UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
__________________________
FORM 10-K
xANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20182021
OR
¨TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _____________ to _____________
Commission file number 000-31293001-40205
______________________
eqix-20211231_g1.jpg
EQUINIX, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware77-0487526
(State of incorporation)(IRS Employer Identification No.)
One Lagoon Drive, Redwood City, California 94065
(Address of principal executive offices, including ZIP code)
(650) 598-6000
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading SymbolName of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001EQIXThe NASDAQNasdaq Stock Market LLC
0.250% Senior Notes due 2027The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
1.000% Senior Notes due 2033The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Act. Yes  x  No  ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes  ¨   No  x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  x   No¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes  x   No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer"filer," "smaller reporting company," and "smaller reporting"emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filerAccelerated filer
Large accelerated filer  x
Accelerated filer  o
Non-accelerated filero
Smaller reporting companyo
Emerging growth company¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes   ¨  No  x
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common stock was last sold as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter was approximately $34.2$72.0 billion. As of February 21, 2019,17, 2022, a total of 80,865,43190,721,039 shares of the registrant's common stock were outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Part III – Portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement to be issued in conjunction with the registrant's 20192022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed not later than 120 days after the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.2021. Except as expressly incorporated by reference, the registrant's proxy statement shall not be deemed to be a part of this report on Form 10-K.






EQUINIX, INC.
FORM 10-K
DECEMBER 31, 2018
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PART I
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ITEM 1.BUSINESS
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PARTI
Forward-Looking Statements
The words "Equinix", "we", "our", "ours", "us" and the "Company" refer to Equinix, Inc. All statements in this discussion that are not historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including statements regarding Equinix's "expectations", "beliefs", "intentions", "strategies", "forecasts", "predictions", "plans" or the like. Such statements are based on management's current expectations and are subject to a number of factors and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. Equinix cautions investors that there can be no assurance that actual results or business conditions will not differ materially from those projected or suggested in such forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to, the risk factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Equinix expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in Equinix's expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions, or circumstances on which any such statements are based.
Overview
Equinix, Inc. connects moreSummary of Risk Factors
Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties that make an investment in our securities speculative or risky, any one of which could materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition or business. These risks include, but are not limited to, those listed below. This list is not complete, and should be read together with the section titled “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the other filings that we make with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

Risks Related to Our Business and Our Operations

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic could have a negative effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We experienced an information technology security breach in the past and may be vulnerable to future security breaches, which could disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation and financial condition.
Terrorist activity, or other acts of violence, including violence stemming from the current climate of political and economic uncertainty, could adversely impact our business.
Our offerings have a long sales cycle that may harm our revenue and results of operations.
Any failure of our physical infrastructure or negative impact on our ability to meet our obligations to our customers or damage to customer infrastructure within our IBX data centers, could lead to significant costs and disruptions that could reduce our revenue and harm our business reputation and financial condition.
We are currently making significant investments in our back-office information technology systems and processes. Difficulties from or disruptions to these efforts may interrupt our normal operations and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
The level of insurance coverage that we purchase may prove to be inadequate.
The use of high power density equipment may limit our ability to fully utilize our older IBX data centers.
If we are unable to implement our evolving organizational structure or if we are unable to recruit or retain key executives and qualified personnel, our business could be harmed.
We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors.
If we cannot continue to develop, acquire, market and provide new offerings or enhancements to existing offerings that meet customer requirements and differentiate us from our competitors, our results of operations could suffer.
Our results of operations may fluctuate.
Our days sales outstanding ("DSO") may be negatively impacted by process and system upgrades and acquisitions.
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We may incur goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges, or impairment charges to our property, plant and equipment, which could result in a significant reduction to our earnings.
We have incurred substantial losses in the past and may incur additional losses in the future.
The failure to obtain favorable terms when we renew our IBX data center leases, or the failure to renew such leases, could harm our business and results of operations.
We depend on a number of third parties to provide internet connectivity to our IBX data centers; if connectivity is interrupted or terminated, our results of operations and cash flow could be materially and adversely affected.
We have government customers, which subjects us to risks including early termination, audits, investigations, sanctions and penalties.
Because we depend on the development and growth of a balanced customer base, including key magnet customers, failure to attract, grow and retain this base of customers could harm our business and results of operations.
Industry consolidation may have a negative impact on our business model.
Our business could be harmed by increased costs to procure power, prolonged power outages, shortages or capacity constraints.

Risks Related to Our Expansion Plans

Our construction of new IBX data centers or IBX data center expansions could involve significant risks to our business.
Acquisitions present many risks, and we may not realize the financial or strategic goals that were contemplated at the time of any transaction.
The anticipated benefits of our joint ventures may not be fully realized or take longer to realize than 9,800 companies directlyexpected.
Joint venture investments could expose us to theirrisks and liabilities in connection with the formation of the new joint ventures, the operation of such joint ventures without sole decision-making authority, and our reliance on joint venture partners who may have economic and business interests that are inconsistent with our business interests.
If we cannot effectively manage our international operations, and successfully implement our international expansion plans, or comply with evolving laws and regulations, our revenues may not increase, and our business and results of operations would be harmed.
We are continuing to invest in our expansion efforts but may not have sufficient customer demand in the future to realize expected returns on these investments.

Risks Related to Our Capital Needs and Capital Strategy

Our substantial debt could adversely affect our cash flows and limit our flexibility to raise additional capital.
Sales or issuances of shares of our common stock may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
If we are not able to generate sufficient operating cash flows or obtain external financing, our ability to fund incremental expansion plans may be limited.
Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates in the markets in which we operate internationally could harm our results of operations.
Our derivative transactions expose us to counterparty credit risk.

Risks Related to Environmental Laws and Climate Change Impacts

Environmental regulations may impose upon us new or unexpected costs.
Our business may be adversely affected by climate change and responses to it.
We may fail to achieve our environmental goals which may adversely affect public perception of our business and affect our relationship with our customers and partners across the world's most interconnected data centerour stockholders.
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Risks Related to Certain Regulations and interconnection platform. Platform Equinix® combinesLaws, Including Tax Laws

Changes in U.S. or foreign tax laws, regulations, or interpretations thereof, including changes to tax rates, may adversely affect our financial statements and cash taxes.
Government regulation or failure to comply with laws and regulations may adversely affect our business.

Risks Related to Our Taxation as a global footprintREIT

We have a number of state-of-the-art International Business Exchange™ (IBX®) data centers, a variety of interconnection solutions, unique business and digital ecosystems and expert support. Today, businesses leverage the Equinix interconnection platform in 52 strategic markets across the Americas, Asia-Pacific, and Europe, the Middle East and Africa ("EMEA"). Equinix operatesrisks related to our qualification as a real estate investment trust for federal income tax purposes ("REIT")., including the risk that we may not be able to maintain our qualification as a REIT which could expose us to substantial corporate income tax and have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
ITEM 1.Business
Overview: Powering the World’s Digital Leaders
Equinix is the world's digital infrastructure companyTM. Digital leaders harness our trusted platform to bring together and interconnect the foundational infrastructure that powers their success. We electedenable our customers to be taxedaccess all the right places, partners and possibilities they need to accelerate their advantage. Platform Equinix® combines a global footprint of International Business Exchange™ ("IBX®") data centers in the Americas ("AMER"), Asia-Pacific ("APAC"), and Europe, the Middle East and Africa ("EMEA") regions, interconnection solutions, edge services, unique business and digital ecosystems and expert consulting and support. Equinix was incorporated on June 22, 1998 as a Delaware corporation and operates as a REIT for federal income tax purposes beginning with our 2015 taxable year. As of December 31, 2018, our REIT structure included all of ourpurposes.
Al Avery and Jay Adelson founded Equinix as a vendor-neutral multi-tenant data center operations in the United States ("U.S."MTDC"), Canada, Japan, provider where competing networks could connect and theshare data center operations in EMEA with the exception of Bulgaria, United Arab Emirates and a portion of Turkey. Our data center operations in other jurisdictions are operated as taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRSs").
Careful, steady expansion has been keytraffic to Equinix's growth strategy since our founding, as we seek to offer our customers interconnection opportunities ahead of demand. In April 2018, Equinix purchased the 1.6 million-square foot Infomart Building™ in Dallas, including its operations and tenants, where we had already been operating four Equinix data centers. In the same month, we closed our acquisition of Australian data center provider Metronode and its 10 data centers.
In September 2018, Equinix named Charles Meyers President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company. Meyers also joined Equinix's Board of Directors. Meyers succeeded Peter Van Camp, who had served as interim CEO since January 2018. Upon Meyers' appointment as CEO, Van Camp resumed his role as Executive Chairman of the Equinix Board of Directors, a position he has held since 2005. Meyers joined Equinix in 2010 as President, Equinix Americas, leading our most profitable region through a time of significant growth and strong operating performance. Meyers then served as the Chief Operating Officer at Equinix, where he led the Global Sales, Marketing, Operations and Customer Success teams. For the past year, he was President, Strategy, Services and Innovation (SSI) leading Equinix's strategic business teams including Corporate Strategy, Technology Innovation, Product Management and Engineering. Under Meyers' leadership, SSI worked to optimize our position as a cloud enabler, identify key growth areas, and evolve our offerings in response to market, competitive and technology trends.
Industry Background
The internet is a collection of numerous independent networks interconnected to form a network of networks. Users on different networks communicate with each other through interconnection between these networks. For example, when a person sends an email to someone who uses a different provider for his or her connectivity (e.g. Comcast versus AT&T), the email must pass from one network to the other to get to its final destination. A data center provides a physical point at which that interconnection can occur.

To accommodatehelp scale the rapid growth of internet trafficthe early internet. The company’s name, Equinix (composed from the words "equality", "neutrality" and "internet exchange"), reflects that was occurringvision. The founders also believed they not only had the opportunity but also the responsibility to create a company that would be the steward of some of the most important digital infrastructure assets in the early yearsworld. Two decades later, we have expanded upon that vision to build Platform Equinix, with unmatched scale and reach.
Our interconnected data centers around the world allow our customers to bring together and interconnect the infrastructure they need to fast-track their digital advantage. With Equinix, they can scale with agility, speed the launch of digital services, deliver world-class experiences and multiply their value. We enable them to differentiate by distributing infrastructure and removing the internet, an organized approachdistance between clouds, users and applications in order to reduce latency and deliver a superior customer, partner and employee experience. The Equinix global platform, and the quality of our IBX data centers, interconnection offerings and edge services, have enabled us to establish a critical mass of customers. As more customers choose Platform Equinix for network interconnection was needed. This wasbandwidth cost and performance reasons, it benefits their suppliers and business partners to colocate in the start of the network era, when networks gained mutual advantage by exchangingsame data traffic on interoperable platforms. The exchange of traffic between these networks became known as peering, which is when networks agree to trade traffic at relatively equal amounts, often at no charge to the other party. At first, governmentcenters and nonprofit organizations established places where these networks could peerconnect directly with each other. These points were known asThis adjacency creates a network access points, or NAPs. Over time, many NAPs became a natural extensioneffect that attracts new customers, continuously compounds our existing customers' value and enables them to capture further economic and performance benefits from our offerings.
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In 2021, we opened nine new IBX data centers, opened six new xScaleTM data centers via our joint ventures, and were run by companies such as MFS (now a partentered three new markets resulting in an increase in our total number of Verizon Business), Sprint, AmeritechIBX and Pacific Bell (the latter two now partxScale data center facilities to 240, which includes the MU4 and GN1 data centers which opened in January 2022. 2021 highlights include:
New data center openings included nine new IBX sites in the following metros: Bordeaux, Frankfurt, Genoa, Milan, Munich, Osaka, Perth, Silicon Valley and Singapore, with Bordeaux and Genoa being new market entries.
Six additional xScale sites opened in 2021 in Frankfurt, London, Osaka, Paris, Sao Paulo and Tokyo, bringing the total number of AT&T).
Ultimately, these NAPs were unablexScale data centers to scale witheight. xScale data centers serve the growthneeds of the internet, and the lack of "neutrality" by the carrier owners of these NAPs created a conflict of interest with the participants. This created a market need for network-neutral interconnection points that could accommodate the rapidly growing demand to increase performance for enterprise and consumer users of the internet, especially with the rise of important content providers such as AOL, Microsoft, Yahoo! and others. In addition, the providers, as well as a growing number of enterprises, required a more secure and reliable solution for direct connection to a variety of telecommunications networks, as the importance of their internet operations continued to grow. These were the seeds of the connected era, when peering expanded exponentially among new players, and access to information anytime and anywhere became the norm.
To accommodate internet traffic growth, the largest networks left the NAPs and began connecting and trading traffic by placing private circuits between each other. Peering, which once occurred at the NAP locations, was moved to these private circuits. Over the years, these circuits became expensive to expand and could not be built quickly enough to accommodate traffic growth. This led to a need by the large carriers to find a more efficient way to peer. The multi-tenant or colocationhyperscale data center was introduced to meet this need. Today, many customers satisfy their requirements for peering through data center providers like Equinix because this strategy permits them to peer withmarket, including the networks within one location, using simple, direct and secure connections. Their ability to peer within a data center or across a data center campus, instead of across a metro area, has increased the scalability of their operations while decreasing network costs.
The interconnection model has further evolved over the years to include new offerings, as the collaborative landscape of the interconnected era imposes new demands for connectivity that facilitates more scalable interactive and real-time digital interconnections. Enterprises are becoming increasingly interdependent and cloud- and digital-enabled, and to compete they need real-time data exchange and reliable, instant connections between and across any given digital ecosystem. Starting with the peering and network communities, interconnection has been used for new network solutions, including carrier Ethernet, multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), virtual private networks (VPNs), and mobile services, in addition to traditional international private line and voice services. The data center industry is working to keep up with the rapid digital transformation of today's businesses, and it continues to evolve with a set of new network offerings (such as SDN, blockchain and 5G) where interconnection is often used to solve any challenge using both physical and virtual networks, across geographic boundaries.
In addition, the enterprise customer segment is also evolving. In the past, most enterprises opted to keep their data center requirements in-house. However, current trends are leading more enterprise chief information officers (CIOs) to either outsource their data center requirements, and/or extend their corporate wide area networks (WANs) into carrier-neutral colocation facilities where there are dense ecosystems of network,world's largest cloud and IT service providers, and business partnersare engineered to meet the technical and operational requirements and price points of core hyperscale workload deployments. xScale data centers also offer access to our comprehensive suite of interconnection and edge services that enterprisestie into the hyperscale companies' existing access points at Equinix, thereby increasing the speed of connectivity to their existing and future enterprise customers. In xScale sites, hyperscale companies can consolidate core and access point deployments into one global provider to streamline and simplify their growth.
In December, we announced our expansion into Africa through the planned acquisition of MainOne, a leading West African data center and connectivity solutions provider, with presence in Nigeria, Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. The transaction has an enterprise value of $320 million and marks the first step in Equinix's long-term strategy to become a leading African carrier neutral digital infrastructure company. The acquisition is expected to close in Q2 of 2022, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions including the requisite regulatory approvals.
In September, we announced that we extended Platform Equinix into the strategic Indian market, following the completion of the acquisition of the India operations of GPX Global Systems, Inc. ("GPX India"). The $170.5 million transaction includes a fiber-connected campus in Mumbai with two data centers. The expansion into India is intended to unlock opportunities for Indian businesses expanding internationally and for multinational corporations pursuing growth and innovation in the Indian market.
In June, we entered into an agreement to form another joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with GIC, Singapore’s sovereign wealth fund, to develop and operate additional xScaleTM data centers in Europe and the Americas (the “EMEA 2 Joint Venture”). In October, we also entered into an agreement to form a joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with PGIM Real Estate ("PGIM"), to develop and operate xScaledata centers in Asia-Pacific (the "Asia-Pacific 2 Joint Venture"). Combined with our existing xScale joint ventures in Europe, Asia-Pacific and the Americas, these joint ventures will bring our global xScale data center portfolio to more than $7.5 billion across 34 facilities when completed and fully constructed.
In June, we opened our first data center in Bordeaux, France ("BX1"). With direct fiber links to Equinix's International Business Exchange™ (IBX®) sites in Paris, this new facility will provide global businesses and local authorities located in the region with the ability to connect directly and securely interactto the world's digital economy, via comprehensive digital ecosystems. Increasing connectivity opportunities further, BX1 will provide a landing hub for the new submarine cable, AMITIE, which will link France to the United States and Great Britain, creating a new European gateway for data traffic between the United States and Europe.
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In March, we announced that Equinix Metal™ had significantly advanced its global scale, features and ability to enable as a service consumption of the full value of Platform Equinix®. With these new and enhanced capabilities, Equinix Metal customers can consume interconnected infrastructure with the control of physical hardware and the low overhead and developer experience of the cloud, helping them move faster in real-time.today's competitive environment. This announcement also included the expanded availability of Equinix Metal in 18 global metros, the addition of new networking features to support hybrid multicloud architectures, the certification of new software integrations on Equinix Metal and the launch of a managed appliance as a service solution.
Industry Trends: Large-scale global trends are driving a digital-first strategy
Digital transformation is changing where and how businesses deploy and deliver IT services to employees and is creating new digital business models for partners and customers. The following are macro, technologyconvergence of these global trends and regulatorythe impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic have created additional pressure for many companies to transform. The collective influence of these trends that are forcing enterprises and service providers across all industries to rethink their IT architectures to decreaseis driving complexity and cost, and seize new opportunitiesrisk that must be addressed in multiple locations for companies to effectively compete successfully asin the global digital businesses:economy. These trends include:
The Digital businesstransformationservices trend is becoming a global phenomenon. Accordingthe continued digitizing of the back office to IDC, by 2021 at least 50%support digital business throughput. By 2022, 65% of global GDP will be digitized,digitalized, and most organizations will realize greater value by combining digitization and sustainability. This trend forces the need for a digital infrastructure optimized for proximity to, and interconnection with, networks and clouds. This in turn enables digital development with elastic scale and has contributed to a 3x increase in the multicloud, multiregion adoption rate over the last two years as businesses scale the digital core.
The Digital participation trend is digitizing trade and accessing digital marketplaces (digital B2B commerce). By 2025, 75% of organization leaders will leverage digital platforms and ecosystem capabilities to adapt their value chains to new markets, industries and ecosystems. This forces the need for organizations to interconnect digital infrastructure with research communities, supply chains and marketplaces, which enables composable business models. The fifth annual Global Interconnection Index ("GXI"), a market study published by Equinix, shows that SaaS is now the largest IT spend line item as companies move to public and private SaaS alternatives. Organizations that fail to leverage cloud, SaaS or partner digital ecosystems have shown two to three times slower growth over the past two years.
The Digital proximity trend means digitizing the front office for localized and personalized delivery—to customers, employees and operations where business happens, as well as digitizing the physical world for the physical infrastructure and operations intelligence needed to optimize commercial and environmental impact. Data shows that shifts in every industrypopulation and commerce centers will be drivenresult in over 50% of new infrastructure being local by digitally enhanced offerings, operations2023, which will require a digital infrastructure in proximity to, and relationships. Interconnection becomesinterconnecting, experiences, things (IoT) and intelligent operations.
These trends are accelerating the need for companies like Equinix who can provide a key building block forsecure, agile global business platform that leverages digital business along that journey becauseinterconnection—or private data exchange—to deliver real-time interactions between people, things, locations, clouds and dataaround the world.
As part of their digital transformation, businesses in most industries are critical in a digital age.

Urbanization is increasing in the majority of metros worldwide. Today, about 55% of the world's population lives in urban areas, and that will grow to 68% by 2050, accordingshifting their centralized IT infrastructures to the United Nations. With so many people so close together,edge to bring digital services must be increasingly concentrated and closecloser to users so companies can deliver the connectivity their users expect. Interconnection brings applications, data, content and networking into proximity in these densely populated areas. It allows companies to deliver on their service promises, even as demand keeps growing.


Cybersecurity has increased in frequency, scope and complexity in our more closely connected world. In fact, a large-scale cybersecurity breach is one of the most serious risks facing companies today. Ernst & Young projects the global cost of cybersecurity breaches will reach $6.0 trillion by 2021. Companies need to strengthen their defenses, even as they increase their vulnerability by distributing their data across a variety of sources and users. To do that, businesses need their security controls to be distributed as well, leveraging interconnection out at the edge where most traffic exchange is happening. The direct, private nature of interconnection also increases data protection and lowers the risk of being compromised.

Data Compliancefor better performance, which has become a mandate among businesses aroundsignificant driver of digital business value. To realize the world. The digital economy may be global, but more countries are regulating the data at the heartfull potential of the digital economyedge, IT organizations require greater interconnection bandwidth. Interconnection bandwidth is defined as the total capacity provisioned to privately and prescribing enhanced rules around personaldirectly exchange traffic, with a diverse set of partners and providers, at distributed IT exchange points inside carrier-neutral colocation data protections (e.g., GDPR). But remaining compliant is about more than following the rules. In a Thompson Reuters survey, 69% of respondents said successful compliance efforts can drive up business efficiency and effectiveness by enabling greater focus on value-added activities. The need to address compliance drivescenters. Private interconnection because it enables companies to link their data storage, analytics and cloudscapacity between businesses, as reported in the same business region. That data can stay proximate, and local if required by regulations, but still be accessed globallyGXI, is anticipated to meet business requirements.

Business Ecosystemsare becoming the life-blood of digital business. Gartner predicts that by 2021, the number of organizations usinggrow at a mix of intermediaries will more than double, and that active engagement by these organizations with industries in ecosystems outside their native industry will nearly triple. The reason is that digital trade flows are creating global business and data processes that involve an increasing variety of customers, partners and employees. Interconnection securely and efficiently connects all the players in all these business ecosystems, as those ecosystems expand in depth and number
Other trends that we see impacting our customers' IT strategies include:
The need for businesses and organizations to create a "digital edge" - where commerce, population centers and digital ecosystems meet. A more geographically distributed IT infrastructure is needed to support the digital operations that now cover every global region and every aspect of today's global businesses.

The growth of "proximity communities" that rely on immediate physical colocation and interconnection with strategic partners and customers. Examples include financial exchange ecosystems for electronic trading and settlement, media and content provider ecosystems, and ecosystems for real-time bidding and fulfillment of internet advertising.

The Internet of Things (IoT), big data infrastructures, artificial intelligence (AI) and the emergence of 5G high-speed mobile and wireless networks, which are creating unprecedented quantities of data that fuel digital business.

The accelerating adoption and ubiquitous nature of cloud computing technology services, in particular hybrid/multiclouds, along with enterprise cloud service offerings such as Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and security and disaster recovery services.

The continuing growth of consumer internet traffic from new bandwidth-intensive services (e.g., video, voice over IP, social media, mobile data, gaming, data-rich media), Ethernet and wireless services, as well as new devices (e.g., wearables, home assistances, AR/VR headsets). These devices and services also increase the requirements for anytime, anywhere and any device interconnection out at the edge to improve the performance, security, scalability and reliability of interconnecting people, locations, clouds, data and things.

Significant increases in power and cooling requirements for today's data center equipment. New generations of servers and storage devices continue to concentrate processing capability and the associated power consumption and cooling load into smaller footprints; and many legacy-built data centers are unable to accommodate these new power and cooling demands. The high capital costs associated with building and maintaining "in-sourced" data centers creates an opportunity for capital savings by leveraging an outsourced colocation model.
Industry analysts project the compound annual growth rate of the global carrier neutral colocation market to be approximately 8.4% between 2018 and 2022.44% by 2024, reaching 21,485+ terabits per second of data exchanged annually.
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Worldwide Interconnection Bandwidth Capacity Growth (2020 - 2024) in Terabits per Second (Tbps)
eqix-20211231_g3.jpg
Source: GXI Volume 5
Equinix Value PropositionBusiness Proposition: To be the platform where the world comes together, enabling the innovations that enrich our work, life and planet
Equinix's global platform for digital business offers these unique value propositionsIn 2021, we continued to customers:

Reach Everywhere
With Platform Equinix, enterprises and service providers can deploy digital infrastructure anywhere they need to be. Customers are quickly and easily able to place applications,build new data security and networking controls next to users, clouds and networks in major metros globally. With one global partner, our customers are able to reduce complexity and accelerate time to market while relying on the consistency of a proven worldwidecenter, interconnection and data center leader.
Interconnect Everyone
Businesses operating on Platform Equinix will be able to discover and reach anyone on demand, through one connection to the world, by directly connecting physically or virtually to customers, partners, providers and between their points of presence. This gives our customers theedge services capabilities to reach everyone they needfurther our vision to from one place and to simplify, scale and dynamically adapt theirpower the world’s digital infrastructures to keep pace with rapidly changing business demands.
Integrate Everything
leaders. On Platform Equinix, our customers are able to activate their digital edge through leading technology tools, partners and services. By leveraging software controls and expert advisors, service providers and enterprisesleaders can dynamically design, implement and manage their digital edge. They can also secure, view, control and manage hybrid IT environments to seamlessly scale digital integration across their business.
More than 9,800 companies, including a diversified mix of cloud and IT service providers, content providers, enterprises, financial companies, and network and mobile service providers, currently operate within Equinix IBX data centers. These companies derive specific value fromreach the following elements of the Equinix platform offering:
Interconnection leadership: Themost strategic global digital economy's demands for fast, secure business collaboration creates a need for interconnection across Equinix's global platform. As this digital journey intensifies, businesses are creating new commerce and collaboration models to compete. Success in this fast-moving world can be facilitated by a single interconnection platform for digital business that is connected physically and virtually around the world. Companies that can deploy an interconnected digital infrastructure can connect broadly and securely scale the integration of their business at the digital edge.
Cloud access and expertise:Equinix is home to more than 2,900 cloud and IT service providers and a variety of secure routes to the efficiencies, performance and cost-savings of the cloud. The Equinix Cloud Exchange Fabric™ ("ECX Fabric") offers on-demand access to multiple cloud providers from multiple networks, enabling customers to design scalable cloud services tailored to their needs at a given moment. In 2018, Equinix undertook the next phase in the evolution of Platform Equinix to achieve the direct physical and virtual connection of its IBX data centers around the world. This advance enables our customers to connect on demand to any other customer from any Equinix location, equipping digital businesses to scale their operations rapidly acrossmarkets with the largest markets globally. On the ECX Fabric, customers do not have to beecosystem of digital partners, with infrastructure that assembles and deploys virtually in the same IBX data center as their cloud provider(s); they can remotely access cloud services as if they were physically close to the provider. Equinix Professional Services for Cloud experts enable our customers to successfully deployminutes. We offer a mix of private, public, hybrid and multicloud environments over a global interconnected cloud fabric to best fit their business and customer requirements.
Comprehensive global solution: With 200 IBX data centers in 52 markets in the Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific, Equinix offers a consistent, interconnected global solution.
Premium data centers and expertise: Equinix IBX data centers feature advanced design, security, power and cooling, and data center infrastructure management (DCIM) elements to provide customers with industry-leading visibility and reliability, including average uptime of 99.9999% globally in 2018. Equinix Professional Services offers practical guidance and proven solutions to help customers optimize their data center architecture.
Dynamic interconnected business ecosystems: Equinix's network- and cloud-neutral model has enabled us to attract a critical mass of networks and cloud and IT services providers, and that, in turn, attracts other businesses seeking to interconnect within a single location or across metros. This local ecosystem model leverages lower networking costs and optimizes the performance of data exchange. At the same time, the ECX Fabric enables private access to remote business ecosystems in regionally distributed IBX data centers to further reduce long-distance networking costs and deliver high performance. As Equinix grows and attracts an ever-more diversified base of customers, the value of Equinix's IBX interconnected data center offering increases.

Improved economics: Customers seeking to outsource their data center operations rather than build their own capital-intensive data centers enjoy significant capital cost savings. Customers also benefit from improved economics because of the broad access to networks and clouds that Equinix provides. Rather than purchasing often costly local loops from multiple transit providers, customers can connect directly to more than 1,800 networks and 2,900 cloud and IT service providers inside Equinix's IBX data centers.
Leading interconnection insight: After more than 20 years in the industry, Equinix has a specialized staff of industry experts, professional services specialists and solutions architects who helped build and shape the interconnection infrastructure of the internet, and who are now positioned to do the same for digital businesses. This specialization and industry knowledge base offers customers unique expertise and the competitive advantage needed to compete in the global digital economy.
Lasting sustainability: Energy efficiency and environmental sustainability are a part of everything we do, whether we're building new data centers or upgrading existing facilities. We have committed to design, build and operate our data centers with high energy efficiency standards, and we have a long-term goal of using 100% clean and renewable energy across our global platform.
Our Strategy
Our objective is to expand our global leadership position as the premier network and cloud-neutral data center and interconnection platform for enterprises, cloud and IT services providers, media and content companies, financial services firms, IoT and big data providers, and network and mobile services providers. These are the key components of our strategy:
Improve customer performance through global interconnection. To best succeed in today's digital economy, enterprises around the world must adopt globally interconnected, on-demand digital IT architectures. The business connections forged in Equinix data centers through the power of interconnection are vital to accelerating our customers' businesses. To help companies understand, deploy and benefit fromglobalinterconnection, Equinix has created a blueprint for becoming an interconnected enterprise - the Interconnection Oriented Architecture® (IOA®) strategy. Based on work with many Fortune 500 customers, our IOA framework is an engagement model that both enterprises and solution providers can leverage to directly and securely connect people, locations, clouds and data. An IOA strategy shifts the fundamental IT delivery architecture from siloed and centralized to interconnected and distributed. Since the introduction of its IOA strategy, Equinix has created the "IOA Playbook" and "IOA Knowledge Base™," which were developed from our aggregated learnings across more than 600 Equinix customer (enterprise and service provider) deployments. These tools are offered online at no charge to any organization and provide fundamental, repeatable steps that organizations can take to deploy an IOA strategy across common digital workloads. They offer application blueprints for networks, security, data and applications, as well as for various use cases including ecosystems, analytics, content delivery, collaboration, hybrid multicloud and the IoT.
When combined with Equinix's critical mass of network and cloud providers and content companies, the increasing rate of adoption of an IOA strategy by the world's enterprise companies enables Equinix to extend its leadership as one of the core interconnection hubs of the information-driven, digital world. The density of providers inside Equinix is a key selling point for companies looking to connect with a diverse set of networks and deliver the best connectivity to their end customers at the digital edge, as well as to network companies that want to sell bandwidth to companies and efficiently interconnect with other networks. Equinix currently houses more than 1,800 unique networks, including the top-tier networks, which allow customers to directly interconnect with providers that best meet their unique price and performance needs. We have a growing mass of key players in cloud and IT services (Amazon Web Services, AT&T, Google Cloud Platform, Microsoft Azure and Office 365, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, SAP HANA Enterprise Cloud and SAP Cloud Platform, Salesforce.com, IBM Cloud and VMware Cloud), and in the enterprise and financial/insurance sectors (Anheuser-Busch, Aon, Bloomberg, Deloitte, Ericsson, Ford Motors, NASDAQ, PayPal, Sysco Foods and The Society of Lloyd's) as customers. We expect these customer segments will continue to grow as customers seek to leverage our density of network providers and interconnect directly with each other to improve performance.
Streamline ease of doing business globally. Customers say data center reliability, power availability and network choice are the most important attributes they consider when choosing a data center provider in a particular location. We have long been recognized as a leader in these areas.
In 2018, more than half of our revenue came from customers with deployments in all three of our global regions, and we expect global solutions to become an increasingly important data center selection criteria as the need for globally interconnected, on-demand digital IT architectures continues to grow. We continue to focus on strategic acquisitions to expand our market coverage and on global product standardization, pricing and contracts harmonization initiatives to meet these global demands.

Deepen existing ecosystems and develop new ones. As various enterprises and service and content providers locate in our IBX data centers, their suppliers and business partners benefit by doing the same, and they gain the full economic and performance benefits of direct, global interconnection for their business ecosystems. These partners, in turn, pull in their business partners, creating a "network effect" of customer adoption. Our interconnection offerings enable scalable, secure, reliable and cost-effective interconnectivity and optimized traffic exchange, which lowers overall costs and increases flexibility. The ability to directly and globally interconnect with a wide variety of companies is a key differentiator for us and enables companies to create new opportunities within unique ecosystems by working together. We also have efficient and innovative internet and cloud exchange platforms in our IBX sites to accelerate commercial growth within the ecosystems via the network effect.
Expand our product and service portfolio. Our customers’ needs for new solutions to help them scale and adopt new technologies inspire us to create new products and services. We recently introduced our Equinix Cloud Exchange Fabric™ to connect our data centers around the world and enable customers to connect on demand to clouds, networks and any other customer from any Equinix location. We also recently introduced Equinix SmartKey™, a global key management and encryption as a service offering to help our customers manage the security requirements of disbursing data across multiple clouds and third-party providers. We will continue to work with our customers to innovate and introduce new solutions to meet their evolving needs.
Expand vertical go-to-market plan. We plan to continue to focus our go-to-market efforts on customer segments and business applications that appreciate the Equinix value proposition of interconnection, reliability, global reach and prime collaboration opportunities within and across ecosystems. We have identified these segments today as cloud and IT services, content and digital media, financial services, enterprises, and network and mobile service providers. As digital business evolves, we will continue to identify and focus our go-to-market efforts on industry segments that need our value proposition.
Accelerate global reach and scale. We continue to evaluate expansion opportunities in select markets based on customer demand. In April 2018, we purchased the 1.6 million-square foot Infomart Building™ in Dallas, including its operations and tenants, where we had already been operating four data centers. Also, in April 2018, we completed our acquisition of Australian data center provider Metronode and its 10 data centers, which expanded our operations into Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra and Perth, and added scale in Melbourne and Sydney. This acquisition tripled our Australian data center footprint to 15 sites. Careful, steady expansion has been key to our growth strategy since our founding, as we seek to offer our customers interconnection opportunities ahead of demand. As of the end of 2018, Equinix's total global footprint had expanded to 200 data centers in 52 markets in the Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific.
We expect to continue to execute our global expansion strategy in a cost-effective and disciplined manner through a combination of acquiring existing data centers through lease or purchase, acquiring or investing in local data center operators, and building new IBX data centers based on key criteria, such as demand and potential financial return in each market.
Our Customers and Partners
Our customers include carriers, mobile and other bandwidth providers, cloud and IT services providers, content providers, financial companies and global enterprises. We provide each company access to a choice of business partners and solutions based on their colocation, interconnection and managed IT service needs. As of December 31, 2018, we had more than 9,800 customers worldwide.
Customers in our five key customer and partner categories include the following:

Cloud and IT ServicesContent ProvidersEnterpriseFinServ/InsuranceNetwork and Mobile Services
Amazon Web Services
Box Inc.
Cisco Systems Inc.
Google Cloud Platform
Datapipe
IBM Cloud
Microsoft Azure
NetApp
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure
Salesforce.com
SAP HANA Enterprise
 Cloud and SAP Cloud
 Platform
VMware Cloud
Workday, Inc.
Criteo
DirectTV
Discovery, Inc.
Index Exchange
Movile
Netflix
Priceline.com
Thomson Reuters

Anheuser-Busch
Aetna
BMC Software
Ericsson
CDM Smith
Colony Brands
Deloitte
DocuSign
Ford Motors
Ingram Micro
Mazda Motor Corp.
Smithfield Foods
Sysco Foods
Weyerhaueser
Wing On
Allianz Technology
of America
Aon
Bloomberg
Chicago Board
Options Exchange
Lincoln Financial
NASDAQ
Options Exchange
PayPal
The Society of
Lloyd's
TIAA
AT&T
British Telecom
China Mobile
Lycamobile
NTT Communications Siemens Mobility Services
T-Systems
TATA Communications Verizon
Vodafone
Customers typically sign renewable contracts of one or more years in length. Our largest customer accounted for approximately 3% of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Our 50 largest customers accounted for approximately 38%, 37% and 36% of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Our Offerings
Equinix provides a choicecomprehensive, integrated suite of data center, interconnection, solutionsedge services and platform services primarily comprised of colocation, interconnection solutionsproducts to over 10,000 enterprise and platform services.service provider customers worldwide.
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The following are the leading revenue generating product and other offerings that collectively make up Platform Equinix:    
Data Center Solutions
Our IBXglobal, state-of-the-art data centers providemeet strict standards of security, reliability, certification and sustainability. Offerings in these data centers are typically billed based on the space and power a customer consumes, are delivered under a fixed duration contract and generate monthly recurring revenue ("MRR").
International Business ExchangeTM Data Centers consist of more than 230 IBX vendor-neutral colocation data centers worldwide, providing our customers with secure, reliable and robust environments (including space and power) that are necessary to aggregate and distribute information and connect digital and business ecosystems globally. Our IBX data centers provide access to vital ecosystems where enterprises, network, cloud and SaaS providers, and business partners, directly and securely interconnect to each other.
xScaleTM Data Centers are designed to serve the unique core workload deployment needs of a targeted group of hyperscale companies, which include multiple layersthe world's largest cloud service providers. With xScale data
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Table of physical security, scalable cabinet space availability, on-site trained staff (24x7x365), dedicated areas forContents
centers, hyperscale customers add to their core hyperscale data center deployments and existing customer care and equipment staging, redundant AC/DC power systems and other redundant and fault-tolerant infrastructure systems. Some specifications of offerings provided by individual IBX data centers may differ based on original facility design or market.
Within our IBX data centers, customers can deploy their equipment and interconnectaccess points at Equinix, allowing streamlined expansion with a choice of networks, cloud SaaS providers or other business partners. We also provide customized solutions forsingle global vendor.
IBX SmartView is a fully integrated monitoring software which provides customers looking to package our IBX offerings as part of their complex solutions. Our colocation offerings include:
Cabinets. Our customers have several choices for colocating their networking, server and storage equipment. They can placevisibility into the equipment in one of our shared or private cages or customize their space. In certain select markets, customers can purchase their own private "suite" which is walled off from the rest of theoperating data center. As customers' colocation requirements increase, they can expand within their original cage (or suite) or upgrade into a cage that meets their expanded requirements. Customers buy the hardware they place in our IBX data centers directly from their chosen vendors.
Power. Power is an element of increasing importance in customers' colocation decisions. We offer both AC and DC power circuits at various amperages and phases customized to a customer's individual power requirements.
IBXflex®. IBXflex allows customers to deploy mission-critical operations personnel and equipment on-site at our IBX data centers. Because of the proximityrelevant to their infrastructure within our IBX data centers, IBXflex customers can offer a faster response and quicker troubleshooting solution than those available in traditional colocation facilities. This space can also be usedspecific Equinix footprint as a secure disaster recovery point for customers' business and operations personnel.
IBX SmartView™. Equinix IBX SmartView™ offers application programming interface (API) -based DCIM thatif they were in-house. The software provides real-timeonline access to real-time environmental and operating information within andata through the Equinix IBX footprint, as if those cages were all on site with the customer.Customer Portal or API integrations. With real-time alerts and configurable reporting, IBX SmartView helps itsallows customers consistentlyto maintain their IBX operations and deployments with alerts and notifications, while enhancing long-term planning with customizable reports.

Smart Hands Services®. The Equinix Smart Hands service enables customers to use our highly trained IBX data center personnel to act as their hands (or eyes and ears) when their own staff cannot be on-site. Smart Hands technicians offer a range of services, from routine equipment inventory and labeling to more complex installations and configuring. Smart Hands technicians also provide technical assistance and troubleshooting services.
Hyperscale Data Centers. Our integration efforts with the major cloud players have provided us with insight into the evolving architecture of the cloud. Today, a large number of private interconnection nodesplan for the major cloud players are located in Equinix facilities. In addition, we are in discussions with a targeted set of hyperscale customers to develop capacity to serve their larger footprint needs. We are leveraging the combination of existing capacity and dedicated hyperscale builds to meet these needs in a handful of key markets.future growth.
Interconnection Solutions
Our interconnection solutions are evolving to enable high-performance, secure, scalable, reliableconnect businesses directly, securely and cost-effective interconnectiondynamically within and traffic exchange between Equinix customersour data centers across our global platform. TheseOur interconnection solutions are eithertypically billed based on the outbound connections from a one-to-one basis with direct cross connects or oncustomer and generate MRR.
Equinix Fabric™ provides secure, on-demand, software-defined interconnection. Built specifically for digital infrastructure, Equinix Fabric enables businesses to connect globally to their choice of thousands of networking, storage, compute and application service providers in the industry’s largest infrastructure ecosystem. As the foundation of Platform Equinix’s interconnection capability, Equinix Fabric enables customers to quickly and easily connect their physical and virtual digital infrastructures.
Cross Connects provide a one-to-many basis through our ECX Fabric or other exchange solutions. Inpoint-to-point cable link between two Equinix customers in the peering community, we play an important industry leadership role by acting as the relationship broker between parties who would like to interconnect within oursame IBX data centerscenter. Cross Connects deliver fast, convenient, affordable and highly reliable connectivity and data exchange with business partners and service providers within the Equinix ecosystem.
Equinix Internet Exchange™ enables networks, content providers and large enterprises to exchange internet traffic through the largest global peering solution. Service providers can aggregate traffic to multiple counterparties, called peers, on one physical port and handle multiple small peers while moving high-traffic peers to private interconnections. This reduces latency for end-users when accessing content and applications.
Equinix Connect is an agile, scalable, resilient and high performing internet access solution. With at least two upstream ISPs in each market, Equinix Connect offers the resiliency that organizations demand and direct connections to major content destinations, resulting in superior performance. It provides the convenience of a one-stop shop and the flexibility required to connect to the internet as a primary or secondary access solution. Available globally in more than 40 markets, Equinix Connect allows businesses to grow as their needs grow with scalable bandwidth options to meet their emerging usage requirements.
Fiber Connect provides dark fiber links between regionally distributedcustomers and partners in multiple Equinix IBX data centers. Fiber Connect enables fast, convenient and affordable integration with partners, customers and service providers across the global Equinix digital ecosystem. It supports highly reliable, extremely low-latency communication, system integration and data exchange.
Edge Services
Our staff holds or has held significant positions in many leading industry groups, suchedge services help businesses rapidly deploy as-a-service networking, security and hardware across our global data center footprint - as an alternative to buying, owning and managing the North American Network Operators' Group (NANOG)physical infrastructure. Our edge services are typically billed based on the number of instances and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Members of our staff have published industry-recognized white papers and strategy documents in the areas of peering and interconnection, many of which arecapacity used by other institutions worldwidea customer and generate MRR.
Network Edge allows customers to modernize networks within minutes, by deploying network functions virtualization ("NFV") from multiple vendors across Equinix metros. Companies can select, deploy and connect virtual network services at the edge quickly, with no additional hardware requirements.
Equinix Metal™ allows enterprises, SaaS companies and digital service providers to provision interconnected bare metal resources in furtheringminutes instead of months, while reducing the educationcapital expenditures and promotionoperational requirements of this important setowning hardware. They can also reduce cloud costs while retaining the flexibility and operational expenditures of solutions.cloud services via on demand, reserved or spot market capacity in Equinix’s global data centers using the Equinix Metal portal or DevOps-friendly APIs and integrations.
Our current interconnection solutionsEquinix Precision Time™ provides secure Precision Time Protocol ("PTP") and Network Time Protocol ("NTP") Time as a service for distributed enterprise applications on Platform Equinix®. The service uses redundant and strategically located equipment and the high-performance network backbone of Equinix
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Fabric™ to deliver secure, reliable and precise time synchronization. Customers gain access to the product portal, allowing them to provision, manage and monitor their service.
Colocation Offerings
Equinix offers a variety of colocation offerings designed to speed and streamline digital transformation and data center deployments for its customers. These services are comprisedtypically billed based on consumption and generate non-recurring revenue ("NRR").
Equinix Smart Hands provides around-the-clock, on-site, operational support service for remote management, installation and troubleshooting of the following:
Physical Cross Connect/Direct Interconnections. Customers needing to directly and privately connect to anothercustomer data center equipment. Using Equinix IBX data center customer can do so through single or multi-mode fiber. These cross connections are the physical link betweentechnicians, Smart Hands allows customers to manage and can be implementedoutsource their business operations and maximize uptime whether from within 24 hours of request.
Equinix Internet Exchange™. Customers may choose to connect to and peer through the central switching fabric of our Equinix Internet Exchange, rather than purchase a direct physical cross connection. With a connection to this switch, a customer can aggregate multiple interconnects over one physical connection with multiple, linked 100-gigabit ports of capacity, instead of purchasing individual physical cross connects.
Equinix Metro Connect. Customers who are located in onean IBX data center may need to interconnector from a remote location.
Equinix Infrastructure Services(EIS) provides customers with networks or other customers located in an adjacent or nearby IBXa one-stop shop for data center installation, migration and equipment procurement. With proven practices developed over many years of successfully building, migrating and optimizing our customers’ data center needs, EIS services lend expertise to address larger, more complex data center jobs including installation and implementation of new builds, planned migrations, structured cabling, labelling and documentation, procurement recommendations and coordination, and secure de-installation.
Competition
While a large number of enterprises and service providers, such as hyperscale cloud service providers, own their own data centers, we believe the industry is shifting away from single-tenant solutions to outsourcing some or all of their IT housing and interconnection requirements to third party facilities, such as those operated by us.
Historically, the outsourcing market was served by large telecommunications carriers who bundled their products and services with their colocation offerings. The data center market landscape has evolved to include private and vendor-neutral MTDC providers, hyperscale cloud providers, managed infrastructure and application hosting providers, and systems integrators. It is estimated that Equinix is one of more than 2,200 companies that provide MTDC offerings around the world. The global MTDC market is highly fragmented. Each of these data center solutions providers can bundle various colocation, interconnection and network offerings and outsourced IT infrastructure solutions. We believe that this outsourcing trend has accelerated and is likely to continue to accelerate in the same metro area. Metro Connect allowscoming years, especially in light of the movement to digital business as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Equinix is differentiated in this market by being able to offer customers to seamlessly interconnect between IBX data centers at capacities up to 100 Gigabits per second.
Internet Connectivity. Customers who are installing equipmenta global platform that reaches 27 countries and contains the industry’s largest and most active ecosystem of partners in our IBX data centers generally require IP connectivity or bandwidth access. Although many large customers prefer to contract directly with carriers, we offer customers the ability to contract for IP connectivity and bandwidth access through us from any of the major bandwidth providers in that data center.sites. This bandwidth access is targeted to customers who requireecosystem creates a single bill and a single point of support through Equinix for the entire contract for their bandwidth needs.
Equinix Cloud Exchange Fabric™ (ECX Fabric™). The ECX Fabric directly and securely connects distributed infrastructure and digital ecosystems on Platform Equinix via global, software-defined interconnection. It enables businesses to customize their connectivity to partners, customers and suppliers through an interface that provides all the benefits companies have come to expect from "as-a-service" models. This includes real-time provisioning via a portal or API, pay-as-you-go billing increments and the removal of friction in establishing elastic connectivity between metros. The ECX Fabric is designed for scalability, agility and virtualized connectivity. Through a single port, Equinix customers can discover and reach anyone on demand, locally or across metros.
The new ECX Fabric capabilities are now available in the Americas, EMEA and APAC regions, including Amsterdam, Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Dublin, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Geneva, Helsinki, Hong Kong, London, Los Angeles, Manchester, Melbourne, Miami, Milan, Munich, New York, Osaka, Paris, São Paulo, Seattle, Silicon Valley, Singapore, Stockholm, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Washington, D.C. and Zurich.

Equinix Performance Hub®
The Equinix Performance Hub places corporate IT resources in IBX data centers connected to many networks and clouds near large user populations. Performance Hub solutions can be implemented gradually, without closing or moving out of existing data centers. Performance Hub allows companies to efficiently deploy resources at the edge, closest to their end-users, enabling an affordable, low-risk approach to improving network“network effect” which improves performance and reducing costs. This distributed, connectivity-driven approach to data center computing has been shown by Gartner, 451 Group, and many enterpriselowers cost for our customers to provide dramatic benefits in application and network performance, as well as in business and IT agility.

Equinix Data Hub®

Equinix Data Hub is an extension of the Equinix Performance Hub framework and is a data center solution that addresses enterprise demandsignificant source of competitive advantage for real-time analytics, IoT, data collection and data protection. Data Hub empowers organizations to build a globally optimized data platform located in strategic data centers around the world and maintain full control over business-critical data for any and all security and compliance demands. Data Hub use cases include cloud integrated tiered storage, big data analytics infrastructures and data protection and replication.Equinix.

Platform Services

Customers
Our platformcustomers include telecommunications carriers, mobile and other network services offer the expertise and tools to help companies create and grow as digital businesses. Our experienced professionals are supporting leading global companies in their digital transformation projects and know which strategies, systems,providers, cloud and IT services providers, digital media and architectures best support business goalscontent providers, financial services companies, and global enterprise ecosystems in a variety of industries, leveraging existing and emerging technologies.

Equinix SmartKey™. SmartKey is a global SaaS-based, secure key management and cryptography service offered on cloud-neutral Platform Equinix. It provides a secure encryption key service that simplifies data and applicationsvarious industries. We provide each company access management across on-premises and hybrid/multicloud infrastructures, whether they are inside or outside of an Equinix IBX data center.
Cloud Consulting Services. Many companies are migrating to a hybrid or multicloud environment as the cloud's cost advantageschoice of business partners and flexibility are critical in an era of rising electronic collaborationsolutions based on their colocation, interconnection and user expectations. Equinix's Professional Services for Cloud are designed to facilitate cloud migration with a detailed assessment, design and implementation process that gives customers a faster, smoother path to the cloud. The 2,900 cloud andmanaged IT service providers and 1,800 network service providers within Equinix's network help our experts tailor cloud deployments to individual business needs, and maximize their cloud performance, savings and security while ensuring future resilience and agility.
Network and IOA Transformation Services. While digital transformation creates new revenue streams, it also creates congestion and performance issues for an organization's legacy network. The growthdelivered 99.999% operational uptime across our global data centers in data, applications and locations that must be served by a digital enterprise, plus the reduction in latency required by real-time applications, all put stress on legacy IT infrastructure. Equinix's Professional Services for network and IOA transformation helps companies plan and build their future network and infrastructure architectures and get ready to tackle the challenges2021. As of digital business today and tomorrow.
Global Solutions Architects
Equinix Global Solutions Architects (GSAs) are committed to helping companies deploy their IT infrastructures in ways that best serve their business needs and fully exploit the advantages offered by Equinix's global interconnection platform. Equinix's GSAs have decades of combined experience in cloud deployments, facility operations, business analytics and network design and operations. They work as extensionsDecember 31, 2021, we had over 10,000 customers worldwide. No one customer made up 10% or more of our customers' IT and technology teams, helping to efficiently deploy high-performance solutions, advising them on service provider choices, and designing IT architectures.total business revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Solution Validation Centers
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Solution Validation Centers (SVCs) allow customers to test and fine-tune their IT infrastructure, network, cloud and data center rollouts in a real-world environment before full build-out and deployment. Customers can measure how their applications perform when they move off legacy systems, spot and address unforeseen technical barriers, and optimize various infrastructure components, network connections and applications. Our SVCs operate in 18 strategic markets globally, helping companies reduce risk and maximize their IT investments.
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Equinix Marketplace
Marketplace is a service for customers that helps them innovate and grow their business by connecting them to rich industry ecosystems and qualified buyers and sellers within our IBX data centers and in the surrounding markets.
Equinix Customer Portal
The Customer Portal offers 24/7 access to our customer care personnel, so customers can report problems, schedule shipments or order Smart Hands services at any time of the day or night. Equinix conducts a significant number of its transactions with its customers via this portal.
Business Continuity Trading Rooms
Trading infrastructure is mission-critical for financial firms worldwide, and our Business Continuity Trading Rooms (BCTRs) ensure that trading does not stop, even if primary operations are knocked off-line or are disabled. A BCTR backs up our customers' trading operations in onefollowing companies represent some of our secure data center facilities, right down to telephone servicesleading customers and multiple desktop monitors. BCTR offerings are protectedpartners:
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We serve our customers with backup generators and uninterruptible power supply to guarantee reliability and deliver peace of mind.

Sales and Marketing

Sales. We use a direct sales force and channel marketing program to market our offerings to global enterprises, content providers, financial companies, and mobile and network service providers.program. We organize our sales force by customer type, as well as by establishing a sales presence in diverse geographic regions, which enables efficient servicing of the customer base from a network of regional offices. We also support our customers with a global customer care organization.
Human Capital
As of December 31, 2021, we had 10,944 employees worldwide with 5,056 based in the Americas, 3,611 based in EMEA and 2,277 based in APAC. Of those employees, 4,693 employees were in engineering and operations, 1,855 employees were in sales and marketing and 4,396 employees were in management, finance and administration. As of December 31, 2021, approximately 74% of our workforce identified as men and approximately 25% identified as women. Women's representation in leadership (VP and above) increased from 28% to 31% year-over-year.
At Equinix, we strive to build a culture where every employee, every day, can say “I’m Safe, I Belong and I Matter” and where our workforce, at all levels, reflects and represents the communities in which we operate. Our objective is to continue to make our culture a critical competitive advantage, engaging every leader and every employee in the process. To ensure we are upholding our core corporate values and making progress towards our aspirational goals, we monitor employee satisfaction through a quarterly pulse survey, which is one of our listening mechanisms. In 2021, employee satisfaction scores ranged between 82 - 84 out of a 100 each quarter. We recognize that attracting, developing and retaining talent at all levels is vital to continuing our success and offer industry competitive compensation and benefits, along with development opportunities to help every employee achieve their full potential. The virtual recruiting environment necessitated by the global pandemic has created new opportunities for Equinix to find talent. We have benefited from new talent sourcing programs such as our global new-to-career programs as well as a pathways program to enable career transition for veterans and women returning to the workforce. In 2021, we continued to enhance our portfolio of development programs for our employees and introduced a system-enabled approach to goal setting and development planning to drive objectivity and achievement. We also continued to offer development tools and opportunities to our employees such as online learning, manager training, professional coaching and 360 degree assessments for eligible employees.
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We are integrating a focus on diversity, inclusion and belonging ("DIB") into every aspect of how we run our business. In 2020, we embarked on a multi-year DIB strategy with governance through a DIB Council chaired by our CEO and CHRO, and in partnership with our Sustainability Program Office, that oversees our progress on environmental, social and governance ("ESG") matters. Our DIB strategy focuses on attracting, retaining and developing a diverse, global workforce; building leadership capability; and empowering our people to bring DIB to life. We are focused on creating multiple pathways to reach new talent from diverse communities. In 2021, we forged partnerships and invested in tools and systems to grow and support our inclusive hiring practices and made updates to our recruitment marketing to reach a wider candidate pool more effectively. We also embedded diversity and inclusive competencies and behaviors in our leadership profiles and added coaching tools as well as manager training on leading inclusive teams to our development program. Our Equinix Employee-led Connection Networks ("EECNs") are integral to our DIB strategy and play an important role in creating belonging and advocating for the needs and goals of communities with common identities, cultures or backgrounds. Each of our nine EECNs represents an identity/community that has faced historical discrimination or shares unique challenges. We recognize that creating the best workplace and culture we can requires a global effort with localized awareness and approaches. Late in 2020, we launched WeAreEquinix employee teams empowered to create, localize and promote purpose, inclusion and belonging for their locations across the world. Through live and virtual events, campaigns, and collaboration with the business, these volunteer leaders bring local opportunities to engage in the following areas: Wellbeing, Green and Sustainability, Community Impact, Fun and Creativity, Diversity, Inclusion and Belonging, and Employee Networks. We currently have WeAreEquinix teams in 15 locations.
In 2021, we launched our “I Matter” initiative to enable employees to voluntarily self-identify by adding their data across dimensions of diversity, including race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, and disability in accordance with country regulations so that we may better understand the global employee experience.
Equinix representatives have joined the G100 Talent Consortium Task Force on Racial Inequity in Business to consider core inequity issues, including anti-racism, bias, and hiring and promotability practices, in order to develop tangible best practices that companies can use as guide rails to increase representation and career mobility for black, indigenous and people of color ("BIPOC") employees. In 2021, we hosted a Days of Understanding event as part of an initiative of CEO ACT!ON, a pledge Equinix has taken along with hundreds of other companies to embrace difference in our organizations, educate our people and build more inclusive cultures inside and outside of our workplaces. As part of this partnership, three Equinix employees joined ACT!ON’s inaugural two-year fellowship program focused on identifying, developing, and promoting scalable and sustainable policies and corporate best practices that address systemic racism and social injustice to improve societal wellbeing. Equinix also joined the Alliance for Global Inclusion, a coalition of global organizations working together to bring inclusivity and full equity to the workplace. Finally, in 2021 Equinix partnered with McKinsey to provide leadership development to our Black/African American leaders through the Black Leadership Academy.
Our Community Impact program promotes connection and belonging, and enables employees to give back, with the support of Equinix, to the communities in which we work and live. In 2021, our employees volunteered at approximately 2,230 nonprofits worldwide.
We believe our commitment to the highest standards of honesty, integrity and ethical behavior differentiates our business as much as our technology. We promote these high standards through a number of policies including the Equinix Code of Business Conduct. All employees are required to complete trainings on ethics and the company’s anti-bribery and corruption policies. In addition, we maintain a confidential ethics helpline where employees are encouraged to speak up if they have any questions or concerns that our worldwide headquarters locatedcode is being violated. We have a zero-tolerance, non-retaliation policy that protects our employees when they speak up.
In a year again disrupted by the unprecedented global pandemic caused by COVID-19, we continued a number of precautionary measures in Silicon Valley,line with our business continuity and pandemic plans to minimize the risk of operational impacts and to protect the health and safety of employees, customers, partners and our communities. During the pandemic, we have established an Asia-Pacific regional headquartersfocused on a careful, safe and responsible opening of our offices based on guidance from health experts and other leaders from around the world. As we look forward to the future of work, and more importantly amplifying Equinix’s vibrant culture, we are providing flexible, hybrid work opportunities in Hong Kongmany roles, enhanced collaboration technologies for everyone, and an EMEA regional headquarters in Amsterdam.activity-based workspaces at home or onsite. We also operaterecognize that the new normal will require changing behaviors. As such, we are providing learning opportunities and best practices to ensure our meetings, events and work sessions are inclusive and equitable for virtual and in-person participation. Employee well-being has been central to these efforts, driven globally through offerings such as health programs, ergonomic support, technology reimbursements, and wellness days.
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We believe that all of these programs and initiatives support our human capital goals, align with our company culture, and increase employee satisfaction.
eqix-20211231_g6.jpg
Sustainability
At Equinix, our Future First sustainability strategy rallies our people and partners to envision a networkbetter future and then do what it takes to make it happen. As the world’s digital infrastructure leader, we have the responsibility to harness the power of sales officestechnology to deploycreate a more accessible, equitable and sustainable future. The ESG initiatives comprising our field salesFuture First strategy focus on the material issues that have the greatest impact on our stakeholders and support teamsour business. We continue to progress on our sustainability goals and look to build a business and world that reflects our purpose to bring the world together on our platform to create the innovations that will enrich our work, life and planet. We document our ESG progress in our major marketsAnnual Report as well as in the annual Corporate Sustainability Report located on our sustainability website: sustainability.equinix.com.
In 2021, we committed to becoming climate neutral across all three regions.our global operations by 2030 and set a validated science-based target (“SBT”) for emissions reduction across our global operations and supply chain. Our climate commitments are a critical step to ensure that we continue to advance investments and innovations to reduce greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions and keep global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius in alignment with the Paris Climate Agreement.
Our sales team works closely with each customer to foster the natural network effect of our IBX model, resulting in access to a wider potential customer base via our existing customers. As a result of the IBX interconnection model, IBX data center participants often encourage their customers, suppliers and business partners to also locate in our IBX data centers. These customers, suppliers and business partners, in turn, encourage their business partners to locate in our IBX data centers, resulting in additional customer growth. This network effect significantly reduces our new customer acquisition costs. In addition, large network providers, cloud providers or managed service providers may refer customers to Equinix as a part of their total customer solution. Equinixour Future First sustainability strategy, we published an Environmental Sustainability and Global Climate Change Policy in 2021 to detail our approach and practices related to the environment, climate change, resource efficiency and reporting. In alignment with our strategy and policy, we are also focusesevaluating our material climate change risks and opportunities based on the selling by our vertical sales specialists on supporting specific industry requirements for network, mobile, and media and content providers, financial services, cloud computing, systems integrators and enterprise customer segments.
The Equinix channel program adds an ecosystem of system integrators and service providers, from managed network to cloud services. They help our customers design and deploy the right cloud and IT solutions needed to reach their customers, employees and supply chains. Our channel partners understand how to leverage and integrate the advantagesrecommendations of the Platform Task Force on Climate Related Financial Disclosures (“TCFD”). We are continuing our work to embed climate change risk management into our business where relevant.
Environmental Performance
Equinix was the first data center company to commit to a long-term goal of 100% renewable energy across our global portfolio. We use local renewable energy sources where possible, seek new or recently built renewable sources and advocate for favorable renewable energy policies. In the U.S., we purchase more than 2.3 million megawatt-hours (MWh) of green power annually from a portfolio of renewable energy projects, including 225 MW of wind power under long-term virtual power purchase agreements (VPPAs) located in Texas and Oklahoma. In 2020, over 90% of our global electricity consumption, and 100% of U.S. electricity consumption, was covered by renewable energy sources.
We are committed to transparently measuring and reporting our global carbon footprint high performance connectivity optionsacross direct (Scope 1), indirect energy (Scope 2) and indirect value chain (Scope 3) emissions. Since 2015, we have achieved a 50% reduction in GHG emissions on an absolute basis (Scope 1 and Scope 2 market-based metric tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent (mtCO2e)), even as the company doubled its footprint in both energy consumption and number of sites. In 2021, CDP, a global supply-chain ecosystemsnon-governmental organization dedicated to deliverhelping investors and companies measure and manage their climate risks, recognized our commitments, actions and progress on climate change.
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We received an 'A-' CDP leadership score for climate action and annual disclosures within the CDP Climate Change survey.
We are leveraging technology and innovation to encourage commercialization of solutions that meet our customers' performance, reliability and cost requirements.
Marketing.will enable the “Data Center of the Future”. To support our sales effortsongoing sustainability initiatives and commitment to actively promoteinnovation, we issued green bonds totaling $1.4 billion in 2020 and an additional $2.3 billion in 2021. Our Green Finance Framework aligns our brandsustainability commitments with our long-term financing needs and highlights our pipeline of green projects and data center innovations. In 2021, we allocated $2.9 billion in net proceeds to finance or refinance, in whole or in part, ongoing and new projects in categories of green buildings, renewable energy and energy efficiency.
We are committed to advancing environmental progress across other areas of our operations. While energy usage, specifically electricity, is our largest environmental impact, to address the growing importance of water within our operations, we launched a Sustainable Water Management Program in 2021. We consider the consumption of water in the Americas, Asia-Pacificdesign and EMEA, we conduct comprehensive marketing programs. Our marketing strategies include active public relationsoperation of our facilities and ongoing customer communications programs. Our marketingare developing a coordinated global approach to water measurement and management. Through our efforts are focused on major businessto establish the European Climate-Neutral Data Centre Operator Pact in 2021, Equinix and trade publications, online media outlets, industry events and sponsored activities. Our staff holds leadership positions in key networking organizations, and we participate in a variety of internet, enterprise IT, computer and financial industry conferences, placing our officers and employees in keynote speaking engagements at these conferences. We also regularly measure customer satisfaction levels and host key customer forums to ensure customer needs are understood and incorporated in product and service planning efforts. From a brand perspective, we build recognition through our website, external blog and social media channels by sponsoring or leading industry technical forums, by participating in internet industry standard-setting bodies and through advertising, paid social media and online campaigns. We continue to develop and host industry educational forums focused on peering technologies and practices for ISPs and content providers.

Our Competition
While a large number of enterprises own their own data centers, many others outsource some or all of their requirements to multi-tenantthe EU data center (MTDC) facilities,industry have also committed to advancing initiatives beyond renewable energy and energy efficiency, including water efficiency, waste reduction, and circular economy principles.
Sustainability Accounting Standards Board ("SASB") Disclosures
SASB published the Sustainability Accounting Standard ("Standard") for the Real Estate Industry in October 2018. We have aligned our SASB disclosures with the Real Estate Standard to enhance corporate disclosure around ESG performance. In our comprehensive disclosures in our annual Corporate Sustainability Report we also document our progress against metrics as outlined in other frameworks such as those operated by Equinix.the Global Reporting Initiative ("GRI"), UN Sustainable Development Goals ("SDGs") and TCFD. The following tables detail our energy metrics, aligned with the SASB Real Estate Standard. We believe thatintend to expand our reporting around the outsourcing trend is likely to accelerateReal Estate Standard in the coming years.
The following metrics represent our colocation facilities performance in the calendar years specified. Energy, renewable energy and GHG emissions are independently assured to ISO 14064-3:2006 Standards for the quantification and reporting of GHG emissions (Scope 1, 2 and 3). Calendar year data for 2021 will become available in Q2 2022 and published in our annual Corporate Sustainability Report located on our sustainability website.
Energy Management: Energy Consumption
YearEnergy Consumption Data as a % of Floor Area
Total Energy Consumed by Portfolio Area with Data Coverage (MWh)(1)
Like-for-Like Change in Energy Consumption of Portfolio Area with Data Coverage (MWh)(2)
Grid Electricity Consumption as a % of Energy Consumption
Energy Consumption from Renewable Sources(3) (kWh)
Renewable Energy as a % of Energy Consumption (4)
Like-for-Like Change in Energy Consumption from Renewable Sources of Portfolio Area with Data Coverage (MWh)
(2) (3)
Renewable Energy as a % of Electricity Consumption
2019(5)(6)
94.9%5,711,000N/A94.4%5,168,00091%N/A91%
2020(7)(8)
95.8%6,432,0006.2%93.2%5,695,00089%5.3%91%

(1)The scope of energy includes: energy used onsite (natural gas, diesel, chilled water), energy procured (purchased electricity, electric power from fuel cells under power purchase agreements).
(2)Like-for-like computed for stabilized asset list for the overlapping list of sites designated as stabilized in 2019 and 2020.
(3)Excludes renewable energy inherently supplied by the standard utility grid mix. Equinix buys renewable energy for the entire electricity consumption of sites including customer and overhead load. The instruments used include: Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) from Virtual Power Purchase Agreements (VPPAs), RECs, International RECs (I-RECs), Guarantees of Origin (GOOs) and Renewable Energy Guarantees of Origin (REGOs) from suppliers, green tariffs and bundled contracts.
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(4)Equinix's global MTDC marketrenewable energy percentage reported for RE100 and CDP was 91%, which is highly fragmented. It is estimated that Equinix is onecomprised of more than 1,200 companies that provide MTDC offerings around5,844 GWh of renewables out of 6,427 GWh of electric power consumption. The discrepancy in the world, ranging in sizetotals arises from firms with a singlenon-IBX data center sites' energy usage and non-electric power energy consumption
(5)2019 portfolio coverage excludes xScaleTM sites: PA8x, LD13x.
(6)2019 portfolio coverage excludes reseller sites: DA99, JK1, OS99, SH1.
(7)Recently constructed or acquired sites for which no utility data is available are excluded from the 2020 SASB metrics reporting boundary. These include certain data centers in a single marketAMER (DC21) and EMEA (MC1). Reseller sites are also excluded in the energy metrics (OS99, SH1).
(8)2020 portfolio coverage excludes xScaleTM sites: LD10x, LD13x, FR11x, SP5x, PA8x.
Energy Management: Green Building Ratings
Our environmental efforts aim to firms in over 20 markets. Equinix competes with these firms which vary in terms of their data center offerings, including:
Colocation Providers
Colocationdeliver meaningful and measurable progress against sustainability goals that positively impact our customers, partners, investors and employees. Our data centers are a type of MTDC that can also be referred to as "retail" data center space. Typically, colocation data center space is offered on the basis of individual racks/cabinets or cages ranging from 500 to 10,000 square feetdesigned with high operational standards and energy efficiency in size. Typical customers of colocation providers include:
Large enterprises with significant IT expertise and requirements
Small and medium businesses looking to outsource data center requirements
Cloud and network service providers
Electronic trading, digital payments and financial services companies
Internet application providers
Major internet content, entertainment and social networking providers
Shared, dedicated and managed hosting providers
Mobile and network service providers
Content delivery networks

Full facility maintenance and systems, including fire suppression, security, power backup and HVAC, are routinely included in managed colocation offerings. A variety of additional services are typically available, including remote hands technician services and network monitoring services.
Providers in addition to Equinix that offer colocation both globally and locally include firms such as COLT and NTT.
Carrier-Neutral Colocation Providers
In addition to data center space and power, colocation providers also offer interconnection. Some of these providers, known as network or carrier-neutral colocation providers, can offer customers the choice of hundreds of network service providers or ISPs to choose from. Typically, customers use interconnection to buy ethernet or internet connectivity, perform financial exchange and settlement functions or perform business-to-business e-commerce. Carrier-neutralmind. Our data centers are often locatedplanned holistically to incorporate the needs of our communities and we aim to minimize the use of all resources in key network hubsour operations. We evaluate cost-efficient opportunities to enhance energy efficiency and buy renewable energy for existing or acquired sites.
We are protecting our planet's resources by pioneering green data center innovations and building and operating energy-efficient data centers around the world, such as New York, Ashburn, Va., London, Amsterdam, Singapore and Hong Kong. Two typesworld. Our Energy Efficiency Center of data center facilities offering carrier-neutral colocation are used for many network-to-network interconnections:
A Meet Me Room (MMR)Excellence is typicallydriving a smaller space, generally 5,000 square feet or less, located in a major carrier hotel and often found in a wholesale data center facility.
A carrier-neutral data center is generally larger than an MMR and may be a stand-alone building separate fromglobal approach to cooling our existing carrier hotels.

Providers in addition to Equinix that we believe could be defined as offering carrier-neutral colocation include CoreSite, Digital Realty Trust, Global Switch, Interxion and Telehouse.
Wholesale Data Center Providers
Wholesale data center providers lease data center space that is typically offered in cells or pods (i.e., individual white-space rooms) ranging in size from 10,000 to 20,000 square feet or larger. Wholesale data center offerings are targeted to both enterprises and colocation providers. These data centers primarily provide spacemore efficiently. The program engages customers to manage their implementations more sustainably at our facilities, leading to overall improved site efficiencies.
We certify our data centers to numerous green buildings and power withoutenergy management certifications and schemes. These include USGBC LEED green buildings certifications, ISO 14001:2015 Environmental Management Standard, ISO 50001:2011 Energy Management Standard, BCA Green Mark, U.S. EPA Energy Star for Data Centers and others.
Data centers receiving green building ratings in 2020 and 2021 covered 1.1 million gross sq. ft. While we have additional services like technicians, remote hands servicescertifications that are pending final submissions, the following new sites received ratings in 2020 or network monitoring (although2021:
Data CenterMetro AreaRating SchemeLevel Achieved
DA11Dallas, TexasLEEDSilver
DC15Washington, DCGreen Globes3 Globes
SV11Silicon Valley, CaliforniaLEEDSilver
SG4SingaporeBCA Green MarkGoldPlus
SG5SingaporeLEEDPending
ML5Milan, ItalyLEEDPending
In 2021, we had 16.8 million gross sq. ft., or 71% of our global footprint, in operation with green buildings and energy management certifications. Within the U.S., we had 3.7 million gross sq. ft., or 43% of our footprint, under certification, including 0.3 million of gross sq. ft., or 3% of U.S. footprint, having achieved U.S. EPA Energy Star for Data Centers. We are currently evaluating enrolling additional sites in the Energy Star program. We disclose these and other tenants might offer such services).site-level details about our data centers on our sustainability website.
Sample wholesale
YearTotal Gross sq. ft. (million)
Area of Eligible Portfolio with Green Building Rating (million sq. ft.)(1)
Eligible Portfolio with Green Building Rating (%)
Global Total through 202123.816.871%
U.S. Total through 20218.5
3.7 (LEED and Energy Star)
0.3 (Energy Star)(2)
43% (LEED and Energy Star)
3% (Energy Star)

(1)Ratings included in our totals: ISO 50001 Energy Management, ISO 14001 Environmental Management, LEED green buildings certifications, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Energy Star for Data Centers, BCA Green Mark, NABERS and Green Globes.
(2)We are currently evaluating our approach to U.S. EPA Energy Star for Data Centers. In 2020, two sites received Energy Star for Data Centers recognition, representing 3% of our U.S. portfolio. In contrast, our U.S. portfolio has 18 LEED-certified data center providers include Digital Realty Trust and Global Switch.

Managed Hosting Providers
Managed hosting services are provided by several firms that also provide data center colocation solutions. Typically, managed hosting providers can manage server hardware that is owned by either the hosting providercenters or the customer. They can also provide a combination of comprehensive systems administration, database administration and sometimes application management services. Frequently, this results in managed hosting providers "running" the customer's servers, although such administration is frequently shared. The provider may manage such functions as operating systems, databases, security and patch management, while the customer will maintain management32% of the applications riding on topU.S. portfolio by gross square footage.
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Table of those systems.Contents
The full list of potential services that can be offered as part of managed hosting is substantial and includes services such as remote management, custom applications, helpdesk, messaging, databases, disaster recovery, managed storage, managed virtualization, managed security, managed networks and systems monitoring. Managed hosting services are typically used for:
Application hosting by organizations of any size, including large enterprises
Hosted or managed messaging, including Microsoft Exchange and other complex messaging applications
Complex or highly scalable web hosting or e-commerce websites
Managed storage solutions (including large drive arrays or backup robots)
Server disaster recovery and business continuity, including clustering and global server load balancing
Database servers, applications and services

Examples of managed hosting providers include: AT&T, CenturyLink, NaviSite, Rackspace, SunGard and Verizon Business.
Unlike other providers whose core businesses are bandwidth or managed services, we focus on neutral interconnection hubs for cloud and IT service providers, content providers, financial companies, enterprises and network service providers. As a result, we do not have the limited choices found commonly at other hosting/colocation companies. We compete based on the quality of our IBX data centers, our ability to provide a one-stop global solution in our Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific locations, the performance and diversity of our network- and cloud-neutral strategy, and the economic benefits of the aggregation of top network, cloud and business ecosystems under one roof. We expect to continue to benefit from prevailing industry trends, including the need to create a “digital edge”, the growth of proximity communities, the increasing adoption of IOT, AI, 5G cloud computing, the continued growth of internet traffic and the increased power and cooling requirements of new generations of IT equipment.
Risks Related to Our Business Segment Financial InformationTaxation as a REIT
We currently operate in three reportable segments comprised of our Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific geographic regions. Information attributable to each of our reportable segments is set forth in Note 17 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Employees
We had 7,903 employees as of December 31, 2018. We had 3,480 employees based in the Americas, 2,751 employees based in EMEA and 1,672 employees based in Asia-Pacific. Of those employees, 3,773 employees were in engineering and operations, 1,429 employees were in sales and marketing and 2,701 employees were in management, finance and administration.
Available Information
We were incorporated in Delaware in June 1998. We are required to file reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The SEC maintains an internet website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information.
You may also obtain copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and our current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to such reports, free of charge by visiting the Investor Relations page on our website, www.equinix.com. These reports are available as soon as reasonably practical after we file them with the SEC. Information contained on our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 1A.RISK FACTORS
In addition to the other information contained in this report, the following risk factors should be considered carefully in evaluating our business and us:
Acquisitions present many risks, and we may not realize the financial or strategic goals that were contemplated at the time of any transaction.
We have completed numerous acquisitions and expecta number of risks related to make additional acquisitions in the future. These may include (i) acquisitions of businesses, products, solutions or technologies that we believe to be complementary, (ii) acquisitions of new IBX data centers orour qualification as a real estate investment trust for development of new IBX data centers or (iii) acquisitions through investments in local data center operators. We may pay for future acquisitions by using our existing cash resources (which may limit other potential uses of our cash)federal income tax purposes ("REIT"), incurring additional debt (which may increase our interest expense, leverage and debt service requirements) and/or issuing shares (which may dilute our existing stockholders and have a negative effect on our earnings per share). Acquisitions expose us to potential risks, including:
including the possible disruption of our ongoing business and diversion of management's attention by acquisition, transition and integration activities, particularly when multiple acquisitions and integrations are occurring at the same time;
our potential inability to successfully pursue or realize some or all of the anticipated revenue opportunities associated with an acquisition or investment;
the possibilityrisk that we may not be able to successfully integrate acquired businesses, or businesses in which we invest, or achieve anticipated operating efficiencies or cost savings;
the possibility that announced acquisitions may not be completed, due to failure to satisfy the conditions to closing as a result of:
an injunction, law or order that makes unlawful the consummation of the acquisition;
inaccuracy or breach of the representations and warranties of, or the non-compliance with covenants by, either party;
the nonreceipt of closing documents; or
for other reasons;
the possibility that there could be a delay in the completion of an acquisition, which could, among other things, result in additional transaction costs, loss of revenue or other negative effects resulting from uncertainty about completion of the respective acquisition;
the dilution of our existing stockholders as a result of our issuing stock as consideration in a transaction or selling stock in order to fund the transaction;
the possibility of customer dissatisfaction if we are unable to achieve levels of quality and stability on par with past practices;
the possibility that we will be unable to retain relationships with key customers, landlords and/or suppliers of the acquired businesses, some of which may terminate their contracts with the acquired business as a result of the acquisition or which may attempt to negotiate changes in their current or future business relationships with us;
the possibility that we could lose key employees from the acquired businesses before integrating them;
the possibility that we may be unable to integrate or migrate IT systems, which could create a risk of errors or performance problems and could affect our ability to meet customer service level obligations;
the potential deterioration in our ability to access credit markets due to increased leverage;
the possibility that our customers may not accept either the existing equipment infrastructure or the "look-and-feel" of a new or different IBX data center;
the possibility that additional capital expenditures may be required or that transaction expenses associated with acquisitions may be higher than anticipated;
the possibility that required financing to fund an acquisition may not be available on acceptable terms or at all;
the possibility that we may be unable to obtain required approvals from governmental authorities under antitrust and competition laws on a timely basis or at all, which could, among other things, delay or prevent us from completing an acquisition, limit our ability to realize the expected financial or strategic benefits of an acquisition or have other adverse effects on our current business and operations;
the possible loss or reduction in value of acquired businesses;
the possibility that future acquisitions may present new complexities in deal structure, related complex accounting and coordination with new partners, particularly in light of our desire to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT;

the possibility that we may not be able to prepare and issue our financial statements and other public filings in a timely and accurate manner, and/or maintain an effective control environment, due to the strain on the finance organization when multiple acquisitions and integrations are occurring at the same time;
the possibility that future acquisitions may trigger property tax reassessments resulting in a substantial increase to our property taxes beyond that which we anticipated;
the possibility that future acquisitions may be in geographies and regulatory environments to which we are unaccustomed and we may become subject to complex requirements and risks with which we have limited experience;
the possibility that carriers may find it cost-prohibitive or impractical to bring fiber and networks into a new IBX data center;
the possibility of litigation or other claims in connection with, or as a result of, an acquisition, including claims from terminated employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties;
the possibility that asset divestments may be required in order to obtain regulatory clearance for a transaction;
the possibility of pre-existing undisclosed liabilities, including, but not limited to, lease or landlord related liability, environmental liability or asbestos liability, for which insurance coverage may be insufficient or unavailable, or other issues not discovered in the diligence process; and
the possibility that we receive limited or incorrect information about the acquired business in the diligence process. For example, we sometimes do not receive all of the customer contracts associated with our acquisitions in the diligence process, which affects our visibility into customer termination rights and could expose us to additional liabilities.
The occurrence of any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. If an acquisition does not proceed or is materially delayed for any reason, the price of our common stock may be adversely impacted and we will not recognize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition.
We cannot assure that the price of any future acquisitions of IBX data centers will be similar to prior IBX data center acquisitions. In fact, we expect costs required to build or render new IBX data centers operational to increase in the future. If our revenue does not keep pace with these potential acquisition and expansion costs, we may not be able to maintain our current or expected margins as we absorb these additional expenses. There is no assurance we would successfully overcome these risks, or any other problems encountered with these acquisitions.
Our substantial debt could adversely affect our cash flows and limit our flexibility to raise additional capital.
We have a significant amount of debt and may need to incur additional debt to support our growth. Additional debt may also be incurred to fund future acquisitions, any future special distributions, regular distributions or the other cash outlays associated with maintaining our qualification for taxation as a REIT. As of December 31, 2018, our total indebtedness (gross of debt issuance cost, debt discount, and debt premium) was approximately $11.4 billion, our stockholders' equity was $7.2 billion and our cash, cash equivalents, and investments totaled $0.6 billion. In addition, as of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $1.9 billion of additional liquidity available to us from our $2.0 billion revolving credit facility. Some of our debt contains covenants which may limit our operating flexibility. In addition to our substantial debt, we lease a majority of our IBX data centers and certain equipment under non-cancellable lease agreements, some of which are accounted for as operating leases. As of December 31, 2018, our total minimum operating lease commitments under those lease agreements, excluding potential lease renewals, was approximately $2.0 billion, which represents off-balance sheet commitments.
Our substantial amount of debt and related covenants, and our off-balance sheet commitments, could have important consequences. For example, they could:
require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to make interest and principal payments on our debt and in respect of other off-balance sheet arrangements, reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund future capital expenditures, working capital, execution of our expansion strategy and other general corporate requirements;
increase the likelihood of negative outlook from our credit rating agencies;
make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations under our various debt instruments;
increase our cost of borrowing and even limit our ability to access additional debt to fund future growth;
increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions and adverse changes in governmental regulations;
limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry, which may place us at a competitive disadvantage compared with our competitors;
limit our operating flexibility through covenants with which we must comply, such as limiting our ability to repurchase shares of our common stock;

limit our ability to borrow additional funds, even when necessary to maintain adequate liquidity, which would also limit our ability to further expand our business; and
make us more vulnerable to increases in interest rates because of the variable interest rates on some of our borrowings to the extent we have not entirely hedged such variable rate debt.
The occurrence of any of the foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We may also need to refinance a portion of our outstanding debt as it matures. There is a risk that we may not be able to refinance existing debt or that the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of our existing debt. Furthermore, if prevailing interest rates or other factors at the time of refinancing result in higher interest rates upon refinancing, then the interest expense relating to that refinanced indebtedness would increase. These risks could materially adversely affect our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
Adverse global economic conditions and credit market uncertainty could adversely impact our business and financial condition.
Adverse global economic conditions and uncertain conditions in the credit markets have created, and in the future may create, uncertainty and unpredictability and add risk to our future outlook. An uncertain global economy could also result in churn in our customer base, reductions in revenues from our offerings, longer sales cycles, slower adoption of new technologies and increased price competition, adversely affecting our liquidity. The uncertain economic environment could also have an impact on our foreign exchange forward contracts if our counterparties' credit deteriorates or they are otherwise unable to perform their obligations. Finally, our ability to access the capital markets may be severely restricted at a time when we would like, or need, to do so which could have an impact on our flexibility to pursue additional expansion opportunities and maintain our desired level of revenue growth in the future.
If we cannot effectively manage our international operations, and successfully implement our international expansion plans, or comply with evolving laws and regulations, our revenues may not increase, and our business and results of operations would be harmed.
For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we recognized approximately 55%, 55% and 57%, respectively, of our revenues outside the U.S. We currently operate outside of the U.S. in Canada, Brazil, Colombia, EMEA and Asia-Pacific.
To date, the network neutrality of our IBX data centers and the variety of networks available to our customers has often been a competitive advantage for us. In certain of our acquired IBX data centers in the Asia-Pacific region, the limited number of carriers available reduces that advantage. As a result, we may need to adapt our key revenue-generating offerings and pricing to be competitive in those markets. In addition, we are currently undergoing expansions or evaluating expansion opportunities outside of the U.S. Undertaking and managing expansions in foreign jurisdictions may present unanticipated challenges to us.
Our international operations are generally subject to a number of additional risks, including:
the costs of customizing IBX data centers for foreign countries;
protectionist laws and business practices favoring local competition;
greater difficulty or delay in accounts receivable collection;
difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations, including negotiating with foreign labor unions or workers' councils;
difficulties in managing across cultures and in foreign languages;
political and economic instability;
fluctuations in currency exchange rates;
difficulties in repatriating funds from certain countries;
our ability to obtain, transfer or maintain licenses required by governmental entities with respect to our business;
unexpected changes in regulatory, tax and political environments such as the United Kingdom's pending withdrawal from the European Union ("Brexit");
our ability to secure and maintain the necessary physical and telecommunications infrastructure;
compliance with anti-bribery and corruption laws;
compliance with economic and trade sanctions enforced by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of Treasury; and

compliance with evolving governmental regulation with which we have little experience.
Geo-political events, such as Brexit, may increase the likelihood of the listed risks to occur. With respect to Brexit, it is possible that the level of economic activity in the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe will be adversely impacted and that we will face increased regulatory and legal complexities in these regions which could have an adverse impact on our business and employees in EMEA and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, compliance with international and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations increases our cost of doing business in foreign jurisdictions. These laws and regulations include the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and other data privacy requirements, labor relations laws, tax laws, anti-competition regulations, import and trade restrictions, export requirements, economic and trade sanctions, U.S. laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and local laws which also prohibit corrupt payments to governmental officials. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, and prohibitions on the conduct of our business. Any such violations could include prohibitions on our ability to offer our offerings in one or more countries, could delay or prevent potential acquisitions, and could also materially damage our reputation, our brand, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, our business and operating results. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to anticipate and address these risks and manage these difficulties.
Economic and political uncertainty in developing markets could adversely affect our revenue and earnings.
We conduct business and are contemplating expansion in developing markets with economies and governments that tend to be more volatile than those in the U.S. and Western Europe. The risk of doing business in developing markets such as Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Oman, Russia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and other economically volatile areas could adversely affect our operations and earnings. Such risks include the financial instability among customers in these regions, political instability, fraud or corruption and other non-economic factors such as irregular trade flows that need to be managed successfully with the help of the local governments. In addition, commercial laws in some developing countries can be vague, inconsistently administered and retroactively applied. If we are deemed to be not in compliance with applicable laws in developing countries where we conduct business, our prospects and business in those countries could be harmed, which could then have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial position. Our failure to successfully manage economic, political and other risks relating to doing business in developing countries and economically and politically volatile areas could adversely affect our business.
Terrorist activity throughout the world and military action to counter terrorism could adversely impact our business.
The continued threat of terrorist activity and other acts of war or hostility contribute to a climate of political and economic uncertainty. Due to existing or developing circumstances, we may need to incur additional costs in the future to provide enhanced security, including cyber security, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. These circumstances may also adversely affect our ability to attract and retain customers, our ability to raise capital and the operation and maintenance of our IBX data centers.
Sales or issuances of shares of our common stock may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
Future sales or issuances of common stock or other equity related securities may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, including any shares of our common stock issued to finance capital expenditures, finance acquisitions or repay debt. We have established an "at-the-market" stock offering program (the "ATM Program") through which we may, from time to time, issue and sell shares of our common stock to or through sales agents up to established limits. By the end of 2018, we completed sales having an aggregate gross proceeds of $750.0 million, thereby completing a previously authorized program, and subsequently received authorization for up to an additional $750.0 million. We may also seek authorization to sell additional shares of common stock under the ATM Program once we have reached the current $750.0 million limit which could lead to additional dilution for our stockholders. Please see Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for sales of our common stock under the ATM Program to date.
The market price of our stock may continue to be highly volatile, and the value of an investment in our common stock may decline.
The market price of the shares of our common stock has been and may continue to be highly volatile. General economic and market conditions, and market conditions for telecommunications and real estate investment trust stocks in general, may affect the market price of our common stock.
Announcements by us or others, or speculations about our future plans, may also have a significant impact on the market price of our common stock. These may relate to:
our operating results or forecasts;

new issuances of equity, debt or convertible debt by us, including issuances through our ATM Program;
increases in market interest rates and changes in other general market and economic conditions, including inflationary concerns;
changes to our capital allocation, tax planning or business strategy;
our qualification for taxation as a REIT and our declaration of distributions to our stockholders;
changes in U.S. or foreign tax laws;
changes in management or key personnel;
developments in our relationships with customers;
announcements by our customers or competitors;
changes in regulatory policy or interpretation;
governmental investigations;
changes in the ratings of our debt or stock by rating agencies or securities analysts;
our purchase or development of real estate and/or additional IBX data centers;
our acquisitions of complementary businesses; or
the operational performance of our IBX data centers.
The stock market has from time to time experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations, which have particularly affected the market prices for telecommunications companies, and which have often been unrelated to their operating performance. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our common stock is our distribution rate as a percentage of our stock price relative to market interest rates. If market interest rates increase, prospective investors may demand a higher distribution rate or seek alternative investments paying higher dividends or interest. As a result, interest rate fluctuations and conditions in the capital markets may affect the market value of our common stock. Furthermore, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and/or damages, and divert management's attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.
If we are not able to generate sufficient operating cash flows or obtain external financing, our ability to fund incremental expansion plans may be limited.
Our capital expenditures, together with ongoing operating expenses, obligations to service our debt and the cash outlays associated with our REIT distribution requirements, are, and will continue to be, a substantial burden on our cash flow and may decrease our cash balances. Additional debt or equity financing may not be available when needed or, if available, may not be available on satisfactory terms. Our inability to obtain additional debt and/or equity financing or to generate sufficient cash from operations may require us to prioritize projects or curtail capital expenditures which could adversely affect our results of operations.
Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates in the markets in which we operate internationally could harm our results of operations.
We may experience gains and losses resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. To date, the majority of revenues and costs in our international operations are denominated in foreign currencies. Where our prices are denominated in U.S. dollars, our sales and revenues could be adversely affected by declines in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, thereby making our offerings more expensive in local currencies. We are also exposed to risks resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates in connection with our international operations. To the extent we are paying contractors in foreign currencies, our operations could cost more than anticipated as a result of declines in the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies. In addition, fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates have a direct impact on how our international results of operations translate into U.S. dollars.
Although we currently undertake, and may decide in the future to further undertake, foreign exchange hedging transactions to reduce foreign currency transaction exposure, we do not currently intend to eliminate all foreign currency transaction exposure. In addition, REIT compliance rules may restrict our ability to enter into hedging transactions. Therefore, any weakness of the U.S. dollar may have a positive impact on our consolidated results of operations because the currencies in the foreign countries in which we operate may translate into more U.S. dollars. However, if the U.S. dollar strengthens relative to the currencies of the foreign countries in which we operate, our consolidated financial position and results of operations may be negatively impacted as amounts in foreign currencies will generally translate into fewer U.S. dollars. For additional information on foreign currency risks, refer to our discussion of foreign currency risk in "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" included in Item 7A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our derivative transactions expose us to counterparty credit risk.
Our derivative transactions expose us to risk of financial loss if a counterparty fails to perform under a derivative contract. Disruptions in the financial markets could lead to sudden decreases in a counterparty's liquidity, which could make them unable to perform under the terms of their derivative contract and we may not be able to realize the benefit of the derivative contract.
Changes in U.S. or foreign tax laws, regulations, or interpretations thereof, including changes to tax rates, may adversely affect our financial statements and cash taxes.
We are a U.S. company with global subsidiaries and are subject to income taxes in the U.S. (although currently limited due to our taxation as a REIT) and many foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes. The U.S. government has also recently changed tax laws in the U.S. and the governments of many of the countries in which we operate are actively discussing changes to foreign tax laws. Although we believe that we have adequately assessed and accounted for our potential tax liabilities, and that our tax estimates are reasonable, there can be no certainty that additional taxes will not be due upon audit of our tax returns or as a result of further changes to the tax laws and interpretations thereof. The nature and timing of any future changes to each jurisdiction's tax laws and the impact on our future tax liabilities cannot be predicted with any accuracy but could materially and adversely impact our results of operations and financial position or cash flows.
We may be vulnerable to security breaches which could disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our financial performance and operating results.
We face risks associated with unauthorized access to our computer systems, loss or destruction of data, computer viruses, malware, distributed denial-of-service attacks or other malicious activities. These threats may result from human error, equipment failure or fraud or malice on the part of employees or third parties. A party who is able to compromise the security measures on our networks or the security of our infrastructure could misappropriate either our proprietary information or the personal information of our customers or our employees, or cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations or our customers' operations. As we provide assurances to our customers that we provide a high level of security, such a compromise could be particularly harmful to our brand and reputation. We may be required to expend significant capital and resources to protect against such threats or to alleviate problems caused by breaches in security. As techniques used to breach security change frequently and are generally not recognized until launched against a target, we may not be able to promptly detect that a cyber breach has occurred, or implement security measures in a timely manner or, if and when implemented, we may not be able to determine the extent to which these measures could be circumvented. Any breaches that may occur could expose us to increased risk of lawsuits, regulatory penalties, loss of existing or potential customers, damage relating to loss of proprietary information, harm to our reputationsubstantial corporate income tax and increases in our security costs, which could have a materialmaterially adverse effect on our financial performance and operating results. We maintain insurance coverage for cyber risks, but such coverage may be unavailable or insufficient to cover our losses.    
We offer professional services to our customers where we consult on data center solutions and assist with implementations. We also offer managed services in certain of our foreign jurisdictions outside of the U.S. where we manage the data center infrastructure for our customers. The access to our clients' networks and data, which is gained from these services, creates some risk that our clients' networks or data will be improperly accessed. We may also design our clients' cloud storage systems in such a way that exposes our clients to increased risk of data breach.  If Equinix were held to be responsible for any such a breach, it could result in a significant loss to Equinix, including damage to Equinix's client relationships, harm to our brand and reputation, and legal liability.
We are continuing to invest in our expansion efforts but may not have sufficient customer demand in the future to realize expected returns on these investments.
We are considering the acquisition or lease of additional properties and the construction of new IBX data centers beyond those expansion projects already announced. We will be required to commit substantial operational and financial resources to these IBX data centers, generally 12 to 18 months in advance of securing customer contracts, and we may not have sufficient customer demand in those markets to support these centers once they are built. In addition, unanticipated technological changes could affect customer requirements for data centers, and we may not have built such requirements into our new IBX data centers. Either of these contingencies, if they were to occur, could make it difficult for us to realize expected or reasonable returns on these investments.
Our offerings have a long sales cycle that may harm our revenue and operating results.
A customer's decision to purchase our offerings typically involves a significant commitment of resources. In addition, some customers will be reluctant to commit to locating in our IBX data centers until they are confident that the IBX data center has adequate carrier connections. As a result, we have a long sales cycle. Furthermore, we may devote significant time and resources to pursuing a particular sale or customer that does not result in revenues. We have also significantly expanded our sales force in recent years, and it will take time for these new hires to become fully productive.

Delays due to the length of our sales cycle may materially and adversely affect our revenues and operating results, which could harm our ability to meet our forecasts and cause volatility in our stock price.
Any failure of our physical infrastructure or offerings, or damage to customer infrastructure within our IBX data centers, could lead to significant costs and disruptions that could reduce our revenue and harm our business reputation and financial results.
Our business depends on providing customers with highly reliable solutions. We must safehouse our customers' infrastructure and equipment located in our IBX data centers and ensure our IBX data centers and non-IBX offices remain operational. We own certain of our IBX data centers, but others are leased by us, and we rely on the landlord for basic maintenance of our leased IBX data centers and office buildings. If such landlord has not maintained a leased property sufficiently, we may be forced into an early exit from the center which could be disruptive to our business. Furthermore, we continue to acquire IBX data centers not built by us. If we discover that these buildings and their infrastructure assets are not in the condition we expected when they were acquired, we may be required to incur substantial additional costs to repair or upgrade the centers.
Our office buildings and IBX data centers are subject to failure resulting from, and infrastructure within such IBX data centers is at risk from, numerous factors, including:
human error;
equipment failure;
physical, electronic and cyber security breaches;
fire, earthquake, hurricane, flood, tornado and other natural disasters;
extreme temperatures;
water damage;
fiber cuts;
power loss;
terrorist acts;
sabotage and vandalism; and
failure of business partners who provide our resale products.
Problems at one or more of our IBX data centers, whether or not within our control, could result in service interruptions or significant equipment damage. We have service level commitment obligations to certain customers. As a result, service interruptions or significant equipment damage in our IBX data centers could result in difficulty maintaining service level commitments to these customers and potential claims related to such failures. Because our IBX data centers are critical to many of our customers' businesses, service interruptions or significant equipment damage in our IBX data centers could also result in lost profits or other indirect or consequential damages to our customers. We cannot guarantee that a court would enforce any contractual limitations on our liability in the event that one of our customers brings a lawsuit against us as a result of a problem at one of our IBX data centers and we may decide to reach settlements with affected customers irrespective of any such contractual limitations. Any such settlement may result in a reduction of revenue under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). In addition, any loss of service, equipment damage or inability to meet our service level commitment obligations could reduce the confidence of our customers and could consequently impair our ability to obtain and retain customers, which would adversely affect both our ability to generate revenues and our operating results.
Furthermore, we are dependent upon internet service providers, telecommunications carriers and other website operators in the Americas, Asia-Pacific and EMEA regions and elsewhere, some of which have experienced significant system failures and electrical outages in the past. Our customers may in the future experience difficulties due to system failures unrelated to our systems and offerings. If, for any reason, these providers fail to provide the required services, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materiallyoperations.
ITEM 1.Business
Overview: Powering the World’s Digital Leaders
Equinix is the world's digital infrastructure companyTM. Digital leaders harness our trusted platform to bring together and adversely impacted.
interconnect the foundational infrastructure that powers their success. We are currently making significant investmentsenable our customers to access all the right places, partners and possibilities they need to accelerate their advantage. Platform Equinix® combines a global footprint of International Business Exchange™ ("IBX®") data centers in our back office information technology systemsthe Americas ("AMER"), Asia-Pacific ("APAC"), and processes.  Difficulties from or disruptions to these efforts may interrupt our normal operationsEurope, the Middle East and adversely affect ourAfrica ("EMEA") regions, interconnection solutions, edge services, unique business and operating results.
We have been investing heavily in our back office information technology systemsdigital ecosystems and processes forexpert consulting and support. Equinix was incorporated on June 22, 1998 as a number of yearsDelaware corporation and expect such investment to continue for the foreseeable future in support of our pursuit of global, scalable solutions across all geographies and functions that we operate in.  These continuing investments include: 1) ongoing improvements to the customer experience from initial quote to customer billing and our revenue recognition process; 2) integration of recently-acquired operations onto our various information technology systems; and 3) implementation of new tools and technologies to either further streamline

and automate processes, such as our fixed asset procure to disposal process, or to support our compliance with evolving U.S. GAAP, such as the new revenue accounting, derivatives and hedging and leasing standards.  As a result of our continued work on these projects, we may experience difficulties with our systems, management distraction and significant business disruptions. For example, difficulties with our systems may interrupt our ability to accept and deliver customer orders and may adversely impact our overall financial operations, including our accounts payable, accounts receivables, general ledger, fixed assets, revenue recognition, close processes, internal financial controls and our ability to otherwise run and track our business. We may need to expend significant attention, time and resources to correct problems or find alternative sources for performing these functions. All of these changes to our financial systems also create an increased risk of deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting until such systems are stabilized. Such significant investments in our back office systems may take longer to complete and cost more than originally planned. In addition, we may not realize the full benefits we hoped to achieve and there is a risk of an impairment charge if we decide that portions of these projects will not ultimately benefit the company or are de-scoped. Finally, the collective impact of these changes to our business has placed significant demands on impacted employees across multiple functions, increasing the risk of errors and control deficiencies in our financial statements, distraction from the effective operation of our business and difficulty in attracting and retaining employees. Any such difficulties or disruptions may adversely affect our business and operating results.
Inadequate or inaccurate external and internal information, including budget and planning data, could lead to inaccurate financial forecasts and inappropriate financial decisions.
Our financial forecasts are dependent on estimates and assumptions regarding budget and planning data, market growth, foreign exchange rates, our ability to remain qualified for taxationoperates as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.
Al Avery and our abilityJay Adelson founded Equinix as a vendor-neutral multi-tenant data center ("MTDC") provider where competing networks could connect and share data traffic to generate sufficient cash flowhelp scale the rapid growth of the early internet. The company’s name, Equinix (composed from the words "equality", "neutrality" and "internet exchange"), reflects that vision. The founders also believed they not only had the opportunity but also the responsibility to reinvestcreate a company that would be the steward of some of the most important digital infrastructure assets in the business, fund internal growth, make acquisitions, pay dividendsworld. Two decades later, we have expanded upon that vision to build Platform Equinix, with unmatched scale and meetreach.
Our interconnected data centers around the world allow our debt obligations. Our financial projections are based on historical experiencecustomers to bring together and on various other assumptions that our management believesinterconnect the infrastructure they need to be reasonable underfast-track their digital advantage. With Equinix, they can scale with agility, speed the circumstanceslaunch of digital services, deliver world-class experiences and atmultiply their value. We enable them to differentiate by distributing infrastructure and removing the time they are made. However, if our externaldistance between clouds, users and internal information is inadequate, our actual results may differ materially from our forecastsapplications in order to reduce latency and cause us to make inappropriate financial decisions. Any material variation between our financial forecastsdeliver a superior customer, partner and our actual results may also adversely affect our future profitability, stock price and stockholder confidence.
employee experience. The level of insurance coverage that we purchase may prove to be inadequate.
We carry liability, property, business interruption and other insurance policies to cover insurable risks to our company. We select the types of insurance, the limitsEquinix global platform, and the deductibles based on our specific risk profile, the cost of the insurance coverage versus its perceived benefit and general industry standards. Our insurance policies contain industry standard exclusions for events such as war and nuclear reaction. We purchase minimal levels of earthquake insurance for certainquality of our IBX data centers, butinterconnection offerings and edge services, have enabled us to establish a critical mass of customers. As more customers choose Platform Equinix for most of ourbandwidth cost and performance reasons, it benefits their suppliers and business partners to colocate in the same data centers including many in California,and connect directly with each other. This adjacency creates a network effect that attracts new customers, continuously compounds our existing customers' value and enables them to capture further economic and performance benefits from our offerings.
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In 2021, we have elected to self-insure. The earthquake and flood insurance that we do purchase would be subject to high deductibles. Any of the limits of insurance that we purchase, including those for cyber risks, could prove to be inadequate, which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our construction of additionalopened nine new IBX data centers, opened six new xScaleTM data centers via our joint ventures, and entered three new markets resulting in an increase in our total number of IBX and xScale data center facilities to 240, which includes the MU4 and GN1 data centers which opened in January 2022. 2021 highlights include:
New data center openings included nine new IBX sites in the following metros: Bordeaux, Frankfurt, Genoa, Milan, Munich, Osaka, Perth, Silicon Valley and Singapore, with Bordeaux and Genoa being new market entries.
Six additional xScale sites opened in 2021 in Frankfurt, London, Osaka, Paris, Sao Paulo and Tokyo, bringing the total number of xScale data centers to eight. xScale data centers serve the needs of the growing hyperscale data center market, including the world's largest cloud service providers, and are engineered to meet the technical and operational requirements and price points of core hyperscale workload deployments. xScale data centers also offer access to our comprehensive suite of interconnection and edge services that tie into the hyperscale companies' existing access points at Equinix, thereby increasing the speed of connectivity to their existing and future enterprise customers. In xScale sites, hyperscale companies can consolidate core and access point deployments into one global provider to streamline and simplify their growth.
In December, we announced our expansion into Africa through the planned acquisition of MainOne, a leading West African data center and connectivity solutions provider, with presence in Nigeria, Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. The transaction has an enterprise value of $320 million and marks the first step in Equinix's long-term strategy to become a leading African carrier neutral digital infrastructure company. The acquisition is expected to close in Q2 of 2022, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions including the requisite regulatory approvals.
In September, we announced that we extended Platform Equinix into the strategic Indian market, following the completion of the acquisition of the India operations of GPX Global Systems, Inc. ("GPX India"). The $170.5 million transaction includes a fiber-connected campus in Mumbai with two data centers. The expansion into India is intended to unlock opportunities for Indian businesses expanding internationally and for multinational corporations pursuing growth and innovation in the Indian market.
In June, we entered into an agreement to form another joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with GIC, Singapore’s sovereign wealth fund, to develop and operate additional xScaleTM data centers in Europe and the Americas (the “EMEA 2 Joint Venture”). In October, we also entered into an agreement to form a joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with PGIM Real Estate ("PGIM"), to develop and operate xScaledata centers in Asia-Pacific (the "Asia-Pacific 2 Joint Venture"). Combined with our existing xScale joint ventures in Europe, Asia-Pacific and the Americas, these joint ventures will bring our global xScale data center portfolio to more than $7.5 billion across 34 facilities when completed and fully constructed.
In June, we opened our first data center in Bordeaux, France ("BX1"). With direct fiber links to Equinix's International Business Exchange™ (IBX®) sites in Paris, this new facility will provide global businesses and local authorities located in the region with the ability to connect directly and securely to the world's digital economy, via comprehensive digital ecosystems. Increasing connectivity opportunities further, BX1 will provide a landing hub for the new submarine cable, AMITIE, which will link France to the United States and Great Britain, creating a new European gateway for data traffic between the United States and Europe.
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In March, we announced that Equinix Metal™ had significantly advanced its global scale, features and ability to enable as a service consumption of the full value of Platform Equinix®. With these new and enhanced capabilities, Equinix Metal customers can consume interconnected infrastructure with the control of physical hardware and the low overhead and developer experience of the cloud, helping them move faster in today's competitive environment. This announcement also included the expanded availability of Equinix Metal in 18 global metros, the addition of new networking features to support hybrid multicloud architectures, the certification of new software integrations on Equinix Metal and the launch of a managed appliance as a service solution.
Industry Trends: Large-scale global trends are driving a digital-first strategy
Digital transformation is changing where and how businesses deploy and deliver IT services to employees and is creating new digital business models for partners and customers. The convergence of these global trends and the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic have created additional pressure for many companies to transform. The collective influence of these trends is driving complexity and risk that must be addressed in multiple locations for companies to effectively compete in the global digital economy. These trends include:
The Digital services trend is the continued digitizing of the back office to support digital business throughput. By 2022, 65% of global GDP will be digitalized, and most organizations will realize greater value by combining digitization and sustainability. This trend forces the need for a digital infrastructure optimized for proximity to, and interconnection with, networks and clouds. This in turn enables digital development with elastic scale and has contributed to a 3x increase in the multicloud, multiregion adoption rate over the last two years as businesses scale the digital core.
The Digital participation trend is digitizing trade and accessing digital marketplaces (digital B2B commerce). By 2025, 75% of organization leaders will leverage digital platforms and ecosystem capabilities to adapt their value chains to new markets, industries and ecosystems. This forces the need for organizations to interconnect digital infrastructure with research communities, supply chains and marketplaces, which enables composable business models. The fifth annual Global Interconnection Index ("GXI"), a market study published by Equinix, shows that SaaS is now the largest IT spend line item as companies move to public and private SaaS alternatives. Organizations that fail to leverage cloud, SaaS or partner digital ecosystems have shown two to three times slower growth over the past two years.
The Digital proximity trend means digitizing the front office for localized and personalized delivery—to customers, employees and operations where business happens, as well as digitizing the physical world for the physical infrastructure and operations intelligence needed to optimize commercial and environmental impact. Data shows that shifts in population and commerce centers will result in over 50% of new infrastructure being local by 2023, which will require a digital infrastructure in proximity to, and interconnecting, experiences, things (IoT) and intelligent operations.
These trends are accelerating the need for companies like Equinix who can provide a secure, agile global business platform that leverages digital interconnection—or private data exchange—to deliver real-time interactions around the world.
As part of their digital transformation, businesses in most industries are shifting their centralized IT infrastructures to the edge to bring digital services closer to users for better performance, which has become a significant driver of digital business value. To realize the full potential of the edge, IT organizations require greater interconnection bandwidth. Interconnection bandwidth is defined as the total capacity provisioned to privately and directly exchange traffic, with a diverse set of partners and providers, at distributed IT exchange points inside carrier-neutral colocation data centers. Private interconnection capacity between businesses, as reported in the GXI, is anticipated to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 44% by 2024, reaching 21,485+ terabits per second of data exchanged annually.
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Worldwide Interconnection Bandwidth Capacity Growth (2020 - 2024) in Terabits per Second (Tbps)
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Source: GXI Volume 5
Equinix Business Proposition: To be the platform where the world comes together, enabling the innovations that enrich our work, life and planet
In 2021, we continued to build new data center, interconnection and edge services capabilities to further our vision to power the world’s digital leaders. On Platform Equinix, digital leaders can reach the most strategic global markets with the largest ecosystem of digital partners, with infrastructure that assembles and deploys virtually in minutes. We offer a comprehensive, integrated suite of data center, interconnection, edge services and products to over 10,000 enterprise and service provider customers worldwide.
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The following are the leading revenue generating product and other offerings that collectively make up Platform Equinix:    
Data Center Solutions
Our global, state-of-the-art data centers meet strict standards of security, reliability, certification and sustainability. Offerings in these data centers are typically billed based on the space and power a customer consumes, are delivered under a fixed duration contract and generate monthly recurring revenue ("MRR").
International Business ExchangeTM Data Centers consist of more than 230 IBX vendor-neutral colocation data centers worldwide, providing our customers with secure, reliable and robust environments (including space and power) that are necessary to aggregate and distribute information and connect digital and business ecosystems globally. IBX data centers provide access to vital ecosystems where enterprises, network, cloud and SaaS providers, and business partners, directly and securely interconnect to each other.
xScaleTM Data Centers are designed to serve the unique core workload deployment needs of a targeted group of hyperscale companies, which include the world's largest cloud service providers. With xScale data
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centers, hyperscale customers add to their core hyperscale data center deployments and existing customer access points at Equinix, allowing streamlined expansion with a single global vendor.
IBX SmartView is a fully integrated monitoring software which provides customers visibility into the operating data relevant to their specific Equinix footprint as if they were in-house. The software provides online access to real-time environmental and operating data through the Equinix Customer Portal or API integrations. With real-time alerts and configurable reporting, IBX SmartView allows customers to maintain their IBX operations and plan for future growth.
Interconnection Solutions
Our interconnection solutions connect businesses directly, securely and dynamically within and between our data centers across our global platform. Our interconnection solutions are typically billed based on the outbound connections from a customer and generate MRR.
Equinix Fabric™ provides secure, on-demand, software-defined interconnection. Built specifically for digital infrastructure, Equinix Fabric enables businesses to connect globally to their choice of thousands of networking, storage, compute and application service providers in the industry’s largest infrastructure ecosystem. As the foundation of Platform Equinix’s interconnection capability, Equinix Fabric enables customers to quickly and easily connect their physical and virtual digital infrastructures.
Cross Connects provide a point-to-point cable link between two Equinix customers in the same IBX data center. Cross Connects deliver fast, convenient, affordable and highly reliable connectivity and data exchange with business partners and service providers within the Equinix ecosystem.
Equinix Internet Exchange™ enables networks, content providers and large enterprises to exchange internet traffic through the largest global peering solution. Service providers can aggregate traffic to multiple counterparties, called peers, on one physical port and handle multiple small peers while moving high-traffic peers to private interconnections. This reduces latency for end-users when accessing content and applications.
Equinix Connect is an agile, scalable, resilient and high performing internet access solution. With at least two upstream ISPs in each market, Equinix Connect offers the resiliency that organizations demand and direct connections to major content destinations, resulting in superior performance. It provides the convenience of a one-stop shop and the flexibility required to connect to the internet as a primary or secondary access solution. Available globally in more than 40 markets, Equinix Connect allows businesses to grow as their needs grow with scalable bandwidth options to meet their emerging usage requirements.
Fiber Connect provides dark fiber links between customers and partners in multiple Equinix IBX data centers. Fiber Connect enables fast, convenient and affordable integration with partners, customers and service providers across the global Equinix digital ecosystem. It supports highly reliable, extremely low-latency communication, system integration and data exchange.
Edge Services
Our edge services help businesses rapidly deploy as-a-service networking, security and hardware across our global data center footprint - as an alternative to buying, owning and managing the physical infrastructure. Our edge services are typically billed based on the number of instances and the capacity used by a customer and generate MRR.
Network Edge allows customers to modernize networks within minutes, by deploying network functions virtualization ("NFV") from multiple vendors across Equinix metros. Companies can select, deploy and connect virtual network services at the edge quickly, with no additional hardware requirements.
Equinix Metal™ allows enterprises, SaaS companies and digital service providers to provision interconnected bare metal resources in minutes instead of months, while reducing the capital expenditures and operational requirements of owning hardware. They can also reduce cloud costs while retaining the flexibility and operational expenditures of cloud services via on demand, reserved or spot market capacity in Equinix’s global data centers using the Equinix Metal portal or DevOps-friendly APIs and integrations.
Equinix Precision Time™ provides secure Precision Time Protocol ("PTP") and Network Time Protocol ("NTP") Time as a service for distributed enterprise applications on Platform Equinix®. The service uses redundant and strategically located equipment and the high-performance network backbone of Equinix
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Fabric™ to deliver secure, reliable and precise time synchronization. Customers gain access to the product portal, allowing them to provision, manage and monitor their service.
Colocation Offerings
Equinix offers a variety of colocation offerings designed to speed and streamline digital transformation and data center deployments for its customers. These services are typically billed based on consumption and generate non-recurring revenue ("NRR").
Equinix Smart Hands provides around-the-clock, on-site, operational support service for remote management, installation and troubleshooting of customer data center equipment. Using Equinix IBX data center expansions could involve significant riskstechnicians, Smart Hands allows customers to our business.
In order to sustain our growth in certain of our existingmanage and new markets, we may have to expandoutsource their business operations and maximize uptime whether from within an existingIBX data center leaseor from a new facility or acquire suitable land,remote location.
Equinix Infrastructure Services(EIS) provides customers with or without structures, to build new IBX data centers from the ground up. Expansions or new builds are currently underway, or being contemplated, in many of our markets. These construction projects expose us to many risks which could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. Some of the risks associated with these projects include:
construction delays;
lack of availability and delaysa one-stop shop for data center installation, migration and equipment procurement. With proven practices developed over many years of successfully building, migrating and optimizing our customers’ data center needs, EIS services lend expertise to address larger, more complex data center jobs including itemsinstallation and implementation of new builds, planned migrations, structured cabling, labelling and documentation, procurement recommendations and coordination, and secure de-installation.
Competition
While a large number of enterprises and service providers, such as generators and switchgear;
unexpected budget changes;
increased prices for building supplies, raw materials and data center equipment;
labor availability, labor disputes and work stoppages with contractors, subcontractors and other third parties;
unanticipated environmental issues and geological problems; and
delays related to permitting from public agencies and utility companies.

Additionally, all construction related projects require us to carefully select and rely on the experience of one or more designers, general contractors, and associated subcontractors during the design and construction process. Should a designer, general contractor or significant subcontractor experience financial problems or other problems during the design or construction process, we could experience significant delays, increased costs to complete the project and/or other negative impacts to our expected returns.
Site selection is also a critical factor in our expansion plans. There may not be suitable properties available in our markets with the necessary combination of high power capacity and fiber connectivity, or selection may be limited. Thus, while we may prefer to locate new IBX data centers adjacent to our existing locations, it may not always be possible. In the event we decide to build new IBX data centers separate from our existing IBXhyperscale cloud service providers, own their own data centers, we may provide interconnectionbelieve the industry is shifting away from single-tenant solutions to connect these two centers. Should these solutions not provide the necessary reliabilityoutsourcing some or all of their IT housing and interconnection requirements to sustain connection, this could result in lower interconnection revenue and lower margins and could have a negative impact on customer retention over time.
Environmental regulations may impose upon us new or unexpected costs.
We are subject to various federal, state, local and international environmental and health and safety laws and regulations, including those relating to the generation, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes. Certain of these laws and regulations also impose joint and several liability, without regard to fault, for investigation and cleanup costs on current and former owners and operators of real property and persons who have disposed of or released hazardous substances into the environment. Our operations involve the use of hazardous substances and materialsthird party facilities, such as petroleum fuel for emergency generators, as well as batteries, cleaning solutionsthose operated by us.
Historically, the outsourcing market was served by large telecommunications carriers who bundled their products and other materials. In addition, we lease, own or operate real property at which hazardous substances and regulated materials have been used in the past. At some of our locations, hazardous substances or regulated materials are known to be present in soil or groundwater, and there may be additional unknown hazardous substances or regulated materials present at sites we own, operate or lease. At some of our locations, there are land use restrictions in place relating to earlier environmental cleanups that do not materially limit our use of the sites. To the extent any hazardous substances or any other substance or material must be cleaned up or removed from our property, we may be responsible under applicable laws, regulations or leases for the removal or cleanup of such substances or materials, the cost of which could be substantial.
Electricity is a material cost in connectionservices with our business, and an increase in the cost of electricity could adversely affect us.their colocation offerings. The generators that provide electricity to our facilities are subject to environmental laws, regulations and permit requirements that are subject to material change, which could result in increases in generators' compliance costs that may be passed through to us. Regulations recently promulgated by the U.S. EPA could limit air emissions from power plants, restrict discharges of cooling water, and otherwise impose new operational restraints on conventional power plants that could increase costs of electricity. In addition, we are directly subject to environmental, health and safety laws regulating air emissions, storm water management and other issues arising in our business. For example, our emergency generators are subject to state and federal regulations governing air pollutants, which could limit the operation of those generators or require the installation of new pollution control technologies. While environmental regulations do not normally impose material costs upon our operations, unexpected events, equipment malfunctions, human error and changes in law or regulations, among other factors, can lead to violations of environmental laws, regulations or permits, and to additional unexpected operational limitations or costs.
Regulation of greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions could increase the cost of electricity by reducing amounts of electricity generated from fossil fuels, by requiring the use of more expensive generating methods or by imposing taxes or fees upon electricity generation or use. The U.S. EPA finalized a regulation in October 2015, called the "Clean Power Plan," that was intended to reduce GHG emissions from existing fossil fuel-fired power plants by 32 percent from 2005 levels by 2030. The Clean Power Plan was challenged in court and the rule has not been implemented because litigation is ongoing. In August 2018, the U.S. EPA issued a proposed rule that would replace the Clean Power Plan with the "Affordable Clean Energy" rule. Under the Affordable Clean Energy rule, coal-fired power plants will be required to make efficiency improvements to reduce their GHG emissions.  The U.S. EPA expects to finalize the Affordable Clean Energy rule in 2019, but the rule will likely be challenged in court, which may delay its implementation. While we do not expect these regulatory developments to materially increase our costs of electricity, the costs remain difficult to predict or estimate.
State regulations also have the potential to increase our costs of obtaining electricity. Certain states, like California, also have issued or may enact environmental regulations that could materially affect our facilities and electricity costs. California has limited GHG emissions from new and existing conventional power plants by imposing regulatory caps and by selling or auctioning the rights to emission allowances. Washington, Oregon and Massachusetts have issued regulations to implement similar carbon cap and trade programs, and other states are considering proposals to limit carbon emissions through cap and trade programs, carbon pricing programs and other mechanisms. Some states limit carbon emissions through the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative ("RGGI") cap and trade program. State programs have not had a material adverse effect on our electricity costs to date, but due to the market-driven nature of some of the programs, they could have a material adverse effect on electricity costs in the future. Such laws and regulations are also subject to change at any time.

Aside from regulatory requirements, we have separately undertaken efforts to procure energy from renewable energy projects in order to support new renewables development. The costs of procuring such energy may exceed the costs of procuring electricity from existing sources, such as existing utilities or electric service provided through conventional grids. These efforts to support and enhance renewable electricity generation may increase our costs of electricity above those that would be incurred through procurement of conventional electricity from existing sources.
If we are unable to recruit or retain key executives and qualified personnel, our business could be harmed.
In connection with the evolving needs of our customers and our business, and under the direction of our new chief executive officer, we have undertaken a review of our organizational architecture. To the extent that we make changes to our organizational architecture as a result of that review, there can be no assurances that the changes won't result in attrition, or that any changes will result in increased organizational effectiveness. We must also continue to identify, hire, train and retain key personnel who maintain relationships with our customers and who can provide the technical, strategic and marketing skills required for our company's growth. There is a shortage of qualified personnel in these fields, and we compete with other companies for the limited pool of talent.
The failure to recruit and retain necessary key executives and personnel could cause disruption, harm our business and hamper our ability to grow our company.
We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors.
The global multi-tenant data center market is highly fragmented.landscape has evolved to include private and vendor-neutral MTDC providers, hyperscale cloud providers, managed infrastructure and application hosting providers, and systems integrators. It is estimated that Equinix is one of more than 1,2002,200 companies that provide theseMTDC offerings around the world. Equinix competes withThe global MTDC market is highly fragmented. Each of these firms which vary in terms of their data center offerings.solutions providers can bundle various colocation, interconnection and network offerings and outsourced IT infrastructure solutions. We mustbelieve that this outsourcing trend has accelerated and is likely to continue to evolve our product strategy and beaccelerate in the coming years, especially in light of the movement to digital business as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Equinix is differentiated in this market by being able to differentiate our IBX data centersoffer customers a global platform that reaches 27 countries and product offerings from thosecontains the industry’s largest and most active ecosystem of our competitors.
As our customers evolve their IT strategies, we must remain flexible and evolve along with new technologies and industry and market shifts. Ineffective planning and executionpartners in our cloudsites. This ecosystem creates a “network effect” which improves performance and product development strategies may cause difficulty in sustaining competitive advantage in our products and services.
We are also in discussions with a targeted set of hyperscale customers to develop capacity to serve their larger footprint needs by leveraging existing capacity and dedicated hyperscale builds. We have announced our intention to seek a joint venture partnerlowers cost for certain of our hyperscale builds. There can be no assurances that we find such partner or that we are able to successfully meet the needs of these customers.
Some of our competitors may adopt aggressive pricing policies, especially if they are not highly leveraged or have lower return thresholds than we do. As a result, we may suffer from pricing pressure that would adversely affect our ability to generate revenues. Some of these competitors may also provide our target customers with additional benefits, including bundled communication services or cloud services, and may do so in a manner that is more attractive to our potential customers than obtaining space in our IBX data centers. Similarly, with growing acceptance of cloud-based technologies, we are at risk of losing customers that may decide to fully leverage cloud infrastructure offerings instead of managing their own. Competitors could also operate more successfully or form alliances to acquire significant market share.
Failure to compete successfully may materially adversely affect our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
Our business could be harmed by prolonged power outages or shortages, increased costs of energy or general lack of availability of electrical resources.
Our IBX data centers are susceptible to regional costs of power, power shortages, planned or unplanned power outages and limitations, especially internationally, on the availability of adequate power resources.
Power outages, including, but not limited to those relating to large storms, earthquakes, fires and tsunamis, could harm our customers and is a significant source of competitive advantage for Equinix.
Customers
Our customers include telecommunications carriers, mobile and other network services providers, cloud and IT services providers, digital media and content providers, financial services companies, and global enterprise ecosystems in various industries. We provide each company access to a choice of business partners and solutions based on their colocation, interconnection and managed IT service needs, and delivered 99.999% operational uptime across our business. We attempt to limit our exposure to system downtime by using backup generators and power supplies; however, we may not be able to limit our exposure entirely even with these protections in place. Some of our IBXglobal data centers are located in leased buildings where, depending upon the lease requirements and number of tenants involved, we may or may not control some or all of the infrastructure including generators and fuel tanks. As a result, in the event of a power outage, we may be dependent upon the landlord, as well as the utility company, to restore the power.
In addition, global fluctuations in the price of power can increase the cost of energy, and although contractual price increase clauses exist in the majority of our customer agreements, we may not always choose to pass these increased costs on to our customers.

In each of our markets, we rely on third parties to provide a sufficient amount of power for current and future customers. At the same time, power and cooling requirements are growing on a per unit basis. As a result, some customers are consuming an increasing amount of power per cabinet. We generally do not control the amount of power our customers draw from their installed circuits. This means that we could face power limitations in our IBX data centers. This could have a negative impact on the effective available capacity of a given center and limit our ability to grow our business, which could have a negative impact on our financial performance, operating results and cash flows.
We may also have difficulty obtaining sufficient power capacity for potential expansion sites in new or existing markets. We may experience significant delays and substantial increased costs demanded by the utilities to provide the level of electrical service required by our current IBX data center designs.
On January 29, 2019, Pacific Gas and Electric Company (“PG&E”), the public utility that serves the area in which some of our facilities are located, filed for bankruptcy protection in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of California, San Francisco (“Bankruptcy Court”). PG&E announced that it filed for bankruptcy to facilitate the resolution of liabilities in connection with the 2017 and 2018 Northern California wildfires. It is possible that, during its bankruptcy, PG&E may seek permission from the Bankruptcy Court to reject, i.e., breach, certain burdensome executory contracts, including high-priced power purchase agreements and other agreements under which PG&E procures electricity for distribution to customers like us. It is not certain that PG&E will be able to obtain such relief. Just before the bankruptcy filing, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) ruled that its approval is required before PG&E may reject any FERC-jurisdictional wholesale power agreements. If PG&E seeks and is allowed to reject power agreements, it is difficult to predict the consequences of any such action for us but they could potentially include procuring electricity from more expensive sources, reducing the availability and reliability of electricity supplied to our facilities and relying on a larger percentage of electricity generated by fossil fuels, any of which could reduce supplies of electricity available to our operations or increase our costs of electricity.
The use of high power density equipment may limit our ability to fully utilize our older IBX data centers.
Some customers have increased their use of high power density equipment, such as blade servers, in our IBX data centers which has increased the demand for power on a per cabinet basis. Because many of our IBX data centers were built a number of years ago, the current demand for power may exceed the designed electrical capacity in these centers. As power, not space, is a limiting factor in many of our IBX data centers, our ability to fully utilize those IBX data centers may be impacted. The ability to increase the power capacity of an IBX data center, should we decide to, is dependent on several factors including, but not limited to, the local utility's ability to provide additional power; the length of time required to provide such power; and/or whether it is feasible to upgrade the electrical infrastructure of an IBX data center to deliver additional power to customers. Although we are currently designing and building to a higher power specification than that of many of our older IBX data centers, there is a risk that demand will continue to increase and our IBX data centers could become underutilized sooner than expected.
If our internal controls are found to be ineffective, our financial results or our stock price may be adversely affected.
Our most recent evaluation of our controls resulted in our conclusion that, as of December 31, 2018, in compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, our internal controls over financial reporting were effective. Our ability to manage our operations and growth, through, for example, the integration of Metronode, Infomart Dallas, Itconic, and Zenium, the adoption of new accounting principles and tax laws, and our overhaul of our back office systems that, for example, support the customer experience from initial quote to customer billing and our revenue recognition process, will require us to further develop our controls and reporting systems and implement or amend new or existing controls and reporting systems in those areas where the implementation and integration is still ongoing. All of these changes to our financial systems and the implementation and integration of acquisitions create an increased risk of deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting. If, in the future, our internal control over financial reporting is found to be ineffective, or if a material weakness is identified in our controls over financial reporting, our financial results may be adversely affected. Investors may also lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements which could adversely affect our stock price.
Our operating results may fluctuate.
We have experienced fluctuations in our results of operations on a quarterly and annual basis. The fluctuations in our operating results may cause the market price of our common stock to be volatile. We may experience significant fluctuations in our operating results in the foreseeable future due to a variety of factors, including, but not limited to:
fluctuations of foreign currencies in the markets in which we operate;
the timing and magnitude of depreciation and interest expense or other expenses related to the acquisition, purchase or construction of additional IBX data centers or the upgrade of existing IBX data centers;
demand for space, power and solutions at our IBX data centers;

changes in general economic conditions, such as an economic downturn, or specific market conditions in the telecommunications and internet industries, both of which may have an impact on our customer base;
charges to earnings resulting from past acquisitions due to, among other things, impairment of goodwill or intangible assets, reduction in the useful lives of intangible assets acquired, identification of additional assumed contingent liabilities or revised estimates to restructure an acquired company's operations;
the duration of the sales cycle for our offerings and our ability to ramp our newly-hired sales persons to full productivity within the time period we have forecasted;
restructuring charges or reversals of restructuring charges, which may be necessary due to revised sublease assumptions, changes in strategy or otherwise;
acquisitions or dispositions we may make;
the financial condition and credit risk of our customers;
the provision of customer discounts and credits;
the mix of current and proposed products and offerings and the gross margins associated with our products and offerings;
the timing required for new and future IBX data centers to open or become fully utilized;
competition in the markets in which we operate;
conditions related to international operations;
increasing repair and maintenance expenses in connection with aging IBX data centers;
lack of available capacity in our existing IBX data centers to generate new revenue or delays in opening new or acquired IBX data centers that delay our ability to generate new revenue in markets which have otherwise reached capacity;
changes in rent expense as we amend our IBX data center leases in connection with extending their lease terms when their initial lease term expiration dates approach or changes in shared operating costs in connection with our leases, which are commonly referred to as common area maintenance expenses;
the timing and magnitude of other operating expenses, including taxes, expenses related to the expansion of sales, marketing, operations and acquisitions, if any, of complementary businesses and assets;
the cost and availability of adequate public utilities, including power;
changes in employee stock-based compensation;
overall inflation;
increasing interest expense due to any increases in interest rates and/or potential additional debt financings;
changes in our tax planning strategies or failure to realize anticipated benefits from such strategies;
changes in income tax benefit or expense; and
changes in or new GAAP as periodically released by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB").
Any of the foregoing factors, or other factors discussed elsewhere in this report, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Although we have experienced growth in revenues in recent quarters, this growth rate is not necessarily indicative of future operating results. Prior to 2008, we had generated net losses every fiscal year since inception. It is possible that we may not be able to generate net income on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. In addition, a relatively large portion of our expenses are fixed in the short-term, particularly with respect to lease and personnel expenses, depreciation and amortization and interest expenses. Therefore, our results of operations are particularly sensitive to fluctuations in revenues. As such, comparisons to prior reporting periods should not be relied upon as indications of our future performance. In addition, our operating results in one or more future quarters may fail to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors.
Our days sales outstanding ("DSO") may be negatively impacted by process and system upgrades and acquisitions.
Our DSO may be negatively impacted by ongoing process and system upgrades which can impact our customers' experience in the short term, together with integrating recent acquisitions into our processes and systems, which may have a negative impact on our operating cash flows, liquidity and financial performance.
Our reported financial results may be adversely affected by changes in U.S. GAAP.
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP. A change in these principles can have a significant effect on our reported financial position and financial results. In addition, the adoption of new or revised accounting principles may require us to make changes to our systems, processes and controls, which could require us to make costly changes to our operational processes and accounting systems upon or following the adoption of these standards. For example, we adopted the new lease accounting standard on January 1, 2019, which requires lessees to recognize right-of-use assets and right-of-use liabilities related to operating leases. As a result, we will record significant operating lease obligations on our balance sheet and

make other changes in our financial statements, which will have a material effect on our financial statements. We are also implementing a new lease accounting tool, which may impact our accounting and reporting process. This, and other future changes to accounting rules, could have a material adverse effect on the reporting of our business, financial condition and results of operations. For additional information regarding the accounting standard updates, see "Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted" and "Accounting Standards Adopted" sections of Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We may incur goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges, or impairment charges to our property, plant and equipment, which could result in a significant reduction to our earnings.
In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we are required to assess our goodwill and other intangible assets annually, or more frequently whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate potential impairment, such as changing market conditions or any changes in key assumptions. If the testing performed indicates that an asset may not be recoverable, we are required to record a non-cash impairment charge for the difference between the carrying value of the goodwill or other intangible assets and the implied fair value of the goodwill or other intangible assets in the period the determination is made.
We also periodically monitor the remaining net book values of our property, plant and equipment, including at the individual IBX data center level. Although each individual IBX data center is currently performing in accordance with our expectations, the possibility that one or more IBX data centers could begin to under-perform relative to our expectations is possible and may also result in non-cash impairment charges.
These charges could be significant, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.
We have incurred substantial losses in the past and may incur additional losses in the future.
2021. As of December 31, 2018,2021, we had over 10,000 customers worldwide. No one customer made up 10% or more of our retained earnings were $889.9 million. Although we have generated net income for each fiscal year since 2008, excepttotal business revenues for the year ended December 31, 2014, we are currently investing heavily in2021.
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The following companies represent some of our future growth through the build out of multiple additional IBX data centers, expansions of IBX data centersleading customers and acquisitions of complementary businesses. Aspartners:
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We serve our customers with a result, we will incur higher depreciationdirect sales force and other operating expenses,channel marketing program. We organize our sales force by customer type, as well as acquisition costsby establishing a sales presence in diverse geographic regions, which enables efficient servicing of the customer base from a network of regional offices. We also support our customers with a global customer care organization.
Human Capital
As of December 31, 2021, we had 10,944 employees worldwide with 5,056 based in the Americas, 3,611 based in EMEA and interest expense,2,277 based in APAC. Of those employees, 4,693 employees were in engineering and operations, 1,855 employees were in sales and marketing and 4,396 employees were in management, finance and administration. As of December 31, 2021, approximately 74% of our workforce identified as men and approximately 25% identified as women. Women's representation in leadership (VP and above) increased from 28% to 31% year-over-year.
At Equinix, we strive to build a culture where every employee, every day, can say “I’m Safe, I Belong and I Matter” and where our workforce, at all levels, reflects and represents the communities in which we operate. Our objective is to continue to make our culture a critical competitive advantage, engaging every leader and every employee in the process. To ensure we are upholding our core corporate values and making progress towards our aspirational goals, we monitor employee satisfaction through a quarterly pulse survey, which is one of our listening mechanisms. In 2021, employee satisfaction scores ranged between 82 - 84 out of a 100 each quarter. We recognize that attracting, developing and retaining talent at all levels is vital to continuing our success and offer industry competitive compensation and benefits, along with development opportunities to help every employee achieve their full potential. The virtual recruiting environment necessitated by the global pandemic has created new opportunities for Equinix to find talent. We have benefited from new talent sourcing programs such as our global new-to-career programs as well as a pathways program to enable career transition for veterans and women returning to the workforce. In 2021, we continued to enhance our portfolio of development programs for our employees and introduced a system-enabled approach to goal setting and development planning to drive objectivity and achievement. We also continued to offer development tools and opportunities to our employees such as online learning, manager training, professional coaching and 360 degree assessments for eligible employees.
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We are integrating a focus on diversity, inclusion and belonging ("DIB") into every aspect of how we run our business. In 2020, we embarked on a multi-year DIB strategy with governance through a DIB Council chaired by our CEO and CHRO, and in partnership with our Sustainability Program Office, that oversees our progress on environmental, social and governance ("ESG") matters. Our DIB strategy focuses on attracting, retaining and developing a diverse, global workforce; building leadership capability; and empowering our people to bring DIB to life. We are focused on creating multiple pathways to reach new talent from diverse communities. In 2021, we forged partnerships and invested in tools and systems to grow and support our inclusive hiring practices and made updates to our recruitment marketing to reach a wider candidate pool more effectively. We also embedded diversity and inclusive competencies and behaviors in our leadership profiles and added coaching tools as well as manager training on leading inclusive teams to our development program. Our Equinix Employee-led Connection Networks ("EECNs") are integral to our DIB strategy and play an important role in creating belonging and advocating for the needs and goals of communities with common identities, cultures or backgrounds. Each of our nine EECNs represents an identity/community that has faced historical discrimination or shares unique challenges. We recognize that creating the best workplace and culture we can requires a global effort with localized awareness and approaches. Late in 2020, we launched WeAreEquinix employee teams empowered to create, localize and promote purpose, inclusion and belonging for their locations across the world. Through live and virtual events, campaigns, and collaboration with the business, these volunteer leaders bring local opportunities to engage in the following areas: Wellbeing, Green and Sustainability, Community Impact, Fun and Creativity, Diversity, Inclusion and Belonging, and Employee Networks. We currently have WeAreEquinix teams in 15 locations.
In 2021, we launched our “I Matter” initiative to enable employees to voluntarily self-identify by adding their data across dimensions of diversity, including race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, and disability in accordance with country regulations so that we may negativelybetter understand the global employee experience.
Equinix representatives have joined the G100 Talent Consortium Task Force on Racial Inequity in Business to consider core inequity issues, including anti-racism, bias, and hiring and promotability practices, in order to develop tangible best practices that companies can use as guide rails to increase representation and career mobility for black, indigenous and people of color ("BIPOC") employees. In 2021, we hosted a Days of Understanding event as part of an initiative of CEO ACT!ON, a pledge Equinix has taken along with hundreds of other companies to embrace difference in our organizations, educate our people and build more inclusive cultures inside and outside of our workplaces. As part of this partnership, three Equinix employees joined ACT!ON’s inaugural two-year fellowship program focused on identifying, developing, and promoting scalable and sustainable policies and corporate best practices that address systemic racism and social injustice to improve societal wellbeing. Equinix also joined the Alliance for Global Inclusion, a coalition of global organizations working together to bring inclusivity and full equity to the workplace. Finally, in 2021 Equinix partnered with McKinsey to provide leadership development to our Black/African American leaders through the Black Leadership Academy.
Our Community Impact program promotes connection and belonging, and enables employees to give back, with the support of Equinix, to the communities in which we work and live. In 2021, our employees volunteered at approximately 2,230 nonprofits worldwide.
We believe our commitment to the highest standards of honesty, integrity and ethical behavior differentiates our business as much as our technology. We promote these high standards through a number of policies including the Equinix Code of Business Conduct. All employees are required to complete trainings on ethics and the company’s anti-bribery and corruption policies. In addition, we maintain a confidential ethics helpline where employees are encouraged to speak up if they have any questions or concerns that our code is being violated. We have a zero-tolerance, non-retaliation policy that protects our employees when they speak up.
In a year again disrupted by the unprecedented global pandemic caused by COVID-19, we continued a number of precautionary measures in line with our business continuity and pandemic plans to minimize the risk of operational impacts and to protect the health and safety of employees, customers, partners and our communities. During the pandemic, we have focused on a careful, safe and responsible opening of our offices based on guidance from health experts and other leaders from around the world. As we look forward to the future of work, and more importantly amplifying Equinix’s vibrant culture, we are providing flexible, hybrid work opportunities in many roles, enhanced collaboration technologies for everyone, and activity-based workspaces at home or onsite. We recognize that the new normal will require changing behaviors. As such, we are providing learning opportunities and best practices to ensure our meetings, events and work sessions are inclusive and equitable for virtual and in-person participation. Employee well-being has been central to these efforts, driven globally through offerings such as health programs, ergonomic support, technology reimbursements, and wellness days.
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We believe that all of these programs and initiatives support our human capital goals, align with our company culture, and increase employee satisfaction.
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Sustainability
At Equinix, our Future First sustainability strategy rallies our people and partners to envision a better future and then do what it takes to make it happen. As the world’s digital infrastructure leader, we have the responsibility to harness the power of technology to create a more accessible, equitable and sustainable future. The ESG initiatives comprising our Future First strategy focus on the material issues that have the greatest impact on our stakeholders and our business. We continue to progress on our sustainability goals and look to build a business and world that reflects our purpose to bring the world together on our platform to create the innovations that will enrich our work, life and planet. We document our ESG progress in our Annual Report as well as in the annual Corporate Sustainability Report located on our sustainability website: sustainability.equinix.com.
In 2021, we committed to becoming climate neutral across our global operations by 2030 and set a validated science-based target (“SBT”) for emissions reduction across our global operations and supply chain. Our climate commitments are a critical step to ensure that we continue to advance investments and innovations to reduce greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions and keep global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius in alignment with the Paris Climate Agreement.
As a part of our Future First sustainability strategy, we published an Environmental Sustainability and Global Climate Change Policy in 2021 to detail our approach and practices related to the environment, climate change, resource efficiency and reporting. In alignment with our strategy and policy, we are also evaluating our material climate change risks and opportunities based on the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate Related Financial Disclosures (“TCFD”). We are continuing our work to embed climate change risk management into our business where relevant.
Environmental Performance
Equinix was the first data center company to commit to a long-term goal of 100% renewable energy across our global portfolio. We use local renewable energy sources where possible, seek new or recently built renewable sources and advocate for favorable renewable energy policies. In the U.S., we purchase more than 2.3 million megawatt-hours (MWh) of green power annually from a portfolio of renewable energy projects, including 225 MW of wind power under long-term virtual power purchase agreements (VPPAs) located in Texas and Oklahoma. In 2020, over 90% of our global electricity consumption, and 100% of U.S. electricity consumption, was covered by renewable energy sources.
We are committed to transparently measuring and reporting our global carbon footprint across direct (Scope 1), indirect energy (Scope 2) and indirect value chain (Scope 3) emissions. Since 2015, we have achieved a 50% reduction in GHG emissions on an absolute basis (Scope 1 and Scope 2 market-based metric tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent (mtCO2e)), even as the company doubled its footprint in both energy consumption and number of sites. In 2021, CDP, a global non-governmental organization dedicated to helping investors and companies measure and manage their climate risks, recognized our commitments, actions and progress on climate change.
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We received an 'A-' CDP leadership score for climate action and annual disclosures within the CDP Climate Change survey.
We are leveraging technology and innovation to encourage commercialization of solutions that will enable the “Data Center of the Future”. To support our ongoing sustainability initiatives and commitment to innovation, we issued green bonds totaling $1.4 billion in 2020 and an additional $2.3 billion in 2021. Our Green Finance Framework aligns our sustainability commitments with our long-term financing needs and highlights our pipeline of green projects and data center innovations. In 2021, we allocated $2.9 billion in net proceeds to finance or refinance, in whole or in part, ongoing and new projects in categories of green buildings, renewable energy and energy efficiency.
We are committed to advancing environmental progress across other areas of our operations. While energy usage, specifically electricity, is our largest environmental impact, to address the growing importance of water within our operations, we launched a Sustainable Water Management Program in 2021. We consider the consumption of water in the design and operation of our facilities and are developing a coordinated global approach to water measurement and management. Through our efforts to establish the European Climate-Neutral Data Centre Operator Pact in 2021, Equinix and the EU data center industry have also committed to advancing initiatives beyond renewable energy and energy efficiency, including water efficiency, waste reduction, and circular economy principles.
Sustainability Accounting Standards Board ("SASB") Disclosures
SASB published the Sustainability Accounting Standard ("Standard") for the Real Estate Industry in October 2018. We have aligned our SASB disclosures with the Real Estate Standard to enhance corporate disclosure around ESG performance. In our comprehensive disclosures in our annual Corporate Sustainability Report we also document our progress against metrics as outlined in other frameworks such as the Global Reporting Initiative ("GRI"), UN Sustainable Development Goals ("SDGs") and TCFD. The following tables detail our energy metrics, aligned with the SASB Real Estate Standard. We intend to expand our reporting around the Real Estate Standard in the coming years.
The following metrics represent our colocation facilities performance in the calendar years specified. Energy, renewable energy and GHG emissions are independently assured to ISO 14064-3:2006 Standards for the quantification and reporting of GHG emissions (Scope 1, 2 and 3). Calendar year data for 2021 will become available in Q2 2022 and published in our annual Corporate Sustainability Report located on our sustainability website.
Energy Management: Energy Consumption
YearEnergy Consumption Data as a % of Floor Area
Total Energy Consumed by Portfolio Area with Data Coverage (MWh)(1)
Like-for-Like Change in Energy Consumption of Portfolio Area with Data Coverage (MWh)(2)
Grid Electricity Consumption as a % of Energy Consumption
Energy Consumption from Renewable Sources(3) (kWh)
Renewable Energy as a % of Energy Consumption (4)
Like-for-Like Change in Energy Consumption from Renewable Sources of Portfolio Area with Data Coverage (MWh)
(2) (3)
Renewable Energy as a % of Electricity Consumption
2019(5)(6)
94.9%5,711,000N/A94.4%5,168,00091%N/A91%
2020(7)(8)
95.8%6,432,0006.2%93.2%5,695,00089%5.3%91%

(1)The scope of energy includes: energy used onsite (natural gas, diesel, chilled water), energy procured (purchased electricity, electric power from fuel cells under power purchase agreements).
(2)Like-for-like computed for stabilized asset list for the overlapping list of sites designated as stabilized in 2019 and 2020.
(3)Excludes renewable energy inherently supplied by the standard utility grid mix. Equinix buys renewable energy for the entire electricity consumption of sites including customer and overhead load. The instruments used include: Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) from Virtual Power Purchase Agreements (VPPAs), RECs, International RECs (I-RECs), Guarantees of Origin (GOOs) and Renewable Energy Guarantees of Origin (REGOs) from suppliers, green tariffs and bundled contracts.
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(4)Equinix's global renewable energy percentage reported for RE100 and CDP was 91%, which is comprised of 5,844 GWh of renewables out of 6,427 GWh of electric power consumption. The discrepancy in the totals arises from non-IBX data center sites' energy usage and non-electric power energy consumption
(5)2019 portfolio coverage excludes xScaleTM sites: PA8x, LD13x.
(6)2019 portfolio coverage excludes reseller sites: DA99, JK1, OS99, SH1.
(7)Recently constructed or acquired sites for which no utility data is available are excluded from the 2020 SASB metrics reporting boundary. These include certain data centers in AMER (DC21) and EMEA (MC1). Reseller sites are also excluded in the energy metrics (OS99, SH1).
(8)2020 portfolio coverage excludes xScaleTM sites: LD10x, LD13x, FR11x, SP5x, PA8x.
Energy Management: Green Building Ratings
Our environmental efforts aim to deliver meaningful and measurable progress against sustainability goals that positively impact our ability to sustain profitability in future periods unlesscustomers, partners, investors and until these new IBXemployees. Our data centers generate enough revenueare designed with high operational standards and energy efficiency in mind. Our data centers are planned holistically to exceed their operating costs and coverincorporate the additional overhead needed to scale our business for this anticipated growth. The current global financial uncertainty may also impact our ability to sustain profitability if we cannot generate sufficient revenue to offset the increased costsneeds of our recently-opened IBXcommunities and we aim to minimize the use of all resources in our operations. We evaluate cost-efficient opportunities to enhance energy efficiency and buy renewable energy for existing or acquired sites.
We are protecting our planet's resources by pioneering green data center innovations and building and operating energy-efficient data centers around the world. Our Energy Efficiency Center of Excellence is driving a global approach to cooling our existing data centers more efficiently. The program engages customers to manage their implementations more sustainably at our facilities, leading to overall improved site efficiencies.
We certify our data centers to numerous green buildings and energy management certifications and schemes. These include USGBC LEED green buildings certifications, ISO 14001:2015 Environmental Management Standard, ISO 50001:2011 Energy Management Standard, BCA Green Mark, U.S. EPA Energy Star for Data Centers and others.
Data centers receiving green building ratings in 2020 and 2021 covered 1.1 million gross sq. ft. While we have additional certifications that are pending final submissions, the following new sites received ratings in 2020 or 2021:
Data CenterMetro AreaRating SchemeLevel Achieved
DA11Dallas, TexasLEEDSilver
DC15Washington, DCGreen Globes3 Globes
SV11Silicon Valley, CaliforniaLEEDSilver
SG4SingaporeBCA Green MarkGoldPlus
SG5SingaporeLEEDPending
ML5Milan, ItalyLEEDPending
In 2021, we had 16.8 million gross sq. ft., or 71% of our global footprint, in operation with green buildings and energy management certifications. Within the U.S., we had 3.7 million gross sq. ft., or 43% of our footprint, under certification, including 0.3 million of gross sq. ft., or 3% of U.S. footprint, having achieved U.S. EPA Energy Star for Data Centers. We are currently evaluating enrolling additional sites in the Energy Star program. We disclose these and other site-level details about our data centers on our sustainability website.

YearTotal Gross sq. ft. (million)
Area of Eligible Portfolio with Green Building Rating (million sq. ft.)(1)
Eligible Portfolio with Green Building Rating (%)
Global Total through 202123.816.871%
U.S. Total through 20218.5
3.7 (LEED and Energy Star)
0.3 (Energy Star)(2)
43% (LEED and Energy Star)
3% (Energy Star)

(1)Ratings included in our totals: ISO 50001 Energy Management, ISO 14001 Environmental Management, LEED green buildings certifications, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Energy Star for Data Centers, BCA Green Mark, NABERS and Green Globes.
(2)We are currently evaluating our approach to U.S. EPA Energy Star for Data Centers. In 2020, two sites received Energy Star for Data Centers recognition, representing 3% of our U.S. portfolio. In contrast, our U.S. portfolio has 18 LEED-certified data centers or IBX data centers currently under construction. In addition, costs associated with the acquisition and integration of any acquired companies, as well as the additional interest expense associated with debt financing we have undertaken to fund our growth initiatives, may also negatively impact our ability to sustain profitability. Finally, given the competitive and evolving nature of the industry in which we operate, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.
The failure to obtain favorable terms when we renew our IBX data center leases, or the failure to renew such leases, could harm our business and results of operations.
While we own certain of our IBX data centers, others are leased under long-term arrangements with lease terms expiring at various dates through 2065. These leased centers have all been subject to significant development by us in order to convert them from, in most cases, vacant buildings or warehouses into IBX data centers. Most of our IBX data center leases have renewal options available to us. However, many of these renewal options provide for the rent to be set at then-prevailing market rates. To the extent that then-prevailing market rates or negotiated rates are higher than present rates, these higher costs may adversely impact our business and results of operations, or we may decide against renewing the lease. In the event that an IBX data center lease does not have a renewal option, or we fail to exercise a renewal option in a timely fashion and lose our right to renew the lease, we may not be successful in negotiating a renewal of the lease with the landlord. A failure to renew a lease could force us to exit a building prematurely, which could disrupt our business, harm our customer relationships, expose us to liability under our customer contracts, cause us to take impairment charges and affect our operating results negatively.
We depend on a number of third parties to provide internet connectivity to our IBX data centers; if connectivity is interrupted or terminated, our operating results and cash flow could be materially and adversely affected.
The presence of diverse telecommunications carriers' fiber networks in our IBX data centers is critical to our ability to retain and attract new customers. We are not a telecommunications carrier, and as such, we rely on third parties to provide our customers with carrier services. We believe that the availability of carrier capacity will directly affect our ability to achieve our projected results. We rely primarily on revenue opportunities from the telecommunications carriers' customers to encourage them to invest the capital and operating resources required to connect from their centers to our IBX data centers. Carriers will likely evaluate the

revenue opportunity of an IBX data center based on the assumption that the environment will be highly competitive. We cannot provide assurance that each and every carrier will elect to offer its services within our IBX data centers or that once a carrier has decided to provide internet connectivity to our IBX data centers that it will continue to do so for any period of time.
Our new IBX data centers require construction and operation of a sophisticated redundant fiber network. The construction required to connect multiple carrier facilities to our IBX data centers is complex and involves factors outside of our control, including regulatory processes and the availability of construction resources. Any hardware or fiber failures on this network may result in significant loss of connectivity to our new IBX data center expansions. This could affect our ability to attract new customers to these IBX data centers or retain existing customers.
If the establishment of highly diverse internet connectivity to our IBX data centers does not occur, is materially delayed or is discontinued, or is subject to failure, our operating results and cash flow will be adversely affected.
We have government customers, which subjects us to risks including early termination, audits, investigations, sanctions and penalties.
We derive revenues from contracts with the U.S. government, state and local governments and foreign governments. Some of these customers may terminate all or part of their contracts at any time, without cause. There is increased pressure for governments and their agencies, both domestically and internationally, to reduce spending. Some of our federal government contracts are subject to the approval of appropriations being made by the U.S. Congress to fund the expenditures under these contracts. Similarly, some of our contracts at the state and local levels are subject to government funding authorizations.
Additionally, government contracts often have unique terms and conditions, such as most favored customer obligations, and are generally subject to audits and investigations which could result in various civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, refund of a portion of fees received, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspensions or debarment from future government business.
Because we depend on the development and growth of a balanced customer base, including key magnet customers, failure to attract, grow and retain this base of customers could harm our business and operating results.
Our ability to maximize revenues depends on our ability to develop and grow a balanced customer base, consisting of a variety of companies, including enterprises, cloud, digital content and financial companies, and network service providers. We consider certain of these customers to be key magnets in that they draw in other customers. The more balanced the customer base within each IBX data center, the better we will be able to generate significant interconnection revenues, which in turn increases our overall revenues. Our ability to attract customers to our IBX data centers will depend on a variety of factors, including the presence of multiple carriers, the mix of our offerings, the overall mix of customers, the presence of key customers attracting business through vertical market ecosystems, the IBX data center's operating reliability and security and our ability to effectively market our offerings. However, some of our customers may face competitive pressures and may ultimately not be successful or may be consolidated through merger or acquisition. If these customers do not continue to use our IBX data centers it may be disruptive to our business. Finally, the uncertain global economic climate may harm our ability to attract and retain customers if customers slow spending, or delay decision-making on our offerings, or if customers begin to have difficulty paying us and we experience increased churn in our customer base. Any of these factors may hinder the development, growth and retention of a balanced customer base and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be subject to securities class action and other litigation, which may harm our business and results of operations.
We may be subject to securities class action or other litigation. For example, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following periods of volatility in the market price of its securities. Litigation can be lengthy, expensive, and divert management's attention and resources. Results cannot be predicted with certainty and an adverse outcome in litigation could result in monetary damages or injunctive relief. Further, any payments made in settlement may directly reduce our revenue under U.S. GAAP and could negatively impact our operating results for the period.  For all of these reasons, litigation could seriously harm our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights.
We cannot make assurances that the steps taken by us to protect our intellectual property rights will be adequate to deter misappropriation of proprietary information or that we will be able to detect unauthorized use and take appropriate steps to enforce our intellectual property rights. We also are subject to the risk of litigation alleging infringement of third-party intellectual property rights. Any such claims could require us to spend significant sums in litigation, pay damages, develop non-infringing intellectual property or acquire licenses to the intellectual property that is the subject of the alleged infringement.

Government regulation may adversely affect our business.
Various laws and governmental regulations, both in the U.S. and abroad, governing internet-related services, related communications services and information technologies remain largely unsettled, even in areas where there has been some legislative action. For example, the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") recently overturned network neutrality rules, which may result in material changes in the regulations and contribution regime affecting us and our customers. Furthermore, the U.S. Congress and state legislatures are reviewing and considering changes to the new FCC rules making the future of network neutrality and its impact on Equinix uncertain. There may also be forthcoming regulation in the U.S. in the areas of cybersecurity, data privacy and data security, any of which could impact Equinix and our customers. Similarly, data privacy regulations outside32% of the U.S. continue to evolve and must be addressedportfolio by Equinix as a global company.gross square footage.
We remain focused on whether and how existing and changing laws, such as those governing intellectual property, privacy, libel, telecommunications services, data flows/data localization, carbon emissions impact, and taxation apply to the internet and to related offerings such as ours; and substantial resources may be required to comply with regulations or bring any non-compliant business practices into compliance with such regulations. In addition, the continuing development
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Table of the market for online commerce and the displacement of traditional telephony service by the internet and related communications services may prompt an increased call for more stringent consumer protection laws or other regulation both in the U.S. and abroad that may impose additional burdens on companies conducting business online and their service providers.Contents
The adoption, or modification of laws or regulations relating to the internet and our business, or interpretations of existing laws, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Industry consolidation may have a negative impact on our business model.
If customers combine businesses, they may require less colocation space, which could lead to churn in our customer base. Regional competitors may also consolidate to become a global competitor. Consolidation of our customers and/or our competitors may present a risk to our business model and have a negative impact on our revenues.
We have various mechanisms in place that may discourage takeover attempts.
Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a third party from acquiring control of us in a merger, acquisition or similar transaction that a stockholder may consider favorable. Such provisions include:
ownership limitations and transfer restrictions relating to our stock that are intended to facilitate our compliance with certain REIT rules relating to share ownership;
authorization for the issuance of "blank check" preferred stock;
the prohibition of cumulative voting in the election of directors;
limits on the persons who may call special meetings of stockholders;
limits on stockholder action by written consent; and
advance notice requirements for nominations to the Board of Directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings.
In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which restricts certain business combinations with interested stockholders in certain situations, may also discourage, delay or prevent someone from acquiring or merging with us.
Risks Related to Our Taxation as a REIT

We have a number of risks related to our qualification as a real estate investment trust for federal income tax purposes ("REIT"), including the risk that we may not be able to maintain our qualification as a REIT which could expose us to substantial corporate income tax and have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
ITEM 1.Business
Overview: Powering the World’s Digital Leaders
Equinix is the world's digital infrastructure companyTM. Digital leaders harness our trusted platform to bring together and interconnect the foundational infrastructure that powers their success. We enable our customers to access all the right places, partners and possibilities they need to accelerate their advantage. Platform Equinix® combines a global footprint of International Business Exchange™ ("IBX®") data centers in the Americas ("AMER"), Asia-Pacific ("APAC"), and Europe, the Middle East and Africa ("EMEA") regions, interconnection solutions, edge services, unique business and digital ecosystems and expert consulting and support. Equinix was incorporated on June 22, 1998 as a Delaware corporation and operates as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.
Al Avery and Jay Adelson founded Equinix as a vendor-neutral multi-tenant data center ("MTDC") provider where competing networks could connect and share data traffic to help scale the rapid growth of the early internet. The company’s name, Equinix (composed from the words "equality", "neutrality" and "internet exchange"), reflects that vision. The founders also believed they not only had the opportunity but also the responsibility to create a company that would be the steward of some of the most important digital infrastructure assets in the world. Two decades later, we have expanded upon that vision to build Platform Equinix, with unmatched scale and reach.
Our interconnected data centers around the world allow our customers to bring together and interconnect the infrastructure they need to fast-track their digital advantage. With Equinix, they can scale with agility, speed the launch of digital services, deliver world-class experiences and multiply their value. We enable them to differentiate by distributing infrastructure and removing the distance between clouds, users and applications in order to reduce latency and deliver a superior customer, partner and employee experience. The Equinix global platform, and the quality of our IBX data centers, interconnection offerings and edge services, have enabled us to establish a critical mass of customers. As more customers choose Platform Equinix for bandwidth cost and performance reasons, it benefits their suppliers and business partners to colocate in the same data centers and connect directly with each other. This adjacency creates a network effect that attracts new customers, continuously compounds our existing customers' value and enables them to capture further economic and performance benefits from our offerings.
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eqix-20211231_g2.jpg
In 2021, we opened nine new IBX data centers, opened six new xScaleTM data centers via our joint ventures, and entered three new markets resulting in an increase in our total number of IBX and xScale data center facilities to 240, which includes the MU4 and GN1 data centers which opened in January 2022. 2021 highlights include:
New data center openings included nine new IBX sites in the following metros: Bordeaux, Frankfurt, Genoa, Milan, Munich, Osaka, Perth, Silicon Valley and Singapore, with Bordeaux and Genoa being new market entries.
Six additional xScale sites opened in 2021 in Frankfurt, London, Osaka, Paris, Sao Paulo and Tokyo, bringing the total number of xScale data centers to eight. xScale data centers serve the needs of the growing hyperscale data center market, including the world's largest cloud service providers, and are engineered to meet the technical and operational requirements and price points of core hyperscale workload deployments. xScale data centers also offer access to our comprehensive suite of interconnection and edge services that tie into the hyperscale companies' existing access points at Equinix, thereby increasing the speed of connectivity to their existing and future enterprise customers. In xScale sites, hyperscale companies can consolidate core and access point deployments into one global provider to streamline and simplify their growth.
In December, we announced our expansion into Africa through the planned acquisition of MainOne, a leading West African data center and connectivity solutions provider, with presence in Nigeria, Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. The transaction has an enterprise value of $320 million and marks the first step in Equinix's long-term strategy to become a leading African carrier neutral digital infrastructure company. The acquisition is expected to close in Q2 of 2022, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions including the requisite regulatory approvals.
In September, we announced that we extended Platform Equinix into the strategic Indian market, following the completion of the acquisition of the India operations of GPX Global Systems, Inc. ("GPX India"). The $170.5 million transaction includes a fiber-connected campus in Mumbai with two data centers. The expansion into India is intended to unlock opportunities for Indian businesses expanding internationally and for multinational corporations pursuing growth and innovation in the Indian market.
In June, we entered into an agreement to form another joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with GIC, Singapore’s sovereign wealth fund, to develop and operate additional xScaleTM data centers in Europe and the Americas (the “EMEA 2 Joint Venture”). In October, we also entered into an agreement to form a joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with PGIM Real Estate ("PGIM"), to develop and operate xScaledata centers in Asia-Pacific (the "Asia-Pacific 2 Joint Venture"). Combined with our existing xScale joint ventures in Europe, Asia-Pacific and the Americas, these joint ventures will bring our global xScale data center portfolio to more than $7.5 billion across 34 facilities when completed and fully constructed.
In June, we opened our first data center in Bordeaux, France ("BX1"). With direct fiber links to Equinix's International Business Exchange™ (IBX®) sites in Paris, this new facility will provide global businesses and local authorities located in the region with the ability to connect directly and securely to the world's digital economy, via comprehensive digital ecosystems. Increasing connectivity opportunities further, BX1 will provide a landing hub for the new submarine cable, AMITIE, which will link France to the United States and Great Britain, creating a new European gateway for data traffic between the United States and Europe.
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In March, we announced that Equinix Metal™ had significantly advanced its global scale, features and ability to enable as a service consumption of the full value of Platform Equinix®. With these new and enhanced capabilities, Equinix Metal customers can consume interconnected infrastructure with the control of physical hardware and the low overhead and developer experience of the cloud, helping them move faster in today's competitive environment. This announcement also included the expanded availability of Equinix Metal in 18 global metros, the addition of new networking features to support hybrid multicloud architectures, the certification of new software integrations on Equinix Metal and the launch of a managed appliance as a service solution.
Industry Trends: Large-scale global trends are driving a digital-first strategy
Digital transformation is changing where and how businesses deploy and deliver IT services to employees and is creating new digital business models for partners and customers. The convergence of these global trends and the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic have created additional pressure for many companies to transform. The collective influence of these trends is driving complexity and risk that must be addressed in multiple locations for companies to effectively compete in the global digital economy. These trends include:
The Digital services trend is the continued digitizing of the back office to support digital business throughput. By 2022, 65% of global GDP will be digitalized, and most organizations will realize greater value by combining digitization and sustainability. This trend forces the need for a digital infrastructure optimized for proximity to, and interconnection with, networks and clouds. This in turn enables digital development with elastic scale and has contributed to a 3x increase in the multicloud, multiregion adoption rate over the last two years as businesses scale the digital core.
The Digital participation trend is digitizing trade and accessing digital marketplaces (digital B2B commerce). By 2025, 75% of organization leaders will leverage digital platforms and ecosystem capabilities to adapt their value chains to new markets, industries and ecosystems. This forces the need for organizations to interconnect digital infrastructure with research communities, supply chains and marketplaces, which enables composable business models. The fifth annual Global Interconnection Index ("GXI"), a market study published by Equinix, shows that SaaS is now the largest IT spend line item as companies move to public and private SaaS alternatives. Organizations that fail to leverage cloud, SaaS or partner digital ecosystems have shown two to three times slower growth over the past two years.
The Digital proximity trend means digitizing the front office for localized and personalized delivery—to customers, employees and operations where business happens, as well as digitizing the physical world for the physical infrastructure and operations intelligence needed to optimize commercial and environmental impact. Data shows that shifts in population and commerce centers will result in over 50% of new infrastructure being local by 2023, which will require a digital infrastructure in proximity to, and interconnecting, experiences, things (IoT) and intelligent operations.
These trends are accelerating the need for companies like Equinix who can provide a secure, agile global business platform that leverages digital interconnection—or private data exchange—to deliver real-time interactions around the world.
As part of their digital transformation, businesses in most industries are shifting their centralized IT infrastructures to the edge to bring digital services closer to users for better performance, which has become a significant driver of digital business value. To realize the full potential of the edge, IT organizations require greater interconnection bandwidth. Interconnection bandwidth is defined as the total capacity provisioned to privately and directly exchange traffic, with a diverse set of partners and providers, at distributed IT exchange points inside carrier-neutral colocation data centers. Private interconnection capacity between businesses, as reported in the GXI, is anticipated to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 44% by 2024, reaching 21,485+ terabits per second of data exchanged annually.
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Worldwide Interconnection Bandwidth Capacity Growth (2020 - 2024) in Terabits per Second (Tbps)
eqix-20211231_g3.jpg
Source: GXI Volume 5
Equinix Business Proposition: To be the platform where the world comes together, enabling the innovations that enrich our work, life and planet
In 2021, we continued to build new data center, interconnection and edge services capabilities to further our vision to power the world’s digital leaders. On Platform Equinix, digital leaders can reach the most strategic global markets with the largest ecosystem of digital partners, with infrastructure that assembles and deploys virtually in minutes. We offer a comprehensive, integrated suite of data center, interconnection, edge services and products to over 10,000 enterprise and service provider customers worldwide.
eqix-20211231_g4.jpg
The following are the leading revenue generating product and other offerings that collectively make up Platform Equinix:    
Data Center Solutions
Our global, state-of-the-art data centers meet strict standards of security, reliability, certification and sustainability. Offerings in these data centers are typically billed based on the space and power a customer consumes, are delivered under a fixed duration contract and generate monthly recurring revenue ("MRR").
International Business ExchangeTM Data Centers consist of more than 230 IBX vendor-neutral colocation data centers worldwide, providing our customers with secure, reliable and robust environments (including space and power) that are necessary to aggregate and distribute information and connect digital and business ecosystems globally. IBX data centers provide access to vital ecosystems where enterprises, network, cloud and SaaS providers, and business partners, directly and securely interconnect to each other.
xScaleTM Data Centers are designed to serve the unique core workload deployment needs of a targeted group of hyperscale companies, which include the world's largest cloud service providers. With xScale data
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centers, hyperscale customers add to their core hyperscale data center deployments and existing customer access points at Equinix, allowing streamlined expansion with a single global vendor.
IBX SmartView is a fully integrated monitoring software which provides customers visibility into the operating data relevant to their specific Equinix footprint as if they were in-house. The software provides online access to real-time environmental and operating data through the Equinix Customer Portal or API integrations. With real-time alerts and configurable reporting, IBX SmartView allows customers to maintain their IBX operations and plan for future growth.
Interconnection Solutions
Our interconnection solutions connect businesses directly, securely and dynamically within and between our data centers across our global platform. Our interconnection solutions are typically billed based on the outbound connections from a customer and generate MRR.
Equinix Fabric™ provides secure, on-demand, software-defined interconnection. Built specifically for digital infrastructure, Equinix Fabric enables businesses to connect globally to their choice of thousands of networking, storage, compute and application service providers in the industry’s largest infrastructure ecosystem. As the foundation of Platform Equinix’s interconnection capability, Equinix Fabric enables customers to quickly and easily connect their physical and virtual digital infrastructures.
Cross Connects provide a point-to-point cable link between two Equinix customers in the same IBX data center. Cross Connects deliver fast, convenient, affordable and highly reliable connectivity and data exchange with business partners and service providers within the Equinix ecosystem.
Equinix Internet Exchange™ enables networks, content providers and large enterprises to exchange internet traffic through the largest global peering solution. Service providers can aggregate traffic to multiple counterparties, called peers, on one physical port and handle multiple small peers while moving high-traffic peers to private interconnections. This reduces latency for end-users when accessing content and applications.
Equinix Connect is an agile, scalable, resilient and high performing internet access solution. With at least two upstream ISPs in each market, Equinix Connect offers the resiliency that organizations demand and direct connections to major content destinations, resulting in superior performance. It provides the convenience of a one-stop shop and the flexibility required to connect to the internet as a primary or secondary access solution. Available globally in more than 40 markets, Equinix Connect allows businesses to grow as their needs grow with scalable bandwidth options to meet their emerging usage requirements.
Fiber Connect provides dark fiber links between customers and partners in multiple Equinix IBX data centers. Fiber Connect enables fast, convenient and affordable integration with partners, customers and service providers across the global Equinix digital ecosystem. It supports highly reliable, extremely low-latency communication, system integration and data exchange.
Edge Services
Our edge services help businesses rapidly deploy as-a-service networking, security and hardware across our global data center footprint - as an alternative to buying, owning and managing the physical infrastructure. Our edge services are typically billed based on the number of instances and the capacity used by a customer and generate MRR.
Network Edge allows customers to modernize networks within minutes, by deploying network functions virtualization ("NFV") from multiple vendors across Equinix metros. Companies can select, deploy and connect virtual network services at the edge quickly, with no additional hardware requirements.
Equinix Metal™ allows enterprises, SaaS companies and digital service providers to provision interconnected bare metal resources in minutes instead of months, while reducing the capital expenditures and operational requirements of owning hardware. They can also reduce cloud costs while retaining the flexibility and operational expenditures of cloud services via on demand, reserved or spot market capacity in Equinix’s global data centers using the Equinix Metal portal or DevOps-friendly APIs and integrations.
Equinix Precision Time™ provides secure Precision Time Protocol ("PTP") and Network Time Protocol ("NTP") Time as a service for distributed enterprise applications on Platform Equinix®. The service uses redundant and strategically located equipment and the high-performance network backbone of Equinix
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Fabric™ to deliver secure, reliable and precise time synchronization. Customers gain access to the product portal, allowing them to provision, manage and monitor their service.
Colocation Offerings
Equinix offers a variety of colocation offerings designed to speed and streamline digital transformation and data center deployments for its customers. These services are typically billed based on consumption and generate non-recurring revenue ("NRR").
Equinix Smart Hands provides around-the-clock, on-site, operational support service for remote management, installation and troubleshooting of customer data center equipment. Using Equinix IBX data center technicians, Smart Hands allows customers to manage and outsource their business operations and maximize uptime whether from within an IBX data center or from a remote location.
Equinix Infrastructure Services(EIS) provides customers with a one-stop shop for data center installation, migration and equipment procurement. With proven practices developed over many years of successfully building, migrating and optimizing our customers’ data center needs, EIS services lend expertise to address larger, more complex data center jobs including installation and implementation of new builds, planned migrations, structured cabling, labelling and documentation, procurement recommendations and coordination, and secure de-installation.
Competition
While a large number of enterprises and service providers, such as hyperscale cloud service providers, own their own data centers, we believe the industry is shifting away from single-tenant solutions to outsourcing some or all of their IT housing and interconnection requirements to third party facilities, such as those operated by us.
Historically, the outsourcing market was served by large telecommunications carriers who bundled their products and services with their colocation offerings. The data center market landscape has evolved to include private and vendor-neutral MTDC providers, hyperscale cloud providers, managed infrastructure and application hosting providers, and systems integrators. It is estimated that Equinix is one of more than 2,200 companies that provide MTDC offerings around the world. The global MTDC market is highly fragmented. Each of these data center solutions providers can bundle various colocation, interconnection and network offerings and outsourced IT infrastructure solutions. We believe that this outsourcing trend has accelerated and is likely to continue to accelerate in the coming years, especially in light of the movement to digital business as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Equinix is differentiated in this market by being able to offer customers a global platform that reaches 27 countries and contains the industry’s largest and most active ecosystem of partners in our sites. This ecosystem creates a “network effect” which improves performance and lowers cost for our customers and is a significant source of competitive advantage for Equinix.
Customers
Our customers include telecommunications carriers, mobile and other network services providers, cloud and IT services providers, digital media and content providers, financial services companies, and global enterprise ecosystems in various industries. We provide each company access to a choice of business partners and solutions based on their colocation, interconnection and managed IT service needs, and delivered 99.999% operational uptime across our global data centers in 2021. As of December 31, 2021, we had over 10,000 customers worldwide. No one customer made up 10% or more of our total business revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021.
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The following companies represent some of our leading customers and partners:
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We serve our customers with a direct sales force and channel marketing program. We organize our sales force by customer type, as well as by establishing a sales presence in diverse geographic regions, which enables efficient servicing of the customer base from a network of regional offices. We also support our customers with a global customer care organization.
Human Capital
As of December 31, 2021, we had 10,944 employees worldwide with 5,056 based in the Americas, 3,611 based in EMEA and 2,277 based in APAC. Of those employees, 4,693 employees were in engineering and operations, 1,855 employees were in sales and marketing and 4,396 employees were in management, finance and administration. As of December 31, 2021, approximately 74% of our workforce identified as men and approximately 25% identified as women. Women's representation in leadership (VP and above) increased from 28% to 31% year-over-year.
At Equinix, we strive to build a culture where every employee, every day, can say “I’m Safe, I Belong and I Matter” and where our workforce, at all levels, reflects and represents the communities in which we operate. Our objective is to continue to make our culture a critical competitive advantage, engaging every leader and every employee in the process. To ensure we are upholding our core corporate values and making progress towards our aspirational goals, we monitor employee satisfaction through a quarterly pulse survey, which is one of our listening mechanisms. In 2021, employee satisfaction scores ranged between 82 - 84 out of a 100 each quarter. We recognize that attracting, developing and retaining talent at all levels is vital to continuing our success and offer industry competitive compensation and benefits, along with development opportunities to help every employee achieve their full potential. The virtual recruiting environment necessitated by the global pandemic has created new opportunities for Equinix to find talent. We have benefited from new talent sourcing programs such as our global new-to-career programs as well as a pathways program to enable career transition for veterans and women returning to the workforce. In 2021, we continued to enhance our portfolio of development programs for our employees and introduced a system-enabled approach to goal setting and development planning to drive objectivity and achievement. We also continued to offer development tools and opportunities to our employees such as online learning, manager training, professional coaching and 360 degree assessments for eligible employees.
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We are integrating a focus on diversity, inclusion and belonging ("DIB") into every aspect of how we run our business. In 2020, we embarked on a multi-year DIB strategy with governance through a DIB Council chaired by our CEO and CHRO, and in partnership with our Sustainability Program Office, that oversees our progress on environmental, social and governance ("ESG") matters. Our DIB strategy focuses on attracting, retaining and developing a diverse, global workforce; building leadership capability; and empowering our people to bring DIB to life. We are focused on creating multiple pathways to reach new talent from diverse communities. In 2021, we forged partnerships and invested in tools and systems to grow and support our inclusive hiring practices and made updates to our recruitment marketing to reach a wider candidate pool more effectively. We also embedded diversity and inclusive competencies and behaviors in our leadership profiles and added coaching tools as well as manager training on leading inclusive teams to our development program. Our Equinix Employee-led Connection Networks ("EECNs") are integral to our DIB strategy and play an important role in creating belonging and advocating for the needs and goals of communities with common identities, cultures or backgrounds. Each of our nine EECNs represents an identity/community that has faced historical discrimination or shares unique challenges. We recognize that creating the best workplace and culture we can requires a global effort with localized awareness and approaches. Late in 2020, we launched WeAreEquinix employee teams empowered to create, localize and promote purpose, inclusion and belonging for their locations across the world. Through live and virtual events, campaigns, and collaboration with the business, these volunteer leaders bring local opportunities to engage in the following areas: Wellbeing, Green and Sustainability, Community Impact, Fun and Creativity, Diversity, Inclusion and Belonging, and Employee Networks. We currently have WeAreEquinix teams in 15 locations.
In 2021, we launched our “I Matter” initiative to enable employees to voluntarily self-identify by adding their data across dimensions of diversity, including race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, and disability in accordance with country regulations so that we may better understand the global employee experience.
Equinix representatives have joined the G100 Talent Consortium Task Force on Racial Inequity in Business to consider core inequity issues, including anti-racism, bias, and hiring and promotability practices, in order to develop tangible best practices that companies can use as guide rails to increase representation and career mobility for black, indigenous and people of color ("BIPOC") employees. In 2021, we hosted a Days of Understanding event as part of an initiative of CEO ACT!ON, a pledge Equinix has taken along with hundreds of other companies to embrace difference in our organizations, educate our people and build more inclusive cultures inside and outside of our workplaces. As part of this partnership, three Equinix employees joined ACT!ON’s inaugural two-year fellowship program focused on identifying, developing, and promoting scalable and sustainable policies and corporate best practices that address systemic racism and social injustice to improve societal wellbeing. Equinix also joined the Alliance for Global Inclusion, a coalition of global organizations working together to bring inclusivity and full equity to the workplace. Finally, in 2021 Equinix partnered with McKinsey to provide leadership development to our Black/African American leaders through the Black Leadership Academy.
Our Community Impact program promotes connection and belonging, and enables employees to give back, with the support of Equinix, to the communities in which we work and live. In 2021, our employees volunteered at approximately 2,230 nonprofits worldwide.
We believe our commitment to the highest standards of honesty, integrity and ethical behavior differentiates our business as much as our technology. We promote these high standards through a number of policies including the Equinix Code of Business Conduct. All employees are required to complete trainings on ethics and the company’s anti-bribery and corruption policies. In addition, we maintain a confidential ethics helpline where employees are encouraged to speak up if they have any questions or concerns that our code is being violated. We have a zero-tolerance, non-retaliation policy that protects our employees when they speak up.
In a year again disrupted by the unprecedented global pandemic caused by COVID-19, we continued a number of precautionary measures in line with our business continuity and pandemic plans to minimize the risk of operational impacts and to protect the health and safety of employees, customers, partners and our communities. During the pandemic, we have focused on a careful, safe and responsible opening of our offices based on guidance from health experts and other leaders from around the world. As we look forward to the future of work, and more importantly amplifying Equinix’s vibrant culture, we are providing flexible, hybrid work opportunities in many roles, enhanced collaboration technologies for everyone, and activity-based workspaces at home or onsite. We recognize that the new normal will require changing behaviors. As such, we are providing learning opportunities and best practices to ensure our meetings, events and work sessions are inclusive and equitable for virtual and in-person participation. Employee well-being has been central to these efforts, driven globally through offerings such as health programs, ergonomic support, technology reimbursements, and wellness days.
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We believe that all of these programs and initiatives support our human capital goals, align with our company culture, and increase employee satisfaction.
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Sustainability
At Equinix, our Future First sustainability strategy rallies our people and partners to envision a better future and then do what it takes to make it happen. As the world’s digital infrastructure leader, we have the responsibility to harness the power of technology to create a more accessible, equitable and sustainable future. The ESG initiatives comprising our Future First strategy focus on the material issues that have the greatest impact on our stakeholders and our business. We continue to progress on our sustainability goals and look to build a business and world that reflects our purpose to bring the world together on our platform to create the innovations that will enrich our work, life and planet. We document our ESG progress in our Annual Report as well as in the annual Corporate Sustainability Report located on our sustainability website: sustainability.equinix.com.
In 2021, we committed to becoming climate neutral across our global operations by 2030 and set a validated science-based target (“SBT”) for emissions reduction across our global operations and supply chain. Our climate commitments are a critical step to ensure that we continue to advance investments and innovations to reduce greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions and keep global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius in alignment with the Paris Climate Agreement.
As a part of our Future First sustainability strategy, we published an Environmental Sustainability and Global Climate Change Policy in 2021 to detail our approach and practices related to the environment, climate change, resource efficiency and reporting. In alignment with our strategy and policy, we are also evaluating our material climate change risks and opportunities based on the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate Related Financial Disclosures (“TCFD”). We are continuing our work to embed climate change risk management into our business where relevant.
Environmental Performance
Equinix was the first data center company to commit to a long-term goal of 100% renewable energy across our global portfolio. We use local renewable energy sources where possible, seek new or recently built renewable sources and advocate for favorable renewable energy policies. In the U.S., we purchase more than 2.3 million megawatt-hours (MWh) of green power annually from a portfolio of renewable energy projects, including 225 MW of wind power under long-term virtual power purchase agreements (VPPAs) located in Texas and Oklahoma. In 2020, over 90% of our global electricity consumption, and 100% of U.S. electricity consumption, was covered by renewable energy sources.
We are committed to transparently measuring and reporting our global carbon footprint across direct (Scope 1), indirect energy (Scope 2) and indirect value chain (Scope 3) emissions. Since 2015, we have achieved a 50% reduction in GHG emissions on an absolute basis (Scope 1 and Scope 2 market-based metric tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent (mtCO2e)), even as the company doubled its footprint in both energy consumption and number of sites. In 2021, CDP, a global non-governmental organization dedicated to helping investors and companies measure and manage their climate risks, recognized our commitments, actions and progress on climate change.
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We received an 'A-' CDP leadership score for climate action and annual disclosures within the CDP Climate Change survey.
We are leveraging technology and innovation to encourage commercialization of solutions that will enable the “Data Center of the Future”. To support our ongoing sustainability initiatives and commitment to innovation, we issued green bonds totaling $1.4 billion in 2020 and an additional $2.3 billion in 2021. Our Green Finance Framework aligns our sustainability commitments with our long-term financing needs and highlights our pipeline of green projects and data center innovations. In 2021, we allocated $2.9 billion in net proceeds to finance or refinance, in whole or in part, ongoing and new projects in categories of green buildings, renewable energy and energy efficiency.
We are committed to advancing environmental progress across other areas of our operations. While energy usage, specifically electricity, is our largest environmental impact, to address the growing importance of water within our operations, we launched a Sustainable Water Management Program in 2021. We consider the consumption of water in the design and operation of our facilities and are developing a coordinated global approach to water measurement and management. Through our efforts to establish the European Climate-Neutral Data Centre Operator Pact in 2021, Equinix and the EU data center industry have also committed to advancing initiatives beyond renewable energy and energy efficiency, including water efficiency, waste reduction, and circular economy principles.
Sustainability Accounting Standards Board ("SASB") Disclosures
SASB published the Sustainability Accounting Standard ("Standard") for the Real Estate Industry in October 2018. We have aligned our SASB disclosures with the Real Estate Standard to enhance corporate disclosure around ESG performance. In our comprehensive disclosures in our annual Corporate Sustainability Report we also document our progress against metrics as outlined in other frameworks such as the Global Reporting Initiative ("GRI"), UN Sustainable Development Goals ("SDGs") and TCFD. The following tables detail our energy metrics, aligned with the SASB Real Estate Standard. We intend to expand our reporting around the Real Estate Standard in the coming years.
The following metrics represent our colocation facilities performance in the calendar years specified. Energy, renewable energy and GHG emissions are independently assured to ISO 14064-3:2006 Standards for the quantification and reporting of GHG emissions (Scope 1, 2 and 3). Calendar year data for 2021 will become available in Q2 2022 and published in our annual Corporate Sustainability Report located on our sustainability website.
Energy Management: Energy Consumption
YearEnergy Consumption Data as a % of Floor Area
Total Energy Consumed by Portfolio Area with Data Coverage (MWh)(1)
Like-for-Like Change in Energy Consumption of Portfolio Area with Data Coverage (MWh)(2)
Grid Electricity Consumption as a % of Energy Consumption
Energy Consumption from Renewable Sources(3) (kWh)
Renewable Energy as a % of Energy Consumption (4)
Like-for-Like Change in Energy Consumption from Renewable Sources of Portfolio Area with Data Coverage (MWh)
(2) (3)
Renewable Energy as a % of Electricity Consumption
2019(5)(6)
94.9%5,711,000N/A94.4%5,168,00091%N/A91%
2020(7)(8)
95.8%6,432,0006.2%93.2%5,695,00089%5.3%91%

(1)The scope of energy includes: energy used onsite (natural gas, diesel, chilled water), energy procured (purchased electricity, electric power from fuel cells under power purchase agreements).
(2)Like-for-like computed for stabilized asset list for the overlapping list of sites designated as stabilized in 2019 and 2020.
(3)Excludes renewable energy inherently supplied by the standard utility grid mix. Equinix buys renewable energy for the entire electricity consumption of sites including customer and overhead load. The instruments used include: Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) from Virtual Power Purchase Agreements (VPPAs), RECs, International RECs (I-RECs), Guarantees of Origin (GOOs) and Renewable Energy Guarantees of Origin (REGOs) from suppliers, green tariffs and bundled contracts.
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(4)Equinix's global renewable energy percentage reported for RE100 and CDP was 91%, which is comprised of 5,844 GWh of renewables out of 6,427 GWh of electric power consumption. The discrepancy in the totals arises from non-IBX data center sites' energy usage and non-electric power energy consumption
(5)2019 portfolio coverage excludes xScaleTM sites: PA8x, LD13x.
(6)2019 portfolio coverage excludes reseller sites: DA99, JK1, OS99, SH1.
(7)Recently constructed or acquired sites for which no utility data is available are excluded from the 2020 SASB metrics reporting boundary. These include certain data centers in AMER (DC21) and EMEA (MC1). Reseller sites are also excluded in the energy metrics (OS99, SH1).
(8)2020 portfolio coverage excludes xScaleTM sites: LD10x, LD13x, FR11x, SP5x, PA8x.
Energy Management: Green Building Ratings
Our environmental efforts aim to deliver meaningful and measurable progress against sustainability goals that positively impact our customers, partners, investors and employees. Our data centers are designed with high operational standards and energy efficiency in mind. Our data centers are planned holistically to incorporate the needs of our communities and we aim to minimize the use of all resources in our operations. We evaluate cost-efficient opportunities to enhance energy efficiency and buy renewable energy for existing or acquired sites.
We are protecting our planet's resources by pioneering green data center innovations and building and operating energy-efficient data centers around the world. Our Energy Efficiency Center of Excellence is driving a global approach to cooling our existing data centers more efficiently. The program engages customers to manage their implementations more sustainably at our facilities, leading to overall improved site efficiencies.
We certify our data centers to numerous green buildings and energy management certifications and schemes. These include USGBC LEED green buildings certifications, ISO 14001:2015 Environmental Management Standard, ISO 50001:2011 Energy Management Standard, BCA Green Mark, U.S. EPA Energy Star for Data Centers and others.
Data centers receiving green building ratings in 2020 and 2021 covered 1.1 million gross sq. ft. While we have additional certifications that are pending final submissions, the following new sites received ratings in 2020 or 2021:
Data CenterMetro AreaRating SchemeLevel Achieved
DA11Dallas, TexasLEEDSilver
DC15Washington, DCGreen Globes3 Globes
SV11Silicon Valley, CaliforniaLEEDSilver
SG4SingaporeBCA Green MarkGoldPlus
SG5SingaporeLEEDPending
ML5Milan, ItalyLEEDPending
In 2021, we had 16.8 million gross sq. ft., or 71% of our global footprint, in operation with green buildings and energy management certifications. Within the U.S., we had 3.7 million gross sq. ft., or 43% of our footprint, under certification, including 0.3 million of gross sq. ft., or 3% of U.S. footprint, having achieved U.S. EPA Energy Star for Data Centers. We are currently evaluating enrolling additional sites in the Energy Star program. We disclose these and other site-level details about our data centers on our sustainability website.

YearTotal Gross sq. ft. (million)
Area of Eligible Portfolio with Green Building Rating (million sq. ft.)(1)
Eligible Portfolio with Green Building Rating (%)
Global Total through 202123.816.871%
U.S. Total through 20218.5
3.7 (LEED and Energy Star)
0.3 (Energy Star)(2)
43% (LEED and Energy Star)
3% (Energy Star)

(1)Ratings included in our totals: ISO 50001 Energy Management, ISO 14001 Environmental Management, LEED green buildings certifications, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Energy Star for Data Centers, BCA Green Mark, NABERS and Green Globes.
(2)We are currently evaluating our approach to U.S. EPA Energy Star for Data Centers. In 2020, two sites received Energy Star for Data Centers recognition, representing 3% of our U.S. portfolio. In contrast, our U.S. portfolio has 18 LEED-certified data centers or 32% of the U.S. portfolio by gross square footage.
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Our Business Segment Financial Information
We currently operate in three reportable segments comprised of our Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific geographic regions. Information attributable to each of our reportable segments is set forth in Note 17 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Available Information
Equinix owns and maintains intellectual property in the form of trademarks, patents, application programming interfaces, customer portals and a variety of products and other offerings.
We were incorporated in Delaware in June 1998. We are required to file reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The SEC maintains an internet website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information.
You may also obtain copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and our current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to such reports, free of charge by visiting the Investor Relations page on our website, www.equinix.com. These reports are available as soon as reasonably practical after we file them with the SEC. Information contained on or accessible through our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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ITEM 1A.Risk Factors
In addition to the other information contained in this report, the following risk factors should be considered carefully in evaluating our business:
Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Business and Our Operations

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic could have a negative effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We have continuously monitored our global operations as the COVID-19 pandemic has spread across the globe and as variants and vaccines have developed. We have implemented procedures focusing on the health and safety of our employees, customers, partners and communities, the continuity of our business offerings and compliance with governmental regulations and local public health guidance and ordinances. We have activated our business continuity and pandemic plans and while our business operations have continued without interruption and our IBX data centers have remained fully operational to date, we cannot guarantee our business operations or our IBX data centers will not be negatively impacted in the future. Our IBX data centers have been designated “essential businesses” or “critical infrastructure” for purposes of remaining open during the COVID-19 pandemic in all of the jurisdictions that have published these exemptions but not all jurisdictions have created such designations. Any change in these classifications could cause operational disruptions or closures of the affected IBX data centers.

We implemented processes to limit and schedule access to certain IBX data centers based on infection rates and case counts as well as implemented social distancing and hygiene protocols. We have continued to track infections and adapt our policies and procedures based on a number of factors including the COVID-19 pandemic severity in each office and IBX location. These proactive actions we have taken or may take in the future and any restrictions imposed by the government could result in business delays, operational disruption and customer dissatisfaction. Employee illnesses resulting from the pandemic could result in further inefficiencies or delays and a suspected or confirmed case in an IBX data center could require temporary closure of the affected IBX data center for cleaning or until local regulatory requirements are fulfilled. Any closure of an IBX data center or limitation of customer access could cause customer dissatisfaction if customers are unable to access their equipment within the IBX data center. We also have service level agreements which could be affected if we are required to close an IBX data center for any reason.

Preventative measures instituted by governments and businesses to mitigate the spread of COVID-19, including travel restrictions, social distancing requirements, shelter in place orders and quarantines, have negatively impacted the global economy and may adversely impact us, our customers and vendors. Given the uncertainty around the duration and extent of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we cannot accurately predict at this time how the pandemic will affect our business over time.

The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to certain global supply chain disruptions including the supply of certain construction materials and has contributed to overall inflation. While we do not expect the construction delays and supply chain disruptions that we are currently experiencing to have a material effect on us at this time, additional disruptions because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic could occur. Additional or unexpected disruptions could cause construction delays or significantly affect the cost of our planned expansion projects in the future. Significant construction delays and increases in costs because of the supply chain disruptions could interfere with our ability to meet commitments to customers who have contracted for space in new IBX data centers under construction and could have a material impact on our business. While we have received "essential business" permits for construction in some jurisdictions, these classifications may not extend to the construction of new IBX data centers in all of our jurisdictions. We are also reliant on third party construction labor to build and expand our IBX data centers, to which we may not have access due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We rely on materials, products and manufacturing from regions of the world which are impacted by the pandemic and supply chain disruptions. While we have invested in creating a material inventory to mitigate global increases in raw materials, energy and labor prices, it may not be sufficient and ongoing delays, difficulty finding replacement products and continued high inflation could affect our business and growth.

Although currently stayed while being litigated in U.S. courts, U.S. Presidential Executive Order (EO 14042) requires companies that do business with the U.S. Federal government (“Government Contractors”) to implement a
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mandate for all their U.S. employees to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 (the “US Vaccine Mandate”). As a Government Contractor, we will be required to comply with the US Vaccine Mandate if it or a similar vaccine mandate for Government Contractors goes into effect. We do not anticipate the US Vaccine Mandate to have a material negative effect on our business even if it goes into effect, but if we experience more employee turnover than we expect or if similar mandates are required in other regions, we could experience disruptions to certain functions and employee satisfaction could be affected.

While the full extent and impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic cannot be reasonably estimated at this time, it could have a material adverse impact on our business and financial condition. The extent to which the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic will impact our financial condition or results of operations will depend on many factors and future developments, including new information about the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and its variants, additional surges in infection rates, vaccine efforts and any new government regulations which may emerge to contain the virus, among others.

We experienced an information technology security breach in the past and may be vulnerable to future security breaches, which could disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business results of operation and financial performance.

Despite our efforts to protect against cyber-attacks, we are not fully insulated from these types of security breaches, and such an attack could adversely impact our competitiveness and results of operations. In September 2020, we discovered ransomware on certain of our internal systems, encrypting files and holding them for ransom. Our teams responded quickly to address the incident and notified law enforcement, and after a thorough review of the incident by our management and experts retained to assist in this incident, the investigation was closed as of October 14, 2020. Our IBX data centers and our service offerings, including managed services, remained fully operational during the attack and the incident did not affect our ability to support our customers. We further believe that we were able to contain the incident and that the resolution will prevent the release of any data associated with this attack. While the event has been resolved and has not caused a material disruption to our systems nor resulted in any material costs to us, we are also working to protect against any future attacks. We will continue to face risks associated with unauthorized access to our computer systems, loss or destruction of data, computer viruses, ransomware, malware, distributed denial-of-service attacks or other malicious activities. These threats may result from human error, equipment failure, fraud or malice on the part of employees, vendors or third parties. As techniques used to breach security change frequently and are generally not recognized until launched against a target, we may not be able to promptly detect that a cyber breach has occurred, or implement security measures in a timely manner or, if and when implemented, we may not be able to determine the extent to which these measures could be circumvented. Because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, many of our non-IBX employees are working from home and could potentially be exposed to new security risks or attempted breaches because of these new work environments. Our adaptation to a hybrid working model that includes both work from home and in an office could continue to expose us to new security risks. A party who is able to compromise the security measures on our networks or the security of our infrastructure could misappropriate either our proprietary information or the personal information of our customers or our employees, or cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations or our customers' operations. As we provide assurances to our customers that we provide a high level of security, such a compromise could be particularly harmful to our brand and reputation. We may be required to expend significant capital and resources to protect against such threats or to alleviate problems caused by breaches in security. Any breaches that may occur in the future could expose us to increased risk of lawsuits, regulatory penalties, loss of existing or potential customers, damage relating to loss of proprietary information, harm to our reputation and increases in our security costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance and results of operations. We maintain insurance coverage for cyber risks, but such coverage may be unavailable or insufficient to cover our losses.

We offer professional services to our customers where we consult on data center solutions and assist with implementations. We also offer managed services in certain of our foreign jurisdictions outside of the U.S. where we manage the data center infrastructure for our customers. The access to our clients' networks and data, which is gained from these services, creates some risk that our clients' networks or data will be improperly accessed. We may also design our clients' cloud storage systems in such a way that exposes our clients to increased risk of data breach. If we were held responsible for any such breach, it could result in a significant loss to us, including damage to our client relationships, harm to our brand and reputation, and legal liability.

Terrorist activity, or other acts of violence, including violence stemming from the current climate of political and economic uncertainty, could adversely impact our business.
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The continued threat of terrorist activity and other acts of war or hostility both domestically and abroad by terrorist organizations, organized crime organizations, or other criminals along with violence stemming from political unrest, contribute to a climate of political and economic uncertainty in many of the regions in which we operate. Due to existing or developing circumstances, we may need to incur additional costs in the future to provide enhanced security, including cyber security and physical security, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. These circumstances may also adversely affect our ability to attract and retain customers and employees, our ability to raise capital and the operation and maintenance of our IBX data centers.

Our offerings have a long sales cycle that may harm our revenue and results of operations.

A customer's decision to purchase our offerings typically involves a significant commitment of resources. In addition, some customers will be reluctant to commit to locating in our IBX data centers until they are confident that the IBX data center has adequate carrier connections. As a result, we have a long sales cycle. Furthermore, we may devote significant time and resources to pursuing a particular sale or customer that does not result in revenues.

Delays due to the length of our sales cycle may materially and adversely affect our revenues and results of operations, which could harm our ability to meet our forecasts and cause volatility in our stock price.

Any failure of our physical infrastructure or negative impact on our ability to meet our obligations to our customers, or damage to customer infrastructure within our IBX data centers, could lead to significant costs and disruptions that could reduce our revenue and harm our business reputation and financial results.

Our business depends on providing customers with highly reliable solutions. We must safeguard our customers' infrastructure and equipment located in our IBX data centers and ensure our IBX data centers and non-IBX offices remain operational at all times. We own certain of our IBX data centers, but others are leased by us, and we rely on the landlord for basic maintenance of our leased IBX data centers and office buildings. If such landlord has not maintained a leased property sufficiently, we may be forced into an early exit from the center which could be disruptive to our business. Furthermore, we continue to acquire IBX data centers not built by us. If we discover that these buildings and their infrastructure assets are not in the condition we expected when they were acquired, we may be required to incur substantial additional costs to repair or upgrade the IBX data centers. Newly acquired data centers also may not have the same power infrastructure and design in place as our own IBX data centers. These legacy designs could require upgrades in order to meet our standards and our customers’ expectations. Until the legacy systems are brought up to our standards, customers in these legacy IBX data centers could be exposed to higher risks of unexpected power outages. We have experienced power outages because of these legacy design issues in the past and our customers could experience these in the future.

Problems at one or more of our IBX data centers or corporate offices, whether or not within our control, could result in service interruptions or significant infrastructure or equipment damage. These could result from numerous factors, including but not limited to:

human error;
equipment failure;
physical, electronic and cyber security breaches;
fire, earthquake, hurricane, flood, tornado and other natural disasters;
extreme temperatures;
water damage;
fiber cuts;
power loss;
terrorist acts;
sabotage and vandalism;
global pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic;
inability of our operations employees to access our IBX data centers for any reason; and
failure of business partners who provide our resale products.

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We have service level commitment obligations to certain customers. As a result, service interruptions or significant equipment damage in our IBX data centers could result in difficulty maintaining service level commitments to these customers and potential claims related to such failures. Because our IBX data centers are critical to many of our customers' businesses, service interruptions or significant equipment damage in our IBX data centers could also result in lost profits or other indirect or consequential damages to our customers. We cannot guarantee that a court would enforce any contractual limitations on our liability in the event that one of our customers brings a lawsuit against us as a result of a problem at one of our IBX data centers and we may decide to reach settlements with affected customers irrespective of any such contractual limitations. Any such settlement may result in a reduction of revenue under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). In addition, any loss of service, equipment damage or inability to meet our service level commitment obligations could reduce the confidence of our customers and could consequently impair our ability to obtain and retain customers, which would adversely affect both our ability to generate revenues and our results of operations.

Furthermore, we are dependent upon internet service providers, telecommunications carriers and other website operators in the Americas, Asia-Pacific and EMEA regions and elsewhere, some of which have experienced significant system failures and electrical outages in the past. Our customers may in the future experience difficulties due to system failures unrelated to our systems and offerings. If, for any reason, these providers fail to provide the required services, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted.

Our IBX data center employees are critical to our ability to maintain our business operations and reach our service level commitments. Although we have redundancies built into our network, if our IBX employees are unable to access our IBX data centers for any reason, we could experience operational issues at the affected site. Pandemics, weather and climate related crises or any other social, political, or economic disruption in the U.S. or abroad could prevent sufficient staffing at our IBX data centers and have a material adverse impact on our operations.

We are currently making significant investments in our back-office information technology systems and processes. Difficulties from or disruptions to these efforts may interrupt our normal operations and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We have been investing heavily in our back-office information technology systems and processes for a number of years and expect such investment to continue for the foreseeable future in support of our pursuit of global, scalable solutions across all geographies and functions that we operate in. These continuing investments include: 1) ongoing improvements to the customer experience from initial quote to customer billing and our revenue recognition process; 2) integration of recently-acquired operations onto our various information technology systems; and 3) implementation of new tools and technologies to either further streamline and automate processes, or to support our compliance with evolving U.S. GAAP. Our finance team is also working on a multi-year project to move the backbone of our finance systems to the cloud. As a result of our continued work on these projects, we may experience difficulties with our systems, management distraction and significant business disruptions. For example, difficulties with our systems may interrupt our ability to accept and deliver customer orders and may adversely impact our overall financial operations, including our accounts payable, accounts receivables, general ledger, fixed assets, revenue recognition, close processes, internal financial controls and our ability to otherwise run and track our business. We may need to expend significant attention, time and resources to correct problems or find alternative sources for performing these functions. All of these changes to our financial systems also create an increased risk of deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting until such systems are stabilized. Such significant investments in our back-office systems may take longer to complete and cost more than originally planned. In addition, we may not realize the full benefits we hoped to achieve and there is a risk of an impairment charge if we decide that portions of these projects will not ultimately benefit us or are de-scoped. Finally, the collective impact of these changes to our business has placed significant demands on impacted employees across multiple functions, increasing the risk of errors and control deficiencies in our financial statements, distraction from the effective operation of our business and difficulty in attracting and retaining employees. Any such difficulties or disruptions may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The level of insurance coverage that we purchase may prove to be inadequate.

We carry liability, property, business interruption and other insurance policies to cover insurable risks to our company. We select the types of insurance, the limits and the deductibles based on our specific risk profile, the cost of the insurance coverage versus its perceived benefit and general industry standards. Our insurance policies
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contain industry standard exclusions for events such as war and nuclear reaction. We purchase earthquake insurance for certain of our IBX data centers, but for our IBX data centers in high-risk zones, including those in California and Japan, we have elected to self-insure. The earthquake and flood insurance that we do purchase would be subject to high deductibles. Any of the limits of insurance that we purchase, including those for cyber risks, could prove to be inadequate, which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The use of high power density equipment may limit our ability to fully utilize our older IBX data centers.

Some customers have increased their use of high power density equipment, such as blade servers, in our IBX data centers which has increased the demand for power on a per cabinet basis. Because many of our IBX data centers were built a number of years ago, the current demand for power may exceed the designed electrical capacity in these IBX data centers. As power, not space, is a limiting factor in many of our IBX data centers, our ability to fully utilize those IBX data centers may be impacted. The ability to increase the power capacity of an IBX data center, should we decide to, is dependent on several factors including, but not limited to, the local utility's ability to provide additional power; the length of time required to provide such power; and/or whether it is feasible to upgrade the electrical infrastructure of an IBX data center to deliver additional power to customers. Although we are currently designing and building to a higher power specification than that of many of our older IBX data centers, there is a risk that demand will continue to increase and our IBX data centers could become underutilized sooner than expected.

If we are unable to implement our evolving organizational structure or if we are unable to recruit or retain key executives and qualified personnel, our business could be harmed.

In connection with the evolving needs of our customers and our business, we continue to review our organizational architecture and have made, and will continue to make, changes as appropriate. There can be no assurances that any of these changes will not result in attrition, that the significant amount of management and other employees' time and focus to implement the changes will not divert attention from operating and growing the business, or that any changes will result in increased organizational effectiveness. We must also continue to identify, hire, train and retain key personnel who maintain relationships with our customers and who can provide the technical, strategic and marketing skills required for our company's growth. There is a shortage of qualified personnel in these fields, and we compete with other companies for the limited pool of talent.

The failure to recruit and retain necessary key executives and personnel could cause disruption, harm our business and hamper our ability to grow our company.

We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors.

The global multi-tenant data center market is highly fragmented. It is estimated that we are one of more than 1,200 companies that provide these offerings around the world. We compete with these firms which vary in terms of their data center offerings. We must continue to evolve our product strategy and be able to differentiate our IBX data centers and product offerings from those of our competitors.

Some of our competitors may adopt aggressive pricing policies, especially if they are not highly leveraged or have lower return thresholds than we do. As a result, we may suffer from pricing pressure that would adversely affect our ability to generate revenues. Some of these competitors may also provide our target customers with additional benefits, including bundled communication services or cloud services, and may do so in a manner that is more attractive to our potential customers than obtaining space in our IBX data centers. Similarly, with growing acceptance of cloud-based technologies, we are at risk of losing customers that may decide to fully leverage cloud infrastructure offerings instead of managing their own. Competitors could also operate more successfully or form alliances to acquire significant market share.

Failure to compete successfully may materially adversely affect our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

If we cannot continue to develop, acquire, market and provide new offerings or enhancements to existing offerings that meet customer requirements and differentiate us from our competitors, our results of operations could suffer.
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As our customers evolve their IT strategies, we must remain flexible and evolve along with new technologies and industry and market shifts. Ineffective planning and execution in our cloud and product development strategies may cause difficulty in sustaining our competitive advantages.

The process of developing and acquiring new offerings and enhancing existing offerings is complex. If we fail to anticipate customers’ evolving needs and expectations or do not adapt to technological and IT trends, our results of operations could suffer. In order to adapt effectively, we sometimes must make long-term investments, develop, acquire or obtain certain intellectual property and commit significant resources before knowing whether our predictions will accurately reflect customer demand for the new offerings. If we misjudge customer needs in the future, our new offerings may not succeed, and our revenues and earnings may be harmed. Additionally, any delay in the development, acquisition, marketing or launch of a new offering could result in customer dissatisfaction or attrition. If we cannot continue adapting our products, or if our competitors can adapt their products more quickly than us, our business could be harmed.

We have recently invested in joint ventures in order to develop capacity to serve the large footprint needs of a targeted set of hyperscale customers by leveraging existing capacity and dedicated hyperscale builds. We have announced our intention to seek additional joint venture partners for certain of our hyperscale builds. There can be no assurances that our joint ventures will be successful or that we find additional partners or that we are able to successfully meet the needs of these customers.

In 2020, we also acquired Packet Host, Inc. ("Packet"), a bare metal automation company to facilitate a new hardware product offering for us and we expect to continue to consider other new product offerings for our customers. Hardware solutions are a new market area for us which can bring challenges and could harm our business if not executed in the time or manner that we expect. While we believe this new product offering and others we may implement in the future will be desirable to our customers and will complement our other offerings on Platform Equinix, we cannot guarantee the success of this product or any other new product offering.

Our results of operations may fluctuate.

We have experienced fluctuations in our results of operations on a quarterly and annual basis. The fluctuations in our results of operations may cause the market price of our common stock to be volatile. We may experience significant fluctuations in our results of operations in the foreseeable future due to a variety of factors, including, but not limited to:

fluctuations of foreign currencies in the markets in which we operate;
the timing and magnitude of depreciation and interest expense or other expenses related to the acquisition, purchase or construction of additional IBX data centers or the upgrade of existing IBX data centers;
demand for space, power and solutions at our IBX data centers;
increased costs of power;
changes in general economic conditions, such as those stemming from pandemics or other economic downturns, or specific market conditions in the telecommunications and internet industries, any of which could have a material impact on us or on our customer base;
charges to earnings resulting from past acquisitions due to, among other things, impairment of goodwill or intangible assets, reduction in the useful lives of intangible assets acquired, identification of additional assumed contingent liabilities or revised estimates to restructure an acquired company's operations;
the duration of the sales cycle for our offerings and our ability to ramp our newly-hired sales persons to full productivity within the time period we have forecasted;
additions and changes in product offerings and our ability to ramp up and integrate new products within the time period we have forecasted;
restructuring charges or reversals of restructuring charges, which may be necessary due to revised sublease assumptions, changes in strategy or otherwise;
acquisitions or dispositions we may make;
the financial condition and credit risk of our customers;
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the provision of customer discounts and credits;
the mix of current and proposed products and offerings and the gross margins associated with our products and offerings;
the timing required for new and future IBX data centers to open or become fully utilized;
competition in the markets in which we operate;
conditions related to international operations;
increasing repair and maintenance expenses in connection with aging IBX data centers;
lack of available capacity in our existing IBX data centers to generate new revenue or delays in opening new or acquired IBX data centers that delay our ability to generate new revenue in markets which have otherwise reached capacity;
changes in rent expense as we amend our IBX data center leases in connection with extending their lease terms when their initial lease term expiration dates approach or changes in shared operating costs in connection with our leases, which are commonly referred to as common area maintenance expenses;
the timing and magnitude of other operating expenses, including taxes, expenses related to the expansion of sales, marketing, operations and acquisitions, if any, of complementary businesses and assets; the cost and availability of adequate public utilities, including electricity;
changes in employee stock-based compensation;
overall inflation;
increasing interest expense due to any increases in interest rates and/or potential additional debt financings;
changes in our tax planning strategies or failure to realize anticipated benefits from such strategies;
changes in income tax benefit or expense; and
changes in or new GAAP as periodically released by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB").

Any of the foregoing factors, or other factors discussed elsewhere in this report, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Although we have experienced growth in revenues in recent quarters, this growth rate is not necessarily indicative of future results of operations. Prior to 2008, we had generated net losses every fiscal year since inception. It is possible that we may not be able to generate net income on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. In addition, a relatively large portion of our expenses are fixed in the short-term, particularly with respect to lease and personnel expenses, depreciation and amortization and interest expenses. Therefore, our results of operations are particularly sensitive to fluctuations in revenues. As such, comparisons to prior reporting periods should not be relied upon as indications of our future performance. In addition, our results of operations in one or more future quarters may fail to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors.

Our DSO may be negatively impacted by process and system upgrades and acquisitions.

Our DSO may be negatively impacted by ongoing process and system upgrades which can impact our customers' experience in the short term, together with integrating recent acquisitions into our processes and systems, which may have a negative impact on our operating cash flows, liquidity and financial condition.

We may incur goodwill and other intangible asset impairment charges, or impairment charges to our property, plant and equipment, which could result in a significant reduction to our earnings.

In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we are required to assess our goodwill and other intangible assets annually, or more frequently whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate potential impairment, such as changing market conditions or any changes in key assumptions. If the testing performed indicates that an asset may not be recoverable, we are required to record a non-cash impairment charge for the difference between the carrying value of the goodwill or other intangible assets and the implied fair value of the goodwill or other intangible assets in the period the determination is made.

We also periodically monitor the remaining net book values of our property, plant and equipment, including at the individual IBX data center level. Although each individual IBX data center is currently performing in accordance
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with our expectations, the possibility that one or more IBX data centers could begin to under-perform relative to our expectations is possible and may also result in non-cash impairment charges.

These charges could be significant, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

We have incurred substantial losses in the past and may incur additional losses in the future.

As of December 31, 2021, our retained earnings were $2.3 billion. Although we have generated net income for each fiscal year since 2008, except for the year ended December 31, 2014, we are currently investing heavily in our future growth through the build out of multiple additional IBX data centers, expansions of IBX data centers and acquisitions of complementary businesses. As a result, we will incur higher depreciation and other operating expenses, as well as transaction costs and interest expense, that may negatively impact our ability to sustain profitability in future periods unless and until these new IBX data centers generate enough revenue to exceed their operating costs and cover the additional overhead needed to scale our business for this anticipated growth. The current global financial uncertainty may also impact our ability to sustain profitability if we cannot generate sufficient revenue to offset the increased costs of our recently-opened IBX data centers or IBX data centers currently under construction. In addition, costs associated with the acquisition and integration of any acquired companies, as well as the additional interest expense associated with debt financing, we have undertaken to fund our growth initiatives, may also negatively impact our ability to sustain profitability. Finally, given the competitive and evolving nature of the industry in which we operate, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.

The failure to obtain favorable terms when we renew our IBX data center leases, or the failure to renew such leases, could harm our business and results of operations.

While we own certain of our IBX data centers, others are leased under long-term arrangements. These leased IBX data centers have all been subject to significant development by us in order to convert them from, in most cases, vacant buildings or warehouses into IBX data centers. Most of our IBX data center leases have renewal options available to us. However, many of these renewal options provide for the rent to be set at then-prevailing market rates. To the extent that then-prevailing market rates or negotiated rates are higher than present rates, these higher costs may adversely impact our business and results of operations, or we may decide against renewing the lease. In the event that an IBX data center lease does not have a renewal option, or we fail to exercise a renewal option in a timely fashion and lose our right to renew the lease, we may not be successful in negotiating a renewal of the lease with the landlord. A failure to renew a lease could force us to exit a building prematurely, which could disrupt our business, harm our customer relationships, expose us to liability under our customer contracts, cause us to take impairment charges and affect our results of operations negatively.

We depend on a number of third parties to provide internet connectivity to our IBX data centers; if connectivity is interrupted or terminated, our results of operations and cash flow could be materially and adversely affected.

The presence of diverse telecommunications carriers' fiber networks in our IBX data centers is critical to our ability to retain and attract new customers. We are not a telecommunications carrier, and as such, we rely on third parties to provide our customers with carrier services. We believe that the availability of carrier capacity will directly affect our ability to achieve our projected results. We rely primarily on revenue opportunities from the telecommunications carriers' customers to encourage them to invest the capital and operating resources required to connect from their data centers to our IBX data centers. Carriers will likely evaluate the revenue opportunity of an IBX data center based on the assumption that the environment will be highly competitive. We cannot provide assurance that each and every carrier will elect to offer its services within our IBX data centers or that once a carrier has decided to provide internet connectivity to our IBX data centers that it will continue to do so for any period of time.

Our new IBX data centers require construction and operation of a sophisticated redundant fiber network. The construction required to connect multiple carrier facilities to our IBX data centers is complex and involves factors outside of our control, including regulatory processes and the availability of construction resources. Any hardware or fiber failures on this network may result in significant loss of connectivity to our new IBX data center expansions. This could affect our ability to attract new customers to these IBX data centers or retain existing customers.

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To date, the network neutrality of our IBX data centers and the variety of networks available to our customers has often been a competitive advantage for us. In certain of our acquired IBX data centers in the Asia-Pacific region, the limited number of carriers available reduces that advantage. As a result, we may need to adapt our key revenue-generating offerings and pricing to be competitive in those markets.

If the establishment of highly diverse internet connectivity to our IBX data centers does not occur, is materially delayed or is discontinued, or is subject to failure, our results of operations and financial condition will be adversely affected.

We have government customers, which subjects us to risks including early termination, audits, investigations, sanctions and penalties.

We derive revenues from contracts with the U.S. government, state and local governments and foreign governments. Some of these customers may terminate all or part of their contracts at any time, without cause. There is increased pressure for governments and their agencies, both domestically and internationally, to reduce spending. Some of our federal government contracts are subject to the approval of appropriations being made by the U.S. Congress to fund the expenditures under these contracts. Similarly, some of our contracts at the state and local levels are subject to government funding authorizations.

Government contracts often have unique terms and conditions, such as most favored customer obligations, and are generally subject to audits and investigations which could result in various civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, refund of a portion of fees received, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspensions or debarment from future government business.

Additionally, as a Government Contractor, we could be subject to additional orders and laws such as the US Vaccine Mandate which could have a material adverse effect on our employee satisfaction and our business.

Because we depend on the development and growth of a balanced customer base, including key magnet customers, failure to attract, grow and retain this base of customers could harm our business and results of operations.

Our ability to maximize revenues depends on our ability to develop and grow a balanced customer base, consisting of a variety of companies, including enterprises, cloud, digital content and financial companies, and network service providers. We consider certain of these customers to be key magnets in that they draw in other customers. The more balanced the customer base within each IBX data center, the better we will be able to generate significant interconnection revenues, which in turn increases our overall revenues. Our ability to attract customers to our IBX data centers will depend on a variety of factors, including the presence of multiple carriers, the mix of our offerings, the overall mix of customers, the presence of key customers attracting business through vertical market ecosystems, the IBX data center's operating reliability and security and our ability to effectively market our offerings. However, some of our customers may face competitive pressures and may ultimately not be successful or may be consolidated through merger or acquisition. If these customers do not continue to use our IBX data centers it may be disruptive to our business. Finally, any uncertain global economic climate, including the one we are currently experiencing as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, could harm our ability to attract and retain customers if customers slow spending, or delay decision-making on our offerings, or if customers begin to have difficulty paying us or seek bankruptcy protection and we experience increased churn in our customer base. Any of these factors may hinder the development, growth and retention of a balanced customer base and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Industry consolidation may have a negative impact on our business model.

If customers combine businesses, they may require less colocation space, which could lead to churn in our customer base. Regional competitors may also consolidate to become a global competitor. Consolidation of our customers and/or our competitors may present a risk to our business model and have a negative impact on our revenues.

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Our business could be harmed by increased costs to procure power, prolonged power outages, shortages or capacity constraints.

Any power outages, shortages, capacity constraints or significant increase in the cost of power may have an adverse effect on our business and our results of operations.

In each of our markets, we rely on third parties, and their infrastructure, to provide a sufficient amount of power for current and future customers. At the same time, power and cooling requirements are increasing per unit of equipment. As a result, some customers are consuming an increasing amount of power per cabinet. We generally do not control the amount of power our customers draw from their installed circuits, which can result in growth in the aggregate power consumption of our facilities beyond our original plan and expectations. This means that limitations on the capacity of our electrical delivery systems and equipment could limit customer utilization of our IBX data centers. These limitations could have a negative impact on the effective available capacity of a given center and limit our ability to grow our business, which could have a negative impact on our financial performance, results of operations and cash flows.

Our IBX data centers are affected by problems accessing electricity sources, such as planned or unplanned power outages and limitations on transmission or distribution. Unplanned power outages, including, but not limited to those relating to large storms, earthquakes, fires, tsunamis, cyberattacks, and any failures of electrical power grids more generally, and planned power outages by public utilities, such as those related to Pacific Gas and Electric Company's planned outages in California to minimize fire risks, could harm our customers and our business. Many of our employees in California are still working from home because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and they could be subjected to planned power outages at home which could be difficult to track and could affect our day to day operations of our non-IBX employees. Our international operations are sometimes located outside of developed, reliable electricity markets, where we are exposed to some insecurity in supply associated with technical and regulatory problems, as well as transmission constraints. Some of our IBX data centers are located in leased buildings where, depending upon the lease requirements and number of tenants involved, we may or may not control some or all of the infrastructure including generators and fuel tanks. As a result, in the event of a power outage, we may be dependent upon the landlord, as well as the utility company, to restore the power. We attempt to limit our exposure to system downtime by using backup generators and alternative power supplies, but these measures may not always prevent downtime, which can adversely affect customer experience and revenues.

We are currently experiencing inflation and volatility pressures in the energy market globally. In particular, current dislocation in the Singapore power market has resulted in Equinix having to buy power at extremely elevated spot rates and this ongoing price volatility impacted elements of our 2022 financial projections. Various macroeconomic factors are contributing to the instability and global power shortage including the COVID-19 pandemic, severe weather events, governmental regulations, government relations and inflation. The price for power in many of the countries in which we operate has seen significant increases in recent months, and it is unclear when the markets will stabilize. While we have aimed to minimize our risk exposure related to power procurement in Singapore and globally via hedging, conservation, and other efficiencies, we expect the cost for power to continue to be volatile and unpredictable and subject to inflationary pressures. We believe we have made appropriate estimates for these costs in our forecasting but the unpredictable energy market at this time could materially affect our financial forecasting, results of operations and financial condition.

Each new facility requires access to significant quantities of electricity. Limitations on generation, transmission and distribution may limit our ability to obtain sufficient power capacity for potential expansion sites in new or existing markets. We may experience significant delays and substantial increased costs demanded by the utilities to provide the level of electrical service required by our current IBX data center designs.

Risks Related to Our Expansion Plans

Our construction of new IBX data centers or IBX data center expansions could involve significant risks to our business.

In order to sustain our growth in certain of our existing and new markets, we may have to expand an existing data center, lease a new facility or acquire suitable land, with or without structures, to build new IBX data centers from the ground up. Expansions or new builds are currently underway, or being contemplated, in many of our markets. These construction projects expose us to many risks which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, supply chain issues and inflation have
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exacerbated many of these construction risks and created additional risks for our business. Some of the risks associated with construction projects include:

construction delays;
lack of availability and delays for data center equipment, including items such as generators and switchgear;
unexpected budget changes;
increased prices for and delays in obtaining building supplies, raw materials and data center equipment;
labor availability, labor disputes and work stoppages with contractors, subcontractors and other third parties, including interruptions in work due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic;
unanticipated environmental issues and geological problems;
delays related to permitting and approvals to open from public agencies and utility companies;
delays in site readiness leading to our failure to meet commitments made to customers planning to expand into a new build; and
unanticipated customer requirements that would necessitate alternative data center design, making our sites less desirable or leading to increased costs in order to make necessary modifications or retrofits.

We are currently experiencing rising construction costs which reflect the increase in cost of labor and raw materials, supply chain and logistic challenges, and high demand in our sector. While we have invested in creating a material inventory to mitigate supply chain issues and inflation, it may not be sufficient and ongoing delays, difficulty finding replacement products and continued high inflation could affect our business and growth and could have a material effect on our business. Additional or unexpected disruptions to our supply chain or inflationary pressures could significantly affect the cost of our planned expansion projects and interfere with our ability to meet commitments to customers who have contracted for space in new IBX data centers under construction.

Construction projects are dependent on permitting from public agencies and utility companies. Any delay in permitting could affect our growth. We are currently experiencing permitting delays in most metros due to reduced production from labor availability and from other COVID-19 pandemic related permitting restrictions or stoppages. While we don't currently anticipate any material long-term negative impact to our business because of these construction delays, these types of delays and stoppages related to permitting from public agencies and utility companies could worsen and have an adverse effect on our bookings, revenue or growth.

Additionally, all construction related projects require us to carefully select and rely on the experience of one or more designers, general contractors, and associated subcontractors during the design and construction process. Should a designer, general contractor, significant subcontractor or key supplier experience financial problems or other problems during the design or construction process, we could experience significant delays, increased costs to complete the project and/or other negative impacts to our expected returns.

Site selection is also a critical factor in our expansion plans. There may not be suitable properties available in our markets with the necessary combination of high-power capacity and fiber connectivity, or selection may be limited. Thus, while we may prefer to locate new IBX data centers adjacent to our existing locations, it may not always be possible. In the event we decide to build new IBX data centers separate from our existing IBX data centers, we may provide metro connect solutions to connect these two IBX data centers. Should these solutions not provide the necessary reliability to sustain connection, this could result in lower interconnection revenue and lower margins and could have a negative impact on customer retention over time.

Acquisitions present many risks, and we may not realize the financial or strategic goals that were contemplated at the time of any transaction.

Over the last several years, we have completed numerous acquisitions, including most recently that of GPX Global System's, Inc.'s India operations in September 2021, certain data centers from BCE Inc. ("Bell") in Canada in the fourth quarter of 2020, Packet in March 2020, and three data centers from Axtel S.A.B. de C.V. ("Axtel") in Mexico in January 2020. In 2021 we also announced our intention to acquire MainOne, a leading West African data center and connectivity solutions provider, with operations in Nigeria, Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. We expect to make additional acquisitions in the future, which may include (i) acquisitions of businesses, products, solutions or technologies that we believe to be complementary, (ii) acquisitions of new IBX data centers or real estate for
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development of new IBX data centers; (iii) acquisitions through investments in local data center operators; or (iv) acquisitions in new markets with higher risk profiles. We may pay for future acquisitions by using our existing cash resources (which may limit other potential uses of our cash), incurring additional debt (which may increase our interest expense, leverage and debt service requirements) and/or issuing shares (which may dilute our existing stockholders and have a negative effect on our earnings per share). Acquisitions expose us to potential risks, many of which could be exacerbated by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, including:

the possible disruption of our ongoing business and diversion of management's attention by acquisition, transition and integration activities, particularly when multiple acquisitions and integrations are occurring at the same time or when we are entering an emerging market with a higher risk profile;
our potential inability to successfully pursue or realize some or all of the anticipated revenue opportunities associated with an acquisition or investment;
the possibility that we may not be able to successfully integrate acquired businesses, or businesses in which we invest, or achieve anticipated operating efficiencies or cost savings;
the possibility that announced acquisitions may not be completed, due to failure to satisfy the conditions to closing as a result of:

an injunction, law or order that makes unlawful the consummation of the acquisition;
inaccuracy or breach of the representations and warranties of, or the non-compliance with covenants by, either party;
the nonreceipt of closing documents; or
for other reasons;

the possibility that there could be a delay in the completion of an acquisition, which could, among other things, result in additional transaction costs, loss of revenue or other adverse effects resulting from such uncertainty;
the possibility that our projections about the success of an acquisition could be inaccurate and any such inaccuracies could have a material adverse effect on our financial projections;
the dilution of our existing stockholders as a result of our issuing stock as consideration in a transaction or selling stock in order to fund the transaction;
the possibility of customer dissatisfaction if we are unable to achieve levels of quality and stability on par with past practices;
the possibility that we will be unable to retain relationships with key customers, landlords and/or suppliers of the acquired businesses, some of which may terminate their contracts with the acquired business as a result of the acquisition or which may attempt to negotiate changes in their current or future business relationships with us;
the possibility that we could lose key employees from the acquired businesses;
the possibility that we may be unable to integrate certain IT systems that do not meet Equinix's standard requirements with respect to security, privacy or any other standard;
the potential deterioration in our ability to access credit markets due to increased leverage;
the possibility that our customers may not accept either the existing equipment infrastructure or the "look-and-feel" of a new or different IBX data center;
the possibility that additional capital expenditures may be required or that transaction expenses associated with acquisitions may be higher than anticipated;
the possibility that required financing to fund an acquisition may not be available on acceptable terms or at all;
the possibility that we may be unable to obtain required approvals from governmental authorities under antitrust and competition laws on a timely basis or at all, which could, among other things, delay or prevent us from completing an acquisition, limit our ability to realize the expected financial or strategic benefits of an acquisition or have other adverse effects on our current business and operations;
the possible loss or reduction in value of acquired businesses;
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the possibility that future acquisitions may present new complexities in deal structure, related complex accounting and coordination with new partners, particularly in light of our desire to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT;
the possibility that we may not be able to prepare and issue our financial statements and other public filings in a timely and accurate manner, and/or maintain an effective control environment, due to the strain on the finance organization when multiple acquisitions and integrations are occurring at the same time;
the possibility that future acquisitions may trigger property tax reassessments resulting in a substantial increase to our property taxes beyond that which we anticipated;
the possibility that future acquisitions may be in geographies and regulatory environments to which we are unaccustomed and we may become subject to complex requirements and risks with which we have limited experience;
the possibility that future acquisitions may appear less attractive due to fluctuations in foreign currency rates;
the possibility that carriers may find it cost-prohibitive or impractical to bring fiber and networks into a new IBX data center;
the possibility of litigation or other claims in connection with, or as a result of, an acquisition, including claims from terminated employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties;
the possibility that asset divestments may be required in order to obtain regulatory clearance for a transaction;
the possibility of pre-existing undisclosed liabilities, including, but not limited to, lease or landlord related liability, tax liability, environmental liability or asbestos liability, for which insurance coverage may be insufficient or unavailable, or other issues not discovered in the diligence process;
the possibility that we receive limited or incorrect information about the acquired business in the diligence process, particularly in light of the travel bans and other restrictions imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic; and
the possibility that we do not have full visibility into customer agreements and customer termination rights during the diligence process which could expose us to additional liabilities after completing the acquisition.

The occurrence of any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. If an acquisition does not proceed or is materially delayed for any reason, the price of our common stock may be adversely impacted, and we will not recognize the anticipated benefits of the acquisition.

We cannot assure that the price of any future acquisitions of IBX data centers will be similar to prior IBX data center acquisitions. In fact, we expect costs required to build or render new IBX data centers operational to increase in the future. If our revenue does not keep pace with these potential acquisition and expansion costs, we may not be able to maintain our current or expected margins as we absorb these additional expenses. There is no assurance we would successfully overcome these risks, or any other problems encountered with these acquisitions.

The anticipated benefits of our Joint Ventures may not be fully realized, or take longer to realize than expected.

We have entered into joint ventures to develop and operate xScale™ data centers (together, the “Joint Ventures”). Equinix owns a 20% interest and our JV partners own an 80% interest in each joint venture, and Equinix operates all facilities.

Certain sites that are intended to be utilized in Joint Ventures require investment for development. The success of these Joint Ventures will depend, in part, on the successful development of the data center sites, and we may not realize all of the anticipated benefits. Such development may be more difficult, time-consuming or costly than expected and could result in increased costs, decreases in the amount of expected revenues and diversion of management's time and energy, which could materially impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, if it is determined these sites are no longer desirable for the Joint Ventures, we would need to adapt such sites for other purposes.
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We may not realize all of the anticipated benefits from our Joint Ventures. The success of these Joint Ventures will depend, in part, on the successful partnership between Equinix and our JV partners. Such a partnership is subject to risks as outlined below in our risk factor related to new joint ventures, and more generally, to the same types of business risks as would impact our IBX data center business. A failure to successfully partner, or a failure to realize our expectations for the Joint Ventures, could materially impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. These Joint Ventures could also be negatively impacted by development and construction delays, including those resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Joint venture investments could expose us to risks and liabilities in connection with the formation of the new joint ventures, the operation of such joint ventures without sole decision-making authority, and our reliance on joint venture partners who may have economic and business interests that are inconsistent with our business interests.

In addition to our current and proposed Joint Ventures, we may co-invest with other third parties through partnerships, joint ventures or other entities in the future. These joint ventures could result in our acquisition of non-controlling interests in, or shared responsibility for, managing the affairs of a property or portfolio of properties, partnership, joint venture or other entity. We may be subject to additional risks, including:

we may not have the right to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the properties, partnership, joint venture or other entity;
if our partners become bankrupt or fail to fund their share of required capital contributions, we may choose to or be required to contribute such capital;
our partners may have economic, tax or other business interests or goals which are inconsistent with our business interests or goals, and may be in a position to take actions contrary to our policies or objectives;
our joint venture partners may take actions that are not within our control, which could require us to dispose of the joint venture asset, transfer it to a TRS in order to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT, or purchase the partner's interests or assets at an above-market price;
our joint venture partners may take actions unrelated to our business agreement but which reflect poorly on us because of our joint venture;
disputes between us and our partners may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our management from focusing their time and effort on our day-to-day business; and
we may in certain circumstances be liable for the actions of our third-party partners or guarantee all or a portion of the joint venture's liabilities, which may require us to pay an amount greater than its investment in the joint venture.

Each of these factors may result in returns on these investments being less than we expect or in losses, and our financial and results of operations may be adversely affected.

If we cannot effectively manage our international operations, and successfully implement our international expansion plans, or comply with evolving laws and regulations, our revenues may not increase, and our business and results of operations would be harmed.

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, we recognized approximately 61%, 59% and 58%, respectively, of our revenues outside the U.S. We currently operate outside of the U.S. in Canada, Mexico, South America, Asia-Pacific, and EMEA.

To date, the network neutrality of our IBX data centers and the variety of networks available to our customers has often been a competitive advantage for us. In addition, we are currently undergoing expansions or evaluating expansion opportunities outside of the U.S. Undertaking and managing expansions in foreign jurisdictions may present unanticipated challenges to us.

Our international operations are generally subject to a number of additional risks, including:

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the costs of customizing IBX data centers for foreign countries;
protectionist laws and business practices favoring local competition;
greater difficulty or delay in accounts receivable collection;
difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations, including negotiating with foreign labor unions or workers' councils;
difficulties in managing across cultures and in foreign languages;
political and economic instability;
fluctuations in currency exchange rates;
difficulties in repatriating funds from certain countries;
our ability to obtain, transfer or maintain licenses required by governmental entities with respect to our business;
unexpected changes in regulatory, tax and political environments such as the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union ("Brexit"), the Hong Kong national security law, and the current trade war between the U.S. and China;
our ability to secure and maintain the necessary physical and telecommunications infrastructure;
compliance with anti-bribery and corruption laws;
compliance with economic and trade sanctions enforced by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of Treasury;
compliance with changing laws, policies, and requirements related to sustainability;
compliance with evolving governmental regulation with which we have little experience; and
compliance with evolving and varied regulations related to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and related vaccine mandates.

Geo-political events, such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, Brexit, the Hong Kong national security law, the trade war between the U.S. and China and Russian and Ukraine tensions, may increase the likelihood of the listed risks to occur and could have a negative effect on our business domestically or internationally. With respect to Brexit, it is possible that the level of economic activity in the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe will be adversely impacted and that we will face increased regulatory and legal complexities in these regions which could have an adverse impact on our business and employees in EMEA and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, compliance with international and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations increases our cost of doing business in foreign jurisdictions. These laws and regulations include the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") and other data privacy laws and requirements, labor relations laws, tax laws, anti-competition regulations, import and trade restrictions, export requirements, economic and trade sanctions, U.S. laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and local laws which also prohibit corrupt payments to governmental officials. With respect to the current trade war between the U.S. and China, we have several customers in China named in restrictive executive orders by the previous U.S. administration that are currently covered by a freeze issued by the current U.S. administration or currently enjoined from enforcement subject to pending litigation. If Equinix is required to cease business with these companies, or additional companies in the future, our revenues could be adversely affected. Violations of any of these domestic or international laws and regulations could result in fines, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, and prohibitions on the conduct of our business. Any such violations could include prohibitions on our ability to offer our offerings in one or more countries, could delay or prevent potential acquisitions, and could also materially damage our reputation, our brand, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, our business and results of operations. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to anticipate and address these risks and manage these difficulties.

We are continuing to invest in our expansion efforts but may not have sufficient customer demand in the future to realize expected returns on these investments.

We are considering the acquisition or lease of additional properties and the construction of new IBX data centers beyond those expansion projects already announced. We will be required to commit substantial operational and financial resources to these IBX data centers, generally 12 to 18 months in advance of securing customer contracts, and we may not have sufficient customer demand in those markets to support these IBX data centers once they are built. In addition, unanticipated technological changes could affect customer requirements for data
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centers, and we may not have built such requirements into our new IBX data centers. Either of these contingencies, if they were to occur, could make it difficult for us to realize expected or reasonable returns on these investments.

Risks Related to Our Capital Needs and Capital Strategy
Our substantial debt could adversely affect our cash flows and limit our flexibility to raise additional capital.
We have a significant amount of debt and may need to incur additional debt to support our growth. Additional debt may also be incurred to fund future acquisitions, any future special distributions, regular distributions or the other cash outlays associated with maintaining our qualification for taxation as a REIT. As of December 31, 2021, our total indebtedness (gross of debt issuance cost, debt discount, and debt premium) was approximately $13.9 billion, our stockholders' equity was $10.9 billion and our cash and cash equivalents totaled $1.5 billion. In addition, as of December 31, 2021, we had approximately $1.9 billion of additional liquidity available to us from our $2.0 billion revolving credit facility. In addition to our substantial debt, we lease many of our IBX data centers and certain equipment under lease agreements, some of which are accounted for as operating leases. As of December 31, 2021, we recorded operating lease liabilities of $1.3 billion, which represents our obligation to make lease payments under those lease arrangements.
Our substantial amount of debt and related covenants, and our off-balance sheet commitments, could have important consequences. For example, they could:
require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to make interest and principal payments on our debt and in respect of other off-balance sheet arrangements, reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund future capital expenditures, working capital, execution of our expansion strategy and other general corporate requirements;
increase the likelihood of negative outlook from our credit rating agencies, or of a downgrade to our current rating;
make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations under our various debt instruments;
increase our cost of borrowing and even limit our ability to access additional debt to fund future growth;
increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions and adverse changes in governmental regulations;
limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry, which may place us at a competitive disadvantage compared with our competitors;
limit our operating flexibility through covenants with which we must comply;
limit our ability to borrow additional funds, even when necessary to maintain adequate liquidity, which would also limit our ability to further expand our business; and
make us more vulnerable to increases in interest rates because of the variable interest rates on some of our borrowings to the extent we have not entirely hedged such variable rate debt.
The occurrence of any of the foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We may also need to refinance a portion of our outstanding debt as it matures. There is a risk that we may not be able to refinance existing debt or that the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of our existing debt. Furthermore, if prevailing interest rates or other factors at the time of refinancing result in higher interest rates upon refinancing, then the interest expense relating to that refinanced indebtedness would increase. These risks could materially adversely affect our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
Sales or issuances of shares of our common stock may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Future sales or issuances of common stock or other equity related securities may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, including any shares of our common stock issued to finance capital expenditures, finance acquisitions or repay debt. In October 2020, we established an "at the market" equity offering program (the "2020 ATM Program") in the amount of $1.5 billion under which we may, from time to time, issue and sell shares of our common stock to or through sales agents up to established limits. As of December 31, 2021, we had $1.0 billion available for sale under the 2020 ATM Program. We expect to refresh our ATM program periodically, which could lead to additional dilution for our stockholders in the future. We may also seek authorization to sell additional shares
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of common stock through other means which could lead to additional dilution for our stockholders. Please see Note 12 within the Consolidated Financial Statements of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for sales of our common stock under our ATM programs.

If we are not able to generate sufficient operating cash flows or obtain external financing, our ability to fund incremental expansion plans may be limited.

Our capital expenditures, together with ongoing operating expenses, obligations to service our debt and the cash outlays associated with our REIT distribution requirements, are, and will continue to be, a substantial burden on our cash flow and may decrease our cash balances. Additional debt or equity financing may not be available when needed or, if available, may not be available on satisfactory terms. Our inability to obtain additional debt and/or equity financing or to generate sufficient cash from operations may require us to prioritize projects or curtail capital expenditures which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates in the markets in which we operate internationally could harm our results of operations.

We may experience gains and losses resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. To date, the majority of revenues and costs in our international operations are denominated in foreign currencies. Where our prices are denominated in U.S. Dollars, our sales and revenues could be adversely affected by declines in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. Dollar, thereby making our offerings more expensive in local currencies. We are also exposed to risks resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates in connection with our international operations. To the extent we are paying contractors in foreign currencies, our operations could cost more than anticipated as a result of declines in the U.S. Dollar relative to foreign currencies. In addition, fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates have a direct impact on how our international results of operations translate into U.S. Dollars.

Although we currently undertake, and may decide in the future to further undertake, foreign exchange hedging transactions to reduce foreign currency transaction exposure, we do not currently intend to eliminate all foreign currency transaction exposure. In addition, REIT compliance rules may restrict our ability to enter into hedging transactions. Therefore, any weakness of the U.S. Dollar may have a positive impact on our consolidated results of operations because the currencies in the foreign countries in which we operate may translate into more U.S. Dollars. However, if the U.S. Dollar strengthens relative to the currencies of the foreign countries in which we operate, our consolidated financial position and results of operations may be negatively impacted as amounts in foreign currencies will generally translate into fewer U.S. Dollars. For additional information on foreign currency risks, refer to our discussion of foreign currency risk in "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" included in Item 7A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our derivative transactions expose us to counterparty credit risk.

Our derivative transactions expose us to risk of financial loss if a counterparty fails to perform under a derivative contract. Disruptions in the financial markets could lead to sudden decreases in a counterparty's liquidity, which could make them unable to perform under the terms of their derivative contract and we may not be able to realize the benefit of the derivative contract.

Risks Related to Environmental Laws and Climate Change Impacts

Environmental regulations may impose upon us new or unexpected costs.

We are subject to various federal, state, local and international environmental and health and safety laws and regulations, including those relating to the generation, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes. Certain of these laws and regulations also impose joint and several liability, without regard to fault, for investigation and cleanup costs on current and former owners and operators of real property and persons who have disposed of or released hazardous substances into the environment. Our operations involve the use of hazardous substances and materials such as petroleum fuel for emergency generators, as well as batteries, cleaning solutions and other materials. In addition, we lease, own or operate real property at which hazardous substances and regulated materials have been used in the past. At some of our locations, hazardous substances or regulated materials are known to be present in soil or groundwater, and there may be additional unknown hazardous
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substances or regulated materials present at sites we own, operate or lease. At some of our locations, there are land use restrictions in place relating to earlier environmental cleanups that do not materially limit our use of the sites. To the extent any hazardous substances or any other substance or material must be cleaned up or removed from our property, we may be responsible under applicable laws, permits or leases for the removal or cleanup of such substances or materials, the cost of which could be substantial.

We purchase significant amounts of electricity from generating facilities and utility companies that are subject to environmental laws, regulations and permit requirements. These environmental requirements are subject to material change, which could result in increases in our electricity suppliers' compliance costs that may be passed through to us. Regulations promulgated by the U.S. EPA or state agencies, or by regulators in other countries, could limit air emissions from fossil fuel-fired power plants, restrict discharges of cooling water, and otherwise impose new operational restraints on conventional power plants that could increase costs of electricity. Regulatory programs intended to promote increased generation of electricity from renewable sources may also increase our costs of procuring electricity. In addition, we are directly subject to environmental, health and safety laws regulating air emissions, storm water management and other issues arising in our business. For example, our emergency generators are subject to state and federal regulations governing air pollutants, which could limit the operation of those generators or require the installation of new pollution control technologies. While environmental regulations do not normally impose material costs upon our operations, unexpected events, equipment malfunctions, human error and changes in law or regulations, among other factors, can lead to additional capital requirements, limitations upon our operations and unexpected increased costs.

Regulation of GHG emissions could increase the cost of electricity by reducing amounts of electricity generated from fossil fuels, by requiring the use of more expensive generating methods, by requiring capture, management or reduction of GHG emissions, or by imposing taxes or fees upon electricity generation or use. There has been interest in the U.S. Congress and in countries where we operate abroad in addressing climate change. In the U.S., we believe there is a likelihood that new regulations or legislation will be proposed and potentially enacted that would seek to limit carbon dioxide emissions and the use of fossil fuels. Past legislative proposals to address climate change have included measures ranging from "carbon taxes," to tax credits, to federally imposed limitations on GHG emissions. The course of future legislation and regulation in the U.S. and abroad remains difficult to predict and the potential increased costs associated with GHG regulation or taxes cannot be estimated at this time.

State regulations also have the potential to increase our costs of obtaining electricity. Certain U.S. states in which we operate have issued or are considering and may enact environmental regulations that could materially affect our facilities and electricity costs. For example, California has limited GHG emissions from new and existing conventional power plants by imposing regulatory caps and by auctioning the rights to emission allowances. Washington, Oregon and Massachusetts have issued regulations to implement similar carbon cap and trade programs, and other states are considering proposals to limit carbon emissions through cap and trade programs, carbon pricing programs and other mechanisms. Some northeastern states adopted a multi-state program for limiting carbon emissions through the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative ("RGGI") cap and trade program. Other countries in which we operate may impose requirements and restrictions similar to those imposed in the U.S. Environmental regulations have not had a material adverse effect on our electricity costs to date, but due to costs of changing pollution control technologies, potential new regulatory requirements and the market-driven nature of some of the programs, such regulations could have a material adverse effect on electricity costs in the future.

Aside from regulatory requirements, we have separately undertaken efforts to procure energy from renewable energy projects in order to support new renewables development. These efforts to support and enhance renewable electricity generation may increase our costs of electricity above those that would be incurred through procurement of conventional electricity from existing sources or through conventional grids.

Our business may be adversely affected by climate change and responses to it.

Severe weather events, such as droughts, fires, flooding, heat waves, hurricanes, typhoons and other winter storms, pose a threat to our IBX data centers and our customers' IT infrastructure through physical damage to facilities or equipment, power supply disruption, and long-term effects on the cost of electricity. The frequency and intensity of severe weather events are reportedly increasing as part of broader climate changes. Changes in global weather patterns may also pose long-term risks of physical impacts to our business.

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We maintain disaster recovery and business continuity plans that would be implemented in the event of severe weather events that interrupt our business or affect our customers' IT infrastructure housed in our IBX data centers. While these plans are designed to allow us to recover from natural disasters or other events that can interrupt our business, we cannot be certain that our plans will work as intended, facilitating our response to such disasters or events. Failure to prevent impact to customers from such events could adversely affect our business.

U.S. and global environmental regulations are expected to continue to change and evolve and may impose upon us new or unexpected costs. Concern about climate change in various jurisdictions may result in more stringent laws and regulatory requirements regarding emissions of carbon dioxide or other GHGs. Restrictions on carbon dioxide or other GHG emissions could result in significant increases in operating or capital costs, including higher energy costs generally, and increased costs from carbon taxes, emission cap and trade programs and renewable portfolio standards that are imposed upon our electricity suppliers. These higher energy costs, and the cost of complying across our global platform, or of failing to comply with these and any other climate change regulations, may have an adverse effect on our business and our results of operations.

We may fail to achieve our environmental change goals which may adversely affect public perception of our business and affect our relationship with our customers and/or our stockholders.

We have prioritized sustainability and have established long term goals of using 100% clean and renewable energy and reducing our GHG emissions from our operations and supply chain. We also face pressure from our customers and stockholders, who are increasingly focused on climate change, to prioritize renewable energy procurement, reduce our carbon footprint and promote sustainable practices. To address these goals and concerns, where possible, we plan to continue to scale our renewable energy strategy, seek low-carbon alternatives for traditional fuel sources and refrigerants, and pursue opportunities to improve energy and water efficiency. As a result of these and other initiatives, we intend to make progress towards reducing our environmental impact and global carbon footprint, as well as ensuring our business remains viable in a low-carbon economy. It is possible, however, that we may fail to reach our stated environmental goals in a timely manner or that our customers and stockholders might not be satisfied with our sustainability efforts or the speed of their adoption. A failure to meet our goals could adversely affect public perception of our business, employee morale or customer or stockholder support. If we do not meet our customers' or stockholders' expectations, our business and/or our share price could be harmed.

Risks Related to Certain Regulations and Laws, Including Tax Laws

Changes in U.S. or foreign tax laws, regulations, or interpretations thereof, including changes to tax rates, may adversely affect our financial statements and cash taxes.

We are a U.S. company with global subsidiaries and are subject to income and other taxes in the U.S. (although currently limited due to our taxation as a REIT) and many foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income and other taxes. Although we believe that we have adequately assessed and accounted for our potential tax liabilities, and that our tax estimates are reasonable, there can be no certainty that additional taxes will not be due upon audit of our tax returns or as a result of changes to the tax laws and interpretations thereof. For example, we are currently undergoing audits and appealing the tentative assessments in a number of jurisdictions where we operate. The final results of these audits and the outcomes of the appeals are uncertain and may not be resolved in our favor. Additionally, the U.S. Congress and the current presidential administration of the U.S. have proposed various changes to federal income tax laws, including a potential minimum tax as well as changes to the laws governing the U.S. taxation of foreign earned income under the GILTI (Global Intangible Low Taxed Income) rules. It is unclear whether REITs might be exempt from the final legislation. Changes in tax laws, including the addition of a minimum tax threshold and to the GILTI rules, could have a material adverse effect on our tax liability and increase our REIT dividend distribution meaningfully.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") is an international association made up of over 30 countries including the U.S. The OECD has proposed and made numerous changes to long-standing tax principles, which, if adopted by the member countries, could have a materially adverse effect on our tax liabilities. For example, various jurisdictions are starting to explore the taxation of digital service and the minimum effective tax rate Model Rules through the adoption of tax principles which could have a negative effect on our tax liability.

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The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased spending by many governments. Because of this, there could be pressure to increase taxes in the future to pay back debts and generate revenues. The nature and timing of any future changes to each jurisdiction's tax laws and the impact on our future tax liabilities because of the COVID-19 pandemic or for any other reason cannot be predicted with any accuracy but could materially and adversely impact our results of operations and financial position or cash flows.

Government regulation or failure to comply with laws and regulations may adversely affect our business.

Various laws and governmental regulations, both in the U.S. and abroad, governing internet-related services, related communications services and information technologies remain largely unsettled, even in areas where there has been some legislative action. For example, the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") recently overturned network neutrality rules, which may result in material changes in the regulations and contribution regime affecting us and our customers. Furthermore, the U.S. Congress and state legislatures are reviewing and considering changes to the new FCC rules making the future of network neutrality uncertain. Changes to these laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on us and our customers. There may also be forthcoming regulation in the U.S. on a federal or state level in the areas of cybersecurity, data privacy, taxation and data security, any of which could impact us and our customers. Similarly, data privacy regulations continue to evolve and must be addressed by Equinix as a global company.

We remain focused on whether and how existing and changing laws, such as those governing intellectual property, privacy, libel, telecommunications services, data flows/data localization, carbon emissions impact, competition and antitrust, and taxation apply to our business and those which might have a material effect on our customers’ decisions to purchase our services and solutions. Substantial resources may be required to comply with regulations or bring any non-compliant business practices into compliance with such regulations. In addition, the continuing development of the market for online commerce and the displacement of traditional telephony service by the internet and related communications services may prompt an increased call for more stringent consumer protection laws or other regulation both in the U.S. and abroad that may impose additional burdens on companies conducting business online and their service providers.

While our business and IBX data centers are currently all operational and have been designated "critical infrastructure" or "essential services" in order to remain open in many jurisdictions during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, any regulations restricting our ability to operate our business due to the COVID-19 pandemic could have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, the "essential services" and "critical infrastructure" designations we have experienced could lead countries or local regulators to impose additional regulations on the data center industry due to the COVID-19 pandemic in order to have better visibility and control over our industry for future events.

We strive to comply with all laws and regulations that apply to our business. However, as these laws evolve, they can be subject to varying interpretations and regulatory discretion. To the extent a regulator or court disagrees with our interpretation of these laws and determines that our practices are not in compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we could be subject to civil and criminal penalties that could adversely affect our business operations. The adoption, or modification of laws or regulations relating to the internet and our business, or interpretations of existing laws, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Taxation as a REIT

We may not remain qualified for taxation as a REIT.

We have elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes beginning with our 2015 taxable year. We believe that our organization and method of operation comply with the rules and regulations promulgated under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), such that we will continue to qualify for taxation as a REIT. However, we cannot assure you that we have qualified for taxation as a REIT or that we will remain so qualified. Qualification for taxation as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Code to our operations as well as various factual determinations concerning matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. There are limited judicial or administrative interpretations of applicable REIT provisions of the Code.

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If, in any taxable year, we fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT and are not entitled to relief under the Code:

we will not be allowed a deduction for distributions to stockholders in computing our taxable income;

we will be subject to U.S. federal and state income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates; and
we would not be eligible to elect REIT status again until the fifth taxable year that begins after the first year for which we failed to qualify for taxation as a REIT.

Any such corporate tax liability could be substantial and would reduce the amount of cash available for other purposes. If we fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we may need to borrow additional funds or liquidate some investments to pay any additional tax liability. Accordingly, funds available for investment and distributions to stockholders could be reduced.
As a REIT, failure to make required distributions would subject us to federal corporate income tax.
We paid quarterly distributions in 2018every quarter of 2021 and have declared a quarterly distribution to be paid on March 20, 2019.23, 2022. The amount, timing and form of any future distributions will be determined, and will be subject to adjustment, by our Board of Directors. To remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we are generally required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding net capital gain) each year, or in limited circumstances, the following year, to our stockholders. Generally, we expect to distribute all or substantially all of our REIT taxable income. If our cash available for distribution falls short of our estimates, we may be unable to maintain distributions that approximate our REIT taxable income and may fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT. In addition, our cash flows from operations may be insufficient to fund required distributions as a result of differences in timing between the actual receipt of income and the payment of expenses and the recognition of income and expenses for federal income tax purposes, or the effect of nondeductible expenditures, such as capital expenditures, payments of compensation for which Section 162(m) of the Code denies a deduction, interest expense deductions limited by Section 163(j) of the Code, the creation of reserves or required debt service or amortization payments.
To the extent that we satisfy the 90% distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on our undistributed taxable income if the actual amount that we distribute to our stockholders for a calendar year is less than the minimum amount specified under the Code.
We may be required to borrow funds, sell assets or raise equity to satisfy our REIT distribution requirements.

Due to the size and timing of future distributions, including any distributions made to satisfy REIT distribution requirements, we may need to borrow funds, sell assets or raise equity, even if the then-prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings, sales or offerings.

Any insufficiency of our cash flows to cover our REIT distribution requirements could adversely impact our ability to raise short- and long-term debt, to sell assets, or to offer equity securities in order to fund distributions required to maintain our qualification and taxation as a REIT. Furthermore, the REIT distribution requirements may increase the financing we need to fund capital expenditures, future growth and expansion initiatives. This would increase our indebtedness. A significant increase in our outstanding debt could lead to a downgrade of our credit rating. A downgrade of our credit rating could negatively impact our ability to access credit markets. Further, certain of our current debt instruments limit the amount of indebtedness we and our subsidiaries may incur. Significantly more financing, therefore, may be unavailable, more expensive or restricted by the terms of our outstanding indebtedness. For a discussion of risks related to our substantial level of indebtedness, see other risks described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Whether we issue equity, at what price and the amount and other terms of any such issuances will depend on many factors, including alternative sources of capital, our then-existing leverage, our need for additional capital, market conditions and other factors beyond our control. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity securities or debt convertible into equity securities, the percentage of stock ownership by our existing stockholders may be reduced. In addition, new equity securities or convertible debt securities could have rights, preferences and
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privileges senior to those of our current stockholders, which could substantially decrease the value of our securities owned by them. Depending on the share price we are able to obtain, we may have to sell a significant number of shares in order to raise the capital we deem necessary to execute our long-term strategy, and our stockholders may experience dilution in the value of their shares as a result.

Complying with REIT requirements may limit our flexibility or cause us to forgo otherwise attractive opportunities.

To remain qualified for taxation as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we must satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets and the amounts we distribute to our stockholders. For example, under the Code, no more than 20% of the value of the assets of a REIT may be represented by securities of one or more TRSs. Similar rules apply to other nonqualifying assets. These limitations may affect our ability to make large investments in other non-REIT qualifying operations or assets. In addition, in order to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gains. Even if we maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax

at regular corporate income tax rates for our undistributed REIT taxable income, as well as U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate income tax rates for income recognized by our TRSs; we also pay taxes in the foreign jurisdictions in which our international assets and operations are held and conducted regardless of our REIT status.qualification for taxation as a REIT. Because of these distribution requirements, we will likely not be able to fund future capital needs and investments from operating cash flow. As such, compliance with REIT tests may hinder our ability to make certain attractive investments, including the purchase of significant nonqualifying assets and the material expansion of non-real estate activities.

Our ability to fully deduct our interest expense may be limited, or we may be required to adjust the tax depreciation of our real property in order to maintain the full deductibility of our interest expense.

The Code generally limits interest deductions for businesses, whether in corporate or passthrough form, to the sum of the taxpayer's business interest income for the tax year and 30% of the taxpayer's adjusted taxable income for that tax year. This limitation does not apply to an "electing real property trade or business". Although REITs are permitted to make such an election, we dohave not currently intendmade such an election to do so.date. If we so elect in the future, depreciable real property that we hold (including specified improvements) would be required to be depreciated for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the alternative depreciation system of the Code, which generally imposes a class life for depreciable real property as long as forty40 years.

As a REIT, we are limited in our ability to fund distribution payments using cash generated through our TRSs.

Our ability to receive distributions from our TRSs is limited by the rules with which we must comply to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT. In particular, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year as a REIT must be derived from real estate. Consequently, no more than 25% of our gross income may consist of dividend income from our TRSs and other nonqualifying types of income. Thus, our ability to receive distributions from our TRSs may be limited and may impact our ability to fund distributions to our stockholders using cash flows from our TRSs. Specifically, if our TRSs become highly profitable, we might become limited in our ability to receive net income from our TRSs in an amount required to fund distributions to our stockholders commensurate with that profitability.

In addition, a significant amount of our income and cash flows from our TRSs is generated from our international operations. In many cases, there are local withholding taxes and currency controls that may impact our ability or willingness to repatriate funds to the United States to help satisfy REIT distribution requirements.

Our extensive use of TRSs, including for certain of our international operations, may cause us to fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT.

Our operations include an extensive use of TRSs. The net income of our TRSs is not required to be distributed to us, and income that is not distributed to us generally is not subject to the REIT income distribution requirement. However, there may be limitations on our ability to accumulate earnings in our TRSs and the accumulation or reinvestment of significant earnings in our TRSs could result in adverse tax treatment. In particular, if the
38

accumulation of cash in our TRSs causes (1) the fair market value of our securities in our TRSs to exceed 20% of the fair market value of our assets or (2) the fair market value of our securities in our TRSs and other nonqualifying assets to exceed 25% of the fair market value of our assets, then we will fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT. Further, a substantial portion of our TRSs are overseas, and a material change in foreign currency rates could also negatively impact our ability to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT.

The Code imposes limitations on the ability of our TRSs to utilize specified income tax deductions, including limits on the use of net operating losses and limits on the deductibility of interest expense.

Our cash distributions are not guaranteed and may fluctuate.

A REIT generally is required to distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders.

Our Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, will determine on a quarterly basis the amount of cash to be distributed to our stockholders based on a number of factors including, but not limited to, our results of operations, cash flow and capital requirements, economic conditions, tax considerations, borrowing capacity and other factors, including debt covenant restrictions that may impose limitations on cash payments, future acquisitions and divestitures and any stock repurchase program. Consequently, our distribution levels may fluctuate.

Even if we remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, some of our business activities are subject to corporate level income tax and foreign taxes, which will continue to reduce our cash flows, and we will have potential deferred and contingent tax liabilities.

Even if we remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to some federal, state, local and foreign taxes, on our income and assets,including taxes on any undistributed income, and state, local or foreign income, franchise, property and transfer taxes.

In addition, we could in certain circumstances be required to pay an excise or penalty tax, which could be significant in amount, in respect of dealer property income or in order to utilize one or more relief provisions under the Code to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT.

A portion of our business is conducted through wholly-owned TRSs because certain of our business activities could generate nonqualifying REIT income as currently structured and operated. The income of our U.S. TRSs will continue to be subject to federal and state corporate income taxes. In addition, our international assets and operations will continue to be subject to taxation in the foreign jurisdictions where those assets are held or those operations are conducted. Any of these taxes would decrease our earnings and our available cash.

We will also be subject to a U.S. federal corporate level income tax at the highest regular corporate income tax rate (currently 21%) on gain recognized from a sale of a REIT asset where our basis in the asset is determined by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands of a C corporation (such as (i) an asset that we held as of the effective date of our REIT election, that is, January 1, 2015, or (ii) an asset that we or our qualified REIT subsidiaries ("QRSs")QRSs hold following the liquidation or other conversion of a former TRS). This 21% tax is generally applicable to any disposition of such an asset during the five-year period after the date we first owned the asset as a REIT asset, (e.g., January 1, 2015 in the case of REIT assets we held at the time of our REIT conversion), to the extent of the built-in-gain based on the fair market value of such asset on the date we first held the asset as a REIT asset.

Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively and increase the cost of our hedging and may cause us to incur tax liabilities.

The REIT provisions of the Code limit our ability to hedge assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Generally, income from hedging transactions that we enter into to manage risk of interest rate changes or fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made by us to acquire or carry real estate assets and income from certain currency hedging transactions related to our non-U.S. operations, as well as income from qualifying counteracting hedges, do not constitute "gross income" for purposes of the REIT gross income tests. To the extent that we enter into other types of hedging transactions, the income from those transactions is likely tomay be treated as nonqualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests. As a result of these rules, we may needhave from time to limittime limited our use of advantageous hedging techniques or implementhave implemented those hedges through our TRSs, which we presently do.and our future hedging strategies may continue to be so affected. This increases the cost of our hedging activities because our TRSs are subject to tax on income or gains resulting from hedges entered into by them and may expose us to greater risks associated with changes in interest rates or exchange rates than we would otherwise want to bear. In addition, hedging losses in any of our TRSs may not provide any tax benefit, except for being carried forward for
39

possible use against future income or gain in the TRSs. As a result, our financial performance, including our adjusted funds from operations ("AFFO"), may also fluctuate.

Distributions payable by REITs generally do not qualify for preferential tax rates.

Dividends payable by U.S. corporations to noncorporate stockholders, such as individuals, trusts and estates, are generally eligible for reduced U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to "qualified dividends." Distributions paid by REITs generally are not treated as "qualified dividends" under the Code, and the reduced rates applicable to such dividends do not generally apply. However, for tax years beginning after 2017 and before 2026, REIT dividends paid to noncorporate stockholders that meet specified holding period requirements are generally taxed at an effective tax rate lower than applicable ordinary income tax rates due to the availability of a deduction under the Code for specified forms of income from passthrough entities. More favorable rates will nevertheless continue to apply to regular corporate "qualified" dividends, which may cause some investors to perceive that an investment in a REIT is less attractive than an investment in a non-REIT entity that pays dividends, thereby reducing the demand and market price of our common stock.

Our certificate of incorporation contains restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our stock, though they may not be successful in preserving our qualification for taxation as a REIT.

In order for us to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, no more than 50% of the value of outstanding shares of our stock may be owned, beneficially or constructively, by five or fewer individuals at any time during the last half of each taxable year other than the first year for which we elected to be taxed as a REIT.year. In addition, rents from "affiliated tenants" will not qualify as qualifying REIT income if we own 10% or more by vote or value of the customer, whether directly or after application of attribution rules under the Code. Subject to certain exceptions, our certificate of incorporation prohibits any stockholder from owning, beneficially or constructively, more than (i) 9.8% in value of the outstanding shares of all classes or series of our capital stock or (ii) 9.8% in value or number, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of any class or series of our capital stock. We refer to these restrictions collectively as the "ownership limits" and we included them in our certificate of incorporation to facilitate our compliance with REIT tax rules. The constructive ownership rules under the Code are complex and may cause the outstanding stock owned by a group of related individuals or entities to be deemed to be constructively owned by one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.8% of our outstanding common stock (or the outstanding shares of any class or series of our stock) by an individual or entity could cause that individual or entity or another individual or entity to own constructively in excess of the relevant ownership limits. Any attempt to own or transfer shares of our common stock or of any of our other capital stock in violation of these restrictions may result in the shares being automatically transferred to a charitable trust or may be void. Even though our certificate of incorporation contains the ownership limits, there can be no assurance that these

provisions will be effective to prevent our qualification for taxation as a REIT from being jeopardized, including under the affiliated tenant rule. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that we will be able to monitor and enforce the ownership limits. If the restrictions in our certificate of incorporation are not effective and, as a result, we fail to satisfy the REIT tax rules described above, then absent an applicable relief provision, we will fail to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT.

In addition, the ownership and transfer restrictions could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders. As a result, the overall effect of the ownership and transfer restrictions may be to render more difficult or discourage any attempt to acquire us, even if such acquisition may be favorable to the interests of our stockholders.

Legislative or other actions affecting REITs could have a negative effect on us or our stockholders.

At any time, theU.S. federal or state income tax laws governing REITs, or the administrative interpretations of those laws, or local laws impacting our REIT structure for our international operations, may be amended. FederalU.S. federal, state and statelocal tax laws are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the Internal Revenue Service, the U.S. Department of the Treasury and state and local taxing authorities. Changes to the tax laws, regulations and administrative interpretations or local laws governing our international operations, which may have retroactive application, could adversely affect us. In addition, some of these changes could have a more significant impact on us as compared to other REITs due to the nature of our business and our substantial use of TRSs, particularly non-U.S. TRSs.
In addition, December 2017 legislation made substantial changes to the Code, particularly as it relates to the taxation
40

We could incur adverse tax consequences if we fail to integrate an acquisition target in compliance with the requirements to qualify for taxation as a REIT.

We periodically explore and occasionally consummate merger and acquisition transactions. When we consummate these transactions, we structure the acquisition to successfully manage the REIT income, asset, and distribution tests that we must satisfy. We believe that we have and will in the future successfully integrate our acquisition targets in a manner that has and will allow us to timely satisfy the REIT tests applicable to us, but if we failed or in the future fail to do so, then we could jeopardize or lose our qualification for taxation as a REIT, particularly if we were not eligible to utilize relief provisions set forth in the Code.

General Risk Factors

Adverse global economic conditions, like the ones we are currently experiencing, could adversely impact our business and financial condition.

Adverse global economic conditions like the ones we are currently experiencing because of global inflation, the increased cost of power, and supply chain issues have created, and in the future may increase, risk to our financial outlook. We are experiencing these issues in various aspects of our business. As discussed above, our efforts to mitigate the risks associated with these global economic conditions may not be successful and our business and growth could be adversely affected.

The uncertain global economy could also result in material churn in our customer base, reductions in revenues from our offerings, adverse effects to our DSO, longer sales cycles, slower adoption of new technologies and increased price competition, which could adversely affect our liquidity. Customers and vendors filing for bankruptcy could also lead to costly and time-intensive actions with adverse effects, including greater difficulty or delay in accounts receivable collection. The uncertain economic environment could also have an impact on our foreign exchange forward contracts if our counterparties' credit deteriorates or if they are otherwise unable to perform their obligations. Finally, volatility in the financial markets like we are currently experiencing could affect our ability to access the capital markets at a time when we desire, or need, to do so which could have an impact on our flexibility to pursue additional expansion opportunities and maintain our desired level of revenue growth in the future.

The market price of our stock may continue to be highly volatile, and the value of an investment in our common stock may decline.

The market price of the shares of our common stock has recently been and may continue to be highly volatile. General economic and market conditions, like the instability due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and market conditions for telecommunications and REIT stocks in general, may affect the market price of our common stock.

Announcements by us or others, or speculations about our future plans, may also have a significant impact on the market price of our common stock. These may relate to:

news or regulations regarding the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic;
our results of operations or forecasts;
new issuances of equity, debt or convertible debt by us, including issuances through our 2020 ATM Program;
increases in market interest rates and changes in other general market and economic conditions, including inflationary concerns;
changes to our capital allocation, tax planning or business strategy;
our qualification for taxation as a REIT and our declaration of distributions to our stockholders;
changes in U.S. or foreign tax laws;
changes in management or key personnel;
developments in our relationships with customers;
announcements by our customers or competitors;
changes in regulatory policy or interpretation;
governmental investigations;
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Table of Contents
ITEM 1B.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
changes in the ratings of our debt or stock by rating agencies or securities analysts;
our purchase or development of real estate and/or additional IBX data centers;
our acquisitions of complementary businesses; or
the operational performance of our IBX data centers.

The stock market has from time to time experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations, which have particularly affected the market prices for telecommunications companies, and which have often been unrelated to their operating performance. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our common stock is our distribution rate as a percentage of our stock price relative to market interest rates. If market interest rates increase, prospective investors may demand a higher distribution rate or seek alternative investments paying higher dividends or interest. As a result, interest rate fluctuations and conditions in the capital markets may affect the market value of our common stock. Furthermore, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and/or damages, and divert management's attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

Inadequate or inaccurate external and internal information, including budget and planning data, could lead to inaccurate financial forecasts and inappropriate financial decisions.

Our financial forecasts are dependent on estimates and assumptions regarding budget and planning data, market growth, foreign exchange rates, our ability to remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, and our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to reinvest in the business, fund internal growth, make acquisitions, pay dividends and meet our debt obligations. Our financial projections are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that our management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances and at the time they are made.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have a material effect on many aspects of the economy, but the extent of its impact on Equinix is difficult to predict at this time. We continue to evolve our forecasting models as the situation unfolds but if our predictions are inaccurate and our results differ materially from our forecasts, we could make inappropriate financial decisions. Additionally, inaccuracies in our models could adversely impact our compliance with REIT asset tests, future profitability, stock price and/or stockholder confidence.

If our internal controls are found to be ineffective, our financial results or our stock price may be adversely affected.

Our most recent evaluation of our controls resulted in our conclusion that, as of December 31, 2020, in compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, our internal controls over financial reporting were effective. Our ability to manage our operations and growth through, for example, the integration of recently acquired businesses, the adoption of new accounting principles and tax laws, and our overhaul of our back office systems that, for example, support the customer experience from initial quote to customer billing and our revenue recognition process, will require us to further develop our controls and reporting systems and implement or amend new or existing controls and reporting systems in those areas where the implementation and integration is still ongoing. All of these changes to our financial systems and the implementation and integration of acquisitions create an increased risk of deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting. If, in the future, our internal control over financial reporting is found to be ineffective, or if a material weakness is identified in our controls over financial reporting, our financial results may be adversely affected. Investors may also lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements which could adversely affect our stock price.

We may be subject to securities class action and other litigation, which may harm our business and results of operations.

We may be subject to securities class action or other litigation. For example, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following periods of volatility in the market price of its securities. Litigation can be lengthy, expensive, and divert management's attention and resources. Results cannot be predicted with certainty and an adverse outcome in litigation could result in monetary damages or injunctive relief. Further, any payments made in settlement may directly reduce our revenue under U.S. GAAP and could negatively impact our
42

results of operations for the period. For all of these reasons, litigation could seriously harm our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights.

We cannot make assurances that the steps taken by us to protect our intellectual property rights will be adequate to deter misappropriation of proprietary information or that we will be able to detect unauthorized use and take appropriate steps to enforce our intellectual property rights. We also are subject to the risk of litigation alleging infringement of third-party intellectual property rights. Any such claims could require us to spend significant sums in litigation, pay damages, develop non-infringing intellectual property or acquire licenses to the intellectual property that is the subject of the alleged infringement.

We have various mechanisms in place that may discourage takeover attempts.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a third party from acquiring control of us in a merger, acquisition or similar transaction that a stockholder may consider favorable. Such provisions include:

ownership limitations and transfer restrictions relating to our stock that are intended to facilitate our compliance with certain REIT rules relating to share ownership;
authorization for the issuance of "blank check" preferred stock;
the prohibition of cumulative voting in the election of directors;
limits on the persons who may call special meetings of stockholders;
limits on stockholder action by written consent; and
advance notice requirements for nominations to the Board of Directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings.

In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which restricts certain business combinations with interested stockholders in certain situations, may also discourage, delay or prevent someone from acquiring or merging with us.

ITEM 1B.    Unresolved Staff Comments
There is no disclosure to report pursuant to Item 1B.
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Table of Contents
ITEM 2.PROPERTIES
ITEM 2.    Properties
Our executive offices are located in Redwood City, California, and we also havewith sales offices in several cities throughout the U.S. Our Asia-Pacific headquarters office is located in Hong Kong and we also have sales offices in several cities throughout Asia-Pacific. Our EMEA headquarters office is located in Amsterdam, the Netherlands and our regionalwe also have sales offices in EMEA are based in our IBX data centers inseveral cities throughout EMEA.

The following table presentstables present the locations of our leased and owned IBX data centers and xScaleTM data centers investments as of December 31, 2018:2021.
AMERICAS
Metro
Leased (1)
Owned (1) (2)
Atlanta
Bogota
eqix-20211231_g7.gif
Boston
Calgary
Chicago
Culpeper
Dallas
Washington D.C./Ashburn
Denver
Houston
Kamloops
Los Angeles
Mexico City
Miami
Monterrey
Montreal
New York
Ottawa
Philadelphia
Rio de Janeiro
Saint John
Sao Paulo
Seattle
Silicon Valley
Toronto
Vancouver
Winnipeg
44

EMEA
Metro
Leased (1)
Owned (1)(2)
Abu Dhabi
Amsterdam
eqix-20211231_g8.gif
Barcelona
Bordeaux
Dubai
Dublin
Dusseldorf
East Netherlands
Frankfurt
Geneva
Genoa (3)
Hamburg
Helsinki
Istanbul
Lisbon
London
Madrid
Manchester
Milan
Munich (3)
Muscat
Paris
Seville
Sofia
Stockholm
Warsaw
Zurich
45

eqix-20211231_g9.gif
Leased
Asia-Pacific
Metro
Leased (1)
Owned (1) (2)
AmericasAdelaideRio de Janeiro & Sao Paulo, Brazil;
Toronto, Canada;
Atlanta, Georgia;
Boston, Massachusetts;
Chicago, Illinois;
Dallas, Texas;
Washington D.C. & Ashburn, Virginia;
Denver, Colorado;
Miami, Florida;
New York, New York;
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
Seattle, Washington;
Silicon Valley & Los Angeles, California
Chicago, Illinois;
Washington D.C., Ashburn & Culpeper, Virginia;
Silicon Valley & Los Angeles, California;
Rio de Janeiro & São Paulo, Brazil;
Atlanta, Georgia;
Boston, Massachusetts;
Dallas & Houston, Texas;
Denver, Colorado;
Miami, Florida;
New York, New York;
Seattle, Washington;
Bogotá, Columbia
EMEABrisbaneParis, France;
Frankfurt & Munich, Germany;
Amsterdam & East Netherlands, the Netherlands;
Geneva & Zurich, Switzerland;
Dubai & Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.;
London & Manchester, United Kingdom;
Helsinki, Finland;
Dublin, Ireland;
Milan, Italy;
Stockholm, Sweden;
Istanbul, Turkey;
Warsaw, Poland;
Barcelona, Madrid & Seville, Spain
Paris, France;
Frankfurt & Dusseldorf, Germany;
London, United Kingdom;
Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
Dublin, Ireland;
Sofia, Bulgaria;
Istanbul, Turkey;
Milan, Italy;
Helsinki, Finland;
Lisbon, Portugal;
Stockholm, Sweden
Asia-PacificCanberra
Hong Kong & Shanghai, China;
Singapore;
Sydney, Australia;
Tokyo & Osaka, Japan
Melbourne
Mumbai
Osaka
Perth
Seoul
Singapore
Shanghai China;
Sydney
Tokyo Japan;
Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Perth & Sydney, Australia
(1)"" denotes locations with one or more data centers.
(2)Owned sites include IBX data centers subject to long-term ground leases.
(3)The Genoa (GN1) and Munich (MU4) owned sites represent data centers opened in January 2022
(1)
Owned sites include IBX data centers subject to long-term ground leases.
The following table presents an overview of our portfolio of IBX data centers as of December 31, 2018 (1):2021:
 # of IBXs 
Total Cabinet Capacity (2)
 Cabinets Billed 
Cabinet Utilization % (3)
 
MRR per Cabinet (4)
Americas87
 105,900
 81,800
 77% $2,389
EMEA73
 113,500
 94,700
 83% 1,352
Asia-Pacific40
 57,300
 47,500
 83% 1,762
Total200
 276,700
 224,000
    
# of IBXs (1)
Total Cabinet Capacity (1)(2)
Cabinets Billed(1)
Cabinet Utilization % (1)(3)
MRR per Cabinet (1)(4)
Americas103 136,000 103,200 76 %$2,342 
EMEA78 128,800 107,400 83 %1,586 
Asia-Pacific50 74,700 59,300 79 %1,970 
Total231 339,500 269,900 
(1)
(1)Excludes nine unconsolidated entities (eight xScaleTM data centers and the MC1 IBX data center) and includes the MU4 and GN1 data centers opened in January 2022
(2)Cabinets represent a specific amount of space within an IBX data center. Customers can combine and use multiple adjacent cabinets within an IBX data center, depending on their space requirements.
(3)The cabinet utilization rate represents the percentage of cabinet space billed versus total cabinet capacity, taking into consideration power limitations.
(4)MRR per cabinet represents average monthly recurring revenue recognized divided by the average number of cabinets billing during the fourth quarter of the year. Americas MRR per cabinet excludes Brazil, Colombia and Infomart non-IBX tenant income and Asia-Pacific MRR per Cabinet excludes Bit-isle MIS.

46

Non-financial metrics presented on the table above include Zenium data center, Itconic, and Metronode acquisitions.
(2)
Cabinets represent a specific amount of space within an IBX data center. Customers can combine and use multiple adjacent cabinets within an IBX data center, depending on their space requirements.
(3)
The cabinet utilization rate represents the percentage of cabinet space billing versus total cabinet capacity, taking into consideration power limitations.
(4)
MRR per cabinet represents average monthly recurring revenue recognized divided by the average number of cabinets billing during the fourth quarter of the year. Brazil, Colombia, Infomart Dallas non-IBX tenant income and Bit-isle MIS are excluded from MRR per cabinet calculations.

The following table presents a summary of our significant IBX data center expansion projects under construction as of December 31, 2018:2021:
Property Property Location Target Open Date Sellable Cabinets 
Total Capex
(in Millions)(1)
Americas:        
DA6 phase III Dallas Q1 2019 425
 $23
CH3 phase V Chicago Q2 2019 450
 15
SE4 phase II Seattle Q2 2019 575
 30
NY5 phase III New York Q3 2019 1,100
 33
SP4 phase III São Paulo Q2 2020 1,025
 59
DA11 phase I Dallas Q2 2020 1,975
 138
      5,550
 298
EMEA:        
FR2 phase VI-A Frankfurt Q1 2019 1,250
 103
LD4 phase II London Q1 2019 1,075
 39
LD9 phase V London Q1 2019 1,550
 72
PA8 phase I (2)
 Paris Q1 2019 875
 73
SO2 phase I Sofia Q1 2019 350
 19
ZH5 phase III Zurich Q1 2019 525
 51
FR5 phase IV Frankfurt Q2 2019 350
 25
HE7 phase I Helsinki Q2 2019 250
 20
LD7 phase I London Q2 2019 1,775
 120
MD2 phase II Madrid Q2 2019 300
 15
WA3 phase I Warsaw Q2 2019 475
 34
SK2 phase VI Stockholm Q2 2019 540
 35
FR2 phase VI-B Frankfurt Q3 2019 2,200
 67
LD9 phase VI London Q3 2019 900
 48
LD10 phase III London Q3 2019 1,375
 45
ZH5 phase IV Zurich Q3 2019 475
 25
HH1 phase I Hamburg Q4 2019 375
 27
MC1 phase I Muscat Q4 2019 250
 22
PA8 phase II (2)
 Paris Q4 2019 1,300
 54
      16,190
 894
Asia-Pacific:        
SH6 phase I Shanghai Q1 2019 400
 31
TY11 phase I Tokyo Q2 2019 950
 70
HK2 phase V Hong Kong Q2 2019 1,000
 43
OS1 phase V Osaka Q2 2019 475
 15
PE2 phase II Perth Q2 2019 225
 11
HK4 phase II Hong Kong Q3 2019 500
 34
ME2 phase I Melbourne Q3 2019 1,000
 84
SL1 phase I Seoul Q3 2019 550
 5
SY5 phase I Sydney Q3 2019 1,825
 160
SG4 phase I Singapore Q4 2019 1,400
 85
HK1 phase XII Hong Kong Q1 2020 250
 13
TY12 phase I (2)
 Tokyo Q4 2020 950
 147
      9,525
 698
Total     31,265
 $1,890
PropertyProperty LocationTarget Open DateSellable Cabinets
Total Capex
(in Millions) (1)
Americas:
MX2 phase IIMexico CityQ1 20221,075 $54 
TR2 phase IVTorontoQ3 2022300 24 
BG2 phase IBogotaQ4 2022550 45 
CL3 phase IICalgaryQ4 2022550 38 
DC21 phase IIWashington D.C.Q4 2022950 32 
KA1 phase IIKamloopsQ4 2022250 22 
LA4 phase IVLos AngelesQ4 2022350 22 
4,025 237 
EMEA:
MC1 phase IIMuscatQ1 2022475 19 
IL2 phase IIIIstanbulQ2 2022525 15 
LD7 phase IILondonQ2 20222,275 111 
MD2 phase IVMadridQ2 2022375 16 
MA5 phase IManchesterQ2 20221,025 78 
PA10 phase IParisQ2 20221,525 163 
ZH5 phase IVZurichQ2 2022250 42 
GV2 phase IIIGenevaQ3 2022300 22 
LD8 phase IVLondonQ3 2022550 36 
ML5 phase IIMilanQ3 2022500 20 
MD6 phase IMadridQ3 2022600 
FR5 phase VFrankfurtQ4 2022650 43 
BX1 phase II & IIIBordeauxQ1 2023525 44 
PA6 phase IIParisQ1 2023275 16 
DX3 phase IDubaiQ2 2023900 61 
SM1 phase ISalalahQ2 2023125 
SO2 phase IISofiaQ2 2023350 12 
BX1 phase IVBordeauxQ3 2023275 21 
FR13 phase IFrankfurtQ4 20231,125 104 
12,625 835 
Asia-Pacific:
SG5 phase IISingaporeQ1 2022775 75 
SG5 phase IIISingaporeQ1 2022700 19 
TY11 phase IIITokyoQ2 2022900 31 
ME2 phase IIMelbourneQ3 2022500 16 
SG5 phase IVSingaporeQ3 2022600 26 
OS3 phase IIOsakaQ4 2022400 19 
3,875 186 
Total20,525 $1,258 

(1)Capital expenditures are approximate and may change based on final construction details.
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ITEM 3.    Legal Proceedings
None.
ITEM 4.    Mine Safety Disclosure
Not applicable.
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PART II
(1)
Capital expenditures are approximate and may change based on final construction details.
(2)
Dedicated hyperscale data centers
ITEM 3.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
None.
ITEM 4.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.

ITEM 5.    Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
PART II
ITEM 5.MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock is quoted on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol of "EQIX." Our common stock began trading in August 2000. As of January 31, 2019,2022, we had 80,761,27690,643,998 shares of our common stock outstanding held by approximately 278347 registered holders. During the years ended December 31, 20182021 and 2017,2020, we did not issue or sell any securities on an unregistered basis.
Stock Performance Graph
The graph set forth below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on Equinix's common stock between December 31, 20132016 and December 31, 20182021 with the cumulative total return of (i) of:
the S&P 500 Index, (ii) Index;
the NASDAQ Composite IndexIndex; and (iii)
the FTSE NAREIT All REITs Index.
The graph assumes the investment of $100.00 on December 31, 20132016 in Equinix's common stock and in each index, and assumes the reinvestment of dividends, if any.
Equinix cautions that the stock price performance shown in the graph below is not indicative of, nor intended to forecast, the potential future performance of Equinix's common stock.
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in any of Equinix's previous or future filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that might incorporate this Annual Report on Form 10-K or future filings made by Equinix under those statutes, the stock performance graph shall not be deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any of those prior filings or into any future filings made by Equinix under those statutes.
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COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*
chart-959d4c39ae735fefae9.jpgeqix-20211231_g10.jpg
*$100 invested on 12/31/1316 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends.

Fiscal year ending December 31.

ITEM 6.SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following consolidated statementITEM 6.    [Reserved]
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ITEM 7.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We completed acquisitions of Metronode and Infomart Dallas in April, 2018, the Zenium data center business in Istanbul and Itconic in October 2017, certain colocation business from Verizon in May 2017, IO UK's data center operating business in Slough, United Kingdom in February 2017 (the "IO Acquisition), certain Paris IBX data centers in August 2016 (the "Paris IBX Data Center Acquisition"), Telecity Group plc in January 2016, Bit-isle in November 2015 and Nimbo Technologies Inc. ("Nimbo") in January 2015. We also completed the acquisition of the 100% controlling equity interest in ALOG Data Centers do Brasil S.A. ("ALOG") in July 2014. We sold solar power assets of Bit-isle in November 2016 and eight of our IBX data centers located in the U.K., the Netherlands and Germany in July 2016. For further information on our acquisitions and divestitures during the three years ended December 31, 2018, refer to Note 3, Note 5 and Note 6 of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.Operations

 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014
 (dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Revenues (1)
$5,071,654
 $4,368,428
 $3,611,989
 $2,725,867
 $2,443,776
Costs and operating expenses:         
Cost of revenues2,605,475
 2,193,149
 1,820,870
 1,291,506
 1,197,885
Sales and marketing (1)
633,702
 581,724
 438,742
 332,012
 296,103
General and administrative826,694
 745,906
 694,561
 493,284
 438,016
Acquisition costs34,413
 38,635
 64,195
 41,723
 2,506
Impairment charges
 
 7,698
 
 
Gain on asset sales(6,013) 
 (32,816) 
 
Total costs and operating expenses4,094,271
 3,559,414
 2,993,250
 2,158,525
 1,934,510
Income from operations977,383
 809,014
 618,739
 567,342
 509,266
Interest income14,482
 13,075
 3,476
 3,581
 2,891
Interest expense(521,494) (478,698) (392,156) (299,055) (270,553)
Other income (expense)14,044
 9,213
 (57,924) (60,581) 119
Loss on debt extinguishment(51,377) (65,772) (12,276) (289) (156,990)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes433,038
 286,832
 159,859
 210,998
 84,733
Income tax expense (2)
(67,679) (53,850) (45,451) (23,224) (345,459)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations365,359
 232,982
 114,408
 187,774
 (260,726)
Net income from discontinued operations, net of tax
 
 12,392
 
 
Net income (loss)365,359
 232,982
 126,800
 187,774
 (260,726)
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest
 
 
 
 1,179
Net income (loss) attributable to Equinix$365,359
 $232,982
 $126,800
 $187,774
 $(259,547)
          
Earnings per share ("EPS") attributable to Equinix:         
Basic EPS from continuing operations$4.58
 $3.03
 $1.63
 $3.25
 $(4.96)
Basic EPS from discontinued operations
 
 0.18
 
 
Basic EPS$4.58
 $3.03
 $1.81
 $3.25
 $(4.96)
Weighted-average shares79,779
 76,854
 70,117
 57,790
 52,359
Diluted EPS from continuing operations$4.56
 $3.00
 $1.62
 $3.21
 $(4.96)
Diluted EPS from discontinued operations
 
 0.17
 
 
Diluted EPS$4.56
 $3.00
 $1.79
 $3.21
 $(4.96)
Weighted-average shares80,197
 77,535
 70,816
 58,483
 52,359
Dividends per share (3)
$9.12
 $8.00
 $7.00
 $17.71
 $7.57
(1)
On January 1, 2018, we adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. The impacts are primarily related to the costs to obtain a customer contract and from the recognition of installation revenue, which are recognized over the contract period, rather than over the estimated installation life as under the prior revenue standard. The consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 reflected the adoption of Topic 606. See Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(2)
The higher income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily attributed to the de-recognition of $324.1 million of net deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities in December 2014, when our Board of Directors formally approved our conversion to a REIT and we reassessed the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities of our U.S. operations included in the REIT structure.
(3)
During the year ended December 31, 2015, we paid $10.95 per share of special distribution and $6.76 per share of quarterly cash dividend. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we paid $7.57 per share of special distribution.


 As of December 31,
 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:(in thousands)
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments$610,706
 $1,450,031
 $761,927
 $2,246,297
 $1,140,751
Accounts receivable, net630,119
 576,313
 396,245
 291,964
 262,570
Property, plant and equipment, net11,026,020
 9,394,602
 7,199,210
 5,606,436
 4,998,270
Total assets (1) (2)
20,244,638
 18,691,457
 12,608,371
 10,356,695
 7,781,978
Capital lease and other financing obligations, less current portion1,441,077
 1,620,256
 1,410,742
 1,287,139
 1,168,042
Mortgage and loans payable, less current portion (1)
1,310,663
 1,393,118
 1,369,087
 472,769
 532,809
Senior notes, less current portion (1)
8,128,785
 6,923,849
 3,810,770
 3,804,634
 2,717,046
Convertible debt, less current portion (1)

 
 
 
 145,229
Total stockholders' equity (2)
7,219,279
 6,849,790
 4,365,829
 2,745,386
 2,270,131
(1)
The company adopted ASU 2015-03 during the year ended December 31, 2015. As a result, debt issuance costs of $35.5 million were reclassified from other assets to debt as of December 31, 2014.
(2)
On January 1, 2018, we adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. We recorded a net increase to opening retained earnings of $269.8 million as of January 1, 2018 due to the cumulative impact of adopting Topic 606, with the impact primarily related to the costs to obtain a customer contract and from the recognition of installation revenue, which are recognized over the contract period, rather than over the estimated installation life as under the prior revenue standard. See Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 7.MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following commentary should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information in this discussion contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such statements are based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. For example, the words "believes," "anticipates," "plans," "expects," "intends" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Our actual results and the timing of certain events may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a discrepancy include, but are not limited to, those discussed in "Liquidity and Capital Resources" and "Risk Factors" elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All forward-looking statements in this document are based on information available to us as of the date hereof and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements.
Item 7 of this Form 10-K focuses on discussion of 2021 and 2020 items as well as 2021 results as compared to 2020 results. For the discussion of 2019 items and 2020 results as compared to 2019 results, please refer to Item 7 of our 2020 Form 10-K as filed with the SEC on February 19, 2021.
Our management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is intended to assist readers in understanding our financial information from our management's perspective and is presented as follows:
Overview
Results of Operations
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Overview
eqix-20211231_g11.jpg
We provide a global, vendor-neutral data center, interconnection and edge services platform with offerings that aim to enable our customers to reach everywhere, interconnect everyone and integrate everything. Global enterprises, service providers and business ecosystems of industry partners rely on our IBX data centers and expertise around the world for the safe housing of their critical IT equipment and to protect and connect the world's most valued information assets. They also look to Platform Equinix® for the ability to directly and securely
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interconnect to the networks, clouds and content that enable today's information-driven global digital economy. Our recent IBX data center openings and acquisitions, as well as xScaleTM data center investments, have expanded our total global footprint to 240 data centers, including eight xScale data centers and the MC1 data center that were held in unconsolidated joint ventures, across 66 markets around the world. Metrics also include the MU4 and GN1 data centers which opened in January 2022. Equinix offers the following solutions:
premium data center colocation;
interconnection and data exchange solutions;
edge services for deploying networking, security and hardware; and
remote expert support and professional services.
Our interconnected data centers around the world allow our customers to increase information and application delivery performance to users, and quickly access distributed IT infrastructures and business and digital ecosystems, while significantly reducing costs. Our global platform and the quality of our IBX data centers, interconnection offerings and edge services have enabled us to establish a critical mass of customers. As more customers choose Platform Equinix for bandwidth cost and performance reasons, it benefits their suppliers and business partners to colocate in the same data centers. This adjacency creates a “network effect” that enables our customers to capture the full economic and performance benefits of our offerings. These partners, in turn, pull in their business partners, creating a "marketplace" for their services. Our global platform enables scalable, reliable and cost-effective interconnection that increases data traffic exchange while lowering overall cost and increasing flexibility. Our focused business model is built on our critical mass of enterprise and service provider customers and the resulting "marketplace" effect. This global platform, combined with our strong financial position, has driven new customer growth and bookings.
Historically, our market was served by large telecommunications carriers who bundled their products and services with their colocation offerings. The data center market landscape has evolved to include private and vendor-neutral multi-tenant data center ("MTDC") providers, hyperscale cloud providers, managed infrastructure and application hosting providers, and systems integrators. It is estimated that Equinix is one of more than 2,200 companies that provide MTDC offerings around the world. Each of these data center solutions providers can bundle various colocation, interconnection and network offerings and outsourced IT infrastructure solutions. We are able to offer our customers a global platform that reaches 27 countries with the industry’s largest and most active ecosystem of partners in our sites, proven operational reliability, improved application performance and a highly scalable set of offerings.
The cabinet utilization rate represents the percentage of cabinet space billed versus total cabinet capacity, which is used to measure how efficiently we are managing our cabinet capacity. Our cabinet utilization rate varies from market to market among our IBX data centers across our Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific regions. Our cabinet utilization rates were approximately 79%, as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. Excluding the impact of our IBX data center expansion projects that have opened during the last 12 months, our cabinet utilization rate would have increased to approximately 81% as of December 31, 2021. We continue to monitor the available capacity in each of our selected markets. To the extent we have limited capacity available in a given market, it may limit our ability for growth in that market. We perform demand studies on an ongoing basis to determine if future expansion is warranted in a market. In addition, power and cooling requirements for most customers are growing on a per unit basis. As a result, customers are consuming an increasing amount of power per cabinet. Although we generally do not control the amount of power our customers draw from installed circuits, we have negotiated power consumption limitations with certain high power-demand customers. This increased power consumption has driven us to build out our new IBX data centers to support power and cooling needs twice that of previous IBX data centers. We could face power limitations in our IBX data centers, even though we may have additional physical cabinet capacity available within a specific IBX data center. This could have a negative impact on the available utilization capacity of a given IBX data center, which could have a negative impact on our ability to grow revenues, affecting our financial performance, results of operations and cash flows.
To serve the needs of the growing hyperscale data center market, including the world's largest cloud service providers, we have entered into joint ventures to develop and operate xScale data centers. In the past two years, we entered into our EMEA 1 Joint Venture, Asia-Pacific 1 Joint Venture and EMEA 2 Joint Venture, and entered into negotiations in connection with a new joint venture (the "AMER 1 Joint Venture"), in the form of limited liability partnerships with GIC, Singapore's sovereign wealth fund ("GIC"). In October 2021, we entered into an agreement to form an additional joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with PGIM Real Estate, to further expand our xScale data center portfolio in Asia-Pacific (the "Asia-Pacific 2 Joint Venture"). See Note 5 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Strategically, we will continue to look at attractive opportunities to grow our market share and selectively improve our footprint and offerings. As was the case with our recent expansions and acquisitions, our expansion criteria will be dependent on a number of factors, including but not limited to demand from new and existing customers, quality of the design, power capacity, access to networks, clouds and software partners, capacity availability in the current market location, amount of incremental investment required by us in the targeted property, automation capabilities, developer talent pool, lead-time to break even on a free cash flow basis and in-place customers. Like our recent expansions and acquisitions, the right combination of these factors may be attractive to us. Depending on the circumstances, these transactions may require additional capital expenditures funded by upfront cash payments or through long-term financing arrangements in order to bring these properties up to our standards. Property expansion may be in the form of purchases of real property, long-term leasing arrangements or acquisitions. Future purchases, construction or acquisitions may be completed by us or with partners or potential customers to minimize the outlay of cash, which can be significant.
Revenue:
eqix-20211231_g12.jpg
Our business is based on a recurring revenue model comprised of colocation and related interconnection and managed infrastructure offerings. We consider these offerings recurring because our customers are generally billed on a fixed and recurring basis each month for the duration of their contract, which is generally one to three years in length. Our recurring revenues have comprised more than 90% of our total revenues during the past three years. In addition, during the past three years, more than 80% of our monthly recurring revenue bookings came from existing customers, contributing to our revenue growth. Our largest customer accounted for approximately 3% of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. Our 50 largest customers accounted for approximately 39% of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.
Our non-recurring revenues are primarily comprised of installation services related to a customer's initial deployment and professional services we perform, as well as equipment sales. These services are considered to be non-recurring because they are billed typically once, upon completion of the installation or the professional services work performed. The majority of these non-recurring revenues are typically billed on the first invoice distributed to the customer in connection with their initial installation. However, revenues from installation services are deferred and recognized ratably over the period of the contract term. Additionally, revenue from contract settlements, when a customer wishes to terminate their contract early, is generally treated as a contract modification and recognized ratably over the remaining term of the contract, if any. As a percentage of total revenues, we expect non-recurring revenues to represent less than 10% of total revenues for the foreseeable future.
Operating Expenses:
Cost of Revenues. The largest components of our cost of revenues are depreciation, rental payments related to our leased IBX data centers, utility costs, including electricity, bandwidth access, IBX data center employees' salaries and benefits, including stock-based compensation, repairs and maintenance, supplies and equipment and security. A majority of our cost of revenues is fixed in nature and should not vary significantly from period to period, unless we expand our existing IBX data centers or open or acquire new IBX data centers. However, there are certain costs that are considered more variable in nature, including utilities and supplies that are directly related to growth in our existing and new customer base. We expect the cost of our utilities, specifically electricity, will generally increase in the future on a per-unit or fixed basis, in addition to the variable increase related to the growth
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in consumption by our customers. In addition, the cost of electricity is generally higher in the summer months, as compared to other times of the year. Our costs of electricity may also increase as a result of the physical effects of climate change, increased regulations driving alternative electricity generation due to environmental considerations or as a result of our election to use renewable energy sources. To the extent we incur increased utility costs, such increased costs could materially impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Sales and Marketing. Our sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for sales and marketing personnel, including stock-based compensation, amortization of contract costs, marketing programs, public relations, promotional materials and travel, as well as bad debt expense and amortization of customer relationship intangible assets.
General and Administrative. Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related expenses, including stock-based compensation; accounting, legal and other professional service fees; and other general corporate expenses, such as our corporate regional headquarters office leases and some depreciation expense on back office systems.
Taxation as a REIT
We elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes beginning with our 2015 taxable year. As of December 31, 2021, our REIT structure included all of our data center operations in the U.S., Canada (with the exception of one data center in Montreal), Mexico, Japan, Singapore and the majority of our data centers in EMEA. Our data center operations in other jurisdictions are operated as TRSs. We included our share of the assets in the EMEA and Asia-Pacific Joint Ventures in our REIT structure.
As a REIT, we generally are permitted to deduct from our U.S. federal taxable income the dividends we pay to our stockholders. The income represented by such dividends is not subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the entity level but is taxed, if at all, at the stockholder level. Nevertheless, the income of our TRSs which hold our U.S. operations that may not be REIT compliant is subject to U.S. federal and state corporate income taxes, as applicable. Likewise, our foreign subsidiaries continue to be subject to local income taxes in jurisdictions in which they hold assets or conduct operations, regardless of whether held or conducted through TRSs or through QRSs. We are also subject to a separate U.S. federal corporate income tax on any gain recognized from a sale of a REIT asset where our basis in the asset is determined by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands of a C corporation (such as an asset held by us or a QRS following the liquidation or other conversion of a former TRS). This built-in-gains tax is generally applicable to any disposition of such an asset during the five-year period after the date we first owned the asset as a REIT asset to the extent of the built-in-gain based on the fair market value of such asset on the date we first held the asset as a REIT asset. In addition, should we have net income from "prohibited transactions," we will be subject to tax on this income at a 100% rate. "Prohibited transactions," for this purpose, are defined as dispositions, at a gain, of inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business other than dispositions of foreclosure property and other than dispositions excepted by statutory safe harbors. If we fail to remain qualified for U.S. federal income taxation as a REIT, we will be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at regular corporate income tax rates. Even if we remain qualified for U.S. federal income taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to some federal, state, local and foreign taxes on our income and property in addition to taxes owed with respect to our TRSs' operations. In particular, while state income tax regimes often parallel the U.S. federal income tax regime for REITs, many states do not completely follow federal rules, and some may not follow them at all.
We continue to monitor our REIT compliance in order to maintain our qualification for U.S. federal income taxation as a REIT. For this and other reasons, as necessary, we may convert some of our data center operations in other countries into the REIT structure in future periods.
On each of March 17, June 16, September 22, and December 15, 2021 we paid quarterly cash dividends of $2.87 per share. We expect the amount of our applicable dividends and other applicable distributions to equal or exceed the REIT taxable income that we recognized in 2021.
The Impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on Our Results and Operations
We have continued to closely monitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our people and business. All of our IBX data centers have remained, and continue to remain, operational at the time of filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have begun a phased plan for return-to-office for most of our non-IBX attached sites on a voluntary basis in accordance with guidance provided by government agencies. Non-essential business travel
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remains limited, and while we continue to hold virtual events, we have also resumed certain in-person events as local travel restrictions allow.
While we are experiencing some construction delays, including those due to supply chain impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, to date, the construction delays and additional costs are insignificant relative to the overall project duration and budget. We have not observed any significant disruption to our IBX data center operations. 
During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a material impact on our results of operations. We incurred one-time cash bonuses and compensation expense of $8.6 million for our IBX employees as well as other employees to support their work-from-home requirements during the first quarter of 2020. We have also experienced some travel expense savings during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 resulting from travel restrictions imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Looking ahead, the full impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our future financial condition or results of operations remains uncertain and will depend on a number of factors, including the duration and potential cyclicity of the health crisis and further public policy actions to be taken in response, as well as the continued impact of the pandemic on the global economy and our customers and vendors. Our past results may not be indicative of our future performance and historical trends may differ materially.
For additional details regarding the risks to our business from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, refer to Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
2021 Highlights:
In March, we issued €1.1 billion in Senior Notes due 2027 and 2033, or approximately $1.3 billion in U.S. dollars, at the exchange rate in effect on March 10, 2021. Using a portion of the proceeds, we redeemed all of the remaining outstanding 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2026 for approximately $590.7 million in U.S. dollars, at the exchange rate in effect on March 24, 2021. See Note 11 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In May, we issued $2.6 billion in Senior Notes due 2026, 2028, 2031 and 2052. Using a portion of the proceeds, we repaid approximately $659.9 million of term loans and redeemed all of our outstanding $1.25 billion 5.375% Senior Notes due 2027. See Note 11 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In May, we sold 137,604 shares under our 2020 "at-the-market" stock offering program (the "2020 ATM Program") for approximately $99.6 million in proceeds, net of payment of commissions to sales agents and other offering expenses. See Note 12 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In June, we entered into an agreement to form another joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with GIC, to develop and operate additional xScaleTM data centers in Europe and the Americas (the “EMEA 2 Joint Venture”). The transaction is structured to close in phases over the course of two years, pending regulatory approval and other closing conditions. Upon closing of the first phase of the transaction in September 2021, GIC contributed cash in exchange for an 80% partnership interest in the EMEA 2 Joint Venture and we sold certain data center sites and facilities located in Frankfurt, Helsinki, Madrid, Milan and Paris to the EMEA 2 Joint Venture in exchange for a total consideration of $144.0 million, including a 20% partnership interest in the JV. See Note 5 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In September, we completed the acquisition of two data centers in Mumbai, India from GPX Global Systems, Inc. ("GPX India") for a total purchase consideration of approximately $170.5 million. See Note 3 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In October, we entered into an agreement to form a joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with PGIM Real Estate ("PGIM"), to develop and operate xScale data centers in Asia-Pacific (the "Asia-Pacific 2 Joint Venture"). Upon closing, PGIM will contribute cash in exchange for an 80% partnership interest in the Asia-Pacific 2 Joint Venture. We agreed to sell the Sydney 9 ("SY9") data center site in exchange for a 20% partnership interest in the Asia-Pacific 2 Joint Venture and cash proceeds. The assets and liabilities of the SY9 data center, which are currently included within our Asia-Pacific region, were classified as held for sale as of September 30, 2021 and remained held for sale as of December 31, 2021. See Note 5 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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In November and December, we sold a total of 500,013 shares under our 2020 ATM Program for approximately $398.4 million in proceeds, net of payment of commissions to sales agents and other offering expenses. See Note 12 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In December, we entered into an agreement to purchase MainOne Cable Company Ltd. ("MainOne") at an enterprise value of approximately $320 million in an all-cash transaction. The acquisition is expected to close in the second quarter of 2022, subject to customary conditions including regulatory approval. See Note 3 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Taxation as a REIT
We elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes beginning with our 2015 taxable year. As of December 31, 2021, our REIT structure included all of our data center operations in the U.S., Canada (with the exception of one data center in Montreal), Mexico, Japan, Singapore and the majority of our data centers in EMEA. Our data center operations in other jurisdictions are operated as TRSs. We included our share of the assets in the EMEA and Asia-Pacific Joint Ventures in our REIT structure.
As a REIT, we generally are permitted to deduct from our U.S. federal taxable income the dividends we pay to our stockholders. The income represented by such dividends is not subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the entity level but is taxed, if at all, at the stockholder level. Nevertheless, the income of our TRSs which hold our U.S. operations that may not be REIT compliant is subject to U.S. federal and state corporate income taxes, as applicable. Likewise, our foreign subsidiaries continue to be subject to local income taxes in jurisdictions in which they hold assets or conduct operations, regardless of whether held or conducted through TRSs or through QRSs. We are also subject to a separate U.S. federal corporate income tax on any gain recognized from a sale of a REIT asset where our basis in the asset is determined by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands of a C corporation (such as an asset held by us or a QRS following the liquidation or other conversion of a former TRS). This built-in-gains tax is generally applicable to any disposition of such an asset during the five-year period after the date we first owned the asset as a REIT asset to the extent of the built-in-gain based on the fair market value of such asset on the date we first held the asset as a REIT asset. In addition, should we have net income from "prohibited transactions," we will be subject to tax on this income at a 100% rate. "Prohibited transactions," for this purpose, are defined as dispositions, at a gain, of inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business other than dispositions of foreclosure property and other than dispositions excepted by statutory safe harbors. If we fail to remain qualified for U.S. federal income taxation as a REIT, we will be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at regular corporate income tax rates. Even if we remain qualified for U.S. federal income taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to some federal, state, local and foreign taxes on our income and property in addition to taxes owed with respect to our TRSs' operations. In particular, while state income tax regimes often parallel the U.S. federal income tax regime for REITs, many states do not completely follow federal rules, and some may not follow them at all.
We continue to monitor our REIT compliance in order to maintain our qualification for U.S. federal income taxation as a REIT. For this and other reasons, as necessary, we may convert some of our data center operations in other countries into the REIT structure in future periods.
On each of March 17, June 16, September 22, and December 15, 2021 we paid quarterly cash dividends of $2.87 per share. We expect the amount of our applicable dividends and other applicable distributions to equal or exceed the REIT taxable income that we recognized in 2021.
The Impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on Our Results ofand Operations
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In 2018, as more fully described in Note 12We have continued to closely monitor the impact of the NotesCOVID-19 pandemic on our people and business. All of our IBX data centers have remained, and continue to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8remain, operational at the time of filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we sold 930,934 shares10-K. We have begun a phased plan for return-to-office for most of our common stock for approximately $388.2 million, netnon-IBX attached sites on a voluntary basis in accordance with guidance provided by government agencies. Non-essential business travel
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remains limited, and while we continue to hold virtual events, we have also resumed certain in-person events as local travel restrictions allow.
While we are experiencing some construction delays, including those due to supply chain impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, to date, the construction delays and additional costs are insignificant relative to the sales agentsoverall project duration and estimated equity offering costs underbudget. We have not observed any significant disruption to our ATM program launched in 2017 (the "2017 ATM Program"). As ofIBX data center operations. 
During the years ended December 31, 2018, no shares remained available2021 and 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a material impact on our results of operations. We incurred one-time cash bonuses and compensation expense of $8.6 million for sale underour IBX employees as well as other employees to support their work-from-home requirements during the 2017 ATM Program. Infirst quarter of 2020. We have also experienced some travel expense savings during the years ended December 2018, we launched another ATM program, under which we31, 2021 and 2020 resulting from travel restrictions imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Looking ahead, the full impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our future financial condition or results of operations remains uncertain and will depend on a number of factors, including the duration and potential cyclicity of the health crisis and further public policy actions to be taken in response, as well as the continued impact of the pandemic on the global economy and our customers and vendors. Our past results may offer and sell from time to time up to an aggregate of $750.0 millionnot be indicative of our common stockfuture performance and historical trends may differ materially.
For additional details regarding the risks to our business from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, refer to Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors included elsewhere in "at the market" transactions (the "2018 ATM Program"). As of December 31, 2018, no sales have been made under the 2018 ATM Program.
In July 2018, as more fully described in Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K,10-K.
2021 Highlights:
In March, we entered into an amendment to our existing credit agreement to add a senior unsecured term loanissued €1.1 billion in an aggregate principal amount of ¥47.5 billion (the "JPY Term Loan"). Concurrent with the closing of our JPY Term Loan, we drew down the full ¥47.5 billion of the JPY Term Loan,Senior Notes due 2027 and 2033, or approximately $424.7 million, and prepaid the remaining principal of our existing Japanese Yen Term Loan of ¥43.8$1.3 billion or approximately $391.3 million. We recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $2.2 million during the third quarter of 2018 in connection therewith.
In April 2018, as more fully described in Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we completed the acquisition of Metronode for a cash purchase price of A$1.034 billion or approximately $804.6 millionU.S. dollars, at the exchange rate in effect on April 18, 2018 (the "Metronode Acquisition"). We accounted for this transaction asMarch 10, 2021. Using a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. The valuation and purchase accounting of this acquisition have not yet been finalized as of December 31, 2018.
In April 2018, as more fully described in Note 3portion of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K,proceeds, we completed the acquisition of Infomart Dallas for total consideration of approximately $804.0 million (the "Infomart Dallas Acquisition"), consisting of approximately $45.8 million in cash, subject to customary adjustments, and $758.2 million aggregate fair value of 5.000% senior unsecured notes. We accounted for this transaction as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. The valuation and purchase accounting of this acquisition have not yet been finalized as of December 31, 2018.
In March 2018, as more fully described in Note 11redeemed all of the remaining outstanding 2.875% Euro Senior Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we issued €750.0 million, ordue 2026 for approximately $929.9$590.7 million in U.S. dollars, at the exchange rate in effect on March 14, 2018, aggregate principal amount of 2.875% senior notes due March 15, 2024. We incurred debt issuance costs of $11.6 million related to24, 2021. See Note 11 within the 2.875% EuroConsolidated Financial Statements.
In May, we issued $2.6 billion in Senior Notes due 2024.2026, 2028, 2031 and 2052. Using a portion of the proceeds, we repaid approximately $659.9 million of term loans and redeemed all of our outstanding $1.25 billion 5.375% Senior Notes due 2027. See Note 11 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In May, we sold 137,604 shares under our 2020 "at-the-market" stock offering program (the "2020 ATM Program") for approximately $99.6 million in proceeds, net of payment of commissions to sales agents and other offering expenses. See Note 12 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Overview
Equinix provides global data center offerings that protectIn June, we entered into an agreement to form another joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with GIC, to develop and connect the world's most valued information assets. Global enterprises, financial services companies and content and network service providers rely upon Equinix's leading insight and data centers around the world for the safehousing of their critical IT equipment and the ability to directly connect to the networks that enable today's information-driven economy. The acquisitions of Infomart Dallas and Metronode expanded our total global footprint to 200 IBX data centers across 52 markets around the world. Equinix offers the following solutions: (i) premium data center colocation, (ii) interconnection and exchange and (iii) outsourced IT infrastructure solutions. As of December 31, 2018, we operated or had partner IBXoperate additional xScaleTM data centers in Brazil, Canada, ColombiaEurope and throughout the U.S. in the Americas region; Bulgaria, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy,(the “EMEA 2 Joint Venture”). The transaction is structured to close in phases over the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey,course of two years, pending regulatory approval and other closing conditions. Upon closing of the United Arab Emirates andfirst phase of the United Kingdomtransaction in September 2021, GIC contributed cash in exchange for an 80% partnership interest in the EMEA region;2 Joint Venture and Australia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japanwe sold certain data center sites and Singaporefacilities located in Frankfurt, Helsinki, Madrid, Milan and Paris to the EMEA 2 Joint Venture in exchange for a total consideration of $144.0 million, including a 20% partnership interest in the JV. See Note 5 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In September, we completed the acquisition of two data centers in Mumbai, India from GPX Global Systems, Inc. ("GPX India") for a total purchase consideration of approximately $170.5 million. See Note 3 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In October, we entered into an agreement to form a joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with PGIM Real Estate ("PGIM"), to develop and operate xScale data centers in Asia-Pacific (the "Asia-Pacific 2 Joint Venture"). Upon closing, PGIM will contribute cash in exchange for an 80% partnership interest in the Asia-Pacific region.

 Our data centers in 52 markets around2 Joint Venture. We agreed to sell the world are a global platform, which allows our customers to increase information and application delivery performance while significantly reducing costs. This global platform and the quality of our IBX data centers have enabled us to establish a critical mass of customers. As more customers choose our IBX data centers, it benefits their suppliers and business partners to colocate with us as well, in order to gain the full economic and performance benefits of our offerings. These partners, in turn, pull in their business partners, creating a "marketplace" for their services. Our global platform enables scalable, reliable and cost-effective colocation, interconnection and traffic exchange that lowers overall cost and increases flexibility. Our focused business model is built on our critical mass of customers and the resulting "marketplace" effect. This global platform, combined with our strong financial position, continues to drive new customer growth and bookings.

Historically, our market has been served by large telecommunications carriers who have bundled telecommunications products and services with their colocation offerings. TheSydney 9 ("SY9") data center market landscape has evolved to include cloud computing/utility providers, application hosting providerssite in exchange for a 20% partnership interest in the Asia-Pacific 2 Joint Venture and systems integrators, managed infrastructure hosting providerscash proceeds. The assets and colocation providers. More than 350 companies provideliabilities of the SY9 data center, solutions in the U.S. alone. Eachwhich are currently included within our Asia-Pacific region, were classified as held for sale as of these data center solutions providers can bundle various colocation, interconnectionSeptember 30, 2021 and network offerings and outsourced IT infrastructure solutions. We are able to offer our customers a global platform that reaches 24 countries with proven operational reliability, improved application performance, network choice and a highly scalable set of offerings.
Our utilization rate represents the percentage of our cabinet space billing versus net sellable cabinet space available, taking into account power limitations. Our utilization rates were approximately 81%,remained held for sale as of December 31, 2018,2021. See Note 5 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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In November and 80%, excludingDecember, we sold a total of 500,013 shares under our 2020 ATM Program for approximately $398.4 million in proceeds, net of payment of commissions to sales agents and other offering expenses. See Note 12 within the Verizon Data Center, Paris IBX Data Center, Itconic, Zenium data center and IO acquisitions, asConsolidated Financial Statements.
In December, we entered into an agreement to purchase MainOne Cable Company Ltd. ("MainOne") at an enterprise value of December 31, 2017. Excluding the impact of IBX data center expansion projects that have opened during the last 12 months, our utilization rate would have increasedapproximately $320 million in an all-cash transaction. The acquisition is expected to approximately 83% as of December 31, 2018. Our cabinet utilization rate varies from market to market among our IBX data centers across the Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific regions. We continue to monitor the available capacity in each of our selected markets. To the extent we have limited capacity available in a given market, it may limit our ability for growth in that market. We perform demand studies on an ongoing basis to determine if future expansion is warranted in a market. In addition, power and cooling requirements for most customers are growing on a per unit basis. As a result, customers are consuming an increasing amount of power per cabinet. Although we generally do not control the amount of power our customers draw from installed circuits, we have negotiated power consumption limitations with certain high power-demand customers. This increased power consumption has driven us to build out our new IBX data centers to support power and cooling needs twice that of previous IBX data centers. We could face power limitations in our IBX data centers, even though we may have additional physical cabinet capacity available within a specific IBX data center. This could have a negative impact on the available utilization capacity of a given IBX data center, which could have a negative impact on our ability to grow revenues, affecting our financial performance, operating results and cash flows.
Strategically, we will continue to look at attractive opportunities to grow our market share and selectively improve our footprint and offerings. As was the case with our recent expansions and acquisitions, our expansion criteria will be dependent on a number of factors, including but not limited to demand from new and existing customers, quality of the design, power capacity, access to networks, capacity availabilityclose in the current market location, amount of incremental investment required by us in the targeted property, lead-time to break even on a free cash flow basis and in-place customers. Like our recent expansions and acquisitions, the right combination of these factors may be attractive to us. Depending on the circumstances, these transactions may require additional capital expenditures funded by upfront cash payments or through long-term financing arrangements in order to bring these properties up to Equinix standards. Property expansion may be in the form of purchases of real property, long-term leasing arrangements or acquisitions. Future purchases, construction or acquisitions may be completed by us or with partners or potential customers to minimize the outlay of cash, which can be significant.

Our business is based on a recurring revenue model comprised of colocation and related interconnection and managed infrastructure offerings. We consider these offerings recurring because our customers are generally billed on a fixed and recurring basis each month for the duration of their contract, which is generally one to three years in length. Our recurring revenues have comprised more than 90% of our total revenues during the past three years. In addition, during any givensecond quarter of 2022, subject to customary conditions including regulatory approval. See Note 3 within the past three years, more than half of our monthly recurring revenue bookings came from existing customers, contributing to our revenue growth. Our largest customer accounted for approximately 3% of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. Our 50 largest customers accounted for approximately 38%, 37% and 36%, respectively, of our recurring revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.Consolidated Financial Statements.
Our non-recurring revenues are primarily comprised of installation services related to a customer's initial deployment and professional services we perform. These services are considered to be non-recurring because they are billed typically once, upon completion of the installation or the professional services work performed. The majority of these non-recurring revenues are typically billed on the first invoice distributed to the customer in connection with their initial installation. However, revenues from installation services are deferred and recognized ratably over the period of contract term. Additionally, revenue from contract settlements, when a customer wishes to terminate their contract early, is generally treated as a contract modification and recognized ratably over the remaining term of the contract, if any. As a percentage of total revenues, we expect non-recurring revenues to represent less than 10% of total revenues for the foreseeable future.
The largest components of our cost of revenues are depreciation, rental payments related to our leased IBX data centers, utility costs, including electricity, bandwidth access, IBX data center employees' salaries and benefits, including stock-based compensation, repairs and maintenance, supplies and equipment and security services. A majority of our cost of revenues is fixed in nature and should not vary significantly from period to period, unless we expand our existing IBX data centers or open or acquire new IBX data centers. However, there are certain costs that are considered more variable in nature, including utilities and supplies that are directly related to growth in our existing and new customer base. We expect the cost of our utilities, specifically electricity, will generally increase in the future on a per-unit or fixed basis, in addition to the variable increase related to the growth in consumption by our customers. In addition, the cost of electricity is generally higher in the summer months, as compared to other times of the year. To the extent we incur increased utility costs, such increased costs could materially impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Furthermore, to the extent we incur increased electricity costs as a result of either climate change policies or the physical effects of climate change, such increased costs could materially impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. 
Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for sales and marketing personnel, including stock-based compensation, amortization of contract costs, marketing programs, public relations, promotional materials and travel, as well as bad debt expense and amortization of customer relationship intangible assets.
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related expenses, including stock-based compensation, accounting, legal and other professional service fees, and other general corporate expenses, such as our corporate regional headquarters office leases and some depreciation expense.
We expect our cost of revenues, sales and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses to grow in absolute dollars in connection with our business growth. We may periodically see a higher cost of revenues as a percentage of revenue when a large expansion project opens or is acquired, before it starts generating any meaningful revenue. Furthermore, in relation to cost of revenues, the Americas region has a lower cost of revenues as a percentage of revenue than either EMEA or Asia-Pacific. This is due to both the increased scale and maturity of the Americas region, compared to either the EMEA or Asia-Pacific region, as well as a higher cost structure outside of the Americas, particularly in EMEA. We expect the trend that the Americas having the lowest cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues to continue. As a result, to the extent that revenue growth outside the Americas grows in greater proportion than revenue growth in the Americas, our overall cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues may increase in future periods. Sales and marketing expenses may periodically increase as a percentage of revenues as we continue to scale our operations by investing in sales and marketing initiatives to further increase our revenue, including the hiring of additional headcount and new product innovations. General and administrative expenses may also periodically increase as a percentage of revenues as we continue to grow our business.
Taxation as a REIT
We elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes beginning with our 2015 taxable year. As of December 31, 2018,2021, our REIT structure included all of our data center operations in the U.S., Canada Japan, and the data center operations in EMEA with(with the exception of Bulgaria, United Arab Emiratesone data center in Montreal), Mexico, Japan, Singapore and a portionthe majority of Turkey.our data centers in EMEA. Our data center operations in other jurisdictions are operated as TRSs.

We included our share of the assets in the EMEA and Asia-Pacific Joint Ventures in our REIT structure.
As a REIT, we generally are permitted to deduct from our U.S. federal taxable income the dividends we pay to our stockholders (including, for this purpose, the value of any deemed distributions attributable to anti-dilution adjustments made with respect to our 4.75% convertible subordinated notes prior to their maturity in 2016).stockholders. The income represented by such dividends is not subject to U.S. federal income taxtaxes at the entity level but is taxed, if at all, at the stockholder level. Nevertheless, the income of our TRSs which hold our U.S. operations that may not be REIT compliant is subject as applicable, to U.S. federal and state corporate income tax.taxes, as applicable. Likewise, our foreign subsidiaries continue to be subject to foreignlocal income taxes in jurisdictions in which they hold assets or conduct operations, regardless of whether held or conducted through TRSs or through QRSs. We are also subject to a separate U.S. federal corporate income tax on any gain recognized from a sale of a REIT asset where our basis in the asset is determined by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands of a C corporation (such as (i) an asset that we held as of the effective date of our REIT election, that is, January 1, 2015, or (ii) an asset held by us or a QRS following the liquidation or other conversion of a former TRS). This built-in-gains tax is generally applicable to any disposition of such an asset during the five-year period after the date we first owned the asset as a REIT asset (e.g., January 1, 2015 in the case of REIT assets we held at the time of our REIT conversion), to the extent of the built-in-gain based on the fair market value of such asset on the date we first held the asset as a REIT asset. In addition, should we have net income from "prohibited transactions," we will be subject to tax on this income at a 100% rate. "Prohibited transactions," for this purpose, are defined as dispositions, at a gain, of inventory or property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business other than dispositions of foreclosure property and other than dispositions excepted by statutory safe harbors. If we fail to remain qualified for U.S. federal income taxtaxation as a REIT, we will be subject to U.S. federal income taxtaxes at regular corporate income tax rates. Even if we remain qualified for U.S. federal income taxtaxation as a REIT, we may be subject to some federal, state, local and foreign taxes on our income and property in addition to taxes owed with respect to our TRSs' operations. In particular, while state income tax regimes often parallel the U.S. federal income tax regime for REITs, many states do not completely follow federal rules, and some may not follow them at all.
On each of March 21, June 20, September 19, and December 12, 2018, we paid quarterly cash dividends of $2.28 per share. We expect these quarterly and other applicable distributions to equal or exceed the REIT taxable income that we recognized in 2018.
On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("TCJA") which amended U.S. federal income tax laws. The TCJA retained the REIT regime but contained many significant changes that impact a REIT's taxable income subject to distribution, particularly a REIT with global operations. As of the end of 2018, we have finalized the analysis of the major tax impact to our business by the new tax legislation. Based on our current assessment, which is subject to further interpretation and guidance on the new tax legislation, we believe that we can continue to meet all the REIT compliance requirements in the foreseeable future and that the TCJA changes are not expected to meaningfully increase our tax liabilities in the U.S. because we expect to fully distribute our REIT taxable income.
We continue to monitor our REIT compliance in order to maintain our qualification for U.S. federal income taxtaxation as a REIT. For this and other reasons, as necessary, we may convert some of our data center operations in other countries into the REIT structure in future periods.
On each of March 17, June 16, September 22, and December 15, 2021 we paid quarterly cash dividends of $2.87 per share. We expect the amount of our applicable dividends and other applicable distributions to equal or exceed the REIT taxable income that we recognized in 2021.
The Impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on Our Results and Operations
We have continued to closely monitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our people and business. All of our IBX data centers have remained, and continue to remain, operational at the time of filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have begun a phased plan for return-to-office for most of our non-IBX attached sites on a voluntary basis in accordance with guidance provided by government agencies. Non-essential business travel
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remains limited, and while we continue to hold virtual events, we have also resumed certain in-person events as local travel restrictions allow.
While we are experiencing some construction delays, including those due to supply chain impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, to date, the construction delays and additional costs are insignificant relative to the overall project duration and budget. We have not observed any significant disruption to our IBX data center operations. 
During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a material impact on our results of operations. We incurred one-time cash bonuses and compensation expense of $8.6 million for our IBX employees as well as other employees to support their work-from-home requirements during the first quarter of 2020. We have also experienced some travel expense savings during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 resulting from travel restrictions imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Looking ahead, the full impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our future financial condition or results of operations remains uncertain and will depend on a number of factors, including the duration and potential cyclicity of the health crisis and further public policy actions to be taken in response, as well as the continued impact of the pandemic on the global economy and our customers and vendors. Our past results may not be indicative of our future performance and historical trends may differ materially.
For additional details regarding the risks to our business from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, refer to Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
2021 Highlights:
In March, we issued €1.1 billion in Senior Notes due 2027 and 2033, or approximately $1.3 billion in U.S. dollars, at the exchange rate in effect on March 10, 2021. Using a portion of the proceeds, we redeemed all of the remaining outstanding 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2026 for approximately $590.7 million in U.S. dollars, at the exchange rate in effect on March 24, 2021. See Note 11 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In May, we issued $2.6 billion in Senior Notes due 2026, 2028, 2031 and 2052. Using a portion of the proceeds, we repaid approximately $659.9 million of term loans and redeemed all of our outstanding $1.25 billion 5.375% Senior Notes due 2027. See Note 11 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In May, we sold 137,604 shares under our 2020 "at-the-market" stock offering program (the "2020 ATM Program") for approximately $99.6 million in proceeds, net of payment of commissions to sales agents and other offering expenses. See Note 12 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In June, we entered into an agreement to form another joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with GIC, to develop and operate additional xScaleTM data centers in Europe and the Americas (the “EMEA 2 Joint Venture”). The transaction is structured to close in phases over the course of two years, pending regulatory approval and other closing conditions. Upon closing of the first phase of the transaction in September 2021, GIC contributed cash in exchange for an 80% partnership interest in the EMEA 2 Joint Venture and we sold certain data center sites and facilities located in Frankfurt, Helsinki, Madrid, Milan and Paris to the EMEA 2 Joint Venture in exchange for a total consideration of $144.0 million, including a 20% partnership interest in the JV. See Note 5 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In September, we completed the acquisition of two data centers in Mumbai, India from GPX Global Systems, Inc. ("GPX India") for a total purchase consideration of approximately $170.5 million. See Note 3 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In October, we entered into an agreement to form a joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with PGIM Real Estate ("PGIM"), to develop and operate xScale data centers in Asia-Pacific (the "Asia-Pacific 2 Joint Venture"). Upon closing, PGIM will contribute cash in exchange for an 80% partnership interest in the Asia-Pacific 2 Joint Venture. We agreed to sell the Sydney 9 ("SY9") data center site in exchange for a 20% partnership interest in the Asia-Pacific 2 Joint Venture and cash proceeds. The assets and liabilities of the SY9 data center, which are currently included within our Asia-Pacific region, were classified as held for sale as of September 30, 2021 and remained held for sale as of December 31, 2021. See Note 5 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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In November and December, we sold a total of 500,013 shares under our 2020 ATM Program for approximately $398.4 million in proceeds, net of payment of commissions to sales agents and other offering expenses. See Note 12 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
In December, we entered into an agreement to purchase MainOne Cable Company Ltd. ("MainOne") at an enterprise value of approximately $320 million in an all-cash transaction. The acquisition is expected to close in the second quarter of 2022, subject to customary conditions including regulatory approval. See Note 3 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Results of Operations
Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 20182021 include the results of operations from the Metronode Acquisitiontwo data centers acquired from April 18, 2018 and the Infomart Dallas AcquisitionGPX India from April 2, 2018.September 1, 2021. Our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 20172020 include the results of operations from the acquisitions of the IO Acquisition from February 3, 2017, the Verizon Data Center Acquisition from May 1, 2017, the Zenium12 data center acquisitionsites across Canada from Bell from October 6, 20171, 2020 and one additional data center acquired from Bell from November 2, 2020, Packet from March 2, 2020 and three data centers in Mexico from Axtel from January 8, 2020. See Note 3 within the Itconic Acquisition from October 9, 2017. OurConsolidated Financial Statements for further details.
In order to provide a framework for assessing our performance excluding the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, we supplement the year-over-year actual change in results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016 include thewith comparative changes on a constant currency basis. Presenting constant currency results of operations of TelecityGroup from January 15, 2016 and the Paris IBX Data Center Acquisition from August 1, 2016.is a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for further discussion.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASU 2014-09") and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance, collectively referred as "Topic 606." On January 1, 2018, as more fully described in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we adopted Topic 606. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under Topic 606, while the comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under accounting standards in effect for those periods. Under the new standard, we recognize installation revenue over the contract period rather than over the estimated installation life as under the prior revenue standard. We also capitalize and amortize certain costs to obtain contracts, rather than expense them immediately as under the previous standard.
Discontinued Operations
We present the results of operations associated with the TelecityGroup data centers that were divested in July 2016 as discontinued operations in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. We did not have any discontinued operations activity during 2018 or 2017.

Years ended December 31, 20182021 and 20172020
Revenues. Our revenues for the years ended December 31, 20182021 and 20172020 were generated from the following revenue classifications and geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,$ Change% Change
2021%2020%ActualActualConstant Currency
Americas:
Recurring revenues$2,861,937 43%$2,582,800 43%$279,137 11%11%
Non-recurring revenues159,814 3%124,958 2%34,856 28%28%
3,021,751 46%2,707,758 45%313,993 12%12%
EMEA:
Recurring revenues2,001,931 30%1,864,720 31%137,211 7%7%
Non-recurring revenues153,285 2%131,669 2%21,616 16%12%
2,155,216 32%1,996,389 33%158,827 8%7%
Asia-Pacific:
Recurring revenues1,356,617 21%1,210,510 20%146,107 12%10%
Non-recurring revenues101,953 1%83,888 2%18,065 22%21%
1,458,570 22%1,294,398 22%164,172 13%11%
Total:
Recurring revenues6,220,485 94%5,658,030 94%562,455 10%9%
Non-recurring revenues415,052 6%340,515 6%74,537 22%20%
$6,635,537 100%$5,998,545 100%$636,992 11%10%
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 Years Ended December 31, % Change
 2018 % 2017 % Actual Constant Currency
Americas:           
Recurring revenues$2,357,326
 46% $2,062,352
 47% 14% 15%
Non-recurring revenues127,408
 3% 110,408
 3% 15% 16%
 2,484,734
 49% 2,172,760
 50% 14% 15%
EMEA:           
Recurring revenues1,467,492
 29% 1,266,971
 29% 16% 12%
Non-recurring revenues95,145
 2% 79,285
 2% 20% 16%
 1,562,637
 31% 1,346,256
 31% 16% 12%
Asia-Pacific:           
Recurring revenues951,684
 19% 790,797
 18% 20% 19%
Non-recurring revenues72,599
 1% 58,615
 1% 24% 23%
 1,024,283
 20% 849,412
 19% 21% 20%
Total:           
Recurring revenues4,776,502
 94% 4,120,120
 94% 16% 15%
Non-recurring revenues295,152
 6% 248,308
 6% 19% 18%
 $5,071,654
 100% $4,368,428
 100% 16% 15%
Revenues
(dollars in thousands)
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Americas Revenues. Revenues for our Americas region forDuring the year ended December 31, 2018 included 2021, Americas revenue increased by $314.0 million or 12% (and also 12% on a constant currency basis). Growth in Americas revenues was primarily due to:
approximately $210.2$112.7 million of incremental revenues from the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, which closed in May 2017,Packet and the Infomart Dallas Acquisition, which closed in April 2018. During both the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, our revenues from the United States, the largest revenue contributor in the Americas region for the periods, represented approximately 91%Bell acquisitions;
$67.7 million of the regional revenues. Excluding incremental revenues attributable to the Infomart Dallas and Verizon Data Center Acquisitions, growth in Americas revenues was primarily due to (i) $69.3 million of revenues generated from our recently-opened IBX data centers or IBX data center expansionsexpansions;
higher non-recurring revenues, primarily due to increases in the Chicago, Culpeper, Denver, Houston, Miami, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Seattle, Silicon Valley,EIS product sales; and Washington, D.C. areas and (ii) 
an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period.
EMEA Revenues.During the year ended December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar2021, EMEA revenue increased by $158.8 million or 8% (7% on a constant currency basis). Growth in EMEA revenues was generally stronger relative to the Brazilian real than during the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in primarily due to:
approximately $23.6$32.0 million of unfavorable foreign currency impact onincremental revenues generated from our Americas revenues during the year ended December 31, 2018 when compared to 2017 using average exchange rates.IBX data center expansions;
EMEA Revenues.  Revenues for our EMEA region for the year ended December 31, 2018 included approximately $52.6$28.2 million of incremental revenues from the IO Acquisition, which closed in February 2017,services provided to our joint ventures; and the Itconic and Zenium data center acquisitions, which closed in October 2017. Our revenues from the U.K., our largest revenue contributor in the EMEA region, represented 30% of regional revenues for both the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Excluding incremental revenues attributable to the IO, Itconic, and Zenium acquisitions, our EMEA revenue growth was primarily due to (i) approximately $73.2 million of revenues from our recently-opened IBX data centers or IBX data center expansions in the Amsterdam, Frankfurt, London and Paris metro areas and (ii) 
an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period.
The increase was partially offset by a net increase of $75.0 million of realized cash flow hedge losses from foreign currency forward contracts.
Asia-Pacific Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign2021, Asia-Pacific revenue increased by $164.2 million or 13% (11% on a constant currency fluctuations resultedbasis). Growth in Asia-Pacific revenue was primarily due to:
approximately $54.4$86.4 million of net favorable foreign currency impactincremental revenues generated from our IBX data center expansions;
$20.6 million of incremental revenues from services provided to our EMEA revenues primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.joint ventures;
Asia-Pacific Revenues.  Revenues for our Asia-Pacific region for the year ended December 31, 2018 included approximately $48.0$6.9 million of incremental revenues from the Metronode Acquisition, which closed in April 2018. Our revenues from JapanGPX India Acquisition; and Singapore, the largest revenue contributors in the Asia-Pacific region for the period, combined represented approximately 60% and 63% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Excluding incremental revenues attributable to the Metronode Acquisition, our Asia-Pacific revenue growth was primarily due to (i) approximately $59.2 million of revenues generated from our recently-opened IBX data center expansions in the Hong Kong, Melbourne, Osaka, and Singapore metro areas and (ii) 
an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period. During the year ended December 31,

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2018, the U.S. dollar was generally weaker relative to the Singapore dollar and Japanese yen than during the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in approximately $7.7 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our Asia-Pacific revenues during the year ended December 31, 2018 when compared to 2017 using average exchange rates.
Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 20182021 and 20172020 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,$ Change% Change
2021%2020%ActualActualConstant Currency
Americas$1,458,699 42%$1,248,141 41%$210,558 17%16%
EMEA1,216,990 35%1,094,335 36%122,655 11%9%
Asia-Pacific796,733 23%731,864 23%64,869 9%7%
Total$3,472,422 100%$3,074,340 100%$398,082 13%12%
 Years Ended December 31, % Change
 2018 % 2017 % Actual Constant Currency
Americas$1,113,854
 43% $958,845
 44% 16% 18%
EMEA916,751
 35% 749,933
 34% 22% 18%
Asia-Pacific574,870
 22% 484,371
 22% 19% 18%
Total$2,605,475
 100% $2,193,149
 100% 19% 18%
Cost of Revenues
(dollars in thousands; percentages indicate expenses as a percentage of revenues)
  Years Ended December 31,
  2018 2017
Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues:    
Americas 45% 44%
EMEA 59% 56%
Asia-Pacific 56% 57%
Total 51% 50%
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Americas Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues for our Americas region forDuring the year ended December 31, 2018 included 2021, Americas cost of revenues increased by $210.6 million or 17% (16% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Americas cost of revenues was primarily due to:
approximately $115.4$115.2 million of incremental cost of revenues from the Verizon Data Center AcquisitionPacket and the Infomart Dallas Acquisition. Excluding the impact from these acquisitions, the increase in our Americas costBell acquisitions;
$33.5 million of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily due to (i) $10.6 million higher depreciation expense primarily due to ourdriven by IBX data center expansion activity; (ii) $7.6expansions;
$17.8 million of higher taxes, licenses, insurance, andcosts related to increased EIS product revenues;
$11.2 million of higher other cost of sales related to an increase in support of our business growth; (iii) $5.8bandwidth for new vendors and an increase in equipment;
$11.1 million of higher rentrepairs and facility costs due to new fuel cell leases andmaintenance expense driven by IBX growth  and (iv) $15.5data center expansions;
$10.0 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation, primarily due to headcount growth;
$8.8 million of higher tax, license, and insurance costs driven by IBX data center expansions; and
$5.3 million of higher headcount growth (1,399 Americas costconsulting services driven by increases in security and IBX data center expansions.
EMEA Cost of revenues employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 1,339 as of December 31, 2017). Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $15.1 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our Americas2021, EMEA cost of revenues primarily due toincreased by $122.7 million or 11% (9% on a generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. We expect our Americas cost of revenues to increase as we continue to grow our business, including results from recent acquisitions.
EMEA Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues for our EMEA region for the year ended December 31, 2018 included $41.5 million of incremental cost of revenues from the IO, Itconic, and Zenium acquisitions. Excluding incremental cost of revenues attributable to these acquisitions, theconstant currency basis). The increase in our EMEA cost of revenues was primarily due to (i) $47.3to:
$58.7 million of higher depreciation expenses driven by IBX data center expansions in the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and the UK;
$34.1 million of higher utilities costs driven by increased utility usage to support IBX data center expansions increased usage and utility price increases; (ii) $18.4increases, primarily in Germany, the UK and France;
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$18.5 million of higher office expenses, rent and facilityfacilities costs and repairrepairs and maintenance expense, primarily due to an increase in expansion activitythe UK and usage due to our business growth; (iii) $49.3 million of higher depreciation and accretion expenses, primarily driven by expansion activity in Amsterdam, Frankfurt, London, and Paris and (iv) $19.7the Netherlands;
$18.2 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation, primarily due to headcount growth;
$17.8 million of higher costs related to EIS product revenues; and
$5.1 million of higher office expenses primarily due to additional software and higher headcount growth (1,490 EMEA cost of revenues employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 1,375 as of December 31, 2017),support services.
This increase was partially offset by an $11.8a net increase of $30.1 million reduction in other cost of sales, primarily due to realized cash flow hedge gains.gains from foreign currency forward contracts and $9.7 million decrease of other third party costs, primarily in the Netherlands and the UK.
Asia-Pacific Cost of Revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $30.0 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA2021, Asia-Pacific cost of revenues primarily due toincreased by $64.9 million or 9% (7% on a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. We expect EMEA cost of revenues to increase as we continue to grow our business.
Asia-Pacific Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues for our Asia-Pacific region for the year ended December 31, 2018 included approximately $33.2 million incremental cost of revenues from the Metronode Acquisition. Excluding the impact from the Metronode Acquisition, theconstant currency basis). The increase in our Asia-Pacific cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily due to (i) $28.4 million of higher utilities costs, rent and facility costs and repairs and maintenance expense, primarily driven by higher usage in Australia, Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore; (ii) $16.1to:
$27.5 million of higher depreciation and accretion expense, primarily from IBX data center expansions in Australia, Hong Kong, JapanAustralia and Singapore; (iii) $9.7Japan;
$10.1 million of higher other cost of sales, primarily duecosts related to increased EIS product revenues;

to custom service orders, and (iv) $3.9$8.3 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation, andprimarily due to headcount growth (884 Asia-Pacific cost of revenues employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 828 as of December 31, 2017). During the year ended December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar was generally weaker relative to the Singapore dollar and Japanese yen than during the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in approximately $3.3growth;
$7.2 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impacthigher utilities costs, primarily driven by increases in prices and higher utility usage in Singapore; and
$5.2 million of higher costs related to our Asia-Pacific cost of revenuesdark fiber and customer installations, primarily in 2018. Hong Kong.
We expect Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific cost of revenues to increase as we continue to growin line with the growth of our business, including the impact from the Metronode acquisition.impacts of acquisitions.
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Sales and Marketing Expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 20182021 and 20172020 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
Years ended December 31,$ Change% Change
2021%2020%ActualActualConstant Currency
Americas$470,985 64%$457,551 64%$13,434 3%3%
EMEA172,930 23%162,365 23%10,565 7%5%
Asia-Pacific97,317 13%98,440 13%(1,123)(1)%(3)%
Total$741,232 100%$718,356 100%$22,876 3%2%
 Years ended December 31, % Change
 2018 % 2017 % Actual Constant Currency
Americas$391,386
 62% $349,666
 60% 12% 13%
EMEA152,336
 24% 153,811
 26% (1)% (4)%
Asia-Pacific89,980
 14% 78,247
 14% 15% 14%
Total$633,702
 100% $581,724
 100% 9% 8%
Sales and Marketing Expenses
(dollars in thousands; percentages indicate expenses as a percentage of revenues)
 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017
Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues:   
Americas16% 16%
EMEA10% 11%
Asia-Pacific9% 9%
Total12% 13%
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Americas Sales and Marketing ExpensesDuring the year ended December 31, 2021, Americas sales and marketing expenses increased by $13.4 million or 3% (and also 3% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Americas sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to (i) $38.1 million of amortization of the acquired intangible assets in connection with the Verizon Data Center Acquisition and (ii) $5.4$12.0 million of higher consultingcompensation costs, including sales compensation, salaries and stock-based compensation, partially due to additional compensation expenses incurred related to support our growth. recent acquisitions and higher bonus and merit payments.
EMEA Sales and Marketing Expenses.During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign2021, EMEA sales and marketing increased by $10.6 million or 7% (5% on a constant currency fluctuations tobasis). The increase in our AmericasEMEA sales and marketing expenses was not significant when comparedprimarily due to average exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2017. We anticipate that we will continue to invest in Americas$10.2 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, salaries and marketing initiatives and expect our Americas sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase as we continue to grow our business, including the impact from recent acquisitions.stock-based compensation.
EMEAAsia-Pacific Sales and Marketing Expenses. Our EMEAAsia-Pacific sales and marketing expense did not materially change during the year ended December 31, 20182021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. During2020.
We anticipate that we will continue to invest in sales and marketing initiatives across our three regions in line with the year ended December 31, 2018,growth of our business. We also expect travel and entertainment expenses to increase as travel restrictions that were imposed in response to the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $4.8 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact toCOVID-19 pandemic are eased. We expect our EMEAAmericas sales and marketing expenses primarily dueas a percentage of revenues to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. Over the past several years, we have been investing inbe higher than those of our EMEAother regions since certain global sales and marketing initiatives to further increase our revenues. We expect our EMEA sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase as we continue to grow our business.functions are located within the U.S.
Asia-Pacific Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in our Asia-Pacific sales and marketing expense is primarily due to (i) $4.1 million
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General and Administrative Expenses. Our general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 20182021 and 20172020 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,$ Change% Change
2021%2020%ActualActualConstant Currency
Americas$902,037 69%$782,038 72%$119,999 15%15%
EMEA248,295 19%203,619 19%44,676 22%20%
Asia-Pacific151,465 12%105,324 9%46,141 44%41%
Total$1,301,797 100%$1,090,981 100%$210,816 19%19%
 Years Ended December 31, % Change
 2018 % 2017 % Actual Constant Currency
Americas$554,169
 67% $472,942
 63% 17% 18%
EMEA184,364
 22% 195,430
 26% (6)% (8)%
Asia-Pacific88,161
 11% 77,534
 11% 14% 12%
Total$826,694
 100% $745,906
 100% 11% 10%
General and Administrative Expenses
(dollars in thousands; percentages indicate expenses as a percentage of revenues)
 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017
General and Administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues:   
Americas22% 22%
EMEA12% 15%
Asia-Pacific9% 9%
Total16% 17%
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Americas General and Administrative Expenses. Expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2021, Americas general and administrative expenses increased by $120.0 million or 15% (and also 15% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Americas general and administrative expenses was primarily due to (i) $25.8to:
$70.3 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, andprimarily due to additional compensation expenses incurred related to headcount growth, (1,389 Americas general and administrative employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 1,207 as of December 31, 2017); (ii) $18.1 million of higher office, rent and facilities costs and consulting expenses in support ofincluding that from our business growth; (iii) $3.8 million of higher recruiting, training, and travel expenses to support employee development and (iv) $30.2recent acquisitions;
$39.9 million of higher depreciation expense associated with the implementation of certain systems including revenue, data management and cloud exchange systems, to improve our quote to order and billing processes and to support the integration of recent acquisitions and the growth of our business.business; and
$13.3 million of higher office expenses primarily due to additional software and support services.
EMEA General and Administrative Expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations to our Americas2021, EMEA general and administrative expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2017. Over the course of the past year, we have been investing in our Americas general and administrative functions to scale our business effectively for growth, which has included additional investments in improving our back office systems. We expect our current efforts to improve our back office systems will continue over the next several years. Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we expect Americas general and administrative expenses toincreased by $44.7 million or 22% (20% on a constant currency basis). The increase as we continue to further scale our operations to support our growth, including these investments in our back office systems, investments to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT and recent acquisitions and to comply with new accounting standards.
EMEA General and Administrative Expenses. The decrease in our EMEA general and administrative expenses was primarily due to (i) $23.1to:
$41.1 million of higher compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, primarily due to headcount growth; and
$5.7 million of higher other operating expenses, primarily due to the prior year having lower amortization expense ascosts attributable to a result of fully amortizingfavorable legal settlement in the TelecityGroup trade names during the thirdfirst quarter of 2017; (ii) $5.22020.
This increase was partially offset by a net increase of $5.7 million decrease due toof realized cash flow hedge gains from foreign currency forward contracts.
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Asia-Pacific General and (iii) $5.1 million lower outside services consulting expense, partially offset by an increase of $19.6 million of compensation expenses, including general salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation and headcount growth (830 EMEA general and administrative employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 807 as of December 31, 2017). Administrative Expenses.During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $5.2 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA2021, Asia-Pacific general and administrative expenses increased by $46.1 million or 44% (41% on a constant currency basis). The increase in our Asia-Pacific general and administrative expense was primarily due to:
$28.5 million of higher compensation costs, including salaries, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relativeadditional compensation expenses incurred related to the Euroheadcount growth, including that from our recent acquisitions;
$9.1 million of higher rent and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018 comparedfacility costs, primarily related to the year ended December 31, 2017. Over the courseour offices in Japan and Singapore; and
$6.7 million of the past year, we have been investingconsulting costs in our EMEA general and administrative functions as a resultsupport of our ongoing efforts to scale this region effectively forbusiness growth.
Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we expect our EMEA general and administrative expenses to increase in future periodsacross all three regions as we continue to scaleinvest in our operations to support our growth.
Asia-Pacific Generalgrowth, including investments to enhance our technology platform, to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT and Administrative Expenses. Theto integrate recent acquisitions. We also expect travel and entertainment expenses to increase as travel restrictions that were imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic are eased. Additionally, given that our Asia-Pacific general and administrative expense was primarily due to $9.7 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and headcount growth (482 Asia-Pacific general and administrative employees as of December 31, 2018 versus 453 as of December 31, 2017). Forcorporate headquarters is located in the year ended December 31, 2018,U.S., we expect the impact of foreign currency fluctuations on our Asia-PacificAmericas general and administrative expenses was not significant when comparedas a percentage of revenues to average exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2017. Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we expect Asia-Pacific general and administrative expenses to increase as we continue to support our growth, including the impact from the Metronode acquisition.be higher than those of other regions.

AcquisitionTransaction Costs. During the year ended December 31, 2018,2021, we recorded acquisitiontransaction costs totaling $34.4$22.8 million, primarily related to costs incurred in connection with the Asia-Pacificformation of the new joint ventures and Americas regions, due to our acquisitions of Metronode and Infomart Dallas.the GPX India Acquisition. During the year ended December 31, 2017,2020, we recorded acquisitiontransaction costs totaling $38.6$55.9 million, primarily related to costs incurred in connection with the Americas region, due toacquisitions of Bell, Packet, and Axtel and the Verizon Data Center Acquisition.formation of the Asia-Pacific 1 Joint Venture.
Impairment Charges. We did not have impairment charges during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.
Gain on Asset Sales. During the year ended December 31, 2018,2021, we recorded a gain on asset sales of $6.0 million primarily relating to the sale of a data center in Frankfurt. We did not haverecord any gain on asset sales duringimpairment charge. During the year ended December 31, 2017.2020, we recorded impairment charges totaling $7.3 million in the Asia-Pacific region as a result of the fair value adjustment of the Asia-Pacific 1 Joint Venture xScale data centers, which were classified as held for sale assets before they were sold on December 17, 2020.
Gain on Asset Sales. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded a gain of $10.8 million primarily related to the sale of the Dublin 5 ("DB5") data center. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we did not record a significant amount of gain on asset sales.
Income from Operations. Our income from operations for the years ended December 31, 20182021 and 20172020 was split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,$ Change% Change
2021%2020%ActualActualConstant Currency
Americas$165,380 15%$178,454 17%$(13,074)(7)%(5)%
EMEA530,888 48%531,530 50%(642)—%1%
Asia-Pacific411,894 37%342,944 33%68,950 20%18%
Total$1,108,162 100%$1,052,928 100%$55,234 5%6%
 Years Ended December 31, % Change
 2018 % 2017 % Actual Constant Currency
Americas$412,610
 42% $363,220
 45% 14% 15%
EMEA312,163
 32% 237,854
 29% 31% 25%
Asia-Pacific252,610
 26% 207,940
 26% 21% 20%
Total$977,383
 100% $809,014
 100% 21% 19%
Americas Income from Continuing Operations. The increase in our Americas income from operations was primarily due to higher income generated from acquisitions, higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above.Operations. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative to the Brazilian real than during the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in approximately $4.0 million of unfavorable foreign currency impact on our2021, Americas income from continuing operations during the year ended December 31, 2018 when compared to 2017 using average exchange rates.
EMEA Income from Continuing Operations. The increase in our EMEA income from operations wasdecreased by $13.1 million or 7% (5% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and acquisitions, as described above, as well as lower sales and marketing and general and administrativeoperating expenses as a percentage of revenues, which was partially due to lower amortizationincluded higher depreciation expenses driven by expansion activity and an increase in compensation costs, as a result of fully amortizing the TelecityGroup trade names during the third quarter of 2017.well as margin dilution from recent acquisitions and increases in EIS product sales.
EMEA Income from Operations. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $14.5 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our2021, EMEA income from continuing operations primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018did not materially change as compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.2020.
Asia-Pacific Income from Continuing Operations. The increase in our During the year ended December 31, 2021, Asia-Pacific income from operations wasincreased by $69.0 million or 20% (18% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to higher income generated from the Metronode Acquisition, higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth, as described above, andas well as lower cost of revenues and sales and marketing expense as a percentage of revenues. During
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Interest Income. Interest income was not significant for the year ended December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar2021 and was generally weaker relative to the Singapore dollar and Japanese yen than during$8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in approximately $3.2 million of favorable foreign currency impact on our Asia-Pacific income from continuing operations during the year ended December 31, 2018 when compared to 2017 using average exchange rates.
Interest Income. Interest income was $14.5 million and $13.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.2020. The average yield for the year ended December 31, 20182021 was 1.24%0.17% versus 0.64%0.43% for the year ended December 31, 2017.2020.
Interest Expense. Interest expense increaseddecreased to $521.5$336.1 million for the year ended December 31, 20182021 from $478.7$406.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in2020, primarily due to interest expense was primarily attributable tosavings as a result of our issuance of the €750.0 million 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024 in March 2018 and $750 million 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes in April 2018. The increase was partially offset by lower weighted average interest rates during the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.recent refinancing activities. During the years ended December 31, 20182021 and 2017,2020, we capitalized $19.9$24.5 million and $22.6$26.8 million, respectively, of interest expense to construction in progress. We expect to incur higher interest expense in future periods in connection with additional indebtedness that we incurred during 2018 and as a result ofSee Note 11 within the increasing interest rates.Consolidated Financial Statements.
Other Income (Expense).or Expense. We recorded net other expense of $50.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to approximately $32.0 million impairment charge resulting from the settlement of a pre-acquisition uncertain tax position, refer to below "Income Taxes" section for further information, as well as foreign currency exchange gains and losses. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded net other income of $14.0$6.9 million, and $9.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively,which was primarily due to foreign currency exchange gains and losses, duringnet of the periods.impact from derivative instruments used to manage foreign exchange risks.
Loss on Debt Extinguishment. We During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded $51.4$115.1 million of net loss on debt extinguishment duringprimarily due to the redemption of 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2026 and the 5.375% Senior Notes due 2027. During the year ended December 31, 2018, comprised of (i) $17.12020, we recorded $145.8 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of amendmentsprimarily related to leases impacting the related

financing obligations; (ii) $19.5 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the settlement of financing obligations as a result of the Infomart Dallas Acquisition; (iii) $12.6 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of the settlement of financing obligations for properties purchased and (iv) $2.2 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of the redemption of the Japanese Yen Term Loan. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded $65.8 million net loss on debt extinguishment comprised of (i) $14.6 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the early redemption of the senior notes; (ii) $22.5 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the redemption of term loans under the previously outstanding credit facility; (iii) $16.7 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of amendments to leasesSenior Notes due 2022, 2024, 2025, and financing obligations and (iv) $12.0 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the settlement of financing obligations as a result of properties purchased.2026.
Income Taxes. We operate as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, we are generally not subject to U.S. federal income taxes on our taxable income distributed to stockholders. We intend to distribute or have distributed the entire taxable income generated by the operations of our REIT and QRSs for the tax years ended December 31, 20182021 and December 31, 2017,2020, respectively. As such, other than tax attributable to built-in-gains recognizedstate income taxes and foreign income and withholding taxes, no provision for U.S. income taxes for the QRSs has been included for the REIT and its QRSs in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 20182021 and 2017.2020.
We have made TRS elections for some of our subsidiaries in and outside the U.S. In general, a TRS may provide services that would otherwise be considered impermissible for REITs to provide and may hold assets that REITs cannot hold directly. may not be REIT compliant.
U.S. income taxes for the TRS entities located in the U.S. and foreign income taxes for our foreign operations regardless of whether the foreign operations are operated as QRSs or TRSs have been accrued, as necessary, for the years ended December 31, 20182021 and 2017.2020.
For the years ended December 31, 20182021 and 2017,2020, we recorded $67.7$109.2 million and $53.9$146.2 million of income tax expenses, respectively. Our effective tax rates were 15.6%17.9% and 18.8%28.3%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 20182021 and 2017.2020. The decrease in thelower effective tax rate in 20182021 as compared to 20172020 is primarily due to a releasethe reversal of valuation allowanceuncertain tax positions of $69.8 million resulting from the settlements of various tax audits in the United Kingdom ("UK"), Germany, and Australia, partially offset by $12.3 million resulting from the revaluation of our deferred tax liabilities in the EMEA region due to the UK corporate tax rate increase from 19% to 25% and the Dutch corporate tax rate increase from 25% to 25.8% enacted in the current period as a resultperiod.
Of the unrecognized tax benefits being realized in the year ended December 31, 2021, approximately $32.0 million is related to the uncertain tax position inherited from the Metronode Acquisition in 2018. The uncertain tax position was covered by an indemnification agreement with the Seller. The realization of a legal entity reorganizationthe unrecognized tax benefits resulted in our Americas region.an impairment of the indemnification asset for the same amount, which has been included in Other Income (Expense) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is a key factor in how we assess the operating performance of our segments and develop regional growth strategies such as IBX data center expansion decisions. We define adjusted EBITDA as income or loss from operations plusexcluding depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges, acquisitiontransaction costs and gain on asset sales. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for more information about adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to income or loss from operations. Our adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 20182021 and 20172020 was split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
63

Years Ended December 31, % ChangeYears Ended December 31,$ Change% Change
2018 % 2017 % Actual Constant Currency2021%2020%ActualActualConstant Currency
Americas$1,183,831
 49% $1,034,694
 51% 14% 15%Americas$1,326,460 42 %$1,186,022 42 %$140,438 12 %12 %
EMEA698,280
 29% 582,697
 28% 20% 15%EMEA1,033,333 33 %974,246 34 %59,087 %%
Asia-Pacific531,129
 22% 434,650
 21% 22% 21%Asia-Pacific784,591 25 %692,630 24 %91,961 13 %11 %
Total$2,413,240
 100% $2,052,041
 100% 18% 17%Total$3,144,384 100 %$2,852,898 100 %$291,486 10 %%
Americas Adjusted EBITDA.The increase in our Americas adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition and the Infomart Dallas Acquisition, higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above. During the year ended December 31, 2018, currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $9.6 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact on our2021, Americas adjusted EBITDA primarily due to the U.S. dollar being generally stronger relative to the Brazilian real during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.
EMEA Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our EMEA adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to higher revenues asincreased by $140.4 million or 12% (and also 12% on a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and acquisitions, as described above, as well as lower sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2018,constant currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $26.6 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA adjusted EBITDA primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British pound during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017.
Asia-Pacific Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our Asia-Pacific adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the Metronode Acquisition, higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above and lower cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the U.S. dollar was generally weaker relative to the Singapore dollar and Japanese yen than during the year ended December 31, 2017, resulting in approximately

$4.4 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our Asia-Pacific revenues during the year ended December 31, 2018 when compared to average exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2017.
Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016
Revenues.    Our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were generated from the following revenue classifications and geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
 Years Ended December 31, % Change
 2017 % 2016 % Actual Constant Currency
Americas:           
Recurring revenues$2,062,352
 47% $1,593,084
 44% 29% 29%
Non-recurring revenues110,408
 3% 86,465
 3% 28% 27%
 2,172,760
 50% 1,679,549
 47% 29% 29%
EMEA:           
Recurring revenues1,266,971
 29% 1,106,652
 31% 14% 15%
Non-recurring revenues79,285
 2% 64,687
 1% 23% 23%
 1,346,256
 31% 1,171,339
 32% 15% 15%
Asia-Pacific:           
Recurring revenues790,797
 18% 717,638
 20% 10% 11%
Non-recurring revenues58,615
 1% 43,463
 1% 35% 36%
 849,412
 19% 761,101
 21% 12% 12%
Total:           
Recurring revenues4,120,120
 94% 3,417,374
 95% 21% 21%
Non-recurring revenues248,308
 6% 194,615
 5% 28% 28%
 $4,368,428
 100% $3,611,989
 100% 21% 21%
Americas Revenues. Revenues for our Americas region for the year ended December 31, 2017 included approximately $359.1 million of revenues attributable to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, our revenues from the United States, the largest revenue contributor in the Americas region for the periods, represented approximately 91% and 92%basis), respectively, of the regional revenues. Excluding revenues attributable to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, growth in Americas revenues was primarily due to (i) $34.5 million of revenue generated from our recently-opened IBX data centers or IBX data center expansions in the Dallas, New York, São Paulo, Silicon Valley, Toronto and Washington, D.C. areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the U.S. dollar was generally weaker relative to the Canadian dollar and Brazilian real than during the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting in approximately $11.4 million of favorable foreign currency impact on our Americas revenues during the year ended December 31, 2017 when compared to 2016 using average exchange rates.
EMEA Revenues.  As compared to 2016, revenues for our EMEA region for the year ended December 31, 2017 include $47.2 million of incremental revenues from acquisitions including the TelecityGroup Acquisition, which closed on January 15, 2016, the Paris IBX Data Center Acquisition, which closed in August 2016, the IO Acquisition, which closed in February 2017, and the Itconic and Zenium data center acquisitions, which closed in October 2017. Our revenues from the U.K., our largest revenue contributor in the EMEA region, represented 30% of regional revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to 32% of regional revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016. Excluding the acquisitions, our EMEA revenue growth was primarily due to (i) approximately $62.3 million of revenue from our IBX data centers or IBX data center expansions in the Amsterdam, Dubai, Dublin, Frankfurt, Helsinki, London, Paris and Zurich metro areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $4.9 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA revenues primarily due to a generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pound during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
Asia-Pacific Revenues.  Our revenues from Japan, the largest revenue contributor in the Asia-Pacific region, represented approximately 34% and 35%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. Our Asia-Pacific revenue growth was primarily due to (i) approximately $42.6 million of revenue generated from our recently-opened IBX data center expansions in

the Hong Kong, Osaka and Sydney metro areas and (ii) an increase in orders from both our existing customers and new customers during the period. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative to the Japanese Yen than during the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting in approximately $6.8 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our Asia-Pacific revenues during the year ended December 31, 2017 when compared to 2016 using average exchange rates.
Cost of Revenues.  Our cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
 Years Ended December 31, % Change
 2017 % 2016 % Actual Constant Currency
Americas$958,845
 44% $700,544
 38% 37% 36%
EMEA749,933
 34% 653,766
 36% 15% 15%
Asia-Pacific484,371
 22% 466,560
 26% 4% 5%
Total$2,193,149
 100% $1,820,870
 100% 20% 20%
 Years Ended December 31,
 2017 2016
Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues:   
Americas44% 42%
EMEA56% 56%
Asia-Pacific57% 61%
Total50% 50%
Americas Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues for our Americas region for the year ended December 31, 2017 included approximately $177.4 million of costs of revenues attributable to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition. Excluding the impact from the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, depreciation expense was $273.0 million and $241.6 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. The growth in depreciation expense was primarily due to our IBX expansion activity. In addition to the increase in depreciation expense, the increase in our Americas cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 was primarily due to (i) $30.4 million of higher utilities, repairs and maintenance, property taxes, and other cost of sales in support of our business growth and (ii) $13.2 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation (1,114 Americas cost of revenues employees, excluding the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, as of December 31, 2017 versus 1,023 as of December 31, 2016). During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $7.7 million of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our Americas cost of revenues primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Brazilian real and Canadian dollar during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
EMEA Cost of Revenues. As compared to 2016, cost of revenues for our EMEA region for the year ended December 31, 2017 included $36.7 million of incremental cost of revenues attributable to acquisitions, including the TelecityGroup Acquisition that closed on January 15, 2016, the Paris IBX Data Center Acquisition that closed in August 2016, the IO Acquisition, which closed in February 2017, and the Itconic and Zenium data center acquisitions, which closed in October 2017. Excluding cost of revenues attributable to these acquisitions, the increase in our EMEA cost of revenues was primarily due to (i) $25.5 million of higher utilities in support of our business growth; (ii) $16.4 million of higher other cost of sales, including third party and managed service expenses; (iii) $10.7 million of higher depreciation expense and (iv) $7.2 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation (743 EMEA cost of revenues employees, excluding TelecityGroup employees, as of December 31, 2017 versus 623 as of December 31, 2016). During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $2.7 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA cost of revenues, primarily due to a generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pound during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
Asia-Pacific Cost of Revenues. The increase in our Asia-Pacific cost of revenues was primarily due to (i) $16.7 million of higher utilities, rent, facility costs, consulting, bandwidth cost, custom service orders and repairs and maintenance costs in support of our business growth and (ii) $3.3 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation and headcount growth (828 Asia-Pacific cost of revenues employees as of December 31, 2017 versus 787 as of December 31, 2016), partially offset by a decrease of $3.2 million in depreciation and accretion expenses. During the year ended

December 31, 2017, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative to the Japanese Yen than during the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting in approximately $5.0 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our Asia-Pacific cost of revenues in 2017.
Sales and Marketing Expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
 Years Ended December 31, % Change
 2017 % 2016 % Actual Constant Currency
Americas$349,666
 60% $230,900
 53% 51% 51%
EMEA153,811
 26% 137,887
 31% 12% 14%
Asia-Pacific78,247
 14% 69,955
 16% 12% 13%
Total$581,724
 100% $438,742
 100% 33% 33%
 Years Ended December 31,
 2017 2016
Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues:   
Americas16% 14%
EMEA11% 12%
Asia-Pacific9% 9%
Total13% 12%
Americas Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in our Americas sales and marketing expenses was primarily due to (i) $75.3 million of amortization of the acquired intangible assets in connection with the Verizon Data Center Acquisition; (ii) $33.1 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, general salaries, bonuses and stock-based compensation and headcount growth (608 Americas sales and marketing employees, including those from the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, as December 31, 2017, versus 553 as of December 31, 2016) and (iii) $4.1 million of higher consulting expenses to support our growth. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations to our Americas sales and marketing expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2016.
EMEA Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in the EMEA sales and marketing expense was primarily due to (i) $12.3 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and headcount growth (378 EMEA sales and marketing employees as of December 31, 2017 versus 349 as of December 31, 2016) and (ii) an increase of $1.8 million in depreciation and amortization expense, primarily due to acquisitions made during the current year. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $2.8 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA sales and marketing expenses primarily due to a generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pound during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
Asia-Pacific Sales and Marketing Expenses. The increase in the Asia-Pacific sales and marketing expense is primarily due to (i) $6.5 million of higher compensation costs, including sales compensation, general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and a larger average headcount in 2017 as compared to 2016 and (ii) $3.2 million of higher rent expense in support of our growth. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations to our Asia-Pacific sales and marketing expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2016.
General and Administrative Expenses. Our general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
 Years Ended December 31, % Change
 2017 % 2016 % Actual Constant Currency
Americas$472,942
 63% $391,637
 56% 21% 20%
EMEA195,430
 26% 228,310
 33% (14)% (12)%
Asia-Pacific77,534
 11% 74,614
 11% 4% 5%
Total$745,906
 100% $694,561
 100% 7% 8%

 Years Ended December 31,
 2017 2016
General and Administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues:   
Americas22% 23%
EMEA15% 19%
Asia-Pacific9% 10%
Total17% 19%
Americas General and Administrative Expenses. The increase in our Americas general and administrative expenses was primarily due to (i) $35.5 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, and headcount growth (1,207 Americas general and administrative employees, including those from the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, as of December 31, 2017 versus 934 as of December 31, 2016); (ii) $22.9 million of higher depreciation expense associated with certain systems, including revenue, data management and cloud exchange systems, to improve our quote to order and billing processes and to support the integration and growth of our business and (iii) $16.6 million of higher office expense and consulting cost to support our growth. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations to our Americas general and administrative expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2016. Over the course of the past year, we have been investing in our Americas general and administrative functions to scale this region effectively for growth, which has included additional investments in improving our back office systems. We expect our current efforts to improve our back office systems will continue over the next several years. Going forward, although we are carefully monitoring our spending, we expect Americas general and administrative expenses to increase as we continue to further scale our operations to support our growth, including these investments in our back office systems and investments to maintain our qualification for taxation as a REIT.
EMEA General and Administrative Expenses. The decrease in our EMEA general and administrative expenses was primarily due to (i) $20.8 million of lower amortization expenses as a result of fully amortizing the TelecityGroup trade names during the current period and (ii) $8.4 million of lower consulting expenses which was largely due to the completion of TelecityGroup integration activities in the current period. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $5.7 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA general and administrative expenses primarily due to a generally stronger U.S. dollar relative to the British pound during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Over the course of the past year, we have been investing in our EMEA general and administrative functions as a result of our ongoing efforts to scale this region effectively for growth.
Asia-Pacific General and Administrative Expenses. The increase in our Asia-Pacific general and administrative expense was primarily due to $5.0 million of higher compensation costs, including general salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and headcount growth (453 Asia-Pacific general and administrative employees as of December 31, 2017 versus 358 as of December 31, 2016), partially offset by a $1.3 million decrease in rent, repair and maintenance expense. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations on our Asia-Pacific general and administrative expenses was not significant when compared to average exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Acquisition Costs.  During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded acquisition costs totaling $38.6 million primarily in the Americas and EMEA regions, of which $28.5 million was related to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition during the year ended December 31, 2017 attributable to the Americas region. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded acquisition costs totaling $64.2 million primarily in the EMEA region due to the acquisitions of Telecity and the Paris IBX Data Center, and to a lesser degree, to the Americas region.
Impairment Charges. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded impairment charges totaling $7.7 million in the Asia-Pacific region relating to assets held for sale. We did not have impairment charges during the year ended December 31, 2017.
Gain on Asset Sales. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded a gain on asset sales of $32.8 million primarily relating to the sale of the LD2 data center in the EMEA region and a parcel of land in San Jose in the Americas region. We did not have any gain on asset sales during the year ended December 31, 2017.

Income from Operations. Our income from operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
 Years Ended December 31, % Change
 2017 % 2016 % Actual Constant Currency
Americas$363,220
 45% $352,180
 57% 3% 3%
EMEA237,854
 29% 124,853
 20% 91% 85%
Asia-Pacific207,940
 26% 141,706
 23% 47% 47%
Total$809,014
 100% $618,739
 100% 31% 30%
Americas Income from Continuing Operations. Our Americas income from continuing operations did not change significantly year over year. While revenues increased as described above, this was largely offset by (i) an increase of $18.6 million in acquisition costs, which was primarily related to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition; (ii) additional amortization of the acquired intangible assets resulted from the Verizon Data Center Acquisition and (iii) higher cost of revenues and sales and marketing expense as a percentage of revenues. The impact of foreign currency fluctuations on our Americas income from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 was not significant when compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
EMEA Income from Continuing Operations. The increase in our EMEA income from continuing operations was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and acquisitions, as described above, as well as lower operating expenses as a percentage of revenues, lower amortization costs as a result of fully amortizing the TelecityGroup trade names during the current period and lower acquisition costs incurred for the year ended December 31, 2017. We incurred $9.2 million of acquisition costs during the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $54.5 million of acquisition costs during the year ended December 31, 2016, which was primarily related to our acquisition of TelecityGroup. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $6.4 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our EMEA income from continuing operations primarily due to a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
Asia-Pacific Income from Continuing Operations. The increase in our Asia-Pacific income from continuing operations was primarily due to higher revenues as result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above and lower cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues. The impact of foreign currency fluctuations on our Asia-Pacific income from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2017 was not significant when compared to average exchange rates of the year ended December 31, 2016.
Interest Income. Interest income was $13.1 million and $3.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase in interest income was driven by higher cash balances and interest yield rates for the year ended December 31, 2017. The average yield for the year ended December 31, 2017 was 0.64% versus 0.37% for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Interest Expense.  Interest expense increased to $478.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from $392.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to the Term B-2 Loan borrowings of €1.0 billion and the issuance of $1.25 billion of 2027 Senior Notes in March 2017, as well as additional financings such as various capital lease and other financing obligations to support our expansion projects. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we capitalized $22.6 million and $13.3 million, respectively, of interest expense to construction in progress.
Other Income (Expense). We recorded net other income of $9.2 million and net expense of $57.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, primarily due to foreign currency exchange gains and losses during the periods, including $63.5 million in foreign currency losses recognized in the first quarter of 2016 as a result of completing the acquisition of TelecityGroup.
Loss on Debt Extinguishment. We recorded $65.8 million net loss on debt extinguishment during the year ended December 31, 2017 comprised of (i) $14.6 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the early redemption of the senior notes; (ii) $22.5 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the redemption of term loans under the previously outstanding credit facility; (iii) $16.7 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of amendments to leases and financing obligations and (iv) $12.0 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the settlement of financing obligations of properties purchased. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded a $12.3 million loss on debt extinguishment as a result of the settlement of the financing obligations for our Paris 3 IBX data center, a portion of the lender fees associated with the Japanese Yen Term Loan, and the prepayment and termination of our 2012 and 2013 Brazil financings.

Income Taxes. We operate as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, we are generally not subject to federal income taxes on our taxable income distributed to stockholders. We intend to distribute or have distributed the entire taxable income generated by the operations of our REIT and QRSs for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. As such, other than built-in-gains recognized and withholding taxes, no provision for U.S. income taxes for the REIT and QRSs has been included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
We have made TRS elections for some of our subsidiaries in and outside the U.S. In general, a TRS may provide services that would otherwise be considered impermissible for REITs to provide and may hold assets that REITs cannot hold directly. U.S. income taxes for the TRS entities located in the U.S. and foreign income taxes for our foreign operations regardless of whether the foreign operations are operated as QRSs or TRSs have been accrued, as necessary, for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we recorded $53.9 million and $45.5 million of income tax expenses, respectively. Our effective tax rates were 18.8% and 28.4%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. The decrease in the effective tax rate in 2017 as compared to 2016 is primarily due to recognition of unrecognized tax benefits related to our tax positions in the U.S. and Brazil as a result of a lapse in statutes of limitations and lower amount of non-deductible expenses within our EMEA operations. This is partially offset by net deferred tax asset remeasurement in the U.S. TRSs due to the corporate income tax rate reduction from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018 as a result of the TCJA.
Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is a key factor in how we assess the operating performance of our segments and develop regional growth strategies such as IBX data center expansion decisions. We define adjusted EBITDA as income or loss from operations plus depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges, acquisition costs and gain on asset sales. See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" below for more information about adjusted EBITDA and a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to income or loss from operations. Our adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was split among the following geographic regions (dollars in thousands):
 Years Ended December 31, % Change
 2017 % 2016 % Actual Constant Currency
Americas$1,034,694
 51% $787,311
 47% 31% 31%
EMEA582,697
 28% 494,263
 30% 18% 17%
Asia-Pacific434,650
 21% 375,900
 23% 16% 16%
Total$2,052,041
 100% $1,657,474
 100% 24% 24%
Americas Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our Americas adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, higher revenues as result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above. During the year ended December 31, 2017, currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $4.5 million of net favorable foreign currency impact on our Americas adjusted EBITDA primarily due to the U.S. dollar being generally weaker relative to the Canadian dollar and Brazilian real during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
EMEA Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our EMEA adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above and lower operating expenses as a percentage of revenues. above.
EMEA Adjusted EBITDA. During the year ended December 31, 2017, currency fluctuations resulted in approximately $2.1 million of net favorable foreign currency impact to our2021, EMEA adjusted EBITDA primarily due toincreased by $59.1 million or 6% (5% on a generally weaker U.S. dollar relative to the Euro during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
Asia-Pacific Adjusted EBITDA. The increase in our Asia-Pacific adjusted EBITDA wasconstant currency basis), primarily due to higher revenues as a result of our IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth, as described above, and lower cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues. above.
Asia-Pacific Adjusted EBITDA. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative2021, Asia-Pacific adjusted EBITDA increased by $92.0 million or 13% (11% on a constant currency basis), primarily due to the Japanese Yen than during the year ended December 31, 2016, resulting in approximately $2.7 millionhigher revenues as a result of net unfavorable foreign currency impact to our Asia-Pacific revenues during the year ended December 31, 2017 when compared to average exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2016.IBX data center expansion activity and organic growth as described above.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We provide all information required in accordance with GAAP, but we believe that evaluating our ongoing operating results may be difficult if limited to reviewing only GAAP financial measures. Accordingly, we use non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our operations.

Non-GAAP financial measures are not a substitute for financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation, but should be considered together with the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. We have presented such non-GAAP financial measures to provide investors with an additional tool to evaluate our operating results of operations in a manner that focuses on what management believes to be our core, ongoing business operations. We believe that the inclusion of these non-GAAP financial measures provides consistency and comparability with past reports and provides a better understanding of the overall performance of the business and ability to perform in subsequent periods. We believe that if we did not provide such non-GAAP financial information, investors would not have all the necessary data to analyze Equinix effectively.
Investors should note that the non-GAAP financial measures used by us may not be the same non-GAAP financial measures, and may not be calculated in the same manner, as those of other companies. Investors should therefore exercise caution when comparing non-GAAP financial measures used by us to similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures of other companies.
Our primary non-GAAP financial measures, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted funds from operations ("AFFO"), exclude depreciation expense as these charges primarily relate to the initial construction costs of our IBX data centers and do not reflect our current or future cash spending levels to support our business. Our IBX data centers are long-lived assets and have an economic life greater than 10 years. The construction costs of an IBX data center do not recur with respect to such data center, although we may incur initial construction costs in future periods with respect to additional IBX data centers, and future capital expenditures remain minor relative to our initial investment. This is a trend we expect to continue. In addition, depreciation is also based on the estimated useful lives of our IBX data centers. These estimates could vary from actual performance of the asset, are based on historical costs incurred to build out our IBX data centers and are not indicative of current or expected future capital expenditures. Therefore, we exclude depreciation from our operating results of operations when evaluating our operations.
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In addition, in presenting adjusted EBITDA and AFFO, we exclude amortization expense related to acquired intangible assets. Amortization expense is significantly affected by the timing and magnitude of our acquisitions and these charges may vary in amount from period to period. We exclude amortization expense to facilitate a more meaningful evaluation of our current operating performance and comparisons to our prior periods. We exclude accretion expense, both as it relates to asset retirement obligations as well as accrued restructuring charge liabilities, as these expenses represent costs which we believe are not meaningful in evaluating our current operations. We exclude stock-based compensation expense, as it can vary significantly from period to period based on share price, the timing, size and nature of equity awards. As such, we, and many investors and analysts, exclude stock-based compensation expense to compare our operating results of operations with those of other companies. We also exclude restructuring charges. The restructuring charges relate to our decisions to exit leases for excess space adjacent to several of our IBX data centers, which we did not intend to build out, or our decision to reverse such restructuring charges. We also exclude impairment charges generally related to certain long-lived assets. The impairment charges are related to expense recognized whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of long-lived assets are not recoverable. We also exclude gain or loss on asset sales as it represents profit or loss that is not meaningful in evaluating the current or future operating performance. Finally, we exclude acquisitiontransaction costs from AFFO and adjusted EBITDA to allow more comparable comparisons of our financial results to our historical operations. The acquisitiontransaction costs relate to costs we incur in connection with business combinations.combinations and the formation of joint ventures, including advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional or consulting fees. Such charges generally are not relevant to assessing theour long-term performance of the company.performance. In addition, the frequency and amount of such charges vary significantly based on the size and timing of the acquisitions.transactions. Management believes items such as restructuring charges, impairment charges, gain or loss on asset sales and acquisitiontransaction costs are non-core transactions; however, these types of costs may occur in future periods.

Adjusted EBITDA
We define adjusted EBITDA asThe following table shows the reconciliation from income from operations excluding depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges, acquisition costs, and gain on asset sales as presented belowto adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2018 2017 2016202120202019
Income from operations$977,383
 $809,014
 $618,739
Income from operations$1,108,162 $1,052,928 $1,169,631 
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion expense1,226,741
 1,028,892
 843,510
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion expense1,660,524 1,427,010 1,285,296 
Stock-based compensation expense180,716
 175,500
 156,148
Stock-based compensation expense363,774 311,020 236,539 
Acquisition costs34,413
 38,635
 64,195
Transaction costsTransaction costs22,769 55,935 24,781 
Impairment charges
 
 7,698
Impairment charges— 7,306 15,790 
Gain on asset sales(6,013) 
 (32,816)Gain on asset sales(10,845)(1,301)(44,310)
Adjusted EBITDA$2,413,240
 $2,052,041
 $1,657,474
Adjusted EBITDA$3,144,384 $2,852,898 $2,687,727 
Our adjusted EBITDA results have improved each year and in each region in total dollars due to the improvedour steady operating results, as discussed earlier in "Results of Operations", as well as the nature of our business model consisting of a recurring revenue stream and a cost structure which has a large base that is fixed in nature, as also discussed earlier in "Overview".
Funds from Operations ("FFO") and AFFO
We use FFO and AFFO, which are non-GAAP financial measures commonly used in the REIT industry. FFO is calculated in accordance with the standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts. FFO represents net income (loss), excluding gain (loss) from the disposition of real estate assets, depreciation and amortization on real estate assets and adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures' and non-controlling interests' share of these items.
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In presenting AFFO, we exclude certain items that we believe are not good indicators of our current or future operating performance. AFFO represents FFO excluding depreciation and amortization expense on non-real estate assets, accretion, stock-based compensation, restructuring charges, impairment charges, acquisitiontransaction costs, an installation revenue adjustment, a straight-line rent expense adjustment, a contract cost adjustment, amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums, gain (loss) on debt extinguishment, an income tax expense adjustment, recurring capital expenditures, net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, and adjustments from FFO to AFFO for unconsolidated joint ventures' and noncontrolling interests' share of these items and net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax.items. The adjustments for installation revenue, straight-line rent expense and contract costs are intended to isolate the cash activity included within the straight-lined or amortized results in the consolidated statement of operations. We exclude the amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums as these expenses relate to the initial costs incurred in connection with debt financings that have no current or future cash obligations. We exclude gain (loss) on debt extinguishment since it generally represents the write-off of initial costs incurred in connection with debt financings or a cost that is incurred to reduce future interest costs and is not a good indicator of our current or future operating performance. We include an income tax expense adjustment, which represents the non-cash tax impact due to changes in valuation allowances, uncertain tax positions and deferred taxes that do not relate to current period's operations. We deduct recurring capital expenditures, which represent expenditures to extend the useful life of its IBX data centers or other assets that are required to support current revenues. We also exclude net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, which represents results that may not recur and are not a good indicator of our current future operating performance.

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Our FFO and AFFO were as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
202120202019
Net income$499,728 $370,074 $507,245 
Net gain (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests463 (297)205 
Net income attributable to Equinix500,191 369,777 507,450 
Adjustments:
Real estate depreciation1,073,148 924,064 845,798 
(Gain) loss on disposition of real estate property(6,439)4,063 (39,337)
Adjustments for FFO from unconsolidated joint ventures6,097 2,726 645 
FFO$1,572,997 $1,300,630 $1,314,556 
 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
Net income$365,359
 $232,982
 $126,800
Adjustments:     
Real estate depreciation and amortization883,118
 754,351
 626,564
(Gain) loss on disposition of real estate property4,643
 4,945
 (28,388)
Adjustments for FFO from unconsolidated joint ventures
 85
 113
FFO$1,253,120
 $992,363
 $725,089
Years Ended December 31,
202120202019
FFO$1,572,997 $1,300,630 $1,314,556 
Adjustments:
Installation revenue adjustment27,928 (125)11,031 
Straight-line rent expense9,677 10,787 8,167 
Contract cost adjustment(63,064)(35,675)(40,861)
Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums17,135 15,739 13,042 
Stock-based compensation expense363,774 311,020 236,539 
Non-real estate depreciation expense377,658 300,258 242,761 
Amortization expense205,484 199,047 196,278 
Accretion expense4,234 3,641 459 
Recurring capital expenditures(199,089)(160,637)(186,002)
Loss on debt extinguishment115,125 145,804 52,825 
Transaction costs22,769 55,935 24,781 
Impairment charges(1)
31,847 7,306 15,790 
Income tax expense (benefit) adjustment(1)
(38,505)33,220 39,676 
Adjustments for AFFO from unconsolidated joint ventures3,259 2,195 2,080 
AFFO$2,451,229 $2,189,145 $1,931,122 
 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
FFO$1,253,120
 $992,363
 $725,089
Adjustments:     
Installation revenue adjustment10,858
 24,496
 20,161
Straight-line rent expense adjustment7,203
 8,925
 7,700
Contract cost adjustment(20,358) 
 
Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts and premiums13,618
 24,449
 18,696
Stock-based compensation expense180,716
 175,500
 156,149
Non-real estate depreciation expense140,955
 111,121
 87,781
Amortization expense203,416
 177,008
 122,862
Accretion expense (adjustment)(748) (13,588) 6,303
Recurring capital expenditures(203,053) (167,995) (141,819)
Loss on debt extinguishment51,377
 65,772
 12,276
Acquisition costs34,413
 38,635
 64,195
Impairment charges
 
 7,698
Net income from discontinued operations, net of tax
 
 (12,392)
Income tax expense adjustment(12,420) 371
 3,680
Adjustments for AFFO from unconsolidated joint ventures
 (17) (40)
AFFO$1,659,097
 $1,437,040
 $1,078,339
(1)Impairment charges for 2021 relate to the impairment of an indemnification asset in Q2 2021 resulting from the settlement of a pre-acquisition uncertain tax position, which was recorded as Other Income (Expense) on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. This impairment charge was offset by the recognition of tax benefits in the same amount, which was included within the Income tax expense (benefit) adjustment line on the table above.

Our AFFO results have improved due to the improved operating results discussed earlier in "Results of Operations," as well as due to the nature of our business model which consists of a recurring revenue stream and a cost structure which has a large base that is fixed in nature as discussed earlier in "Overview."
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Constant Currency Presentation
Our revenues and certain operating expenses (cost of revenues, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses) from our international operations have represented and will continue to represent a significant portion of our total revenues and certain operating expenses. As a result, our revenues and certain operating expenses have been and will continue to be affected by changes in the U.S. dollar against major international currencies suchcurrencies. During the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the Euro, British pound,same period in 2020, the U.S. dollar was stronger relative to the Brazilian real and Japanese yen, which resulted in an unfavorable foreign currency impact on revenue, operating income and adjusted EBITDA, and a favorable foreign currency impact on operating expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the same period in 2020, the U.S. dollar was weaker relative to the Australian dollar, British Pound, Euro and Singapore dollar, Australian dollarwhich resulted in a favorable foreign currency impact on revenue, operating income and Brazilian real.adjusted EBITDA, and an unfavorable foreign currency impact on operating expenses. In order to provide a framework for assessing how each of our business segments performed excluding the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, we present period-over-period percentage changes in our revenues and certain operating expenses on a constant currency basis in addition to the historical amounts as reported. Our constant currency presentation excludes the impact of our foreign currency cash flow hedging activities. Presenting constant currency results of operations is a non-GAAP financial measure and is not meant to be considered in isolation or as an alternative to GAAP results of operations. However, we have presented this non-GAAP financial measure to provide investors with an additional tool to evaluate our operating results.results of operations. To present this information, our current and comparative prior period revenues and certain operating expenses from entities reporting in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are converted into U.S. dollars at constant exchange rates rather than the actual exchange rates in effect during the respective periods (i.e. average rates in effect for the year ended December 31, 20172020 are used as exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 2018 when comparing the year

ended December 31, 2018 with the year ended December 31, 2017, and average rates in effect for the year ended December 31, 2016 are used as exchange rates for the year ended December 31, 20172021 when comparing the year ended December 31, 20172021 with the year ended December 31, 2016)2020).
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources and Uses of Cash
Customer collections are our primary source of cash. We believe we have a strong customer base, and have continued to experience relatively strong collections. As of December 31, 2018,2021, our total indebtedness was comprisedprinciple sources of liquidity were $1.5 billion of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. In addition to our cash and investment portfolio, we had $1.9 billion of additional liquidity available to us from our $2.0 billion revolving facility and general access to both public and private debt and financing obligations totaling approximately $11.4 billion consisting of (a) approximately $8,500.1 million of principalthe equity capital markets. We also have additional liquidity available to us from our senior notes, (b) approximately $1,518.9 millionATM program, under which we may offer and sell from time to time our capital lease and other financing obligations and (c) $1,390.4 millioncommon stock in "at the market" transactions. As of principal from our loans payable and mortgage (gross of debt issuance cost, debt discount, plus debt premium).December 31, 2021, we had $1.0 billion available for sale under the 2020 ATM Program.
We believe we have sufficient cash, coupled with anticipated cash generated from operating activities and external financing sources, to meet our operating requirements, including repayment of the current portion of our debt as it becomes due, paymentdistribution of regular dividend distributionsdividends and completion of our publicly-announced acquisitions, ordinary costs to operate the business, and expansion projects.
On March 14, 2018, we issued €750.0 million 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024. On April 2, 2018, we completed the Infomart Dallas Acquisition for a purchase price of approximately $804.0 million, which was funded with approximately $45.8 million in cash and $758.2 million aggregate fair value of 5.000% senior unsecured notes. On April 18, 2018, we completed the Metronode Acquisition for a cash purchase price of A$1.034 billion or approximately $804.6 million at the exchange rate in effect on April 18, 2018. In July, we drew down the full amount of the JPY Term Loan of ¥47.5 billion, or approximately $424.7 million at the exchange rate effective on July 31, 2018, and prepaid the remaining principal of our existing Japanese Yen Term Loan of ¥43.8 billion or approximately $391.3 million. As of December 31, 2018, we had $610.7 million of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, of which approximately $280.1 million was held in the U.S. We also believe that our current expansion activitiesfinancial resources will allow us to manage future possible impacts of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our business operations for the foreseeable future, which could include reductions in the U.S. can be funded with our U.S.-based cashrevenue and cash equivalentsdelays in payments from customers and investments. In addition to our cash and investment portfolio, we have additional liquidity available to us from our $2.0 billion revolving facility and the 2018 ATM Program as described below. partners.
As of December 31, 2018, we had 42 irrevocable letters of credit totaling $68.5 million issued and outstanding under the revolving facility. We had a total of approximately $1.9 billion of additional liquidity availablecontinue to us under the Revolving Facility.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, we sold 930,934 shares for approximately $388.2 million, net of payment of commissions to the sales agents and equity offering costs under our 2017 ATM Program. As of December 31, 2018, no shares remain available for sale under the 2017 ATM Program. In December 2018, we launched the 2018 ATM Program to sell up to $750.0 million of common stock in at the market offerings. As of December 31, 2018, no shares have been sold under the 2018 ATM Program.
Besides any further financing activity we may pursue, customer collections are our primary source of cash. While we believe we have a strong customer base, and have continued to experience relatively strong collections, if the current market conditions were to deteriorate, some of our customers may have difficulty paying us and we may experience increased churn in our customer base, including reductions in their commitments to us, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity. Additionally,grow, we may pursue additional expansion opportunities, primarily the build out of new IBX data centers, in certain of our existing markets which are at or near capacity within the next year, as well as potential acquisitions and joint ventures. While we expect to fund these plans with our existing resources, additional financing, either debt or equity, may be required, and if current market conditions were to deteriorate, we may be unable to secure additional financing, or any such additional financing may only be available to us on unfavorable terms. An inability to pursue additional expansion opportunities will have a material adverse effect on our ability to maintain our desired level of revenue growth in future periods.
Sources and Uses of Cash
 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
 (in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities$1,815,426
 $1,439,233
 $1,019,353
Net cash used in investing activities(3,075,528) (5,400,826) (2,045,668)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities470,912
 4,607,860
 (897,065)

Operating Activities
Our cash provided by our operations is generated by colocation, interconnection, managed infrastructure and other revenues. Our primary use of cash from our operating activities include compensation and related costs, interest payments, other general corporate expenditures and taxes. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities during 2018 compared to 2017 was primarily due to improved operating results combined with incremental operating cash provided by the acquisitions of Infomart Dallas and Metronode in April 2018 and inclusion of full year operating results of the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, offset by increases in cash paid for cost of revenues, operating expenses, interest expense and income taxes. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities during 2017 compared to 2016 was primarily due to improved operating results combined with incremental operating cash provided by the Verizon Data Center Acquisition and other acquisitions in 2017, offset by timing of collections on our receivables and increases in cash paid for cost of revenues, operating expenses, interest expense and income taxes.
Investing Activities
The decrease in net cash used in investing activities during 2018 compared to 2017 was primarily due to the decrease in spending for business acquisitions of approximately of $3.1 billion, primarily due to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition in 2017, partially offset by $717.4 million of higher capital expenditures and $87.3 million of higher purchases of real estate, primarily as a result of expansion activity. The increase in net cash used in investing activities during 2017 compared to 2016 was primarily due to the increase in spending for business acquisitions of approximately of $2.2 billion, primarily related to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, a decrease in proceeds from asset sales of $803.8 million, $265.4 million of higher capital expenditures and $67.0 million of higher purchases of real estate, primarily as a result of expansion activity.
During 2019, we anticipate our IBX expansion construction activity will increase from our 2018 levels. If the opportunity to expand is greater than planned and we have sufficient funding to pursue such expansion opportunities, we may further increase the level of capital expenditure to support this growth as well as pursue additional business and real estate acquisitions or joint ventures.ventures provided that we have or can access sufficient funding to pursue such expansion opportunities. We may elect to access the equity or debt markets from time to time opportunistically, particularly if financing is available on attractive terms. We will continue to evaluate our operating requirements and financial resources in light of future developments, including those relating to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
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Cash Flow
Years Ended December 31,
20212020Change
(in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities$2,547,206 $2,309,826 $237,380 
Net cash used in investing activities(3,006,738)(3,426,972)420,234 
Net cash provided by financing activities413,765 815,526 (401,761)
Operating Activities
Our cash provided by our operations is generated by colocation, interconnection, managed infrastructure and other revenues. Our primary uses of cash from our operating activities include compensation and related costs, interest payments, other general corporate expenditures and taxes. Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $237.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to December 31, 2020, primarily driven by improved results of operations partially offset by increases in cash paid for costs and operating expenses.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities decreased by $420.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to December 31, 2020, primarily due to $1.0 billion less spent on business acquisitions, which consisted of the Bell, Packet and Axtel acquisitions in 2020 and the GPX acquisition in 2021 and a $20.2 million decrease in purchases of investments. This decrease was partially offset by a $469.0 million increase in capital expenditures as a result of our expansion activity, a $125.8 million decrease in the proceeds from the sale of assets to our Joint Ventures and a $25.3 million decrease in proceeds from the sale of investments.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities during 2018 wasdecreased by $401.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to December 31, 2020, primarily due to (i) the issuancedriven by a decrease of €750.0 million 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024, or approximately $929.9 million$1.7 billion in U.S. dollars, at the exchange rate in effect on March 14, 2018; (ii) borrowing of the JPY Term Loan of ¥47.5 billion, or approximately $424.7 million at the exchange rate effective on July 31, 2018; (iii) sale of 930,934 shares under the 2017 ATM Program, for net proceeds of $388.2 million and (iv) proceeds from employee awardspublic offerings of $50.1 million. Thecommon stock, a $750.8 million decrease in proceeds werefrom the revolving credit facility and term loan facilities, a $553.0 million decrease in proceeds from senior notes, a $95.0 million increase in dividend distributions and a $50.3 million increase in repayments of finance lease liabilities. This decrease is partially offset by (i) dividend distributionsa $2.4 billion decrease in the repayment of $738.6 million; (ii) repayments of capital lease and other financing obligations of $103.8 million; (iii) repaymentssenior notes, a $199.6 million increase in proceeds from the ATM program, a $112.5 million decrease in the repayment of mortgage and loans payable, of $447.5a $17.1 million primarily related to the prepayment of the remaining principal of our existing Japanese Yen Term Loan; (iv) payments of debt extinguishment costs of $20.6 million and (v) payments ofdecrease in debt issuance costs, of $12.2 million. 
Net cash provided by financing activities during 2017 was primarily due to (i) borrowings under our previously outstanding credit facility of €1,000.0a $15.5 million or approximately $1,059.8 million at the exchange rateincrease in effect on January 6, 2017; (ii) the issuance of $1,250.0 million 2027 Senior Notes; (iii) the issuance of €1,000.0 million 2025 Euro Senior Notes, or approximately $1,199.7 million at the exchange rate on September 20, 2017; (iv) the issuance of €1,000.0 million 2026 Euro Senior Notes, approximately $1,179.0 million at the exchange rate on December 12, 2017; (v) borrowings under our Term Loan Facility of approximately $997.1 million on December 12, 2017, at the exchange rate in effect on that day; (vi) the sale of common stock for net proceeds of $2,481.4 million and (vii) proceeds from employee awards of $41.7and a $12.5 million partially offset by (i) repayment of the entire $500.0 million principal amount of our 4.875% Senior Notes due 2020; (ii) repaymentdecrease in full of our previously outstanding credit facility of approximately $2,207.7 million in total at the exchange rate on December 12, 2017; (iii) dividend distributions of $621.5 million; (iv) repayments of capital lease and other financing obligations of $93.5 million and (v) debt issuance costs of $81.0 million.extinguishment costs.
Net cash used in financing activities during 2016 was primarily due to (i) $1,462.9 million repayment of loans payable including repayment of loans assumed in the TelecityGroup acquisition, bridge term loan and revolving credit facility; (ii) $114.4 million repayment of capital lease and other financing obligations and (iii) $499.5 million payment of dividends, partially offset by $1,168.3 million of proceeds from loans payable including proceeds from our previously outstanding credit facility and Japanese Yen Term Loan.Material Cash Commitments

Debt Obligations
Debt Facilities
We have various debt obligations with maturity dates ranging from 2019 to 2027 under which a total principal balance of $9.9 billion remained outstanding asAs of December 31, 2018. For further information2021, our principle commitments were primarily comprised of:
approximately $11.1 billion of principal from our senior notes (gross of debt issuance cost and debt discount);
approximately $2.7 billion of interest on debt obligations, see "Debt Facilities" in Note 11mortgage payable, loans payable, senior notes and term loans, based on their respective interest rates and recognized over the life of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Capital Leasethese instruments, and Other Financing Obligations
We have numerous capital lease and other financing obligations with maturity dates ranging from 2019 to 2053 under which a total principal balance of $1,518.9 million remained outstanding as of December 31, 2018 with a weighted average effective interest rate of 7.88%. For further information on our capital leases and other financing obligations, see "Capital Lease and Other Financing Obligations" in Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements
We lease a majority of our IBX data centers and certain equipment under non-cancelable lease agreements expiring through 2065. The following represents our debt maturities, financings, leases and other contractual commitments as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands):
 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total
Term loans and other loans payable (1)
$73,128
 $73,443
 $73,134
 $1,165,871
 $2,491
 $2,339
 $1,390,406
Senior notes (1)
300,000
 300,000
 150,000
 750,000
 1,000,000
 6,000,125
 8,500,125
Interest (2)
411,944
 395,556
 379,060
 352,907
 278,214
 600,648
 2,418,329
Capital lease and other financing obligations (3)
184,151
 170,592
 169,086
 168,810
 164,886
 1,601,251
 2,458,776
Operating leases (4)
187,280
 179,515
 166,159
 158,115
 147,677
 1,130,494
 1,969,240
Other contractual commitments (5)
1,129,604
 149,168
 36,839
 25,680
 19,789
 164,090
 1,525,170
Asset retirement obligations (6)
6,776
 3,801
 3,972
 11,633
 5,582
 64,899
 96,663
 $2,292,883
 $1,272,075
 $978,250
 $2,633,016
 $1,618,639
 $9,563,846
 $18,358,709
(1)
Represents principal of senior notes, term loans and other loans payable, as well as premium on mortgage payable.
(2)
Represents interest on mortgage payable, senior notes, term loan facilities and other loans payable based on their approximate interest rates as of December 31, 2018, as well as the credit facility fee for the revolving credit facility.
(3)
Represents principal and interest.
(4)
Represents minimum operating lease payments, excluding potential lease renewals.
(5)
Represents unaccrued contractual commitments. Other contractual commitments are described below.
(6)
Represents liability, net of future accretion expense.
In connection with certain of our leases and other contracts requiring deposits, we entered into 42 irrevocable letters of credit totaling $68.5 million under the revolving credit facility. These lettersfacility;
$620.0 million of credit were provided in lieuprincipal from our term loans, mortgage and loans payable (gross of cash deposits. If the landlords for these IBX leases decidedebt issuance cost, debt discount, plus mortgage premium);
approximately $4.9 billion of total lease payments, which represents lease payments under finance and operating lease arrangements, including renewal options that are reasonably certain to draw down on these letters of credit triggered by an event of default under the lease, we will be required to fund these letters of credit either through cash collateral or borrowing under the revolving credit facility. These contingent commitments are not reflected in the table above.exercised;
We had accrued liabilities related to uncertain tax positions totaling approximately $106.9 million as of December 31, 2018. These liabilities, which are reflected on our balance sheet, are not reflected in the table above since it is unclear when these liabilities will be paid.
Primarily as a result of our various IBX data center expansion projects, as of December 31, 2018, we were contractually committed for $687.6 million$1.0 billion of unaccrued capital expenditures,expenditure contractual commitments, primarily for IBX equipment not yet delivered and labor not yet provided in connection with the work necessary to complete construction and open these IBX data centerscenter expansion projects prior to making them available to customers for installation. This amount,installation, the majority of which is expected to be paid during 2019payable within the next 12 months; and thereafter, is reflected in the table above as "other contractual commitments."
We hadapproximately $1.3 billion of other non-capital purchase commitments, in place as of December 31, 2018, such as commitments to purchase power in select locations and other open purchase orders, which contractually bind us for goods, services
69

or arrangements that may contain

embedded leases to be delivered or provided during 20192022 and beyond. Such other purchasebeyond, the majority of which is payable within the next two years.

We believe that our sources of liquidity, including our expected future operating cash flows, are sized to adequately meet both the near and long term material cash commitments asfor the foreseeable future. For further information on maturities of December 31, 2018, which total $837.5 million,lease liabilities and debt instruments, see Notes 10 and 11, respectively,within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Other Contractual Obligations
We have additional future equity contributions and commitments to the Joint Ventures with GIC that are also reflected in EMEA and APAC. For additional information, see the table above as "other contractual commitments.""Equity Method Investments" footnote within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Additionally, we entered into lease agreements inwith various locationslandlords primarily for a total lease commitment of approximately $262.2 million, excluding potential lease renewals. These lease agreements will commence between February 2019data center spaces and May 2020 with lease terms of 5 to 30 years,ground leases which arehave not reflected in the table above.
Other Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements
We have various guarantor arrangements with both our directors and officers and third parties, including customers, vendors and business partners. Asyet commenced as of December 31, 2018, there were no significant liabilities recorded for these arrangements.2021. For additional information, see "Guarantor Arrangements"“Maturities of Lease Liabilities” in Note 15 of10 within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.Statements.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates and judgments to ensure that our consolidated financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with GAAP. Management bases its assumptions, estimates and judgments on historical experience, current trends and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results may differ from these assumptions and estimates, and such differences could be material.
Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 1 to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Management believes that the following critical accounting policies and estimates are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial statements, and they require significant judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain:
•    Accounting for income taxes;
•    Accounting for business combinations;
•    Accounting for impairment of goodwill;goodwill and other intangible assets;
•    Accounting for property, plant and equipment.equipment; and

•    Accounting for leases.
70



Description


Judgments and Uncertainties
Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions
Accounting for Income Taxes.


Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences that exist between the financial statement carrying value of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, andas well as tax attributes such as operating loss, capital loss and tax credit carryforwards on a taxing jurisdiction basis. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that will apply in the years in which we expect the temporary differences to be recovered or settled.
 
The accounting standard for income taxes requires a reduction of the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by recording a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not (defined by the accounting standard as a likelihood of more than 50%) that such assets will not be realized.


A tax benefit from an uncertain income tax position may be recognized in the financial statements only if it is more likely than not that the position is sustainable, based solely on its technical merits and consideration of the relevant taxing authority's widely understood administrative practices and precedents.

The TCJA included a Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI") provision that increases U.S. federal taxable We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within income by certain foreign subsidiary incometax benefit (expense) in the year it is earned. Our accounting policy is to treat any tax on GILTI inclusions as a current period cost included in the tax expense in the year incurred. The Company believes the GILTI inclusion provision will result in no financial statement impact provided the Company satisfies its REIT distribution requirement with respect to the GILTI inclusions.

Our qualification and taxation as a REIT depends on our satisfactionconsolidated statements of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy quarterly asset tests depends upon our analysis and the fair market values of our REIT and non-REIT assets.


operations.




The valuation of deferred tax assets requires judgment in assessing the likely future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. Our accounting for deferred tax consequences represents our best estimate of those future events.

tax consequences.

In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider both positive and negative evidence related to the likelihood of realization of the deferred tax assets. If, based on the weight of that available evidence, it is more likely than not the deferred tax assets will not be realized, we record a valuation allowance. The weight given to the positive and negative evidence is commensurate with the extent to which the evidence may be objectively verified.



This assessment, which is completed on a taxing jurisdiction basis, takes into account a number of types of evidence, including the following: 1) the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative financial reporting losses, 2) sources of future taxable income, 3) taxable income in carryback years permitted by the tax law, and 3)4) tax planning strategies.



In assessing the tax benefit from an uncertain income tax position, the tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than a 50% likelylikelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information.



For purposes of the quarterly REIT asset tests, we estimate the fair market value of assets within our QRSs and TRSs using a discounted cash flow approach, by calculating the present value of forecasted future cash flows. We apply discount rates based on industry benchmarks relative to the market and forecasting risks. Other keysignificant assumptions used to estimate the fair market value of assets in QRSs and TRSs include projected revenue growth, projected operating margins and forecastedprojected capital expenditure. We revisit keysignificant assumptions periodically to reflect any changes due to business or economic environment.





As of December 31, 20182021 and 2017,2020, we had net total deferred tax liabilities of $189.6$280.5 million and $186.3$224.0 million, respectively. As of December 31, 20182021 and 2017,2020, we had a total valuation allowance of $57.0$100.7 million and $84.6$82.3 million, respectively. If and when we increase or reduce our remaining valuation allowances, it may have aan unfavorable or favorable impact, respectively, to our financial position and results of operations in the periods when such determinations are made. We will continue to assess the need for our valuation allowances, by country or location,jurisdiction, in the future

future.

During the year ended December 31, 2018,2021, we released theestablished full valuation allowances against the deferred tax assets of one of our BrazilianHong Kong legal entities as well as certain Japanese entities and partial valuation allowance against the Spanish deferred tax assets acquired from the Itconic acquisition as a result of legal entities reorganizations in the Americas, APACIndia and EMEA regions. As part of the purchase accounting determination for the Metronode Acquisition, we provided full valuation allowance against certain deferred tax assets in AustraliaCanada that are not expected to be realizable in the foreseeable future.
During the year ended December 31, 2017,2020, we provided full and partial valuation allowances against the Spanish and Turkishcertain deferred tax assets acquired fromin Canada and the Itconic and Zenium data center acquisitions, respectively. In addition, we set up a full valuation allowance againstNetherlands that are not expected to be realizable in the deferred tax asset associated with excess tax goodwill established as a result of a reorganization in Brazil.

foreseeable future.


As of December 31, 20182021 and 2017,2020, we had unrecognized tax benefits of $150.9$148.3 million and $82.4$207.8 million, respectively, exclusive of interest and penalties. During the year ended December 31, 2018,2021, the unrecognized tax benefits increasedbenefit decreased by $68.5$59.5 million primarily due to the Metronode Acquisitionsettlements of various tax audits in the UK, Germany, and Australia, which was partially offset by the reorganization ofintegrations in the Spanish entities from the Itconic acquisition.EMEA region. During the year ended December 31, 2017,2020, the unrecognized tax benefitsbenefit increased by $10.2$34.1 million primarily due to integrations in the TelecityGroup integrationsEMEA region, which was partially offset by the recognition of unrecognized tax benefits related to the Company'sour tax positions in the U.S. and Brazila few countries as a result of a lapse in statutes of limitations.limitations and the partial payment related to the UK integration. The unrecognized tax benefits of $114.9$148.3 million as of December 31, 2018,2021, of which $3.4 million is subject to an indemnification agreement, if subsequently recognized, will affect our effective tax rate favorably at the time when such benefits area benefit is recognized.

71



Description


Judgments and Uncertainties
Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions
Accounting for Business Combinations


In accordance with the accounting standard for business combinations, we allocate the purchase price of an acquired business to its identifiable assets and liabilities based on estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if any, is recorded as goodwill.
 

We use all available information to estimate fair values. We typically engage outside appraisal firms to assist in determining the fair value of identifiable intangible assets such as customer contracts, leases and any other significant assets or liabilities and contingent consideration, as well as the estimated useful life of intangible assets. We adjust the preliminary purchase price allocation, as necessary, up to one year after the acquisition closing date if we obtain more information regarding asset valuations and liabilities assumed.





Our purchase price allocation methodology contains uncertainties because it requires assumptions and management's judgment to estimate the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date. Key judgments used to estimate the fair value of intangible assets include projected revenue growth and operating margins, discount rates, customer attrition rates, as well as the estimated useful life of intangible assets. Management estimates the fair value of assets and liabilities based upon quoted market prices, the carrying value of the acquired assets and widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flows and market multiple analyses. Our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. Unanticipated events or circumstances may occur which could affect the accuracy of our fair value estimates, including assumptions regarding industry economic factors and business strategies.





During the last three years, we have completed a number of business combinations, including the Metronode Acquisitionacquisition of GPX in India in the third quarter of 2021, Bell Data Centers in Canada in the fourth quarter of 2020, Packet in March 2020, Axtel in Mexico in January 2020, and the Infomart Dallas AcquisitionSwitch Datacenters' AMS1 data center business in Amsterdam, Netherlands in April 2018, the Itconic Acquisition and the Zenium data center acquisition in October 2017, the Verizon Data Center Acquisition in May 2017, the IO Acquisition in February 2017, the Paris IBX Data Center Acquisition in August 2016 and the TelecityGroup acquisition in January 2016. In 2018, we have finalized the purchase price allocation for the Verizon Data Center, Itconic and Zenium data center acquisitions.2019. The purchase price allocation for these acquisitions has been finalized, except for the IO, Paris IBX Data Center and TelecityGroup acquisitions were completed in prior years.GPX India acquisition.


As of December 31, 2018, 20172021 and 2016,2020, we had net intangible assets of $2.3 billion, $2.4$1.9 billion and $719.2 million,$2.2 billion, respectively. We recorded amortization expense for intangible assets of $203.4$205.5 million, $177.0$199.0 million and $122.9$196.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 20172021, 2020 and 2016,2019, respectively.
 
We do not believe there is a reasonable likelihood that there will be a material change in the estimates or assumptions we used to complete the purchase price allocations and the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. However, if actual results are not consistent with our estimates or assumptions, we may be exposed to losses or gains that could be material, which would be recorded in our consolidated statements of operations in 20192021 or beyond.


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Table of Contents


Description


Judgments and Uncertainties
Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions
Accounting for Impairment of Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets


In accordance with the accounting standard for goodwill and other intangible assets, we perform goodwill and other intangible assets impairment reviews annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable.
 
We complete the annual goodwill impairment assessment for the Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific reporting units to determine if the fair values of the reporting units exceeded their carrying values.
 
We perform a review of other intangible assets for impairment by assessing events or changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable.





To perform annual goodwill impairment assessment, we elected to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. This analysis requires assumptions and estimates before performing the quantitative goodwill impairment test, where the assessment requires assumptions and estimates derived from a review of our actual and forecasted operating results, approved business plans, future economic conditions and other market data. Additionally, we periodically review our assessment of our reporting units to determine if changes in facts and circumstances warrant changes to our conclusions. There were no specific factors present in 20182021 or 20172020 that indicated a potential goodwill impairment.


We performed our annual review of other intangible assets by assessing if there were events or changes in circumstances indicating that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, such as a significant decrease in market price of an asset, a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which an asset is being used, a significant adverse change in legal factors or business climate that could affect the value of an asset or a continuous deterioration of our financial condition. This assessment requires assumptions and estimates derived from a review of our actual and forecasted operating results, approved business plans, future economic conditions and other market data. There were no specific events in 20182021 or 20172020 that indicated a potential impairment.





As of December 31, 2018,2021, goodwill attributable to the Americas, the EMEA and the Asia-Pacific reporting units was $1.7$2.2 billion, $2.5 billion and $616.4 million,$0.7 billion, respectively.


Future events, changing market conditions and any changes in key assumptions may result in an impairment charge. While we have not recorded an impairment charge against our goodwill to date, the development of adverse business conditions in our Americas, EMEA or Asia-Pacific reporting units, such as higher than anticipated customer churn or significantly increased operating costs, or significant deterioration of our market comparables that we use in the market approach, could result in an impairment charge in future periods.


The balance of our other intangible assets, net, for the year ended December 31, 20182021 and 2020 was $2.3 billion.$1.9 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively. While we have not recorded an impairment charge against our other intangible assets to date, future events or changes in circumstances, such as a significant decrease in market price of an asset, a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which an asset is being used, a significant adverse change in legal factors or business climate, may result in an impairment charge in future periods.


Any potential impairment charge against our goodwill and other intangible assets would not exceed the amounts recorded on our consolidated balance sheets.

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Table of Contents


Description


Judgments and Uncertainties
Effect if Actual Results Differ from Assumptions
Accounting for Property, Plant and Equipment



We have a substantial amount of property, plant and equipment recorded on our consolidated balance sheet. The vast majority of our property, plant and equipment represent the costs incurred to build out or acquire our IBX data centers. Our IBX data centers are long-lived assets. We depreciate our property, plant and equipment using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets (subject to the term of the lease in the case of leased assets or leasehold improvements and integral equipment located in leased properties).



Accounting for property, plant and equipment includes determining the appropriate period in which to depreciate such assets, making assessments for leased properties to determine whether they are capital or operating leases, determining if construction projects performed at leased properties trigger build-to-suit lease accounting, assessing such assets for potential impairment, capitalizing interest during periods of construction and assessing the asset retirement obligations required for certain leased properties that require us to return the leased properties back to their original condition at the time we decide to exit a leased property.





Judgments are required in arriving at the estimated useful life of an asset and changes to these estimates would have significant impact on our financial position and results of operations. When we lease a property for our IBX data centers, we generally enter into long-term arrangements with initial lease terms of at least 8-10 years and with renewal options generally available to us. In the next several years, a number of leases for our IBX data centers will come up for renewal. As we start approaching the end of these initial lease terms, we will need to reassess the estimated useful lives of our property, plant and equipment. In addition, we may find that our estimates for the useful lives of non-leased assets may also need to be revised periodically. We periodically review the estimated useful lives of certain of our property, plant and equipment and changes in these estimates in the future are possible.

Another area of judgment for us in connection with our property, plant and equipment is related to lease accounting. Some of our IBX data centers are leased. Each time we enter into a new lease or lease amendment for one of our IBX data centers, we analyze each lease or lease amendment for the proper accounting. This requires certain judgments such as establishing the lease term to include in a lease test, establishing the remaining estimated useful life of the underlying property or equipment and estimating the fair value of the underlying property or equipment, establishing the incremental borrowing rate to calculate the present value of the minimum lease payment for the lease test. All of these judgments are inherently uncertain. Different assumptions or estimates could result in a different accounting treatment for a lease.



The assessment of long-lived assets for impairment requires assumptions and estimates of undiscounted and discounted future cash flows. These assumptions and estimates require significant judgment and are inherently uncertain.





As of December 31, 2018, 20172021 and 2016,2020, we had property, plant and equipment of $11.0 billion, $9.4$15.4 billion and $7.2$14.5 billion, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 20172021, 2020 and 2016,2019, we recorded depreciation expense of $1.0$1.5 billion, $865.5 million,$1.2 billion, and $714.3 million,$1.1 billion, respectively. While we evaluated the appropriateness, we did not revise the estimated useful lives of our property, plant and equipment during the years ended December 31, 2018, 20172021, 2020 and 2016.2019. Further changes in our estimated useful lives of our property, plant and equipment could have a significant impact on our results of operations.
Accounting for Leases

A significant portion of our data center spaces, office spaces and equipment are leased. Each time we enter into a new lease or lease amendments, we analyze each lease or lease amendment for the proper accounting, including determining if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception and making assessment of the leased properties to determine if they are operating or finance leases.


Determination of accounting treatment, including the result of the lease classification test for each new lease or lease amendment, is dependent on a variety of judgments, such as identification of lease and non-lease components, allocation of total consideration between lease and non-lease components, determination of lease term, including assessing the likelihood of lease renewals, valuation of leased property, and establishing the incremental borrowing rate to calculate the present value of the minimum lease payment for the lease test. The judgments used in the accounting for leases are inherently subjective; different assumptions or estimates could result in different accounting treatment for a lease.


Lease assumptions and estimates are determined and applied at the inception of the leases or at the lease modification date. As of December 31, 2018, 20172021 and 2016, we had property, plant2020, operating right-of-use ("ROU") lease assets were at $1.3 billion and equipment under capital leases of $823.6 million, $760.4 million$1.5 billion, respectively, and $715.3 million, respectively. We recorded accumulated depreciation for assets under capital leases of $248.9 million, $199.2 millionoperating lease liabilities were at $1.3 billion and $161.4 million as$1.5 billion respectively . As of December 31, 2018, 20172021 and 2016,2020, finance ROU assets were $1.9 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively, and finance lease liabilities were $2.1 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively.

Additionally, during For the years ended December 31, 2018, 20172021, 2020 and 2016,2019, we recorded the finance lease cost of $275.0 million, $233.9 million and $193.6 million , respectively, and recorded rent expense of approximately $185.4$221.8 million, $157.9$217.3 million and $140.6$219.0 million, respectively.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See "Recent Accounting Pronouncements" in Note 1 ofwithin the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8Statements.
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Table of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.Contents

ITEM 7A.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
ITEM 7A.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market Risk
The following discussion about market risk involves forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. We may be exposed to market risks related to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates and fluctuations in the prices of certain commodities, primarily electricity.
The uncertainty that exists with respect to the economic impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic introduced significant volatility in the financial markets. See Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors for additional information regarding potential risks to our business, financial condition and results of operations related to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
We employ foreign currency forward exchangeand option contracts, cross-currency interest rate swaps and interest rate locks for the purpose of hedging certain specifically-identifiedspecifically identified exposures. The use of these financial instruments is intended to mitigate some of the risks associated with fluctuations in currency exchange and interest rates, but does not eliminate such risks. We do not use financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Investment Portfolio Risk
We maintain an investment portfolio of various holdings, types, and maturities that is prioritized on meeting REIT asset requirements. All of our marketable securities are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value with changes in fair values recognized in net income. We consider various factors in determining whether we should recognize an impairment charge for our securities, including the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than our cost basis and our intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery. We anticipate that we will recover the entire cost basis of these securities and have determined that no other-than-temporary impairments associated with credit losses were required to be recognized during the year ended December 31, 2018.2021.
As of December 31, 2018,2021, our investment portfolio of cash equivalents and marketable securities consisted of money market funds, certificates of deposits and publicly traded equity securities. The amount in our investment portfolio that could be susceptible to market risk totaled $124.1$585.7 million.
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to interest rate risk related to our outstanding debt. An immediate 10% increase or decrease in current interest rates from their position as of December 31, 20182021 would not have a material impact on our interest expense due to the fixed coupon rate on the majority of our debt obligations. However, the interest expense associated with our senior credit facility and term loans that bear interest at variable rates could be affected. For every 100 basis100-basis point changeincrease or decrease in interest rates, our annual interest expense could increase by a total of approximately $12.7$5.5 million or decrease by a total of approximately $5.6$1.4 million based on the total balance of our primaryterm loan borrowings under the Term Loan Facility as of December 31, 2018.2021. As of December 31, 2018,2021, we had not employed any interest rate derivative products againstto hedge our variable rate debt obligations. However, we may enter into interest rate hedging agreements in the future to mitigate our exposure to interest rate risk.
We periodically enter into interest rate locks to hedge the interest rate exposure created by anticipated fixed rate debt issuances, which are designated as cash flow hedges. When interest rate locks are settled, any accumulated gain or loss included as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) will be amortized to interest expense over the term of the forecasted hedged transaction which is equivalent to the term of the interest rate locks.
The fair value of our long-term fixed interest rate debt is subject to interest rate risk. Generally, the fair value of fixed interest rate debt will increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. These interest rate changes may affect the fair value of the fixed interest rate debt but do not impact our earnings or cash flows. The fair value of our mortgage and loans payable, and 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes, which are not traded in the market, is estimated by considering our credit rating, current rates available to us for debt of the same remaining maturities and the terms of the debt. The fair value of our other senior notes, which are traded in the market, was based on quoted market prices. The following table represents the carrying value and estimated fair value of our mortgage and loans payable and senior notes as of (in thousands):
75

Table of Contents
 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
 
Carrying
Value (1)
 Fair Value 
Carrying
 Value (1)
 Fair Value
Mortgage and loans payable$1,388,524
 $1,389,632
 $1,468,275
 $1,464,877
Senior notes8,500,125
 8,422,211
 7,002,000
 7,288,673
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Carrying
Value (1)
Fair Value
Carrying
 Value (1)
Fair Value
Mortgage and loans payable$618,388 $621,051 $1,370,970 $1,379,129 
Senior notes11,102,130 11,049,834 9,261,050 9,705,486 
(1)
(1)The carrying value is gross of debt issuance cost, debt discount and debt premium.
The carrying value is gross of debt issuance cost, debt discount and debt premium.
Foreign Currency Risk
A significant portion of our revenue is denominated in U.S. dollars, however, approximately 55.3% of our revenues and 53.5% of our operating costs are attributable to Brazil, Canada, Colombia and the EMEA and Asia-Pacific regions, and a large portion of those revenues and costs are denominated in a currency other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the Euro, British pound, Japanese yen, Singapore dollar, Hong Kong dollar, Australian dollar and Brazilian real. To help manage the exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, we have implemented a number of hedging programs, in particular (i) a cash flow hedging program

to hedge the forecasted revenues and expenses in our EMEA region, (ii) a balance sheet hedging program to hedge the remeasurementre-measurement of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, and (iii) a net investment hedging program to hedge the long term investments in our foreign subsidiaries. Our hedging programs reduce, but do not entirely eliminate, the impact of currency exchange rate movements and their impact on ourthe consolidated balance sheets, statements of operations and statements of cash flows. As of December 31, 2018, the outstanding foreign currency forward contracts had maturities of up to two years.operations.
We have entered into various foreign currency debt obligations. As of December 31, 2018,2021, the total principal amount of foreign currency debt obligations was $4.5$1.8 billion, including $3.2$1.3 billion denominated in Euro $612.7and $549.7 million denominated in British Pound, $427.8 million denominated in Japanese Yen and $304.0 million denominated in Swedish Krona.Pound. As of December 31, 2018,2021, we have designated $4.1$1.5 billion of the total principal amount of foreign currency debt obligations as net investment hedges against our net investments in foreign subsidiaries. For a net investment hedge, changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument designated as a net investment hedge except the ineffective portion and forward points, are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheets. We did not record any ineffectiveness during the year ended December 31, 2018.
Fluctuations in the exchange rates between these foreign currencies (i.e. Euro, British Pound, Swedish Krona and Japanese Yen) and the U.S. Dollar will impact the amount of U.S. dollarsDollars that we will require to settle the foreign currency debt obligations at maturity. If the U.S. Dollar would have been weaker or stronger by 10% in comparison to these foreign currencies as of December 31, 2018,2021, we estimate our obligation to cash settle the principal of these foreign currency debt obligations in U.S. dollarsDollars would have increased or decreased by approximately $449.5$200.2 million and $163.8 million, respectively.
ForWe are also party to cross-currency interest rate swaps. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the foreseeable future, we anticipate that approximately 50%total notional amounts of cross-currency interest rate swap contracts outstanding were $4.0 billion and $3.3 billion, respectively. The cross-currency interest rate swaps are designated as hedges of our revenuesnet investment in foreign subsidiaries and operating costs will continue to be generated and incurred outsidechanges in the fair value of these swaps are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheets. If the U.S. Dollar weakened or strengthened by 10% in comparison to foreign currencies, other than thewe estimate our obligation to cash settle these hedges would have increased or decreased by approximately $456.3 million and $374.0 million, respectively.
The U.S. dollar. During fiscal 2018, the U.S. dollar became generally strongerDollar strengthened relative to certain of the currencies of the foreign countries in which we operate.operate during the year ended December 31, 2021. This overall strengthening of the U.S. dollar had a negative impact on our consolidated results of operations because the foreign denominations translated into less U.S. dollars. In future periods, the volatility of the U.S. dollar as compared to the other currencies in which we do business could have a significant impact onhas impacted our consolidated financial position and results of operations during this period, including the amount of revenuerevenues that we reportreported. Continued strengthening or weakening of the U.S. Dollar will continue to impact us in future periods.
With the existing cash flow hedges in place, a hypothetical additional 10% strengthening of the U.S. dollarDollar during the year ended December 31, 20182021 would have resulted in a reduction of our revenues and a reduction of our operating expenses including depreciation and amortization expenses, for the yearexpense by approximately $137.1$205.1 million and $145.1$202.2 million, respectively.
With the existing cash flow hedges in place, a hypothetical additional 10% weakening of the U.S. dollarDollar during the year ended December 31, 20182021 would have resulted in an increase of our revenues and an increase of our operating expenses including depreciation and amortization expenses, for the year by approximately $175.1$255.4 million and $179.4$253.7 million, respectively.
We may enter into additional hedging activities in the future to mitigate our exposure to foreign currency risk as our exposure to foreign currency risk continues to increase due to our growing foreign operations; however, we do not currently intend to eliminate all foreign currency transaction exposure.
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Commodity Price Risk
Certain operating costs incurred by us are subject to price fluctuations caused by the volatility of underlying commodity prices. The commodities most likely to have an impact on our results of operations in the event of price changes are electricity, supplies and equipment used in our IBX data centers. We closely monitor the cost of electricity at all of our locations. We have entered into several power contracts to purchase power at fixed prices in certain locations in the U.S., Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United Kingdom.U.S..
In addition, as we are building new, or expanding existing, IBX data centers, we are subject to commodity price risk for building materials related to the construction of these IBX data centers, such as steel and copper. In addition, the lead-time to procure certain pieces of equipment, such as generators, is substantial. Any delays in procuring the necessary pieces of equipment for the construction of our IBX data centers could delay the anticipated openings of these new IBX data centers and, as a result, increase the cost of these projects.
We do not currently employ forward contracts or other financial instruments to address commodity price risk other than the power contracts discussed above.

ITEM 8.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8.    Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The financial statements and supplementary data required by this Item 8 are listed in Item 15(a)(1) and begin at page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 9.CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
ITEM 9.    Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
There is no disclosure to report pursuant to Item 9.
ITEM 9A.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A.    Controls and Procedures
Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2018.2021.
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013), our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018.2021.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 20182021 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, believes that our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed and operated to be effective at the reasonable assurance level. However, our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal controls over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of fiscal 20182021 that has materially affected, or is reasonable likely to affect, our internal controls over financial reporting. We implemented certain internal controls related to the adoption of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, to ensure we adequately evaluated our contracts and properly assessed the impact of the new revenue recognition standard on our financial statements to facilitate its adoption effective January 1, 2018.
ITEM 9B.OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B.    Other Information
There is no disclosure to report pursuant to Item 9B.
ITEM 9C.    Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
There is no disclosure to report pursuant to Item 9C.
PART III
ITEM 10.
DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Information
ITEM 10.    Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this itemItem is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statementdefinitive Proxy Statement for the 2019our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2021 pursuant to Regulation 14A.
We have adopted a Code of Ethics applicable for the Chief Executive Officer and Senior Financial Officers and a Code of Business Conduct.Conduct, which are both "Code(s) of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers" as defined by applicable rules of the SEC. This information is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statementProxy Statement for the 20192022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is also available on our website, www.equinix.com.
ITEM 11.    Executive Compensation
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement for our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2021 pursuant to Regulation 14A.
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ITEM 11.EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 12.    Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statementProxy Statement for the 20192022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2021 pursuant to Regulation 14A.
ITEM 12.SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
InformationITEM 13.    Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this itemItem is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statementdefinitive Proxy Statement for the 2019our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2021 pursuant to Regulation 14A.
ITEM 13.CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
InformationITEM 14.    Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this itemItem is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statementdefinitive Proxy Statement for the 2019our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2021 pursuant to Regulation 14A.
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PART IV
ITEM 14.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Equinix proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

PART IV
ITEM 15.EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15.    Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
(a)(1) Financial Statements:
(a)(2) Financial statements and schedules:
schedule:
(a)(3) Exhibits:
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit NumberExhibit DescriptionFormFiling Date/
Period End Date
ExhibitFiled
Herewith
8-K5/29/20152.1
8-K5/29/20152.2
10-K12/31/20152.3
8-K12/6/20162.1
10-K12/31/20162.5
8-K5/1/20172.1
10-Q8/8/20182.7
10-K/A12/31/20023.1
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    Incorporated by Reference  
Exhibit Number Exhibit Description Form 
Filing Date/
Period End Date
 Exhibit 
Filed
Herewith
           
  8-K 5/29/15 2.1  
           
  8-K 5/29/15 2.2  
           
  10-K 12/31/15 2.3  
           
  8-K 12/6/16 2.1  
           
  10-K 12/31/16 2.5  
           
  8-K 5/1/17 2.1  
           
  10-Q 8/8/18 2.7  
           
  10-K/A 12/31/02 3.1  
           
  8-K 6/14/11 3.1  
           

Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit NumberExhibit DescriptionFormFiling Date/
Period End Date
ExhibitFiled
Herewith
8-K6/14/20113.1
8-K6/11/20133.1
10-Q6/30/20143.4
10-K/A12/31/20023.3
8-K3/29/20163.1
4.1Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6.
8-K11/20/20144.1
8-K3/22/20174.2
4.4Form of 5.375% Senior Notes due 2027 (see Exhibit 4.3).
8-K9/20/20174.2
8-K12/5/20174.1
8-K4/3/20184.2
4.8Form of 5.00% Senior Notes due October 2020 (see Exhibit 4.7).
4.9Form of 5.00% Senior Notes due April 2021 (see Exhibit 4.7).
8-K11/18/20194.2
4.11Form of 2.625% Senior Notes due 2024 (See Exhibit 4.10).
8-K11/18/20194.4
4.13Form of 2.900% Senior Notes due 2026 (See Exhibit 4.12).
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    Incorporated by Reference  
Exhibit Number Exhibit Description Form 
Filing Date/
Period End Date
 Exhibit 
Filed
Herewith
  8-K 6/11/13 3.1  
           
  10-Q 6/30/2014 3.4  
           
  10-K/A 12/31/02 3.3  
           
  8-K 3/29/16 3.1  
           
4.1 Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6.        
           
  8-K 3/5/13 4.3  
           
4.3 Form of 5.375% Senior Note due 2023 (see Exhibit 4.2).        
           
  8-K 11/20/14 4.1  
           
  8-K 11/20/14 4.2  
           
4.6 Form of 5.375% Senior Note due 2022 (see Exhibit 4.5).        
           
  8-K 11/20/14 4.4  
           
4.8 Form of 5.750% Senior Note due 2025 (see Exhibit 4.7).        
           
  8-K 12/04/15 4.2  
           
4.10 Form of 5.875% Senior Note due 2026 (see Exhibit 4.9).        
           
  8-K 3/22/17 4.2  
           
4.12 Form of 5.375% Senior Notes due 2027 (see Exhibit 4.11).        
           
  8-K 9/20/17 4.2  
           
4.14 Form of 2.875% Senior Notes due 2025 (see Exhibit 4.13).        
           

Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit NumberExhibit DescriptionFormFiling Date/
Period End Date
ExhibitFiled
Herewith
8-K11/18/20194.6
4.15Form of 3.200% Senior Notes due 2029 (See Exhibit 4.14)8-K6/22/2020
8-K6/22/20204.2
4.17Form of 1.250% Senior Note due 2025 (See Exhibit 4.16)8-K6/22/20204.3
8-K6/22/20204.4
4.19Form of 1.800% Senior Note due 2027 (See Exhibit 4.18)8-K6/22/20204.5
8-K6/22/20204.6
4.21Form of 2.150% Senior Note due 2030 (see Exhibit 4.20)8-K6/22/20204.7
8-K6/22/20204.8
4.23Form of 3.000% Senior Note due 2050 (See Exhibit 4.22)8-K6/22/20204.9
8-K10/7/20204.2
4.25Form of 1.000% Senior Note due 2025 (included in Exhibit 4.24)8-K10/7/20204.3
8-K10/7/20204.4
4.27Form of 1.550% Senior Note due 2028 (included in Exhibit 4.26)8-K10/7/20204.5
8-K10/7/20204.6
4.29Form of 2.950% Senior Note due 2051 (included in Exhibit 4.28)8-K10/7/20204.7
8-K3/11/20214.2
4.31Form of 0.250% Senior Note due 2027 (included in Exhibit 4.30)8-K3/11/20214.3
8-K3/11/20214.4
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    Incorporated by Reference  
Exhibit Number Exhibit Description Form 
Filing Date/
Period End Date
 Exhibit 
Filed
Herewith
  8-K 12/05/17 4.1  
           
  8-K 12/05/17 4.2  
           
4.17 Form of 2.875% Senior Notes due 2026 (see Exhibit 4.16).        
           
  8-K 03/14/18 4.2  
           
4.19 Form of 2.875% Senior Notes due 2024 (see Exhibit 4.18).        
           
  8-K 04/03/18 4.2  
           
4.21 Form of 5.00% Senior Notes due April 2019 (see Exhibit 4.20).        
           
4.22 Form of 5.00% Senior Notes due October 2019 (see Exhibit 4.20).        
           
4.23 Form of 5.00% Senior Notes due April 2020 (see Exhibit 4.20).        
           
4.24 Form of 5.00% Senior Notes due October 2020 (see Exhibit 4.20).        
           
4.25 Form of 5.00% Senior Notes due April 2021 (see Exhibit 4.20).        
           
  10-K 12/31/14 4.13  
           
  S-4 (File No. 333-93749) 12/29/1999 10.5  
           
  10-K 12/31/16 10.2  
           
  10-K 12/31/16 10.3  
           
  10-K 12/31/16 10.4  
           
  10-Q 6/30/14 10.5  
           
  10-K 12/31/08 10.32  
           
  10-K 12/31/08 10.33  
           
  10-K 12/31/08 10.35  
           

Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit NumberExhibit DescriptionFormFiling Date/
Period End Date
ExhibitFiled
Herewith
4.33Form of 1.000% Senior Note due 2033 (included in Exhibit 4.32)8-K3/11/20214.5
8-K5/17/20214.2
4.35Form of 1.450% Senior Note due 2026 (included in Exhibit 4.34) Form of 1.450% Senior Note due 2026 (included in Exhibit 4.34)8-K5/17/20214.3
8-K5/17/20214.4
4.37Form of 2.000% Senior Note due 2028 (included in Exhibit 4.36)8-K5/17/20214.5
8-K5/17/20214.6
4.39Form of 2.500% Senior Note due 2031 (included in Exhibit 4.38)8-K5/17/20214.7
8-K5/17/20214.8
4.41Form of 3.400% Senior Note due 2052 (included in Exhibit 4.40)8-K5/17/20214.9
10-K12/31/20144.13
X
S-4 (File No. 333-93749)12/29/199910.5
X
DEF14A4/27/2020Appendix A
10-Q6/30/201410.5
10-Q3/31/201910.29
10-Q3/31/201910.3
10-Q3/31/201910.31
10-Q3/31/202010.19
10-Q3/31/202010.2
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Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit NumberExhibit DescriptionFormFiling Date/
Period End Date
ExhibitFiled
Herewith
10-Q3/31/202010.21
10-Q3/31/202110.11
10-Q3/31/202110.12
10-Q3/31/202110.13
10-Q3/31/202110.14
10-Q9/30/201410.67
10-Q6/30/201610.55
10-K12/31/201710.40
10-Q8/8/201810.35
10-Q8/8/201810.36
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Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit NumberExhibit DescriptionFormFiling Date/
Period End Date
ExhibitFiled
Herewith
10-Q6/30/201910.34
10-Q6/30/202010.25
X
10-K2/22/201910.37
10-Q9/30/201910.25
10-Q9/30/201910.26
10-Q9/30/201910.27
10-Q9/30/201910.28
10-Q9/30/201910.29
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Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit NumberExhibit DescriptionFormFiling Date/
Period End Date
ExhibitFiled
Herewith
10-Q9/30/201910.31
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit NumberExhibit DescriptionForm
Filing Date/
Period End Date
Exhibit
Filed
Herewith
S-1/A
 (File No. 333-137607) filed by Switch & Data Facilities Company
2/5/0710.9
10-Q9/30/10201910.4210.32
10-K12/31/1010.33
10-K12/31/1010.34
10-Q6/9/30/13201910.5110.33
10-Q9/30/13201910.5410.34
10-Q9/30/13201910.5510.36
10-Q9/30/201910.37
10-Q9/30/201910.38
10-Q3/31/149/30/201910.4910.39
10-Q3/31/149/30/201910.5010.40
10-Q3/31/149/30/202110.5110.37
10-Q3/31/1610.57X
10-Q3/31/1610.58X
10-Q3/31/1610.59X
10-Q3/31/1710.35X
10-Q3/31/1710.36X
10-Q3/31/1710.37X
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    Incorporated by Reference  
Exhibit Number Exhibit Description Form 
Filing Date/
Period End Date
 Exhibit 
Filed
Herewith
  10-Q 3/31/17 10.39  
           
  10-Q 3/31/18 10.31  
           
  10-Q 3/31/18 10.32  
           
  10-Q 3/31/18 10.33  
           
  10-Q 3/31/18 10.34  
           
  10-Q 9/30/14 10.67  
           
  10-Q 6/30/16 10.55  
           
  10-Q 6/30/16 10.56  
           
  10-Q 9/30/16 10.42  
           
  10-K 12/31/2017 10.40  
           
  10-Q 8/8/2018 10.35  
           

    Incorporated by Reference  
Exhibit Number Exhibit Description Form 
Filing Date/
Period End Date
 Exhibit 
Filed
Herewith
  10-Q 8/8/2018 10.36  
        X
           
        X
           
        X
           
        X
           
        X
           
        X
           
        X
           
101.INS XBRL Instance Document.       X
           
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.       X
           
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Document.       X
           
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Document.       X
           
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Document.       X
           
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Document.       X
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit NumberExhibit DescriptionFormFiling Date/
Period End Date
ExhibitFiled
Herewith
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.X
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.X
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.X
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.X
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.X
104Cover Page Interactive Data File - the cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.X
** Management contracts or compensation plans or arrangements in which directors or executive officers are eligible to participate.
(b)Exhibits.
(b)Exhibits.
See (a) (3) above.
(c)Financial Statement Schedule.
(c)Financial Statement Schedule.
See (a) (2) above.
ITEM 16.FORM 10-K SUMMARY
ITEM 16.    Form 10-K Summary
Not applicable.

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SIGNATURES

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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
EQUINIX, INC.
(Registrant)
February 18, 2022By
EQUINIX, INC.
(Registrant)
February 22, 2019By/s/ CHARLES MEYERS
Charles Meyers
Chief Executive Officer and President
POWER OF ATTORNEYPower of Attorney
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Charles Meyers or Keith D. Taylor, or either of them, each with the power of substitution, their attorney-in-fact, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K (including post-effective amendments), and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or their substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

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SignatureTitle
Date


/s/ CHARLES MEYERSChief Executive Officer and President (Principal Executive Officer)February 22, 201918, 2022
Charles Meyers
/s/ KEITH D. TAYLORChief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)February 22, 201918, 2022
Keith D. Taylor
/s/ SIMON MILLER
Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)


February 22, 201918, 2022
Simon Miller
/s/ PETER F. VAN CAMPExecutive ChairmanFebruary 22, 201918, 2022
Peter F. Van Camp
/s/ THOMAS A. BARTLETTDirectorFebruary 22, 2019
Thomas A. Bartlett
/s/ NANCI CALDWELLDirectorFebruary 22, 201918, 2022
Nanci Caldwell
/s/ ADAIRE FOX-MARTINDirectorFebruary 18, 2022
Adaire Fox-Martin
Director
Ron Guerrier
/s/ GARY F. HROMADKODirectorFebruary 22, 201918, 2022
Gary F. Hromadko
/s/ SCOTT G. KRIENSDirectorFebruary 22, 2019
Scott G. Kriens
/s/ WILLIAM K. LUBYDirectorFebruary 22, 2019
William K. Luby
/s/ IRVING F. LYONS, IIIDirectorFebruary 22, 201918, 2022
Irving F. Lyons, III
/s/ CHRISTOPHER B. PAISLEYDirectorFebruary 22, 201918, 2022
Christopher B. Paisley
/s/ SANDRA RIVERADirectorFebruary 18, 2022
Sandra Rivera

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS
Index to Exhibits
Exhibit
Number
Description of Document
Exhibit
Number21.1
Description of Document
101.INSXBRL Instance Document.Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Document.
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Document.
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Document.
101. PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Document.
104Cover Page Interactive Data File - the cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
** Management contracts or compensation plans or arrangements in which directors or executive officers are eligible to participate.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm


To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Equinix, Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Equinix, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 20182021 and 2017,2020, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income (loss), stockholder’sof stockholders' equity and other comprehensive income (loss), and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018,2021, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index appearing under itemItem 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018,2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).


In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20182021 and 2017,2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20182021 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018,2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for revenue from contracts with customersleases as of January 1, 2018.2019.


Basis for Opinions


The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Report on Internal Control overOver Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company's consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.


We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.


Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.


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Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting


A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable

assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.


Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.


Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Income taxes - Real estate investment trust asset tests

As described in Notes 1 and 14 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recorded income tax expense of $109.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company has been operating as a real estate investment trust for federal income tax purposes ("REIT") effective January 1, 2015. As a result, the Company may deduct the dividends made to its stockholders from taxable income generated by the Company and that of its qualified REIT subsidiaries ("QRSs"). The Company’s qualification and taxation as a REIT depend on its satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. The Company’s ability to satisfy quarterly asset tests depends upon its analysis and the fair market values of its REIT and non-REIT assets. For purposes of the quarterly REIT asset tests, management estimates the fair market value of assets within its QRSs and taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”) using a discounted cash flow approach, by calculating the present value of forecasted future cash flows. Management applies discount rates based on industry benchmarks relative to the market and forecasting risks. Other significant assumptions used by management to estimate the fair market value of assets in QRSs and TRSs include projected revenue growth, projected operating margins, and projected capital expenditures. Management revisits significant assumptions periodically to reflect any changes due to business or economic environment.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to income taxes - REIT asset tests is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when determining the fair market value of REIT and non-REIT assets, which in turn led to a high degree of subjectivity in performing procedures relating to the REIT asset tests, (ii) the significant audit effort and judgment in evaluating audit evidence related to the significant assumptions used in the REIT asset test, related to the discount rates, projected revenue growth, projected operating margins, and projected capital expenditures, and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the REIT asset tests, including controls over management's determination of the fair market value of REIT and non-REIT assets. These procedures also included, among others, testing management’s process for estimating the fair market value of the REIT and non-REIT assets; evaluating the appropriateness of the
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discounted cash flow approach; testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the approach; and evaluating the significant assumptions used by management related to the discount rates, projected revenue growth, projected operating margins, and projected capital expenditures. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to projected revenue growth, projected operating margins, and projected capital expenditures involved considering the current and past performance of the Company, economic and industry trends, as well as whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of the Company’s discounted cash flow approach and the assumptions related to discount rates.

/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
San Jose, California
February 22, 201918, 2022
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2000.

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EQUINIX, INC.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
December 31,
20212020
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$1,536,358 $1,604,869 
Short-term investments— 4,532 
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $11,635 and $10,677681,809 676,738 
Other current assets462,739 323,016 
Assets held for sale276,195 — 
Total current assets2,957,101 2,609,155 
Property, plant and equipment, net15,445,775 14,503,084 
Operating lease right-of-use assets1,282,418 1,475,057 
Goodwill5,372,071 5,472,553 
Intangible assets, net1,935,267 2,170,945 
Other assets926,066 776,047 
Total assets$27,918,698 $27,006,841 
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses$879,144 $844,862 
Accrued property, plant and equipment187,334 301,155 
Current portion of operating lease liabilities144,029 154,207 
Current portion of finance lease liabilities147,841 137,683 
Current portion of mortgage and loans payable33,087 82,289 
Current portion of senior notes— 150,186 
Other current liabilities214,519 354,368 
Total current liabilities1,605,954 2,024,750 
Operating lease liabilities, less current portion1,107,180 1,308,627 
Finance lease liabilities, less current portion1,989,668 1,784,816 
Mortgage and loans payable, less current portion586,577 1,287,254 
Senior notes, less current portion10,984,144 9,018,277 
Other liabilities763,411 948,999 
Total liabilities17,036,934 16,372,723 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)00
Equinix stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share: 100,000,000 shares authorized in 2021 and 2020; zero shares issued and outstanding— — 
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share: 300,000,000 shares authorized in 2021 and 2020; 90,872,826 issued and 90,571,406 outstanding in 2021 and 89,462,304 issued and 89,134,252 outstanding in 202091 89 
Additional paid-in capital15,984,597 15,028,357 
Treasury stock, at cost; 301,420 shares in 2021 and 328,052 shares in 2020(112,208)(122,118)
Accumulated dividends(6,165,140)(5,119,274)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(1,085,751)(913,368)
Retained earnings2,260,493 1,760,302 
Total Equinix stockholders' equity10,882,082 10,633,988 
Non-controlling interests(318)130 
Total stockholders' equity10,881,764 10,634,118 
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity$27,918,698 $27,006,841 

December 31,

2018
2017
Assets
Current assets:


Cash and cash equivalents$606,166

$1,412,517
Short-term investments4,540

28,271
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $15,950 and $18,228630,119

576,313
Other current assets274,857

232,027
Total current assets1,515,682

2,249,128
Long-term investments

9,243
Property, plant and equipment, net11,026,020

9,394,602
Goodwill4,836,388

4,411,762
Intangible assets, net2,333,296

2,384,972
Other assets533,252

241,750
Total assets$20,244,638

$18,691,457
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:


Accounts payable and accrued expenses$756,692

$719,257
Accrued property, plant and equipment179,412

220,367
Current portion of capital lease and other financing obligations77,844

78,705
Current portion of mortgage and loans payable73,129

64,491
Current portion of senior notes300,999
 
Other current liabilities126,995

159,914
Total current liabilities1,515,071

1,242,734
Capital lease and other financing obligations, less current portion1,441,077

1,620,256
Mortgage and loans payable, less current portion1,310,663

1,393,118
Senior notes, less current portion8,128,785

6,923,849
Other liabilities629,763

661,710
Total liabilities13,025,359

11,841,667
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)


Stockholders' equity:


Preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share: 100,000,000 shares authorized in 2018 and 2017; zero shares issued and outstanding


Common stock, $0.001 par value per share: 300,000,000 shares authorized in 2018 and 2017; 81,119,117 issued and 80,722,258 outstanding in 2018 and 79,440,404 issued and 79,038,062 outstanding in 201781

79
Additional paid-in capital10,751,313

10,121,323
Treasury stock, at cost; 396,859 shares in 2018 and 402,342 shares in 2017(145,161)
(146,320)
Accumulated dividends(3,331,200)
(2,592,792)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(945,702)
(785,189)
Retained earnings889,948

252,689
Total stockholders' equity7,219,279

6,849,790
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity$20,244,638

$18,691,457


See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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EQUINIX, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except per share data)
Years Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2018 2017 2016202120202019
Revenues$5,071,654
 $4,368,428
 $3,611,989
Revenues$6,635,537 $5,998,545 $5,562,140 
Costs and operating expenses:     Costs and operating expenses:
Cost of revenues2,605,475
 2,193,149
 1,820,870
Cost of revenues3,472,422 3,074,340 2,810,184 
Sales and marketing633,702
 581,724
 438,742
Sales and marketing741,232 718,356 651,046 
General and administrative826,694
 745,906
 694,561
General and administrative1,301,797 1,090,981 935,018 
Acquisition costs34,413
 38,635
 64,195
Transaction costsTransaction costs22,769 55,935 24,781 
Impairment charges
 
 7,698
Impairment charges— 7,306 15,790 
Gain on asset sales(6,013) 
 (32,816)Gain on asset sales(10,845)(1,301)(44,310)
Total costs and operating expenses4,094,271
 3,559,414
 2,993,250
Total costs and operating expenses5,527,375 4,945,617 4,392,509 
Income from operations977,383
 809,014
 618,739
Income from operations1,108,162 1,052,928 1,169,631 
Interest income14,482
 13,075
 3,476
Interest income2,644 8,654 27,697 
Interest expense(521,494) (478,698) (392,156)Interest expense(336,082)(406,466)(479,684)
Other income (expense)14,044
 9,213
 (57,924)Other income (expense)(50,647)6,913 27,778 
Loss on debt extinguishment(51,377) (65,772) (12,276)Loss on debt extinguishment(115,125)(145,804)(52,825)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes433,038
 286,832
 159,859
Income before income taxesIncome before income taxes608,952 516,225 692,597 
Income tax expense(67,679) (53,850) (45,451)Income tax expense(109,224)(146,151)(185,352)
Net income from continuing operations365,359
 232,982
 114,408
Net income from discontinued operations, net of tax
 
 12,392
Net income$365,359
 $232,982
 $126,800
Net income499,728 370,074 507,245 
Net (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interestsNet (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests463 (297)205 
Net income attributable to EquinixNet income attributable to Equinix$500,191 $369,777 $507,450 
     
Earnings per share ("EPS"):     
Basic EPS from continuing operations$4.58
 $3.03
 $1.63
Basic EPS from discontinued operations
 
 0.18
Earnings per share ("EPS") attributable to Equinix:Earnings per share ("EPS") attributable to Equinix:
Basic EPS$4.58
 $3.03
 $1.81
Basic EPS$5.57 $4.22 $6.03 
Weighted-average shares79,779
 76,854
 70,117
Dilutive EPS from continuing operations$4.56
 $3.00
 $1.62
Dilutive EPS from discontinued operations
 
 0.17
Weighted-average shares for basic EPSWeighted-average shares for basic EPS89,772 87,700 84,140 
Diluted EPS$4.56
 $3.00
 $1.79
Diluted EPS$5.53 $4.18 $5.99 
Weighted-average shares80,197
 77,535
 70,816
Cash dividends declared per common share$9.12
 $8.00
 $7.00
Weighted-average shares for diluted EPSWeighted-average shares for diluted EPS90,409 88,410 84,679 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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EQUINIX, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(in thousands)
 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
Net income$365,359
 $232,982
 $126,800
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:     
Foreign currency translation adjustment ("CTA") gain (loss), net of tax effects of $4,419, $0 and $0(421,743) 454,269
 (507,420)
Net investment hedge CTA gain (loss), net of tax effects of $1,358, $0 and $0219,628
 (235,292) 45,505
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities, net of tax effects of $0, $(10) and $(784)
 14
 2,249
Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges, net of tax effects of $(14,557), $18,542 and $(6,760)43,671
 (54,895) 19,551
Net actuarial gain (loss) on defined benefit plans, net of tax effects of $(15), $39 and $(8)55
 (143) 32
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(158,389) 163,953
 (440,083)
Comprehensive income (loss), net of tax$206,970
 $396,935
 $(313,283)
Years Ended December 31,
202120202019
Net income$499,728 $370,074 $507,245 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustment ("CTA") gain (loss), net of tax effects of $0, $0 and $(51)(559,969)548,560 (58,334)
Net investment hedge CTA gain (loss), net of tax effects of $0, $0 and $10326,982 (444,553)73,294 
Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges, net of tax effects of $(16,980), $14,521 and $2,93860,562 (82,790)(3,842)
Net actuarial gain (loss) on defined benefit plans, net of tax effects of $(14), $(23) and $(9)57 85 (48)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(172,368)21,302 11,070 
Comprehensive income, net of tax327,360 391,376 518,315 
Net (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests463 (297)205 
Other comprehensive (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests(15)(57)19 
Comprehensive income attributable to Equinix$327,808 $391,022 $518,539 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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EQUINIX, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity and Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
For the Three Years Ended December 31, 2021
(in thousands, except share data)





AOCI (Loss)Retained
Earnings
Equinix
Stockholders'
Equity
Non-controlling InterestsTotal Stockholders' Equity
Common stockTreasury stockAdditional
Paid-in Capital
Accumulated
Dividends
SharesAmountSharesAmount
Balance as of December 31, 201881,119,117 $81 (396,859)$(145,161)$10,751,313 $(3,331,200)$(945,702)$889,948 $7,219,279 $— $7,219,279 
Adjustment from adoption of new accounting standard— — — — — — — (5,973)(5,973)— (5,973)
Net income (loss)— — — — — — �� 507,450 507,450 (205)507,245 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — — — 11,089 — 11,089 (19)11,070 
Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for employee equity awards692,706 4,292 905 51,111 — — — 52,017 — 52,017 
Issuance of common stock for equity offering2,985,575 — — 1,213,431 — — — 1,213,434 — 1,213,434 
Issuance of common stock under ATM Program903,555 — — 447,541 — — — 447,542 — 447,542 
Dividend distribution on common stock, $9.84 per share— — — — — (825,893)— — (825,893)— (825,893)
Settlement of accrued dividends on vested equity awards— — — — 308 (688)— — (380)— (380)
Accrued dividends on unvested equity awards— — — — — (10,688)— — (10,688)— (10,688)
Stock-based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures— — — — 232,729 — — — 232,729 — 232,729 
Balance as of December 31, 201985,700,953 86 (392,567)(144,256)12,696,433 (4,168,469)(934,613)1,391,425 8,840,606 (224)8,840,382 
Adjustment from adoption of new accounting standard— — — — — — — (900)(900)— (900)
Net income— — — — — — — 369,777 369,777 297 370,074 
Other comprehensive income— — — — — — 21,245 — 21,245 57 21,302 
Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for employee equity awards758,339 — 64,515 22,138 39,979 — — — 62,117 — 62,117 
Issuance of common stock for equity offering2,587,500 — — 1,683,103 — — — 1,683,106 — 1,683,106 
Issuance of common stock under ATM Program415,512 — — — 298,269 — — — 298,269 — 298,269 
Dividend distribution on common stock, $10.64 per share— — — — — (936,269)— — (936,269)— (936,269)
Settlement of accrued dividends on vested equity awards— — — — 189 (770)— — (581)— (581)
Accrued dividends on unvested equity awards— — — — — (13,766)— — (13,766)— (13,766)
Stock-based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures— — — — 310,384 — — — 310,384 — 310,384 

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EQUINIX INC.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity and Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) - Continued
For the Three Years Ended December 31, 2021
(in thousands, except share data)
EQUINIX, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
For the Three Years Ended December 31, 2018
(in thousands, except share data)
             
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 
Retained
Earnings
(Accumulated
Deficit)
 
Total
Stockholders'
Equity
 Common stock Treasury stock 
Additional
Paid-in Capital
 
Accumulated
Dividends
   
 Shares Amount Shares Amount     
Balance as of December 31, 201562,134,894
 $62
 (34,735) $(7,373) $4,838,444
 $(1,468,472) $(509,059) $(108,216) $2,745,386
Net income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 126,800
 126,800
Other comprehensive loss
 
 
 
 
 
 (440,083) 
 (440,083)
Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for employee equity awards847,374
 1
 7,099
 1,502
 33,172
 
 
 
 34,675
Issuance of common stock for TelecityGroup acquisition6,853,500
 7
 
 
 2,077,905
 
 
 
 2,077,912
Issuance of common stock, net and release of treasury stock for the exchanges and conversions of 4.75% convertible debt1,981,662
 2
 (380,779) (141,688) 291,711
 
 
 
 150,025
Dividend distributions
 
 
 
 
 (492,403) 
 
 (492,403)
Settlement of accrued dividends on vested equity awards
 
 
 
 8,270
 (1,000) 
 
 7,270
Accrued dividends on unvested equity awards
 
 
 
 
 (7,770) 
 
 (7,770)
Tax benefit from employee stock plans
 
 
 
 2,773
 
 
 
 2,773
Stock-based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures
 
 
 
 161,244
 
 
 
 161,244
Balance as of December 31, 201671,817,430
 72
 (408,415) (147,559) 7,413,519
 (1,969,645) (949,142) 18,584
 4,365,829
Adjustment from adoption of new accounting standard
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,123
 1,123
Net income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 232,982
 232,982
Other comprehensive income
 
 
 
 
 
 163,953
 
 163,953
Issuance of common stock in public offering of common stock, net6,069,444
 6
 
 
 2,126,333
 
 
 
 2,126,339
Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for employee equity awards790,329
 1
 6,073
 1,239
 40,449
 
 
 
 41,689
Issuance of common stock under 2017 ATM Program, net763,201
 
 
 
 355,082
 
 
 
 355,082
Dividend distributions
 
 
 
 
 (612,085) 
 
 (612,085)
Settlement of accrued dividends on vested equity awards
 
 
 
 4,280
 (890) 
 
 3,390
Accrued dividends on unvested equity awards
 
 
 
 
 (10,172) 
 
 (10,172)
Stock-based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures
 
 
 
 181,660
 
 
 
 181,660
Balance as of December 31, 201779,440,404
 79
 (402,342) (146,320) 10,121,323
 (2,592,792) (785,189) 252,689
 6,849,790
Adjustment from adoption of new accounting standard
 
 
 
 
 
 (2,124) 271,900
 269,776
Net income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 365,359
 365,359
Other comprehensive loss
 
 
 
 
 
 (158,389) 
 (158,389)
Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for employee equity awards747,779
 1
 5,483
 1,159
 48,976
 
 
 
 50,136
Issuance of common stock under 2017 ATM Program, net930,934
 1
 
 
 388,171
 
 
 
 388,172




EQUINIX, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) - continued
For the Three Years Ended December 31, 2018
(in thousands, except share data)
             
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 
Retained
Earnings
(Accumulated
Deficit)
 
Total
Stockholders'
Equity
 Common stock Treasury stock 
Additional
Paid-in Capital
 
Accumulated
Dividends
   
 Shares Amount Shares Amount     
Dividend distributions
 
 
 
 
 (727,448) 
 
 (727,448)
Settlement of accrued dividends on vested equity awards
 
 
 
 2,319
 (876) 
 
 1,443
Accrued dividends on unvested equity awards
 
 
 
 
 (10,084) 
 
 (10,084)
Stock-based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures
 
 
 
 189,799
 
 
 
 189,799
Noncontrolling interests
 
 
 
 725
 
 
 
 725
Balance as of December 31, 201881,119,117
 $81
 (396,859) $(145,161) $10,751,313
 $(3,331,200) $(945,702) $889,948
 $7,219,279
AOCI (Loss)Retained
Earnings
Equinix
Stockholders'
Equity
Non-controlling InterestsTotal Stockholders' Equity
Common stockTreasury stockAdditional
Paid-in Capital
Accumulated
Dividends
SharesAmountSharesAmount
Balance as of December 31, 202089,462,304 89 (328,052)(122,118)15,028,357 (5,119,274)(913,368)1,760,302 10,633,988 130 10,634,118 
Net income (loss)— — — — — — — 500,191 500,191 (463)499,728 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — — — (172,383)— (172,383)15 (172,368)
Issuance of common stock and release of treasury stock for employee equity awards772,905 26,632 9,910 67,718 — — — 77,629 — 77,629 
Issuance of common stock under ATM Program637,617 — — 497,869 — — — 497,870 — 497,870 
Dividend distribution on common stock, $11.48 per share— — — — — (1,030,005)— — (1,030,005)— (1,030,005)
Settlement of accrued dividends on vested equity awards— — — — — (839)— — (839)— (839)
Accrued dividends on unvested equity awards— — — — — (15,022)— — (15,022)— (15,022)
Stock-based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures— — — — 390,653 — — — 390,653 — 390,653 
Balance as of December 31, 202190,872,826 $91 (301,420)$(112,208)$15,984,597 $(6,165,140)$(1,085,751)$2,260,493 $10,882,082 $(318)$10,881,764 

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents
EQUINIX, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
Years Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2018 2017 2016202120202019
Cash flows from operating activities:     Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income$365,359
 $232,982
 $126,800
Net income$499,728 $370,074 $507,245 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:     Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation1,024,073
 865,472
 714,345
Depreciation1,450,806 1,224,322 1,088,559 
Stock-based compensation180,716
 175,500
 155,567
Stock-based compensation363,774 294,952 236,539 
Amortization of intangible assets203,416
 177,008
 122,862
Amortization of intangible assets205,484 199,047 196,278 
Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts and premiums13,618
 24,449
 19,137
Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts and premiums17,135 15,739 13,042 
Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts7,236
 5,627
 8,260
Provision for credit loss allowanceProvision for credit loss allowance10,016 5,069 8,459 
Impairment charges
 
 7,698
Impairment charges— 7,306 15,790 
Gain on asset sales(6,013) 
 (32,816)Gain on asset sales(10,845)(1,301)(44,310)
Gain on sale of discontinued operations
 
 (2,351)
Loss on debt extinguishment51,377
 65,772
 12,276
Loss on debt extinguishment115,125 145,804 52,825 
Other items19,660
 (11,243) 20,609
Other items28,717 16,643 11,620 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:     Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable(52,931) (161,774) (100,230)Accounts receivable(1,873)25,412 (26,909)
Income taxes, net(10,670) (34,936) 29,020
Income taxes, net(16,602)(22,641)32,495 
Other assets(47,635) 20,180
 (72,831)Other assets(114,268)(129,817)(100,144)
Operating lease right-of-use assetsOperating lease right-of-use assets140,590 153,650 149,031 
Operating lease liabilitiesOperating lease liabilities(177,533)(142,863)(152,091)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses35,495
 74,488
 61,565
Accounts payable and accrued expenses64,596 25,801 (27,928)
Other liabilities31,725
 5,708
 (50,558)Other liabilities(27,644)122,629 32,227 
Net cash provided by operating activities1,815,426
 1,439,233
 1,019,353
Net cash provided by operating activities2,547,206 2,309,826 1,992,728 
Cash flows from investing activities:     Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of investments(65,180) (57,926) (42,325)Purchases of investments(107,533)(127,763)(60,909)
Sales and maturities of investments85,777
 46,421
 53,164
Sales of investmentsSales of investments4,057 29,352 40,386 
Business acquisitions, net of cash and restricted cash acquired(829,687) (3,963,280) (1,766,606)Business acquisitions, net of cash and restricted cash acquired(158,498)(1,180,272)(34,143)
Purchases of real estate(182,418) (95,083) (28,118)
Real estate acquisitionsReal estate acquisitions(201,837)(200,182)(169,153)
Purchases of other property, plant and equipment(2,096,174) (1,378,725) (1,113,365)Purchases of other property, plant and equipment(2,751,512)(2,282,504)(2,079,521)
Proceeds from sale of assets, net of cash transferred12,154
 47,767
 851,582
Proceeds from sale of assets, net of cash transferred208,585 334,397 358,773 
Net cash used in investing activities(3,075,528) (5,400,826) (2,045,668)Net cash used in investing activities(3,006,738)(3,426,972)(1,944,567)
Cash flows from financing activities:     Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from employee equity awards50,136
 41,696
 34,179
Proceeds from employee equity awards77,628 62,118 52,018 
Payment of dividends and special distribution(738,600) (621,497) (499,463)
Payment of dividendsPayment of dividends(1,042,909)(947,933)(836,164)
Proceeds from public offering of common stock, net of issuance costs388,172
 2,481,421
 
Proceeds from public offering of common stock, net of issuance costs497,870 1,981,375 1,660,976 
Proceeds from senior notes929,850
 3,628,701
 
Proceeds from loans payable424,650
 2,056,876
 1,168,304
Proceeds from senior notes, net of debt discountsProceeds from senior notes, net of debt discounts3,878,662 4,431,627 2,797,906 
Proceeds from mortgage and loans payableProceeds from mortgage and loans payable— 750,790 — 
Repayment of senior notes
 (500,000) 
Repayment of senior notes(1,990,650)(4,363,761)(2,206,289)
Repayment of capital lease and other financing obligations(103,774) (93,470) (114,385)
Repayment of mortgage and loans payable(447,473) (2,277,798) (1,462,888)
Repayments of finance lease liabilitiesRepayments of finance lease liabilities(165,539)(115,288)(126,486)
Repayments of mortgage and loans payableRepayments of mortgage and loans payable(717,010)(829,466)(73,227)
Debt extinguishment costs(20,556) (26,122) (11,380)Debt extinguishment costs(99,185)(111,700)(43,311)
Debt issuance costs(12,218) (81,047) (11,381)Debt issuance costs(25,102)(42,236)(23,341)
Other financing activities725
 (900) (51)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities470,912
 4,607,860
 (897,065)
Net cash provided by financing activitiesNet cash provided by financing activities413,765 815,526 1,202,082 
Effect of foreign currency exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(33,907) 31,187
 (21,800)Effect of foreign currency exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(30,474)40,702 8,766 
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(823,097) 677,454
 (1,945,180)Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(76,241)(260,918)1,259,009 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period1,450,701
 773,247
 2,718,427
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period1,625,695 1,886,613 627,604 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$627,604
 $1,450,701
 $773,247
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$1,549,454 $1,625,695 $1,886,613 
Supplemental cash flow information     Supplemental cash flow information
Cash paid for taxes$93,375
 $72,641
 $39,320
Cash paid for taxes$134,411 $143,934 $136,583 
Cash paid for interest$496,795
 $444,793
 $350,083
Cash paid for interest$426,439 $498,408 $553,815 
     
     
Cash and cash equivalents$606,166
 $1,412,517
 $748,476
Cash and cash equivalents$1,536,358 $1,604,869 $1,869,577 
Current portion of restricted cash included in other current assets10,887
 26,919
 15,065
Current portion of restricted cash included in other current assets12,188 11,135 7,090 
Non-current portion of restricted cash included in other assets10,551
 11,265
 9,706
Non-current portion of restricted cash included in other assets908 9,691 9,946 
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statement of cash flows$627,604
 $1,450,701
 $773,247
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statement of cash flows$1,549,454 $1,625,695 $1,886,613 
     
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents
EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1.    Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of Business
Equinix, Inc. ("Equinix"Equinix," the "Company," "we," "our," or the "Company""us") was incorporated in Delaware on June 22, 1998. Equinix provides colocation space and related offerings. Global enterprises, content providers, financial companies and network service providers rely upon Equinix's insight and expertise to safehouse and connect their most valued information assets. The Company operatesWe operate International Business ExchangeTM ("IBX®") data centers, or IBX data centers, across the Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa ("EMEA") and Asia-Pacific geographic regions where customers directly interconnect with a network ecosystem of partners and customers. More than 1,8002,000 network service providers offer access to the world's internet routes inside the Company'sour IBX data centers. This access to internet routes provides Equinix customers improved reliability and streamlined connectivity while significantly reducing costs by reaching a critical mass of networks within a centralized physical location. As of December 31, 2021, we operated 240 IBX data centers in 66 markets around the world.
The Company hasWe have been operating as a real estate investment trust for federal income tax purposes ("REIT") effective January 1, 2015. See "Income Taxes" in Note 14 below for additional information.
On April 18, 2018, the Company acquired all of the equity interests in Metronode from the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan Board (the "Metronode Acquisition") and on April 2, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of Infomart Dallas, including its operations and tenants, from ASB Real Estate Investments (the "Infomart Dallas Acquisition"). On October 9, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of Itconic, a data center business in Spain and Portugal and on October 6, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of Zenium's data center business in Istanbul. On May 1, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of certain colocation business from Verizon Communications Inc. ("Verizon") consisting of 29 data center buildings located in the United States, Brazil and Colombia (the "Verizon Data Center Acquisition"). On February 3, 2017, the Company acquired IO UK's data center operating business in Slough, United Kingdom ("IO Acquisition"). On August 1, 2016, the Company completed the purchase of Digital Realty's operating business in Paris (the "Paris IBX Data Center Acquisition"), which housed Equinix' Paris 2 and Paris 3 data centers. On January 15, 2016, the Company completed its acquisition of Telecity Group plc ("TelecityGroup") which provided data center solutions in Europe. As a result of these acquisitions, the Company operates 200 IBX data centers in 52 markets across five continents.
Basis of Presentation, Consolidation and Foreign Currency
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Equinix and its subsidiaries, including the acquisitions of Metronodeof:
Switch Datacenters' AMS1 data center business in Amsterdam, Netherlands from April 18, 2018, Infomart Dallas2019;
NaN data centers in Mexico acquired from AprilAxtel S.A.B. de C.V ("Axtel") from January 8, 2020;
Packet Host, Inc. (“Packet”), including its operations and technology, from March 2, 2018, Itconic2020;
12 data center sites across Canada from BCE Inc. ("Bell") from October 9, 2017, the Zenium1, 2020 and 1 additional data center site from October 6, 2017, the VerizonNovember 2, 2020; and
NaN data center businesssites in Mumbai, India from MayGPX India ("GPX India Acquisition") from September 1, 2017,2021.

We consolidate all entities that are wholly owned and those entities in which we own less than 100% of the IO UK data center operating business from February 3, 2017,equity but control, including variable interest entities ("VIEs") for which we are the Paris IBX Data Center from August 1, 2016,primary beneficiary. Our investment in consolidated VIEs have not been material to our consolidated financial statements as of and TelecityGroup from January 15, 2016.for the periods presented. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Foreign exchange gains or losses resulting from foreign currency transactions, including intercompany foreign currency transactions, that are anticipated to be repaid within the foreseeable future, are reported within other income (expense) on the Company'sour accompanying consolidated statements of operations. For additional information on the impact of foreign currencies to the Company'sour consolidated financial statements, see "Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss" in Note 12.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S."GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates itswe evaluate our estimates, including, but not limited to, those related to the allowance for doubtful accounts,credit losses, fair values of financial and derivative instruments, intangible assets and goodwill, assets acquired and liabilities assumed from acquisitions, useful lives of intangible assets and property, plant and equipment, assets acquired and liabilities assumed from acquisitions,leases, asset retirement obligations, other accruals, and income taxes. The Company bases itsWe base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable.
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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term and Long-Term Investments
The Company considersWe consider all highly liquid instruments with an original maturity from the date of purchase of three months90 days or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist of money market mutual funds and certificates of deposit with original

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Table of Contents
EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)



maturities up to 90 days. Short-term investments generally consist of certificates of deposit with original maturities of between 90 days and one1 year. Long-term investments consist of certificates of deposit with original maturities of one year or more and publicly traded equity securities. Publicly traded equity securities are measured at fair value with changes in the fair values recognized within other income (expense) in the Company'sour consolidated statements of operations. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-01, the Company's investments in publicly traded equity securities are classified as "available-for-sale" investments and measured at fair values with unrealized gains and losses reported in stockholders' equity as a component of other comprehensive income or loss. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018, the Company recorded a net cumulative effect increase of $2.1 million to retained earnings. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. The Company reviews itsWe review our investment portfolio quarterly to determine if any securities may be other-than-temporarily impaired due to increased credit risk, changes in industry or sector of a certain instrument or ratings downgrades.
Equity Method Investments
We enter into joint venture or partnership arrangements to invest in certain entities for business development objectives. At the inception of these arrangements and if a reconsideration event has occurred, we assess our interests with such entities to determine whether any of the entities meet the definition of a VIE. A VIE is an entity that either (i) has insufficient equity to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, or (ii) has equity investors who lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. We are required to consolidate the assets and liabilities of VIEs when we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary. The Company's investmentsprimary beneficiary of a VIE is the entity that meets both of the following criteria: (i) has the power to make decisions that most significantly affect the economic performance of the VIE; and (ii) has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that in non-marketable equity securitieseither case could potentially be significant to the VIE. For VIEs where we are generally accountednot the primary beneficiary, and other joint ventures or partnerships that are not VIEs, where we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the entity, we account for our investment under the equity method. For equitymethod of accounting.
Equity method investments are initially measured at cost, or at fair value when the Company adjusts the carrying amount of an investment represents a retained equity interest in a deconsolidated business or derecognized distinct non-financial assets. Equity investments are subsequently adjusted for itscash contributions, distributions and our share of the earningsincome and losses of the investees and recognizes its share of income or loss in other income and expense in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company records non-marketableinvestees. We record our equity investmentmethod investments in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company reviews theseOur proportionate shares of the income or loss from our equity method investments periodicallyare recorded in other income in the consolidated statement of operations.
We review our investments quarterly to determine if any investments may be impaired considering both qualitative and quantitative factors that may have a significant impact on the investee'sinvestees' fair value. We did not record any impairment charges related to our equity method investments for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. For further information on our Equity Method Investments, see Note 6.
Non-marketable Equity Investments
We also have investments in non-marketable equity securities, where we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence over the investees. We elected the measurement alternative under which the securities are measured at cost minus impairment, if any, and adjusted for changes resulting from qualifying observable price changes. We record non-marketable equity investment in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. We review our non-marketable equity investments quarterly to determine if any investments may be impaired considering both qualitative and quantitative factors that may have a significant impact on the investees' fair value. We did not record any impairment charges related to our non-marketable equity investments for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.
Financial Instruments and Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments which potentially subject the Companyus to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments long-term investments and accounts receivable. Risks associated with cash and cash equivalents short-term investments and long-termshort-term investments are mitigated by the Company'sour investment policy, which limits the Company'sour investing to only those marketable securities rated at least A-1/P-1 Short Term Rating andor A-/A3 Long Term Rating, as determined by independent credit rating agencies.
A significant portion of the Company'sour customer base is comprised of businesses throughout the Americas. However, a portion of the Company'sour revenues are derived from the Company'sour EMEA and Asia-Pacific operations. The following table sets forth percentages of the Company'sour revenues by geographic region for the years ended December 31:
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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


2018 2017 2016202120202019
Americas49% 50% 47%Americas46 %45 %47 %
EMEA31% 31% 32%EMEA32 %33 %32 %
Asia-Pacific20% 19% 21%Asia-Pacific22 %22 %21 %
No single customer accounted for greater than 10% of accounts receivable or revenues as of or for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.For further information on segment information, see Note 17.
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at the Company'sour original cost or at fair value for property, plant and equipment acquired through acquisitions, net of depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Buildings under finance leases, Leasehold improvements and integral equipment at leased locations are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset or improvement. Leasehold improvements acquired through acquisition
We capitalize certain internal and external costs associated with the development and purchase of internal-use software in property, plant and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets. This includes costs incurred in cloud computing arrangements ("CCA"), where it is both feasible and contractually permissible without significant penalty for us to take possession of the software. All other CCAs are considered service contracts, and the licensing and implementation costs incurred associated with such contracts are capitalized in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Capitalized internal-use software costs and capitalized implementation costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the useful life of the assets or terms that include required lease periods and renewals that are deemed to be reasonably assured at the date of acquisition. Leasehold improvements that are placed into service significantly after and not contemplated at or near the beginning of the lease term are amortized over the shorter of the useful life of the assets or a term that includes required lease periods and renewals that are deemed to be reasonably assured at the date the leasehold improvements are purchased.

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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)



The Company's estimated useful lives of itsthe software or arrangements.
Our estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment are generally as follows:
Core systems3-253-40 years
Buildings12-5812-60 years
Leasehold improvements12-4012-40 years
Personal Property, including capitalized internal-use software3-103-10 years
The Company'sOur construction in progress includes direct and indirect expenditures for the construction and expansion of IBX data centers and is stated at original cost. The Company hasWe contracted out substantially all of the construction and expansion efforts of itsour IBX data centers to independent contractors under construction contracts. Construction in progress includes costs incurred under construction contracts including project management services, engineering and schematic design services, design development, construction services and other construction-related fees and services. In addition, the Company haswe capitalized interest costs during the construction phase. Once an IBX data center or expansion project becomes operational, these capitalized costs are allocated to certain property, plant and equipment categories and are depreciated over the estimated useful life of the underlying assets.
The Company reviews itsWe review our property, plant and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or an asset group may not be recoverable, such as a significant decrease in market price of an asset, a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which an asset or an asset group is being used or in its physical condition, a significant adverse change in legal factors or business climate that could affect the value of an asset or an asset group or a continuous deterioration of the Company'sour financial condition. Recoverability of assets or asset groups to be held and used is assessed by comparing the carrying amount of an asset or an asset group to estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset.asset or the asset group. If the carrying amount of the asset or the asset group exceeds its estimated discountedundiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized byin the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset or the asset group exceeds the fair value of the asset. The CompanyWe did not record any impairment charges related to itsour property, plant and equipment during the years ended December 31, 20182021, 2020 and 2017. However, the Company recorded an impairment charge2019.
F-12


Table of $7.7 million relating to assets held for sale for the year ended December 31, 2016 as described below.Contents
The Company entersEQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


We enter into non-cancellable lease arrangements as the lessee primarily for itsour data center spaces, office spaces and equipment. Assets acquired through capitalfinance leases and other financing obligations are included in property, plant and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets. In addition, a portion of the Company'sour property, plant and equipment are used for revenue arrangements which are accounted for as operating leases where the Company iswe are the lessor.
Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations
Assets and liabilities to be disposed of that meet all of the criteria to be classified as held for sale as set forth in the accounting standard for impairment or disposal of long-lived assets are reported at the lower of their carrying amounts or fair values less costs to sell. We recorded an impairment charge of $7.3 million relating to assets held for sale for the year ended December 31, 2020. Assets are not depreciated or amortized while they are classified as held for sale. A component of a reporting entity or a group of components of a reporting entity that are disposed or meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale should be reported in discontinued operations if the disposal represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity's operations and financial results. The accounting guidance requires a business activity that, on acquisition, meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale be reported as a discontinued operation. For further information on the Company'sour assets held for sale, and discontinued operations, see Notes 5 and 6.Note 5.
Asset Retirement Costs and Asset Retirement Obligations
Our asset retirement obligations are primarily related to our IBX data centers, of which the majority are leased under long-term arrangements and are required to be returned to the landlords in their original condition. The majority of our IBX data center leases have been subject to significant development by us in order to convert them from, in most cases, vacant buildings or warehouses into IBX data centers. The fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation is recognized in the period in which it is incurred. The associated retirement costs are capitalized and included as part of the carrying value of the long-lived asset and amortized over the useful life of the asset. Subsequent to the initial measurement, the Company accreteswe accrete the liability in relation to the asset retirement obligations over time and the accretion expense is recorded as a cost of revenue. The Company's asset retirement obligations are primarily related to its IBX data centers, of which the majority are leased under long-term arrangements, and, in certain cases, are required to be returned to the landlords in their original condition. The majority of the Company's IBX data centerFor further information on our leases, have been subject to significant development by the Company in order to convert them from, in most cases, vacant buildings or warehouses into IBX data centers. The majority of the Company's IBX data centers' initial lease terms expire at various dates ranging from 2019 to 2065 and most of them enable the Company to extend the lease terms.

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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)



see Note 7.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
The Company has threeWe have 3 reportable segments comprised of the 1) Americas, 2) EMEA and 3) Asia-Pacific geographic regions, which the Companywe also determined are itsour reporting units. Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually. As of December 31, 2018, the Company hadannually or more often if and when circumstances indicate that goodwill attributable to its Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific reporting units.is not recoverable.
The Company has the option toWe assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. Qualitative factors considered in the assessment include industry and market conditions, overall financial performance, and other relevant events and factors affecting the reporting unit. If, after assessing the qualitative factors, the Company determineswe determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then performing thea quantitative impairment test is unnecessary. However, if the Company concludeswe conclude otherwise, then it iswe are required to perform thea quantitative goodwill impairment test. The quantitative impairment test, which is used to identify both the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss, compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is not considered not impaired. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, any excess of the reporting unit goodwill carrying value over the respective implied fair value is recognized as an impairment loss.
The Company assesses qualitative and quantitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of its Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific reporting units is less than its carrying value. Qualitative factors considered in the assessment include industry and market conditions, overall financial performance, and other relevant events and factors affecting the reporting unit. Additionally, as part of this analysis, the Company may perform a quantitative analysis to support the qualitative factors by evaluating sensitivities to assumptions and inputs used in measuring a reporting unit's fair value. In order to determine the fair value of each reporting unit, the Company utilizes the discounted cash flow and market methods. The assumptions supporting the discounted cash flow method was determined using the Company's best estimates as of the date of the impairment review. 
As of December 31, 2018, 20172021, 2020 and 2016, the Company2019, we concluded that it was more likely than not that goodwill attributed to the Company'sour Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific reporting units was not impaired as the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded the carrying value of its respective reporting unit, including goodwill.
Impairment assessments inherently involve judgment as to assumptions about expected future cash flows and the impactSubstantially all of market conditions on those assumptions. Future events and changing market conditions may impact the Company's assumptions as to prices, costs, growth rates or other factors that may result in changes in the Company's estimates of future cash flows. Although the Company believes the assumptions it used in its evaluation of impairment are reasonable, significant changes in any one of the Company's assumptions could produce a significantly different result. Indicators of potential impairment that might lead the Company to perform interim goodwill impairment assessments include significant and unforeseen customer losses, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, a significant adverse action or assessment by a regulator, a significant stock price decline or unanticipated competition.
All of the Company'sour intangible assets are subject to amortization and are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated period of benefit. The Company performsWe perform a review of other intangible assets for impairment by assessing events or changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is assessed by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated discountedundiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. The CompanyWe did not record any impairment charges related to itsour other intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2018, 20172021, 2020 and 2016.
2019. For further information on goodwill and other intangible assets, see Note 3 and Note 7 below.
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Debt Issuance Costs
LoanCosts and fees and costsincurred upon debt issuances are capitalized and are amortized over the life of the related loansdebt based on the effective interest method. Such amortization is included as a component of interest expense. Debt issuance costs related to outstanding debt are presented as a reduction of the carrying amount of the debt obligation and debt issuance costs related to the revolving credit facility are presented as other assets.

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For further information on debt facilities, see Note 11 below.
Derivatives and Hedging Activities
The Company recognizesWe use derivative instruments, including foreign currency forwards and options and cross-currency interest rate swaps, to manage certain foreign currency exposures. Derivative instruments are viewed as risk management tools by us and are not used for speculative purposes. We recognize all derivatives on the Company'sour consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in the value of a derivative depends on whether or not the contract qualifies and has been designated and qualifies for hedge accounting. In order to qualify for hedge accounting, a derivative must be considered highly effective at reducing the risk associated with the exposure being hedged. In order for a derivative to be designated as a hedge,hedged and there must be documentation of the risk management objective and strategy, including identification of the hedging instrument, the hedged item and the risk exposure, and howthe effectiveness isassessment methodology. For cash flow hedges, we use regression analysis at the time they are designated to be assessed prospectively and retrospectively. Toassess their effectiveness. Hedge designations are reviewed on a quarterly basis to assess whether circumstances have changed that would disrupt the hedge instrument's relationship to the forecasted transactions or net investment.
We use the forward method to assess effectiveness of derivativesqualifying foreign currency forwards that qualify for hedge accounting, the Company uses a regression analysis. The extent to which a hedging instrument has been and is expected to continue to be effective at achieving offsetting changes in cash flows is assessed and documented at least quarterly. For qualifyingare designated as cash flow hedges, the effective portion ofwhereby, the change in the fair value of the derivative is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and recognizedreclassified to the same line item in the consolidated statementsstatement of operations that is used to present the earnings effect of the hedged item when the hedged item affects earnings. We use the spot method to assess effectiveness of qualifying foreign currency exchange options that are designated as cash flows affect earningsflow hedges, whereby, the change in fair value due to foreign currency exchange spot rates is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified to the same line item in the sameconsolidated statement of operations that is used to present the earnings effect of the hedged item when the hedged item affects earnings, and the change in fair value of the excluded component is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and amortized on a straight-line basis to the same line item asin the consolidated statement of operations that is used to present the earnings effect of the hedged item. The ineffective portion ofWhen two or more derivative instruments in combination are jointly designated as a cash flow hedges is immediately recognized in earnings. If it is determined thathedging instrument, as with foreign currency exchange option collars, they are treated as a derivative is not highly effective at hedging the designated exposure, hedge accounting is discontinued.single instrument. If the hedge relationship is terminated for any derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, then the change in fair value of the derivative recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) is recognized in earnings when the cash flows that werepreviously hedged occur,item affects earnings, consistent with the original hedge strategy. For hedge relationships that are discontinued because the forecasted transaction is not expected to occur according to the original strategy, then any related derivative amounts recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) are immediately recognized in earnings.
From time to time, we use derivative instruments, including treasury locks and swap locks (collectively, "interest rate locks") to manage certain interest rate exposures. An interest rate lock is a synthetic forward sale of a benchmark interest rate, which is settled in cash based upon the difference between an agreed upon rate at inception and the prevailing benchmark rate at settlement. It effectively fixes the benchmark rate component of an upcoming debt issuance. The interest rate lock transactions are designated as cash flow hedges, with all changes in value reported in other comprehensive income (loss). Subsequent to settlement, amounts in other comprehensive income are amortized to interest expense over the term of the forecasted hedged transaction which is equivalent to the term interest rate locks.
We use the spot method to assess effectiveness of cross-currency interest rate swaps that are designated as net investment hedges, whereby, the change in fair value due to foreign currency exchange spot rates is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and the change in fair value of the excluded component is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and amortized to interest expense on a straight-line basis.
From time to time, we also use foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge against the effect of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on a portion of its net investment in the foreign subsidiaries. We use the spot method to assess effectiveness of qualifying foreign currency forwards that are designated as net investment hedges, whereby, the change in fair value due to foreign currency exchange spot rates is recorded in other comprehensive
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income (loss) and the change in fair value of the excluded component is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and amortized to interest expense on a straight-line basis.
Foreign currency gains or losses associated with derivatives that doare not qualifydesignated as hedging instruments for hedge accounting purposes are recorded within other income (expense) in the Company'sour consolidated statements of operations, with the exception of (i) foreign currency embedded derivatives contained in certain of the Company'sour customer contracts (see "Revenue Recognition" below),and (ii) foreign exchange forward contracts that are entered into to hedge the accounting impact of the foreign currency embedded derivatives, which are recorded within revenues in the Company'sour consolidated statements of operations. The Company does not use derivatives for speculative or trading purposes.
For further information on derivatives and hedging activities, see Note 8 below.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying value of the Company'sour cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, long-term investments and derivative instruments represent their fair value, while the Company'sour accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses and accrued property, plant and equipment approximate their fair value due primarily to the short-term maturity of the related instruments. The fair value of the Company'sour debt, which is traded in the public debt market, is based on quoted market prices. The fair value of the Company'sour debt, which is not publicly traded, is estimated by considering the Company'sour credit rating, current rates available to the Companyus for debt of the same remaining maturities and terms of the debt.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company measuresWe measure and reportsreport certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis, including itsour investments in money market funds, certificates of deposit, publicly traded equity securities and derivatives.
The CompanyWe also followsfollow the accounting standard for the measurement of fair value for non-financial assets and liabilities on a nonrecurring basis. These include:
Non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities initially measured at fair value in a business combination or other new basis event, but not measured at fair value in subsequent reporting periods;
Reporting units and non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities measured at fair value for goodwill impairment tests;
Indefinite-lived intangible assets measured at fair value for impairment assessments;
Non-financial long-lived assets or asset groups measured at fair value for impairment assessments or disposal; and
Asset retirement obligations initially measured at fair value but not subsequently measured at fair value.value; and
Assets and liabilities classified as held for sale are measured at fair value less costs to sell and reported at the lower of the carrying amounts or the fair values less costs to sell.
For further information on fair value measurements, see Note 5 and Note 9 below.

Leases
On January 1, 2019, we adopted Topic 842 using the alternative transition method and recognized an insignificant cumulative effect of initially applying the standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings.
We enter into lease arrangements primarily for land, data center spaces, office spaces and equipment. At its inception, we determine whether an arrangement is or contains a lease. We recognize a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and lease liability on the consolidated balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than 12 months, including renewals options that we are reasonably certain to exercise.
ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term. Lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and liabilities are classified and recognized at the commencement date. When there is a lease modification, including a change in lease term, we reassess its classification and remeasure the ROU asset and lease liability.
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ROU lease liabilities are measured based on the present value of fixed lease payments over the lease term. ROU assets consist of (i) initial measurement of the lease liability; (ii) lease payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received; and (iii) initial direct costs incurred by us. Lease payments may vary because of changes in facts or circumstances occurring after the commencement, including changes in inflation indices. Variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate (such as the Consumer Price Index or a market interest rate) are included in the measurement of ROU assets and lease liabilities using the index or rate at the commencement date. Subsequent changes to lease payments based on changes to the index and rate are accounted for as variable lease payments and recognized in the period they are incurred. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are excluded from the measurement of ROU assets and lease liabilities and are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. Since most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our own incremental borrowing rate ("IBR") on a collateralized basis in determining the present value of lease payments. We utilize a market-based approach to estimate the IBR. The approach requires significant judgment. Therefore, we utilize different data sets to estimate IBRs via an analysis of (i) sovereign rates; (ii) yields on our outstanding public debt; and (iii) indicative pricing on both secured and unsecured debt received from banking partners. We also apply adjustments to account for considerations related to (i) tenor; and (ii) country credit rating that may not be fully incorporated by the aforementioned data sets.
The majority of our lease arrangements include options to extend the lease. If we are reasonably certain to exercise such options, the periods covered by the options are included in the lease term. The depreciable lives of certain fixed assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term. We have certain leases with an initial term of 12 months or less. For such leases, we elected not to recognize any ROU asset or lease liability on the consolidated balance sheet. We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components. We elected to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for all classes of underlying assets for which we have identified as lease arrangements. For further information on leases, see Note 10 below.
Revenue
Revenue Recognition
Equinix derives more than 90% of its revenues from recurring revenue streams, consisting primarily of (1) colocation, which includes the licensing of cabinet space and power; (2) interconnection offerings, such as cross connects and Equinix Exchange ports; (3) managed infrastructure solutions and (4) other revenues consisting of rental income from tenants or subtenants. The remainder of the Company'sour revenues are from non-recurring revenue streams, such as installation revenues, professional services, contract settlements and equipment sales. Revenues by service lines and geographic areas are included in segment information. For further information (seeon segment information, see Note 17). The majority of the Company's revenue contracts are classified as licenses and accounted for in accordance with Topic 606, with the exception of certain contracts that contain lease components and are accounted for in accordance with Topic 840, Leases.17 below.
Under the revenue accounting guidance, revenues are recognized when control of these products and services is transferred to its customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to be entitled to in exchange for the products and services. Revenues from recurring revenue streams are generally billed monthly and recognized ratably over the term of the contract, generally one1 to three3 years for IBX data center colocation customers. Non-recurring installation fees, although generally paid upfront upon installation, are deferred and recognized ratably over the contract term. Professional service fees and equipment sales are recognized in the period when the services were provided. For the contracts with customers that contain multiple performance obligations, the Company accountswe account for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct or as a series of distinct obligations if the individual performance obligations meet the series criteria. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis. The standalone selling price is determined based on overall pricing objectives, taking into consideration market conditions, geographic locations and other factors. Other judgments include determining if any variable consideration should be included in the total contract value of the arrangement such as price increases.
Revenue is generally recognized on a gross basis in accordance with the accounting standard related to reporting revenue on a gross basis as a principal versus on a net basis as an agent, as the Company iswe are primarily responsible for fulfilling the contract, bearsbear inventory risk and hashave discretion in establishing the price when selling to the customer. To the extent the Company doeswe do not meet the criteria for recognizing revenue on a gross basis, the Company recordswe record the revenue on a net basis. Revenue from contract settlements, when a customer wishes to terminate their
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contract early, is treated as a contract modification and recognized ratably over the remaining term of the contract, if any.
The Company guaranteesWe guarantee certain service levels, such as uptime, as outlined in individual customer contracts. If these service levels are not achieved due to any failure of the physical infrastructure or offerings, or in the event of certain instances of damage to customer infrastructure within the Company'sour IBX data centers, the Companywe would reduce revenue for any credits or cash payments given to the customer. Historically, these credits and cash payments have not been significant.
Occasionally, the Company entersWe enter into revenue contracts with customers for data centercenters and office spaces, which contain both lease and non-lease components. We elected to adopt the practical expedient which allows lessors to combine lease and non-lease components, by underlying class of asset, and account for them as one component if they have the same timing and pattern of transfer. The Company's leasescombined component is accounted for in accordance with customersthe current lease accounting guidance ("Topic 842") if the lease component is predominant, and in accordance with Topic 606 if the non-lease component is predominant. Lessors are permitted to adopt this practical expedient on a retrospective or prospective basis. We elected to apply the practical expedient prospectively based on classes of underlying assets. In general, customer contracts for data centers are accounted for under Topic 606 and customer contracts for the use of office space are accounted for under Topic 842, which are generally classified as operating leases and lease payments are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.  Lease revenues related to data center spaces are included within the "Colocation" revenues, while lease revenues related to office space are included within the "Other" revenues.
As a result of certainCertain customer agreements being pricedare denominated in currencies different fromother than the functional currencies of the parties involved, underinvolved. Under applicable accounting rules, the Company iswe are deemed to have foreign currency forward contracts embedded in these contracts. The CompanyWe assessed these embedded contracts and concluded them to be foreign currency embedded derivatives (see Note 8). These instruments are separated from their host contracts and held on the Company'sour consolidated balance sheet at their fair value. The majority of these foreign currency embedded derivatives arise in certain of the Company'sour subsidiaries where the local currency is the subsidiary's functional currency and the customer contract is denominated in the U.S. dollar. Changes in their fair values are recognized within revenues in the Company'sour consolidated statements of operations.

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Contract Balances
The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections result in accounts receivables, contract assets and deferred revenues. A receivable is recorded at the invoice amount, net of an allowance for doubtful accountcredit losses and is recognized in the period when the Company haswe have transferred products or provided services to itsour customers and when its right to consideration is unconditional. Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although terms generally include a requirement of payment within 30 to 45 days. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, the Company haswe have determined that the Company'sour contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. The Company assessesWe assess collectability based on a number of factors, including past transaction history with the customer and the credit-worthiness of the customer. The CompanyWe generally doesdo not request collateral from itsour customers although in certain cases the Company obtainswe obtain a security interest in a customer's equipment placed in itsour IBX data centers or obtainsobtain a deposit. The CompanyWe also maintainsmaintain an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses on a lifetime loss basis resulting from the inability of itsour customers to make required payments for which the Companywe had expected to collect the revenues. Ifrevenues in accordance with the new credit loss guidance accounting guidance ("Topic 326"). The financial condition of the Company'sour customers were to deteriorate or if they became insolvent, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, greater allowances for doubtful accountscredit losses may be required. Management specifically analyzes accounts receivable and current economic news, conditions and trends, historical bad debts,loss rates, customer concentrations, customer credit-worthiness, and changes in customer payment terms and any applicable long term forecast when evaluating revenue recognition and the adequacy of the Company'sour reserves. Any amounts that were previously recognized as revenue and subsequently determined to be uncollectable are charged to bad debt expense included in sales and marketing expense in the consolidated statements of operations. A specific bad debt reserve of up to the full amount of a particular invoice value is provided for certain problematic customer balances. An additional reserve is established for all other accounts based on the age of the invoices and an analysis of historical credits issued. Delinquent account balances are written off after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable.
A contract asset exists when the Company haswe have transferred products or provided services to itsour customers but customer payment is contingentconditioned on reasons other than the passage of time, such as upon the satisfaction of additional performance obligations. Certain contracts include terms related to price arrangements such as price increases and free months. The Company recognizesWe recognize revenues ratably over the contract term, which could potentially give rise to contract
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assets during certain periods of the contract term. Contract assets are recorded in other current assets and other assets in the consolidated balance sheet.
Deferred revenue (a contract liability) is recognized when the Company haswe have an unconditional right to a payment before it transfers products or services to customers. Deferred revenue is included in other current liabilities and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet.
Contract Costs
Direct and indirect incremental costs solely related to obtaining revenue contracts are capitalized as costs of obtaining a contract, when they are incremental and if they are expected to be recovered. Such costs consist primarily of commission fees and sales bonuses, as well as indirect related payroll costs. ContractIn 2021, contract costs are amortized over the estimated period of benefit5.5 years on a straight-line basis. The CompanyWe elected to apply the practical expedient which allows the Companyus to expense contract costs when incurred, if the amortization period is one year or less.
For further information on revenue recognition, see Note 2 below.
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized forbased on the future tax consequences attributable to differences that exists between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases.bases, as well as tax attributes such as operating loss, capital loss and tax credits carryforwards on a taxing jurisdiction basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts that are expected more likely than not to be realized in the future. A tax benefit from an uncertain income tax position may be recognized in the financial statements only if it is more likely than not that the position is sustainable, based solely on its technical merits and consideration of the relevant taxing authority's widely understood administrative practices and precedents. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized. Any subsequent changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs.
The CompanyWe elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes beginning with itsour 2015 taxable year. As a result, the Companywe may deduct the distributionsdividends made to itsour stockholders from taxable income generated by the Companyus and itsthat of our qualified REIT subsidiaries ("QRSs"). The Company'sOur dividends paid deduction generally eliminates the U.S. federal taxable income of the Company

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our REIT and its QRSs, resulting in no U.S. federal income tax due. However, the Company'sour domestic taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRSs") will continueare subject to be subject tothe U.S. corporate income taxes on any taxable income generated by them. In addition, theour foreign operations of the Company will continue to beare subject to local income taxes regardless of whether the foreign operations are operated as QRSs or TRSs.
The Company'sOur qualification and taxation as a REIT dependsdepend on itsour satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. The Company'sOur ability to satisfy quarterly asset tests depends upon itsour analysis and the fair market values of itsour REIT and non-REIT assets. For purposes of the quarterly REIT asset tests, the Company estimateswe estimate the fair market value of assets within itsour QRSs and TRSs using a discounted cash flow approach, by calculating the present value of forecasted future cash flows. The Company appliesWe apply discount rates based on industry benchmarks relative to the market and forecasting risks. Other keysignificant assumptions used to estimate the fair market value of assets in QRSs and TRSs include projected revenue growth, projected operating margins, and forecastedprojected capital expenditures. The Company revisits keyWe revisit significant assumptions periodically to reflect any changes due to business or economic environment.
For further information on income taxes, see Note 14 below.
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date for all stock-based awards made to employees and directors based on the fair value of the award and is recognized asaward. We generally recognize stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting period. However,
The Company grants
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for awards with market conditions or performance conditions, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each vesting tranche of the award. We elected to estimate forfeitures based on historical forfeiture rates. 
We grant restricted stock units ("RSUs") or restricted stock awards ("RSAs") to itsour employees and these equity awards generally have only a service condition. The Company grants restricted stock unitsWe grant RSUs to itsour executives and these awards generally have a service and performance condition or a service and market condition. To date, any performancePerformance conditions contained in an equity award are generally tied to theour financial performance of the Company or a specific region of the Company. The Company assessesour company. We assess the probability of meeting these performance conditions on a quarterly basis. The majority of the Company's equity awardsour RSUs vest over four years, although certain of the equity awards for executives vest over a range of two to four years. Our RSAs vest over three years. The valuation of restricted stock unitsRSUs and RSAs with only a service condition or a service and performance condition requires no significant assumptions as the fair value for these types of equity awards is based solely on the fair value of the Company'sour stock price on the date of grant. The Company usesWe use a Monte Carlo simulation option-pricing model to determine the fair value of restricted stock unitsRSUs with a service and market condition.
The Company usesWe use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of itsour employee stock purchase plan.plan ("ESPP"). The determination of the fair value of shares purchased under the employee stock purchase planESPP is affected by assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables including the Company'sour expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards and actual and projected employee stock purchase behaviors. The CompanyWe estimated the expected volatility by using the average historical volatility of its common stock that it believed was best representative of future volatility. The risk-free interest rate used was based on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term of the equity awards. The expected dividend rate used was based on average dividend yields and the expected term used was equal to the term of each purchase window.
The accounting standard for stock-based compensation does not allow the recognition of unrealized tax benefits associated with the tax deductions in excess of the compensation recorded (excess tax benefit) until the excess tax benefit is realized (i.e., reduces taxes payable). In periods prior to 2017, the Company recognized the benefit from stock-based compensation in equity when the excess tax benefit is realized by following the "with-and-without" approach. Upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) on January 1, 2017, the Company recordsWe record the excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation as income tax expense through the statement of operations instead of additional paid-in capital as required under the previous guidance.
operations. For further information on stock-based compensation, see Note 13 below.
Foreign Currency Translation
The financial position of foreign subsidiaries is translated using the exchange rates in effect at the end of the period, while income and expense items are translated at average exchange rates of exchange during the period. Gains or losses from translation of foreign operations where the local currency is the functional currency are included as other comprehensive income (loss). The net gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are recorded in net income in the period incurred and recorded within other income (expense). Certain inter-company balances are designated as loans of a long-term investment-type nature. Accordingly, exchange gains and losses associated with these long-term inter-company balances are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (loss), along with translation adjustments.

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Earnings Per Share
The Company computesWe compute basic and diluted EPS for net income. Basic EPS is computed using net income and the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed using net income adjusted for interest expense as a result of the assumed conversion of the Company's 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes, if dilutive, and the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding plus any dilutive potential common shares outstanding. Dilutive potential common shares include the assumed exercise, vesting and issuance activity of employee equity awards using the treasury stock method, as well as shares issuable upon the assumed conversion of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes. Seemethod. For further information on earnings per share, see Note 4 below.
Treasury Stock
The Company accountsWe account for treasury stock under the cost method. When treasury stock is re-issued at a higher price than its cost, the difference is recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital to the extent that there are gains to
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offset the losses. If there are no treasury stock gains in additional paid-in capital, the losses are recorded as a component of retained earnings.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a material impact on our financial statements. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded an insignificant amount of revenue reserve and allowance for credit losses related to our response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and incurred one-time cash bonuses and compensation expense of $8.6 million for our IBX data center employees, as well as other employees to support their work-from-home requirements. This was partially offset by lower travel expenses due to travel restrictions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we also evaluated our goodwill, long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment, lease right-of-use assets and intangible assets, noting no indicators of impairment resulting from the pandemic.
The full impact that the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic will have on our future consolidated financial statements remains uncertain and ultimately will depend on many factors, including the duration and potential cyclicity of the health crisis, further public policy actions to be taken in response, as well as the continued impact of the pandemic on the global economy and our customers and vendors. We will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of these potential impacts to our business and consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted
In August 2017,October 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2017-12 Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815)2021-08 Business Combinations ("Topic 805"): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. ThisContract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. The ASU was issuedrequires contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination to improvebe recognized and measured by the financial reporting of hedging relationships to better portray the economic results of an entity's risk management activities in its financial statements and to simplify the application of the hedge accounting guidance in current GAAP. This ASU permits hedge accounting for risk components involving nonfinancial risk and interest rate risk, requires an entity to present the earnings effect of the hedging instrument in the same income statement line item in which the hedged item is reported, no longer requires separate measurement and reporting of hedge ineffectiveness, eases the requirement for hedge effectiveness assessment, and requires a tabular disclosure related to the effectacquirer on the income statement ofacquisition date in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as if it had originated the contracts. Under the current business combinations guidance, such assets and liabilities were recognized by the acquirer at fair value and cash flow hedges. Thison the acquisition date. The ASU is effective for annual or anyfiscal years, and interim reporting periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 20182022, with early adoption permitted. On January 1, 2019,We are currently evaluating the Company adopted this standard and is finalizing its evaluationextent of the impact thatof this ASU, but do not expect the adoption of this standard willto have a significant impact on itsour consolidated financial statements.
In August 2020, FASB issued ASU 2020-06: Debt-Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging-Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40). The ASU simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments by reducing the number of accounting models for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred stock and modifies the disclosure requirement for the convertible instruments. Additionally, this ASU improves the consistency of EPS calculations by eliminating the use of the treasury stock method to calculate diluted EPS for convertible instruments and clarifies certain areas under the current EPS guidance. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted at the beginning of the fiscal year after December 15, 2020. We are currently evaluating the extent of the impact of this ASU, but do not expect the adoption of this standard to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Accounting Standards Recently Adopted
Financial Instruments - Credit Losses
In June 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326)("Topic 326"): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The ASU requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The ASU requires enhanced qualitative and quantitative disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization's portfolio. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. In addition, the ASU amends the accounting for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permittedpermitted. We adopted this new ASU on January 1, 2020 using the modified retrospective approach and recorded a net decrease to retained earnings of $0.9 million and a corresponding increase to allowance for all organizationscredit
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losses. The adoption did not have a significant impact on other financial assets within the scope of Topic 326, such as contract assets.
Income Taxes
In December 2019, FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes ("Topic 740"): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The ASU simplifies accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. The ASU also improves consistent application of and simplifies generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company will adopt2020, with early adoption permitted including adoption in any interim period for periods for which financial statements have not yet been issued. On January 1, 2021, we adopted this new ASU on January 1, 2019. The Company expects this ASU to impact its accounting for allowances for doubtful accountsa prospective basis and is currently evaluating the extent of the impact that the adoption of this standard willdid not have an impact on itsour consolidated financial statements.
Reference Rate Reform
In March 2020, FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform ("Topic 848"): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. In addition, FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform ("Topic 848"), which clarifies the scope of Topic 848. Collectively, the guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. ASU 2021-01 is effective upon issuance and ASU 2020-04 was effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020, and together remain effective through December 31, 2022. We adopted these ASUs upon their respective issuances and there was no impact on our consolidated financial statements including its accounting policies, processesas a result of adopting the guidance. We will evaluate our debt, derivative and systems.
In February 2016,lease contracts that may become eligible for modification relief and may apply the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) ("ASU 2016-02") and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance. Under the new guidance, lessees will be required to recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date: (1) a lease liability, which is a lessee's future obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and (2) a right-of-use ("ROU") asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee's right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. The accounting applied by a lessor is substantially unchanged under Topic 842. The standard allows entities to adopt with one of two methods: the modified retrospective transition method or the alternative transition method. The standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted Topic 842 using the alternative transition method.
The Company elected the package of practical expedients which allows the Company not to reassess (1) whether any expired or existing contracts contain leases under the new definition of a lease; (2) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and (3) whether previously capitalized initial direct costs would qualify for capitalization under ASC 842. The Company also

elections prospectively as needed.
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2.    Revenue
elected the land easements practical expedient which permits the Company not to assess at transition whether any expired or existing land easements are or contain leases if they were not previously accounted for as leases under Topic 840.
Upon the adoption of the new standard, the Company expects to derecognize build-to-suit assets and liabilities. Some build-to-suit leases are classified as operating leases, while some are classified as finance leases. The Company expects to recognize operating lease assets and liabilities of approximately $1.3 billion to $1.6 billion, which includes the derecognition of certain existing build-to-suit assets and liabilities subsequently assessed as operating leases. The Company is still finalizing its embedded lease assessment hence the above estimates exclude the potential impacts that might arise from the search for embedded, or previously unidentified, leases in existence as of adoption. In addition, the Company is still evaluating the impact of this standard on its financial statements as a lessor.
Accounting Standards Adopted
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASU 2014-09") and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance, collectively referred as "Topic 606." Topic 606 replaces most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP. The core principle of Topic 606 is that an entity should recognize revenue for the transfer of control of the goods or services equal to the amount that it expects to be entitled to receive for those goods or services. Topic 606 requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments.
On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective approach applied to those contracts, which were not completed as of January 1, 2018, and recognized a net increase to the opening retained earnings of $269.8 million, net of tax impacts. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under Topic 606, while the comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under accounting standards in effect for those periods.
In adopting the new guidance, the Company elected to apply the practical expedient, which allows the company not to retrospectively restate contracts with multiple modifications on a modification by modification basis. Instead, the Company reflected the aggregate amount of all modifications that occurred before the beginning of the earliest period presented using the new standard. In addition, where appropriate, the Company elected to apply the practical expedient to account for the new standard under the portfolio approach as the Company reasonably expects that the effects of applying the guidance under the portfolio approach will not differ materially from applying the guidance to individual contracts. The Company also elected to apply the practical expedient that allows the Company not to disclose the remaining performance obligations for variable consideration that is allocated to entirely unsatisfied performance obligations or to a wholly unsatisfied distinct good or service that forms part of a single obligation.
The most significant impacts to the Company from Topic 606 relate to installation revenue and costs to obtain contracts. Under the new standard, the Company recognizes installation revenue over the contract period rather than over the estimated installation life as under the prior revenue standard. The Company is also required to capitalize and amortize certain costs to obtain contracts, rather than expense them immediately as under the previous standard.

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The cumulative effect of the changes made to the Company's consolidated January 1, 2018 balance sheet from the adoption of Topic 606 was as follows (in thousands):
Balance Sheet Balance at December 31, 2017 Adjustments due to adoption of Topic 606 Balance at January 1, 2018
Assets      
Other current assets $232,027
 $9,002
 $241,029
Other assets (1)
 241,750
 179,578
 421,328
Liabilities      
Other current liabilities 159,914
 (16,215) 143,699
Other liabilities (2)
 661,710
 (63,051) 598,659
Equity      
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (3)
 (785,189) (1,930) (787,119)
Retained earnings $252,689
 $269,776
 $522,465
(1)
Includes cumulative adjustments related to cost to obtain contracts, non-current contract assets and deferred tax assets.
(2)
Includes cumulative adjustments related to non-current deferred revenue and deferred tax liabilities.
(3)
Includes cumulative adjustments related to CTA.
The following tables summarize the effects of adopting Topic 606 on the consolidated financial statement line items (in thousands, except per share data):
Balance Sheets December 31, 2018 Adjustments Balances without adoption of Topic 606
Accounts receivable, net $630,119
 $(2,386) $627,733
Other current assets 274,857
 (9,830) 265,027
Total current assets 1,515,682
 (12,216) 1,503,466
Other assets 533,252
 (192,306) 340,946
Total assets $20,244,638
 $(204,522) $20,040,116
Current liabilities:      
Accounts payable and accrued expenses $756,692
 $(3,203) $753,489
Other current liabilities 126,995
 17,916
 144,911
Total current liabilities 1,515,071
 14,713
 1,529,784
Other liabilities 629,763
 73,414
 703,177
Total liabilities 13,025,359
 88,127
 13,113,486
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (945,702) 7,846
 (937,856)
Retained earnings 889,948
 (300,495) 589,453
Total stockholders' equity 7,219,279
 (292,649) 6,926,630
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $20,244,638
 $(204,522) $20,040,116

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Statements of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2018 Adjustments Balance without adoption of Topic 606
Revenues $5,071,654
 $(15,415) $5,056,239
Sales and marketing 633,702
 20,226
 653,928
Total costs and operating expenses 4,094,271
 20,226
 4,114,497
Income from operations 977,383
 (35,641) 941,742
Income from continuing operations before income taxes 433,038
 (35,641) 397,397
Income tax expense (67,679) 4,922
 (62,757)
Net income from continuing operations 365,359
 (30,719) 334,640
Net income $365,359
 $(30,719) $334,640
Basic EPS $4.58
 $(0.39) $4.19
Diluted EPS $4.56
 $(0.39) $4.17

Statements of Cash Flow Year Ended December 31, 2018 Adjustments Balance without adoption of Topic 606
Cash flows from operating activities:      
Net income $365,359
 $(30,719) $334,640
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:      
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:      
Accounts receivable (52,931) 1,413
 (51,518)
Income taxes, net (10,670) (1,863) (12,533)
Other assets (47,635) 18,048
 (29,587)
Other liabilities 31,725
 13,121
 44,846
Net cash provided by operating activities $1,815,426
 $
 $1,815,426

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The Company also adopted the following standards during 2018, none of which had a material impact to the Company's consolidated financial statements or financial statement disclosures:
StandardsDescriptionEffective Date and Adoption Consideration
ASU 2017-09 Compensation–Stock Compensation (Topic 718)This ASU was issued primarily to provide clarity and reduce both diversity in practice and cost and complexity when applying the guidance in Topic 718 to a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. This ASU affects any entity that changes the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. This ASU provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718.January 1, 2018
ASU 2017-07 Compensation–Retirement Benefits (Topic 715)This ASU was issued primarily to improve the presentation of net periodic pension cost and net periodic post-retirement benefit cost. This ASU requires that an employer reports the service cost component in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. It also requires the other components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic post-retirement benefit cost to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside a subtotal of income from operations, if one is presented. Additionally, only the service cost component is eligible for capitalization, when applicable.January 1, 2018
ASU 2017-05 Other Income—Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Non-Financial Assets (Subtopic 610-20)This ASU is to clarify the scope of the non-financial asset guidance in Subtopic 610-20 and to add guidance for partial sales of non-financial assets. This ASU defines the term in substance non-financial asset and clarifies that non-financial assets within the scope of Subtopic 610-20 may include non-financial assets transferred within a legal entity to a counterparty. The ASU also provides guidance on the accounting for what often are referred to as partial sales of non-financial assets within the scope of Subtopic 610-20 and contributions of non-financial assets to a joint venture or other non-controlled investee.January 1, 2018
ASU 2017-04 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.This ASU is to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill. The ASU eliminates step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary.The Company elected to early adopt this ASU on a prospective basis, effective January 1, 2018.
ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a BusinessThis ASU provides new guidance to assist entities with evaluating when a set of transferred assets and activities is a business. The definition of a business affects many areas of accounting including acquisitions, disposals, goodwill and consolidation.The Company adopted this standard on a prospective basis, effective January 1, 2018. The adoption of this standard may impact the accounting of future transactions.
ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than InventoryThis ASU requires the recognition of the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs.January 1, 2018
ASU 2016-01 Financial Instruments- Overall (Subtopic 825-10)

This ASU requires all equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income other than those accounted for under equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investees. The ASU also requires that an entity present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments.The Company adopted this standard using the modified retrospective method, effective January 1, 2018 and recorded a net increase to retained earnings of $2.1 million.

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2.Revenue Recognition
Contract Balances
The following table summarizes the opening and closing balances of the Company'sour accounts receivable, net; contract asset,assets, current; contract asset,assets, non-current; deferred revenue, current; and deferred revenue, non-current (in thousands):
 Accounts receivable, net Contract asset, current Contract asset, non-current Deferred revenue, current Deferred revenue, non-current
Beginning balances as of January 1, 2018 (1)
$576,313
 $9,002
 $16,186
 $71,085
 $53,101
Closing balances as of December 31, 2018630,119
 9,778
 16,396
 73,142
 46,641
Increase/(decrease)$53,806
 $776
 $210
 $2,057
 $(6,460)
Accounts receivable, net (1)
Contract assets, currentContract assets, non-currentDeferred revenue, currentDeferred revenue, non-current
Beginning balances as of January 1, 2021$676,738 $13,534 $54,050 $101,258 $71,242 
Closing balances as of December 31, 2021681,809 65,392 55,486 109,736 87,495 
Increase$5,071 $51,858 $1,436 $8,478 $16,253 
Beginning balances as of January 1, 2020$689,134 $10,033 $31,521 $76,193 $46,555 
Closing balances as of December 31, 2020676,738 13,534 54,050 101,258 71,242 
Increase (Decrease)$(12,396)$3,501 $22,529 $25,065 $24,687 
(1)
(1) The net change in our allowance for credit losses was insignificant during the year ended December 31, 2021.
Includes cumulative adjustments made to these accounts on January 1, 2018 from the adoption of Topic 606.
The difference between the opening and closing balances of the Company'sour accounts receivable, net, contract assets and deferred revenues primarily results from revenue growth and the timing difference between the satisfaction of the Company'sour performance obligation and the customer's payment, as well as business combinations closed during the yearyears ended December 31, 2018.2021 and 2020. The amounts of revenue recognized during the yearyears ended December 31, 20182021, 2020 and 2019 from the opening deferred revenue balance was approximately $81.8 million.were $93.1 million, $87.0 million and $87.3 million, respectively. For the yearyears ended December 31, 2018,2021, 2020 and 2019, no impairment loss related to contract balances was recognized in the consolidated statement of operations.
Contract Costs
The ending balancebalances of net capitalized contract costs as of December 31, 2018 was $188.22021 and 2020 were $325.5 million and $268.0 million, respectively, which waswere included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheet. For the year ended December 31, 2018, $73.1$87.6 million, $85.4 million, and $72.9 million of contract costs were amortized during years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, which were included in sales and marketing expense in the consolidated statement of operations.
Remaining performance obligations
As of December 31, 2018,2021, approximately $5.8$9.1 billion of total revenues, andincluding deferred installation revenues, are expected to be recognized in future periods, the majorityperiods. Most of which will be recognized over the next 24 months. Whileour revenue contracts have an initial contract terms vary in length, substantially all contractsterm varying from one to three years, and thereafter, automatically renew in one-year increments. Included in the remaining performance obligations isare contracts that are either 1)under the initial term or under one-year renewal periods. We expect to recognize approximately 70% of our remaining performance obligations underas revenues over the initial contract terms or 2)next two years, with more revenues expected to be recognized in the first year due to the impact of contracts renewal. The remainder of the balance is generally expected to be recognized over the next three to five years. We estimate our remaining performance obligations relatedat a point in time. Actual amounts and timing of revenue recognition may differ from these estimates due to contractschanges in the renewal period once the initial terms have lapsed. actual deployments dates, contract modifications, renewals and/or terminations.
The remaining performance obligations do not include variable consideration related to unsatisfied performance obligations such as the usage of metered power, service fees from xScaleTM data centers, which are calculated based on future events or actual costs incurred in the future, or any contracts that could be terminated without any significant penalties such as the majority of interconnection revenues. The remaining performance obligations above exclude approximately $1.2 billion totalinclude revenues to be recognized in the future related to arrangements where the Company iswe are considered the lessor.
3.Acquisitions
2018 Acquisitions
On April 18, 2018, the Company acquired all of the equity interests in Metronode from the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan Board for a cash purchase price of A$1.034 billion, or approximately $804.6 million at the exchange rate in effect on April 18, 2018. Metronode operated 10 data centers in six metro areas in Australia. The acquisition supports the Company's ongoing global expansion to meet customer demand in the Asia-Pacific region.

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3.    Acquisitions
Pending Acquisition
Acquisition of MainOne Cable Company Ltd. (the "MainOne Acquisition")
On April 2, 2018,December 6, 2021, we entered into an agreement to purchase MainOne Cable Company Ltd. ("MainOne"), representing three operational data centers, with an additional facility under construction. We intend to acquire MainOne and its assets in an all-cash transaction at an enterprise value of approximately $320 million. The acquisition is expected to close in the Companysecond quarter of 2022, subject to customary conditions including regulatory approval. Upon the close of the acquisition, the operating results of the acquired business will be reported in the EMEA region. The MainOne Acquisition supports our ongoing expansion to meet customer demand in the West African market.
2021 Acquisition
Acquisition of GPX India (the "GPX India Acquisition")
On September 1, 2021, we completed the acquisition of Infomart Dallas, including its operations and tenants, from ASB Real Estate Investments,GPX India, representing 2 data centers in Mumbai, India, for a total purchase consideration of approximately $804.0 million.INR12.5 billion, or $170.5 million at the exchange rate in effect on that date. The GPX India Acquisition supports our ongoing expansion to meet customer demand in the market.
2020 Acquisitions
Acquisition of Bell Data Centers (the "Bell Acquisition")
On October 1, 2020, we completed the acquisition of 12 data center sites across Canada from Bell, with 1 additional data center in Ottawa Canada acquired on November 2, 2020, for a total combined purchase consideration was comprised of approximately $45.8C$934.3 million, or $704.0 million at the exchange rates in effect on those dates. The acquisition supports our ongoing expansion to meet customer demand in Canada.
Acquisition of Packet (the "Packet Acquisition")
On March 2, 2020, we acquired all outstanding shares and equity awards of Packet, a leading bare metal automation platform for a total purchase consideration of approximately $290.3 million in cash. In addition, we paid $16.1 million in cash subject to customary adjustments and $758.2 million aggregateaccelerate the vesting of unvested Packet equity awards for certain Packet employees, which was recorded as stock-based compensation expense during the three months ended March 31, 2020. In connection with the acquisition, we also issued restricted stock awards with an aggregated fair value of 5.000% senior unsecured notes (see Note 11). Prior$30.2 million and a three-year vesting period, which will be recognized as stock-based compensation costs over the vesting period. The acquisition, combined with Equinix MetalTM, is expected to accelerate our strategy to help enterprises deploy hybrid multicloud architectures on our data center platform.
Acquisition of data centers from Axtel (the "Axtel Acquisition")
On January 8, 2020, we completed the acquisition of 3 data centers in Mexico from Axtel for a total purchase consideration of approximately $189.0 million, including $175.0 million in cash and $14.0 million we paid to the seller for recoverable value-added taxes ("VAT") incurred prior to the acquisition, a portion of the building was leased to the Company and was being used as its Dallas 1, 2, 3 and 6 data centers, which were all accounted for as build-to-suit leases. Upon acquisition, the Company effectively terminated the leases and settled the related financing obligations and other liabilities related to the leases for approximately $170.3 million and $1.9 million, respectively, and recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $19.5 million.corresponding VAT receivable acquired upon acquisition. The acquisition supports our ongoing expansion to meet customer demand in our Americas region.
Purchase price allocation
Each of this highly interconnected facility and tenants adds to the Company's global platform and secures the ability to further expand in the Americas market in the future.
Boththese acquisitions constitute a business under the accounting standard for business combinations and, therefore, were accounted for as business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Under the acquisitionthis method, of accounting, the total purchase price is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed measured at fair value on the date of acquisition.
As of December 31, 2021, we had not completed the detailed valuation analysis to derive the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the GPX India Acquisition, including property, plant and equipment,
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intangible assets and the related tax impacts; therefore, the purchase price allocation is based on provisional estimates and subject to continuing management analysis.
A summary of the final allocation of total purchase consideration is presented as follows (in thousands):
 Metronode Infomart Dallas
Cash and cash equivalents$3,206
 $17,432
Accounts receivable8,318
 637
Other current assets9,894
 395
Property, plant and equipment297,092
 362,023
Intangible assets128,229
 65,847
Goodwill413,871
 197,378
Other assets (1)
44,373
 
Total assets acquired904,983
 643,712
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(17,104) (5,056)
Other current liabilities(2,038) (2,141)
Deferred tax liabilities(35,437) 
Other liabilities (1)
(45,851) (4,723)
Net assets acquired$804,553
 $631,792
GPX India (1)
Bell (2)
PacketAxtel
ProvisionalFinal
Cash and cash equivalents$9,406 $— $1,068 $— 
Accounts receivable4,399 — 5,098 — 
Other current assets8,883 696 299 14,048 
Property, plant and equipment88,108 538,717 27,945 76,407 
Operating lease right-of-use assets62 14,359 1,519 1,646 
Intangible assets15,472 75,857 58,500 22,750 
Goodwill77,162 172,387 230,620 78,902 
Deferred tax and other assets20 722 138 — 
Total assets acquired203,512 802,738 325,187 193,753 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(1,569)(895)(1,275)(238)
Other current liabilities(478)— (860)— 
Operating lease liabilities(62)(13,340)(1,519)(1,586)
Finance lease liabilities(20,565)(80,026)(27,945)— 
Deferred tax and other liabilities(10,373)(4,495)(3,290)(2,911)
Net assets acquired$170,465 $703,982 $290,298 $189,018 
(1)
In connection with the Metronode Acquisition, the Company recorded indemnification assets of $44.4 million, which represented the seller's obligation under the purchase agreement to reimburse pre-acquisition tax liabilities settled after the acquisition.
The following table presents certain information on(1)For the acquired intangible assets (in thousands):GPX India Acquisition, the purchase price allocation adjustments since the provisional amounts reported as of September 30, 2021 were not significant.
(2)For the Bell Acquisition, the purchase price allocation adjustments since the provisional amounts reported as of December 31, 2020 were not significant.
Intangible Assets Fair Value Estimated Useful Lives (Years) Weighted-average Estimated Useful Lives (Years)
Customer relationships (Metronode) $128,229
 20.0 20.0
Customer relationships (Infomart Dallas) 35,860
 20.0 20.0
In-place leases (Infomart Dallas) 19,960
 3.6 - 7.5 6.8
Trade names (Infomart Dallas) 9,552
 20.0 20.0
Favorable leases (Infomart Dallas) 475
 3.6 - 7.5 7.0
Property, plant and equipment - The fair value of customer relationships was estimated by applying an income approach, by calculating the present value of estimated future operating cash flows generated from existing customers less costs to realize the revenue. The Company applied discount rates of 7.3% for Metronode and 8.2% for Infomart Dallas, which reflected the nature of the assets as they relate to the risk and uncertainty of the estimated future operating cash flows. Other assumptions used to estimate the fair value of customer relationships included projected revenue growth, capital expenditures, probability of renewal, customer attrition rates and operating margins. The fair value of Infomart Dallas' trade name was estimated using the relief from royalty method under the income approach. The Company applied a relief from royalty rate of 1.5% and a discount rate of 8.2%. The fair value of in-place leases

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was estimated by projecting the avoided costs, such as the cost of originating the acquired in-place leases, during a typical lease up period. The fair value measurements were based on significant inputs that are not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements as defined in the accounting standard for fair value measurements.
The fair valuevalues of property, plant and equipment wasacquired from these 4 acquisitions were estimated by applying the cost approach, with the exception of land, which was estimated by applying the market approach, for the Metronode Acquisition. For the Infomart Dallas Acquisition, the fair values of land, building and personal property were estimated by applying the market approach, residual income method and cost approach, respectively. The cost approach uses the replacement or reproduction cost as an indicator of fair value. The premise of the cost approach is that a market participant would pay no more for an asset than the amount for which the asset could be replaced or reproduced.approach. The key assumptions of the cost approach include replacement cost new, physical deterioration, functional and economic obsolescence, economic useful life, remaining useful life, age and effective age.
Intangible assets - The residual income method estimatesfollowing table presents certain information on the acquired intangible assets (in thousands):
Intangible AssetsFair ValueEstimated Useful Lives (Years)Weighted-average Estimated Useful Lives (Years)Discount Rate
GPX India:
Customer relationships (1)
$15,472 15.015.011.0 %
Bell:
Customer relationships (1)
75,857 15.015.08.0 %
Packet:
Trade names (2)
1,300 3.03.08.0 %
Existing technology (3)
5,100 3.03.08.0 %
Customer relationships (1)
52,100 10.010.08.0 %
Axtel:
Customer relationships (1)
22,750 15.015.013.3 %
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(1)The fair values were estimated by calculating the present value of estimated future operating cash flows generated from existing customers less costs to realize the revenue. The rates reflect the nature of the assets as they relate to the risk and uncertainty of the estimated future operating cash flows, as well as the risk of the country within which the acquired business operates.
(2)The fair value was estimated using the relief from royalty method, with a relief from royalty rate of 1.0%.
(3)The fair value was estimated under the cost approach by projecting the cost to recreate a new asset with an equivalent utility of the Infomart Dallas building using an income approach less the fair values attributedexisting technology. The key assumptions include total cost, time to land, personal property, in-place leasesrecreate, opportunity cost and favorable and unfavorable leases.
As of December 31, 2018, the Company had not completed the detailed valuation analysis of Metronode or Infomart Dallas to derive the fair value of various items including, but not limited to: property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and related tax impacts; therefore, the allocation of the purchase price to assets acquired and liabilities assumed is based on provisional estimates and is subject to continuing management analysis. As of December 31, 2018, the Company updated the preliminary allocation of purchase price for Metronode and Infomart Dallas from the provisional amounts reported as of June 30, 2018.functional obsolescence. The adjustments made primarily resulted in a decrease in property, plant and equipment, other assets, other liabilities and deferred tax assets of $10.1 million, $10.0 million, $9.7 million and $4.1 million, respectively, and an increase in goodwill, deferred tax liabilities and intangible assets of $45.3 million, $35.4 million and $4.8 million, respectively,discount rate was utilized for the Metronode Acquisition. The adjustments for the Infomart Dallas Acquisition primarily resulted in a decrease in goodwill of $6.2 million and an increase in intangible assets of $4.6 million. The changes in fair value of acquired assets and liabilities assumed did not have a significant impact on the Company's results of operations for any reporting periods prior to December 31, 2018. The Company may further adjust these amounts as valuations are finalized and the Company obtains information necessary to complete the analyses, but no later than one year from the acquisition date.opportunity cost assumption.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is attributable to the workforce of the acquired business and the projected revenue increase expected to arise from future customers after the Metronode and Infomart Dallasthese acquisitions. Goodwill from the acquisition of Metronode is not amortizable for local tax purposesBell, Packet, and Axtel acquisitions is attributable to our Americas region and goodwill from the Company'sGPX India Acquisition is attributable to the Asia-Pacific region. Goodwill from the acquisition of Infomart DallasBell Acquisition is expected to be deductible for local tax purposes while goodwill from the GPX India, Packet and is attributable to the Company's Americas region. OperatingAxtel Acquisitions are not deductible for local tax purposes.
Revenues and net income and loss from operations
The operating results of Metronode and Infomart Dallas have beenthe GPX India Acquisition are reported in the Asia-Pacific and Americas regions, respectively.
The Company incurred acquisition costsregion following the date of approximately $31.1 million duringacquisition. During the year ended December 31, 2018 for both acquisitions. The Company's2021, our results of operations include $78.7from the GPX India Acquisition included $6.9 million of revenues and an insignificant amount of net income from operations from the combined operations of Metronode and Infomart Dallas duringoperations.
Transaction costs
During the year ended December 31, 2018.2021, the transaction costs for the GPX India Acquisition were insignificant.
Certain Verizon Data Center Assets2019 Acquisition
On May 1, 2017, the CompanyApril 18, 2019, we completed the acquisition of certain colocation business from Verizon consisting of 29Switch Datacenters' AMS1 data center buildings locatedbusiness in the United States, Brazil and Colombia,Amsterdam, Netherlands, for a cash purchase price of approximately $3.6 billion. The addition of these facilities and customers adds to the Company's global platform, increases interconnections and assists with the Company's penetration of the enterprise and strategic markets, including government and energy. The Company funded the Verizon Data Center Acquisition with proceeds from debt and equity financings, which closed in January and March 2017.
In connection with the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, the Company entered into a commitment letter (the "Commitment Letter"), dated December 6, 2016, pursuant to which a group of lenders committed to provide a senior unsecured bridge facility in an aggregate principal amount of $2.0 billion for the purposes of funding a portion of the cash consideration for the Verizon Data Center Acquisition. Following the completion of the debt and equity financings associated with the Verizon Data Center Acquisition in March 2017, the Company terminated the Commitment Letter. The Company paid $10.0 million of commitment fees associated with the Commitment Letter and recorded $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and $7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
The Company included the Verizon Data Center Acquisition's results of operations from May 1, 2017 in its consolidated statements of operations and the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in its consolidated balance sheets beginning May 1, 2017. The Company incurred acquisition costs of approximately $28.5 million and $7.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, related to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition.

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Purchase Price Allocation
The Verizon Data Center Acquisition constitutes a business under the accounting standard for business combinations and, therefore, was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had completed the detailed valuation analysis to derive the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and updated the final allocation of purchase price from provisional amounts reported as of June 30, 2017, which primarily resulted in a decrease in intangible assets of $9.0 million and an increase in goodwill of $7.7 million. The changes in fair value of acquired assets and liabilities assumed did not have a significant impact on the Company's results of operations for any reporting periods prior to and including December 31, 2018.
The final purchase price allocation is as follows (in thousands):
 Certain Verizon Data Center Assets
Cash and cash equivalents$1,073
Accounts receivable2,019
Other current assets7,319
Property, plant and equipment840,335
Intangible assets (1)
1,693,900
Goodwill1,095,262
Total assets acquired3,639,908
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(1,725)
Other current liabilities(2,020)
Capital lease and other financing obligations(17,659)
Deferred tax liabilities(18,129)
Other liabilities(5,689)
Net assets acquired$3,594,686
(1)
The nature of the intangible assets acquired is customer relationships with an estimated useful life of 15 years. Included in this amount is a customer relationship intangible asset for Verizon totaling $245.3 million. Pursuant to the acquisition agreement, the Company formalized agreements to provide pre-existing space and services to Verizon at the acquired data centers.
The fair value of customer relationships was estimated by applying an income approach. The Company applied discount rates ranging from 7.7% to 12.2%, which reflected the nature of the assets as they relate to the risk and uncertainty of the estimated future operating cash flows. Other assumptions used to estimate the fair value of customer relationships include projected revenue growth, customer attrition rates, sales and marketing expenses and operating margins. The fair value measurements were based on significant inputs that are not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements as defined in the accounting standard for fair value measurements.
The fair value of property, plant and equipment was estimated by applying the cost approach, with the exception of land which was estimated by applying the market approach. The cost approach is to use the replacement or reproduction cost as an indicator of fair value. The assumptions of the cost approach include replacement cost new, physical deterioration, functional and economic obsolescence, economic useful life, remaining useful life, age and effective age.
Goodwill is attributable to the workforce of the acquired business and the projected revenue increase expected to arise from future customers after the Verizon Data Center Acquisition. Goodwill is deductible for U.S. tax purposes and is attributable to the Company's Americas region. The Company's results of continuing operations include the Verizon Data Center Acquisition's revenues of $359.1 million and net income from continuing operations of $87.8 million for the period May 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017.
Other 2017 Acquisitions
In addition to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition, the Company also acquired Itconic, Zenium's data center business in Istanbul, Turkey and IO UK's data center business during 2017. The Company incurred acquisition costs of approximately $8.1 million in total during the year ended December 31, 2017 related to these acquisitions.

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On October 9, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of Itconic for a cash purchase price of €220.5€30.6 million or $259.1approximately $34.3 million, at the exchange rate in effect on October 9, 2017. Itconic is a data center provider in Spain and Portugal, and also includes CloudMas, an Itconic subsidiary which is focused on supporting enterprise adoption and use of cloud services. The acquisition includes five data centers in four metro areas, with two located in Madrid and one each in Barcelona, Seville and Lisbon. Itconic's operating results have been reported in the EMEA region following the date of acquisition.April 18, 2019.
The nature of the intangible assets acquired from the Itconic acquisition is customer relationships with an estimated useful life of 15 years. The fair value of customer relationships was estimated by applying an income approach. The Company applied a discount rate of 16.0%, which reflects the risk and uncertainty of the estimated future operating cash flows. Other assumptions include projected revenue growth, customer attrition rates and operating margins. The fair value measurements were based on significant inputs that are not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements as defined in the accounting standard for fair value measurements. Goodwill is attributable to the workforce of the acquired business and the projected revenue increase from future customers expected to arise after the acquisition.
On October 6, 2017, the Company acquired Zenium's data center business in Istanbul for a cash payment of approximately $92.0 million. Zenium's operating results have been reported in the EMEA region following the date of acquisition. The nature of the intangible assets acquired from this acquisition is customer relationships with an estimated useful life of 15 years.4.    Earnings Per Share
As of December 31, 2018, the Company completed the detailed valuation analysis to derive the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the Itconic and the Zenium data center acquisitions and updated the final allocation of purchase price from the provisional amounts reported as of December 31, 2017. The adjustments for the Zenium data center acquisition primarily resulted in an increase in property, plant and equipment of $5.2 million and a corresponding decrease in other assets of $5.2 million. The adjustments for Itconic primarily resulted in a decrease in property, plant and equipment of $3.6 million and an increase in goodwill of $2.6 million. The changes in fair value of acquired assets and liabilities assumed did not have a significant impact on the Company's results of operations for any reporting periods prior to and including December 31, 2018.
On February 3, 2017, the Company acquired IO UK's data center operating business in Slough, United Kingdom, for a cash payment of £29.1 million, or approximately $36.3 million at the exchange rate in effect on February 3, 2017. The acquired facility was renamed London 10 ("LD10") data center. LD10's operating results have been reported in the EMEA region following the date of acquisition. The nature of the intangible assets acquired from this acquisition is customer relationships with an estimated useful life of 10 years. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had finalized the allocation of purchase price for the IO Acquisition from the provisional amounts first reported as of March 31, 2017 and the adjustments made during the year ended December 31, 2017 were not significant. The changes in fair value of acquired assets and liabilities assumed did not have a significant impact on the Company's results of operations for any reporting periods prior to and including December 31, 2017.

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The final purchase price allocations for the three acquisitions are as follows (in thousands):
 Itconic 
Zenium
data center
 IO UK's
data center
Cash and cash equivalents$15,659
 $692
 $1,388
Accounts receivable16,429
 198
 7
Other current assets1,885
 6,430
 1,082
Property, plant and equipment64,499
 58,931
 40,251
Intangible assets101,755
 7,900
 6,252
Goodwill127,711
 21,834
 15,804
Deferred tax assets
 
 6,714
Other assets4,025
 313
 3,396
Total assets acquired331,963
 96,298
 74,894
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(15,846) (1,012) (439)
Other current liabilities(12,374) (451) (168)
Capital lease and other financing obligations(30,666) 
 (33,091)
Loans payable(3,253) 
 (4,067)
Deferred tax liabilities(3,198) (2,227) 
Other liabilities(7,515) (614) (828)
Net assets acquired$259,111
 $91,994
 $36,301
Goodwill from the acquisitions of Itconic, the Zenium data center and IO UK's data center is not deductible for local tax purposes and is attributable to the Company's EMEA region. The Company's results of continuing operations include $22.4 million of revenues from the combined operations of Itconic, the Zenium data center and IO UK's data center and an insignificant net loss from continuing operations for the periods from their respective dates of acquisition through December 31, 2017.
2016 Acquisitions
On January 15, 2016, the Company completed the acquisition of the entire issued and to be issued share capital of TelecityGroup. TelecityGroup operated data center facilities in cities across Europe. The acquisition of TelecityGroup enhances the Company's existing data center portfolio by adding new IBX metro markets in Europe. As a result of the transaction, TelecityGroup has become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Equinix. The Company acquired all outstanding shares of TelecityGroup and all vested equity awards of TelecityGroup at 572.5 pence in cash and 0.0336 new shares of Equinix common stock for a total purchase consideration of approximately £2.6 billion, or approximately $3.7 billion at the exchange rate in effect on the acquisition date. In addition, the Company assumed $1.3 million of vested TelecityGroup's employee equity awards as part of consideration transferred. The Company incurred acquisition costs of approximately $42.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 related to the TelecityGroup acquisition. The Company's results of continuing operations include TelecityGroup revenues of $400.0 million and net loss from continuing operations of $47.1 million for the period January 15, 2016 through December 31, 2016.
On August 1, 2016, the Company completed the purchase of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.'s ("Digital Realty's") operating business, including its real estate and facility, located in St. Denis, Paris, for cash consideration of approximately €193.8 million, or $216.4 million at the exchange rate in effect on August 1, 2016. A portion of the building was leased to the Company and was being used by the Company as its Paris 2 and Paris 3 data centers. The Paris 2 lease was accounted for as an operating lease and the Paris 3 lease was accounted for as a financing lease. Upon acquisition, the Company in effect terminated both leases. The Company settled the financing lease obligation of Paris 3 for €47.8 million or approximately $53.4 million and recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of €8.8 million or approximately $9.9 million. The Company's results of continuing operations include $4.1 million of revenues and an insignificant net income from continuing operations for the period August 1, 2016 through December 31, 2016 from this acquisition. The Company incurred acquisition costs of approximately $12.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 related to this acquisition.

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Unaudited Pro Forma Combined Financial Information
The following unaudited pro forma combined financial information has been prepared by the Company using the acquisition method of accounting to give effect to the Verizon Data Center Acquisition as though it occurred on January 1, 2016. The incremental results of operations from the other acquisitions are not significant and are therefore not reflected in the pro forma combined results of operations.
The Company completed the Verizon Data Center Acquisition on May 1, 2017. The unaudited pro forma combined financial information for the years ending December 31, 2017 and 2016 combine the actual results of the Company and the actual Verizon Data Center Acquisition operating results for the period prior to the acquisition date and reflect certain adjustments, such as additional depreciation, amortization and interest expense on assets and liabilities acquired and acquisition financings.
The Company and Verizon entered into agreements at the closing of the Verizon Data Center Acquisition pursuant to which the Company will provide space and services to Verizon at the acquired data centers. These arrangements are not reflected in the unaudited pro forma combined financial information.
The unaudited pro forma combined financial information is presented for illustrative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have actually been reported had the acquisition occurred on the above dates, nor is it necessarily indicative of the future results of operations of the combined company.
The following table sets forth the unaudited pro forma combined results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
 2017 2016
Revenues$4,509,602
 $4,053,280
Net income from continuing operations258,618
 19,248
Basic EPS3.31
 0.25
Diluted EPS3.28
 0.25

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4.Earnings Per Share
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted EPSearnings per share ("EPS") for the years ended December 31 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
202120202019
Net income$499,728 $370,074 $507,245 
Net (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests463 (297)205 
Net income attributable to Equinix$500,191 $369,777 $507,450 
Weighted-average shares used to calculate basic EPS89,772 87,700 84,140 
Effect of dilutive securities:
Employee equity awards637 710 539 
Weighted-average shares used to calculate diluted EPS90,409 88,410 84,679 
EPS attributable to Equinix:
Basic EPS$5.57 $4.22 $6.03 
Diluted EPS$5.53 $4.18 $5.99 
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 2018 2017 2016
Net income from continuing operations$365,359
 $232,982
 $114,408
Net income from discontinued operations, net of tax
 
 12,392
Net income$365,359
 $232,982
 $126,800
      
Weighted-average shares used to calculate basic EPS79,779
 76,854
 70,117
Effect of dilutive securities:     
Employee equity awards418
 681
 699
Weighted-average shares used to calculate diluted EPS80,197
 77,535
 70,816
      
Basic EPS:     
Continuing operations$4.58
 $3.03
 $1.63
Discontinued operations
 
 0.18
Basic EPS$4.58
 $3.03
 $1.81
      
Diluted EPS:     
Continuing operations$4.56
 $3.00
 $1.62
Discontinued operations
 
 0.17
Diluted EPS$4.56
 $3.00
 $1.79
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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


The following table sets forth potential shares of common stock that are not included in the diluted EPS calculation above because to do so would be anti-dilutive for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
202120202019
Common stock related to employee equity awards206 19 21 
Total206 19 21 
5.    Assets Held for Sale
 2018 2017 2016
Shares related to the potential conversion of 4.75% convertible subordinated notes
 
 893
Common stock related to employee equity awards265
 63
 27
 265
 63
 920
5.Assets Held for Sale
In October 2016, the Company2021, we entered into an agreement to form a Share Transfer Agreement for the transfer of common stock of Terra Power Co., Ltd., relating to the divestiture of the solar power assets of Bit-isle. The Company received ¥2,900.0 million or approximately $25.9 million in 2016 and the remaining payment of ¥5,313.4 millionjoint venture in the first quarterform of 2017, or approximately $47.8 million. Duringa limited liability partnership with PGIM Real Estate ("PGIM"), to develop and operate xScaleTM data centers in Asia-Pacific (the "Asia-Pacific 2 Joint Venture"). xScale data centers are engineered to meet the three months ended September 30, 2016,technical and operational requirements and price points of core hyperscale workload deployments and also offer access to our comprehensive suite of interconnection and edge services. Upon closing, PGIM will contribute cash in exchange for an 80% partnership interest in the Company evaluated the recoverability of the carrying value of its assets held for sale related to the sales agreement signed in October and concluded that the Company would not recover the carrying value of certain assets. Accordingly, the Company recorded an impairment charge on other current assets of $7.7 million on September 30, 2016, reducing the carrying value of such assets from $79.5 million to the estimated fair value of $71.8 million. The associated loss on the sale was not significant. Furthermore, the revenue and net income generated by the solar power assets of Bit-isle during the year ended December 31, 2016 were not significant.
During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company and TelecityGroupAsia-Pacific 2 Joint Venture. We agreed to divest certain data centers, includingsell the Company's London 2Sydney 9 ("LD2"SY9") data center and certain data centers of TelecityGroupsite in exchange for a 20% partnership interest in the United Kingdom, NetherlandsAsia-Pacific 2 Joint Venture and Germany, in order to obtain the approval of the European Commission for the acquisition of TelecityGroup.cash proceeds. The assets and liabilities of LD2the SY9 data center, which are currently included within our Asia-Pacific region, were classified as held for sale as of September 30, 2021 and remained held for sale as of December 31, 2021.
In June 2021, we entered into an agreement to form another joint venture in the fourth quarterform of 2015.a limited liability partnership with GIC, Singapore's sovereign wealth fund ("GIC"), to develop and operate additional xScale data centers in Europe and the Americas (the “EMEA 2 Joint Venture”). The assets and liabilities of the data centers from TelecityGroupcenter sites expected to be sold to the EMEA 2 Joint Venture within a year were classified as held for sale on January 15, 2016, uponas of June 30, 2021. The transaction was structured to close TelecityGroup acquisition.in phases over the course of two years, pending regulatory approval and other closing conditions. The divestiturefirst phase of the transaction, comprised of data center sites located in Frankfurt, Helsinki, Madrid, Milan and Paris, closed in September 2021. Upon closing, we sold these data centers was completed on July 5, 2016. The Companycenter sites in exchange for a total consideration of $144.0 million, which is comprised of $106.4 million of net cash proceeds, a 20% partnership interest in the EMEA 2 Joint Venture with a fair value of $30.4 million, and $7.2 million of receivables. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized aan insignificant gain on the sale of LD2these xScale data center facilities. In October 2021, we completed the sale of $27.9 millionthe Sao Paulo 5 ("SP5") data center to the EMEA 2 Joint Venture in gains on asset sales in the consolidated statementsexchange for a total consideration of operations for$34.3 million. During the year ended December 31, 2016.2021, we recognized an insignificant loss on the sale of the SP5 data center. The assets and liabilities of the Warsaw 4 ("WA4") data center site, which is currently included within our EMEA region and is expected to be sold to the EMEA 2 Joint Venture in a future phase, were classified as held for sale as of June 30, 2021 and remained held for sale as of December 31, 2021.
Additionally, we entered negotiations to sell the Mexico 3 ("MX3") data center site in connection with the formation of a new joint venture with GIC (the "AMER 1 Joint Venture"). Given that the key terms of the sale had been substantially agreed upon as of September 30, 2021, the assets and liabilities of the MX3 data center, which are currently included within our Americas region, were classified as held for sale as of September 30, 2021 and remained held for sale as of December 31, 2021.
In May 2021, we entered into an agreement to sell the Dublin 5 ("DB5") data center site to the EMEA 1 Joint Venture (as defined in Note 6 below). The assets and liabilities of the DB5 data center, which were included within our EMEA region, were classified as held for sale as of June 30, 2021. In July 2021, we sold the DB5 data center in exchange for a total consideration of $77.9 million. During the yearsyear ended December 31, 2021, we recognized a total gain of $15.8 million on the sale of the DB5 data center.

All assets and liabilities classified as held for sale are reported at the lower of their carrying amounts or fair values less costs to sell. The following table summarizes the assets and liabilities that were classified as assets and liabilities held for sale in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021 (in thousands):

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December 31, 2021
Operating lease right-of-use assets$12,835 
Property, plant and equipment260,182 
Other assets3,178 
Total assets held for sale$276,195 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses$510 
Current portion of operating lease liabilities2,039 
Operating lease liabilities, less current portion348 
Accrued property, plant and equipment18,127 
Total liabilities held for sale (1)
$21,024 
2016,
(1)Liabilities held for sale were included within other current liabilities on the LD2consolidated balance sheet.
Sale of xScale™ data center generated revenue of $6.1 million and an insignificant net income. The results of operations for the TelecityGroup data centers that were divested, as well as the gain on divestiture, were classified as discontinued operations from January 15, 2016, the date the acquisition closed, through July 5, 2016 (see Note 6).facilities in Europe in 2020
During the fourth quarter of 2015, the CompanyIn September 2020, we entered into an agreement to sell a parcel of land in San Jose, California.its Paris 9 ("PA9") data center to the EMEA 1 Joint Venture. The sale was completed in February 2016assets and the Company recognized a gain on sale of $5.2 million.
6.Discontinued Operations
In order to obtain the approvalliabilities of the European Commission for the acquisition of TelecityGroup, the Company and TelecityGroup agreed to divest certainPA9 data centers of TelecityGroup in the United Kingdom, Netherlands and Germany. These TelecityGroup data centerscenter, which were included within our EMEA region, were classified as held for sale onas of September 30, 2020. On December 15, 2020, we closed the acquisition date and were reported as discontinued operations.
On July 5, 2016, the Company completed the saletransaction for a total consideration of these data centers and related assets to Digital Realty for approximately €304.6$131.5 million, which is comprised of 1) cash proceeds of $124.6 million, 2) a contract asset with a fair value of $5.6 million and £376.2 million, or approximately total3) an insignificant amount of $827.3 million at the exchange rates in effect on July 5, 2016. The Company recognized a gain on salecontingent consideration that is receivable upon completion of the TelecityGroup data centers in discontinued operations of $2.4 million. The results of operations for these data centers that were divested, as well as the gain on divestiture, have been reported as net income from discontinued operations, net of tax, from January 15, 2016, the date of the acquisition, to July 5, 2016 in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. As of the date of acquisition, depreciation and amortization of discontinued operations ceased. Capital expenditures from the date of acquisition through the date of sale were $31.5 million.
The following table presents the financial results of the Company's discontinued operations forcertain performance milestones. During the year ended December 31, 2016 (in thousands). 2020, we recognized an insignificant loss on the sale of the PA9 data center. In connection with this transaction, we have a commitment with the EMEA 1 Joint Venture to complete a residual portion of the PA9 data center for an estimated cost of $17.7 million on December 31, 2020, reimbursable upon completion.

The Company didcontingent consideration recognized on the EMEA 1 Joint Venture transaction noted above, along with the 2019 EMEA 1 Joint Venture transaction, are considered derivatives and are remeasured at fair value each reporting period using inputs such as probabilities of payment, discount rates, foreign currency forward rates and projected payment dates. The fair value measurements were based on significant inputs that are not record income from discontinued operations, netobservable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements. As of taxDecember 31, 2021 and 2020, the total fair value of the contingent consideration was $5.3 million and $44.2 million, respectively, which was included in other current assets and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. Changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration were recorded in gain (loss) on asset sales on the consolidated statement of operations.
Sale of xScale™ data center facilities in Asia-Pacific in 2020
In April 2020, we entered into an agreement to form a joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with GIC to develop and operate xScale data centers in Asia-Pacific (the “Asia-Pacific 1 Joint Venture”), with ownership upon close for GIC and our company being established at 80% and 20%, respectively. The assets and liabilities of 3 Japan xScaledata center sites, the yearsOsaka 2, Tokyo 12, and Tokyo 14 development sites, which were included within our Asia-Pacific region, were classified as held for sale as of June 30, 2020. In the third quarter of 2020, we recorded an impairment charge of $7.3 million, reducing the carrying value of the development site assets to the estimated fair value less cost to sell. On December 17, 2020, we closed the transaction including the sale of the 3 development sites to the Asia-Pacific 1 Joint Venture in exchange for $209.8 million of cash proceeds and $15.6 million of receivables. During the year ended December 31, 20182020, we recognized an insignificant gain on the sale of these xScale data center development sites.

Our investments in the EMEA 1 Joint Venture, EMEA 2 Joint Venture and 2017.the Asia-Pacific 1 Joint Venture are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. For further information, see Note 6 below.
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 2016
Revenues$48,782
Costs and operating expenses: 
Cost of revenues24,795
Sales and marketing1,030
General and administrative7,026
Total costs and operating expenses32,851
Income from operations of discontinued operations15,931
Interest expense and other, net(1,286)
Income from discontinued operations before income taxes14,645
Income tax expense(4,604)
Gain on sale of discontinued operations, net of tax2,351
Net income from discontinued operations, net of tax$12,392

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6.    Equity Method Investments
The following table summarizes our equity method investments (in thousands), which were included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31 (in thousands):
InvesteeOwnership Percentage20212020
EMEA 1 Joint Venture with GIC20 %$131,516 $101,892 
EMEA 2 Joint Venture with GIC20 %34,944 — 
Asia-Pacific 1 Joint Venture with GIC20 %60,108 43,432 
OtherVarious18,481 17,747 
Total$245,049 $163,071 
Non - Variable Interest Entity (VIE) Joint Venture

EMEA 1 Joint Venture
In 2019, we entered into a joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with GIC (the "EMEA 1 Joint Venture"), to develop and operate xScale data centers in Europe. The EMEA 1 Joint Venture is not a variable interest entity ("VIE") given that both equity investors' interests have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest and it is sufficiently capitalized to sustain its operations, requiring additional funding from its partners only when expanding operations. Our share of income and losses of equity method investments from this joint venture was insignificant for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 and was included in other income (expense) on the consolidated statement of operations.
We committed to make future equity contributions to the EMEA 1 Joint Venture for funding its future development. As of December 31, 2021, we had future equity contribution commitments of $26.0 million.
VIE Joint Ventures
Asia-Pacific 1 and EMEA 2 Joint Ventures
In 2020, we entered into a second joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with GIC (the "Asia-Pacific 1 Joint Venture") to develop and operate xScale data centers in Asia-Pacific.
In 2021, we entered into another joint venture in the form of a limited liability partnership with GIC (the "EMEA 2 Joint Venture") to develop and operate additional xScale data centers in Europe and the Americas (see Note 5 above).
For both the Asia-Pacific 1 Joint Venture and the EMEA 2 Joint Venture, we provide certain management services to their operations and earn fees for the performance of such services. Both joint ventures do not have sufficient funds from operations to be self-sustaining, thus are considered VIEs. The power to direct the activities of these joint ventures that most significantly impact economic performance is shared equally between GIC and us. These activities include data center construction and operations, sales and marketing, financing, and real estate purchases or sales. Decisions about these activities require the consent of both GIC and us. We concluded that neither party is deemed to have predominant control over the Asia-Pacific 1 Joint Venture and EMEA 2 Joint Venture and neither party is considered to be the primary beneficiary. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, our share of income and losses of equity method investments from these joint ventures was insignificant both individually and in aggregate, and was included in other income (expense) on the consolidated statement of operations.
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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


The following table summarizes our maximum exposure to loss related to the Asia-Pacific 1 Joint Venture and EMEA 2 Joint Venture as of December 31, 2021 (in thousands):
Asia-Pacific 1 Joint VentureEMEA 2 Joint Venture
Equity Investment$60,108 $34,944 
Outstanding Receivables2,124 26,953 
Future Equity Contribution Commitments 1
11,424 64,875 
Maximum Future Payments under Debt Guarantees 2
N/A 3
38,118 
Total$73,656 $164,890 
7.Balance Sheet Components
(1)The joint ventures' partners are required to make additional equity contributions proportionately upon certain occurrences, such as a shortfall in capital necessary to complete certain construction phases or make interest payments on their outstanding debt.
(2)In connection with our 20% equity investment in the EMEA 2 Joint Venture, we provided the lenders with our guarantees covering 20% of all payments of principal and interest due under EMEA 2 Joint Venture's credit facility agreements (see Note 15).
(3)The Asia-Pacific 1 Joint Venture’s debt is secured by the net assets of the Asia-Pacific 1 Joint Venture without recourse to its partners.

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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


7.    Balance Sheet Components
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term and Long-Term Investments
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
20212020
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash$950,677 $993,798 
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds585,681 611,071 
Total cash and cash equivalents1,536,358 1,604,869 
Short-term investments:
Certificates of deposit— 4,373 
Publicly traded equity securities— 159 
Total short-term investments— 4,532 
Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments$1,536,358 $1,609,401 
 2018 2017
Cash and cash equivalents:   
Cash (1)
$486,648
 $985,382
Cash equivalents:   
Money market funds119,518
 427,135
Total cash and cash equivalents606,166
 1,412,517
Short-term and long-term investments:   
Certificates of deposit2,823
 31,351
Publicly traded equity securities1,717
 6,163
Total short-term and long-term investments4,540
 37,514
Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments$610,706
 $1,450,031

(1)
Excludes restricted cash.
(2)
Total unrealized gains on the publicly traded equity securities as of December 31, 2017 were insignificant. The changes in the fair values of publicly traded equity securities were recognized within other income (expense) in the Company's consolidated statements of operations as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018.
As of December 31, 20182021 and 2017,2020, cash and cash equivalents included investments which were readily convertible to cash and had original maturity dates of 90 days or less. The maturities of certificates of deposit classified as short-term investments were one year or less as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The maturities of certificates of deposits classified as long-term investments were greater than one year and less than three years as of December 31, 2017. The balance of certificates of deposits, by contractual maturity, as of December 31 (in thousands):
 2018 2017
Due within one year$2,823
 $28,271
Due after one year through three years
 3,080
Total$2,823
 $31,351
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable, net, consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
 2018 2017
Accounts receivable$646,069
 $594,541
Allowance for doubtful accounts(15,950) (18,228)
Accounts receivable, net$630,119
 $576,313
Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and generally do not bear interest. Accounts receivable, net, consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):

20212020
Accounts receivable$693,444 $687,415 
Allowance for credit losses(11,635)(10,677)
Accounts receivable, net$681,809 $676,738 
The following table summarizes the activity of our allowance for credit losses (in thousands):
Balance as of December 31, 2018$15,950 
Provision for doubtful accounts8,459 
Net write-offs(11,341)
Impact of foreign currency exchange(42)
Balance as of December 31, 201913,026 
Adjustments due to adoption of ASU 2016-13900 
Provision for doubtful accounts5,069 
Net write-offs(10,050)
Impact of foreign currency exchange1,732 
Balance as of December 31, 202010,677 
Provision for doubtful accounts10,016 
Net write-offs(8,295)
Impact of foreign currency exchange(763)
Balance as of December 31, 2021$11,635 
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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)





The following table summarizes the activity of the Company's allowance for doubtful accounts (in thousands):
Balance as of December 31, 2015$10,352
Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts8,260
Net write-offs(2,521)
Impact of foreign currency exchange(416)
Balance as of December 31, 201615,675
Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts5,627
Net write-offs(4,546)
Impact of foreign currency exchange1,472
Balance as of December 31, 201718,228
Provision for allowance for doubtful accounts7,236
Net write-offs(8,396)
Impact of foreign currency exchange(1,118)
Balance as of December 31, 2018$15,950
Other Current Assets
Other current assets consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
20212020
Prepaid expenses$65,224 $61,424 
Taxes receivable128,123 125,614 
Restricted cash, current12,188 11,135 
Other receivables59,224 44,333 
Derivative instruments117,432 8,906 
Contract assets, current65,392 13,534 
Other current assets (1)
15,156 58,070 
Total other current assets$462,739 $323,016 
(1)Other current assets included $5.3 million and $44.2 million of the current portion of the fair value of the contingent consideration from the sale of xScale data center facilities to the EMEA 1 Joint Venture as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. See Note 5 for further discussion.
F-31


 2018 2017
Prepaid expenses$70,433
 $64,832
Taxes receivable98,245
 110,961
Restricted cash, current10,887
 26,919
Other receivables12,611
 7,797
Derivative instruments62,170
 4,175
Contract asset, current9,778
 
Other current assets10,733
 17,343
Total other current assets$274,857
 $232,027
Table of Contents
EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


Property, Plant and Equipment, Net
Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
20212020
Core systems$10,808,417 $9,659,908 
Buildings7,381,644 6,557,121 
Leasehold improvements2,022,617 1,946,644 
Construction in progress967,562 1,363,917 
Personal property (1)
1,551,642 1,207,669 
Land970,982 944,094 
23,702,864 21,679,353 
Less accumulated depreciation(8,257,089)(7,176,269)
Property, plant and equipment, net$15,445,775 $14,503,084 
 2018 2017
Core systems$7,073,912
 $6,334,702
Buildings4,822,501
 3,906,686
Leasehold improvements1,637,133
 1,850,351
Construction in progress974,152
 425,428
Personal property857,585
 798,133
Land631,367
 423,539
 15,996,650
 13,738,839
Less accumulated depreciation(4,970,630) (4,344,237)
Property, plant and equipment, net$11,026,020
 $9,394,602
Core systems, buildings, leasehold improvements, personal(1)Personal property included $1.2 billion and construction in progress recorded under capital leases aggregated to $823.6$885.5 million and $760.4 millionof capitalized internal-use software as of December 31, 20182021 and 2017,2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded accumulated depreciation for assets under capital leases of $248.9 million and $199.2 million, respectively.

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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)



Goodwill and Other Intangibles
The following table presents goodwill and other intangible assets, net, for the years ended December 31, 20182021 and 20172020 (in thousands):
20212020
Goodwill:
Americas$2,210,009 $2,212,782 
EMEA2,472,586 2,611,166 
Asia-Pacific689,476 648,605 
$5,372,071 $5,472,553 
Intangible assets, net:
Intangible assets - customer relationships$2,841,372 $2,891,060 
Intangible assets - trade names11,471 11,512 
Intangible assets - in-place leases32,760 33,770 
Intangible assets - licenses9,697 9,697 
Intangible assets - at-the-money lease contracts (1)
60,455 64,905 
Intangible assets - other12,546 12,802 
2,968,301 3,023,746 
Accumulated amortization - customer relationships(987,462)(818,370)
Accumulated amortization - trade names(3,207)(2,337)
Accumulated amortization - in-place leases(22,847)(20,037)
Accumulated amortization - licenses(5,821)(6,600)
Accumulated amortization - other (2)
(13,697)(5,457)
(1,033,034)(852,801)
Total intangible assets, net$1,935,267 $2,170,945 
(1) In December 2020, we acquired an at-the-money lease contract intangible asset through an asset acquisition in Amsterdam. This intangible asset represents premiums paid to acquire a land lease at market terms. The lease has a remaining lease term of 12 years with available renewal options in 50-year increments. The intangible asset has an estimated amortization period of 12 years. The total purchase consideration for this asset acquisition was $49.4 million and we recorded
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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


 2018 2017
Goodwill:   
Americas$1,745,804
 $1,561,512
EMEA2,474,164
 2,610,899
Asia-Pacific616,420
 239,351
 $4,836,388
 $4,411,762
Intangible assets, net:   
Intangible assets - customer relationships$2,733,864
 $2,673,886
Intangible assets - trade names71,778
 73,295
Intangible assets - favorable leases35,969
 37,913
Intangible assets - in-place leases33,671
 10,327
Intangible assets - licenses9,697
 9,696
 2,884,979
 2,805,117
Accumulated amortization - customer relationships(467,111) (331,930)
Accumulated amortization - trade names(62,585) (71,728)
Accumulated amortization - favorable leases(9,986) (9,607)
Accumulated amortization - in-place leases(8,118) (3,644)
Accumulated amortization - licenses(3,883) (3,236)
 (551,683) (420,145)
Total intangible assets, net$2,333,296
 $2,384,972
$16.1 million of deferred tax liability in connection with this purchase. The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition since substantially all of the fair value of the acquired assets is for the identified at-the-money lease intangible asset.
(2) Accumulated amortization - other includes an insignificant amount of amortization of at-the-money lease contracts.
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by geographic regions are as follows (in thousands):
 Americas EMEA Asia-Pacific Total
Balance as of December 31, 2016$469,438
 $2,281,306
 $235,320
 $2,986,064
Purchase accounting adjustments - Verizon Data Center acquisition1,095,262
 
 
 1,095,262
Purchase accounting adjustments - Other 2017 acquisitions
 163,993
 
 163,993
Impact of foreign currency exchange(3,188) 165,600
 4,031
 166,443
Balance as of December 31, 20171,561,512
 2,610,899
 239,351
 4,411,762
Purchase accounting adjustments - Infomart Dallas acquisition197,378
 
 
 197,378
Purchase accounting adjustments - Metronode acquisition
 
 413,871
 413,871
Purchase accounting adjustments - Other acquisitions333
 1,357
 
 1,690
Impact of foreign currency exchange(13,419) (138,092) (36,802) (188,313)
Balance as of December 31, 2018$1,745,804
 $2,474,164
 $616,420
 $4,836,388

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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)



AmericasEMEAAsia-PacificTotal
Balance as of December 31, 2019$1,741,689 $2,426,306 $613,863 $4,781,858 
Purchase of Packet230,620 — — 230,620 
Purchase of Bell170,548 — — 170,548 
Purchase of Axtel78,902 — — 78,902 
Sale of xScale data center facilities— — (7,306)(7,306)
Impact of foreign currency exchange(8,977)184,860 42,048 217,931 
Balance as of December 31, 20202,212,782 2,611,166 648,605 5,472,553 
Purchase of GPX— — 77,162 77,162 
Impact of foreign currency exchange(2,773)(138,580)(36,291)(177,644)
Balance as of December 31, 2021$2,210,009 $2,472,586 $689,476 $5,372,071 
Changes in the net book value of intangible assets by geographic regions are as follows (in thousands):
AmericasEMEAAsia-PacificTotal
Balance as of December 31, 2018$1,578,971 $543,860 $210,465 $2,333,296 
ASC 842 adoption adjustment(108)(20,692)(2,405)(23,205)
Switch AMS1 data center acquisition— 4,889 — 4,889 
Asset sales - NY12 data center(8,412)— — (8,412)
Other— 1,096 472 1,568 
Amortization of intangibles(125,390)(54,432)(16,456)(196,278)
Impact of foreign currency exchange(1,769)(8,157)457 (9,469)
Balance as of December 31, 20191,443,292 466,564 192,533 2,102,389 
Axtel acquisition22,750 — — 22,750 
Packet acquisition58,500 — — 58,500 
Bell acquisition75,631 — — 75,631 
Other asset acquisition(1)
— 64,905 — 64,905 
Amortization of intangibles(133,608)(49,417)(16,022)(199,047)
Impact of foreign currency exchange(3,476)35,975 13,318 45,817 
Balance as of December 31, 20201,463,089 518,027 189,829 2,170,945 
GPX acquisition— — 15,472 15,472 
Amortization of intangibles(133,289)(55,807)(16,388)(205,484)
Impact of foreign currency exchange(2,047)(30,278)(13,341)(45,666)
Balance as of December 31, 2021$1,327,753 $431,942 $175,572 $1,935,267 
 Americas EMEA Asia-Pacific Total
Balance as of December 31, 2015$50,643
 $44,355
 $129,567
 $224,565
TelecityGroup acquisition
 694,243
 
 694,243
Paris IBX Data Center acquisition
 11,758
 
 11,758
Sale of Terra Power
 
 (2,460) (2,460)
Write-off of intangible asset(573) 
 
 (573)
Amortization of intangibles(11,348) (97,715) (13,799) (122,862)
Impact of foreign currency exchange1,395
 (90,280) 3,445
 (85,440)
Balance as of December 31, 201640,117
 562,361
 116,753
 719,231
Verizon Data Center acquisition1,693,900
 
 
 1,693,900
Other 2017 acquisitions
 112,645
 
 112,645
Write-off of intangible asset
 (725) 
 (725)
Amortization of intangibles(84,749) (79,105) (13,154) (177,008)
Impact of foreign currency exchange(2,895) 36,043
 3,781
 36,929
Balance as of December 31, 20171,646,373
 631,219
 107,380
 2,384,972
Infomart Dallas acquisition65,847
 
 
 65,847
Metronode acquisition
 
 128,229
 128,229
Other acquisitions
 8,342
 
 8,342
Write-off of intangible asset(334) (1,661) (3) (1,998)
Amortization of intangibles(125,683) (62,283) (15,450) (203,416)
Impact of foreign currency exchange(7,232) (31,757) (9,691) (48,680)
Balance as of December 31, 2018$1,578,971
 $543,860
 $210,465
 $2,333,296
The Company's goodwill(1) For further discussion, refer to footnote 1 of the table on the previous page.
Goodwill and intangible assets in EMEA,which are denominated in Euros, British Pounds, Turkish Lira andcurrencies other than the United Arab Emirates Dirham, goodwill and intangible assets in Asia-Pacific, denominated in Australian Dollars, Singapore Dollars, Hong Kong Dollars, Japanese Yen and Chinese Yuan, and certain goodwill and intangibles in Americas, denominated in Canadian Dollars, Brazilian Reals and Colombian Pesos,U.S. Dollar are subject to foreign currency fluctuations. The Company'sOur foreign currency translation gains and losses, including goodwill and intangibles, are a component of other comprehensive income and loss.
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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


Estimated future amortization expense related to these intangibles is as follows (in thousands):
Years ending: 
2019$199,862
2020193,073
2021185,332
2022181,211
2023180,883
Thereafter1,392,935
Total$2,333,296

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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)



Years ending:
2022$196,744 
2023195,030 
2024193,722 
2025191,158 
2026190,802 
Thereafter967,811 
Total$1,935,267 
Other Assets
Other assets consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
20212020
Deferred tax assets, net$59,816 $66,424 
Prepaid expenses (1)
87,758 82,443 
Debt issuance costs, net2,130 4,261 
Deposits70,548 69,043 
Restricted cash908 9,691 
Derivative instruments59,917 2,793 
Contract assets, non-current55,486 54,050 
Contract costs325,510 267,978 
Equity method investments245,049 163,071 
Other assets (2)
18,944 56,293 
Total other assets$926,066 $776,047 
(1)Prepaid expenses included $46.0 million and $21.1 million of capitalized CCA implementation costs, net as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(2)In connection with the Metronode Acquisition in 2018, we had indemnification assets of $42.8 million as of December 31, 2020, which represented the seller's obligation under the purchase agreement to reimburse pre-acquisition tax liabilities settled after the acquisition. The amount was insignificant as of December 31, 2021.
F-34


 2018 2017
Deferred tax assets, net$58,300
 $66,031
Prepaid expenses125,158
 89,784
Debt issuance costs, net8,532
 10,670
Deposits54,986
 48,296
Restricted cash10,551
 11,265
Derivative instruments10,904
 4,110
Contract assets, non-current16,396
 
Contract costs188,200
 
Other assets60,225
 11,594
Total other assets$533,252
 $241,750
Table of Contents
EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses
Accounts payable and accrued expenses consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
 2018 2017
Accounts payable$96,980
 $101,744
Accrued compensation and benefits235,697
 214,585
Accrued interest126,142
 100,347
Accrued taxes(1)
118,818
 130,272
Accrued utilities and security78,547
 68,916
Accrued professional fees17,010
 13,830
Accrued repairs and maintenance10,736
 11,232
Accrued other72,762
 78,331
Total accounts payable and accrued expenses$756,692
 $719,257
20212020
Accounts payable$84,084 $77,705 
Accrued compensation and benefits364,783 317,117 
Accrued interest81,893 79,437 
Accrued taxes (1)
117,061 153,804 
Accrued utilities and security94,251 76,910 
Accrued other137,072 139,889 
Total accounts payable and accrued expenses$879,144 $844,862 
(1)
(1)Accrued taxes included income taxes payable of $51.3 million and $59.8 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Includes income taxes payable of $67.9 million and $56.4 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.
Other Current Liabilities
Other current liabilities consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
 2018 2017
Deferred revenue, current$73,143
 $87,300
Customer deposits20,430
 16,598
Derivative instruments8,812
 34,466
Deferred rent6,466
 6,546
Dividends payable8,795
 11,181
Asset retirement obligations6,776
 1,716
Other current liabilities2,573
 2,107
Total other current liabilities$126,995
 $159,914

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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)



20212020
Deferred revenue, current$109,736 $101,258 
Customer deposits16,380 17,115 
Derivative instruments13,373 188,726 
Dividends payable, current12,027 10,873 
Asset retirement obligations8,756 3,993 
Other current liabilities54,247 32,403 
Total other current liabilities$214,519 $354,368 
Other Liabilities
Other liabilities consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
20212020
Asset retirement obligations$108,800 $109,776 
Deferred tax liabilities, net340,287 290,366 
Deferred revenue, non-current87,495 71,242 
Accrued taxes124,032 178,371 
Dividends payable, non-current9,750 7,947 
Customer deposits1,534 1,088 
Derivative instruments20,899 211,733 
Other liabilities70,614 78,476 
Total other liabilities$763,411 $948,999 

F-35


 2018 2017
Asset retirement obligations$89,887
 $96,823
Deferred tax liabilities, net247,849
 252,287
Deferred revenue, non-current46,641
 121,257
Deferred rent108,693
 97,782
Accrued taxes116,735
 64,378
Dividends payable6,545
 6,669
Customer deposits9,671
 10,849
Derivative instruments928
 6,381
Other liabilities2,814
 5,284
Total other liabilities$629,763
 $661,710
Table of Contents
EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


The following table summarizes the activities of the Company'sour asset retirement obligation ("ARO") (in thousands):
Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2015$78,482
Additions22,955
Adjustments (1)
(2,366)
Accretion expense6,685
Impact of foreign currency exchange(2,741)
Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2016103,015
Additions17,736
Adjustments (1)
(34,576)
Accretion expense7,335
Impact of foreign currency exchange5,029
Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 201798,539
Additions5,126
Adjustments (1)
(11,288)
Accretion expense6,285
Impact of foreign currency exchange(1,999)
Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2018$96,663
Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2018$96,663 
Additions6,980 
Adjustments (1)
(7,969)
Accretion expense6,290 
Impact of foreign currency exchange451 
Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2019102,415 
Additions5,909 
Adjustments (1)
(4,241)
Accretion expense6,331 
Impact of foreign currency exchange3,355 
Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2020113,769 
Additions7,483 
Adjustments (1)
(6,591)
Accretion expense6,518 
Impact of foreign currency exchange(3,623)
Asset retirement obligations as of December 31, 2021$117,556 
(1)
(1)The ARO adjustments are primarily due to lease amendments and acquisition of real estate assets, as well as other adjustments.
8.    Derivatives and Hedging Instruments
The ARO adjustments are primarily due to lease amendments and acquisition of real estate assets, as well as other adjustments.
8.Derivatives and Hedging Instruments
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
Net Investment Hedges.The Company is We are exposed to the impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on itsthe value of investments in our foreign subsidiaries whose functional currencies are other than the U.S. dollar.Dollar. In order to mitigate the impact of foreign currency exchange rates, the Company haswe have entered into various foreign currency debt obligations, which are designated as hedges against the Company'sour net investmentinvestments in foreign subsidiaries. As of December 31, 20182021 and 2017,2020, the total principal amountamounts of foreign currency debt obligations designated as net investment hedges was $4,139.8 millionwere $1.5 billion and $3,149.5 million,$1.9 billion, respectively.
We also use cross-currency interest rate swaps, which effectively convert a portion of our U.S. dollar-denominated fixed-rate debt to foreign currency-denominated fixed-rate debt, to hedge the currency exposure associated with our net investment in our foreign subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had cross-currency interest rate swaps outstanding with notional amounts of $4.0 billion and $3.3 billion respectively, with maturity dates ranging through 2026.
From time to time, the Company also useswe use foreign exchangecurrency forward contracts to hedge against the effect of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on a portion of itsour net investment in theour foreign subsidiaries. For aAs of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the total notional amount of foreign currency forward contracts designated as net investment hedge, changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument designated as a net investment hedge, except the ineffective portionhedges were $375.7 million and forward points, are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheet.

$355.6 million respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)





The Company recorded pre-taxeffect of net foreign exchange gains of $218.3 million and net foreign exchange losses of $235.3 million ininvestment hedges on accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)and the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 20182021, 2020 and 2017, respectively. The Company recorded no ineffectiveness from its net investment hedges for the years ended December 31, 20182019 was as follows (in thousands):
Amount of gain or (loss) recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income:
Years Ended December 31,
202120202019
Foreign currency debt$93,945 $(208,281)$47,033 
Cross-currency interest rate swaps (included component) (1)
282,935 (218,843)15,514 
Cross-currency interest rate swaps (excluded component) (2)
(52,517)(347)10,737 
Foreign currency forward contracts (included component) (1)
2,621 (17,115)— 
Foreign currency forward contracts (excluded component) (3)
(2)32 — 
Total$326,982 $(444,554)$73,284 
Amount of gain or (loss) recognized in earnings:
Location of gain or (loss)Years Ended December 31,
202120202019
Cross-currency interest rate swaps (excluded component) (2)
Interest expense$44,933 $27,196 $19,261 
Foreign currency forward contracts (excluded component) (3)
Interest expense242 42 — 
Total$45,175 $27,238 $19,261 
(1)Included component represents foreign exchange spot rates.
(2)Excluded component represents cross-currency basis spread and 2017.interest rates.
(3)Excluded component represents foreign currency forward points.
Cash Flow Hedges. The Company hedges itsHedges. We hedge our foreign currency translationtransaction exposure for forecasted revenues and expenses in itsour EMEA region between the U.S. dollarDollar and the British Pound, Euro, Swedish Krona and Swiss Franc. From time to time, theThe foreign currency forward and option contracts that the Company useswe use to hedge this exposure are designated as cash flow hedges. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the total notional amounts of these foreign exchange contracts were $831.2 million and $912.9 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2021, our foreign currency cash flow hedge instruments had maturity dates ranging from January 2022 to December 2023 and we had a net gain of $13.3 million recorded within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to be reclassified to revenues and expenses relating to these cash flow hedges underas they mature in the accounting standard for derivativesnext 12 months. As of December 31, 2020, our foreign currency cash flow hedge instruments had maturity dates ranging from January 2021 to December 2022 and hedging.we had a net loss of $35.4 million recorded within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to be reclassified to revenues and expenses relating to these cash flow hedges as they mature in the next 12 months.
The Company entersWe enter into intercompany hedging instruments ("intercompany derivatives") with aour wholly-owned subsidiary of the Companysubsidiaries in order to hedge certain forecasted revenues and expenses denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.Dollar. Simultaneously, the Company enterswe enter into derivative contracts with unrelated third parties to externally hedge the net exposure created by such intercompany derivatives.
The following disclosure is prepared on a consolidated basis. AssetsWe hedge the interest rate exposure created by anticipated fixed rate debt issuances through the use of treasury locks and liabilities resulting from intercompany derivatives have been eliminated in consolidation.swap locks (collectively, interest rate locks), which are designated as cash flow hedges. As of December 31, 2018,2021, the Company's cash flow hedge instruments had maturity dates ranging from January 2019 to December 2020 as follows (in thousands):
 Notional Amount 
Fair Value (1)
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (2)(3)
Derivative assets$642,542
 $38,606
 $27,968
Derivative liabilities118,324
 (865) (1,997)
 $760,866
 $37,741
 $25,971
(1)
All derivative assets related to cash flow hedges are included in the consolidated balance sheets within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities.
(2)
Included in the consolidated balance sheets within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
(3)
The Company recorded a net gain of $21.4 million within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) relating to cash flow hedges that will be reclassified to revenue and expenses as they mature over the next 12 months.
total notional amount of interest rate locks outstanding was $800.0 million. As of December 31, 2017, the Company's cash flow hedge instruments2020, we had maturity dates ranging from January 2018 to October 2019 as follows (in thousands):
 Notional Amount 
Fair Value (1)
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (2)(3)
Derivative assets$72,262
 $2,379
 $2,055
Derivative liabilities440,637
 (29,777) (34,311)
 $512,899
 $(27,398) $(32,256)
(1)
All derivative assets related to cash flow hedges are included in the consolidated balance sheets within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities.
(2)
Included in the consolidated balance sheets within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
(3)
The Company recorded a net loss of $26.7 million within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) relating to cash flow hedges that will be reclassified to revenue and expenses as they mature over the next 12 months.
no interest rate locks outstanding. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the2021, interest rate locks with a combined aggregate notional amount of net gains$1.3 billion were settled related to the issuance of senior notes during the year. When interest rate locks are settled, any gain or loss from the ineffectivetransactions is deferred and excluded portionsincluded as a component of cash flow hedges recognized in other comprehensive income (expense) was $16.5 million. During(loss) and is amortized to interest expense over the year endedterm of the forecasted hedged transaction which is equivalent to the term of the interest rate locks. As of December 31, 2017, the amount2021 and 2020, we had a net loss of net gains from the ineffective$3.9 million and excluded portions of cash flow hedges recognized in other income (expense) was $3.8 million. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the amount of net losses reclassified from$4.1 million, respectively, recorded within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to revenues was $30.6 million andbe reclassified to interest expense in the amount of net gains reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to operating expenses were $15.3 million. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the amount of net gains reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to revenues was $20.8 million and the amount of net losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to operating expenses was $11.2 million. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the amount of net gains reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to revenues was $38.4 millionnext 12 months for interest rate locks.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)





and the amountThe effect of net losses reclassified fromcash flow hedges on accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to operating expensesand the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $19.9 million.as follows (in thousands):
Amount of gain or (loss) recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income:
Years Ended December 31,
202120202019
Foreign currency forward and option contracts (included component) (1)
$67,767 $(68,573)$(9,945)
Foreign currency option contracts (excluded component) (2)
151 1,655 (1,807)
Interest rate locks9,624 (30,393)4,972 
Total$77,542 $(97,311)$(6,780)
Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to income:
Years Ended December 31,
Location of gain or (loss)202120202019
Foreign currency forward contractsRevenues$(39,297)$37,198 $80,046 
Foreign currency forward contractsCosts and operating expenses20,496 (19,890)(41,262)
Interest rate locksInterest Expense(4,056)(1,204)79 
Total$(22,857)$16,104 $38,863 
Amount of gain or (loss) excluded from effectiveness testing and included in income:
Years Ended December 31,
Location of gain or (loss)202120202019
Foreign currency forward contractsOther income (expense)$— $— $88 
Foreign currency option contracts (excluded component) (2)
Revenues(244)(1,761)(1,082)
Total$(244)$(1,761)$(994)
(1)Included component represents foreign exchange spot rates.
(2)Excluded component represents option's time value.
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Embedded Derivatives. The Company is We are deemed to have foreign currency forward contracts embedded in certain of the Company'sour customer agreements that are priced in currencies different from the functional or local currencies of the parties involved. These embedded derivatives are separated from their host contracts and carried on the Company'sour balance sheet at their fair value. The majority of these embedded derivatives arise as a result of the Company'sour foreign subsidiaries pricing their customer contracts in the U.S. dollar. Gains and losses on these embedded derivatives are included within revenues in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. The company recognized a net loss of $6.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2017. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2016, the gains or losses associated with these embedded derivatives were not significant.Dollars.
Economic Hedges of Embedded Derivatives. The Company usesDerivatives. We use foreign currency forward contracts to help manage the foreign exchange risk associated with the Company'sour customer agreements that are priced in currencies different from the functional or local currencies of the parties involved ("economic hedges of embedded derivatives"). Foreign currency forward contracts represent agreements to exchange the currency of one country for the currency of another country at an agreed-upon price on an agreed-upon settlement date. Gains and losses on these contracts are included in revenues along with gains and losses of the related embedded derivatives. The Company entered into various economic hedges of embedded derivatives during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the gains or losses associated with these economic hedges of embedded derivatives were not significant. The Company recognized a net gain of $2.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2016.
Foreign currency forward contracts. The CompanyCurrency Forward Contracts. We also usesuse foreign currency forward contracts to manage the foreign exchange risk associated with certain foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.liabilities. As a result of foreign currency fluctuations, the U.S. dollarDollar equivalent values of itsour foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities change. Gains and losses on these contracts are included in other income (expense), on a net basis, along with the foreign currency gains and losses of the related foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities associated with these foreign currency forward contracts. The Company entered into variousAs of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the total notional amounts of these foreign currency forward contracts during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017were $3.3 billion and 2016. The Company recognized a net gain of $91.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2018, a net loss of $69.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 and a net gain of $74.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 related to its foreign currency forward contracts.

$3.4 billion, respectively.
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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)





The following table presents the effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments in our consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):
Offsetting
Amount of gain or (loss) recognized in earnings:
Years Ended December 31,
Location of gain or (loss)202120202019
Embedded derivativesRevenues$3,503 $(3,043)$63 
Economic hedge of embedded derivativesRevenues(5,937)2,142 550 
Foreign currency forward contractsOther income (expense)129,496 (127,648)36,846 
    Total$127,062 $(128,549)$37,459 
Fair Value of Derivative Assets and LiabilitiesInstruments
The following table presents the fair value of derivative instruments recognized in the Company'sour consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 20182021 and 2020 (in thousands):
 Gross Amounts Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet 
Net Consolidated Balance Sheet Amounts(1)
 
Gross Amounts not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet (2)
 Net
Assets:         
Designated as hedging instruments:         
Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges$38,606
 $
 $38,606
 $(865) $37,741
Not designated as hedging instruments:         
Embedded derivatives4,656
 
 4,656
 
 4,656
Economic hedges of embedded derivatives525
 
 525
 (104) 421
Foreign currency forward contracts29,287
 
 29,287
 (2,941) 26,346
 34,468
 
 34,468
 (3,045) 31,423
Additional netting benefit
 
 
 (2,607) (2,607)
 $73,074
 $
 $73,074
 $(6,517) $66,557
Liabilities:         
Designated as hedging instruments:         
Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges$865
 $
 $865
 $(865) $
Not designated as hedging instruments:         
Embedded derivatives2,426
 
 2,426
 
 2,426
Economic hedges of embedded derivatives180
 
 180
 (104) 76
Foreign currency forward contracts6,269
 
 6,269
 (2,941) 3,328
 8,875
 
 8,875
 (3,045) 5,830
Additional netting benefit
 
 
 (2,607) (2,607)
 $9,740
 $
 $9,740
 $(6,517) $3,223
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Assets (1)
Liabilities (2)
Assets (1)
Liabilities (2)
Designated as hedging instruments:
Cash flow hedges
Foreign currency forward and option contracts$22,866 $7,618 $351 $52,804 
Interest rate locks8,662 — — — 
Net investment hedges
Cross-currency interest rate swaps56,921 19,441 — 192,939 
Foreign currency forward contracts156 70 — 17,041 
Total designated as hedging88,605 27,129 351 262,784 
Not designated as hedging instruments:
Embedded derivatives3,247 652 3,255 3,858 
Economic hedges of embedded derivatives2,232 637 4,372 12 
Foreign currency forward contracts83,265 5,854 3,721 133,805 
Total not designated as hedging88,744 7,143 11,348 137,675 
Total Derivatives$177,349 $34,272 $11,699 $400,459 
(1)
As presented in the Company's consolidated balance sheets within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities.
(2)
The Company enters into master netting agreements with its counterparties for transactions other than embedded derivatives to mitigate credit risk exposure to any single counterparty. Master netting agreements allow for individual derivative contracts with a single counterparty to offset in the event of default. For presentation on the consolidated balance sheets, the Company elects not to offset fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments under master netting arrangements.

(1)As presented in our consolidated balance sheets within other current assets and other assets.
(2)As presented in our consolidated balance sheets within other current liabilities and other liabilities.
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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)





Offsetting Derivative Assets and Liabilities

We enter into master netting agreements with our counterparties for transactions other than embedded derivatives to mitigate credit risk exposure to any single counterparty. Master netting agreements allow for individual derivative contracts with a single counterparty to offset in the event of default. For presentation on the consolidated balance sheets, we do not offset fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments or the accrued interest related to cross-currency interest rate swaps under master netting arrangements. The following table presents the fair value of derivative instruments recognized in the Company's consolidated balance sheetsinformation related to these offsetting arrangements as of December 31, 20172021 and 2020 (in thousands):
Gross Amounts Offset in
Consolidated Balance Sheet
Gross AmountsGross Amounts Offset in the Balance SheetNet AmountsGross Amounts not Offset in the Balance SheetNet
December 31, 2021
Derivative assets$207,037 $— $207,037 $(47,538)$159,499 
Derivative liabilities49,326 — 49,326 (47,538)1,788 
December 31, 2020
Derivative assets$38,447 $— $38,447 $(35,100)$3,347 
Derivative liabilities415,628 — 415,628 (35,100)380,528 
9.     Fair Value Measurements
 Gross Amounts Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet 
Net Consolidated Balance Sheet Amounts(1)
 
Gross Amounts not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet (2)
 Net
Assets:         
Designated as hedging instruments:         
Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges$2,379
 $
 $2,379
 $(2,379) $
Not designated as hedging instruments:         
Embedded derivatives5,076
 
 5,076
 
 5,076
Economic hedges of embedded derivatives325
 
 325
 
 325
Foreign currency forward contracts505
 
 505
 (340) 165
 5,906
 
 5,906
 (340) 5,566
Additional netting benefit
 
 
 (490) (490)
 $8,285
 $
 $8,285
 $(3,209) $5,076
Liabilities:         
Designated as hedging instruments:         
Foreign currency forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges$29,777
 $
 $29,777
 $(2,379) $27,398
Not designated as hedging instruments:         
Embedded derivatives3,503
 
 3,503
 
 3,503
Economic hedges of embedded derivatives20
 
 20
 
 20
Foreign currency forward contracts7,547
 
 7,547
 (340) 7,207
 11,070
 
 11,070
 (340) 10,730
Additional netting benefit
 
 
 (490) (490)
 $40,847
 $
 $40,847
 $(3,209) $37,638
(1)
As presented in the Company's consolidated balance sheets within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities.
(2)
The Company enters into master netting agreements with its counterparties for transactions other than embedded derivatives to mitigate credit risk exposure to any single counterparty. Master netting agreements allow for individual derivative contracts with a single counterparty to offset in the event of default. For presentation on the consolidated balance sheets, the Company elects not to offset fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments under master netting arrangements.
9.Fair Value Measurements
Valuation Methods
Fair value estimates are made as of a specific point in time based on methods using the market approach valuation method which uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities or other valuation techniques. These techniques involve uncertainties and are affected by the assumptions used and the judgments made regarding risk characteristics of various financial instruments, discount rates, estimates of future cash flows, future expected loss experience and other factors.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments. The fair value of the Company'sour investments in money market funds approximates their face value. Such instruments are included in cash equivalents. The Company'sOur money market funds and publicly traded equity securities are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. The fair value of the Company'sour other investments, including certificates of deposit, approximates

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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)



their face value. The fair value of these investments is priced based on the quoted market price for similar instruments or nonbinding market prices that are corroborated by observable market data. Such instruments are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company determinesWe determine the fair values of itsour Level 2 investments by using inputs such as actual trade data, benchmark yields, broker/dealer quotes and other similar data, which are obtained from quoted market prices, custody bank, third-party pricing vendors or other sources. The Company usesWe use such pricing data as the primary input to make its assessments and determinations as to the ultimate valuation of itsour investment portfolio and has not made, during the periods presented, any material adjustments to such inputs. The Company isWe are responsible for itsour consolidated financial statements and underlying estimates.
The Company usesWe use the specific identification method in computing realized gains and losses. Realized gains and losses onfrom the sale of investments are included within other income (expense) in the Company'sour consolidated statements of operations. The Company'sOur investments in publicly traded equity securities are carried at fair value. Subsequent to the adoption of ASU 2016-01, unrealizedUnrealized gains and losses on publicly traded equity securities are reported within other income (expense) in the Company'sour consolidated statements of operations. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-01, unrealized gains and losses on publicly traded equity securities were reported in stockholders' equity as a component of other comprehensive income or loss. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-01, the Company recorded a net cumulative effect increase of $2.1 million to retained earnings.
Derivative Assets and Liabilities. ForInputs used for valuations of derivatives are based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant inputs are observable in the Company uses forward contract and option models employing market or can be corroborated by observable market data. The significant inputs such asused include spot currency rates and forward points, with adjustments made to these values utilizing
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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


interest rate curves, and published credit default swap rates of its foreign exchange trading counterparties and other comparable companies. The Company hasWe have determined that the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, therefore the derivatives are categorized as Level 2.
DuringOther than the years ended December 31, 2018assets and 2017, the Companyliabilities that were classified as held for sale as described in Note 5 above, we did not have any nonfinancial assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.basis during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
The Company'sOur financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 20182021 were as follows (in thousands):
 
Fair Value at
December 31,
 
Fair Value
Measurement Using
 2018 Level 1 Level 2
Assets:     
Cash$486,648
 $486,648
 $
Money market and deposit accounts119,518
 119,518
 
Publicly traded equity securities1,717
 1,717
 
Certificates of deposit2,823
 
 2,823
Derivative instruments (1)
73,074
 
 73,074
 $683,780
 $607,883
 $75,897
Liabilities:     
Derivative instruments (1)
$9,740
 $
 $9,740
Fair Value at December 31, 2021Fair Value
Measurement Using
Level 1Level 2
Assets:
Money market and deposit accounts$585,681 $585,681 $— 
Derivative instruments (1)
177,349 — 177,349 
$763,030 $585,681 $177,349 
Liabilities:
Derivative instruments (1)
$34,272 $— $34,272 
(1)
Includes both foreign currency embedded derivatives and foreign currency forward contracts. Amounts are included within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheet.

(1)Amounts are included within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.
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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)



The Company'sOur financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 20172020 were as follows (in thousands):
 
Fair Value at
December 31,
 
Fair Value
Measurement Using
 2017 Level 1 Level 2
Assets:     
Cash$985,382
 $985,382
 $
Money market and deposit accounts427,135
 427,135
 
Publicly traded equity securities6,163
 6,163
 
Certificates of deposit31,351
 
 31,351
Derivative instruments (1)
8,285
 
 8,285
 $1,458,316
 $1,418,680
 $39,636
Liabilities:     
Derivative instruments (1)
$40,847
 $
 $40,847
Fair Value at
December 31,
Fair Value
Measurement Using
2020Level 1Level 2
Assets:
Money market and deposit accounts$611,071 $611,071 $— 
Publicly traded equity securities159 159 — 
Certificates of deposit4,373 — 4,373 
Derivative instruments (1)
11,699 — 11,699 
$627,302 $611,230 $16,072 
Liabilities:
Derivative instruments (1)
$400,459 $— $400,459 
(1)
Includes both foreign currency embedded derivatives and foreign currency forward contracts. Amounts are included within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheet.
The Company(1)Amounts are included within other current assets, other assets, other current liabilities and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.
We did not have any nonfinancial assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Other than the contingent consideration related to the EMEA 1 Joint Venture as described in Note 6 above, we did not have any Level 3 financial assets or financial liabilities during the years ended December 31, 20182021 and 2017.
10.Leases
Capital Lease and Other Financing Obligations
The Company's capital lease and other financing obligations expire at various dates ranging from 2019 to 2053. The weighted average effective interest rate of the Company's capital lease and other financing obligations was 7.88% as of December 31, 2018.
The Company's capital lease and other financing obligations are summarized as follows as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands):2020.
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 Capital Lease Obligations 
Other Financing Obligations (1)
 Total
2019$103,859
 $80,292
 $184,151
202097,326
 73,266
 170,592
202195,414
 73,672
 169,086
202294,954
 73,856
 168,810
202395,463
 69,423
 164,886
Thereafter878,755
 722,496
 1,601,251
Total minimum lease payments1,365,771
 1,093,005
 2,458,776
Plus amount representing residual property value
 389,643
 389,643
Less amount representing interest(602,026) (727,472) (1,329,498)
Present value of net minimum lease payments763,745
 755,176
 1,518,921
Less current portion(43,498) (34,346) (77,844)
Total$720,247
 $720,830
 $1,441,077
(1)
Other financing obligations are primarily related to build-to-suit arrangements. 


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)





10.    Leases
New York 4, New York 5, New York 6 and New York 7 ("NY4, NY5, NY6 and NY7") Data CentersSignificant Lease Transactions
In December 2018,The following table summarizes the Company entered into newsignificant lease agreements with the landlord of the Company's NY4, NY5 and NY6 data centers, replacing the existing leases. Additionally, the Company signed a modification of the lease agreement for its NY7 IBX data center. The total contractual obligation over the estimated term of the four new leases is collectively approximately $335.6 million. The Company had previously accounted for NY4 and NY7 as capital leases and NY5 and NY6 as build-to-suit arrangements. Pursuant to the current accounting standard for leases, the Company determined that NY4 and NY7 continued to be accounted for as capital leases and recognized an incremental capital lease obligation of $23.7 milliontransactions during the three monthsyear ended December 31, 2018. As a result2021 (in thousands):
Renewal/Termination Options Excluded (1)
Net Incremental (2)
LeaseQuarterTransactionLease ClassificationROU assetsROU liabilities
Silicon Valley 8 ("SV8") data center lease extended (3)
Q1Extended lease term by 16 yearsNaN 10-year renewal optionsFinance Lease$98,141$100,043
Operating Lease(13,685)(15,586)
Hong Kong 3 ("HK3") data center lease extended (3)
Q1Extended lease by 10 years, which included a 5-year renewal optionN/AFinance Lease - Building37,98737,987
Operating Lease - Land6,5926,592
Osaka 3 ("OS3") new data center and office leaseQ2New lease-15 year term2-year renewal option on a rolling basisFinance Lease144,122144,122
(1) These renewal/termination options are not included in determining the lease terms as we are not reasonably certain to exercise them at this time.
(2) The net incremental amounts represent the adjustments to the right of the new leases for NY5use ("ROU") assets and NY6, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of approximately $6.5 millionliabilities recorded during the three months ended December 31, 2018. Monthly payments under NY4, NY5, NY6 will be made through December 2048. The Company has certain renewal options available after December 2048, which have not been included in the lease term. Monthly payments under NY7 will be made through December 2028.
Stockholm 2 ("SK2") Data Center
In March 2018, the Company acquired the land and building for the SK2 IBX data center for cash consideration of SEK457.9 million, or approximately $54.9 million at the exchange rate in effect on March 31, 2018. The Company had previously accounted for SK2 as a build-to-suit arrangement. As a result of the purchase, the prior arrangement was effectively terminated, and the financing obligation was settled in full. The Company settled the financing obligation of the SK2 data center for SEK234.5 million or approximately $28.1 million and recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of SEK170.5 million, or approximately $20.4 million at the exchange rate in effect on March 31, 2018.
Tokyo 11 ("TY11") Data Center
In February 2018, the Company entered into a lease agreement for the TY11 IBX data center. Pursuant to the accounting standard for leases, the Company assessed the lease classification of the TY11 lease and determinedquarter that the lease should be accounted fortransactions were entered.
(3) These leases had components previously classified as a capital lease. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company recorded a capital lease obligation totaling approximately ¥2,348.5 million, or approximately $22.1 million at the exchange rate in effect on March 31, 2018. The lease has a term of 30 years through February 2048.operating leases.
Operating LeasesLease Expenses
The Company also leases its IBX data centers and certain equipment under noncancelable operatingcomponents of lease agreements. The majority of the Company's operating leases for its land and IBX data centers expire at various dates through 2065 with renewal options available to the Company. The lease agreements typically provide for base rental rates that increase at defined intervals during the term of the lease. In addition, the Company has negotiated some rent expense abatement periods for certain leases to better match the phased build out of its IBX data centers. The Company accounts for such abatements and increasing base rentals using the straight-line method over the life of the lease. The difference between the straight-line expense and the cash payment is recorded as deferred rent (see Note 7, "Other Current Liabilities" and "Other Liabilities").
Minimum future operating lease payments as of December 31, 2018expenses are summarized as follows (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
20212020
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use assets (1)
$157,057 $120,169 
Interest on lease liabilities117,896 113,699 
Total finance lease cost274,953 233,868 
Operating lease cost221,776 217,299 
Variable lease cost33,066 13,588 
Total lease cost$529,795 $464,755 
Years ending: 
2019$187,280
2020179,515
2021166,159
2022158,115
2023147,677
Thereafter1,130,494
Total$1,969,240
Total rent(1) Amortization of right-of-use assets is included within depreciation expense, was approximately $185.4 million, $157.9 million and $140.6 million foris recorded within cost of revenues, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

consolidated statements of operations.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)





Other Information
Other information related to leases is as follows (in thousands, except years and percent):
Years Ended December 31,
20212020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from finance leases$113,571 $109,558 
Operating cash flows from operating leases258,719 206,512 
Financing cash flows from finance leases165,539 115,288 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: (1)
Finance leases$412,214 $487,592 
Operating leases10,446 108,797 
As of December 31,
20212020
Weighted-average remaining lease term - finance leases (2)
14 years14 years
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases (2)
12 years12 years
Weighted-average discount rate - finance leases%%
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases%%
Finance lease ROU assets (3)
$1,875,696 $1,688,032 
11.Debt Facilities
(1) Represents all non-cash changes in ROU assets.
(2) Includes lease renewal options that are reasonably certain to be exercised.
(3) As of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we recorded accumulated amortization of finance lease assets of $726.4 million and $604.1 million, respectively. Finance lease assets are recorded within property, plant and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets.
Maturities of Lease Liabilities
Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2021 are as follows (in thousands):
Year ended December 31,Operating LeasesFinance LeasesTotal
2022$181,810 $252,670 $434,480 
2023181,480 239,268 420,748 
2024165,689 240,696 406,385 
2025155,642 237,107 392,749 
2026145,578 227,262 372,840 
Thereafter847,168 1,979,654 2,826,822 
Total lease payments1,677,367 3,176,657 4,854,024 
Less imputed interest(426,158)(1,039,148)(1,465,306)
Total$1,251,209 $2,137,509 $3,388,718 
We entered into agreements with various landlords primarily to lease data center spaces and ground leases which have not yet commenced as of December 31, 2021. These leases will commence between year 2022 and 2024, with lease terms of 3 to 27 years and total lease commitments of approximately $915.6 million.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


11.    Debt Facilities
Mortgage and Loans Payable
The Company'sAs of December 31, 2021 and 2020, our mortgage and loans payable consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
 2018 2017
Term loans$1,344,482
 $1,417,352
Mortgage payable and other loans payable44,042
 48,872
 1,388,524
 1,466,224
Less the amount representing unamortized debt discount and debt issuance cost(6,614) (10,666)
Add the amount representing unamortized mortgage premium1,882
 2,051
 1,383,792
 1,457,609
Less current portion(73,129) (64,491)
 $1,310,663
 $1,393,118
20212020
Term loans$549,697 $1,292,067 
Mortgage payable and loans payable68,691 78,903 
618,388 1,370,970 
Less amount representing unamortized debt discount and debt issuance cost(354)(3,288)
Add amount representing unamortized mortgage premium1,630 1,861 
619,664 1,369,543 
Less current portion(33,087)(82,289)
$586,577 $1,287,254 
Senior Credit Facility
On December 12,In 2017, the Companywe entered into a credit agreement with a group of lenders for a $3,000.0 million$3.0 billion credit facility ("Senior Credit Facility"), comprised of a $2,000.0 million$2.0 billion senior unsecured multicurrency revolving credit facility ("Revolving Facility") and an approximately $1,000.0 million$1.0 billion senior unsecured multicurrency term loan facility ("Term(the "Term Loan Facility"). The Senior Credit Facility contains customary covenants, including financial covenants which require the Company to maintain certain financial coverage and leverage ratios, as well as customary events of default, and is guaranteed by certain of the Company's domestic subsidiaries. The Senior Credit Facility has a five-year term, maturing on December 12, 2022.
The Revolving Facility allows the Company to borrow, repay and reborrow over its term. The Revolving Facility provides a sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit of up to $250.0 million at any one time. Borrowings under the Revolving Facility bear interest at a rate based on a benchmark rate defined in the credit agreement plus a margin that can vary from 0.85%was subsequently amended to 1.40% or, at the Company's option, the base rate, which is defined as the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.5%, (b) the Bank of America prime rate and (c) one-month LIBOR plus 1% plus a margin that can vary from 0.0% to 0.4%. The Company is required to pay a quarterly letter of credit fee on the face amount of each letter of credit, which fee is based on the same margin that applies from time to time to borrowings under the revolving credit line. The Company is also required to pay a quarterly facility fee ranging from 0.15% to 0.30% per annum based on the total revolving credit facility amount.
The Company borrowed £500.0 million and SEK2,800.0 million under the Term Loan Facility on December 12, 2017, or approximately $997.1 million at the exchange rates in effect on that date. The Company is required to repay the Term Loan Facility at the rate of 5% of the original principal amount per annum with the remaining balance to be repaid in full at the maturity of the Senior Credit Facility. The Term Loan Facility bears interest at a rate based on LIBOR plus a margin that can vary from 1.00% to 1.70%. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had £481.3 million and SEK2,695.0 million, or approximately $916.7 million in U.S dollars at the exchange rates in effect as of December 31, 2018, outstanding under the Term Loan Facility with a weighted average effective interest rate of 1.85% per annum. Debt issuance costs related to the Term Loan Facility, net of amortization, were $2.3 million as of December 31, 2018.
JPY Term Loan
On July 26, 2018, the Company entered intoprovide an amendment to its Senior Credit Facility. The amendment provided for aadditional senior unsecured term loan in an aggregate principal amount of ¥47.5 billion (the "JPY Term Loan"). The Company is required to repay the JPY Term Loan at the rate of 5% of the original principal amount per annum with the remaining balance to be repaid in full at the maturity of the Senior Credit Facility. The JPY Term Loan bears interest at a rate based on LIBOR plus a margin that can vary from 1.00% to 1.70% and contains customary covenants consistent with the Senior Credit Facility.
On July 31, 2018, the Company drew down the full ¥47.5 billion of the JPY Term Loan, orJapanese Yen for approximately $424.7 million at the exchange rate effective on July 31, 2018,the transaction date.
On May 17, 2021, using a portion of the net cash proceeds from the 2026 Notes, 2028 Notes, 2031 Notes, and prepaid the remaining principal of its existing2052 Notes as described below, we repaid our outstanding term loans in Swedish Krona and Japanese Yen under our Term Loan of ¥43.8 billion or approximately $391.3 million.Facility for $285.4 million and $374.5 million in U.S. Dollars, respectively, at the exchange rates in effect on May 17, 2021. As of December 31, 2018,2021 and December 31, 2020, the total amounts outstanding borrowings under the JPY Term Loan were ¥46.9 billion, or approximately $427.8 million at the exchange rate effective on that date, with an effective interest rateFacility, net of 1.74%. Debtdebt issuance costs, netwere $549.3 million and $1.3 billion, respectively. This outstanding amount of amortization, related to the JPY Term Loan were $4.3$549.3 million as of December 31, 2018.2021 was excluded from current liabilities as we had the ability and intent to refinance this short-term obligation on a long-term basis. See Note 18 Subsequent Events below.

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Japanese Yen Term Loan
On September 30, 2016,December 31, 2021, we had 41 irrevocable letters of credit totaling $90.2 million issued and outstanding under the Company entered into a five year term loan agreement (the "Japanese Yen Term Loan")Revolving Facility, with MUFG for ¥47.5approximately $1.9 billion or approximately $468.4 million atremaining available to borrow under the exchange rate in effect on September 30, 2016. In October 2016, the Company drew down the full amount of the Japanese Yen Term Loan of ¥47.5 billion, or approximately $453.2 million at the exchange rate in effect on October 31, 2016. On July 31, 2018, the Company prepaid the remaining principal of the Japanese Yen Term Loan of ¥43.8 billion or approximately $391.3 million using proceeds from the JPY Term Loan. In connection with this prepayment of its existing Japanese Yen Term Loan, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $2.2 million.Revolving Facility.
Mortgage Payable
In October 2013, as a result of the Frankfurt Kleyer 90 Carrier Hotel Acquisition, the Companywe assumed a mortgage payable of $42.9 million with an effective interest rate of 4.25%. The mortgage payable has monthly principal and interest payments and has an expiration date of August 2022.
Convertible Debt
4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes
In June 2009, the Company issued $373.8 million aggregate principal amount of 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes due June 15, 2016 (the "4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes"). In 2014 and 2015, certain holdersDecember 2019, as a result of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes elected to convertTR2 Data Center purchase, we assumed a totalmortgage payable of $223.7$43.8 million with an effective interest rate of the3.63%. The mortgage payable has monthly principal amountand interest payments and has an expiration date of the notes for 2,513,798 shares of the Company's common stock and $51.7 million in cash, comprised of accrued interest, premium and cash paid in lieu of issuing shares for certain note holders' principal amount.
In April and June 2016, certain holders of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes converted or redeemed a total of $150.1 million of the principal amount of the notes for 1,981,662 shares of the Company's common stock and $3.6 million in cash, comprised of accrued interest, cash paid in lieu of fractional shares and principal redemption. In the Company's consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2016, the principal redemption and cash paid in lieu of issuing fractional shares to settle a portion of the principal amount were included within net cash provided by (used in) financing activities and the accrued interest paid was included within net cash provided by operating activities.
The following table sets forth total interest expense recognized related to the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes for the year ended December 31 (in thousands):November 2029.
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 2016
Contractual interest expense$3,267
Amortization of debt issuance costs186
Amortization of debt discount3,775
 $7,228
Effective interest rate of the liability component10.48%

To minimize the impact of potential dilution upon conversion of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes, the Company entered into capped call transactions (the "Capped Call") separate from the issuance of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes and paid a premium of $49.7 million for the Capped Call in 2009. The Capped Call covers a total of approximately 4,432,638 shares of the Company's common stock, subject to adjustment.
Upon maturity of the 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes on June 15, 2016, the Company settled the capped call transaction and received 380,779 shares of common stock, which were placed in treasury and resulted in a credit of $141.7 million to additional paid-in capital at the market price of $372.10 on June 15, 2016.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)







Senior Notes
The Company'sOur senior notes consisted of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):
20212020
Senior NotesIssuance DateMaturity DateAmountEffective RateAmountEffective Rate
5.000% Infomart Senior NotesApril 2018April 2021$— — %$150,000 4.51 %
2.625% Senior Notes due 2024November 2019November 20241,000,000 2.79 %1,000,000 2.79 %
1.250% Senior Notes due 2025June 2020July 2025500,000 1.46 %500,000 1.46 %
1.000% Senior Notes due 2025October 2020September 2025700,000 1.18 %700,000 1.18 %
2.900% Senior Notes due 2026November 2019November 2026600,000 3.04 %600,000 3.04 %
2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2026December 2017February 2026— — %611,050 3.04 %
1.450% Senior Notes due 2026May 2021May 2026700,000 1.64 %— — %
0.250% Euro Senior Notes due 2027March 2021March 2027569,150 0.45 %— — %
1.800% Senior Notes due 2027June 2020July 2027500,000 1.96 %500,000 1.96 %
5.375% Senior Notes due 2027March 2017May 2027— — %1,250,000 5.51 %
1.550% Senior Notes due 2028October 2020March 2028650,000 1.67 %650,000 1.67 %
2.000% Senior Notes due 2028May 2021May 2028400,000 2.21 %— — %
3.200% Senior Notes due 2029November 2019November 20291,200,000 3.30 %1,200,000 3.30 %
2.150% Senior Notes due 2030June 2020July 20301,100,000 2.27 %1,100,000 2.27 %
2.500% Senior Notes due 2031May 2021May 20311,000,000 2.65 %— — %
1.000% Euro Senior Notes due 2033March 2021March 2033682,980 1.18 %— — %
3.000% Senior Notes due 2050June 2020July 2050500,000 3.09 %500,000 3.09 %
2.950% Senior Notes due 2051October 2020September 2051500,000 3.00 %500,000 3.00 %
3.400% Senior Notes due 2052May 2021February 2052500,000 3.50 %— — %
11,102,130 9,261,050 
Less amount representing unamortized debt discount and debt issuance cost(117,986)(92,773)
Add amount representing unamortized debt premium— 186 
10,984,144 9,168,463 
Less current portion— (150,186)
$10,984,144 $9,018,277 
      2018 2017
Senior Notes Issuance Date Maturity Date Amount Effective Rate Amount Effective Rate
5.000% Infomart Senior Notes April 2018 April 2019 - April 2021 $750,000
 4.40% $
 %
5.375% Senior Notes due 2022 November 2014 January 2022 750,000
 5.56% 750,000
 5.56%
5.375% Senior Notes due 2023 March 2013 April 2023 1,000,000
 5.51% 1,000,000
 5.51%
2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024 March 2018 March 2024 859,125
 3.08% 
 %
5.750% Senior Notes due 2025 November 2014 January 2025 500,000
 5.88% 500,000
 5.88%
2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2025 September 2017 October 2025 1,145,500
 3.04% 1,201,000
 3.04%
5.875% Senior Notes due 2026 December 2015 January 2026 1,100,000
 6.03% 1,100,000
 6.03%
2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2026 December 2017 February 2026 1,145,500
 3.04% 1,201,000
 3.04%
5.375% Senior Notes due 2027 March 2017 May 2027 1,250,000
 5.51% 1,250,000
 5.51%
      8,500,125
   7,002,000
  
Less amount representing unamortized debt issuance cost (75,372)   (78,151)  
Add amount representing unamortized debt premium   5,031
   
  
      8,429,784
   6,923,849
  
Less current portion     (300,999)   
  
      $8,128,785
   $6,923,849
  

5.000% Infomart Senior Notes
On April 2, 2018, in connection with the closing of the Infomart Dallas Acquisition, the Company issued $750.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.000% senior unsecured notes in five new series due in each of April 2019, October 2019, April 2020, October 2020 and April 2021, with each series consisting of $150.0 million principal amount. The 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes were fair valued as of the acquisition date and the Company recognized debt premium of $8.2 million. Interest on the notes is payable semi-annually on April 2 and October 2 of each year, commencing on October 2, 2018. The 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes are not redeemable prior to their maturity dates.
2.875%0.250% Euro Senior Notes due 20242027 and 1.000% Euro Senior Notes due 2033
On March 14, 2018, the Company10, 2021, we issued €750.0€500.0 million, or approximately $929.9$594.9 million in U.S. dollars, at the exchange rate in effect on March 14, 2018,10, 2021, aggregate principal amount of 2.875%0.250% senior notes due March 15, 2024. 2027 (the "2027 Euro Notes") and €600.0 million, or approximately $713.8 million in U.S. dollars, at the exchange rate in effect on March 10, 2021, aggregate principal amount of 1.000% senior notes due March 15, 2033 (the "2033 Euro Notes").
Interest on the notes is payable semi-annuallyannually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, commencing on SeptemberMarch 15, 2018. Debt2022. Total debt issuance costs and debt discounts related to the 2027 Euro Notes and the 2033 Euro Notes were $7.0 million and $14.1 million, respectively.
Redemption of 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 20242026
On March 24, 2021, using a portion of the net cash proceeds from the 2027 Euro Senior Notes and 2033 Euro Senior Notes, we redeemed the remaining outstanding 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2026 for $590.7 million in
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


U.S. dollars, at the exchange rate in effect on March 24, 2021. In connection with the redemption, we incurred $13.2 million of loss on debt extinguishment, including $8.5 million in redemption premium that was paid in cash and $4.7 million related to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs, during the three months ended March 31, 2021.
1.450% Senior Notes due 2026, 2.000% Senior Notes due 2028, 2.500% Senior Notes due 2031 and 3.400% Senior Notes due 2052
On May 17, 2021, we issued $700.0 million aggregate principal amount of 1.450% senior notes due 2026 (the "2026 Notes"), $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2.000% senior notes due 2028 (the "2028 Notes"), $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 2.500% senior notes due 2031 (the "2031 Notes"), and $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.400% senior notes due 2052 (the "2052 Notes").
Interest on the 2026, 2028 and 2031 notes are payable semi-annually on May 15 and November 15 of each year, commencing on November 15, 2021. Interest on the 2052 notes are payable semi-annually on February 15 and August 15 of each year, commencing on February 15, 2022. Total debt issuance costs and debt discounts related to the 2026 Notes, 2028 Notes, 2031 Notes and 2052 Notes were $11.6 million.$6.4 million, $5.3 million, $13.0 million and $9.3 million, respectively.
Redemption of 5.375% Senior Notes due 2027
On June 2, 2021, we redeemed all outstanding principal amount under the 5.375% Senior Notes due 2027 with a portion of the net cash proceeds from the issuance of the 2026 Notes, 2028 Notes, 2031 Notes, and 2052 Notes as described above. In connection with the redemption, we incurred $100.6 million of loss on debt extinguishment, including $90.7 million redemption premium that was paid in cash and $9.9 million related to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs.
All of our senior notes are unsecured and rank equal in right of payment to the Company'sour existing or future senior indebtedness and senior in right of payment to the Company'sour existing and future subordinated indebtedness. Interest on the senior notes is paid semi-annually in arrears. The senior notes are effectively subordinated to all of the existing and future secured debt, including debt outstanding under any bank facility or secured by any mortgage, to the extent of the assets securing such debt. They are also structurally subordinated to any existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of any of the Company'sour subsidiaries.
Each series of senior notes is governed by an indenture and a supplemental indenture between the Companyus and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. These supplemental indentures contain covenants that limit the Company'sour ability and the ability of itsour subsidiaries to, among other things(1):things:
incur additional debt;liens;
pay dividends or make other restricted payments;
purchase, redeem or retire capital stock or subordinated debt;
make asset sales;
enter into transactionssale-leaseback transactions; and
merge or consolidate with affiliates;any other person.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)



incur liens(2);
enter into sale-leaseback transactions(2);
provide subsidiary guarantees;
make investments; and
merge or consolidate with any other person(2).
(1)
If the senior notes are rated investment grade at any time by two or more of Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch, most of the restrictive covenants contained in the supplemental indentures will be suspended.
(2)
The supplemental indentures for the 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes, 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024 and 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2026 only contain these covenants footnoted with (2).

December 31, 2021, we are in compliance with all covenants. Subject to compliance with the limitations described above, the Companywe may issue an unlimited principal amount of additional notes at later dates under the same indenture as the senior notes. Any additional notes the Company issues under the indenture will be identical in all respects to the terms of the 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes, 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024 and 2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2026, except that the additional notes will have different issuance dates and may have different issuance prices.
The Company isWe are not required to make any mandatory redemption with respect to the senior notes; however, upon the event of a change in control, the Companywe may be required to offer to purchase the senior notes.
Optional Redemption Schedule
Senior Note DescriptionEarly Equity Redemption PriceFirst Scheduled Redemption DateFirst Scheduled Redemption PriceSecond Year Redemption PriceThird Year Redemption Price
Fourth Year
(if scheduled) Redemption Price
5.375% Senior Notes due 2022105.375%January 1, 2018104.031%102.688%101.344%100.000%
5.375% Senior Notes due 2023105.375%April 1, 2018102.688%101.792%100.896%100.000%
2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2024102.875%September 15, 2020101.438%100.719%100.000% 
5.750% Senior Notes due 2025105.750%January 1, 2020102.875%101.917%100.958%100.000%
2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2025102.875%October 1, 2020101.438%100.719%100.000% 
5.875% Senior Notes due 2026105.875%January 15, 2021102.938%101.958%100.979%100.000%
2.875% Euro Senior Notes due 2026102.875%February 1, 2021101.438%100.719%100.000% 
5.375% Senior Notes due 2027105.375%May 15, 2022102.688%101.792%100.896%100.000%
Each series of senior notes provides for optional redemption, withWith respect to the exception of 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes. Within 90 daysrest of the closing of one or more equity offerings andNotes listed below, we may redeem at our election, at any time prioror from time to the first scheduled redemption date listed in the Optional Redemption Schedule, the Company may redeem up to 35%time, some or all of the aggregatenotes of any series before they mature. The redemption price will equal the sum of (1) an amount equal to one hundred percent (100%) of the principal amount of any series of seniorthe notes outstanding, at the respective early equity redemption price listed in the Optional Redemption Schedule,being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest up to, but not including, the redemption date provided that at least 65% ofand (2) a make-whole premium. If the aggregate principal amount of the senior notes issued in such series remains outstanding immediately after such redemption(s).
On or after the first scheduled redemption date listed in the Optional Redemption Schedule, the Company may redeem all or a part of a series of senior notes, on one or more occasions, at the redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) set forth in the Optional Redemption Schedule, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, if redeemed during the twelve-month period beginning on the first scheduled redemption date and at reduced scheduled redemption prices during the twelve or eighteen-month periods beginning on the anniversaries of the first scheduled redemption date.
In addition, at any time prior to the first scheduled redemption date, the Company may redeem all or a part of any series of senior notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of such senior notes redeemed plus the applicable premium (the "Applicable Premium") and accrued and unpaid interest, subject to the rights of the holders of record of such senior notes on the relevant record date to receive interest due on the relevant interest payment date. The Applicable Premium means the greater of:
(1)1.0% of the principal amount of the senior notes;

Notes are
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redeemed on or after the First Par Call Date listed in the table below, the redemption price will not include a make-whole premium for the applicable notes.
(2)Senior Notes Descriptionthe excess of:First Par Call Date
2.625% Senior Notes due 2024October 18, 2024
1.000% Senior Notes due 2025August 15, 2025
1.250% Senior Notes due 2025June 15, 2025
2.900% Senior Notes due 2026September 18, 2026
1.800% Senior Notes due 2027May 15, 2027
1.550% Senior Notes due 2028January 15, 2028
3.200% Senior Notes due 2029August 18, 2029
2.150% Senior Notes due 2030April 15, 2030
3.000% Senior Notes due 2050January 15, 2050
2.950% Senior Notes due 2051March 15, 2051
0.250% Euro Senior Notes due 2027January 15, 2027
1.000% Euro Senior Notes due 2033December 15, 2032
1.450% Senior Notes due 2026April 15, 2026
2.000% Senior Notes due 2028March 15, 2028
2.500% Senior Notes due 2031February 15, 2031
3.400% Senior Notes due 2052August 15, 2051
(a)the present value at such redemption date of (i) the redemption price of the senior notes at the first scheduled redemption date, plus (ii) all required interest payments due on the senior notes through the first scheduled redemption date computed using a discount rate equal to the treasury rate as of such redemption date plus 50 basis points; over
(b)the principal amount of the senior notes.
Loss on Debt Extinguishment
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded $51.4 million of loss on debt extinguishment comprised of (i) $17.1 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of amendments to leases impacting the related financing obligations, (ii) $19.5 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the settlement of financing obligations as a result of the Infomart Dallas Acquisition, (iii) $12.6 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of the settlement of financing obligations for properties purchased and (iv) $2.2 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of the redemption of the Japanese Yen Term Loan.
During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recorded $65.8 million of loss on debt extinguishment comprised of (i) $14.6 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the redemption of senior notes, which included $12.2 million redemption premium that was paid in cash and $2.4 million related to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs, (ii) $22.5 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the redemption of term loans under the previously outstanding credit facility, (iii) $16.7 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of amendments to leases and financing obligations and (iv) $12.0 million of loss on debt extinguishment from the settlement of financing obligations as a result of properties purchased.
During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded $12.3 million of loss on debt extinguishment as a result of (i) the settlement of the financing obligations for Paris 3 IBX data center, (ii) a portion of the lender fees associated with the Japanese Yen Term Loan and (iii) the prepayment and terminations of the 2012 and 2013 Brazil financings.
Maturities of Debt Instruments
The following table sets forth maturities of the Company'sour debt, including mortgage and loans payable, and senior notes, gross of debt issuance costs, debt discounts and debt premiums, as of December 31, 20182021 (in thousands):
Years ending: Years ending:
2019$373,128
2020373,443
2021223,134
20221,915,871
2022$582,783 
20231,002,491
20236,664 
202420241,006,230 
202520251,204,640 
202620261,304,770 
Thereafter6,002,464
Thereafter7,617,061 
$9,890,531
$11,722,148 
Fair Value of Debt Instruments
The following table sets forth the estimated fair values of the Company'sour mortgage and loans payable and senior notes, including current maturities, as of December 31 (in thousands):
2018 201720212020
Mortgage and loans payable$1,389,632
 $1,464,877
Mortgage and loans payable$621,051 $1,379,129 
Senior notes8,422,211
 7,288,673
Senior notes11,049,834 9,705,486 
The fair values of the mortgage and loans payable, and 5.000% Infomart Senior Notes, which wereare not publicly traded, were estimated by considering the Company'sour credit rating, current rates available to the Companyus for debt of the same remaining maturities and terms of the debt (level(Level 2). The fair value of the senior notes, which wereare traded in the public debt market, was based on quoted market prices (level(Level 1).

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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)





Interest Charges
The following table sets forth total interest costs incurred, and total interest costs capitalized for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
202120202019
Interest expense$336,082 $406,466 $479,684 
Interest capitalized24,505 26,750 32,173 
Interest charges incurred$360,587 $433,216 $511,857 
 2018 2017 2016
Interest expense$521,494
 $478,698
 $392,156
Interest capitalized19,880
 22,625
 13,338
Interest charges incurred (1)
$541,374
 $501,323
 $405,494
(1)
Interest charges incurred for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 also include interest expense incurred under the previously outstanding credit facility the Company entered in 2014, which was terminated in December 2017.
Total interest paid in cash, net of capitalized interest, during the years ended December 31, 2018, 20172021, 2020 and 20162019 was $476.9$401.9 million, $422.2$471.7 million and $336.7$521.6 million, respectively.
12.Stockholders' Equity
The Company's12.    Stockholders' Equity
Our authorized share capital is 300,000,000 shares of common stock and 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock, of which 25,000,000 is designated Series A, 25,000,000 is designated as Series A-1 and 50,000,000 is undesignated. As of December 31, 20182021 and 2017, the Company2020, we had no preferred stock issued and outstanding.
Common Stock
In December 2018, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement with Barclays Capital Inc., Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, HSBC Securities (USA) Inc., MUFG Securities Americas Inc. and TD Securities (USA) LLC, establishing an "at the market" equity offering program, under which the Company may offer and sell from time to time up to an aggregate of $750.0 million of its common stock in "at the market" transactions (the "2018 ATM Program"). As of December 31, 2018, no sales have been made under the 2018 ATM Program.
In August 2017, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement with RBC Capital Market, LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, establishing an "at the market" equity offering program, under which the Company may offer and sell from time to time up to an aggregate of $750.0 million of its common stock in "at the market" transactions (the "2017 ATM Program"). For the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company sold 930,934 shares and 763,201 shares, respectively, for approximately $388.2 million and $355.1 million, respectively, net of payment of commissions to the sales agents and estimated equity offering costs. As of December 31, 2018, no shares remain available for sale under the 2017 ATM Program.
In March 2017, the Company2019, we issued and sold 6,069,4442,985,575 shares of its common stock in a public offering pursuant to a registration statement and a related prospectus and prospectus supplement, in each case filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The shares issued and sold included the full exercise of the underwriters' option to purchase 791,666 additional shares. The Companysupplement. We received net proceeds of approximately $2,126.3 million, after deducting$1.2 billion, net of underwriting discounts, and commissions and offering expenses of $58.7 million.
expenses. In AprilMay 2020, we issued and June 2016, upon the maturity of the Company's 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes, holders of the Company's 4.75% Convertible Subordinated Notes converted $150.1 million principal amount of the notes into 1,981,662 shares of the Company's common stock. In June 2016, the Company also settled the capped call transaction and received 380,779sold 2,587,500 shares of common stock which were placed in treasury and resulted in a creditpublic offering pursuant to a registration statement and a related prospectus and prospectus supplement. We received net proceeds of $141.7approximately $1.7 billion, net of underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses.
In December 2018, we established an "at the market" equity offering program (the "2018 ATM Program"), under which we could, from time to time, offer and sell shares of our common stock to or through sales agents up to an aggregate of $750.0 million. For the years ended December 31, 2020, and 2019, we sold 415,512 shares and 903,555 shares, respectively, for approximately $298.3 million and $447.5 million, respectively, net of payment of commissions to additional paid-in capital atsales agents and other offering expenses, under the market price2018 ATM Program. As of $372.10 on June 15, 2016. See convertible debtDecember 31, 2020, no shares remained available for sale under the 2018 ATM Program. In October 2020, we established another ATM program, under which we may, from time to time, offer and sell up to an aggregate of $1.5 billion of our common stock to or through sales agents in Note 11"at the market" transactions (the "2020 ATM Program"). For the year ended December 31, 2021, we sold 637,617 shares for additional information.

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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)



payment of commissions to sales agents and other offering expenses, under the 2020 ATM Program. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we did not sell any shares under the 2020 ATM Program.
As of December 31, 2018, the Company2021, we had reserved the following authorized but unissued shares of common stock for future issuances:
Common stock options and restricted stock units3,885,2205,327,514 
Common stock employee purchase plans3,120,4252,640,649 
Total7,005,6457,968,163 
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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The components of the Company'schanges in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, consisted of the followingby components are as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016follows (in thousands):
 December 31, 2015 Net
Change
 December 31, 2016 Net
Change
 December 31, 2017 Net
Change
 Cumulative Effect Adjustment December 31, 2018
Foreign currency translation adjustment ("CTA") gain (loss)$(523,709) $(507,420) $(1,031,129) $454,269
 $(576,860) $(421,743) $
 $(998,603)
Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges(1)
11,153
 19,551
 30,704
 (54,895) (24,191) 43,671
 
 19,480
Net investment hedge CTA gain (loss)(1)
4,484
 45,505
 49,989
 (235,292) (185,303) 219,628
 
 34,325
Unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale securities(2)
(139) 2,249
 2,110
 14
 2,124
 
 (2,124) 
Net actuarial gain (loss) on defined benefit plans(3)
(848) 32
 (816) (143) (959) 55
 
 (904)
 $(509,059) $(440,083) $(949,142) $163,953
 $(785,189) $(158,389) $(2,124) $(945,702)
December 31, 2018Net
Change
December 31, 2019Net
Change
December 31, 2020Net
Change
December 31, 2021
Foreign currency translation adjustment ("CTA") gain (loss)$(998,603)$(58,315)$(1,056,918)$548,503 $(508,415)$(559,984)$(1,068,399)
Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges (1)
19,480 (3,842)15,638 (82,790)(67,152)60,562 (6,590)
Net investment hedge CTA gain (loss) (1)
34,325 73,294 107,619 (444,553)(336,934)326,982 (9,952)
Net actuarial gain (loss) on defined benefit plans (2)
(904)(48)(952)85 (867)57 (810)
$(945,702)$11,089 $(934,613)$21,245 $(913,368)$(172,383)$(1,085,751)
(1)
(1)Refer to Note 8 for a discussion of the amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net income.
(2)We have a defined benefit pension plan covering all employees in two countries where such plans are mandated by law. We do not have any defined benefit plans in any other countries. The unamortized gain (loss) on defined benefit plans includes gains or losses resulting from a change in the value of either the projected benefit obligation or the plan assets resulting from a change in an actuarial assumption, net of amortization.

Refer to Note 8 for a discussion of the amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net income.
(2)
Upon adoption of ASU 2016-01 during the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company recorded a net cumulative effect adjustment of $2.1 million from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings. The realized gains and losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net income as a result of sale of available for sale securities were not significant for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
(3)
The Company has a defined benefit pension plan covering all employees in one country where such plans are mandated by law. The Company does not have any defined benefit plans in any other countries. The unamortized gain (loss) on defined benefit plans includes gains or losses resulting from a change in the value of either the projected benefit obligation or the plan assets resulting from a change in an actuarial assumption, net of amortization.
Changes in foreign currencies can have a significant impact to the Company'sour consolidated balance sheets (as evidenced above in the Company'sour foreign currency translation loss), as well as its consolidated results of operations, as amounts in foreign currencies are generally translated into more U.S. dollars when the U.S. dollar weakens or less U.S. dollars when the U.S. dollar strengthens. As of December 31, 2018,2021, the U.S. dollar was generally stronger relative to certain of the currencies of the foreign countries in which the Company operateswe operate as compared to December 31, 2017. This overall strengthening2020. Because of this, the U.S. dollar had an overall negativeunfavorable impact on the Company'sour consolidated financial position because the foreign denominations translated into lessfewer U.S. dollars as evidenced by thean increase in foreign currency translation loss for the year ended December 31, 20182021 as reflected in the above table. In future periods, theThe volatility of the U.S. dollar as compared to the other currencies in which the Company does businesswe operate could have a significant impact on itsour consolidated financial position and results of operations including the amount of revenue that the Company reportswe report in future periods.
Dividends
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During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company's Board of Directors declared quarterly dividends of $2.28 per share on November 1, August 8, May 2 and February 14, 2018, to stockholders of record on November 14, August 22, May 23 and February 26, 2018, respectively, and payment dates of December 12, September 19, June 20 and March 21, 2018, respectively. The Company paid a total of $727.4 million in quarterly dividends during the year ended December 31, 2018.

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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)





Dividends
During the yearyears ended December 31, 2017, the Company's2021, 2020 and 2019, our Board of Directors declared quarterly dividends whose treatment for federal income tax purposes were as follows:
Declaration DateRecord DatePayment Date
Total Distribution (1)
Nonqualified Ordinary Dividend (2)
Total Distribution Amount
(per share)(in thousands)
Fiscal 2021
2/10/20212/24/20213/17/2021$2.870000 $2.870000 $256,321 
4/28/20215/19/20216/16/20212.870000 2.870000 257,199 
7/28/20218/18/20219/22/20212.870000 2.870000 257,769 
11/3/202111/17/202112/15/20212.870000 2.870000 258,716 
Total$11.480000 $11.480000 $1,030,005 
Fiscal 2020
2/12/20202/26/20203/18/2020$2.660000 $2.660000 $227,386 
5/6/20205/20/20206/17/20202.660000 2.660000 235,449 
7/29/20208/19/20209/23/20202.660000 2.660000 236,424 
10/28/202011/18/202012/9/20202.660000 2.660000 237,010 
Total$10.640000 $10.640000 $936,269 
Fiscal 2019
2/13/20192/27/20193/20/2019$2.460000 $2.460000 $198,933 
5/1/20195/22/20196/19/20192.460000 2.460000 207,949 
7/31/20198/21/20199/18/20192.460000 2.460000 209,226 
10/30/201911/20/201912/11/20192.460000 2.460000 209,785 
Total$9.840000 $9.840000 $825,893 
(1)Common stock dividends are characterized for federal income tax purposes as nonqualified ordinary dividend, qualified ordinary dividend, capital gains or return of $2.00 per share on November 1, August 2, April 26 and February 15, 2017, to stockholders of record on November 15, August 23, May 24 and February 27, 2017, respectively, and payment dates of December 13, September 20, June 21 and March 22, 2017, respectively. The Company paid a total of $612.1 million in quarterly dividends duringcapital. During the yearyears ended December 31, 2017.2021, 2020 and 2019, we did not classify any portion of the distributions as qualified ordinary dividend, capital gains or return of capital.
During(2)All nonqualified ordinary dividends are eligible for the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company's Board of Directors declared quarterly dividends of $1.75 per share on November 2, August 3, May 4 and February 18, 2016,20% deduction generally allowable to stockholders of record on November 16, August 24, May 25 and March 9, 2016, respectively, and payment dates of December 14, September 14, June 15 and March 23, 2016, respectively. The Company paid a total of $492.4 million in quarterly dividends during the year ended December 31, 2016.non-corporate shareholders under Internal Revenue Code Section 199A.
In addition, as of December 31, 2018,2021, for dividends and special distributions attributed to the restricted stock units, the CompanyRSUs, we recorded a short term dividend payable of $8.8$12.0 million and a long term dividend payable of $6.5$9.7 million for the restricted stock unitsRSUs that have not yet vested. As of December 31, 2017,2020, for dividends and special distributions attributed to the restricted stock units, the CompanyRSUs, we recorded a short term dividend payable of $11.2$10.9 million and a long term dividend payable of $6.7$7.9 million for the restricted stock unitsRSUs that have not yet vested.
For federal income tax purposes, distributions to stockholders are treated as ordinary income, capital gains, return of capital or a combination thereof. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the quarterly dividends were classified as follows:
Record Date Payment Date Total Distribution Nonqualified Ordinary Dividend Qualified Ordinary Dividend Return of Capital
    (per share)
Fiscal 2018          
2/26/2018 3/21/2018 $2.280000
 $2.280000
 $
 $
5/23/2018 6/20/2018 2.280000
 2.280000
 
 
8/22/2018 9/19/2018 2.280000
 2.280000
 
 
11/14/2018 12/12/2018 2.280000
 2.280000
 
 
Total   $9.120000
 $9.120000
 $
 $
           
Fiscal 2017          
2/27/2017 3/22/2017 $2.000000
 $2.000000
 $
 $
5/24/2017 6/21/2017 2.000000
 2.000000
 
 
8/23/2017 9/20/2017 2.000000
 2.000000
 
 
11/15/2017 12/13/2017 2.000000
 2.000000
 
 
Total   $8.000000
 $8.000000
 $
 $
13.13.    Stock-Based Compensation
Equinix Equity Awards
Equity Compensation Plans
In May 2000, the Company's stockholders approved the adoptionAs of the December 31, 2021, our equity compensation plans include:
2000 Equity Incentive Plan.Plan: Under the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan, nonstatutory stock options, restricted shares, restricted stock unitsRSAs, RSUs and stock appreciation rights may be granted to employees, outside directors and consultants at not less than 85% of the fair value on the date of grant, and incentive stock options may be granted to employees at not less than 100% of the fair value on the date of grant. Equity awards granted under the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan generally vest over 4 years. The Company had reserved a total of 16,636,172 shares for issuance underOn June 18, 2020, the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan of which 1,892,262 shares were still available for grant as of December 31, 2018. The 2000was terminated and replaced by the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee(the "2020 Equity Incentive Plan").
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2000 Director Option Plan which was amended and restated effective January 1, 2003. : Under the 2000 Director Option Plan, each non-employee board member who was not previously an employee of the Company would receive an automatic initial nonstatutory stock option grant as well as an annual non-statutory

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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)



stock option grant on the date of the Company'sour regular Annual Meeting of Stockholders. On December 18, 2008, the Company'sour Board of Directors passed resolutions eliminating all automatic stock option grant mechanisms under the 2000 Director Option Plan and replaced them with an automatic restricted stock unitRSU grant mechanism under the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan. The Company had reserved 594,403 shares for issuance underOn June 18, 2020, the 2000 Director Option Plan of which 505,646was terminated and all shares remaining available under this Plan were still available for grant as of December 31, 2018. The 2000 Director Optionretired.
2001 Supplemental Stock Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee and the Compensation Committee may terminate or amend the plan, with approval of the stockholders as may be required by applicable law, at any time.
In September 2001, the Company adopted: Under the 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan, under which non-statutory stock options and restricted shares/restricted stock unitsRSAs/RSUs may be granted to consultants and employees who are not executive officers or board members, at not less than 85% of the fair value on the date of grant. Current stock options granted under the 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan generally vest over four years. The Company had reserved a total of 1,494,275 shares for issuance underOn June 18, 2020, the 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan was terminated and all shares remaining available under this Plan were retired.
2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "2004 Purchase Plan"): The 2004 Purchase Plan permits eligible employees to purchase common stock on favorable terms via payroll deductions of up to 15% of the employee's cash compensation, subject to certain share and statutory dollar limits. NaN overlapping offering periods commence during each calendar year, on each February 15 and August 15 or such other periods or dates as determined by the Compensation Committee from time to time, and the offering periods last up to 24 months with a purchase date every 6 months. The price of each share purchased is 85% of the lower of a) the fair value per share of common stock on the last trading day before the commencement of the applicable offering period or b) the fair value per share of common stock on the purchase date.
2020 Equity Incentive Plan: On April 23, 2020, our Board of Directors approved the 2020 Equity Plan, which 260,498provides for the grant of stock options, including incentive stock options and non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, RSAs, RSUs, other stock-based incentive awards, dividend equivalents, and cash-based incentive awards. The 2020 Equity Plan's awards may be granted to employees, non-employee members of the Board and consultants. Equity awards granted under the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan generally vest over four years. The maximum numbers of shares were stillof our common stock available for grant asissuance under the 2020 Equity Plan is equal to the sum of December 31, 2018. 4.0 million shares and the shares transferred from the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan.
The 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan isEquity compensation plans are administered by the Compensation Committee andof the plan will continue in effect indefinitely unlessBoard of Directors (the "Compensation Committee"), and the Compensation Committee decides tomay terminate it earlier.or amend these plans, with approval of the stockholders as may be required by applicable law, at any time. As of December 31, 2021, shares reserved and available for issuance under the equity compensation plans are as follows:
The 2000 Equity Incentive Plan, 2000 Director Option Plan and 2001 Supplemental Stock Plan are collectively referred to as the "Equity Compensation Plans."
Shares reservedShares available for grant
2004 Purchase Plan5,392,206 2,640,649 
2020 Equity Incentive Plan4,660,322 3,969,920 
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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


Restricted Stock Units
Since 2008, the Companywe primarily grants restricted stock unitsgrant RSUs to itsour employees, including executives and non-employee directors, in lieu of stock options. The CompanyWe generally grants restricted stock unitsgrant RSUs that have a service condition only or have both a service and performance condition. Each restricted stock unitRSU is not considered issued and outstanding and does not have voting rights until it is converted into one share of the Company'sour common stock upon vesting. Restricted stock unitRSUs activity is summarized as follows:
 Number of Shares Outstanding
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) (Dollars in Thousands)
Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 20151,416,438

$148.53





Restricted stock units granted720,601

309.18





Additional shares granted due to special distribution37

297.03





Restricted stock units released, vested(655,584)
213.72





Special distribution shares released(35,354)
269.94





Restricted stock units canceled(93,940)
242.41





Special distribution shares canceled(4,319)
272.84





Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 20161,347,879

192.59





Restricted stock units granted658,196

389.60





Restricted stock units released, vested(606,064)
260.75





Special distribution shares released(15,667)
243.06





Restricted stock units canceled(79,451)
313.83





Special distribution shares canceled(1,002)
282.49





Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 20171,303,891

252.30





Restricted stock units granted704,249

387.31





Restricted stock units released, vested(593,528)
299.07





Special distribution shares released(13,880)
283.14





Restricted stock units canceled(173,460)
336.75





Special distribution shares canceled(485)
295.77





Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 20181,226,787

$361.22

1.24
$432,516

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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)



Number of Shares OutstandingWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per ShareWeighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) (Dollars in Thousands)
RSUs outstanding, December 31, 20181,226,787 $361.22 
RSUs granted779,478 448.16 
RSUs released, vested(549,259)362.66 
Special distribution shares released(1,781)295.31 
RSUs canceled(142,477)364.42 
Special distribution shares canceled(23)297.04 
RSUs outstanding, December 31, 20191,312,725 411.99 
RSUs granted695,383 596.80 
RSUs released, vested(606,250)426.03 
Special distribution shares released(722)264.57 
RSUs canceled(63,502)457.91 
RSUs outstanding, December 31, 20201,337,634 499.60 
RSUs granted776,628 679.59 
RSUs released, vested(633,466)505.40 
Special distribution shares released(34)297.03 
RSUs canceled(123,168)561.34 
RSUs outstanding, December 31, 20211,357,594 $594.27 1.23$1,148,307 
(1)
(1)The intrinsic value is calculated based on the market value of the stock as of December 31, 2021.
The intrinsic value is calculated based on the market value of the stock as of December 31, 2018.
The total fair value of restricted stock unitsRSUs vested and released during the years ended December 31, 2018, 20172021, 2020 and 20162019 was $249.8$472.9 million, $259.1$417.0 million and $227.4$269.1 million, respectively.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In June 2004, the Company's stockholders approved the adoption of the 2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "2004 Purchase Plan") as a successor plan to a previous plan that ceased activity in 2005. A total of 500,000 shares have been reserved for issuance under the 2004 Purchase Plan, and the number of shares available for issuance under the 2004 Purchase Plan automatically increased on January 1 each year, beginning in 2005 and ending in 2014 by the lesser of 2% of the shares of common stock then outstanding or 500,000 shares. Effective November 25, 2014, 3,197 shares were added to the 2004 Purchase Plan, representing an anti-dilutive adjustment pursuant to the 2014 Special Distribution. Effective November 10, 2015, 9,020 shares were added to the 2004 Purchase Plan, representing an anti-dilutive adjustment pursuant to the 2015 Special Distribution. As of December 31, 2018, a total of 3,120,425 shares remained available for purchase under the 2004 Purchase Plan. The 2004 Purchase Plan permits eligible employees to purchase common stock on favorable terms via payroll deductions of up to 15% of the employee's cash compensation, subject to certain share and statutory dollar limits. Two overlapping offering periods commence during each calendar year, on each February 15 and August 15 or such other periods or dates as determined by the Compensation Committee from time to time, and the offering periods last up to 24 months with a purchase date every six months. The price of each share purchased is 85% of the lower of a) the fair value per share of common stock on the last trading day before the commencement of the applicable offering period or b) the fair value per share of common stock on the purchase date. The 2004 Purchase Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, and such plan will terminate automatically in June 2024 unless a) the 2004 Purchase Plan is extended by the Board of Directors and b) the extension is approved within 12 months by the Company's stockholders.
The Company providesWe provide the following disclosures for the 2004 Purchase Plan as of December 31 (dollars, except shares):
202120202019
Weighted-average purchase price per share$467.59 $371.71 $354.72 
Weighted average grant-date fair value per share of shares purchased$138.80 $114.08 $104.84 
Number of shares purchased166,023 167,113 146,640 
 2018 2017 2016
Weighted-average purchase price per share$341.48
 $250.65
 $217.91
Weighted average grant-date fair value per share of shares purchased$90.04
 $72.21
 $60.49
Number of shares purchased145,346
 162,076
 150,044
The Company usesWe use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of shares under the 2004 Purchase Plan with the following assumptions during the years ended December 31:
F-52
 2018 2017 2016
Range of dividend yield1.97 - 2.00%
 2.10 - 2.31%
 2.38 - 2.53%
Range of risk-free interest rate1.79 - 2.68%
 0.70 - 1.35%
 0.48 - 0.76%
Range of expected volatility19.04 - 24.33%
 16.42 - 24.27%
 18.80 - 30.94%
Weighted-average expected volatility20.74% 20.30% 25.01%
Weighted average expected life (in years)1.43
 1.52
 1.41

Stock-Based Compensation Recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Operations
The Company generally recognizes stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. However, for awards with market conditions or performance conditions, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each vesting tranche of the award.
As of December 31, 2018, the total stock-based compensation cost related to unvested equity awards not yet recognized, net of estimated forfeitures, totaled $337.8 million which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.14 years.

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202120202019
Range of dividend yield1.58 - 1.77%1.94 - 2.08%2.07 - 2.09%
Range of risk-free interest rate0.01 - 0.21%0.10 - 1.55%1.55 - 2.58%
Range of expected volatility25.54 - 41.24%19.28 - 51.93%19.27 - 25.55%
Weighted-average expected volatility34.08 %32.94 %22.95 %
Weighted average expected life (in years)1.181.361.24
Stock-Based Compensation
The following table presents, by operating expense, the Company'sour stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company'sour consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
202120202019
Cost of revenues$38,438 $32,893 $25,355 
Sales and marketing79,144 72,895 56,719 
General and administrative246,192 205,232 154,465 
Total$363,774 $311,020 $236,539 
 2018 2017 2016
Cost of revenues$18,247
 $13,621
 $13,086
Sales and marketing53,448
 50,094
 43,030
General and administrative109,021
 111,785
 100,032
Total$180,716
 $175,500
 $156,148
The Company'sOur stock-based compensation recognized in the consolidated statement of operations was comprised of the following types of equity awards for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
202120202019
RSUs$330,077 $289,426 $217,541 
RSAs(1)
10,067 8,289 — 
Employee stock purchase plan23,630 13,305 18,998 
Total$363,774 $311,020 $236,539 
 2018 2017 2016
Restricted stock units$165,141
 $164,321
 $145,769
Employee stock purchase plan15,575
 11,179
 10,379
Total$180,716
 $175,500
 $156,148
(1) During the year ended December 31, 2020, we awarded 48,799 shares of RSAs. See Note 1 for further discussion.
During the years ended December 31, 2018, 20172021, 2020 and 2016, the Company2019, we capitalized $9.1$27.7 million, $6.2$20.3 million and $4.2$9.1 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense as construction in progress in property, plant and equipment.
As of December 31, 2021, the total stock-based compensation cost related to unvested equity awards not yet recognized, net of estimated forfeitures, totaled $629.4 million which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.10 years.
14.Income Taxes
14.    Income Taxes
Income (loss) before income taxes is attributable to the following geographic locations for the years ended December 31, (in thousands):
202120202019
Domestic$137,492 $18,395 $328,806 
Foreign471,460 497,830 363,791 
Income before income taxes$608,952 $516,225 $692,597 
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 2018 2017 2016
Domestic$298,009
 $148,500
 $215,010
Foreign135,029
 138,332
 (55,151)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes$433,038
 $286,832
 $159,859
EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


The tax benefit (expenses) for income taxes consisted of the following components for the years ended December 31, (in thousands):
2018 2017 2016202120202019
Current:     Current:
Federal$7,085
 $9,346
 $(16,365)Federal$7,753 $4,552 $(17,906)
State and local(2,663) (849) (2,147)State and local(156)1,597 (4,624)
Foreign(118,175) (109,032) (62,278)Foreign(76,450)(171,092)(135,356)
Subtotal(113,753) (100,535) (80,790)Subtotal(68,853)(164,943)(157,886)
Deferred:     Deferred:
Federal(27,874) 9,684
 (11,184)Federal11,060 16,553 (7,459)
State and local(1,165) 2,018
 (3,328)State and local(1,411)704 (1,775)
Foreign75,113
 34,983
 49,851
Foreign(50,020)1,535 (18,232)
Subtotal46,074
 46,685
 35,339
Subtotal(40,371)18,792 (27,466)
Provision for income taxes$(67,679) $(53,850) $(45,451)
Income tax expenseIncome tax expense$(109,224)$(146,151)$(185,352)
State and foreign taxes not based on income are included in general and administrative expenses and the aggregate amounts were not significant for the years ended December 31, 2018, 20172021, 2020 and 2016.

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2019.
The fiscal 2018, 20172021, 2020, and 20162019 income tax benefit (expenses) differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21%, 35% and 35%, respectively, to pre-tax income as a result of the following for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
202120202019
Federal tax at statutory rate$(127,880)$(109,906)$(145,445)
State and local tax (expense) benefit(1,513)2,071 (5,852)
Deferred tax assets generated in current year not benefited(19,703)(12,852)(5,398)
Foreign income tax rate differential(18,918)(16,364)(11,610)
Non-deductible expenses(10,579)(4,427)(1,021)
Stock-based compensation expense(1,385)(954)(2,105)
Change in valuation allowance(595)390 (2,870)
Foreign financing activities(4,805)(11,743)(18,738)
Loss on divestments— — (3,277)
Uncertain tax positions reserve50,059 (38,014)(35,724)
Tax adjustments related to REIT39,164 50,107 63,614 
Change in deferred tax adjustments(1,251)(136)(10,574)
Effect of tax rate change on deferred tax assets(12,297)— — 
Other, net479 (4,323)(6,352)
Total income tax expense$(109,224)$(146,151)$(185,352)
 2018 2017 2016
Federal tax at statutory rate$(90,938) $(100,391) $(55,951)
State and local tax (expense) benefit(3,616) 1,000
 (4,895)
Deferred tax assets generated in current year not benefited(3,777) (7,643) (6,246)
Foreign income tax rate differential(4,072) 26,151
 22,016
Non-deductible expenses(756) (2,629) (15,828)
Stock-based compensation expense(2,308) (616) (5,890)
Change in valuation allowance38,684
 (716) 11,995
Foreign financing activities(17,548) 1,319
 (26,708)
Loss on debt extinguishment
 (1,604) (8,288)
Gain on divestments
 
 8,828
Uncertain tax positions reserve(20,440) (66) (9,371)
Tax adjustments related to REIT32,189
 41,973
 45,060
Enactment of the US tax reform
 (6,513) 
Other, net4,903
 (4,115) (173)
Total income tax expense$(67,679) $(53,850) $(45,451)
Legislation commonly referred to asOf the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("TCJA"), which was signed into law on December 22, 2017, contained many significant changes to the U.S. federal incomeunrecognized tax laws. Among other things, the TCJA reduced the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018, limited the tax deductibility of interest expense, accelerated expensing of certain business assets and transitioned the U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial tax system by imposing a one-time mandatory repatriation of undistributed foreign earnings. As a result of the reduced corporate tax rate, the Company recognized an income tax expense of $6.5 million during the fourth quarter of 2017 as a provisional estimate due to the remeasurement of the net deferred tax assetsbenefits being realized in the U.S. TRS. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company has completed the analysis of the TCJA's income tax effects and recorded an additional $1.3year ended December 31, 2021, approximately $32.0 million as an adjustment to the provisional amountis related to the remeasurementuncertain tax position inherited from the Metronode Acquisition in 2018, which is related to an outstanding income tax audit at the time of the net deferredacquisition. The uncertain tax assetsposition was covered by an indemnification agreement with the Seller. The income tax audit was settled during 2021, as such, the realization of the unrecognized tax benefits resulted in an impairment of the U.S. TRS.
The TCJA mandated a one-time deemed repatriation of undistributed foreign earnings,indemnification asset for the same amount, which increased the Company's 2017 taxable income, as well as its required REIT distribution. In the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company estimated a provisional amount of $195.0 million as the one-time mandatory repatriation of its cumulative foreign earnings that was not previouslyhas been included in the U.S. taxable income. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company completed the analysis basedOther Income (Expense) on the interpretation and guidance issued during 2018 and determined the one-time mandatory repatriationConsolidated Statements of its cumulative foreign earnings to be $271.8 million. The Company had an option of including the entire amount in its 2017 taxable income or spreading the amount over 8 years in its taxable income. The Company has included the entire amount in its 2017 taxable income. The Company believes the mandatory repatriation resulted in no financial statement impact because the Company satisfied its REIT distribution requirement and paid out such amounts (net of the permitted one-time participation deduction) to its stockholders.
The TCJA included a Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI") provision that increases U.S. federal taxable income by certain foreign subsidiary income inOperations for the year it is earned. The Company'sended December 31, 2021.
Our accounting policy is to treat any tax on GILTIGlobal Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI") inclusions as a current period cost included in the tax expense in the year incurred. The Company believesWe believe the GILTI inclusion provision will
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result in no material financial statement impact provided the Company satisfies itswe satisfy our REIT distribution requirement with respect to the GILTI inclusions.
As a result of the Company'sour conversion to a REIT effective January 1, 2015, it is no longer the Company'sour intent to indefinitely reinvest undistributed foreign earnings. However, no deferred tax liability has been recognized to account for this change because the expected recovery of the basis difference will not result in material U.S. taxes in the post-REIT conversion periods because nonedue to the fact that the majority of itsour foreign subsidiaries isare either QRSs or owned directly by a U.S. taxableour REIT subsidiaryand QRSs, and the foreign withholding tax effect would be immaterial. The Company continuesWe continue to assess the foreign withholding tax impact of itsour current policy and doesdo not believe the distribution of itsour foreign

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earnings would trigger any significant foreign withholding taxes, as athe majority of the foreign jurisdictions where the Company operateswe operate do not impose withholding taxes on dividend distributions to a corporate U.S. parent.
The types of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the Company'sour deferred tax assets and liabilities are set out below as of December 31 (in thousands):
2021
2020 (1)
Deferred tax assets:
Stock-based compensation expense$9,057 $5,583 
Net unrealized losses— 17,268 
Operating lease liabilities225,261 187,912 
Capital lease liabilities13,927 26,655 
Deferred revenue14,429 10,785 
Loss carryforwards and tax credits201,132 117,150 
Others, net7,257 4,296 
Gross deferred tax assets471,063 369,649 
Valuation allowance(100,746)(82,344)
Total deferred tax assets, net370,317 287,305 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Net unrealized gains(1,462)— 
Property, plant and equipment(262,532)(145,314)
Right-of-use assets(233,199)(201,714)
Deferred income(33,052)(31,538)
Intangible assets(120,543)(132,681)
Total deferred tax liabilities(650,788)(511,247)
Net deferred tax liabilities$(280,471)$(223,942)
 2018 2017
Deferred tax assets:   
Reserves and accruals$24,136
 $27,673
Stock-based compensation expense2,524
 1,960
Unrealized losses1,471
 10,768
Operating loss carryforwards49,169
 95,864
Gross deferred tax assets77,300
 136,265
Valuation allowance(57,003) (84,573)
Total deferred tax assets, net20,297
 51,692
Deferred tax liabilities:   
Property, plant and equipment(50,610) (65,825)
Intangible assets(159,237) (172,123)
Total deferred tax liabilities(209,847) (237,948)
Net deferred tax liabilities$(189,550) $(186,256)
(1) The prior year amounts presented in the table above have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation.

The tax basis of REIT assets, excluding investments in TRSs, is greater than the amounts reported for such assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet by approximately $1.8$2.2 billion as of December 31, 2018.2021.
The Company'sOur accounting for deferred taxes involves weighing positive and negative evidence concerning the realizability of the Company'sour deferred tax assets in each taxtaxing jurisdiction. After considering evidence such evidence as the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative financial reporting losses, and the sources of future taxable income, taxable income in carryback years permitted by the tax laws and tax planning strategies, the Companywe concluded that valuation allowances were required in certain foreign jurisdictions. The operations in most of the jurisdictions for which a valuation allowance has been established have a history of significant losses as of December 31, 2018.2021. As such, the Company doeswe do not believe these operations have established a sustained history of profitability and that a valuation allowance is, therefore, necessary. The CompanyWe also provided a full valuation allowance against certain gross deferred tax assets acquired in the Metronode Acquisitioncertain taxing jurisdictions as these deferred tax assets are not expected to be realizable in the foreseeable future.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


Changes in the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets for the years ended December 31, 2018, 20172021, 2020 and 20162019 are as follows (in thousands):
202120202019
Beginning balance$82,344 $57,812 $57,003 
Amounts from acquisitions964 5,777 (2,707)
Divested balances— — (351)
Amounts recognized into income595 (390)2,870 
Current increase19,539 15,044 697 
Impact of foreign currency exchange(2,696)4,101 300 
Ending balance$100,746 $82,344 $57,812 
 2018 2017 2016
Beginning balance$84,573
 $29,167
 $29,894
Amounts from acquisitions33,070
 25,283
 5,053
Amounts recognized into income(38,684) 716
 (11,995)
Current increase (decrease)(13,086) 28,431
 6,557
Impact of foreign currency exchange(8,870) 976
 (342)
Ending balance$57,003
 $84,573
 $29,167
Federal and state tax laws, including California tax laws, impose substantial restrictions on the utilization of NOL and credit carryforwards in the event of an "ownership change" for tax purposes, as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. An ownership change occurred during fiscal year 2002, which resulted in an annual limitation of approximately $0.8 million for NOL carryforwards generated prior to 2003.

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The Company'sOur NOL carryforwards for federal, state and foreign tax purposes which expire, if not utilized, at various intervals from 2019,2022, are outlined below (in thousands):
Expiration Date 
Federal (1)
 State Foreign Total
2019 $
 $
 $8,397
 $8,397
2020 to 2022 210,114
 
 14,436
 224,550
2023 to 2025 26,838
 
 13,596
 40,434
2026 to 2028 12,186
 45
 2,297
 14,528
Thereafter 
 731
 137,333
 138,064
  $249,138
 $776
 $176,059
 $425,973
Expiration Date
Federal (1)
State
Foreign (2) (3)
Total
2022$20,808 $— $754 $21,562 
2023 to 202526,838 112 25,876 52,826 
2026 to 202812,186 — 12,560 24,746 
2029 to 2031— 767 32,849 33,616 
2032 to 2034394 822 — 1,216 
2035 to 20376,739 2,491 3,838 13,068 
Thereafter437,683 80,613 488,897 1,007,193 
$504,648 $84,805 $564,774 $1,154,227 
(1)
(1)The total amount of NOL carryforwards that will not be available to offset our future taxable income after the dividends paid deduction due to Section 382 limitations was $56.7 million for federal.
(2)In certain jurisdictions, the net operating loss carryforwards can only be used to offset a percentage of taxable income in a given year.
(3)If certain substantial changes in the entity's ownership occur or have determined to have occurred, there may be a limitation on the amount of the carryforwards that can be utilized.
As of December 31, 2021, we had tax credit carryforwards of $7.2 million, which expire, if not utilized, from 2022 to 2031. We also had capital losses of $8.0 million, which can be carried forward indefinitely.
The total amount of NOL carryforwards that will not be available to offset the Company's future taxable income after dividend paid deduction due to Section 382 limitations was $241.8 million for federal.
The beginning and ending balances of the Company'sour unrecognized tax benefits are reconciled below for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
202120202019
Beginning balance$207,759 $173,726 $150,930 
Gross increases related to prior year tax positions4,547 14,732 — 
Gross decreases related to prior year tax positions(58,356)— (1,160)
Gross increases related to current year tax positions10,000 29,149 31,332 
Decreases resulting from expiration of statute of limitation(10,561)(6,518)(2,112)
Decreases resulting from settlements(5,089)(3,330)(5,264)
Ending balance$148,300 $207,759 $173,726 
 2018 2017 2016
Beginning balance$82,390
 $72,187
 $30,845
Gross increases related to prior year tax positions33,436
 6,095
 570
Gross increases related to current year tax positions48,685
 19,832
 41,972
Decreases resulting from expiration of statute of limitation(1,276) (15,410) (826)
Decreases resulting from settlements(12,305) (314) (374)
Ending balance$150,930
 $82,390
 $72,187
The Company recognizesWe recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within income tax benefit (expense)expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company hasWe accrued $8.4$13.6 million, $21.3 million, and $2.9$14.2 million for interest and penalties as of December 31, 20182021, 2020 and 2017,2019, respectively.
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The unrecognized tax benefits of $114.9$148.3 million as of December 31, 2018,2021, of which $3.4 million is subject to an indemnification agreement, if subsequently recognized, will affect the Company'sour effective tax rate favorably at the time when such a benefit is recognized.
Due to various tax years open for examination and the ongoing tax audits and inquiries by the tax authorities in different jurisdictions, it is reasonably possible that the balance of unrecognized tax benefits could significantly increase or decrease over the next 12 months as the Companywe may be subject to either examination by tax authorities, tax audit settlements, or a lapse in statute of limitations. The Company isWe are currently unable to estimate the range of possible adjustments to the balance of unrecognized tax benefits.
The Company'sIn general, our income tax returns for the years from 20152018 through the current year remain open to examination by federal and state taxing authorities. In addition, the Company'sour tax years of 20072005 through 2018current year remain open and subject to examination by local tax authorities in certain foreign jurisdictions in which the Company haswe have major operations.
15.Commitments and Contingencies
15.    Commitments and Contingencies
Purchase Commitments
Primarily asAs a result of the Company'sour various IBX data center expansion projects, as of December 31, 2018, the Company was2021, we were contractually committed for $0.7approximately $1.0 billion of unaccrued capital expenditures, primarily for IBX infrastructure equipment not yet delivered and labor not yet provided, in connection with the work necessary to open these IBX data centers and make them available to our customers for installation. In addition, the CompanyWe also had numerous other, non-capital purchase commitments in place as of December 31, 2018,2021, such as commitments to purchase power in select locations primarily in select locations through 20192022 and thereafter, and other open purchase orders for goods, services or arrangements that may contain embedded leasesservices to be delivered or provided during 20192022 and thereafter. Such other miscellaneous purchase commitments totaled $0.8approximately $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2018. In addition, the Company entered into2021. For further information on our equity method investments contribution commitments and lease agreements in various locations for a total lease commitment of approximately $262.2

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million, excluding potential lease renewals. These lease agreements will commence between February 2019commitments, see Notes 6 and May 2020 with lease terms of 5 to 30 years.Note 10, respectively, above.
Contingent Liabilities
The Company estimatesWe estimate our exposure on certain liabilities, such as indirect and property taxes, based on the best information available at the time of determination. With respect to real and personal property taxes, the Company recordswe record what itwe can reasonably estimate based on prior payment history, assessed value by the assessor's office, current landlord estimates or estimates based on current or changing fixed asset values in each specific municipality, as applicable. However, there are circumstances beyond the Company'sour control whereby the underlying value of the property or basis for which the tax is calculated on the property may change, such as a landlord selling the underlying property of one of the Company'sour IBX data center leases or a municipality changing the assessment value in a jurisdiction and, as a result, the Company'sour property tax obligations may vary from period to period. Based upon the most current facts and circumstances, the Company makeswe make the necessary property tax accruals for each of itsour reporting periods. However, revisions in the Company'sour estimates of the potential or actual liability could materially impact theour financial position, results of operations or cash flows of the Company.flows.
The Company'sOur indirect and property tax filings in various jurisdictions are subject to examination by local tax authorities. Although we believe that we have adequately assessed and accounted for our potential tax liabilities, and that our tax estimates are reasonable, there can be no certainty that additional taxes will not be due upon audit of our tax returns or as a result of further changes to the tax laws and interpretations thereof. For example, we are currently undergoing an audit and appealing the tentative assessment in Brazil. The outcomefinal settlement of any examinations cannotthe audit and the outcomes of the appeal are uncertain and may not be predicted with certainty. The Companyresolved in our favor. We regularly assessesassess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations and appeals that would affect the adequacy of itsour tax accruals for each of the reporting periods. If any issues arising from the tax examinations and appeals are resolved in a manner inconsistent with the Company'sour expectations, the revision of the estimates of the potential or actual liabilities could materially impact the financial position, results of operations, or cash flows of the Company.flows.
From time to time, the Companywe may have certain contingent liabilities that arise in the ordinary course of itsour business activities. The Company accrues contingentContingent liabilities are accrued when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated. In the opinion of management, there are no pending claims for which
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the outcome is expected to result in a material adverse effect in the financial position, results of operations or cash flows of the Company.flows.
Employment Agreements
The Company hasWe have entered into a severance agreement with eachcertain of itsour executive officers that provides for a severance payment equal to 100% of the executive officer's annual base salary and maximum bonus in the event his or her employment is terminated for any reason other than cause or he or she voluntarily resigns under certain circumstances as described in the agreement.agreement, or 200% of the executive officer's annual base salary and maximum bonus in the event this occurs after a change-in-control of our company. For certain other executive officers, these benefits are only triggered after a change-in-control of our company, in which case the officer is entitled to 200% of the executive officer's annual base salary and maximum bonus. In addition, under the agreement,these agreements, the executive officer is entitled to the payment of his or her monthly health care premiums under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act for up to 1224 months. For certain executive officers, these benefits are only triggered after a change-in-control of the Company.
Indemnification and Guarantor Arrangements
As permitted under Delaware law, the Company haswe have agreements whereby the Company indemnifies itswe indemnify our officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was serving, at the Company'sour request in such capacity. The term of the indemnification period is for the officer's or director's lifetime. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Companywe could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, the Company haswe have a director and officer insurance policy that limits the Company'scould limit our exposure and enables the Companyenable us to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. As a result of the Company'sour insurance policy coverage, the Company believes thethat could limit our exposure and enable us to recover some or all of amounts paid, our estimated fair value of these indemnification agreements is minimal. The Company hasWe have no liabilities recorded for these agreements as of December 31, 2018.2021.
The Company entersWe enter into standard indemnification agreements in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company indemnifies, holdswe indemnify, hold harmless, and agreesagree to reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, generally the Company'sour business partners or customers, in connection with any U.S. patent, or any copyright or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to the Company'sour offerings. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual any time after execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Companywe could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, the Company haswe have never incurred material costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. As a result, the Company believes theour estimated fair value of these agreements is minimal. The Company hasWe have no liabilities recorded for these agreements as of December 31, 2018.2021.

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The Company entersWe enter into arrangements with itsour business partners, whereby the business partner agrees to provide services as a subcontractor for the Company'sour installations. Accordingly, the Company enterswe enter into standard indemnification agreements with itsour customers, whereby the Company indemnifieswe indemnify them for other acts, such as personal property damage, of itsour subcontractors. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Companywe could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, the Company haswe have general and umbrella insurance policies that could enable the Companyus to recover a portion of any amounts paid. The Company hasWe have never incurred material costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. As a result, the Company believes theour estimated fair value of these agreements is minimal. The Company has noWe do not have significant liabilities recorded for these agreements as of December 31, 2018.2021.
The Company hasWe have service level commitment obligations to certain of itsour customers. As a result, service interruptions or significant equipment damage in the Company'sour IBX data centers, whether or not within the Company'sour control, could result in service level commitments to these customers. The Company'sOur liability insurance may not be adequate to cover those expenses. In addition, any loss of services, equipment damage or inability to meet the Company'sour service level commitment obligations could reduce the confidence of the Company'sour customers and could consequently impair the Company'sour ability to obtain and retain customers, which would adversely affect both the Company'sour ability to generate revenues and the Company'sour operating results. The CompanyWe generally hashave the ability to determine such service level credits prior to the associated revenue being recognized. The Company doesWe do not have significant liabilities in connection with service level credits as of December 31, 2018.2021.
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EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


Concurrent with the closing of the EMEA 2 Joint Venture, the EMEA 2 Joint Venture entered into credit facility agreements with a group of lenders under which it could borrow up to approximately $1.4 billion in total at the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021, with such facilities maturing in 2025 and 2026. In connection with our 20% equity investment in the EMEA 2 Joint Venture, we provided the lenders with guarantees covering 20% of all payments of principal and interest due and payable by the EMEA 2 Joint Venture under these credit facilities, up to a limit of $310.8 million in total at the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, the maximum potential amount of our future payments under these guarantees was approximately $38.1 million, at the exchange rates in effect on that date. Our estimated fair value of these guarantees is minimal as the likelihood of making a payout under the guarantees is low.
16.    Related Party Transactions
Joint Venture Related Party Transactions
We have lease arrangements and provide various services to the EMEA 1 Joint Venture, Asia-Pacific 1 Joint Venture and EMEA 2 Joint Venture (the "Joint Ventures") through multiple agreements, including sales and marketing, development management, facilities management, and asset management services. These transactions are generally considered to have been negotiated at arm's length. The following table presents the revenues and expenses from these arrangements with the Joint Ventures in our consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):
Years Ended December 31,
Related PartyNature of Transaction202120202019
EMEA 1 Joint VentureRevenues$42,387 $21,306 $3,707 
EMEA 1 Joint Venture
Expenses (1)
8,303 14,935 2,076 
Asia-Pacific 1 Joint VentureRevenues21,223 588 — 
EMEA 2 Joint VentureRevenues7,097 — — 
16.Related Party Transactions
(1)We have a sub-lease agreement with the EMEA 1 Joint Venture to sub-lease a portion of London ("LD") 10-2 data center or former LD10 data center, for a total of 15 years. Balances primarily consist of rent expenses for the LD10-2 data center.
The Companyfollowing table presents the assets and liabilities from related party transactions with the Joint Ventures in our consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):
As of December 31,
Related PartyBalance Sheet Line Item20212020
EMEA 1 Joint VentureReceivables$32,077 $6,459 
Contract Assets (1)
54,503 5,614 
Finance Lease Right of Use Assets
118,817 127,197 
Other Liabilities and Payables (2)
2,483 17,646 
Other Liabilities and Payables - construction obligation (3)
39,382 55,607 
Deferred Revenue16,886 — 
Finance Lease Right of Use Liabilities
124,918 130,756 
Asia- Pacific 1 Joint VentureReceivables2,124 16,936 
Payables121 — 
EMEA 2 Joint VentureReceivables26,953 — 
Contract Assets1,492 — 
Payables1,755 — 
F-59


Table of Contents
EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


(1)A portion of the EMEA 1 Joint Venture contract asset balance relates to commitments to complete a residual portion of the Paris 9 data center sold to the EMEA 1 Joint Venture, which is reimbursable in full upon completion.
(2)Balance as of December 31, 2021 primarily pertained to commercial service agreements. Balance as of December 31, 2020 pertained to the lease agreement in place for the construction of the Frankfurt 9 xScale data center. As of December 31, 2021 the lease has commenced and was accounted as a sale-type lease.
(3)Balances primarily relate to obligations to pay for future construction for certain sites sold as a part of the EMEA 1 Joint Venture transaction. The prior year amounts presented in the table above have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation.
We have also sold certain data center facilities to our Joint Ventures and recognized gains or losses on asset sales; for more information refer to Note 5 above.
Other Related Party Transactions
We have several significant stockholders and other related parties that are also customers and/or vendors. The Company'sOur activity of other related party transactions was as follows (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
202120202019
Revenues$140,947 $95,264 $25,905 
Costs and services5,337 10,849 15,844 
As of December 31,
20212020
Accounts receivable$27,997 $6,519 
Accounts payable20 — 
17.    Segment Information
 Years ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
Revenues$19,439
 $13,726
 $11,822
Costs and services19,708
 11,211
 14,574
 As of December 31,
 2018 2017
Accounts receivable$4,031
 $1,321
Accounts payable585
 744
17.Segment Information
While the Company has a singlewe have one primary line of business, which is the design, build-out and operation of IBX data centers, it haswe have determined that it has threewe have 3 reportable segments comprised of itsour Americas, EMEA and Asia-Pacific geographic regions.

F-59

EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)



The following tables present revenue information disaggregated by service lines and geographic areas (in thousands):
 Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2018
 Americas EMEA Asia-Pacific Total
Colocation (1)
$1,732,998
 $1,201,769
 $735,404
 $3,670,171
Interconnection532,163
 138,874
 130,928
 801,965
Managed infrastructure75,595
 118,685
 85,352
 279,632
Other (1)
16,570
 8,164
 
 24,734
Recurring revenues2,357,326
 1,467,492
 951,684
 4,776,502
Non-recurring revenues127,408
 95,145
 72,599
 295,152
Total$2,484,734
 $1,562,637
 $1,024,283
 $5,071,654
(1)
Includes some leasing and hedging activities. For further information on revenue recognition, see Note 1 and Note 2 above.
 Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2017
 Americas EMEA Asia-Pacific Total
Colocation (1)
$1,518,929
 $1,063,543
 $595,673
 $3,178,145
Interconnection469,268
 104,891
 107,014
 681,173
Managed infrastructure68,937
 88,122
 88,110
 245,169
Other (1)
5,218
 10,415
 
 15,633
Recurring revenues2,062,352
 1,266,971
 790,797
 4,120,120
Non-recurring revenues110,408
 79,285
 58,615
 248,308
Total$2,172,760
 $1,346,256
 $849,412
 $4,368,428
(1)
Includes some leasing and hedging activities. For further information on revenue recognition, see Note 1 and Note 2 above.
 Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2016
 Americas EMEA Asia-Pacific Total
Colocation (1)
$1,161,665
 $941,848
 $543,581
 $2,647,094
Interconnection374,655
 85,869
 82,521
 543,045
Managed infrastructure53,404
 67,553
 89,335
 210,292
Other (1)
3,360
 11,382
 2,201
 16,943
Recurring revenues1,593,084
 1,106,652
 717,638
 3,417,374
Non-recurring revenues86,465
 64,687
 43,463
 194,615
Total$1,679,549
 $1,171,339
 $761,101
 $3,611,989
(1)
Includes some leasing and hedging activities. For further information on revenue recognition, see Note 1 and Note 2 above.

F-60

EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)



The Company's Our chief operating decision-maker evaluates performance, makes operating decisions and allocates resources based on the Company'sour revenues and adjusted EBITDA performance both on a consolidated basis and based on these three3 reportable segments. Intercompany transactions between segments are excluded for management reporting purposes.
The Company definesfollowing tables present revenue information disaggregated by product lines and geographic areas (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, 2021
AmericasEMEAAsia-PacificTotal
Colocation (1)
$2,002,253 $1,597,830 $1,042,131 $4,642,214 
Interconnection678,677 259,538 223,287 1,161,502 
Managed infrastructure168,577 124,937 87,343 380,857 
Other (1)
12,430 19,626 3,856 35,912 
Recurring revenues2,861,937 2,001,931 1,356,617 6,220,485 
Non-recurring revenues159,814 153,285 101,953 415,052 
Total$3,021,751 $2,155,216 $1,458,570 $6,635,537 
(1)    Includes some leasing and hedging activities.
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Table of Contents
EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


Year Ended December 31, 2020
AmericasEMEAAsia-PacificTotal
Colocation (1)
$1,820,709 $1,504,770 $933,522 $4,259,001 
Interconnection622,327 213,490 187,441 1,023,258 
Managed infrastructure120,159 127,722 89,464 337,345 
Other (1)
19,605 18,738 83 38,426 
Recurring revenues2,582,800 1,864,720 1,210,510 5,658,030 
Non-recurring revenues124,958 131,669 83,888 340,515 
Total$2,707,758 $1,996,389 $1,294,398 $5,998,545 
(1)    Includes some leasing and hedging activities.
Year Ended December 31, 2019
AmericasEMEAAsia-PacificTotal
Colocation (1)
$1,769,654 $1,395,544 $857,009 $4,022,207 
Interconnection576,709 161,552 155,328 893,589 
Managed infrastructure90,262 113,631 88,735 292,628 
Other (1)
19,743 10,019 — 29,762 
Recurring revenues2,456,368 1,680,746 1,101,072 5,238,186 
Non-recurring revenues131,359 125,698 66,897 323,954 
Total$2,587,727 $1,806,444 $1,167,969 $5,562,140 
(1)    Includes some leasing and hedging activities.
Total revenues attributed to the U.S. were $2.6 billion, $2.5 billion and $2.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. There is no country outside of the U.S. from which we derived revenues that exceeded 10% of our total revenues during any of these periods. No single customer accounted for 10% or greater of our accounts receivable or revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019.
We define adjusted EBITDA as income from operations excluding depreciation, amortization, accretion, stock-based compensation expense, restructuring charges, impairment charges, acquisitiontransaction costs and gain or loss on asset sales as presented below for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
202120202019
Adjusted EBITDA:
Americas$1,326,460 $1,186,022 $1,237,622 
EMEA1,033,333 974,246 827,980 
Asia-Pacific784,591 692,630 622,125 
Total adjusted EBITDA3,144,384 2,852,898 2,687,727 
Depreciation, amortization and accretion expense(1,660,524)(1,427,010)(1,285,296)
Stock-based compensation expense(363,774)(311,020)(236,539)
Transaction costs(22,769)(55,935)(24,781)
Impairment charges— (7,306)(15,790)
Gain on asset sales10,845 1,301 44,310 
Income from operations$1,108,162 $1,052,928 $1,169,631 
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Table of Contents
EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)


 2018 2017 2016
Adjusted EBITDA:     
Americas$1,183,831
 $1,034,694
 $787,311
EMEA698,280
 582,697
 494,263
Asia-Pacific531,129
 434,650
 375,900
Total adjusted EBITDA2,413,240
 2,052,041
 1,657,474
Depreciation, amortization and accretion expense(1,226,741) (1,028,892) (843,510)
Stock-based compensation expense(180,716) (175,500) (156,148)
Acquisitions costs(34,413) (38,635) (64,195)
Impairment charges
 
 (7,698)
Gain on asset sales6,013
 
 32,816
Income from operations$977,383
 $809,014
 $618,739
The Company providesWe also provide the following segment disclosures related to its continuingour operations as follows for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
202120202019
Depreciation and amortization:
Americas$865,910 $729,611 $669,498 
EMEA455,651 389,332 353,765 
Asia-Pacific334,729 304,426 261,574 
Total$1,656,290 $1,423,369 $1,284,837 
Capital expenditures:
Americas$970,217 $866,989 $805,360 
EMEA1,049,279 888,239 733,326 
Asia-Pacific732,016 527,276 540,835 
Total$2,751,512 $2,282,504 $2,079,521 
 2018 2017 2016
Depreciation and amortization:     
Americas$636,214
 $515,726
 $319,202
EMEA355,895
 316,250
 313,291
Asia-Pacific235,380
 210,504
 204,714
Total$1,227,489
 $1,042,480
 $837,207
      
Capital expenditures:     
Americas$773,514
 $621,158
 $503,855
EMEA884,790
 555,346
 400,642
Asia-Pacific437,870
 202,221
 208,868
Total$2,096,174
 $1,378,725
 $1,113,365
The Company'sOur long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment, net and operating lease right-of-use assets, are located in the following geographic areas as of December 31 (in thousands):
 2018 2017
Americas (1)
$5,010,507
 $4,425,077
EMEA3,726,596
 3,265,088
Asia-Pacific2,288,917
 1,704,437
Total long-lived assets$11,026,020
 $9,394,602
20212020
Americas (1)
$6,777,174 $6,429,861 
EMEA5,125,341 5,002,271 
Asia-Pacific3,543,260 3,070,952 
Total Property, plant and equipment, net$15,445,775 $14,503,084 
(1)Includes $5.4 billion and $5.2 billion, respectively, of property, plant and equipment, net attributed to the U.S. as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
20212020
Americas (1)
$297,300 $363,515 
EMEA470,330 547,547 
Asia-Pacific514,788 563,995 
Total Operating lease right-of-use assets$1,282,418 $1,475,057 
(1)
Includes $4.6 billion and $4.0 billion, respectively, of long-lived assets attributed to the U.S. as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

(1)Includes $271.0 million and $334.7 million of operating lease ROU assets attributed to the U.S. as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
F-61
F-62


EQUINIX, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)





18.    Subsequent Events
18.Subsequent Events
Declaration of dividends
On February 13, 2019, the Company's Board of Directors16, 2022, we declared a quarterly cash dividend of $2.46$3.10 per share, which is payable on March 20, 201923, 2022 to the Company'sour common stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 27, 2019.March 7, 2022.
Credit Facility Refinancing
On January 11, 2019,7, 2022, we closed our new credit facility, consisting of a $4.0 billion Revolving Credit Facility, which replaces our existing 2017 $2.0 billion Revolving Credit Facility, and a £500.0 million Term Loan. Proceeds from the Company£500.0 million Term Loan were used to repay our existing £406.3 million Term Loan, whereby we received a total net proceeds, net of the repayment and transaction expenses, of approximately £88.0 million, or $119.5 million at the exchange rate on that date.
Asia-Pacific 3 Joint Venture ("APAC 3") Signing
On January 27, 2022, we entered into cross-currency swaps where the Company receivesan agreement to form a fixed amount of U.S. Dollars and pays a fixed amount of Euros, with a total notional amount of $750$525.0 million and maturity dates in April 2022, January 2024 and January 2025. These cross-currency swaps are designated as hedges of the Company's net investment in its European operations and changesjoint venture in the fair valueform of these swaps will be recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheet. Time value will be excluded from the assessment of effectivenesslimited liability partnership with GIC Private Limited, Singapore's sovereign wealth fund ("GIC"), to develop and the amount of interest paid or received on the swaps will be recognized as an adjustment to interest expense in earnings over the life of the swaps.
19.Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)
The Company believes that period-to-period comparisons of its financial results should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. The Company's revenues and results of operations have been subject to significant fluctuations, particularly on a quarterly basis, and the Company's revenues and results of operations could fluctuate significantly quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year. Significant quarterly fluctuations in revenues will cause fluctuations in the Company's cash flows and the cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable accounts on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. Causes of such fluctuations may include the volume and timing of new orders and renewals, the timing of the opening of new IBXoperate 2 xScale data centers the sales cycle for the Company's offerings, the introductionin Seoul, Korea.

F-63


Table of new offerings, changes in prices and pricing models, trends in the internet infrastructure industry, general economic conditions, extraordinary events such as acquisitions or litigation and the occurrence of unexpected events.Contents
The unaudited quarterly financial information presented below has been prepared by the Company and reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which in the opinion of management are necessary to present fairly the financial position and results of operations for the interim periods presented.
The following tables present selected quarterly information (in thousands, except per share data):
 2018
 Quarters Ended
 March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31
Revenues$1,215,877
 $1,261,943
 $1,283,751
 $1,310,083
Gross profit593,447
 610,142
 623,442
 639,148
Net income62,894
 67,618
 124,825
 110,022
        
Earnings per share:       
Basic0.79
 0.85
 1.56
 1.37
Diluted0.79
 0.85
 1.55
 1.36
 2017
 Quarters Ended
 March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31
Revenues$949,525
 $1,066,421
 $1,152,261
 $1,200,221
Gross profit480,564
 544,218
 569,901
 580,596
Net income42,062
 45,805
 79,900
 65,215
        
Earnings per share:       
Basic0.58
 0.59
 1.02
 0.83
Diluted0.57
 0.58
 1.02
 0.82

EQUINIX INC.
SCHEDULE III - SCHEDULE OF REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
DECEMBER 31, 20182021
(Dollars in Thousands)
Initial Costs to Company (1)
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or LeaseTotal Costs
EncumbrancesLand
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Land
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Land
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Accumulated Depreciation (3)
Date of Acquisition or Lease (4)
Americas:
AT1 ATLANTA (METRO)$—$—$—$—$151,612$—$151,612$(82,544)2010
AT2 ATLANTA (METRO)38,79938,799(28,723)2010
AT3 ATLANTA (METRO)4,4534,453(3,348)2010
AT4 ATLANTA (METRO)5,40020,20920,4465,40040,655(13,506)2017
AT5 ATLANTA (METRO)5,0112,2077,218(5,101)2017
BG1 BOGOTÁ (METRO), COLOMBIA8,7797495,40874914,187(5,040)2017
BG2 BOGOTÁ (METRO), COLOMBIA4,81510,7304,81510,7302021
BO1 BOSTON (METRO)6,1286,128(6,128)2010
BO2 BOSTON (METRO)2,50030,38336,5982,50066,981(16,486)2017
CH1 CHICAGO (METRO)162,703162,703(108,670)1999
CH2 CHICAGO (METRO)118,498118,498(63,074)2005
CH3 CHICAGO (METRO)9,759351354,55810,110354,558(155,151)2006
CH4 CHICAGO (METRO)22,91122,911(14,761)2009
CH7 CHICAGO (METRO)67010,5648,16467018,728(6,185)2017
CL1 CALGARY (METRO), CANADA11,5722,71914,291(3,419)2020
CL2 CALGARY (METRO), CANADA14,1455,22319,368(4,293)2020
CL3 CALGARY (METRO), CANADA7,91069,33439515,4738,30484,807(9,371)2020
CU1 CULPEPER (METRO)1,01937,5815,7341,01943,315(17,847)2017
CU2 CULPEPER (METRO)1,24448,00012,5461,24460,546(19,028)2017
CU3 CULPEPER (METRO)1,08837,3873,1041,08840,491(14,112)2017
CU4 CULPEPER (METRO)1,37227,83234,9831,37262,815(12,897)2017
DA1 DALLAS (METRO)69,25069,250(42,245)2000
DA2 DALLAS (METRO)81,91181,911(34,463)2010
DA3 DALLAS (METRO)97,99697,996(45,222)2010
DA4 DALLAS (METRO)16,78916,789(9,588)2010
DA6 DALLAS (METRO)20,522174,231194,753(48,576)2012
DA7 DALLAS (METRO)30,70930,709(16,356)2015
DA9 DALLAS (METRO)61015,3986,86861022,265(7,481)2017
DA11 DALLAS (METRO)175,787175,787(13,565)2018
INFOMART BUILDING DALLAS (METRO)24,380337,6433,29326,97427,673364,617(42,321)2018
DC1 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)5,4775,477(2,251)1999
DC2 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)5,047126,6675,047126,667(98,822)1999
DC3 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)37,45150,45987,910(55,075)2004
F-64


 
Initial Costs to Company (1)
 Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Total Costs  
 Encumbrances Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 
Accumulated Depreciation (3)
 Date of Construction 
Date of Acquisition or Lease (4)
Americas:                   
AT1 ATLANTA (METRO)    125,872  125,872 (50,601) N/A 2010
AT2 ATLANTA (METRO)    41,058  41,058 (21,054) N/A 2010
AT3 ATLANTA (METRO)    4,469  4,469 (2,128) N/A 2010
AT4 ATLANTA (METRO) 5,400 20,209  7,588 5,400 27,797 (6,133) N/A 2017
AT5 ATLANTA (METRO)  5,011  2,170  7,181 (2,248) N/A 2017
BG1 BOGOTÁ (METRO), COLOMBIA  8,779 929 2,527 929 11,306 (1,866) N/A 2017
BO1 BOSTON (METRO)    11,026  11,026 (6,920) N/A 2010
BO2 BOSTON (METRO) 2,500 30,383  2,800 2,500 33,183 (6,602) N/A 2017
CH1 CHICAGO (METRO)    146,693  146,693 (89,280) 2001 1999
CH2 CHICAGO (METRO)    108,106  108,106 (55,969) 2005 2005
CH3 CHICAGO (METRO) 9,759  351 295,893 10,110 295,893 (106,445) 2007 2006
CH4 CHICAGO (METRO)    22,148  22,148 (11,315) 2010 2009
CH7 CHICAGO (METRO) 670 10,564  2,029 670 12,593 (2,357) N/A 2017
CU1 CULPEPER (METRO) 1,019 37,581  1,315 1,019 38,896 (6,618) N/A 2017
CU2 CULPEPER (METRO) 1,244 48,000  1,357 1,244 49,357 (7,200) N/A 2017
CU3 CULPEPER (METRO) 1,088 37,387  555 1,088 37,942 (5,605) N/A 2017
CU4 CULPEPER (METRO) 1,372 27,832  31,364 1,372 59,196 (3,398) N/A 2017
DA1 DALLAS (METRO)    66,119  66,119 (37,704) 2000 2000
DA2 DALLAS (METRO)    79,384  79,384 (25,148) 2011 2010
DA3 DALLAS (METRO)    95,891  95,891 (33,723) N/A 2010
DA4 DALLAS (METRO)    17,205  17,205 (8,470) N/A 2010
DA6 DALLAS (METRO)  20,522  139,630  160,152 (22,692) 2013 2012
DA7 DALLAS (METRO)    28,006  28,006 (7,670) 2015 2015
DA9 DALLAS (METRO) 610 15,398  699 610 16,097 (2,963) N/A 2017
DA10 DALLAS (METRO)  117  4,633  4,750 (1,704) N/A 2017
INFOMART BUILDING DALLAS (METRO) 24,380 337,643  5,619 24,380 343,262 (8,353) N/A 2018
DC1 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)    3,247  3,247 (825) 2007 1999
DC2 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)   5,047 121,519 5,047 121,519 (93,855) 1999 1999
DC3 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)  37,451  49,266  86,717 (48,753) 2004 2004
DC4 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) 1,906 7,272  71,813 1,906 79,085 (50,787) 2007 2005
DC5 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) 1,429 4,983  88,456 1,429 93,439 (60,307) 2008 2005

Initial Costs to Company (1)
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or LeaseTotal Costs
EncumbrancesLand
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Land
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Land
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Accumulated Depreciation (3)
Date of Acquisition or Lease (4)
DC4 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)1,9067,27274,2651,90681,537(59,399)2005
DC5 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)1,4294,98393,1771,42998,160(70,435)2005
DC6 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)1,4295,08292,7831,42997,865(55,372)2005
DC7 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)19,08019,080(14,401)2010
DC10 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)44,60188,492133,093(99,617)2011
DC11 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)1,4295,082187,6041,429192,686(72,664)2005
DC12 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)101,78381,604183,387(37,732)2017
DC13 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)5,50025,42321,6565,50047,079(16,183)2017
DC14 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)2,56033,51115,7262,56049,237(14,491)2017
DC15 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)1,9651,965170,7763,929170,776(12,708)2018
DC21 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)1,507100,8041,507100,804(6,622)2019
DC97 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)2,0218472,867(1,564)2017
DE1 DENVER (METRO)9,8499,849(8,845)2010
DE2 DENVER (METRO)5,24023,05331,0645,24054,116(17,837)2017
HO1 HOUSTON (METRO)1,44023,78033,2811,44057,060(18,065)2017
KA1 KAMLOOPS (METRO), CANADA2,99146,9831496,7683,14053,751(5,537)2020
LA1 LOS ANGELES (METRO)110,808110,808(75,153)1999
LA2 LOS ANGELES (METRO)10,58210,582(9,250)2000
LA3 LOS ANGELES (METRO)34,7273,95917,3683,95952,095(43,042)2005
LA4 LOS ANGELES (METRO)19,333137,63058,35119,333195,981(102,469)2009
LA7 LOS ANGELES (METRO)7,80033,62156,4097,80090,030(17,280)2017
MI1 MIAMI (METRO)18,920127,194112,73218,920239,925(74,698)2017
MI2 MIAMI (METRO)22,67722,677(15,028)2010
MI3 MIAMI (METRO)33,88633,886(20,458)2012
MI6 MIAMI (METRO)4,75023,0179,8484,75032,865(13,768)2017
MO1 MONTERREY (METRO), MEXICO2,5724,5577,129(909)2020
MT1 MONTREAL (METRO), CANADA76,93212,74589,678(13,974)2020
MX1 MEXICO CITY (METRO), MEXICO1,09053,98035,4281,09089,409(8,341)2020
MX2 MEXICO CITY (METRO), MEXICO1,09016,06152,3181,09068,379(1,979)2020
NY1 NEW YORK (METRO)71,71671,716(47,232)1999
NY2 NEW YORK (METRO)17,859207,03517,859207,035(135,182)2000
NY4 NEW YORK (METRO)364,176364,176(211,873)2006
NY5 NEW YORK (METRO)296,054296,054(99,005)2010
NY6 NEW YORK (METRO)95,44195,441(18,988)2010
NY7 NEW YORK (METRO)24,660172,048196,708(142,718)2010
NY9 NEW YORK (METRO)50,10950,109(38,190)2010
NY11 NEW YORK (METRO)2,05058,71724,5882,05083,305(26,847)2017
NY13 NEW YORK (METRO)31,6038,3006,5838,30038,187(18,342)2017
F-65


 
Initial Costs to Company (1)
 Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Total Costs  
 Encumbrances Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 
Accumulated Depreciation (3)
 Date of Construction 
Date of Acquisition or Lease (4)
DC6 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) 1,429 5,082  89,795 1,429 94,877 (44,365) 2010 2005
DC7 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)    19,765  19,765 (11,629) N/A 2010
DC8 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)    4,901  4,901 (4,589) N/A 2010
DC10 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)  44,601  73,924  118,525 (52,029) 2012 2011
DC11 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) 1,429 5,082  179,753 1,429 184,835 (40,450) 2013 2005
DC12 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)  101,783  59,152  160,935 (8,220) 2017 2017
DC13 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) 5,500 25,423  3,477 5,500 28,900 (6,928) N/A 2017
DC14 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO) 2,560 33,511  614 2,560 34,125 (5,509) N/A 2017
DC97 WASHINGTON, DC (METRO)  2,021  631  2,652 (692) N/A 2017
DE1 DENVER (METRO)    9,985  9,985 (7,988) N/A 2010
DE2 DENVER (METRO) 5,240 23,053  27,744 5,240 50,797 (8,099) N/A 2017
HO1 HOUSTON (METRO) 1,440 23,780  31,078 1,440 54,858 (6,880) N/A 2017
LA1 LOS ANGELES (METRO)    106,877  106,877 (63,323) 2000 1999
LA2 LOS ANGELES (METRO)    10,785  10,785 (8,654) 2001 2000
LA3 LOS ANGELES (METRO)  34,727 3,959 21,461 3,959 56,188 (44,967) 2005 2005
LA4 LOS ANGELES (METRO) 19,333 137,630  33,753 19,333 171,383 (78,571) 2009 2009
LA7 LOS ANGELES (METRO) 7,800 33,621  5,204 7,800 38,825 (6,166) N/A 2017
MI1 MIAMI (METRO) 18,920 127,194  88,736 18,920 215,930 (25,966) N/A 2017
MI2 MIAMI (METRO)    23,391  23,391 (12,178) N/A 2010
MI3 MIAMI (METRO)    32,056  32,056 (12,752) 2012 2012
MI6 MIAMI (METRO) 4,750 23,017  5,916 4,750 28,933 (5,859) N/A 2017
NY1 NEW YORK (METRO)    70,595  70,595 (38,536) 1999 1999
NY2 NEW YORK (METRO)   17,859 198,809 17,859 198,809 (125,571) 2002 2000
NY4 NEW YORK (METRO)    346,128  346,128 (176,708) 2007 2006
NY5 NEW YORK (METRO)    259,184  259,184 (63,058) 2012 2010
NY6 NEW YORK (METRO)    73,464  73,464 (11,734) 2015 2010
NY7 NEW YORK (METRO)  24,660  169,698  194,358 (115,229) N/A 2010
NY8 NEW YORK (METRO)    11,650  11,650 (7,426) N/A 2010
NY9 NEW YORK (METRO)    51,918  51,918 (31,834) N/A 2010
NY11 NEW YORK (METRO) 2,050 58,717  11,378 2,050 70,095 (11,926) N/A 2017
NY12 NEW YORK (METRO) 3,460 10,380  1,631 3,460 12,011 (2,413) N/A 2017
NY13 NEW YORK (METRO)  31,603  4,170  35,773 (6,982) N/A 2017
PH1 PHILADELPHIA (METRO)    43,380  43,380 (14,553) N/A 2010
RJ1 RIO DE JANEIRO (METRO), BRAZIL    20,167  20,167 (16,059) 2011 2011
RJ2 RIO DE JANEIRO (METRO), BRAZIL  2,012 1,695 51,849 1,695 53,861 (14,380) 2013 2012

Initial Costs to Company (1)
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or LeaseTotal Costs
EncumbrancesLand
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Land
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Land
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Accumulated Depreciation (3)
Date of Acquisition or Lease (4)
OT1 OTTAWA (METRO), CANADA1,58639,128754,4901,66143,618(5,397)2020
PH1 PHILADELPHIA (METRO)44,63844,638(21,454)2010
RJ1 RIO DE JANEIRO (METRO), BRAZIL18,06418,064(13,455)2011
RJ2 RIO DE JANEIRO (METRO), BRAZIL2,0121,18155,2541,18157,266(19,885)2012
SE2 SEATTLE (METRO)31,10931,109(24,939)2010
SE3 SEATTLE (METRO)1,760101,258103,018(63,601)2011
SE4 SEATTLE (METRO)4,00012,90337,0224,00049,925(11,090)2017
SJ1 SAINT JOHN (METRO), CANADA16214,27681,42817015,703(1,861)2020
SP1 SÃO PAULO (METRO), BRAZIL10,18814,87025,058(18,478)2011
SP2 SÃO PAULO (METRO), BRAZIL2,87448,0682,87448,068(35,184)2011
SP3 SÃO PAULO (METRO), BRAZIL7,22272,99742,6907,223115,688(37,026)2017
SP4 SÃO PAULO (METRO), BRAZIL22,02757,78279,809(15,875)2017
SV1 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)15,545144,82915,545144,829(100,483)1999
SV2 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)157,926157,926(100,979)2003
SV3 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)77,33477,334(41,552)1999
SV4 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)102,684102,684(26,207)2005
SV5 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)6,23898,991101,8526,238200,843(91,142)2010
SV6 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)15,58530,32945,914(42,339)2010
SV8 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)157,147157,147(42,067)2010
SV10 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)12,646123,59493,74212,646217,336(42,743)2017
SV11 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)147,118147,118(3,081)2019
SV12 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)20,3138,58620,3138,5862015
SV13 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)3,7583,758(3,225)2017
SV14 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)3,6385,5033,7823,6389,285(3,044)2017
SV15 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)7,65123,0609,8757,65132,934(11,023)2017
SV16 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)4,27115,0185,0564,27120,074(6,506)2017
SV17 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)17,4933,36820,862(14,966)2017
TR1 TORONTO (METRO), CANADA92,60892,608(38,106)2010
TR2 TORONTO (METRO), CANADA21,113107,044142,753107,044163,865(32,874)2015
TR4 TORONTO (METRO), CANADA13,9854,01417,999(5,308)2020
TR5 MARKHAM (METRO), CANADA24,9132,59427,507(5,928)2020
TR6 BRAMPTON (METRO), CANADA9,38658,7043,31612,70258,704(6,151)2020
TR7 BRAMPTON (METRO), CANADA9,85571,96618,1709,85490,136(13,019)2020
VA1 BURNABY (METRO), CANADA4,6682,2336,901(1,048)2020
WI1 WINNIPEG (METRO), CANADA57,2344,97662,210(2,379)2020
OTHERS (5)
76,48252,099122,30176,482174,400(21,468)Various
EMEA:
F-66


 
Initial Costs to Company (1)
 Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Total Costs  
 Encumbrances Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 
Accumulated Depreciation (3)
 Date of Construction 
Date of Acquisition or Lease (4)
SE2 SEATTLE (METRO)    27,856  27,856 (23,013) N/A 2010
SE3 SEATTLE (METRO)  1,760  97,454  99,214 (34,694) 2013 2011
SE4 SEATTLE (METRO) 4,000 12,903  13,032 4,000 25,935 (3,001) N/A 2017
SP1 SÃO PAULO (METRO), BRAZIL  10,188  22,319  32,507 (23,450) 2011 2011
SP2 SÃO PAULO (METRO), BRAZIL    68,952  68,952 (50,007) 2011 2011
SP3 SÃO PAULO (METRO), BRAZIL 10,368 72,997  23,900 10,368 96,897 (10,451) 2017 2017
SP4 SÃO PAULO (METRO), BRAZIL  22,027    22,027 (4,936) N/A 2017
SV1 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)   15,545 142,285 15,545 142,285 (89,903) 1999 1999
SV2 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)    151,278  151,278 (81,688) 2003 2003
SV3 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)    40,448  40,448 (35,541) 2004 1999
SV4 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)    24,946  24,946 (20,473) 2005 2005
SV5 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) 6,238 98,991  94,163 6,238 193,154 (63,716) 2010 2010
SV6 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)  15,585  29,146  44,731 (28,862) N/A 2010
SV8 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)    51,200  51,200 (29,120) N/A 2010
SV10 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) 12,646 123,594  81,555 12,646 205,149 (9,252) 2017 2017
SV12 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) 20,313   4,623 20,313 4,623  2015 2015
SV13 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)  3,828  85  3,913 (1,617) N/A 2017
SV14 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) 3,638 5,503  3,375 3,638 8,878 (1,006) N/A 2017
SV15 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) 7,651 23,060  838 7,651 23,898 (3,730) N/A 2017
SV16 SILICON VALLEY (METRO) 4,271 15,018  646 4,271 15,664 (2,813) N/A 2017
SV17 SILICON VALLEY (METRO)  17,493  2,034  19,527 (6,977) N/A 2017
TR1 TORONTO (METRO), CANADA    87,819  87,819 (25,974) N/A 2010
TR2 TORONTO (METRO), CANADA  21,113  94,362  115,475 (17,923) 2015 2015
OTHERS (5)
 78,242 21,304  39,800 78,242 61,104 (5,002) Various Various
                    
EMEA:                   
AD1 ABU DHABI (METRO), UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    319  319 (56) N/A 2017
AM1 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS    87,687  87,687 (37,861) 2008 2008
AM2 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS    80,258  80,258 (27,008) 2010 2008
AM3 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS  27,099  126,102  153,201 (43,860) 2012 2011
AM4 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS    152,650  152,650 (6,626) 2016 2016
AM5 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS  92,199  14,059  106,258 (19,576) N/A 2016

Initial Costs to Company (1)
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or LeaseTotal Costs
EncumbrancesLand
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Land
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Land
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Accumulated Depreciation (3)
Date of Acquisition or Lease (4)
AD1 ABU DHABI (METRO), UNITED ARAB EMIRATES75,58775,587(11,797)2017
AM1 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS98,78598,785(52,871)2008
AM2 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS83,24483,244(34,928)2008
AM3 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS27,099134,758161,857(70,989)2011
AM4 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS223,115223,115(36,326)2016
AM5 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS92,19916,153108,352(37,422)2016
AM6 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS6,61650,87653992,0637,155142,938(32,929)2016
AM7 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS7,397139,860147,257(25,536)2016
AM8 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS11,69211,692(6,119)2016
AM11 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS6,40541613,00741619,412(2,761)2019
BA1 BARCELONA (METRO), SPAIN9,44316,46825,911(9,654)2017
BX1 BORDEAUX (METRO), FRANCE1,9163,50711831,2302,03434,737(778)2020
DB1 DUBLIN (METRO), IRELAND5,3935,393(4,455)2016
DB2 DUBLIN (METRO), IRELAND12,4609,49321,953(10,735)2016
DB3 DUBLIN (METRO), IRELAND3,33454,38727120,8193,60575,206(24,039)2016
DB4 DUBLIN (METRO), IRELAND26,87519,08845,963(10,977)2016
DU1 DÜSSELDORF (METRO), GERMANY8,23533,3898,23533,389(19,657)2000
DX1 DUBAI (METRO), UNITED ARAB EMIRATES93,20593,205(41,746)2008
DX2 DUBAI (METRO), UNITED ARAB EMIRATES667667(339)2017
DX3 DUBAI (METRO), UNITED ARAB EMIRATES6,7375,4606,7375,460(376)2020
EN1 ENSCHEDE (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS32,91432,914(24,331)2008
FR2 FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY20,843545,92120,843545,921(171,728)2007
FR4 FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY11,5789,307943103,98312,521113,290(39,794)2009
FR5 FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY30,31014,210224,48814,210224,488(59,488)2012
FR6 FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY140,753140,753(33,382)2016
FR7 FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY43,63437,35380,987(31,181)2016
FR8 FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY20,43058,19948,44520,430106,644(1,119)2020
FR11x FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY31,56631,566(154)2020
FR13 FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY3,2183,2182021
F-67


 
Initial Costs to Company (1)
 Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Total Costs  
 Encumbrances Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 
Accumulated Depreciation (3)
 Date of Construction 
Date of Acquisition or Lease (4)
AM6 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS 6,616 50,876 584 65,278 7,200 116,154 (12,138) N/A 2016
AM7 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS  7,397  51,535  58,932 (2,378) N/A 2016
AM8 AMSTERDAM (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS    11,125  11,125 (3,364) N/A 2016
BA1 BARCELONA (METRO), SPAIN  9,443  1,843  11,286 (1,495) N/A 2017
DB1 DUBLIN (METRO), IRELAND    3,389  3,389 (1,495) N/A 2016
DB2 DUBLIN (METRO), IRELAND  12,460  4,384  16,844 (4,963) N/A 2016
DB3 DUBLIN (METRO), IRELAND 3,334 54,387 294 14,917 3,628 69,304 (11,434) N/A 2016
DB4 DUBLIN (METRO), IRELAND  26,875  15,608  42,483 (5,134) N/A 2016
DU1 DÜSSELDORF (METRO), GERMANY   8,287 29,641 8,287 29,641 (18,951) 2001 2000
DX1 DUBAI (METRO), UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    87,891  87,891 (16,550) 2012 2008
DX2 DUBAI (METRO), UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    569  569 (100) N/A 2017
EN1 ENSCHEDE (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS    30,140  30,140 (18,843) 2008 2008
FR1 FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY    4,189  4,189 (3,679) N/A 2007
FR2 FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY   12,547 425,473 12,547 425,473 (110,194) N/A 2007
FR4 FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY 11,578 9,307 1,023 76,784 12,601 86,091 (25,959) 2009 2009
FR5 FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY30,310   4,044 164,611 4,044 164,611 (34,108) 2012 2012
FR6 FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY    135,960  135,960 (8,885) 2016 2016
FR7 FRANKFURT (METRO), GERMANY  43,634  20,621  64,255 (13,072) N/A 2016
GV1 GENEVA (METRO), SWITZERLAND    8,798  8,798 (3,634) 2004 2004
GV2 GENEVA (METRO), SWITZERLAND    23,328  23,328 (19,817) 2010 2009
HE1 HELSINKI (METRO), FINLAND    3,486  3,486 (1,887) N/A 2016
HE2 HELSINKI (METRO), FINLAND    1,554  1,554 (1,297) N/A 2016
HE3 HELSINKI (METRO), FINLAND    13,019  13,019 (7,227) N/A 2016
HE4 HELSINKI (METRO), FINLAND  29,092  6,383  35,475 (9,726) N/A 2016
HE5 HELSINKI (METRO), FINLAND  7,564  5,089  12,653 (2,991) N/A 2016
HE6 HELSINKI (METRO), FINLAND  17,204 1,604 25,004 1,604 42,208 (5,811) N/A 2016
HE7 HELSINKI (METRO), FINLAND 7,348 6,946  3,573 7,348 10,519 (537) N/A 2018

Initial Costs to Company (1)
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or LeaseTotal Costs
EncumbrancesLand
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Land
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Land
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Accumulated Depreciation (3)
Date of Acquisition or Lease (4)
GN1 GENOA (METRO), ITALY1,9882,7724,760(51)2020
GV1 GENEVA (METRO), SWITZERLAND26,31926,319(9,864)2004
GV2 GENEVA (METRO), SWITZERLAND44,77844,778(22,820)2009
HE1 HELSINKI (METRO), FINLAND4,0084,008(3,554)2016
HE3 HELSINKI (METRO), FINLAND15,37115,371(10,364)2016
HE4 HELSINKI (METRO), FINLAND29,0927,06336,155(20,133)2016
HE5 HELSINKI (METRO), FINLAND7,56419,63327,197(7,027)2016
HE6 HELSINKI (METRO), FINLAND17,2041,59430,9801,59448,185(15,811)2016
HE7 HELSINKI (METRO), FINLAND7,3486,9461,14151,3318,48858,277(5,421)2018
HH1 HAMBURG (METRO), GERMANY3,6125,36061047,8754,22253,235(4,466)2018
IL2 ISTANBUL (METRO), TURKEY14,46039,28941,64114,46080,930(10,234)2017
LD3 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM15,38015,380(14,747)2000
LD4 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM23,044137,786160,831(59,443)2007
LD5 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM16,412189,336205,748(107,560)2010
LD6 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM151,375151,375(45,283)2013
LD7 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM2,271271,2562,271271,256(16,921)2018
LD8 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM107,54488,016195,560(59,180)2016
LD9 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM181,431176,718358,149(100,677)2016
LD10 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM40,251108,488148,739(22,593)2017
LS1 LISBON (METRO), PORTUGAL7,3743,51711,3793,51718,753(4,690)2017
MA1 MANCHESTER (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM15,45715,457(9,016)2016
MA2 MANCHESTER (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM10,60610,606(9,336)2016
MA3 MANCHESTER (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM44,9319,72154,652(31,547)2016
MA4 MANCHESTER (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM6,6976,57613,272(9,222)2016
MA5 MANCHESTER (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM3,7066,87440773,0934,11379,967(328)2020
MD1 MADRID (METRO), SPAIN7,9177,8257,2367,82515,153(5,701)2017
MD2 MADRID (METRO), SPAIN40,95270,588111,540(35,723)2017
ML2 MILAN (METRO), ITALY24,11224,112(15,321)2016
ML3 MILAN (METRO), ITALY3,61644,3503,61644,350(15,565)2016
ML4 MILAN (METRO), ITALY9,2939,293(7,720)2016
ML5 MILAN (METRO), ITALY6,89420,95274,0336,89494,985(1,903)2019
MU1 MUNICH (METRO), GERMANY39,08439,084(19,432)2007
MU3 MUNICH (METRO), GERMANY5,9095,909(2,714)2010
MU4 MUNICH (METRO), GERMANY12,12735,12051,41812,12786,538(15)2020
PA1 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE20,94620,946(16,853)2007
F-68


 
Initial Costs to Company (1)
 Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Total Costs  
 Encumbrances Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 
Accumulated Depreciation (3)
 Date of Construction 
Date of Acquisition or Lease (4)
HH1 HAMBURG (METRO), GERMANY 3,612 5,360   3,612 5,360  N/A 2018
IS1 ISTANBUL (METRO), TURKEY    6,412  6,412 (4,416) N/A 2016
IL2 ISTANBUL (METRO), TURKEY 14,460 39,289  9,778 14,460 49,067 (1,646) N/A 2017
LD3 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM    16,666  16,666 (13,366) 2005 2000
LD4 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM  23,044  111,645  134,689 (38,277) 2007 2007
LD5 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM  16,412  173,477  189,889 (76,880) 2010 2010
LD6 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM    131,113  131,113 (18,714) 2015 2013
LD7 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM    80,257  80,257 (4) 2018 2018
LD8 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM  107,544  26,273  133,817 (22,468) N/A 2016
LD9 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM  181,431  77,537  258,968 (36,890) N/A 2016
LD10 LONDON (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM  40,251  103,274  143,525 (6,805) N/A 2017
LS1 LISBON (METRO), PORTUGAL  7,374 3,540 2,036 3,540 9,410 (1,234) 2017 2017
MA1 MANCHESTER (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM    8,136  8,136 (2,674) N/A 2016
MA2 MANCHESTER (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM    10,038  10,038 (3,983) N/A 2016
MA3 MANCHESTER (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM  44,931  5,147  50,078 (14,266) N/A 2016
MA4 MANCHESTER (METRO), UNITED KINGDOM  6,697  1,639  8,336 (4,778) N/A 2016
MD1 MADRID (METRO), SPAIN  7,917    7,917 (1,766) N/A 2017
MD2 MADRID (METRO), SPAIN  40,952  13,829  54,781 (10,453) N/A 2017
ML2 MILAN (METRO), ITALY    18,270  18,270 (5,538) N/A 2016
ML3 MILAN (METRO), ITALY   3,639 39,064 3,639 39,064 (9,830) N/A 2016
ML4 MLAN (METRO), ITALY    8,218  8,218 (3,628) N/A 2016
MU1 MUNICH (METRO), GERMANY    23,757  23,757 (14,145) N/A 2007
MU3 MUNICH (METRO), GERMANY    2,525  2,525 (1,210) 2010 2010
PA1 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE    31,246  31,246 (21,338) N/A 2007
PA2 & PA3 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE  29,615 25,820 283,451 25,820 313,066 (112,946) 2010 2007
PA4 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE 1,701 9,503 150 226,529 1,851 236,032 (51,667) 2012 2011
PA5 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE  16,554  3,299  19,853 (4,455) N/A 2016
PA6 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE    64,821  64,821 (19,377) N/A 2016
PA7 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE    17,399  17,399 (5,632) N/A 2016

Initial Costs to Company (1)
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or LeaseTotal Costs
EncumbrancesLand
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Land
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Land
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Accumulated Depreciation (3)
Date of Acquisition or Lease (4)
PA2 & PA3 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE29,61523,608326,61823,608356,233(144,908)2007
PA4 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE1,5989,5035,516246,6537,114256,156(88,191)2011
PA5 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE16,55411,82928,383(8,143)2016
PA6 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE73,36673,366(38,093)2016
PA7 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE23,41923,419(11,932)2016
PA10 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE100,933100,9332021
SA1 SEVILLE (METRO), SPAIN1,5671,5723,139(2,162)2017
SK1 STOCKHOLM, (METRO), SWEDEN15,49541,28256,777(11,370)2016
SK2 STOCKHOLM, (METRO), SWEDEN80,1483,91481,9813,914162,129(39,960)2016
SK3 STOCKHOLM, (METRO), SWEDEN23,85723,857(6,546)2016
SO1 SOFIA (METRO), BULGARIA5,2364,4709,706(3,191)2016
SO2 SOFIA (METRO), BULGARIA2,7193918,1182,75818,118(2,099)2017
WA1 WARSAW (METRO), POLAND5,95025,32131,271(9,228)2016
WA2 WARSAW (METRO), POLAND4,7099,33714,046(5,436)2016
WA3 WARSAW (METRO), POLAND2,64764,4142,64864,414(2,873)2017
ZH2 ZURICH (METRO), SWITZERLAND3,9153,915(2,748)2002
ZH4 ZURICH (METRO), SWITZERLAND11,28439,67750,961(28,110)2009
ZH5 ZURICH (METRO), SWITZERLAND8,075225,6538,075225,653(35,657)2009
ZW1 ZWOLLE (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS10,51810,518(8,976)2008
OTHERS (5)
59,81118,30917,39832,64277,20950,951(9,560)Various
Asia-Pacific:
AE1 ADELAIDE (METRO), AUSTRALIA2,6541,015962,1492,7493,164(994)2018
BR1 BRISBANE (METRO), AUSTRALIA3,1591,0531142,9683,2734,021(845)2018
CA1 CANBERRA (METRO), AUSTRALIA18,4108,45426,864(3,369)2018
HK1 HONG KONG (METRO), CHINA301,395301,395(122,088)2003
HK2 HONG KONG (METRO), CHINA243,358243,358(177,462)2010
HK3 HONG KONG (METRO), CHINA182,078182,078(90,545)2012
HK4 HONG KONG (METRO), CHINA95,30595,305(20,654)2012
HK5 HONG KONG (METRO), CHINA70,00240,919110,921(26,895)2017
MB1 MUMBAI (METRO), INDIA57328,45748457328,941(658)2021
MB2 MUMBAI (METRO), INDIA56,7251,31558,040(1,331)2021
ME1 MELBOURNE (METRO), AUSTRALIA14,92653893,00615,46493,006(29,361)2013
ME2 MELBOURNE (METRO), AUSTRALIA102,610102,610(7,310)2018
ME4 MELBOURNE (METRO), AUSTRALIA3,42584,17512415,5263,54999,701(23,979)2018
ME5 MELBOURNE (METRO), AUSTRALIA6,6554,0942404,7546,8958,847(2,882)2018
OS1 OSAKA (METRO), JAPAN14,876104,213119,089(42,667)2013
OS3 OSAKA (METRO), JAPAN199,271199,271(7,274)2020
F-69


 
Initial Costs to Company (1)
 Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Total Costs  
 Encumbrances Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 
Accumulated Depreciation (3)
 Date of Construction 
Date of Acquisition or Lease (4)
PA8 PARIS (METRO), FRANCE    47,649  47,649  2018 2018
SA1 SEVILLE (METRO), SPAIN  1,567    1,567 (905) N/A 2017
SK1 STOCKHOLM, (METRO), SWEDEN  15,495  6,283  21,778 (5,665) N/A 2016
SK2 STOCKHOLM, (METRO), SWEDEN  80,148 7,117 46,719 7,117 126,867 (14,764) N/A 2016
SK3 STOCKHOLM, (METRO), SWEDEN    14,556  14,556 (2,878) N/A 2016
SO1 SOFIA (METRO), BULGARIA  5,236  1,547  6,783 (1,270) N/A 2016
SO2 SOFIA (METRO), BULGARIA 2,775   8,814 2,775 8,814  N/A 2017
WA1 WARSAW (METRO), POLAND  5,950  7,138  13,088 (4,007) N/A 2016
WA2 WARSAW (METRO), POLAND  4,709  7,833  12,542 (2,546) N/A 2016
WA3 WARSAW (METRO), POLAND 2,819   6,705 2,819 6,705 (1) N/A 2017
ZH1 ZURICH (METRO), SWITZERLAND    12  12  N/A 2007
ZH2 ZURICH (METRO), SWITZERLAND    3,323  3,323 (2,543) 2003 2002
ZH4 ZURICH (METRO), SWITZERLAND  11,284  31,778  43,062 (26,376) 2010 2009
ZH5 ZURICH (METRO), SWITZERLAND   7,918 88,981 7,918 88,981 (18,350) 2013 2009
ZW1 ZWOLLE (METRO), THE NETHERLANDS    9,860  9,860 (5,925) 2008 2008
OTHERS (5)
 16,933 7,018 16,149 24,847 33,082 31,865 (4,005) Various Various
                    
Asia-Pacific:                   
AE1 ADELAIDE (METRO), AUSTRALIA 2,663 1,015  745 2,663 1,760 (148) N/A 2018
BR1 BRISBANE (METRO), AUSTRALIA 3,170 1,053  827 3,170 1,880 (68) N/A 2018
CA1 CANBERRA (METRO), AUSTRALIA  18,410  321  18,731 (573) N/A 2018
HK1 HONG KONG (METRO), CHINA    147,895  147,895 (87,393) N/A 2003
HK2 HONG KONG (METRO), CHINA    285,083  285,083 (99,612) 2011 2010
HK3 HONG KONG (METRO), CHINA    134,081  134,081 (60,527) N/A 2012
HK4 HONG KONG (METRO), CHINA    10,593  10,593 (5,818) N/A 2012
HK5 HONG KONG (METRO), CHINA  70,002  38,903  108,905 (4,225) 2017 2017
ME1 MELBOURNE (METRO), AUSTRALIA 14,977   81,609 14,977 81,609 (13,909) 2013 2013
ME2 MELBOURNE (METRO), AUSTRALIA    25,141  25,141  N/A 2018

 
Initial Costs to Company (1)
 Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or Lease Total Costs  
 Encumbrances Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 Land 
Buildings and Improvements (2)
 
Accumulated Depreciation (3)
 Date of Construction 
Date of Acquisition or Lease (4)
ME4 MELBOURNE (METRO), AUSTRALIA 3,437 84,175  2,499 3,437 86,674 (4,407) N/A 2018
ME5 MELBOURNE (METRO), AUSTRALIA 6,678 4,094  1,586 6,678 5,680 (445) N/A 2018
OS1 OSAKA (METRO), JAPAN  14,876  66,296  81,172 (18,931) 2013 2013
PE1 PERTH (METRO), AUSTRALIA 1,352 1,337  363 1,352 1,700 (64) N/A 2018
PE2 PERTH (METRO), AUSTRALIA  16,327  5,685  22,012 (1,129) N/A 2018
SG1 SINGAPORE (METRO)    177,270  177,270 (111,655) N/A 2003
SG2 SINGAPORE (METRO)    333,964  333,964 (164,156) 2008 2008
SG3 SINGAPORE (METRO)  34,844  196,081  230,925 (29,083) 2013 2013
SH2 SHANGHAI (METRO), CHINA    4,529  4,529 (1,643) 2012 2012
SH3 SHANGHAI (METRO), CHINA  7,066  10,137  17,203 (5,075) 2012 2012
SH5 SHANGHAI (METRO), CHINA  11,284  20,792  32,076 (9,650) 2012 2012
SH6 SHANGHAI (METRO), CHINA  16,545  25,353  41,898 (2) N/A 2017
SY1 SYDNEY (METRO), AUSTRALIA    25,435  25,435 (14,709) N/A 2003
SY2 SYDNEY (METRO), AUSTRALIA  3,080  32,721  35,801 (21,601) 2008 2008
SY3 SYDNEY (METRO), AUSTRALIA  8,712  140,590  149,302 (60,057) 2010 2010
SY4 SYDNEY (METRO), AUSTRALIA    142,633  142,633 (18,167) 2015 2014
SY5 SYDNEY (METRO), AUSTRALIA 82,372   56,969 82,372 56,969  N/A 2018
SY6 SYDNEY (METRO), AUSTRALIA 8,890 64,197  1,889 8,890 66,086 (2,283) N/A 2018
SY7 SYDNEY (METRO), AUSTRALIA 2,754 47,350  1,335 2,754 48,685 (1,612) N/A 2018
SY8 SYDNEY (METRO), AUSTRALIA  1,073  161  1,234 (190) N/A 2018
TY1 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN    22,793  22,793 (13,513) 2000 2000
TY2 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN    85,585  85,585 (61,682) 2007 2006
TY3 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN    75,837  75,837 (35,231) 2010 2010
TY4 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN    56,585  56,585 (20,562) 2012 2012
TY5 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN  102  56,973  57,075 (8,431) 2014 2014
TY6 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN  37,941  18,779  56,720 (19,544) N/A 2015
TY7 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN  13,175  5,253  18,428 (8,356) N/A 2015
TY8 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN  53,848  13,256  67,104 (16,874) N/A 2015
TY9 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN  106,710  24,877  131,587 (40,361) N/A 2015
TY10 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN  69,881  15,842  85,723 (15,387) N/A 2015
TY11 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN  22,099  32,931  55,030 (1) 2018 2018
TY12 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN 10,285   1,001 10,285 1,001  N/A 2018
OTHERS (5)
 12,022 875  12,500 12,022 13,375 (7,600) Various Various
TOTAL LOCATIONS$30,310 $492,431 $3,675,228 $138,101 $10,714,438 $630,532 $14,389,666 $(4,517,016)    

Initial Costs to Company (1)
Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition or LeaseTotal Costs
EncumbrancesLand
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Land
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Land
Buildings and Improvements (2)
Accumulated Depreciation (3)
Date of Acquisition or Lease (4)
PE1 PERTH (METRO), AUSTRALIA1,3471,337492,1001,3963,437(596)2018
PE2 PERTH (METRO), AUSTRALIA16,32717,39033,717(8,124)2018
PE3 PERTH (METRO), AUSTRALIA56,00456,004(4)2020
SG1 SINGAPORE (METRO)291,489291,489(133,905)2003
SG2 SINGAPORE (METRO)339,887339,887(232,450)2008
SG3 SINGAPORE (METRO)34,844239,648274,492(71,579)2013
SG4 SINGAPORE (METRO)54,602146,113200,715(17,748)2019
SG5 SINGAPORE (METRO)197,620197,620(4,016)2019
SH2 SHANGHAI (METRO), CHINA7,2907,290(3,562)2012
SH3 SHANGHAI (METRO), CHINA7,06614,59621,662(8,140)2012
SH5 SHANGHAI (METRO), CHINA11,28424,66235,946(17,322)2012
SH6 SHANGHAI (METRO), CHINA16,54537,87354,418(6,124)2017
SL1 SEOUL (METRO), SOUTH KOREA29,23637,58066,816(12,612)2019
SY1 SYDNEY (METRO), AUSTRALIA86,20638,25186,20638,251(24,756)2003
SY2 SYDNEY (METRO), AUSTRALIA3,08028,26831,348(24,941)2008
SY3 SYDNEY (METRO), AUSTRALIA8,712150,497159,209(91,013)2010
SY4 SYDNEY (METRO), AUSTRALIA184,417184,417(55,173)2014
SY5 SYDNEY (METRO), AUSTRALIA82,0912,948246,51985,039246,519(15,090)2018
SY6 SYDNEY (METRO), AUSTRALIA8,86064,19731915,4929,17979,689(13,191)2018
SY7 SYDNEY (METRO), AUSTRALIA2,74547,350996,8442,84454,194(9,078)2018
SY8 SYDNEY (METRO), AUSTRALIA1,0735001,573(1,149)2018
TY1 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN35,99335,993(22,284)2000
TY2 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN93,53293,532(66,919)2006
TY3 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN77,30577,305(44,811)2010
TY4 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN78,44678,446(36,604)2012
TY5 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN10261,82161,923(20,456)2014
TY6 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN37,94117,82155,762(37,344)2015
TY7 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN13,1756,28019,455(14,370)2015
TY8 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN53,84812,62566,472(30,152)2015
TY9 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN106,71023,644130,354(83,055)2015
TY10 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN69,88115,22085,102(28,348)2015
TY11 TOKYO (METRO), JAPAN22,099221,004243,103(19,907)2018
OTHERS (5)
1,73317,92119,654(9,964)Various
TOTAL LOCATIONS$30,310$598,614$4,687,056$387,949$16,232,443$986,560$20,919,495$(7,274,860)
(1)
The initial cost was $0 if the lease of the respective IBX was classified as an operating lease.
(2)
Building and improvements include all fixed assets except for land.
(3)
Buildings and improvements are depreciated on a straight line basis over estimated useful live as described under described in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
(4)
Date of lease or acquisition represents the date the Company leased the facility or acquired the facility through purchase or acquisition.
(5)
Includes various IBXs that are under initial development and costs incurred at certain central locations supporting various IBX functions.

(1)The initial cost was $0 if the lease of the respective IBX was classified as an operating lease.
(2)Building and improvements include all fixed assets except for land.
(3)Buildings and improvements are depreciated on a straight line basis over estimated useful live as described under described in Note 1 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-70


(4)     Date of lease or acquisition represents the date we leased the facility or acquired the facility through purchase or acquisition.
(5)Includes various IBXs that are under initial development and costs incurred at certain central locations supporting various IBX functions.

The aggregate gross cost of the Company'sour properties for federal income tax purpose approximated $21,371.3 million$29.1 billion (unaudited) as of December 31, 2018.2021.
The following table reconciles the historical cost of the Company'sour properties for financial reporting purposes for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 20182021 (in thousands).
Gross Fixed Assets:
2018 2017 2016202120202019
Balance, beginning of period$12,947,735
 $9,855,811
 $7,871,890
Balance, beginning of period$20,161,785 $16,927,332 $15,020,198 
ASC 842 adoption impact (1)
ASC 842 adoption impact (1)
— — (276,671)
Additions (including acquisitions and improvements)2,756,218
 2,508,333
 2,187,306
Additions (including acquisitions and improvements)2,977,992 3,110,907 2,632,472 
Disposals(289,157) (78,886) (78,607)Disposals(648,516)(446,864)(463,485)
Foreign currency transaction adjustments and others(394,598) 662,477
 (124,778)Foreign currency transaction adjustments and others(585,206)570,410 14,818 
Balance, end of year$15,020,198
 $12,947,735
 $9,855,811
Balance, end of year$21,906,055 $20,161,785 $16,927,332 
Accumulated Depreciation:
202120202019
Balance, beginning of period$(6,399,477)$(5,329,182)$(4,517,016)
ASC 842 adoption impact (1)
— — (7,846)
Additions (depreciation expense)(1,224,874)(1,036,452)(926,046)
Disposals149,231 109,230 128,352 
Foreign currency transaction adjustments and others200,260 (143,073)(6,626)
Balance, end of year$(7,274,860)$(6,399,477)$(5,329,182)
 2018 2017 2016
Balance, beginning of period$(3,980,198) $(3,175,972) $(2,595,648)
Additions (depreciation expense)(882,848) (748,942) (618,970)
Disposals261,928
 65,922
 9,401
Foreign currency transaction adjustments and others84,102
 (121,206) 29,245
Balance, end of year$(4,517,016) $(3,980,198) $(3,175,972)

(1)Upon the adoption of Topic 842 on January 1, 2019, we de-recognized certain fixed assets under built-to-suite leases due to the conversion of certain build-to-suit leases to operating leases. See Note 1 within the Consolidated Financial Statements.
F-70
F-71