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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

[x]x       ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended August 31, 20162019

or

[_]o       TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________ to _________

Commission file number: 001-32046

Simulations Plus, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(G) OF THE ACT: NONE

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes [_]o No [X]x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes [_]o No [X]x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filings requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes    [X]x  No   [_]o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).   Yes    [X]x  No   [_]

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.           [X]o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “smaller reporting“emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (Check one):

Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes [  ]o No [X]x

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of February 28, 2016,2019, based upon the closing price of the common stock as reported by The Nasdaq StockCapital Market on such date, was approximately $102,975,104.$246,955,803. This calculation does not reflect a determination that persons are affiliates for any other purposes.

As of November 14, 2016, 17,226,478 shares13, 2019,17,623,324shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Certain portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be delivered to its shareholders in connection with the registrant’s 20172019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K. Such definitive proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this annual report on Form 10-K.

Simulations Plus, Inc.
FORM 10-K
For the Fiscal Year Ended August 31, 20162019

Table of Contents

Forward-Looking Statements

Forward-Looking Statements

This document and the documents incorporated in this document by reference contain forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical fact contained in this document and the materials accompanying this document are forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements are based on the beliefs of our management, as well as assumptions made by and information currently available to our management. Frequently, but not always, forward-looking statements are identified by the use of the future tense and by words such as “believes,” expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “will,” “may,” “could,” “would,” “projects,” “continues,” “estimates” or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and actual results could differ materially from those indicated by the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our or our industry’s actual results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements contained or incorporated by reference in this document are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), and are subject to the safe harbor created by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements include declarations regarding our plans, intentions, beliefs, or current expectations.

Among the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by forward-looking statements are the risks and uncertainties described under “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report and elsewhere in this document and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).SEC.

Forward-looking statements are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. The forward-looking statements included in this document are made as of the date of this document and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect new information, subsequent events, or otherwise, except as required by law.otherwise.

PART I

ITEM 1 –BUSINESS

As used in this report, each of the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” and “Simulations Plus” refers to Simulations Plus, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries Cognigen Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Simulations Plus,Buffalo, New York, and DILIsym Services, Inc of Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires.

OVERVIEW

Simulations Plus, Inc., incorporated in 1996, is a premier developer of groundbreaking drug discovery and development software for mechanistic modeling and simulation, and for machine-learning-based prediction of properties of molecules solely from their structure, and is exploring the application of its machine-learning technologies in other industries, including aerospace/military and general healthcare.structure. Our pharmaceutical/chemistry software is licensed to major pharmaceutical, biotechnology, agrochemical, cosmetics, and food industry companies and to regulatory agencies worldwide for use in the conduct of industry-based research. We also provide consulting services ranging from early drug discovery through preclinical and clinical trial data analysis and for submissions to regulatory agencies. Simulations Plus is headquartered in Southern California, with offices in Buffalo, New York, and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and its common stock trades on the NASDAQNasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SLP.”

In September 2014, We are a global leader focused on improving the ways scientists use knowledge and data to predict the properties and outcomes of pharmaceutical and biotechnology agents and provide a wide range of early discovery, preclinical, and clinical consulting services and software. Our innovations in integrating new and existing science in medicinal chemistry, computational chemistry, pharmaceutical science, biology, physiology, and machine learning into our software have made us the leading software provider for PBPK modeling and simulation, prediction of molecular properties from structure, and prediction of drugs to induce liver injury or to treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

We generate revenue by delivering relevant, cost-effective software and creative and insightful consulting services. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies use our software programs and scientific consulting services to guide early drug discovery (molecule design and screening), preclinical, and clinical development programs. They also use our software products and services to enhance their understanding of the properties of potential new medicines and to use emerging data to improve formulations, select and justify dosing regimens, support the generics industry, optimize clinical trial designs, and simulate outcomes in special populations, such as the elderly and pediatric patients.

Simulations Plus acquired Cognigen Corporation (Cognigen) as a wholly-ownedwholly owned subsidiary pursuant to that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of July 23, 2014, by and between Simulations Plus and Cognigen (the “Merger Agreement”).in September 2014. Cognigen was originally incorporated in 1992. Through the integration of Cognigen into Simulations Plus, Simulations Plus is now alsobecame a leading provider of population modeling and simulation contract research services for the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Our clinical-pharmacology-based consulting services include pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling, clinical trial simulations, data programming, and technical writing services in support of regulatory submissions. We have also developed software for harnessing cloud-based computing in support of modeling and simulation activities and secure data archiving, and we provide consulting services to improve interdisciplinary collaborations and research and development productivity.

Simulation Plus acquired DILIsym Services, Inc. (DILIsym) as a wholly owned subsidiary in June 2017. The acquisition of DILIsym positions the Company as the leading provider of Drug Induced Liver Injury (DILI) modeling and simulation software and related scientific consulting services. In addition to the DILIsym® software for analysis of potential drug-induced liver injury, DILIsym Services, Inc. also has developed a simulation program for analyzing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) called NAFLDsym™. Both the DILIsym and NAFLDsym software programs require outputs from physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) software as inputs. The GastroPlus™ PBPK software from Simulations Plus provides such information; thus, the integration of these technologies will provide a seamless capability for analyzing the potential for drug-induced liver injury for new drug compounds and for investigating the potential for new therapeutic agents to treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Since the acquisition, DILIsym has applied its mechanistic modeling resources in other disease areas including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and others.

We are a global leader focused on improving the ways scientists use knowledge and data to predict the properties and outcomes of pharmaceutical and biotechnology agents, and are one of only two global companies who provide a wide range of preclinical and clinical consulting services and software. Our innovations in integrating new and existing science in medicinal chemistry, computational chemistry, pharmaceutical science, biology, physiology, and machine learning into our software have made us the leading software provider for physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) modeling and simulation and for prediction of molecular properties from structure.

We generate revenue by delivering relevant, cost-effective software and creative and insightful consulting services. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies use our software programs and scientific knowledge to guide early drug discovery (molecule design and screening), preclinical, and clinical development programs. They also use it to enhance their understanding of the properties of potential new medicines and to use emerging data to improve formulations, select and justify dosing regimens, support the generics industry, optimize clinical trial design, and simulate outcomes in special populations, such as the elderly and pediatric patients.

PRODUCTS

General

We currently offer eightten software products for pharmaceutical research and development: threefive simulation programs that provide time-dependent results based on solving large sets of differential equations: GastroPlus™GastroPlus®; DDDPlus™; MembranePlus™; DILIsym®; and MembranePlus™NAFLDsym™; three programs that are based on predicting and analyzing static (not time-dependent) properties of chemicals: ADMET Predictor™Predictor®; MedChem Designer™; and MedChem Studio™ (the combination of ADMET Predictor, MedChem Designer, and MedChem Studio is called our ADMET Design Suite™); one recently-announceda program which is designed for rapid clinical trial data analysis and regulatory submissions called PKPlus™; and onea program called KIWI™ from our Cognigen division that provides an integrated platform for data analysis and reporting through our proprietary secure cloud. During the fourth fiscal quarter of the fiscal year ended August 31, 2016, we announced the release of our newest software offering, PKPlus™, a next-generation software package for noncompartmental and compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis and reporting, which is further described below.

GastroPlusGastroPlus®

Our flagship product, originally introduced in 1998, and currently our largest single source of software revenue, is GastroPlus. GastroPlus mechanistically simulates the absorption, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacodynamicsdrug-drug interactions of drugscompounds administered to humans and animals and is currently the most widely used commercial software of its type by pharmaceutical companies, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies in the U.S. and other countries. The FDA currently has 70In May 2019, we were pleased to announce the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) in Japan added licenses to the GastroPlus licenses.software suite.

Because of the widespread use of GastroPlus, we were the only non-European company invited to join the European Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) program for Oral Bioavailability Tools (OrBiTo). OrBiTo begun in 2012, iswas an international collaboration among 27 industry, academic, and government organizations working in the area of oral absorption of pharmaceutical products. Because we are outside of the European Union, our participation in this project iswas at our own expense, while other members arewere compensated for their work; however, we arewere a full member with access to all of the data and discussions of all other members. We believe our investment to participate in this initiative enablesenabled us to benefit from, and to contribute to, advancing the prediction of human oral bioavailability from preclinical data, and ensuresensured that we are well-known to member pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies.

In September 2016 we announced that Simulations Plus had been invited to join the European SimInhale Consortium and had been admitted to this prestigious group focused on advancing the state of the art for simulation of inhaled dosage forms. As one of only two U.S. participants, Simulations Plus will participate in activities designed toadvance particle designs for improved deposition and interaction with lung tissue; promote realistic computer simulations of particle aerosolization, delivery and deposition; promote patient-tailored inhaled medicines; promote integration of device and formulation design; and promote critical assessment of toxicity issues and related risks.

In September 2014, we entered into a research collaboration agreement (RCA) with the FDA to enhance the Ocular Compartmental Absorption and Transit (OCAT™) model within the Additional DosingDosage Routes Module of GastroPlus. The objective of this agreement iswas to provide a tool for generic companies and the FDA to assess the likely bioequivalence of generic drug formulations dosed to the eye. Under this RCA, we receivereceived up to $200,000 per year. This RCA maycould be renewed for up to a total of three years based on the progress achieved during the project. After a successful second year, the RCA was renewedextended for its third yeartwo additional years in September 2016, and will expirewith primary tasks completed in September 2017.2018. Additional functionality was further requested by the FDA, and a new funded contract was awarded for the 2018-19 period.

We were awarded another RCA by the FDA in September 2015,2015; this timeone to expand the capabilities of GastroPlus to simulate the dosing of long-acting injectable microspheres.microspheres for both small and large molecules (biologics). This type of dosage form is usually injected via subcutaneous or intramuscular routes, but canroutes. This RCA also be used for ocular dosing. Once again, this RCA provides up to $200,000 per year for up to three years. Under this agreement, we are developing simulation models to deal with the very slow dissolution/decomposition of the microsphere carrier material that gradually releases the active drug over periods as long as weeks or months. After a successful firstsecond year, the RCA was renewed for the secondthird year in September 2016,2017 and will expirewas completed in September 2017 unless re-renewed.2018, with further extensions under consideration with the FDA and/or large pharmaceutical company sponsor(s).

In September 2018, we were pleased to announce that we were awarded another funded RCA by the FDA to integrate drug product quality attributes into the mechanistic TCAT model in GastroPlus. This grant award, for $250,000 per year for up to two years, will focus on the incorporation of drug product quality attributes into dermal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models developed for dermatological topical dosage forms and transdermal delivery systems.

In July 2018 we entered into a one-year funded research collaboration with a large European consortium to further develop and validate the mechanistic Transdermal Compartmental Absorption and Transit (TCAT™) model in GastroPlus. This project will contribute substantially to improvements in the program, specifically directed toward the predictions of local exposure within the skin layer following topical administration of various chemicals. We expect the developments under this agreement will aid companies and regulatory agencies as they strive to implement an animal-free chemical safety assessment program.

In addition to the two active funded efforts with the FDA described above, we also have antwo unfunded RCARCAs with the FDA’sFDA: one with the Office of Generic Drugs (OGD) that began in 2014. The2014, and one announced in July 2019 with the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM). With OGD, the objective of this RCA, which has a five-year term, is directed toward the FDA’s evaluation of mechanistic IVIVCs (in vitro-in vivo correlations) to determine whether mechanistic absorption modeling (MAM) can relate laboratory (in vitro) dissolution experiment results to the behavior of dosage forms in humans and animals (in vivo) better than traditional empirical methods. With CVM, the objective is to use GastroPlus, within vitroandin vivo data, to investigate how bioequivalence (BE) of non-systemically absorbed products can be evaluated in canines without the need for clinical endpoint trials.

In April 2015,May 2018, we released Version 9.09.6 of GastroPlus. This wasVersion 9.6 provided the largest single upgrade we have made to the program to date, and the added level of science and technology enabled valuablefollowing new functionalities that we believe provide the mostand advanced decision-making tooltools for preclinical and early clinical trial simulation and modeling analysis available today. Several of the significant enhancements include:analysis:

Our goal with GastroPlus is to integrate the most advanced science into user-friendly software to enable pharmaceutical researchers and regulators to perform sophisticated analyses of complex drugcompound behaviors in humans and laboratory animals. Already the most widely used program in the world for physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK),PBPK modeling, the addition of these new capabilities is expected to expand the user base in the early pharmaceutical research and development process, while also helping us to further penetrate the biopharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and general toxicology markets.

We are now finalizingwork to release updated versions of the development of version 9.5program on an ongoing basis. In May 2018, we released Version 9.6 of GastroPlus, which will addand Version 9.7 was released in June 2019. This version adds a number of important new capabilities, including improvements to population simulations, dissolution, absorption, PBPK models, and will refine and enhance some of the existing capabilities in the program, including intramuscular dosing, simulation of antibody-drug conjugates, additional animal physiologies, enhanced report generation, and enhancements to the PBPK tissue models. We expect to release version 9.5 before the end of calendar year 2016.drug-drug interactions, among others.

DDDPlusDDDPlus™

DDDPlus mechanistically simulatesin vitro (laboratory) experiments that measure the rate of dissolution of a drug and,as well as, if desired, the additives (excipients) in a particular dosage form (e.g., powder, tablet, capsule, or capsule)injectable solids) under a variety of experimental conditions. This unique software program is used by formulation scientists in industry and the FDA to (1) understand the physical mechanisms affecting the disintegration and dissolution rate forrates of various formulations, (2) reduce the number of cut-and-try attempts to design new drug formulations, and (3) designin vitrodissolution experiments to better mimicin vivo (animal and human) conditions.conditions, and (4) justify product specifications. Version 5.06.0 of DDDPlus which adds a number of significant enhancements, was released in April 2016. This version addsJanuary 2019 and offers a series of new formulation types (controlled release bilayer tablet, delayed release coated tablet, and immediate release coated beads), expanded formulation specification options, biorelevant solubilities and surfactant effects on dissolution, tablet compression and disintegration models, links with GastroPlus, and updated licensing.capabilities, including:

MembranePlus™

MembranePlus was released in October 2014.

Similar to DDDPlus, MembranePlus mechanistically simulates laboratory experiments, but in this case, the experiments are for measuring permeability or clearance of drug-like molecules through various membranes, including several different standard cell cultures (Caco-2, MDCK), as well as artificially formulated membranes (PAMPA).hepatocytes. The value of such a simulationsimulations derives from the fact that when the permeabilities of the same molecules are measured in different laboratories using (supposedly) the same experimental conditions, the results are often significantly different. These differences are caused by a complex interplay of factors in how the experiment was set up and run. MembranePlus simulates these experiments with their specific experimental details, and this enables scientists to better interpret how results from specific experimental protocols can be used to predict permeability or clearance mechanisms in human and animals, which is the ultimate goal. A few initial sales of MembranePlus have been made. Similar to DDDPlus ten years ago, this program is a new concept that requires educating scientists on how and why to use it, and our marketing and sales program has been tasked with providing that training.animals.

PKPlus™

On

In August 25, 2016, we announced the release ofreleased a new standalone software product called PKPlus, based on the internal PKPlus Module in GastroPlus that has been available since 2000. The PKPlus Module in GastroPlus provides quick and easy fitting of compartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) models as well as a simple noncompartmental analysis (NCA) for intravenous and extravascular (oral, dermal, ocular, pulmonary, etc.) doses; however, the PKPlus Module in GastroPlus was not designed to meet all of the requirements for performing these analyses for Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials, and producingnor to produce report-quality output for regulatory submissions. The new standalone PKPlus program has been developed to provideprovides the full level of functionality needed by pharmaceutical industry scientists to perform the analyses and generate the outputs needed to fully satisfy regulatory agency requirements for both more complex NCA andas well as compartmental PK modeling. We

PKPlus version 2.5 was released in July 2019. This new version incorporates a wide variety of requested features from current users, including:

Starting with version 2.0, we provide PKPlus for free to academics because we believe it will help educate the potential numbernext generation of eventual usersscientists entering the industries we serve and drive demand for the product. Hundreds of copies of PKPlus is inhave been downloaded by universities around the thousands world-wide and that it has the potentialworld to eventually become one of our leading revenue producers.date.

ADMET Predictor™Predictor®

ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) Predictor is a chemistry-based computer program that takes molecular structures (i.e., drawings of molecules represented in various formats) as inputs and predictsuses machine learning technology to predict approximately 150 different properties for them at an average rate of over 100,000 compounds per hour on a modern laptop computer. This capability allows chemists to generate estimates for a large number of important molecular properties without the need to synthesize and test the molecules, as well as to generate estimates of unknown properties for molecules that have been synthesized, but for which only a limited number of experimental properties have been measured. Thus, a chemist can assess the likely success of a large number of existing molecules in a company’s chemical library, as well as molecules that have never been made, by providing only their molecular structures, either by drawing them using a tool such as our MedChem Designer software, or by automatically generating large numbers of molecules using various computer algorithms, including those embedded in our MedChem Studio software.

ADMET Predictor has been top-ranked for predictive accuracy in multiple peer-reviewed, independent comparison studies for many years, while generating its results at a very high throughput rate. Although the state of the art of this type of software does not enable identifying the best molecule in a series, it does allow early screening of molecules that are highly likely to fail as potential drug candidates (i.e., the worst molecules, which is usuallytypically the majority of a virtual chemical library) before synthesizing and testing them. Thus, millions of virtual compounds can be created and screened in a day, compared to potentially months or years of work to actually synthesize and test a much smaller number of actual compounds.

The most recent release of ADMET Predictor, version 8.0, was released on August 1, 2016. This new version features a completely redesigned and modernized interface as well as a number of new capabilities to enhance the performance and user-friendliness of the program. In addition, we have integrated a number of MedChem Studio features into the new ADMET Predictor, and created a tighter integration between the two programs when a MedChem Studio license is obtained along with an ADMET Predictor license.

The optional ADMET Modeler™ Module in ADMET Predictor enables scientists to use their own experimental data to quickly create proprietary high-quality predictive models using the same powerful machine-learning methodsartificial intelligence (AI) engine we use to build our top-ranked property predictions. Pharmaceutical companies expend substantial time and money conducting a wide variety of experiments on new molecules each year, generating large databases of experimental data. Using this proprietary data to build predictive models can provide a second return on their investment; however, model building has traditionally been a difficult and tedious activity performed by specialists. The automation in ADMET Modeler makes it easy for a scientist to create very powerful machine-learning/AI models with minimal training.

Version 9.5 was released in April 2019, adding:

We have made significant investments in two key areas with recent versions: improving integration of our top-ranked ADMET Predictor and GastroPlus models to leverage our novel ‘Discovery PBPK’ approaches for chemists and safety researchers, and further enhancing our best-in-class machine learning engine to assist with drug discovery. Recent publications from pharmaceutical and chemical companies describing how they have leveraged our ‘Discovery PBPK’ methods to guide lead optimization and risk assessment illustrate how our unique offerings provide substantial value in these spaces. In April 2019, we were pleased to announce the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Center for Tobacco Products procured a 15-user license to the ADMET Predictor software suite. The purchase was made to support research projects aimed at informing regulatory decision making.

Potential new markets for machine learningartificial intelligence (machine learning)

We are currently investigating applications of our sophisticated machine-learningartificial intelligence (machine-learning) engine outside of our normal pharmaceutical markets. To date, we have conducted several proof-of-concept studies including: (1) building predictive models for missile aerodynamic forceinvolving aerodynamics and moment coefficients as a functionalso classifying of missile geometry, Mach number, and angle of attack, (2) classifying/identifying missiles and other objects from radar tracking data, (3) mapping jet engine compressor performance to predict when maintenance might be required, and (4) classifying patients as healthy or experiencing some disease state or genetic disorder evidenced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. Other potential applications for this modeling engine have also been identified; however, our focus to date has been primarily in these areas.

We believe our proprietary machine-learningAI/machine learning software engine has a wide variety of potential applications and we intend to pursue funding to develop customized tools to further monetize our investment in this technology by expanding our markets beyond the life sciences and chemistry. In addition, we are examining a variety of expanded capabilities to add to the basic modeling engine to accommodate even larger data sets (“big data analytics”) and new applications.

MedChem Designer™

MedChem Designer was launched in 2011. It was initially a molecule-drawing program, or “sketcher”, but now has capabilities far exceeding those of other molecule-drawing programs because of its integration with both MedChem Studio and ADMET Predictor. We provide MedChem Designer for free because we believe that in the long run it will help to increase demand for ADMET Predictor and MedChem Studio, and because most other existing molecule-drawing programs are also provided for free. Our free version includes a small set of ADMET Predictor’s best-in-class property predictions, allowing the chemist to modify molecular structures and then see a few key properties very quickly. With a paid ADMET Predictor license, the chemist would see the entire approximately 150 predictions that are available. Over 16,00028,000 copies of MedChem Designer have been downloaded by scientists around the world to date.

When used with a license for ADMET Predictor, MedChem Designer becomes ade novo molecule design tool. With it, a researcher can draw one or more molecular structures, then click on the ADMET Predictor icon and have approximately150approximately 150 properties for each structure calculated in seconds, including our proprietary ADMET Risk™ index.index which provides a single number that instantly compare the effects of different structural changes in many dimensions. Researchers can also click on an icon to generate the likely metabolites of a molecule and then predict all of the properties of those metabolites from ADMET Predictor, including each of their ADMET Risk scores. This is important because a metabolite of a molecule can be therapeutically beneficial (or harmful) even though the parent molecule is not.

Our proprietary ADMET Risk score provides a single number that tells the chemist how many default threshold values for various predicted properties were crossed (or violated) by each structure. Thus, in a single number, the chemist can instantly compare the effects of different structural changes in many dimensions. The ideal score is zero; however, a low score greater than zero might be acceptable, depending on what property(s) caused the points to be assigned. If the number is too high (greater than 5 or 6), the molecule is not likely to be successful as a drug. The default rules can be modified and new rules can be added by the user to include any desired rule set based on any combination of calculated descriptors, predicted properties, and user inputs. As chemists attempt to modify structures to improve one property, they often cause others to become unacceptable. Without ADMET Risk, the chemist would have to individually examine many key properties for each new molecule (and its metabolites) to determine whether any of them became unacceptable as a result of changing the structure.

MedChem Studio™

The MedChem Studio Module in ADMET Predictor is a powerful software tool that is used both for data mining and forde novo design of new molecules. In its data-mining role, MedChem Studio facilitates searching large chemical libraries to find molecules that contain identified substructures, and it enables rapid identification of clusters (classes) of molecules that share common substructures. MedChem Studio version 4.0 was released during fiscal year 2014. We have now merged MedChem Studio with the refactoring of ADMET Predictor 8.0, so that either program can be entered through the same interface, and the communication between the two programs is enhanced through the seamless integration of both technologies. We believe this will enhance the attractiveness of both ADMET Predictor and MedChem Studio to medicinal and computational chemists.

While MedChem Designer can be used to refine a small number of molecules, the MedChem Studio Module can be used to create and screen (with ADMET Predictor) very large numbers of molecules down to a few promising lead candidates. MedChem Studio has features that enable it to generate new molecular structures using a variety ofde novo design methods. When MedChem Studio is used with ADMET Predictor and MedChem Designer (the combination of which we refer to as our ADMET Design Suite), we believe the programs provide an unmatched capability for chemists to search through large libraries of compounds that have undergone high-throughput screening experiments to find the most promising classes (groups of molecules with a large common part of their structures) and molecules that are active against a particular target. In addition, MedChem Studio can take an interesting (but not acceptable) molecule and, using a variety of design algorithms, quickly generate many thousands to millions of high qualityhigh-quality analogs (similar new molecules). These molecules can then be screened using ADMET Predictor to find molecules that are predicted to be both active against the target and acceptable in a variety of ADMET properties. We demonstrated the power of the ADMET Design Suite during two NCE (new chemical entity) projects wherein we designed lead molecules to inhibit the growth of theplasmodium falciparum malaria parasite in one study, and lead molecules that were combinedable to inhibit two targets at the same time: COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors.COX-2. In each case, we announced ahead of time that we were attempting to do this, and we reported the results when the projects were complete. Every molecule we designed and had synthesized hit their targets in both projects.projects, clearly demonstrating the power of the ADMET Design Suite.

KIWI^TMKIWI™

Drug development programs rely increasingly on modeling and simulation analyses to support decision-making and submissions to regulatory agencies. To ensure high-quality analyses, organizations must not only apply high-quality science, but must also be able to support the science by being able to validate the results. KIWI is a cloud-based web application that was developed to efficiently organize, process, maintain, and communicate the volume of data and results generated by pharmacologists and scientists over the duration of a drug development program. The validated workflow and tools within KIWI promote traceability and reproducibility of results.

The pharmaceutical industry has been rapidly adopting cloud technology as a solution to ever-expanding computer processing needs. Leveraging our 20-plus years of experience in providing an architecture supporting modeling and simulation efforts, we have developed KIWI as a secure, validated, enterprise-scale environment, enabling global teams to collaborate on model-based decision making. KIWI has proven to be a valuable platform for encouraging interdisciplinary discussions about the model development process and interpretation of results. We continue to receive positive feedback about the functionality implemented in KIWI and the value of the approach we have taken to harness cloud technology. We continue to improve functionality and collaboration within the KIWI platform, and we expect the licensing fee will be a source of recurring revenue for further development and growth.

We release new versions of the program on a regular basis. KIWI Version 1.32 was released in May 2015. This versionDecember 2017, KIWI 3 was released in August 2018, and in 2019 Q1, an enhanced editor and grouping of visualizations for easy replication was added, resulting in streamlined model development.

KIWI provides our user community4 was released in June 2019. A pharmacometric analysis is an evolutionary process – one that often results in the creation of hundreds of new program files and code changes to hundreds more due to common typographical and programmatic errors. The Model Wizard and the Covariate Analysis toolset aim to significantly reduce the time spent creating models, correcting errors, and replicating program files for performing stepwise covariate analyses, allowing pharmacometricians to focus on advancing science. With continued feedback from KIWI license holders, various visualizations within KIWI 4.0 and the pharmacometric-specific Data Repository continue to be updated with access to new features that accelerate completion of modeling projects by decreasing run times and facilitating the comparison and exporting of results across models. These features include dynamic comparisons of model parameter estimates and diagnostic plots, export of model run records for regulatory submissions, and accelerated infrastructure with the upgradefunctionality. In 2020 Q1, incremental improvements to the latest versions of NONMEM®existing KIWI functionality have been added to improve graph appearance in both the Visualize and Perl-speaks-NONMEM running in a 64-bit Linux environment.Explore modules.

We continue enhancing KIWI as part of our five-year, almost-$5 million contract with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

DILIsym

The DILIsym software is a quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) program that has been in development since 2011. QSP software models are based on the fundamental understanding of complex biological pathways, disease processes, and drug mechanisms of action, integrating information from experiments and forming hypotheses for the next experimental model. DILIsym deals with the propensity for some drug molecules to induce temporary or permanent changes in biological functions within liver cells (hepatocytes) that can result in damage to the liver. Some drugs cause temporary changes in liver function but the body soon compensates and liver function returns to normal. Other drugs cause liver function to permanently decline as they continue to be taken. The DILIsym software models a variety of interactions within the hepatocytes to determine whether a particular drug molecule interrupts normal signaling pathways in a manner to induce injury to the cells.

Version 1.58A of the DILIsym software was released in March 2016.January of 2019. This version is again delivered as a secure executable that incorporates new proprietary code enabling tighter integration with our GastroPlus PBPK software. Securing the code is necessary to ensure that results are consistent across all users to assure regulatory agencies that the calculated results are from a validated version. Open source programs are subject to modification by the user and so each use could have a different set of calculations, so validation would not be assured. In addition, a number of important new capabilities were added:

NAFLDsym

Where DILIsym is used to investigate the likelihood that a known drug molecule would cause injury to the liver, NAFLDsym is concerned with a liver that is already diseased (NAFLD/NASH) by excess fat, fibrosis, and inflammation, and investigates the likelihood that various molecules might provide beneficial therapeutic benefits to treat or cure the disease. DILIsym can be considered a “shrink wrap” software product, usable across many companies and drug development projects. NAFLDsym, on the other hand, requires modification for each of a number of different mechanisms of action that potential new drug compounds could use to treat the disease, and so is a customized tool used in consulting projects for each new client project. NAFLDsym version introduced major enhancements2A was released in the functionalitysummer of visualization tools offered by2019 for licensing and consulting use. The software now includes the platform. These enhancementsthree most important components of NAFLD/NASH: steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, along with a host of other important updates.

RENAsym

Where DILIsym is used to investigate the likelihood that a known drug molecule would cause injury to the liver, RENAsym will be focused on investigating and predicting drug-induced kidney injury, or acute kidney injury (AKI). RENAsym will be another “shrink wrap” software product, usable across many companies and drug development projects. The software will utilize predictions of drug exposure in the kidney from PBPK platforms such as GastroPlus, along with in vitro data related to certain kidney injury mechanisms, to make predictions. The first expected release of RENAsym will be available towards the end of 2020. The initial development is being funded via an NIH small business grant.

IPFsym

IPFsym is a software tool that will investigate the likelihood that various molecules might provide beneficial therapeutic benefits to treat or cure idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). IPFsym, like NAFLDsym, requires modification for each of a number of different mechanisms of action that potential new drug compounds could use to treat the disease, and so is a customized tool used in consulting projects for each new client project. IPFsym is targeted for release for licensing and consulting use sometime in 2021. The software will include simplifying the creationmost important mechanisms of plotsIPF and comparing them across multiple models, thus acceleratingwill be closely coupled with GastroPlus for drug concentration predictions within the lungs.

In January 2019 DILIsym Services and Simulations Plus entered into a two-year, $2.7 million collaboration with a large pharmaceutical company on the development of a new Quantitative Systems Pharmacology (QSP) model refinement process. In addition, analysts can now conveniently copy visualization preferences across projects, improving consistency and facilitating collaboration and communication with clients and colleagues.that will provide the ability to predict the efficacy of drugs being developed to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Part of this funding will go towards expansion of GastroPlus to improve the predictions of compound exposure upon inhalation of drugs.

Contract Research and Consulting Services

Our scientists and engineers have expertise in drug absorption via various dosing routes (oral, intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, ocular, nasal/pulmonary, and dermal), pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacodynamics.drug-drug interactions. They have been speakers or presenters atattended over 150200 scientific meetings worldwide in the past four years.years, often speaking and presenting. We frequently conduct contracted consulting studies for large customers (including many of the five largesttop twenty pharmaceutical companies) who have particularly difficult problems and who recognize our expertise in solving them, as well as for smaller customers who prefer to have studies run by our scientists rather than to license our software and train someone to use it. The demand for our consulting services has been steadily increasing, and we have expanded our consulting teams to meet the increased workload.

We closedCurrently we are entering year four of a five-year consulting agreement with a major research foundationthe Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to implement a platform for coordinating the data generated by global teams engaged in model-based drug development and began work on the project.development.

We currently are working with the FDA on three different Research Collaboration Agreements (RCAs): the two funded efforts for the ocular model and long-acting injectable microspheres and the unfunded IVIVC effort, all described above under “GastroPlus”. We also successfully completed the fifth year of our five-year renewable collaboration with the Center for Food Safety and Nutrition of the FDA to develop predictive toxicity models for food additives and contaminants.

Pharmacometric Modeling

We have a reputation for high-quality analyses and regulatory reporting of data collected during preclinical experiments as well as clinical trials of new and existing pharmaceutical products, typically working on 30-4080-100 drug projects per year. TheTraditionally, the model-based analysis of clinical trial data that we perform iswas different from the modeling analysis offered by GastroPlus;GastroPlus or our quantitative systems toxicology/pharmacology software (DILIsym and NAFLDsym); the former reliesrelied more on statistical and semi-mechanistic models, whereas the latter reliesis based on very detailed mechanistic models. Statistical models rely on direct observation and mathematical equations that are used to fit data collected across multiple studies along with describing the variability within and between patients. Mechanistic models are based on a detailed understanding of the human body and the chemistry of the drug and involve deep mathematical and scientific representation of the phenomena involved in drug dissolution/precipitation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Collectively, the models guide drugsupport safety and efficacy decisions, first-in-human estimations, formulation designoptimization, and dose selection.

Because ofdrug-drug interaction assessments. Beginning in 2014, the synergies achieved throughU.S. F.D.A and other regulatory agencies began to emphasize the integration of our Buffalo division (Cognigen) into Simulations Plus, our first full fiscal year of combined operations resulted in significantly increased revenues and earnings. Our clinical pharmacometricians in Buffalo, supported by our consulting team in California, are learningneed to use thepush mechanistic PBPK modeling capabilitiesand simulation into clinical pharmacology, with final guidance documents completed in 2018, and we have seen the benefit of GastroPlus and are performing such studies under new and expanded contracts with pharmaceutical customers.

having our clinical pharmacology teams across all three divisions working together to achieve this goal.

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

Development of our software is focused on expanding product lines, designing enhancements to our core technologies, and integrating existing and new products into our principal software architecture and platform technologies. We intend to continue to offer regular updates to our products and to continue to look for opportunities to expand our existing suite of products and services.

To date, we have developed products internally, sometimes also licensing or acquiring products, or portions of products, from third parties. These arrangements sometimes require that we pay royalties to third parties. We intend to continue to license or otherwise acquire technology or products from third parties when it makes business sense to do so. We currently have one license agreement, with BIOVIA, a San Diego division of Dassault Systemes in France (formerly known as Accelrys, Inc.), pursuant to which a small royalty is paid to BIOVIA frombased on revenues on each license for the Metabolite moduleMetabolism Module in ADMET Predictor. This license agreement continues in perpetuity and either party has the right to terminate it.

In 1997 we entered into an exclusive software licensing agreement with TSRL, Inc. (aka Therapeutic(Therapeutic Systems Research Laboratories) (TSRL), pursuant to which TSRL licensed certain software technology and databases to us, and we paid royalties to TSRL. On May 15, 2014, we and TSRL entered into a termination and non-assertionnonassertion agreement pursuant to which the parties agreed to terminate the 1997 exclusive software licensing agreement. As a result, the Company obtained a perpetual right to use certain source code and data, and TSRL relinquished any rights and claims to any GastroPlus products and to any claims to royalties or other payments under that agreement, and we agreed to pay TSRL total consideration of $6,000,000 as follows: (a) $3,500,000 by May 20, 2014, which amount was comprised of $2,500,000 in cash and $1,000,000 worth of our common stock (which was 164,745 shares based upon the April 25, 2014 closing price per share of $6.07 per share), (b) $750,000 payable on or before April 25, 2015, (c) $750,000 payable on or before April 25, 2016, and (d) $1,000,000 payable on or before April 25, 2017.$6,000,000. All payments have now beenwere made except the final $1 million, which will be paid inas of April 2017. Our outstanding payment obligation described aboveThe total consideration is non-interest-bearing and will bebeing amortized at a constant rate of $150,000 per quarter until it is completely amortized, after which no further expense will be incurred. For most quarters, we expect thatTo date, this will resulthas resulted in aexpense savings over $1,750,000 compared to the royalty payments that would have been paid to TSRL if paid consistent with past practices.

MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION

We distribute our products and offer our services in North America, South America, Europe, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, India, Singapore, Taiwan, Korea, and the People’s Republic of China.

We market our pharmaceutical software and consulting services through attendance and presentations at scientific meetings, exhibits at trade shows, seminars at pharmaceutical companies and government agencies, through our website, and using various communication channels to our database of prospects and customers. At various scientific meetings around the world each year there are numerous presentations and posters presented in which the reported research was performed using our software. Many of these presentations are from industry and FDA scientists; some are from our staff. In addition, more than 50100 peer-reviewed scientific journal articles, posters, and podium presentations are typically published each year using our software, mostly by our customers, further supporting its use in a wide range of preclinical and clinical studies.

Our sales and marketing efforts are handled primarily internally by sales and marketing staff and with our scientific team and several senior management staff assisting our marketing and sales staff with trade shows, seminars, and customer trainings both online and on-site. We believe that this is more effective than a completely separate sales team for several reasons: (1) customers appreciate talking directly with software developers and consulting scientists who can answer a wide range of in-depth technical questions about methods and features; (2) our scientists and engineers gain an appreciation for the customer’s environment and problems; and (3) we believe the relationships we build through scientist-to-scientist contact are stronger than relationships built through salesperson-to-scientist contacts. We also have one independent distributordistributors in Japan, China, India, and two independent representatives in ChinaKorea who also sell and market our products with support from our scientists and engineers.

We provide support to the GastroPlus User Group in Japan, which was organized by Japanese researchers in 2009. In early 2013, a group of scientists in Europe and North America organized another groupGastroPlus User Group following the example set in Japan. Over 8501,000 members have joined this group to date. We support this group through coordination of online meetings each month and managing the user group web site for exchange of information among members. These user groups provide us valuable feedback with respect to desired new features and suggested interface changes.

PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION

Our pharmaceutical software products are designed and developed by our development teams in California, North Carolina (Research Triangle Park), and New York with locations in Lancaster, Petaluma, San Jose, San Diego, and Buffalo. In addition,(Buffalo), we have one team member working out of North Carolina and our Chief Executive Officer works primarily from Auburn, Alabama.also employee people who are able to work remotely using collaboration software. Our products and services are now delivered electronically – we no longer provide CD-ROMs and printed manuals or reports.

COMPETITION

In our pharmaceutical software and services business, we compete against a number of established companies that provide screening, testing and research services, and products that are not based on simulation software. There are also software companies whose products do not compete directly with, but are sometimes closely related to, ours. Our competitors in this field include some companies with financial, personnel, research, and marketing resources that are larger than ours. Our management believes thereflagship product, GastroPlus, is currently nothe most widely used commercial PBPK modeling platform and has one significant competitive threat to GastroPlus; however, in spite of acompetitor; others could be developed over time, but with the high barrier to entry, one couldit would be developed over time.difficult to validate new software to levels required to support regulatory submissions. Our new PKPlus software product will competecompetes with one major and a few minor software programs; however, the capabilities and design features of PKPlus, along with more affordable licensing, are expected to generate significant interest.programs. MedChem Studio, MedChem Designer, and ADMET Predictor/ADMET Modeler operate in a more competitive environment. Several other companies presently offer simulation or modeling software, or simulation-software-based services, to the pharmaceutical industry. We believe DILIsym and NAFLDsym enjoy a unique market position, with no significant competition.

Major pharmaceutical companies conduct drug discovery and development efforts through their internal development staffs and through outsourcing. Smaller companies generally need to outsource a greater percentage of this research. Thus, we compete not only with other software suppliers and scientific consulting service providers, but also with the in-house development and scientific consulting teams at some of the larger pharmaceutical companies.

Although competitive products exist, both new licenses and license renewals for GastroPlus have continued to grow. We believe that we enjoy a significantdominant market share in this segment. We believe that the successour ADMET Predictor/ADMET Modeler, MedChem Studio, MedChem Designer, DDDPlus, MembranePlus, PKPlus, KIWI, DILIsym, and NAFLDsym software offerings are each unique in their combination of capabilities and remain a focus of our two NCE projectsmarketing strategy.

Based on our technical knowledge and expertise, the Company is strategically placed to offer modeling and simulation consulting services to companies. Our clients seek out our services for multiple reasons: (1) to acquire scientific, therapeutic area related or modeling expertise that they do not have in-house, (2) to address an excess of modeling and simulation requirements beyond the capacity of in-house resources, (3) to fulfill their modeling requirements more efficiently than they could do in-house, and (4) to utilize our software when they do not have the in-house expertise to do so. We apply our software and assist companies in which we successfully designed, synthesized,such areas as:physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK) , pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) data analysis; and tested new lead moleculesquantitative systems pharmacology/toxicology (QSP/T). We compete against numerous service providers, ranging from departments within large contract research organizations (CROs) to treat malariaindependent consulting organizations of various sizes as well as COX-2/COX-1 will further promote the abilities of our ADMET Design Suite for rapid and cost-effective design of lead compounds. We expect the completely refactored ADMET Predictor 8.0 version with its fresh look and expanded features will generate increased interest in drug discovery and early drug development teams.individual consultants.

We believe the key factors in our ability to successfully compete in this field are our ability to: (1) continue to invest in research and development, and develop and support industry-leading simulation and modeling software and related products and services, to effectively predict activities and ADMET-related behaviors of new drug-like compounds, (2) design new molecules with acceptable activity and ADMET properties, (3) develop and maintain a proprietary database of results of physical experiments that serve as a basis for simulated studies and empirical models, (4)(3) continue to attract and retain a highly skilled scientific and engineering team, (4) aggressively promote our products and services to our global market, and (5) develop and maintain relationships with research and development departments of pharmaceutical companies, universities, and government agencies.agencies

WeIn addition, we actively seek strategic acquisitions to expand theboth our pharmaceutical software and services business. We plan to continue our efforts to find strategic targets and alliances that will enhance our position in the industry, and to pursue the application of our machine-learning technology to new industries.

TRAINING AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT

Customer training and technical support are important factors in customer satisfaction for our pharmaceutical products, and we believe we are an industry leader in providing customer training and technical support in our business areas. We provide in-house seminars at customers’ and potential customers’ sites, as well at selected universities to train students who will soon be industry scientists. These seminars often serve as initial training in the event the potential customer decides to license or evaluate our software. Technical support is provided after the sale of any software in the form of on-site training (at the customer’s expense), web meetings and telephone, fax, and e-mail assistance to the customer’s users during the customer’s license period.

Technical support for pharmaceutical software is provided by our life sciences teamteams and our inside sales and support staff based at our headquarters facilities in Lancaster, California. We provide freevia telephone, support offering toll-free numbers in the U.S. and Canada, and e-mail and web-based support for all of our pharmaceutical software products worldwide. Technical support for pharmaceutical software products sales is minimal, averaging a few person-hours per month.

We provide free telephone, e-mail and web-based support for all of our pharmaceutical software products worldwide from our offices in the U.S. Technical support for pharmaceutical software is provided by our life sciences teams and our inside sales and support staff. Technical support for pharmaceutical software products is generally minimal, averaging a few person-hour product sale.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Research and development (R&D) activities include both enhancement of existing products and development of new products. Development of new products and adding functionality to existing products are capitalized in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 985-20, “Costs of Software to Be Sold Leased, or Marketed”. R&D expenditures, which primarily relate to both capitalized and expensed salaries, R&D supplies, laboratory testing, and R&D consulting, were approximately $2,641,000$4,264,000 during fiscal year 2016,2019, of which $1,196,000$1,764,000 was capitalized. R&D expenditures were approximately $3,936,000 during fiscal year 2018, of which $2,145,000 was capitalized. R&D expenditures during fiscal year 20152017 were approximately $2,496,000 during fiscal year 2015,$2,743,000 of which $1,168,000$1,376,000 was capitalized.

Our pharmaceutical business R&D activities during fiscal year 2015 were focused on improving our ADMET Predictor/ADMET Modeler, MedChem Studio, MedChem Designer and GastroPlus products, as well as the development of our new MembranePlus software product described above.

CUSTOMERS

Our customers include large, medium-sized and smaller biotech and pharmaceutical companies, universities, and regulatory agencies and other government organizations. We concentrate on serving the needs of our customers in drug discovery, development, clinical trials, and post-patent generic formulation development. Our current customer base is highly fragmented, in 2019 two of our customers were each 8% and another was 7% of our revenues, with those exceptions no other customers made up more than 7% of our revenues in the last 3 years.

SEASONALITY

We have traditionally experienced seasonal revenue weakness during our fiscal fourth quarter (June-August) due to summer vacations and reduced activities at our customers’ sites. Though our net sales figures for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of sales for any future period, our pharmaceutical software is typically licensed on an annual basis which means renewals usually fall in the same quarter year after year.

ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS

We believe we are in compliance in all material respects with all applicable environmental laws. Presently, we do not anticipate that such compliance will have a material effect on capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position with respect to any of our operations.

EMPLOYEES

As of August 31, 2016,2019, Simulations Plus and its subsidiarysubsidiaries Cognigen Corporation and DILIsym, employed a total of 63 employees,111 persons, including 60107 full-time employees and 34 part-time employees, including 48consisting of 78 in scientific, technical and research and development, 58 in marketing and sales, 10and 25 in administration and accounting. Currently 2552 employees hold Ph.Ds. in their respective science or engineering disciplines, and 1624 employees hold one or more Master’s degrees. Most of the senior management team and the members of our Board of Directors hold graduate degrees.

We believe that our future success will depend, in part, on our ability to continue to attract, hire and retain qualified personnel. We continue to seek additions to our life sciences team although the competition for such personnel in the pharmaceutical industry is intense. None of our employees is represented by a labor union, and we have never experienced a work stoppage. We believe that our relations with our employees are good.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND OTHER PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

We primarily protect our intellectual property through copyrights and trade secrets. Our intellectual property consists primarily of source code for computer programs and data files for various applications of those programs in the pharmaceutical software businesses. The expertise of our staff is a considerable asset closely related to intellectual property, and attracting and retaining highly qualified scientists and engineers is essential to our business.

EFFECT OF GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS

Our pharmaceutical software products are tools used in research and development and are neither approved nor approvable by the FDA or other government agencies.

COMPANY WEBSITE

We maintain a corporate Internet website at: www.simulations-plus.com.

The contents of this website are not incorporated in or otherwise to be regarded as part of this Annual Report. We file reports with the SEC which are available on our website free of charge. These reports include annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, “Section 16” filings on Form 3, Form 4, and Form 5, and other related filings, each of which is provided on our website as soon as reasonably practical after we electronically file such materials with or furnish them to the SEC. In addition, the SEC maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC, including the Company.

ITEM 1A – RISK FACTORS

Not applicableYou should carefully consider the risks described below before investing in our publicly traded securities. The risks described below are not the only ones facing us. Our business is also subject to the risks that affect many other companies, such as competition, technological obsolescence, labor relations, general economic conditions, geopolitical changes, and international operations. We operate in a rapidly changing environment that involves a number of risks, some of which are beyond our control. Additional risks not currently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial also may impair our business operations and our liquidity. The risks described below could cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements we have made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the information incorporated herein by reference, and those forward-looking statements we may make from time to time. We note these factors for investors as permitted by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You should understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all such factors. Consequently, you should not consider the following to be a complete discussion of all potential risks or uncertainties.

Certain Risks Related to Our Marketplace and Environment

Our ability to sustain or increase revenues will depend upon our success in entering new markets, continuing to increase our customer base, and in deriving additional revenues from our existing customers.

Our products are currently used primarily by molecular modeling and simulation specialists in pharmaceutical, biotechnology, agrotech, cosmetics, and government research organizations. One component of our overall business strategy is to derive more revenues from our existing customers by expanding their use of our products and services. Such strategy would have our customers utilize our scientific informatics platforms and our tools and components to leverage vast amounts of information stored in both corporate databases and public data sources in order to make informed scientific and business decisions during the research and development process. In addition, we seek to expand into new markets, and new areas within our existing markets, by acquiring businesses in these markets, attracting and retaining personnel knowledgeable in these markets, identifying the needs of these markets, and developing marketing programs to address these needs. If successfully implemented, these strategies would increase the usage of our software and services by biologists, chemists, engineers, and informaticians operating within our existing pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and chemical customers, as well as by new customers in other industries. However, if our strategies are not successfully implemented, our products and services may not achieve market acceptance or penetration in targeted new departments within our existing customers or in new industries. As a result, we may incur additional costs and expend additional resources without being able to sustain or increase revenue.

Consolidation within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may continue to lead to fewer potential customers for our products and services.

A significant portion of our customer base consists of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Consolidation within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in fewer customers for our products and services. Although the industry consolidation that has taken place over the past 20 years has not prevented our business from growing to date, if one of the parties to a consolidation uses the products or services of our competitors, we may lose existing customers as a result of such consolidation.

Increasing competition and increasing costs within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may affect the demand for our products and services, which may affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our pharmaceutical and biotechnology customers' demand for our products is impacted by continued demand for their products and by our customers' research and development costs. Demand for our customers' products could decline, and prices charged by our customers for their products may decline, as a result of increasing competition, including competition from companies manufacturing generic drugs. In addition, our customers' expenses could continue to increase as a result of increasing costs of complying with government regulations and other factors. A decrease in demand for our customers' products, pricing pressures associated with the sales of these products and additional costs associated with product development could cause our customers to reduce research and development expenditures. Although our products increase productivity and reduce costs in many areas, because our products and services depend on such research and development expenditures, our revenues may be significantly reduced.

Health care reform and restrictions on reimbursement may affect the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and industrial chemical companies that purchase or license our products or services, which may affect our results of operations and financial condition.

The continuing efforts of government and third-party payers in the markets we serve to contain or reduce the cost of health care may reduce the profitability of pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and industrial chemical companies, causing them to reduce research and development expenditures. Because some of our products and services depend on such research and development expenditures, our revenues may be significantly reduced. We cannot predict what actions federal, state, or private payers for health care goods and services may take in response to any health care reform proposals or legislation.

We face strong competition in the life science market for computer-aided design modeling and simulation software and for cheminformatics products.

The market for our computer-aided design modeling and simulation software products for the life science market is intensely competitive. We currently face competition from other scientific software providers, larger technology and solutions companies, in-house development by our customers and academic and government institutions, and the open source community. Some of our competitors and potential competitors have longer operating histories in certain segments of our industry than we do and could have greater financial, technical, marketing, research and development, and other resources. Many of our competitors offer products and services directed at more specific markets than those we target, enabling these competitors to focus a greater proportion of their efforts and resources on these markets. Some offerings that compete with our products are developed and made available at lower cost by government organizations and academic institutions, and these entities may be able to devote substantial resources to product development and also offer their products to users for little or no charge. We could also face competition from open source software initiatives, in which developers provide software and intellectual property free over the Internet. In addition, some of our customers spend significant internal resources in order to develop their own software. Moreover, we intend to leverage our scientific informatics platform in order to enable our customers to more effectively utilize the vast amounts of information stored in both their databases and public data sources in order to make informed scientific and business decisions during the research and development process. This strategy could lead to competition from much larger companies that provide general data storage and management software. There can be no assurance that our current or potential competitors will not develop products, services, or technologies that are comparable to, superior to, or render obsolete, the products, services, and technologies we offer. There can be no assurance that our competitors will not adapt more quickly than we to technological advances and customer demands, thereby increasing such competitors' market share relative to ours. Any material decrease in demand for our technologies or services may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are subject to pricing pressures in some of the markets we serve.

The market for computer-aided design modeling and simulation products for the life science industry is intensely competitive. Although the average price of our software licenses has increased slightly or remained relatively constant for fiscal 2017, 2018, and 2019, we may experience a decline in the future. In response to increased competition and general adverse economic conditions in this market, we may be required to modify our pricing practices. Changes in our pricing model could adversely affect our revenue and earnings.

Our operations may be interrupted by the occurrence of a natural disaster or other catastrophic event at our primary facilities.

Our research and development operations and administrative functions are primarily conducted at our facilities in Lancaster, California, Buffalo, New York and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Although we have contingency plans in effect for natural disasters or other catastrophic events, the occurrence of such events could still disrupt our operations. For example, our Lancaster, California facility is located in a state that is particularly susceptible to earthquakes. Any natural disaster or catastrophic event in our facilities or the areas in which they are located could have a significant negative impact on our operations.

Our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to avoid material impact on our financial position or results of operations resulting from claims or liabilities against us, and we may not be able to obtain insurance coverage in the future.

We maintain insurance coverage for protection against many risks of liability. The extent of our insurance coverage is under continuous review and is modified as we deem it necessary. Despite this insurance, it is possible that claims or liabilities against us may have a material adverse impact on our financial position or results of operations. In addition, we may not be able to obtain any insurance coverage, or adequate insurance coverage, when our existing insurance coverage expires. For example, we do not carry earthquake insurance for our facilities in Lancaster, California, because we do not believe the costs of such insurance are reasonable in relation to the potential risk for our part of California.

Changes in government regulation or in practices relating to the pharmaceutical or biotechnology industries, including potential health care reform, could decrease the need for the services we provide.

Governmental agencies throughout the world, but particularly in the U.S., strictly regulate the drug development process. Our business involves helping pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, among others, navigate the regulatory drug approval process. Accordingly, many regulations, and often new regulations, are expected to result in higher regulatory standards and often additional revenues for companies that service these industries. However, some changes in regulations, such as a smaller reporting company.relaxation in regulatory requirements or the introduction of streamlined or expedited drug approval procedures, or an increase in regulatory requirements that we have difficulty satisfying or that make our services less competitive, could eliminate or substantially reduce the demand for our services.

Any negative commentaries made by any regulatory agencies or any failure by us to comply with applicable regulations and related guidance could harm our reputation and operating results, and compliance with new regulations and guidance may result in additional costs.

Any negative commentaries made by any regulatory agencies or any failure on our part to comply with applicable regulations could result in the termination of ongoing research or the disqualification of data for submission to regulatory authorities. This could harm our reputation, our prospects for future work, and our operating results. If our operations are found to violate any applicable law or other governmental regulations, we might be subject to civil and criminal penalties, damages, and fines. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses, divert our management's attention from the operation of our business, and damage our reputation.

Many of our contracts are fixed-price and may be delayed or terminated or reduced in scope for reasons beyond our control, or we may underprice or overrun cost estimates with these contracts, potentially resulting in financial losses.

Many of our contracts provide for services on a fixed-price or fee-for-service with a cap basis and, accordingly, we bear the financial risk if we initially underprice our contracts or otherwise overrun our cost estimates. In addition, these contracts may be terminated or reduced in scope either immediately or upon notice. Cancellations may occur for a variety of reasons, and often at the discretion of the client. The loss, reduction in scope, or delay of a large contract or the loss or delay of multiple contracts could materially adversely affect our business, although our contracts frequently entitle us to receive the costs of winding down the terminated projects, as well as all fees earned by us up to the time of termination. Some contracts also entitle us to a predetermined termination fee and irrevocably committed costs/expenses.

We could experience a breach of the confidentiality of the information we hold or of the security of our computer systems.

We operate large and complex computer systems that contain significant amounts of client data. As a routine element of our business, we collect, analyze, and retain substantial amounts of data pertaining to the clinical study data analysis we conduct for our clients. Unauthorized third parties could attempt to gain entry to such computer systems for the purpose of stealing data or disrupting the systems. We believe that we have taken appropriate measures to protect them from intrusion, and we continue to improve and enhance our systems in this regard, but in the event that our efforts are unsuccessful, we could suffer significant harm. Our contracts with our clients typically contain provisions that require us to keep confidential the information generated from these studies. In the event the confidentiality of such information was compromised, we could suffer significant harm.

Impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets may adversely impact future results of operations.

We have intangible assets, including goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangibles, on our balance sheet due to our acquisitions of businesses. The initial identification and valuation of these intangible assets and the determination of the estimated useful lives at the time of acquisition involve use of management judgments and estimates. These estimates are based on, among other factors, input from accredited valuation consultants, reviews of projected future income cash flows and statutory regulations. The use of alternative estimates and assumptions might have increased or decreased the estimated fair value of our goodwill and other intangible assets that could potentially result in a different impact to our results of operations. If the future growth and operating results of our business are not as strong as anticipated and/or our market capitalization declines, this could impact the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangibles. To the extent goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangibles are impaired, their carrying value will be written down to its implied fair value and a charge will be made to our income from continuing operations. Such an impairment charge could materially and adversely affect our operating results. As of August 31, 2019, the carrying amount of goodwill and other intangibles was $10,387,198 on our consolidated balance sheet.

Certain Risks Related to Our Operations

Software defects or malfunctions in our products could hurt our reputation among our customers, result in delayed or lost revenue, and expose us to liability.

Our business and the level of customer acceptance of our products depend upon the continuous, effective, and reliable operation of our software and related tools and functions. To the extent that defects cause our software to malfunction and our customers' use of our products is interrupted, our reputation could suffer and our revenue could decline or be delayed while such defects are remedied. We may also be subject to liability for the defects and malfunctions of third-party technology partners and others with whom our products and services are integrated.

Delays in the release of new or enhanced products or services or undetected errors in our products or services may result in increased cost to us, delayed market acceptance of our products, and delayed or lost revenue.

To achieve market acceptance, new or enhanced products or services can require long development and testing periods, which may result in delays in scheduled introduction. Any delays in the release schedule for new or enhanced products or services may delay market acceptance of these products or services and may result in delays in new customer orders for these new or enhanced products or services or the loss of customer orders. In addition, new or enhanced products or services may contain a number of undetected errors or “bugs” when they are first released. Although we extensively test each new or enhanced software product or service before it is released to the market, there can be no assurance that significant errors will not be found in existing or future releases. As a result, in the months following the introduction of certain releases, we may need to devote significant resources to correct these errors. There can be no assurance, however, that all of these errors can be corrected.

We are subject to risks associated with the operation of a global business.

We derive a significant portion of our total revenue from our operations in international markets. During the years ended August 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, 34%, 39% and 38% respectively, of our total revenue was derived from our international operations. Our global business may be affected by local economic conditions, including inflation, recession, and currency exchange rate fluctuations. In addition, political and economic changes, including international conflicts, including terrorist acts, throughout the world may interfere with our or our customers' activities in particular locations and result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results. Potential trade restrictions, exchange controls, adverse tax consequences, and legal restrictions may affect the repatriation of funds into the U.S. Also, we could be subject to unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, the difficulties of compliance with a wide variety of foreign laws and regulations, potentially negative consequences from changes in or interpretations of U.S. and foreign tax laws, import and export licensing requirements, and longer accounts receivable cycles in certain foreign countries. These risks, individually or in the aggregate, could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. For example, we are subject to compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-bribery laws, which generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to foreign government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. While our employees, distributors, and agents are required to comply with these laws, we cannot be sure that our internal policies and procedures will always protect us from violations of these laws despite our commitment to legal compliance and corporate ethics. The occurrence or allegation of these types of risks may adversely affect our business, performance, prospects, value, financial condition, and results of operations.

The drug discovery and development services industry is highly competitive.

Our clinical pharmacology division often competes for business not only with other clinical research organization (CROs), but also with internal discovery and development departments within our larger clients, who may have greater resources than ours. We also compete with universities and teaching hospitals for outsourced services. We compete based on a variety of factors, including:

If we do not compete successfully, our business could suffer. Increased competition might lead to price and other concessions that might adversely affect our operating results. The drug discovery and development services industry has continued to see a trend towards consolidation, particularly among biotechnology companies, who are targets for each other and for larger pharmaceutical companies. If this trend continues, it is likely to produce more competition among the larger companies and CROs generally, with respect to both clients and acquisition candidates. In addition, while there are substantial barriers to entry for large, global competitors with broad-based services, small, specialized entities considering entering the CRO industry will continue to find lower barriers to entry, and private equity firms may determine that there are opportunities to acquire and consolidate these companies, thus further increasing possible competition. More generally, our competitors or others might develop technologies, services, or products that are more effective or commercially attractive than our current or future technologies, services, or products, or that render our technologies, services, or products less competitive or obsolete. If competitors introduce superior technologies, services, or products and we cannot make enhancements to ours to remain competitive, our competitive position, and in turn our business, revenue, and financial condition, would be materially and adversely affected. In the aggregate, these competitive pressures may affect the attractiveness of our technologies, services, or products and could adversely affect our financial results.

Potential changes in U.S. and international tax law.

Tax proposals to reform corporate tax law are constantly being considered. Proposals include both increasing and reducing the corporate statutory tax rate, broadening the corporate tax base through the elimination or reduction of deductions, exclusions, and credits, implementing a territorial regime of taxation, limiting the ability of U.S. corporations to deduct interest expense associated with offshore earnings, modifying the foreign tax credit rules, and reducing the ability to defer U.S. tax on offshore earnings. These or other changes in the U.S. tax laws could increase our effective tax rate, which would affect our profitablity.

Contract research services create a risk of liability.

As a CRO, we face a range of potential liabilities which may include:

Contractual risk transfer indemnifications generally do not protect us against liability arising from certain of our own actions, such as negligence or misconduct. We could be materially and adversely affected if we are required to pay damages or bear the costs of defending any claim that is outside any contractual indemnification provision, or if a party does not fulfill its indemnification obligations, or the damage is beyond the scope or level of insurance coverage. We also often contractually indemnify our clients (subject to a limitation of liability), similar to the way they indemnify us, and we may be materially adversely affected if we have to fulfill our indemnity obligations. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that we nor a party required to indemnify us will be able to maintain such insurance coverage (either at all or on terms acceptable to us).

Upgrading our software could result in implementation issues and business disruptions.

We update our software on a regular basis and in the process of refactoring our software programs. In doing so we face the possibility that existing users will find the software unacceptable, or new users may not be as interested as they have been in the past versions. Translation errors might introduce new software bugs that will not be caught.

The drug discovery and development industry has a history of patent and other intellectual property litigation, and we might be involved in costly intellectual property lawsuits.

The drug discovery and development industry has a history of patent and other intellectual property litigation and these lawsuits will likely continue. Accordingly, we face potential patent infringement suits by companies that have patents for similar products and methods used in business or other suits alleging infringement of their intellectual property rights. Legal proceedings relating to intellectual property could be expensive, take significant time and divert management's attention from other business concerns, whether we win or lose. If we do not prevail in an infringement lawsuit brought against us, we might have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages, and we could be required to stop the infringing activity or obtain a license to use technology on unfavorable terms.

We may not be able to successfully develop and market new services and products.

We may seek to develop and market new services and products that complement or expand our existing business or service offerings. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to identify new technologies of interest to our customers. Even if we are able to identify new technologies of interest, we may not be able to negotiate license agreements on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to develop new services and products and/or create demand for those newly developed services and products, our future business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows could be adversely affected.

Ability to incur debt could adversely affect our business and growth prospects.

At August 31, 2019, we had no borrowed debt and have no need to do so to fund normal operations in the foreseeable future; however, should circumstances require us to incur debt and a lender could not be found to provide that debt, this could have a significant adverse effect on our business, including making it more difficult for us to obtain financing on favorable terms, limiting our ability to capitalize on significant business opportunities, and making us more vulnerable to rising interest rates.

We depend on key personnel and may not be able to retain these employees or recruit additional qualified personnel, which could harm our business.

Our success depends to a significant extent on the continued services of our senior management and other members of management. We have employment agreements with our CEO and division presidents that range from one to three years. If our CEO, our division presidents, or other members of senior management do not continue in their present positions, our business may suffer. Because of the specialized scientific nature of our business, we are highly dependent upon attracting and retaining qualified scientific and technical and managerial personnel. While we have a strong record of employee retention, there is still significant competition for qualified personnel in the software, pharmaceutical and biotechnology fields. Therefore, we may not be able to attract and retain the qualified personnel necessary for the development of our business. The loss of the services of existing personnel, as well as the failure to recruit additional key scientific, technical, and managerial personnel in a timely manner, could harm our business.

If we are not successful in selecting and integrating the businesses and technologies we acquire, or in managing our current and future divestitures, our business may suffer.

Over the years, we have expanded our business through acquisitions. We continue to search to acquire businesses and technologies and form strategic alliances. However, businesses and technologies may not be available on terms and conditions we find acceptable. We risk spending time and money investigating and negotiating with potential acquisition or alliance partners, but not completing transactions. Even if completed, acquisitions and alliances involve numerous risks which may include: difficulties in achieving business and continuing financial success; difficulties and expenses incurred in assimilating and integrating operations, services, products, technologies, or pre-existing relationships with our customers, distributors, and suppliers; challenges with developing and operating new businesses, including those which are materially different from our existing businesses and which may require the development or acquisition of new internal capabilities and expertise; challenges of maintaining staffing at the acquired entities, including loss of key employees; potential losses resulting from undiscovered liabilities of acquired companies that are not covered by the indemnification we may obtain from the seller(s); the presence or absence of adequate internal controls and/or significant fraud in the financial systems of acquired companies; diversion of management's attention from other business concerns; acquisitions could be dilutive to earnings, or in the event of acquisitions made through the issuance of our common stock to the shareholders of the acquired company, dilutive to the percentage of ownership of our existing shareholders; new technologies and products may be developed which cause businesses or assets we acquire to become less valuable; and risks that disagreements or disputes with prior owners of an acquired business, technology, service, or product may result in litigation expenses and distribution of our management's attention. In the event that an acquired business or technology or an alliance does not meet our expectations, our results of operations may be adversely affected.

Some of the same risks exist when we decide to sell a business, site, or product line. In addition, divestitures could involve additional risks, including the following: difficulties in the separation of operations, services, products, and personnel; and the need to agree to retain or assume certain current or future liabilities in order to complete the divestiture. We evaluate the performance and strategic fit of our businesses. These and any divestitures may result in significant write-offs, including those related to goodwill and other intangible assets, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we may encounter difficulty in finding buyers or alternative exit strategies at acceptable prices and terms and in a timely manner. We may not be successful in managing these or any other significant risks that we encounter in divesting a business, site, or product line, and as a result, we may not achieve some or all of the expected benefits of the divestitures.

Our quarterly and annual operating results fluctuate and may continue to fluctuate in the future, and if we fail to meet the expectations of analysts or investors, our stock price and the value of your investment could decline substantially.

We believe that operating results for any particular quarter are not necessarily a meaningful indication of future results. Nonetheless, fluctuations in our quarterly operating results could negatively affect the market price of our common stock. Our results of operations in any quarter or annual period have varied in the past and may vary from quarter to quarter or year to year and are influenced by such factors as:

We derive a significant percentage of our revenues from a concentrated group of customers and the loss of more than one of our major customers could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Three customers accounted for 8%, 8% and 7% (a dealer account in Japan representing various customers) of net sales for fiscal year 2019. Four customers accounted for 9% (a dealer account in Japan representing various customers), 7%, 6% and 5% of net sales for fiscal year 2018. Three customers accounted for 7% (a dealer account in Japan representing various customers), 7%, and 5% of net sales for fiscal year 2017. The loss of any of our major customers could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We may not be able to maintain our customer relationships, and our customers may delay payment under, or fail to renew, their agreements with us, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition. Any reduction in the amount of revenues that we derive from these customers, without an offsetting increase in new sales to other customers, could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. A significant change in the liquidity or financial position of our customers could also have a material adverse effect on the collectability of our accounts receivable, our liquidity, and our future operating results.

A significant portion of our operating expenses is relatively fixed and planned expenditures are based in part on expectations regarding future revenues.

Accordingly, unexpected revenue shortfalls may decrease our gross margins and could cause significant changes in our operating results from year to year. As a result, in future quarters our operating results could fall below the expectations of securities analysts or investors, in which event our stock price would likely decrease.

If our customers cancel their contracts or terminate or delay their clinical trials, we may lose or delay revenues and our business may be harmed.

Certain of our customer contracts are subject to cancellation by our customers at any time with limited notice. Customers engaged in clinical trials may terminate or delay a clinical trial for various reasons, including the failure of the tested product to satisfy safety or efficacy requirements, unexpected or undesired clinical results, decisions to deemphasize a particular product or forgo a particular clinical trial, decisions to downsize clinical development programs, insufficient patient enrollment or investigator recruitment, and production problems resulting in shortages of required clinical supplies. Any termination or delay in the clinical trials would likely result in a consequential delay or termination in those customers’ service contracts. We have experienced terminations and delays of our customer service contracts in the past (although no such past terminations have had a significant impact on our results of operations) and we expect to experience additional terminations and delays in the future. The termination of single-study arrangements could result in decreased revenues and the delay of our customers’ clinical trials could result in delayed professional services revenues, which could materially harm our business.

If our security is breached, our business could be disrupted, our operating results could be harmed, and customers could be deterred from using our products and services.

Our business relies on the secure electronic transmission, storage, and hosting of sensitive information, including clinical data, financial information, and other sensitive information relating to our customers, company, and workforce. As a result, we face some risk of a deliberate or unintentional incident involving unauthorized access to our computer systems (including, among other methods, cyber- attacks or social engineering) that could result in misappropriation or loss of assets or sensitive information, data corruption, or other disruption of business operations. In light of this risk, we have devoted significant resources to protecting and maintaining the confidentiality of our information, including implementing security and privacy programs and controls, training our workforce, and implementing new technology. We have no guarantee that these programs and controls will be adequate to prevent all possible security threats. We believe that any compromise of our electronic systems, including the unauthorized access, use, or disclosure of sensitive information or a significant disruption of our computing assets and networks, would adversely affect our reputation and our ability to fulfill contractual obligations, and would require us to devote significant financial and other resources to mitigate such problems, and could increase our future cyber security costs. Moreover, unauthorized access, use, or disclosure of such sensitive information could result in contractual or other liability. In addition, any real or perceived compromise of our security or disclosure of sensitive information may result in lost revenues by deterring customers from using or purchasing our products and services in the future or prompting them to use competing service providers.

Any failure by us to properly protect customer data we possess or are deemed to possess in connection with the conduct of clinical trials, could subject us to significant liability.

Our customers use our solutions to collect, manage, and report information in connection with the conduct of clinical trials. This information may be considered our customers’ proprietary information. Since we receive and process our customers’ data from customers utilizing our hosted solutions, there is a risk that we could be liable if there were a breach of any obligation to a protected person under contract, standard of practice, or regulatory requirement. If we fail to properly protect our customers’ data that is in our possession or deemed to be in our possession, we could be subjected to significant liability and our reputation would be harmed.

We rely upon a single internal hosting facility and Amazon Web Services to deliver our solutions to our customers and any disruption of or interference with our hosting systems, operations, or use of the Amazon Web Services could harm our business and results of operations.

Substantially all of the computer hardware necessary to deliver our CRO and KIWI solutions is located at our internal hosting facility in Buffalo, New York. In addition to our dedicated hosting facility, we utilize third-party cloud computing services from Amazon Web Services ("AWS") to help us efficiently scale our cloud-based solutions and provide training. Because we cannot easily switch our AWS-serviced operations to another cloud provider, any disruption of or interference with our use of AWS would impact our operations, and our business would be adversely impacted. Our systems and operations or those of AWS could suffer damage or interruption from human error, fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, break-ins, terrorist attacks, acts of war, and similar events. The occurrence of a natural disaster, an act of terrorism or other unanticipated problems at our or AWS' hosting facilities could result in lengthy interruptions in our service. Although we and AWS maintain backup facilities and disaster recovery services in the event of a system failure, these may be insufficient or fail. Any system failure, including network, software, or hardware failure, that causes an interruption in our Buffalo data center or our use of AWS or that causes a decrease in responsiveness of our cloud-based solutions could damage our reputation and cause us to lose customers, which could harm our business and results of operations. Our business may be harmed if our customers and potential customers believe our service is unreliable.

Defects or errors in our software applications could harm our reputation, result in significant cost to us and impair our ability to market our solutions.

Our software applications are inherently complex and may contain defects or errors, some of which may be material. Errors may result from our own technology or from the interface of our cloud-based solutions with legacy systems and data, which we did not develop. The risk of errors is particularly significant when a new product is first introduced or when new versions or enhancements of existing products are released. The likelihood of errors is increased when we do more frequent releases of new products and enhancements of existing products. We have, from time to time, found defects in our solutions. Although these past defects have not resulted in any litigation against us to date, we have invested significant capital, technical, managerial, and other resources to investigate and correct these past defects and we have needed to divert these resources from other development efforts. In addition, material performance problems or defects in our solutions may arise in the future. Material defects in our cloud-based solutions could result in a reduction in sales, delay in market acceptance of our solutions, or credits or refunds to our customers. In addition, such defects may lead to the loss of existing customers and difficulty in attracting new customers, diversion of development resources, or harm to our reputation. Correction of defects or errors could prove to be impossible or impractical. The costs incurred in correcting any defects or errors or in responding to resulting claims or liability may be substantial and could adversely affect our operating results.

If we are not able to reliably meet our data storage and management requirements, or if we experience any failure or interruption in the delivery of our services over the Internet, customer satisfaction and our reputation could be harmed and customer contracts may be terminated.

As part of our current business model, we deliver our software over the Internet and store and manage hundreds of terabytes of data for our customers, resulting in substantial information technology infrastructure and ongoing technological challenges, which we expect to continue to increase over time. If we do not reliably meet these data storage and management requirements, or if we experience any failure or interruption in the delivery of our services over the Internet, customer satisfaction and our reputation could be harmed, leading to reduced revenues and increased expenses. Our hosting services are subject to service-level agreements and, in the event that we fail to meet guaranteed service or performance levels, we could be subject to customer credits or termination of these customer contracts. If the cost of meeting these data storage and management requirements increases, our results of operations could be harmed.

Some of our software solutions and services utilize open source software, and any failure to comply with the terms of one or more of these open source licenses could adversely affect our business.

Some of our software solutions utilize software covered by open source licenses. Open source software is typically freely accessible, usable and modifiable, and is used by our development team in an effort to reduce development costs and speed up the development process. Certain open source software licenses require a user who intends to distribute the open source software as a component of the user's software to disclose publicly part or all of the source code to the user's software. In addition, certain open source software licenses require the user of such software to make any derivative works of the open source code available to others on unfavorable terms or at no cost. This can subject previously proprietary software to open source license terms. While we monitor the use of all open source software in our products, processes and technology and try to ensure that no open source software is used in such a way as to require us to disclose or make available the source code to the related product or solution, such use could inadvertently occur. This could harm our intellectual property position and have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may be unable to adequately enforce or defend our ownership and use of our intellectual property and other proprietary rights.

Our success is heavily dependent upon our intellectual property and other proprietary rights. We rely upon a combination of trademark, trade secret, copyright, patent, and unfair competition laws, as well as license and access agreements and other contractual provisions, to protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights. In addition, we attempt to protect our intellectual property and proprietary information by requiring certain of our employees and consultants to enter into confidentiality, non-competition, and assignment-of-inventions agreements. The steps we take to protect these rights may not be adequate to prevent misappropriation of our technology by third parties, or may not be adequate under the laws of some foreign countries, which may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States. Our attempts to protect our intellectual property may be challenged by others or invalidated through administrative process or litigation, and agreement terms that address non-competition are difficult to enforce in many jurisdictions and may not be enforceable in any particular case. In addition, there remains the possibility that others will “reverse engineer” our products in order to introduce competing products, or that others will develop competing technology independently. If we resort to legal proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights or to determine the validity and scope of the intellectual property or other proprietary rights of others, the proceedings could be burdensome and expensive, even if we were to prevail. The failure to adequately protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Current and future litigation against us, which may arise in the ordinary course of our business, could be costly and time consuming to defend.

We are subject to claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, such as claims brought by our customers in connection with commercial disputes and employment claims made by our current or former employees. Third parties may in the future assert intellectual property rights to technologies that are important to our business and demand back royalties or demand that we license their technology. Litigation may result in substantial costs and may divert management’s attention and resources, which may seriously harm our business, overall financial condition, and operating results. Insurance may not cover such claims, may not be sufficient for one or more such claims, and may not continue to be available on terms acceptable to us. A claim brought against us that is uninsured or underinsured could result in unanticipated costs, negatively affecting our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We could incur substantial costs resulting from product liability claims relating to our products or services or our customers’ use of our products or services.

Any failure or errors in a customer’s clinical trial caused or allegedly caused by our products or services could result in a claim for substantial damages against us by our customers or the clinical trial participants, regardless of our responsibility for the failure. Although we are generally entitled to indemnification under our customer contracts against claims brought against us by third parties arising out of our customers’ use of our products, we might find ourselves entangled in lawsuits against us that, even if unsuccessful, may divert our resources and energy and adversely affect our business. Further, in the event we seek indemnification from a customer, a court may not enforce our indemnification right if the customer challenges it or the customer may not be able to fund any amounts for indemnification owed to us. In addition, our existing insurance coverage may not continue to be available on reasonable terms or may not be available in amounts sufficient to cover one or more large claims, or the insurer may disclaim coverage as to any future claim.

Our Buffalo Subsidiary (Cognigen) depends on the clinical trial market, and a downturn in this market could cause our revenues to decrease.

Our Buffalo business depends entirely on the clinical trials conducted or sponsored by pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device companies, CROs, and other entities. Our revenues may decline as a result of conditions affecting these industries, including general economic downturns, increased consolidation, decreased competition, or fewer products under development. Other developments that may affect these industries and harm our operating results include product liability claims, changes in government regulation, changes in governmental price controls or third-party reimbursement practices, and changes in medical practices. Disruptions in the world credit and equity markets may also result in a global downturn in spending on research and development and clinical trials and may impact our customers’ access to capital and their ability to pay for our solutions. Any decrease in research and development expenditures or in the size, scope, or frequency of clinical trials could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

As a public company, we may incur significant administrative workload and expenses in connection with new and changing compliance requirements.

As a public company with common stock listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market, we must comply with various laws, regulations and requirements. New laws and regulations, as well as changes to existing laws and regulations affecting public companies, including the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, and rules adopted by the SEC and by The Nasdaq Capital Market, may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management's time and attention as we respond to new requirements.

We have been paying quarterly dividends on our common stock, and although there has been a consistent track record of paying these dividends, the Board of Directors may suspend the dividend, and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.

Should the Board of Directors suspend the dividend and decide to use those funds to invest more into the business, you may not receive any dividends on your investment in our common stock for the foreseeable future and the success of an investment in shares of our common stock will depend upon any future appreciation in its value. Shares of our common stock may depreciate in value or may not appreciate in value.

The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly and investors could lose all or part of their investments.

Shares of our common stock were sold in our initial public offering ("IPO") in 1996 at a price of $1.25 per share (on a post-split basis), and our common stock has subsequently traded as high as $41.95 and as low as $0.38 from our IPO through August 31, 2019. However, an active, liquid, and orderly market for our common stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market or otherwise may not be sustained, which could depress the trading price of our common stock. The trading price of our common stock may be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:

In recent years, the stock market in general, and the market for technology-related companies in particular, has experienced wide price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has had a significant impact on the market price of securities issued by many companies, including companies in our industry. The price of our common stock could fluctuate based upon factors that have little to do with our performance, and these fluctuations could materially reduce our stock price.

In the past, some companies, including companies in our industry, have had volatile market prices for their securities and have had securities class action suits filed against them. The filing of a lawsuit against us, regardless of the outcome, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, as it could result in substantial legal costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

ITEM 1B – UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2 –PROPERTIES– PROPERTIES 

We lease approximately 13,500 square feet of office space in Lancaster, California. The original lease had a five-year term with two, three-year options to extend. The initial five-year term expired in February 2011, and we extended the lease to February 2, 2014. In June 2013, the lease was amended to extend the term to February 2, 2017. The amended lease also provides for an annual base rent increase of 3% per year and two, two-year options to extend. In May 2016 the Company exercised the two, two-year options extending the term of the lease through February 2, 2021 at a fixed rate of $25,000 per month. The new extension agreement gives the Company the right, upon 90 days’ prior notice, to terminate the lease in the last two years of the term upon payment of a recapture payment equal to the 3% base payment increase that would have been due under the original agreement.

Our Buffalo subsidiary leases approximately 12,22512,623 square feet of office space in Buffalo, New York. The initial five-year term expiresexpired in October 2018; the lease allows2018 and was renewed for a three-year option to extendextending it to October 2021. The currentnew base rent is $15,638$16,147 per month.

In September 2017 DILIsym Services, Inc. signed a 3-year lease for approximately 1,900 rentable square feet of space in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The initial three-year term expires in October 2020. The base rent is $3,975 per month with an annual 3% adjustment. Prior to this lease DILIsym was on a month-to-month rental.

Rent expense, including common area maintenance fees for the fiscal years ended August 31, 20162019, 2018 and 20152017 was $491,800$584,000, $567,000, and $488,888,$509,600, respectively.

The Company believes its existing facilities and equipment are in good operating condition and are suitable for the conduct of its business.

ITEM 3 – LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Except as described below, weWe are not a party to any legal proceedings and are not aware of pending legal proceedings of any kind.proceedings.

In June 2014, the Company was served with a complaint in a civil action entitled Sherri Winslow v. Incredible Adventures, Inc., et al. (Los Angeles Superior Court Case No. BC545789) alleging wrongful death and seeking unspecified damages arising out of a May 18, 2012 plane crash in the State of Nevada. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer owns the subject aircraft and is also a named defendant. The complaint alleged that the Company was the owner of the subject aircraft. The Company denies all material allegations against it, including that it owns or has ever owned any interest in the subject aircraft. On November 25, 2014, the plaintiff and the Company signed a stipulation of dismissal pursuant to which the plaintiff agreed to dismiss the Company without prejudice. The Company planned to prepare a dismissal with prejudice to be signed on behalf of the plaintiff in the event the plaintiff did not discover evidence during a nine month period to and including August 31, 2015 that justified bringing the Company back into the litigation. The Company did not receive any notification of any such discovery and is in the process of preparing documents for the plaintiff’s final dismissal with prejudice.

ITEM 4 – MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5 – MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

The Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, trades on the NASDAQNasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SLP.”

Price Range of Common Stock

The following table shows high and low and high sales priceprices for the Company’s common stock for each quarter during the last eightpast two fiscal quarters.years:

Holders

As of November 14, 2016,13, 2019, there were 4238 shareholders of record.

Dividends

We paid a total of approximately $3.4$4.2 million in cash dividends during each of fiscal years 20162019, and 2015$4.2 million in fiscal year 2018 as set forth in the table below. We expect to pay quarterly dividends of $0.05$0.06 per share of common stock each quarter, subject to declaration by our Board of Directors. However, there can be no assurances that our Board of Directors will continue the dividend distributions for any specified number of quarters.

Shareholder Return Performance Presentation

The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock of a $100 investment from August 31, 2014 through August 31, 2019 assuming reinvestment of dividends, with a similar investment in the Russell 3000 index (the “Russell 3000”) and with the companies listed in the Nasdaq Composite - Total Returns (“IXIC”), and the S&P600 Health Care Equipment & Services Industry Group Index (SP600-3510). The historical information set forth below is not necessarily indicative of future performance. This performance graph shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended or incorporated by reference into any of our filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, of the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following information is provided as of August 31, 2016:2019:

Repurchases

There is currently no share repurchase program pending, and the Company has made no repurchases of its securities since fiscal year 2011.

ITEM 6 – SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

Not applicable becauseThe following tables set forth the selected consolidated financial data for each of the fiscal years in the five-year period ended August 31, 2019. We derived the selected consolidated financial data from our audited consolidated financial statements, which should be read in conjunction with Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this report.

Notes to Five-Year Summary

[a] Effective June 1, 2017, we areacquired DILIsym Services, Inc. and incurred approximately $620,000 of acquisition related costs in FY2017.

[b] Effective September 2, 2014 we acquired Cognigen Corporation and incurred approximately $410,000 in FY 2015.

[c] In FY2018 we posted a smaller reporting company.$1.5 million deferred tax benefit due to the effect of new tax rates enacted under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.

ITEM 7 – MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Financial Statements and related notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Management Overview

Fiscal year 20162019 highlights:

Fiscal Year 20162019 Financial Summary:

Strategy Going Forward:

Fiscal year 20162019 was yet another record year. We believe the continued growth of our pharmaceutical software and services business segment is the result of steadily increasing adoption of simulation and modeling software tools across the pharmaceutical industry, as well asthe push by regulatory agencies for increased use of modeling and simulation, and the expertise we offer as consultants to assist companies involved in the research and development of new medicines. We have received a continuing series of study contracts with pharmaceutical companies ranging from several of the largest in the world to a number of medium-sized and smaller companies in the U.S., Europe, and Japan.

Our financial performance has enabled us to maintain significant cash deposits, continue our research and to continue todevelopment activities, and invest in our marketing and sales activities in orderstaffing to reachmeet the needs of a wider customer base, as well as to distribute significant cash dividends to our shareholders.

We completed a second successful year of the integration of Cognigen, following our acquisition of Cognigen in September 2014; it is our intent to continue to search for acquisition opportunities that are strategically compatible with our current businesses and that are accretive, i.e., adding to both revenues and earnings.

We do not have any stock repurchase programs currently in place or pending; however, our Board of Directors may consider additionalsuch programs from time to time.

Results of Operations

FY19 COMPARED WITH FY18

The following sets forth selected items from our statements of operations (in thousands) and the percentages that such items bear to net sales for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2016 (FY16)2019 (FY19) and August 31, 2015 (FY15)(because2018 (FY18) (Because of rounding, numbers may not foot).foot.)

* Numbers in the prior year have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation

FY16 COMPARED WITH FY15

Net Revenues

Consolidated net revenues increased by 9.1%14.5% or $1.658$4.3 million to $19.972$33.97 million in FY16FY19 from $18.31429.67 million in FY15. $326,000FY18. Our Lancaster, California division increased revenues by $2.03 million or 11.6%, to $19.6 million in FY19 from $17.6 million in FY18. $1.46 million of this increase was from revenues generated by our Buffalo subsidiary (Cognigen), while netan increase of 18.6%. DILIsym Services, Inc. (DILIsym) increased revenues of the California divisionby $807,000 or 19%. FY19 software and software related revenues increased $1.332$1.8 million or 10.2%, to $14.418 million in FY16 from $13.086 million in FY15. FY16 software license sales increased $1.340 million,11.0% while consulting revenues increased by $318,000$2.5 million or 19.0% compared to FY15.FY18.

Cost of Revenues

Consolidated cost of revenues increased by $209,000$1.03 million or 12.9% to $4.602$9.0 million in FY16FY19 from $4.392$8.0 million in FY15. The majorityFY18. Labor-related cost incurred by our Lancaster and Buffalo divisions increased by $190,000 and $1.25 million, respectively mainly in support of this increaseincreased consulting revenues. This was salary-related expenses from annual salary increases and the first year of expensed bonuses for our Buffalo division (Cognigen).

Costoffset by a $380,000 decrease in cost of revenues asfor direct contract expenses paid for testing at DILIsym. We saw a percentagedecrease of revenue decreased from 24.0%approximately $52,000 in FY15 to 23.0%training related expenses in FY16. The majority of this percentage change is a result of the percentage blend of software sales compared to consulting services during FY16.FY2019.

A significant portion of cost of revenues for pharmaceutical software products is the systematic amortization of capitalized software development costs, which is an independent fixed cost rather than a variable cost related to revenues. This amortization cost decreasedof $1.33 million in FY19 increased by approximately $42,000$31,000 in FY16FY19.

Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenue remained fairly consistent at 26.6% in FY19 as compared with FY15. In FY15, amortization expense increased approximately $215,000 due to releases26.9% in FY18, a decrease of GastroPlus and ADMET Predictor and amortization of software acquired as part of the Cognigen acquisition.0.3% year over year.

Gross Margin

Consolidated gross margin increased $1.449$3.27 million or 10.4%15.1%, to $15.371$24.94 million in FY16FY19 from $13.922$21.67 million in FY15. $1.372FY18. $1.8 million of this increase is from the California division, which showed an 84.3%83.3% gross margin. The Buffalo Division Grossgross margins increased $77,000$325,000 or 7% with margins of 58% after first-time bonuses53.2%. DILIsym of $139,000.North Carolina recorded a $1.14 million increase, a 72.7% margin, versus a 59.6% margin in FY18.

Overall gross margin has remained fairly consistent at 73.4% in FY19 as compared to 73.1% in FY18 an increase of 0.3% year over year.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses decreased $43,000,increased $2.22 million, or 0.6%23.1% to $6.694$11.80 million in FY16FY19 from $6.737$9.58 million in FY15.FY18. As a percent of revenues, SG&A was 34.6% for FY19, compared to 32.3% in FY18 and 33.9% in FY17.

The major increases in SG&A expense were:

The major decreases in SG&A expense were:

Research and Development

We incurred approximately $2,641,000$4,299,000 of research and development costs during FY16.FY19. Of this amount, $1,196,000$1,768,000 was capitalized and $1,445,000$2,500,000 was expensed. We incurred approximately $2,496,000$3,936,000 of research and development costs during FY15.FY18. Of this amount, $1,168,000$2,145,000 was capitalized and $1,328,000$1,791,000 was expensed. The increase of $ 145,000,$363,000, or 5.8%9.2%, in total research and development expenditures from FY15FY18 to FY16FY19 was mainly from $278,000 of costs incurred by DILIsym Services Inc.

Provision for Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes was $1.97 million for FY19 compared to $1.20 million for FY18. Our effective tax rate increased to 18.7% in FY19 from 11.9% in FY18.

This increase results mainly from a second quarter 2018 assessment of deferred taxes based on the new tax rates enacted under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “2017 Tax Act”). Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”) requires that the company recognize the effects of changes in tax laws or tax rates in the financial statements for the period in which such changes were enacted. Among other things, changes in tax laws or tax rates can affect the amount of taxes payable for the current period, as well as the amount and timing of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets. Based on the assessment the Company posted a one-time tax benefit in the amount of $1,500,000 in the second fiscal quarter of 2018, the result of estimating future deferred liabilities at the lower tax rates under the newly enacted tax laws.

The effective rate differs from statutory rates of approximately 25.4% due to salary increasesR&D credits and the tax effect of disqualifying dispositions. In the last part of FY19, as a result of increase in stock prices, a number of employees exercised and sold incentive stock options granted to them under their corporate incentive plans, creating corporate tax deductions that lowered the effective rate.

Net Income

Net income decreased by $351,000 or 3.9%, to $8.6 million in FY19 from $8.93 million in FY18. The decrease in income was substantially effected by the deferred tax benefit of $1.5 million discussed above in the note on Provision for existing staff.Income Taxes, which reduced taxes in FY18.

FY18 COMPARED WITH FY17

The following sets forth selected items from our statements of operations (in thousands) and the percentages that such items bear to net sales for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2018 (FY18) and August 31, 2017 (FY17) (Because of rounding, numbers may not foot.)

Net Revenues

Consolidated net revenues increased by 22.9% or $5.53 million to $29.67 million in FY18 from $24.14 million in FY17. Our Lancaster, California division increased $1.95 million or 12.5%, to $17.6 million in FY18 from $15.6 million in FY17. $557,000 of this increase was from revenues generated by our Buffalo subsidiary (Cognigen), an increase of 7.6%. DILIsym Services, Inc. (DILIsym), recorded revenues of $4.3 million; in FY17 revenues were $1.2 million for the period of June 1, 2017 thru the end of fiscal year August 31, 2017. FY18 software license sales increased $1.03 million while consulting revenues increased by $4.49 million compared to FY17; $3.2 million of the consulting increase was revenues of DILIsym Services Inc.

Cost of Revenues

Consolidated cost of revenues increased by $1.69 million or 26.7% to $8.0 million in FY18 from $6.31 million in FY17. Labor-related cost accounted for $922,000 of this increase, a combination of increased labor count, salary increases, and bonuses at our subsidiaries based on increased earnings. Included in the increase was $505,000 of salary expense at DILIsym. Other significant increases in cost of revenues included $393,000 of increase direct contract expenses paid for testing at DILIsym. We saw a decrease of approximately $65,000 in training related expenses in FY2018.

A significant portion of cost of revenues for pharmaceutical software products is the systematic amortization of capitalized software development costs, which is an independent fixed cost rather than a variable cost related to revenues. This amortization cost increased approximately $203,000 in FY18 compared with FY17. In addition, in 2018 there was an additional $238,000 of amortization expense associated with acquired technologies associated with DILIsym’s drug-induced liver injury technologies.

Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenue increased to 26.9% in FY18 from 26.1% in FY17. The majority of this percentage change is a result of the increased salary costs associated with consulting costs and the blend of software sales compared to consulting services during FY18.

Gross Margin

Consolidated gross margin increased $3.84 million or 21.5%, to $21.67 million in FY18 from $17.83 million in FY17. $1.5 million of this increase is from the California division, which showed an 82.6% gross margin. The Buffalo Division gross margins increased $437,000 or 10.4% with margins of 58.9%. DILIsym of North Carolina showed $2.54 million, a 59.6% margin vs a 55.2% margin in FY17 which represented only one quarters worth of activities.

Overall gross margin decreased to 73.1% in FY18 from 73.9% in FY17 due to increased salary costs associated with the relatively higher revenue mix of consulting to software in FY17.

Other income (expense)Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Net other income (expense)Selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses increased $1.39 million, or 16.9% to $9.58 million in FY16 increased by $168,000FY18 from $8.19 million in FY17. As a percent of revenues, SG&A was 32.31% for FY18, compared to a net other income of $5,000 from an expense of $164,00033.96% in FY15. This is due mainly to a $168,000 reduction in currency lossesFY17 and 33.52% in FY16.

The major increases in SG&A expense were:

The major decreases in SG&A expense were:

Research and Development

We incurred approximately $3,936,000 of research and development costs during FY18. Of this amount, $2,145,000 was capitalized and $1,791,000 was expensed. We incurred approximately $2,743,000 of research and development costs during FY17. Of this amount, $1,376,000 was capitalized and $1,367,000 was expensed. The increase of $1,193,000, or 43.5%, in total research and development expenditures from FY17 to FY18 was mainly from $504,000 of costs incurred by DILIsym Services Inc.

Provision for Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes was $2.286$1.20 million for FY16FY18 compared to $1.850$2.45 million for FY15.FY17. Our effective tax rate decreased to 31.6%11.9% in FY16FY18 from 32.5%29.8% in FY15.FY17. This decrease results mainly from a second quarter 2018 assessment of deferred taxes based on the new tax rates enacted under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “2017 Tax Act). Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”) requires that the company recognize the effects of changes in tax laws or tax rates in the financial statements for the period in which such changes were enacted. Among other things, changes in tax laws or tax rates can affect the amount of taxes payable for the current period, as well as the amount and timing of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets. Based on the assessment the Company posted a one-time tax benefit in the amount of $1,500,000 in the second fiscal quarter of 2018, the result of estimating future deferred liabilities at the lower tax rates under the newly enacted tax laws.

Net Income

Net income increased by $1,107,000,$3.15 million or 28.8%54.4%, to $4.950$8.93 million in FY15FY18 from $3.843$5.79 million in FY15.FY17. Of note, this increase includes a one-time deferred tax benefit of $1.5 million as discuss above in the note on Provision for Income Taxes, and a full year’s net income for DILIsym Services, Inc.

SEASONALITY

Our sales exhibit some seasonal fluctuations, with the fourth fiscal quarter (June-August) generally having the lowest sales over the past three fiscal years because ofdue to summer vacations and reduced activities at our customers’ sites. In 2017, revenues in the fourth quarter revenues were higher increased due to the acquisition of DILIsym along with increased revenues at our Buffalo Division. Our subsidiaries DILIsym and Cognigen Corporations revenue mix is a higher blend of consulting revenues, as such the seasonality of total revenues has tended to flatten in the last couple years. This unaudited quarterly sales information has been prepared on the same basis as the annual information presented elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and, in the opinion of management, reflects all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring entries) necessary for a fair presentation of the information presented. Net sales for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of sales for any future period; however, because our pharmaceutical software is licensed on an annual basis, renewals are usually within the same quarter year after year. (Numbers may not foot because of rounding.)

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our principal source of capital has been cash flow from our operations. We have achieved continuous positive operating cash flow over the last twelve fiscal years. We believe that our existing capital and anticipated funds from operations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for working capital and capital expenditures for the foreseeable future. Thereafter, if cash generated from operations is insufficient to satisfy our capital requirements, we may open a revolving line of credit with a bank, or we may have to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain credit facilities. In the event such financing is needed in the future, there can be no assurance that such financing will be available to us, or, if available, that it will be in amounts and on terms acceptable to us. If cash flows from operations became insufficient to continue operations at the current level, and if no additional financing was obtained, then management would restructure the Company in a way to preserve its pharmaceutical business while maintaining expenses within operating cash flows.

We are not aware of any trends or demands, commitments, events or uncertainties that are reasonably likely to result in a decrease in liquidity of our assets. The trend over the last ten years has been increasing cash deposits from our operating cash flows, and we expect that trend to continue for the foreseeable future. In FY14 we used $2,500,000 of our cash reserves to pay the initial installment of the amounts we owe under termination and non-assertion agreement we entered into with TSRL in May 2014 that terminated the exclusive software licensing agreement we entered with TSRL in 1997. We also incurred $2,500,000 of debt in connection with termination and non-assertion agreement. We have been paying that debt out of, and anticipate that that debt will continue to be, paid out of operations from the reduction in royalty payments that are no longer payable under the 1997 licensing agreement as a result of its termination.

On July 23, 2014,May 1, 2017 we signed a stock acquisition agreement with DILIsym Services, Inc. of Research Triangle Circle, North Carolina, and on June 1, 2017 consummated the Mergeracquisition of all the outstanding capital stock of DILIsym Services, Inc. pursuant to a Stock Purchase Agreement. DILIsym became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Simulations Plus. Under the terms of the Agreement, with Cognigen. The merger closed on September 2, 2014, subsequentthe Company: (1) paid to the end of FY14, and Cognigen became our wholly-owned subsidiary. In connection withDILIsym Shareholders Five Million Dollars, $4,515,982 payable at the closing we paid $2,080,000 in cash and issued 491,159 shares of common stock of the CompanyAcquisition subject to certain adjustments and holdbacks and will pay to the former Cognigen stockholders. The 491,159 shares were valued at $3,120,000 based on a $6.35 per share price, which wasDILIsym Shareholders certain earn-out payments, to be measured by the volume-weighted average closing priceearnings of our common stock forDILIsym before income taxes, payable following the 30 consecutive trading-day period ending two trading days beforeClosing, as more particularly described in the closing date. In July 2016, we paid the additional $720,000Agreement and as more fully described in cash due, and issued the additional 170,014 shares of common stock due, to the former Cognigen stockholders, which additional shares were valued at $1,080,000 under the formula described above.Note 13.

We will continue to seek opportunities for strategic acquisitions. If one or more such acquisitions is identified, a substantial portion of our cash reserves may be required to complete it; however, we intend to maintain sufficient cash reserves after any acquisition to provide reasonable assurance that outside financing will not be necessary to continue operations. If we identify an attractive acquisition that would require more cash to complete than we are willing or able to use from our cash reserves, we will consider financing options to complete the acquisition, including obtaining loans and issuing additional securities.

Quarterly dividend payments made in FY15FY18 and FY16FY19 are listed in the following table.

The Board of directors has indicated its intensionintention to pay $0.05$0.06 quarterly dividends; however, there can be no assurances that our Board of Directors will continue the dividend distributions as the decision is made on a quarterly basis based on current financial conditions and strategic plans. After the end of FY16, inIn November 2016,2019, our Board of Directors declared and paid a dividend distribution of $0.05$0.06 per share.

KNOWN TRENDS OR UNCERTAINTIES

Although we have not seen any significant reduction in revenues to date, we have seen some consolidation in the pharmaceutical industry during economic downturns. These consolidations have not had a negative effect on our total sales to that industry; however, should consolidations and downsizing in the industry continue to occur, those events could adversely impact our revenues and earnings going forward.

We believe that the need for improved productivity in the research and development activities directed toward developing new medicines will continue to result in increasing adoption of simulation and modeling tools such as those we produce. New product developments in the pharmaceutical business segments could result in increased revenues and earnings if they are accepted by our markets; however, there can be no assurances that new products will result in significant improvements to revenues or earnings. For competitive reasons, we do not disclose all of our new product development activities.

Our continued quest for acquisitions could result in a significant change to revenues and earnings if one or more such acquisitions are completed.

The potential for growth in new markets (e.g., aerospace and healthcare) is uncertain. We will continue to explore these opportunities until such time as we either generate sales or determine that resources would be more efficiently used elsewhere.

INFLATION

We have not been affected materially by inflation during the periods presented, and no material effect is expected in the near future.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

As of August 31, 2016,2019, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. As such, we are not materially exposed to any financing, liquidity, market, or credit risk that could arise if we had engaged in such relationships.

We do not have relationships or transactions with persons or entities that derive benefits from their non-independent relationship with us or our related parties.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

The following table provides aggregate information regarding our contractual obligations as of August 31, 2019 (in thousands).

RECENTLY ISSUED OR NEWLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

In May 2014, the FranchiseFinancial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09,Revenue from Contracts with Customers(ASU 2014-09). The standard will eliminate the transaction- and industry-specific revenue recognition guidance under current generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (GAAP) and replace it with a principles-based approach for determining revenue recognition. ASU 2014-09 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted for years beginning after December 15, 2016. The revenue recognition standard is required to be applied retrospectively, including any combination of practical expedients as allowed in the standard. We are evaluating the impact, if any, ofThe standard was adopted concurrently with the adoption of ASU 2014-09 to our financial statements and related disclosures. The Company has not yet selected a transition method nor has it determined the effect of the standard on its ongoing financial reporting.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No 2015-17,Income Taxes (Topic 740)(“ASU 2015-17). The amendments in ASU 2015-17 change the requirements for the classification of deferred taxes on the balance sheet. Currently, GAAP requires an entity to separate deferred income tax liabilities and assets into current and noncurrent amounts in a classified statement of financial position. To simplify the presentation of deferred income taxes, the amendments in this ASU require that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. The pronouncement2016-10 which is effective for fiscal yearsannual and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. Earlier application is permitted for all entities as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. The Company has not yet selected a transition method nor has it determined the effect of the standard on its ongoing financial reporting.2017.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which supersedes existing guidance on accounting for leases in "Leases (Topic 840)" and generally requires all leases to be recognized in the consolidated balance sheet. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018; early adoption is permitted. The provisions of ASU 2016-02 are to be applied using a modified retrospective approach. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

In MarchApril 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09,Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (ASU 2016-09). This ASU affects entities that issue share-based payment awards to their employees. The ASU is designed to simplify several aspects of accounting for share-based payment award transactions which include - the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, classification on the statement of cash flows and forfeiture rate calculations. ASU 2016-09 will become effective for the Company in the first quarter of fiscal 2019. Early adoption is permitted in any interim or annual period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

In April 2016, the FASB issued AS 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which amends certain aspects of the Board's new revenue standard, ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The standard should bewas adopted concurrently with the adoption of ASU 2014-09 which is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company has not yet selected a transition method nor has it determined the effect of the standard on its ongoing financial reporting.

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Estimates

Our financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with GAAP. Preparing financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses. These estimates and assumptions are affected by management’s application of accounting policies. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant accounting policies for us include revenue recognition, accounting for capitalized software development costs, valuation of stock options, and accounting for income taxes.

Revenue Recognition

The Company adopted Topic 606 effective September 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method applying this guidance to all open contracts at the date of initial application, which resulted in an adjustment to retained earnings for the cumulative effect of applying this guidance. The most significant impact of Topic 606 on revenue to the Company relates to the timing of revenue recognition for one of its payment contracts. Under 606 the revenues under the contract are being recognized as time is expended and costs are being expensed as incurred. Under ASC 605 revenues were recognized as invoiced and certain costs were capitalized as development.

We recognize revenues related togenerate revenue primarily from the sale of software licenses and software maintenance in accordance withproviding consulting services to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 985-605, “Software – Revenue Recognition”. Software productpharmaceutical industry for drug development.

The Company determines revenue is recorded whenrecognition through the following conditions are met: 1) evidence of arrangement exists; 2) delivery has been made; 3) the amount is fixed; and 4) collectability is probable. Post-contract customer support (“PCS”) obligations are insignificant; therefore, revenue for PCS is recognized at the same time as the licensing fee, and the costs of providing such support services are accrued and amortized over the obligation period.steps:

The Company accounts for a byproduct of ongoing improvementscontract when it has approval and upgrades forcommitment from both parties, the new programs and new modules of software, some modifications are provided to our customers who have already purchased software at no additional charge. Other software modifications result in new, additional cost modules that expand the functionalityrights of the software. Theseparties are licensed separately. We consideridentified, payment terms are identified, the modifications thatcontract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. Contracts generally have fixed pricing terms and are provided without chargenot subject to variable pricing. The Company considers the nature and significance of each specific performance obligation under a contract when allocating the proceeds under each contract. Accounting for contracts includes significant judgement in the estimation of estimated hours/cost to be minimal, as they do not significantly changeincurred on consulting contracts, and the basic functionality or utilitydi minimis nature of the post sales costs associated with software but rather add convenience, such as being able to plot some additional variable on a graph in addition to the numerous variables that had been available before, or adding some additional calculations to supplement the information provided from running the software. Such software modifications for any single product have typically occurred once or twice per year, sometimes more, sometimes less. Thus, they are infrequent. The Company provides, for a fee, additional training and service calls to its customers and recognizes revenue at the time the training or service call is provided.

Generally, we enter into one-year license agreements with customers for the use of our pharmaceutical software products. We recognize revenue on these contracts when all the criteria are met. Most license agreements have a term of one year; however, from time to time, we enter into multi-year license agreements. We generally unlock and invoice software one year at a time for multi-year licenses. Therefore, revenue is recognized one year at a time. Certain of the Company's software products are housed and supported on the Company's computer networks. Software revenues for those products are included in income over the life of the contract.

We recognize revenue from collaboration research and revenue from grants equally over their terms. For contract revenues based on actual hours incurred we recognize revenues when the work is performed. For fixed price contracts, we recognize contract study and other contract revenues using the percentage-of-completion method, depending upon how the contract studies are engaged, in accordance with ASC 605-35, “Revenue Recognition – Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts”. To recognize revenue using the percentage-of-completion method, we must determine whether we meet the following criteria: 1) there is a long-term, legally enforceable contract, 2) it is possible to reasonably estimate the total project costs, and 3) it is possible to reasonably estimate the extent of progress toward completion.sales.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For purposes of the statements of cash flows, we consider all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Accounts Receivable

We analyze the age of customer balances, historical bad-debt experience, customer creditworthiness, and changes in customer payment terms when making estimates of the collectability of the Company’s trade accounts receivable balances. If we determine that the financial conditions of any of itsour customers deteriorated, whether due to customer-specific or general economic issues, an increase in the allowance may be made. Accounts receivable are written off when all collection attempts have failed. We have not experienced any bad debts in our pharmaceutical software and services business.

Capitalized Computer Software Development Costs

Software development costs are capitalized in accordance with FASB ASC 985-20, “Costs of Software to Be Sold Leased, or Marketed”. Capitalization of software development costs begins upon the establishment of technological feasibility and is discontinued when the product is available for sale.

The establishment of technological feasibility and the ongoing assessment for recoverability of capitalized software development costs require considerable judgment by management with respect to certain external factors including, but not limited to, technological feasibility, anticipated future gross revenues, estimated economic life, and changes in software and hardware technologies. Capitalized computer software development costs are comprised primarily of salaries and direct payroll-related costs and the purchase or licensing of existing software to be used in the Company’s software products.

Amortization of capitalized computer software development costs is providedcalculated on a product-by-product basis on the straight-line method over the estimated economic life of the products not to exceed five years. Amortization of software development costs amounted to $981,066$1,331,753, $1,300,434 and $1,023,139$1,096,967 for the FY16FY19, FY18 and FY15,FY17, respectively. We expect future amortization expense to vary due to increases in capitalized computer software development costs.

We test capitalized computer software development costs for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives as follows:

Maintenance and minor replacements are charged to expense as incurred. Gains and losses on disposals are included in the results of operations.

Intangible Assets and Goodwill

The Company performs valuations of assets acquired and liabilities assumed on each acquisition accounted for as a business combination and recognizes the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair value. Acquired intangible assets include customer relationships, software, trade name, and non-compete agreements. The Company determines the appropriate useful life by performing an analysis of expected cash flows based on historical experience of the acquired businesses. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method, which approximates the pattern in which the majority of the economic benefits are expected to be consumed.

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquired entity over the fair value of the acquired net assets. Goodwill is not amortized, instead it is tested for impairment annually or when events or circumstances change that would indicate that goodwill might be impaired. Events or circumstances that could trigger an impairment review include, but are not limited to, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, an adverse action or assessment by a regulator, unanticipated competition, a loss of key personnel, significant changes in the manner of the Company's use of the acquired assets or the strategy for the Company's overall business, significant negative industry or economic trends or significant under-performance relative to expected historical or projected future results of operations.

Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is one level below or the same as an operating segment. As of August 31, 2016,2019, the Company determined that it has twothree reporting units, Simulations Plus, Cognigen Corporation and Cognigen.DILIsym Services, Inc. When testing goodwill for impairment, the Company first performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform step one of a two-step annual goodwill impairment test for each reporting unit. The Company is required to perform step one only if it concludes that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying value. Should this be the case, the first step of the two-step process is to identify whether a potential impairment exists by comparing the estimated fair values of the Company's reporting units with their respective book values, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeds book value, goodwill is considered not to be impaired, and no additional steps are necessary. If, however, the fair value of the reporting unit is less than book value, then the second step is performed to determine if goodwill is impaired and to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. The amount of the impairment loss is the excess of the carrying amount of the goodwill over its implied fair value. The estimate of implied fair value of goodwill is primarily based on an estimate of the discounted cash flows expected to result from that reporting unit, but may require valuations of certain internally generated and unrecognized intangible assets such as the Company's software, technology, patents and trademarks. If the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the excess.

As of August 31, 2016,2019, the entire balance of goodwill was attributed to two of the Company's reporting units Cognigen reporting unit.and DILIsym. Intangible assets subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. TheThere were no changes to goodwill, nor has the Company has not recognized any impairment charges during FY16FY19, FY18 and FY15.FY17.

Reconciliation of Goodwill for FY16FY19, FY18 and FY15:FY17:

Other Intangible Assets

The following table summarizes other intangible assets as of August 31, 2016:2019: 

Amortization expense for each of FY16FY19, FY18, and FY15FY17 was $147,500.$357,500, $357,500, and $200,000, respectively.

Business Acquisitions

The Company accounted for the acquisition of Cognigen and DILIsym Services Inc. using the purchase method of accounting where the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized based on their respective estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Determining the fair value of certain acquired assets and liabilities is subjective in nature and often involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions, including, but not limited to, the selection of appropriate valuation methodology, projected revenue, expenses and cash flows, weighted average cost of capital, discount rates, estimates of advertiser and publisher turnover rates and estimates of terminal values. Business acquisitions are included in the Company's consolidated financial statements as of the date of the acquisition.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the Condensed Balance Sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. The categories, as defined by the standard are as follows:

For certain of our financial instruments, including accounts receivable, accounts payable, contract payable, accrued payroll and other expenses, and accrued bonus to officer, the amounts approximate fair value due to their short maturities.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred until technological feasibility has been established. These costs consist primarily ofinclude salaries, laboratory experiment, and direct payroll-related costs. It also includes purchased software and databases that werewas developed by other companies and incorporated into, or used in the development of, our final products.

Income Taxes

We utilize FASBThe Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740-10, “Income“Income Taxes”, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns.