues | $ | 9,878 | $ | 8,511 | $ | 7,855 | $ | 18,247 | $ | 13,621 | $ | 13,086 | ||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | 36,847 | 30,084 | 26,538 | 53,448 | 50,094 | 43,030 | ||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | 86,908 | 79,395 | 68,547 | 109,021 | 111,785 | 100,032 | ||||||||||||||||
| $ | 133,633 | $ | 117,990 | $ | 102,940 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 180,716 | $ | 175,500 | $ | 156,148 | ||||||||||||||||
The Company’sCompany's stock-based compensation recognized in the consolidated statement of operations was comprised of the following types of equity awards for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||
| Stock options | $ | 1,679 | $ | 4,917 | $ | 3,456 | |||||
| Restricted shares and restricted stock units | 124,512 | 104,235 | 88,411 | ||||||||
| Employee stock purchase plan | 7,442 | 8,838 | 11,073 | ||||||||
| $ | 133,633 | $ | 117,990 | $ | 102,940 | ||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| Restricted stock units | $ | 165,141 | $ | 164,321 | $ | 145,769 | |||||
| Employee stock purchase plan | 15,575 | 11,179 | 10,379 | ||||||||
| Total | $ | 180,716 | $ | 175,500 | $ | 156,148 | |||||
| 14. | Income Taxes |
Income (loss) before income taxes is attributable to the following geographic locations for the years ended December 31, (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||||
| Domestic | $ | 123,153 | $ | (46,876 | ) | $ | (28,362 | ) | $ | 298,009 | $ | 148,500 | $ | 215,010 | ||||||||
| Foreign | 87,845 | 131,609 | 140,641 | 135,029 | 138,332 | (55,151 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Income before income taxes and income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests | $ | 210,998 | $ | 84,733 | $ | 112,279 | ||||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations before income taxes | $ | 433,038 | $ | 286,832 | $ | 159,859 | ||||||||||||||||
The tax benefit (expenses) for income taxes consisted of the following components for the years ended December 31, (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||||
| Current: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Federal | $ | (85,352 | ) | $ | (98,445 | ) | $ | (100,035 | ) | $ | 7,085 | $ | 9,346 | $ | (16,365 | ) | ||||||
| State and local | (3,984 | ) | (16,243 | ) | (15,260 | ) | (2,663 | ) | (849 | ) | (2,147 | ) | ||||||||||
| Foreign | (27,090 | ) | (31,844 | ) | (29,377 | ) | (118,175 | ) | (109,032 | ) | (62,278 | ) | ||||||||||
| Subtotal | (116,426 | ) | (146,532 | ) | (144,672 | ) | (113,753 | ) | (100,535 | ) | (80,790 | ) | ||||||||||
| Deferred: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Federal | 87,801 | (177,877 | ) | 111,721 | (27,874 | ) | 9,684 | (11,184 | ) | |||||||||||||
| State and local | 4,600 | (21,539 | ) | 17,044 | (1,165 | ) | 2,018 | (3,328 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Foreign | 801 | 489 | (249 | ) | 75,113 | 34,983 | 49,851 | |||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | 93,202 | (198,927 | ) | 128,516 | 46,074 | 46,685 | 35,339 | |||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | $ | (23,224 | ) | $ | (345,459 | ) | $ | (16,156 | ) | $ | (67,679 | ) | $ | (53,850 | ) | $ | (45,451 | ) | ||||
State and foreign taxes not based on income are included in general and administrative expenses and the aggregate amounts were insignificantnot significant for the years ended December 31, 2015, 20142018, 2017 and 2013.2016.
F-54
EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
The fiscal 2015, 20142018, 2017 and 20132016 income tax expensebenefit (expenses) differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21%, 35% and 35%, respectively, to pre-tax income as a result of the following for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
| 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||||||||||
| Federal tax at statutory rate | $ | (73,849 | ) | $ | (29,657 | ) | $ | (39,298 | ) | $ | (90,938 | ) | $ | (100,391 | ) | $ | (55,951 | ) | ||||
| State and local taxes | 945 | 1,370 | 7,435 | |||||||||||||||||||
| State and local tax (expense) benefit | (3,616 | ) | 1,000 | (4,895 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets generated in current year not benefited | (4,916 | ) | (3,311 | ) | (4,777 | ) | (3,777 | ) | (7,643 | ) | (6,246 | ) | ||||||||||
| Foreign income tax rate differential | 30,387 | 20,002 | 21,392 | (4,072 | ) | 26,151 | 22,016 | |||||||||||||||
| Non-deductible expenses | (14,252 | ) | (1,274 | ) | (2,525 | ) | (756 | ) | (2,629 | ) | (15,828 | ) | ||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | (3,922 | ) | (4,496 | ) | (3,273 | ) | (2,308 | ) | (616 | ) | (5,890 | ) | ||||||||||
| Change in valuation allowance | 710 | 1,655 | 1,362 | 38,684 | (716 | ) | 11,995 | |||||||||||||||
| Foreign financing benefits | 2,592 | 2,981 | 4,303 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign financing activities | (17,548 | ) | 1,319 | (26,708 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| Loss on debt extinguishment | — | (1,604 | ) | (8,288 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| Gain on divestments | — | — | 8,828 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Uncertain tax positions reserve | (3,191 | ) | (463 | ) | 2,952 | (20,440 | ) | (66 | ) | (9,371 | ) | |||||||||||
| Statutory rate change due to REIT conversion | 45,823 | (324,142 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Tax adjustments related to REIT | 32,189 | 41,973 | 45,060 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Enactment of the US tax reform | — | (6,513 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other, net | (3,551 | ) | (8,124 | ) | (3,727 | ) | 4,903 | (4,115 | ) | (173 | ) | |||||||||||
| Total income tax expense | $ | (23,224 | ) | $ | (345,459 | ) | $ | (16,156 | ) | $ | (67,679 | ) | $ | (53,850 | ) | $ | (45,451 | ) | ||||