The following describes the business of Cannae Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Except where otherwise noted, all references to "we," "us," "our," "Cannae","Cannae," "Cannae Holdings", or the "Company," are to Cannae Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries, taken together.

On November 17, 2017, Fidelity National Financial, Inc. ("FNF", NYSE: FNF) redeemed each outstanding share of its FNF Ventures ("FNFV") Group common stock, par value $0.0001, for one share of common stock, par value $0.0001, of a newly formed entity, Cannae (the "Split-Off"). In conjunction with the Split-Off, FNF contributed to us its portfolio of companies unrelated to its primary insurance and real estate operations, which included majority and minority equity interests in a number of entities and certain fixed income investments. On November 20, 2017, Cannae common stock began "regular-way" trading on The New York Stock Exchange under the "CNNE" stock symbol.

We primarily acquire interests in operating companies and are engaged in actively managing and operating a core group of those companies, which we are committed to supporting for the long term. From time to time, we also seek to take meaningful equity ownership stakes where we have the ability to control or significantly influence quality companies, and we bring the strength of our operational expertise to each of our subsidiaries. We are a long-term owner that secures control and governance rights of other companies primarily to engage in their lines of business and we have no preset time constraints dictating when we sell or dispose of our businesses. We believe that our long-term ownership and active involvement in the management and operations of companies helps maximize the value of those businesses for our shareholders. Our primary assets as of December 31, 20222023 include our ownership interests in Dun & Bradstreet Holdings, Inc. ("Dun & Bradstreet" or "D&B"), NYSE: DNB); Dayforce, Inc. ("Dayforce", formerly known as Ceridian HCM Holding,Holdings, Inc. ("Ceridian"), NYSE: DAY); Alight, Inc. ("Alight"), NYSE: ALIT); Paysafe Limited ("Paysafe"), NYSE: PSFE); Sightline Payments Holdings, LLC ("Sightline" or "Sightline Payments"); System1, Inc. ("System1"), NYSE: SST); Black Knight Football and Entertainment, LP ("BKFE"); Computer Services, Inc. ("CSI"); High Sierra Distillery, LP ("Minden Mill"); AmeriLife Group, LLC ("AmeriLife"); O'Charley's Holdings, LLC ("O'Charley's"); 99 Restaurants Holdings, LLC ("99 Restaurants"); and various other controlled portfolio companies and minority equity ownership interests.

The Company conducts its business through its wholly-owned subsidiary Cannae Holdings, LLC ("Cannae LLC"), a Delaware limited liability company. The Company’s board of directors ("Board") oversees the management of the Company, Cannae LLC and its businesses, and the performance of Trasimene Capital Management, LLC ("Trasimene" or our "Manager"). During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019,, through which the Company transitioned to an externally managed structure (such externalizationmanages its business operations and those of certain management functions, the "Externalization"). In connection with the Externalization, theits subsidiaries. The Company, Cannae LLC, and our Manager entered intoare party to a Management Services Agreement dated as of August 27, 2019, as amended and restated on August 4, 2021, September 30, 2023 and February 26, 2024 (as amended and restated, the "Management Services Agreement"). Subject at all times to the supervision and direction of the Board, the Manager is responsible for, among other things, (i) managing the day-to-day business and operations of the Company and its subsidiaries, (ii) evaluating the financial and operational performance of the Company's businesses, (iii) providing a management team to serve as executive officers of the Company and (iv) performing (or causing to be performed) any other services for and on behalf of the Company and the Subsidiaries customarily performed by executive officers and employees of a public company.

We believe our operating structureCannae provides our investors with a compelling opportunity to participate in the acquisition, operation and growth of businesses by a world-class management team. Fundamentally, the Company seeks to take meaningful equity ownership stakes where we have an ability to control or significantly influence quality companies that are well-positioned in their respective industries, run by best-in-class management teams and that operate in industries that have attractive organic and acquired growth opportunities. Led by William P. Foley II ("Bill Foley") and facilitated through our Manager and the Company's internal management team, we leverage our management team's operational expertise, long-term relationships and industry connections and capital sourcing capabilities to identify, structure and execute on ownership interests in companies with these characteristics.

Our management team has a proven track record of growing industry-leading companies, including the Company's subsidiaries, and we actively and continuously work with and support management teams of the companies we own in managing, operating, and growing their businesses in order to provide value for our shareholders. Bill Foley-led management teams are responsible for the growth of publicly traded companies such as FNF, Black Knight, Inc. ("Black Knight", formerly NYSE: BKI), Ceridian,Dayforce, D&B, Fidelity National Information Services ("FNIS", NYSE:(NYSE: FIS) and F&G Annuities & Life, Inc. ("FG", NYSE: FG), which collectively have a market capitalization.

As of December 31, 2022,2023, we had the following reportable segments:

Dun & BradstreetD&B is differentiated by the scale, depth, diversity and accuracy of itstheir constantly expanding business database, known as their "Data Cloud," that contains comprehensive information on hundredsmore than 550 million total organizations as of millions of businesses.December 31, 2023. Access to longitudinal curated data is critical for global commerce, and with only a small percentage of the world’s businesses filing public financial statements, D&B&B's data is a trusted source for reliable information about both public and private businesses. By building such a set of data over time, D&B wasis able to establish a unique identifier that creates a single thread connecting related corporate entities allowing itsour clients to form a holistic view of an enterprise. This unique identifier, which D&B refers to as the D-U-N-S Number, is a corporate ‘‘fingerprint’’an organization's "fingerprint" or ‘‘Social"Social Security Number’’ of businesses.Number." D&B believes that it isthey are the only scale provider to possess both worldwide commercial credit data and comprehensive public records data that are linked together by a unique identifier allowing for an accurate assessment of public and private businesses globally.

Leveraging its commercial credit data and analytics, as well as compliance intelligence, D&B's Finance & Risk solutions are used in the critical decisioning processes of finance, risk, compliance and procurement departments worldwide. D&B generatesis a market leader in commercial credit decisioning, with many of the top businesses in the world utilizing its revenue primarily through subscription-based contractual arrangementssolutions to make informed decisions when considering extending business loans and trade credit. D&B is also a leading provider of data and analytics to businesses looking to analyze supplier relationships and more effectively collect outstanding receivables, detect and mitigate business fraud, and assess and track their business partners' Environmental, Social and Governance ("ESG") performance and activities. We believe D&B's proprietary Paydex score, a numerical indicator based on promptness of a business's payments to its suppliers and vendors, is widely relied upon as an important measure of credit health for businesses. D&B is well positioned to provide accessible and actionable insights and analytics that it entersmitigate risk and uncertainty, and ultimately protect and drive increased profitability for its clients.

D&B's Sales & Marketing solutions combine firmographic, personal contact, intent and non-traditional, or alternative data, such as foot traffic, website usage, social media posts, online browsing activity and shipping trackers, to assist clients in optimizing their sales and marketing strategy by cleansing customer relationship management data and narrowing their focus and efforts on the highest probability prospects. As global competition continues to intensify, businesses need assistance with focusing their sales pipelines into witha condensed list so that they can have their best sellers target the highest probability return accounts. D&B provides invaluable insights into businesses that can help its clients to provide data, analyticsgrow their businesses in a more efficient and analytics-related services either individually, or as part of an integrated offering of multiple services. These arrangements occasionally include offerings from more than one business unit to the same client.effective manner.

We account for our ownership of Dun & Bradstreet using the equity method of accounting; therefore, its results of operations do not consolidate into ours.

Alight provides its Alight Worklife® platform through its Employer Solutions segment which provides services including total employee wellbeing, integrated benefits administration, healthcare navigation, financial wellbeing, leave of absence management, retiree healthcare and payroll. Alight leverages data across all interactions and activities to improve the employee experience, reduce operational costs and better inform management processes and decision-making. Alight's clients' employees benefit from an integrated personalizedplatform and user experience, for employees using technology-driven solutions that aim to unlock value for employers. Alight believes its mission-critical solutions enable employees to enrichcoupled with a full-service customer care center, helping them manage the full life cycle of their health, wealth and wellbeing. Alight's Professional Services segment includes its project-based cloud

Alight delivers their solutions through a set of proprietary and partner technologies, a well-developed network of providers and a structured approach to instill and sustain enterprise-wide practices of excellence. Alight's solutions are supported through a secure and scalable cloud infrastructure, together with our core benefits processing platforms and consumer engagement tools and integrated with hundreds of external platforms and partners. This includes their Alight Marketplace, a diverse network of third-party providers supporting additional wellbeing which helps global organizations achieveprograms and needs of participants. Alight's data and access across the breadth of human capital solutions provides it with comprehensive employee records to enable AI-driven, omnichannel engagement and a high-performance culture.personalized, integrated experience for its clients’ employees. Through the use of predictive analytics and omnichannel engagement, Alight serves more than 36 million employeesis able to tailor an employee experience that is unique to each individual’s needs and family members from a broad range of clients, including Fortune 500 companies and mid-market businesses. Alight seeks to establish high-quality, strong, long-term relationships with its clients.circumstance.

We account for our ownership of Alight using the equity method of accounting; therefore, its results of operations do not consolidate into ours.

We account for our ownership of PaysafeBKFE using the equity method of accounting; therefore, its results of operations do not consolidate into ours.

We account for our ownership of the Restaurant Group as a consolidated subsidiary.

CeridianDayforce is a leading global human capital management software company that offers a broad range of services and software designed to help employers more effectively manage employment processes, such as payroll, payroll-related tax filing, human resource information systems, employee self-service, time and labor management, employee assistance programs, and recruitment and applicant screening. Ceridian'sDayforce's technology-based services are typically provided through long-term customer relationships that are anticipated to result in a high level of recurring revenue.

System1 operates an omnichannel customer acquisition platform, delivering high-intent customers to advertisers and sells antivirus software packages to end user customers. System1 provides its services through its proprietary responsive acquisition marketing platform ("RAMP"). RAMP allows System1 to monetize users through its relationships with third-party advertisers and advertising networks. RAMP also allows third-party advertising platforms and publishers, to send user traffic to, and monetize user traffic on, System1’s owned and operated websites. RAMP operates across System1's network of owned and operated websites and related products, allowing it to monetize user traffic that it sources from various acquisition marketing channels. System1, through its wholly owned subsidiary Protected.net Group Limited, also provides antivirus software solutions, offering its customers a single packaged solution that is designed to provide protection and reporting to the end user. System1 delivers its antivirus software solutions directly to end-user customers across the world. The antivirus software solutions product offering comprises a core security package with varying levels of additional offered protection based on a customer's specific needs.

CSI is a leading fintech, regtech and cybersecurity partner that delivers core processing, digital banking, managed cybersecurity, cybersecurity compliance, payments processing, print and electronic document distribution, and regulatory compliance solutions to financial institutions and corporate customers, both foreign and domestic.

QOMPLXSightline Payments is a digital payments provider and mobile application developer to the United States' ("U.S.") sports betting and casino gaming market. Sightline leverages its technology to apply modern solutions to a traditionally cash-based

Minden Mill, through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, owns and operates an intelligent decisionestate distillery and analytics platform used by businesses for modeling and planning. QOMPLX offers an enterprise operating system and application platforms with capabilities ranging from data handling, analytics, and reporting to advanced algorithms, simulations, and machine learning, which have business uses for cybersecurity, insurance underwriting and quantitative finance.related hospitality venues.

Triple Tree is an independent, research-driven investment banking firm focused on mergers and acquisitions, financial restructuring, and principal investing services for innovative, high-growth businesses in the healthcare industry.

Cannae REBrasada Ranch owns and its subsidiaries own and operate golf and real estate properties and develop, manage and operate residential and recreational properties, includingoperates an 1,800-acre ranch-style luxury resort and residential community in Oregon.

Refer to Item 7 of Part II of this Annual Report for further information on recent results of operations and transactions and other activity of our operatingreportable segments.

Our strategy for the Company is to continue to manage and operate the diversified businesses of our group of companies to create long-term growth of those businesses in order to maximize the value of those businesses for our shareholders, and to pursue similar strategies and objectives whenby taking significant, active ownership stakes in new businesses.

Subsequent to our acquisition of an ownership stake in D&B in the first quarter of 2019, we worked closely with D&B to begin quickly implementing changes to address operational and execution issues at D&B that led to stagnant revenue growth and declining profitability over the last decade. We immediately brought in a new senior leadership team, which commenced a comprehensive transformation to improve and revitalize D&B's business for long-term success. The new senior leadership team saw significant opportunity to create value by transforming the organization and improving the platform with new business unit leaders, enhanced technology and data, solution innovation and a client-centric go-to-market strategy.

D&B's transformation strategy is based on Bill Foley's proven playbook of enhancing stockholder value through organizational re-alignment and re-investment. Initiatives implemented at D&B upon its 2019 leveraged buyout have resulted in significant synergies and cost savings. In light of the changes that have been made or identified by the Company and D&B's management team, we believe D&B is well-positioned to execute on its strategies of driving stockholder value through consistent revenue growth, managing cost initiatives and innovating and improving the way it adds value and solves the increasingly challenging and complex needs of its clients.

Businesses rely on business-to-business data and analytics providers to extract data-driven insights and make better decisions. For example, in commercial lending and trade credit, the scarcity of readily available credit history makes the extension of credit a time-consuming and imprecise process. In procurement, businesses face increasingly complex and global supply chains, making the assessment of compliance and viability of all suppliers prohibitively difficult and expensive if not conducted effectively. In sales and marketing, businesses have benefited from the proliferation of customer relationship management, Marketing Automation and Sales Acceleration tools designed to help identify, track and improve both customer management and prospecting growth activities. While these tools are helping to fill sales funnels and improve the progression of opportunities, key challenges remain in salesforce productivity, effective client segmentation and marketing campaign activation. Common stumbling blocks include incorrect, or outdated, contact information, duplicated or inaccurate firmographic data and a lack of synchronization between the various platforms in the marketing technology ecosystem.

D&B helps its clients solve these mission critical business problems. D&B believes the total addressable market (‘‘TAM’’("TAM") in which it operates is large, growing and significantly underpenetrated.under penetrated. D&B participates in the big data and analytics software market, as defined by Interactive Data Corporation or IDC,("IDC"), which represents a collection of software markets that functionally address decision support and decision automation. This market includes business intelligence and analytics tools, analytic data management and integration platforms and analytics and performance management applications. Within the broader market of data and analytics solutions, D&B serves a number of different markets, including the commercial credit data, sales and marketing data and Governance, Risk and Compliance ("GRC") markets to provide clients with decisioning support and automation. As D&B continues to drive innovation in its solutions, it expects to address a greater portion of this TAM as new use cases for its data assets and analytical capabilities are introduced.

D&B believes there are several key trends in the global macroeconomic environment generating additional growth in D&B's TAM and increasing the demand for its solutions, including growing recognition by business of the value of analytics

The restaurant industry is highly competitive and is often affected by changes in consumer tastes and discretionary spending patterns; changes in general economic conditions; public safety conditions or concerns; demographic trends; weather conditions; the cost of food products, labor, energy and other operating costs; and governmental regulations. Higher labor costs due to state and local minimum wage increases and shopping pattern shifts to e-commerce and "ready to eat" grocery and convenience stores have had a negative impact on restaurant performance, particularly in the casual dining restaurants in which the company operates.

The restaurant industry is also characterized by high capital investments for new restaurants and relatively high fixed or semi-variable restaurant operating expenses. Because of the high fixed and semi-variable expenses, changes in sales in existing restaurants are generally expected to significantly affect restaurant profitability because many restaurant costs and expenses are not expected to change at the same rate as sales. The most significant commodities that may affect our cost of food and beverage are beef, seafood, poultry, and dairy, which accounted for approximately half of our overall cost of food and beverage in the past. Generally, temporary increases in these costs are not passed on to guests; however, in the past, we have adjusted menu prices to compensate for increased costs of a more permanent nature.

The year ended December 31, 2022 wasRecent years were a period of high inflation relative to long-term inflation expectations in the United States.U.S. This inflationary environment primarily impacted the commodity and labor costs of our Restaurant Group. We have adjusted menu pricing to account for these cost increases to an extent, but will continue to balance the impact of inflationary pressures on costs with the value proposition offered to customers with a focus on long-term profitability.

Average weekly sales per restaurant are typically higher in the first and fourth quarters than in other quarters, and we typically generate a disproportionate share of our earnings from operations in the first and fourth quarters. Holidays, severe weather and other disruptive conditions may impact sales volumes seasonally in some operating regions.

Our revenues in future periods will continue to be subject to these and other factors that are beyond our control and, as a result, are likely to fluctuate.

For Dun & Bradstreet's finance and risk solutions segment, its competition generally varies by client size. D&B has a leading presence in the enterprise market as clients place a high degree of value on ourD&B's best-in-class commercial credit database to inform their critical decisions around the extension of credit. D&B’s main competitors in the enterprise and mid-market include Bureau van Dijk (owned by Moody’s Corporation), Experian and Creditsafe in Europe and Equifax and Experian in North America. In the small and mid-size company market commercial credit health becomes increasingly tied to consumer credit health. D&B's competition in this market generally includes Equifax, Experian and other consumer credit providers that offer commercial data. Additionally, there is a fragmented tail of low cost, vertical and regionally focused point solutions in this market that may be attractive to certain clients, but lack the scale and coverage breadth to compete holistically.

For Dun & Bradstreet's sales and marketing solutions segment, its competition has historically been very fragmented with many players offering varying levels of data quantity and quality, and with data being collected in ways that may cross ethical and privacy boundaries. Dun & Bradstreet strives to protect the data and privacy of its clients and to maintain the highest standards in the ethical acquisition, aggregation, curation and delivery of data. D&B's direct competitors vary depending on use cases, such as market segmentation, digital marketing lead generation, lead enrichment, sales effectiveness and data management. In the market for contact data, D&B's competition generally includes ZoomInfo and a few consultancies building bespoke solutions. For other sales and marketing solutions such as customer data platform, visitor intelligence, audience targeting and intent data, D&B faces a number of smaller competitors.

Overall, outside North America, D&B's competitive environment varies by region and country, and can be significantly impacted by the legislative actions of local governments, availability of data and local business preferences. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, D&B's direct competition for its finance and riskFinance & Risk solutions segment is primarily from Bureau van Dijk, CreditsafeMoody's Analytics and Experian.Creditsafe. Additionally, in D&B's sales and marketingthe Sales & Marketing solutions segment, the landscape in these markets is both localized and fragmented, where numerous local players of varying sizes compete for business. In the Nordics,Northern Europe, D&B faces competition from Enento and Experian and in Central and Eastern European markets they compete with several regional and local players. In Asia Pacific, D&B faces competition in its finance and riskFinance & Risk solutions segment from a mix of local and global providers. In China, D&B competes with global providers such as Experian and Bureau van Dijk in China andMoody's Corporation, as well as technology driven local competitors in India.players focusing on domestic data. In India, D&B competes with local competitors. In addition, as in the United Kingdom, D&B's sales and marketing solutions landscape throughout Asia is localized and fragmented.

Dun & Bradstreet owns patents and patent applications both in the U.S. and in other selected countries. The patents and patent applications include claims, which pertain to certain technologies and inventions that D&B has determined are proprietary and warrant patent protection. The protection of its innovative technology and inventions, such as its proprietary methods for data curation and identity resolution, through the filing of patent applications, is part of Dun & Bradstreet's business strategy. Filing of patent applications may or may not provide Dun & Bradstreet with a dominant position in the fields

Alight's business relies on software provided by both internal development and external sourcing to deliver its services. With respect to internally developed software, Alight claims copyright on all such software, registering works where appropriate. Alight requires all employees and contractors to assign to it the rights to works developed on Alight's behalf. In addition, Alight relies on maintaining source code confidentiality to maintain its market competitiveness. With respect to externally sourced software, Alight relies on contracts to allow for continued access for its business usage.

In the United States,U.S., trademark registrations may have a perpetual life, subject to continuous use and renewal every ten years, and may be subject to cancellation or invalidation based on certain use requirements and third-party challenges, or on other grounds. Alight vigorously enforces and protects its trademarks.

We license the use of our registered trademarks and service marks to franchisees and third parties through franchise arrangements and licenses. The franchise and license arrangements restrict franchisees' and licensees' activities with respect to the use of our trademarks and service marks, and impose quality control standards in connection with goods and services offered in connection with the trademarks and service marks.

We and our unconsolidated affiliates are highly dependent on information technology networks and systems to securely process, transmit and store electronic information. Attacks on information technology systems continue to grow in frequency, complexity and sophistication. Such attacks have become a point of focus for individuals, businesses and governmental entities. These attacks can create system disruptions, shutdowns or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, including non-public personal information, consumer data and proprietary business information.

We and our unconsolidated affiliates remain focused on making strategic investments in information security to protect the clients and information systems of our operating subsidiaries and unconsolidated affiliates. This includes both capital expenditures and operating expenses on hardware, software, personnel and consulting services. As the primary products and

The Company’s Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Exchange Act, are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). The Company is subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act and files or furnishes reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.

In the course of conducting our business operations, we are exposed to a variety of risks, some of which are inherent in our industry and others of which are more specific to our own businesses. In addition to the other information set forth in this Annual Report and other filings we have made and make in the future with the SEC, you should carefully consider the following risk factors and uncertainties, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations in future periods. However, other factors not discussed below or elsewhere in this Annual Report could also adversely affect

The restaurant industry is intensely competitive with a substantial number of restaurant operators that compete directly and indirectly with the Restaurant Group companies with respect to price, service, ambiance, brand, customer service, dining experience, location, food quality and variety and value perception of menu items and there are other well established competitors with substantially greater financial and other resources than the Restaurant Group companies. Some of our Restaurant Group companies' competitors advertise on national television, which may provide customers with greater awareness and name recognition than our Restaurant Group companies can achieve through their advertising efforts. There is also active competition for management personnel and attractive suitable real estate sites. Consumer tastes and perceptions, nutritional and dietary trends, guest count patterns and the type, number and location of competing restaurants often affect the restaurant business, and our Restaurant Group companies' competitors may react more efficiently and effectively to those conditions. For instance, prevailing health or dietary preferences or perceptions of our Restaurant Group companies' products may cause consumers to avoid certain menu items or products our Restaurant Group companies offer in favor of foods that are perceived as more healthy, and such choices by consumers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, our Restaurant Group companies face growing competition from the supermarket industry, with the improvement of their "convenient meals" in the deli and prepared food sections, from quick service and fast casual restaurants and online food delivery services as a result of food and beverage offerings by those food providers. As our Restaurant Group companies' competitors expand operations in markets where our restaurant businesses operate or expect to operate, we expect competition to intensify. If our Restaurant Group companies are unable to continue to compete effectively, their guest counts, sales and profit margins could decline, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The cost, availability and quality of ingredients restaurant operations use to prepare their food is subject to a range of factors, many of which are beyond their control. A significant component of our restaurant businesses' costs will be related to food commodities, including beef, pork, chicken, seafood, poultry, dairy products, oils, produce, fruit, flour and other related costs such as energy and transportation over which we may have little control, that can be subject to significant price fluctuations due to seasonal shifts, climate conditions, industry demand, changes in international commodity markets and other factors. If there is a substantial increase in prices for these commodities, our Restaurant Group companies' results of operations may be negatively affected. In addition, the Restaurant Group companies' restaurants are dependent upon frequent deliveries of

Because we believe our Restaurant Group companies' success depends significantly on their ability to provide exceptional food quality, outstanding service and an excellent overall dining experience, adverse publicity, whether or not accurate, relating to food quality, public health concerns, illness, safety, injury or government or industry findings concerning our Restaurant Group companies' restaurants, restaurants operated by other food service providers or others across the food industry supply

Food safety is a top priority, and our Restaurant Group companies dedicate substantial resources to ensuring that their customers enjoy safe, quality food products. Food-related contaminations and illnesses may be caused by a variety of food-borne pathogens, such as E. coli or salmonella, which are frequently carried on unwashed fruits and vegetables, from a variety of illnesses transmitted by restaurant workers, such as hepatitis A, which may not be diagnosed prior to being infectious, and from contamination of food by foreign substances. Contamination and food borne illness incidents could also be caused at the point of source or by food suppliers and distributors. As a result, we cannot control all of the potential sources of contamination or illness that can be contained in or transmitted from our Restaurant Group companies' food. Regardless of the source or cause, any report of food-borne illnesses or other food safety issues including food tampering or contamination, at one of our Restaurant Group companies' restaurants could adversely affect the reputation of our Restaurant Group companies' brands and have a negative impact on their sales. Even instances of food-borne illness, food tampering or food contamination occurring solely at restaurants of our Restaurant Group companies' competitors or at one of our Restaurant Group companies' suppliers could result in negative publicity about the food service industry generally and adversely impact our Restaurant Group companies' sales.

If any person becomes injured or ill, or alleges becoming injured or ill, as a result of eating our Restaurant Group companies' food, our Restaurant Group companies may temporarily close some restaurants, or their bakery facilities, which would decrease their revenues, and our restaurant businesses may be liable for damages or be subject to governmental regulatory action, either of which could have long-lasting, negative effects on our restaurant businesses' reputation, financial condition and results of operations, regardless of whether the allegations are valid or whether our restaurant businesses are found liable. The occurrence of food-borne illnesses or food safety issues could also adversely affect the price and availability of affected ingredients, resulting in higher costs and lower margins.

We regard our Restaurant Group's service marks, including "O'Charley's," "Ninety Nine" and other service marks and trademarks as important factors in the marketing of our restaurants. We have also obtained trademarks for several of our brands' menu items and for various advertising slogans. We are aware of names and marks similar to our Restaurant Group's service marks and trademarks used by other persons in certain geographic areas where we have restaurants. Our policy is to pursue registration of our marks whenever possible and to oppose vigorously any infringement of our marks.

Our success will substantially depend on our ability to attract and retain key members of our senior management team and officers. If we lose one or more of these key employees, our operating results and in turn the value of our common stock could be materially adversely affected. Although we may enter into employment agreements with our officers, there can be no assurance that the entire term of any employment agreement will be served or that any employment agreement will be renewed upon expiration.

Improper access to, misappropriation, destruction or disclosure of confidential, personal or proprietary data could result in significant harm to our reputation or the reputation of any of the businesses we own.

For example, D&B collects, stores and

With respect to Alight, one of its significant responsibilities is to maintain the security and privacy of its employees’ and clients’ confidential and proprietary information and the confidential information about clients’ employees’ compensation, health and benefits information and other personally identifiable information. With respect to our Restaurant Group companies, they rely heavily on information technology systems across their operations and corporate functions, including for order and delivery from suppliers and distributors, point-of-sale processing in their restaurants, management of their supply chains, payment of obligations, collection of cash, bakery production, data warehousing toor support analytics, finance or accounting systems, labor optimization tools, gift cards, online business and various other processes and transactions, including the storage of employee and customer information. With respect to Paysafe, its operations rely on the secure processing, transmission and storage of confidential, proprietary, personal, financial and other information in its’ computer systems and networks. Paysafe’s information technology security systems, software and networks and those of the customers and third parties with whom Paysafe interacts may be vulnerable to unauthorized access (from within or by third parties), computer viruses or other malicious code, or other cybersecurity threats, which could result in the unauthorized access, loss, theft or disclosure of confidential, proprietary, or personal information relating to merchants, customers and employees.

The businesses we own and manage have experienced and we expect towill continue to experience numerous attempts to access their computer systems, software, networks, data and other technology assets on a daily basis. The security and protection of their data is a top priority for them. Such businesses devote significant resources to maintain and regularly upgrade the wide array of physical, technical and contractual safeguards that they employ to provide security around the collection, storage, use, access and delivery of information they possess. These businesses have implemented various measures to manage their risks related to system and network security and disruptions, but an actual or perceived security breach, a failure to make adequate disclosures to the public or law enforcement agencies following any such event or a significant and extended disruption in the functioning of its information technology systems could damage a portfoliosubsidiary company’s reputation and cause it to lose clients, adversely impact its operations, sales and operating results and require it to incur significant expense to address and remediate or otherwise resolve such issues.

Although our businesses have not incurred material losses or liabilities to date as a result of any breaches, unauthorized disclosure, loss or corruption of their data or inability of their clients to access their systems, such events could result in intellectual property or other confidential information being lost or stolen, including client, employee or business data, disrupt their operations, subject them to substantial regulatory and legal proceedings and potential liability and fines, result in a material loss of business and/or significantly harm their reputation. If they are unable to efficiently manage the vulnerability of their systems and effectively maintain and upgrade their system safeguards, they may incur unexpected costs and certain of their systems may become more vulnerable to unauthorized access.

Furthermore, if we are unable to similarly and effectively maintain and upgrade our corporate system safeguards, data and confidential information we may have access to from time to time about the businesses we own and manage may also become more vulnerable to unauthorized access. We utilize a third party to manage the Company's corporate IT network and related resources and we actively collaborate with the third party to monitor risks and recent threats to our IT environment, develop protocols for responding to cybersecurity incidents, and train employees on common techniques used in cyber attacks. Our failure to adequately monitor our key third-party IT service provider could result in the failure of all or a portion of our IT resources and impact the operations of our business. Furthermore, loss of our third-party IT service provider could result in increased cost associated with acquiring new internal IT resources and developing internal IT processes.

Due to concerns about data security and integrity, a growing number of legislative and regulatory bodies have adopted breach notification and other requirements in the event that information subject to such laws is accessed by unauthorized persons and additional regulations regarding the use, access, accuracy and security of such data are possible. For example, in the United States, D&B is subject to laws that provide for at least 50 disparate notification regimes. D&B is also subject to various laws in regulations in the other global markets it operates including Europe and Asia. Complying with such numerous and complex regulations in the event of unauthorized access would be expensive and difficult, and failure to comply with these regulations could subject D&B to regulatory scrutiny and additional liability. In many jurisdictions, including North America and the European Union, Alight is subject to laws and regulations relating to the collection, use, retention, security and transfer of this information including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended ("HIPAA") and the HIPAA regulations governing, among other things, the privacy, security and electronic transmission of individually identifiable protected health information, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act ("PIPEDA") and the European Union General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR"). California also enacted legislation, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 ("CCPA") and the related California Privacy Rights Act ("CPRA"), that afford California residents expanded privacy protections and a private right of action for security breaches affecting their personal information. Virginia and Colorado have similarly enacted comprehensive privacy laws, the Consumer Data Protection Act and Colorado Privacy Act, respectively, both laws of which emulate the CCPA and CPRA in many respects. The Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act took effect on January 1, 2023, and the Colorado Privacy Act took effect on July 1, 2023. We anticipate federal and state regulators to continue to consider and enact regulatory oversight initiatives and legislation related to privacy and cybersecurity. These and other similar laws and regulations are frequently changing and are becoming increasingly complex and sometimes conflict among the various jurisdictions and countries in which Alight provides services both in terms of substance and in terms of enforceability. This makes compliance challenging and expensive. Alight’s failure to adhere to or successfully implement processes in response to changing regulatory requirements in this area could result in legal liability or impairment to our reputation in the marketplace. Further, regulatory initiatives in the area of data protection are more frequently including provisions allowing authorities to impose substantial fines and penalties, and therefore, failure to comply could also have a significant financial impact.

If Cannae or its businesses are unable to protect their computer systems, software, networks, data and other technology assets it could have a material adverse effect on their business, financial condition and results of operations, and ultimately the value of our businesses. We record many ofbusinesses, and ultimately, our ownership interests using the equity method of accounting, through which we

Before making acquisitions, we conduct due diligence that we deem reasonable and appropriate based on the facts and circumstances applicable to each investment. When conducting due diligence, we may be required to evaluate important and complex business, financial, tax, accounting, environmental and legal issues. Outside consultants, legal advisers, accountants and investment banks may be involved in the due diligence process in varying degrees depending on the type of business and transaction. Nevertheless, when conducting due diligence and making an assessment regarding an acquisition, we rely on the resources available to us, including information provided by the target of the transaction and, in some circumstances, third-party investigations. The due diligence investigation that we carry out with respect to any opportunity may not reveal or highlight all relevant facts (including fraud) that may be necessary or helpful in evaluating such opportunity. Moreover, such an investigation will not necessarily result in the acquisition being successful. As a result, we may not realize the benefits from our acquisitions that we anticipated at the time of our diligence and initial consummation of transactions.

We may make acquisitions in lines of business that are not directly tied to or synergistic with our current portfoliosubsidiary companies. Accordingly, we may in the future acquire businesses in industries or geographic areas with which management is less familiar than we are with our current businesses.

The acquisition and integration of any business we may acquire involves a number of risks and may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures in assimilating or integrating the businesses, technologies, products, personnel or operations of the acquired business. Furthermore, acquisitions may: (1) involve our entry into geographic or business markets in which we have little or no prior experience; (2) involve difficulties in retaining the customers of the acquired business; (3) involve difficulties and expense associated with regulatory requirements, competition controls or investigations; (4) result in a delay or reduction of sales for both us and the business we acquire; and (5) disrupt our ongoing business, divert our resources and require significant management attention that would otherwise be available for ongoing development of our current business.

To complete future acquisitions, we may determine that it is necessary to use a substantial amount of our cash or engage in equity or debt financing. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing obtained by us in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital-raising activities and other financial and operational matters that make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital in the future and to pursue other business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. In addition, we may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all, which could limit our ability to engage in acquisitions. Moreover, we can make no assurances that the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, such as operating improvements or anticipated cost savings, would be realized or that we would not be exposed to unexpected liabilities in connection with any acquisition.

Further, an acquisition may negatively affect our operating results because it may require us to incur charges and substantial debt or other liabilities, may cause adverse tax consequences, substantial depreciation and amortization of deferred compensation charges, may require the amortization, write-down or impairment of amounts related to deferred compensation, goodwill and other intangible assets, may include substantial contingent consideration payments or other compensation that reducereduces our earnings during the quarter in which it is incurred, or may not generate sufficient financial return to offset acquisition costs.

As an element of our strategy, we may pursue unusually complex opportunities. This could often take the form of substantial business, regulatory or legal complexity. Our tolerance for complexity may present risks, and as such, transactions can be more difficult, expensive and time-consuming to finance and execute; it may be more difficult to manage or realize value from the assets acquired in such transactions; and such transactions may sometimes entail a higher level of regulatory scrutiny or a greater risk of contingent liabilities. Any of these risks could harm our performance.

We and the businesses we own and manage, from time to time in the ordinary course of business, are involved in pending and threatened litigation matters, some of which include claims for punitive or exemplary damages. We and such companies are also subject to compliance with extensive government laws and regulations related to employment practices and policies. We may not be able to successfully resolve these types of conflicts to their satisfaction, and these matters may involve claims for substantial amounts of money or for other relief that might necessitate changes to their business or operations. The defense of these actions may be both time consuming and expensive and their outcomes cannot be predicted with certainty. Determining reserves for pending litigation is a complex, fact-intensive process that requires significant legal judgment. It is possible that unfavorable outcomes in one or more such proceedings could result in substantial payments that could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows in a particular period or on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We invest, and will continue to invest, in companies whose securities are not publicly traded and whose securities will be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or will otherwise be less liquid than publicly traded securities. The illiquidity of ownership interests with these characteristics may make it difficult for us to sell these positions when desired. In addition, if we are required or otherwise choose to liquidate all or a portion of our assets quickly, we may realize significantly less than the value at which we had previously recorded these ownership interests. Our businesses are often subject to contractual or legal restrictions on resale or are otherwise illiquid because there is usually no established trading market for such ownership interests. Because certain of our businesses are illiquid, we may be unable to dispose of them timely or we may be unable to do so at a favorable price, and, as a result, we may suffer losses.

Provisions contained in our charter and bylaws and provisions of the Delaware General Corporate Law, ("DGCL"), could delay or prevent a third-partythird party from entering into a strategic transaction with us, as applicable, even if such a transaction would benefit our stockholders. For example, our charter and bylaws: (1) authorize the issuance of "blank check" preferred stock that could be issued by us upon approval of our board of directorsBoard to increase the number of outstanding shares of capital stock, making a takeover more difficult and expensive; (2) provide that directors may be removed from office only for cause and that any vacancy on our board of directorsBoard may only be filled by a majority of our directors then in office, which may make it difficult for other stockholders to reconstitute our board of directors;Board; (3) provide that special meetings of the stockholders may be called only upon the request of a majority of our board of directorsBoard or by our executive chairman, chief executive officer or president, as applicable; (4) require advance notice to be given by stockholders for any stockholder proposals or director nominees; (5) provide that directors are elected by a plurality of the votes cast by stockholders, which results in each director nominee elected by a plurality winning his or her seat upon receiving one "for" vote; and (6) provide that the board of directors is divided into three classes, as nearly equal in number as possible, with one class being elected at each annual meeting of stockholders, which could make it more difficult for a third-partythird party to acquire, or discourage a third-partythird party from seeking to acquire, control of Cannae.

These restrictions and provisions could keep us from pursuing relationships with strategic partners and from raising additional capital, which could impede our ability to expand our business and strengthen our competitive position. These restrictions could also limit stockholder value by impeding a sale of our company.

None.

The Company's common stock trades on The New York Stock Exchange under the "CNNE" trading symbol.

On January 31, 2022,2024, the last reported sale price of our common stock on The New York Stock Exchange was $24.44$20.25 per share. We had approximately 4,5394,438 shareholders of record.

Information concerning securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans will be included in Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report.

For a description of our business, including descriptions of segments and recent business trends, see the discussion under Business in Item 1 of Part I of this Annual Report, which is incorporated by reference into this Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report. The following discussion should also be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes thereto included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report.

On February 15, 2022, we received 21.8 million shares of D&B as partial consideration for the Optimal Blue Disposition. As part of our carried interest paid to our Manager related to the Optimal Blue Disposition, we transferred to our Manager 1.6 million of the D&B shares we received. See Note B for further discussion of our accounting for our increased ownership interest in D&B.

As of December 31, 2022,2023, we owned 79.0 million shares of D&B, which represented approximately 18.1%18.0% of its outstanding common stock.

During the year ended December 31, 2022.

As a result of the AmeriLife Sales, we no longer had anyour sales of Paysafe common stock, certain of our rights to designate any seats on thenominate members to Paysafe's board of managers of AmeriLife, and asdirectors pursuant to a result, we are no longer able to exert influence over the composition and quantity of AmeriLife's board. In combination with the reduction of ownership of AmeriLife to 4.6% asshareholders agreement were reduced. As a result of the salesour reduction in governance rights over Paysafe's board of our ownership interest in AmeriLife,directors, we no longer exercise significant influence over AmeriLife.Paysafe as of the fourth quarter of 2023. As of November 15, 2022,December 31, 2023 we account for our investment in AmeriLife as an equity security without a readily determinablePaysafe at fair value pursuant to the investment in equity security guidance of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 321. The change in accounting resulted in the revaluation of our investment in AmeriLifePaysafe to theits fair value implied by the AmeriLife Sales of $88.5$22.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and recording a gain on such revaluation of $67.2$4.4 million (net of $0.6 million of before-tax gains reclassified from other comprehensive earnings), which is included in Recognized (losses) gains and losses, net on the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The accounting policies and estimates described below are those we consider critical in preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements. Management is required to make estimates and assumptions that can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures with respect to contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual amounts could differ from those estimates.

In the ordinary course of our business, we make investments in companies that provide us with varying degrees of control and influence over the underlying investees through our level of ownership of the outstanding equity of the investee, participation in management of the investee, participation on the board of directors of investees,the investee, and/or legal agreements with other investors with control implications. As a result, our analysis of the appropriate accounting for our various ownership interests often requires judgment regarding the level of control, significant influence or lack thereof the Company has over each investee. If we are required to account at fair value for certain of our ownership interests in which we have concluded the Company has significant influence resulting in the application of the equity method of accounting, the impact of such change could significantly impact the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

For example, as of March 31, 2020, our voting agreement with Ceridian was terminated and, asAs a result we are no longer ableof our sales of Paysafe common stock, certain of our rights to exert influence over the composition and quantity of Ceridian'snominate members to Paysafe's board of directors. In combination with thedirectors pursuant to a shareholders agreement were reduced. As a result of our reduction in our ownershipgovernance rights over Paysafe's board of Ceridian resulting from the sale of shares in February 2020,directors, we no longer exercise significant influence over Ceridian.Paysafe as of the fourth quarter of 2023. As of MarchDecember 31, 2020,2023 we began accountingaccount for our investment in CeridianPaysafe at fair value pursuant to the investment in equity security guidance of ASC 321. The change resulted in the revaluation of our investment in CeridianPaysafe to its fair value of $993.4$22.4 million as of MarchDecember 31, 20202023 and recording a gain on such revaluation of $684.9$4.4 million (net of $47.1$0.6 million of before-tax lossesgains reclassified from other comprehensive earnings), which is included in Recognized (losses) gains,losses, net on the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020.

As of December 31, 2022,2023, we hold less than 20% of the outstanding common equity of Dun & Bradstreet but continue to account for our ownership interest under the equity method because (i) we continue to exert significant influence through, and in connection with, our 18.1%18.0% ownership becauseand (ii) certain of our senior management and directors serve on Dun & Bradstreet's board of directors, and because we are party to an agreement with other of its equity sponsors pursuant to which we have agreed to collectively vote together on all matters related to the election of directors to the Dun & Bradstreet board of directors for a period of three years.directors.

As of December 31, 2022,2023, the book value of our investment in D&B accounted for under the equity method of accounting is $857.1$827.7 million. Based on quoted market prices, the aggregate fair market value of our ownership of Dun & Bradstreet common stock was $969.1$924.9 million as of December 31, 2022.2023.

As of December 31, 2022,2023, we hold less than 20% of the outstanding common equity of Alight but we account for our ownership under the equity method because we exert significant influence: (a)(i) through, and in connection with, our 9.7% direct and indirect ownership, (b)(ii) because certain of our senior management and directors serve on Alight's board of directors, including the chairmanour Chief Executive Officer, Chief Investment Officer and Chairman of our Board, William P.Bill Foley, II, who is also the chairman of Alight's board of directors, and (c)(iii) because we are party to an agreement with other of its equity investorsAlight pursuant to which we have the ability to appoint or be consulted on the election of the majority of the total directors of Alight.

As of December 31, 2022,2023, the book value of our investment in Alight accounted for under the equity method of accounting is $532.2$507.2 million. Based on quoted market prices, the aggregate fair market value of our ownership of Alight common stock was approximately $438.7$447.6 million as of December 31, 2022.

As of December 31, 2022. Due to2023, the quantum of the

We have completed our evaluation of the recently issued accounting pronouncements and we did not identify any that are expected to, if currently adopted, have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Total revenue in 20222023 decreased $80.1$92.1 million compared to 2021,2022, primarily driven by a decrease in revenue in the Restaurant Group segment. Total revenue in 2021 increased $156.52022 decreased $80.1 million compared to 2020,2021, primarily driven by an increasea decrease in revenue in the Restaurant Group segment.

The change in revenues from our segments is discussed in further detail at the segment level below.

Our operating expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, cost of restaurant revenue, other operating expenses, and depreciation and amortization.

Cost of restaurant revenue includes cost of food and beverage, primarily the costs of beef, groceries, produce, seafood, poultry and alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, net of vendor discounts and rebates, payroll and related costs and expenses relating directly relating to restaurant level activities, and restaurant operating costs including occupancy and other operating expenses at the restaurant level.

Personnel costs include base salaries, commissions, benefits, stock-based compensation and bonuses paid to employees, and are one of our most significant operating expenses. Personnel costs that are directly attributable to the operations of the Restaurant Group are included in Cost of restaurant revenue.

Other operating expenses include management fees, carried interest fees, professional fees, advertising costs, travel expenses and impairments of operating assets.

Depreciation and amortization expense consists of our depreciation related to investments in property and equipment as well as amortization of intangible assets.

The change in expenses from our segments is discussed in further detail at the segment level below. 

Income tax (benefit) expensebenefit was $(89.9)$77.0 million, $(74.0)$89.9 million, and $481.2$74.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, 2021, and 2020,2021, respectively. The effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 and 2020 was 37.2%, 26.8%, 17.1%, and 22.1%17.1%, respectively. The change in the effective tax rate in all periods is primarily attributable to the varying impact of earnings or losses from unconsolidated affiliates on our consolidated pretax earnings or losses. The fluctuation in income tax benefit as a percentage of earningsloss before income taxes is attributable to our estimate of ultimate income tax liability or benefit and changes in the characteristics of net earnings or loss year to year, such as the weighting of operating income versus investment income.

Net earningsloss attributable to Cannae decreased $114.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 2022. Total net loss attributable to Cannae increased $141.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 2021. Total net earnings attributable to Cannae decreased $2,073.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 2020.

The change in net earningsloss is attributable to the factors discussed above and net earningsloss from the segments is discussed in further detail at the segment level below.

The following table presents the results from operations of our Restaurant Group segment:

Total revenues for the Restaurant Group segment decreased $74.1 million, or 10.5%, in the year ended December 31, 2022 from 2021. The decrease was primarily driven byattributable to decreased revenue related to our sale of the Village Inn, Baker's Square, and Legendary Baking concepts in 2021 and the closure and sales of underperforming O'Charley's locations. Total revenues for the Restaurant Group segment increased $145 million, or 25.9%, in the year ended December 31, 2021 from 2020. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in comparable store sales driven by the reduced impact of social restrictions imposed by state and local governments in connection with COVID-19 in 2021 compared to 2020.

Cost of restaurant revenue decreased $96.5 million, or 16.9%, in 2020 is primarily attributable to lower guest counts resultingthe year ended December 31, 2023 from COVID-19.

Personnel costs decreased by $10.3 million, or 29.9%, in the year ended December 31, 2022 from 2021. The decrease is primarily attributable to our sale of the Village Inn, Baker's Square, and Legendary Baking concepts in the prior year.

As of December 31, 2022,2023, we owned approximately 18.1%18.0% of the outstanding common stock of Dun & Bradstreet. We account for our ownership interest in D&B under the equity method of accounting; therefore, its results of operations do not consolidate into ours.

Summarized financial information for Dun & Bradstreet for the relevant dates and time periods included in Equity in (losses) earnings of unconsolidated affiliates in our Consolidated Statements of Operations is presented below.

Details relating to the results of operations of Dun & Bradstreet (NYSE: "DNB") can be found in its periodic reports filed with the SEC.

As of December 31, 2022,2023, we owned approximately 9.7% of the outstanding common stock of Alight. We account for our ownership of Alight under the equity method of accounting; therefore, its results of operations do not consolidate into ours.

Summarized financial information for Alight for the relevant dates and time periods included in Equity in (losses) earnings of unconsolidated affiliates in our Consolidated Statements of Operations is presented below.

Details relating to the results of operations of Alight (NYSE: "ALIT") can be found in its periodic reports filed with the SEC.

The Corporate and Other segment consists of our share in the operations of certain controlled businesses and other equity investments, activity of the corporate holding company and certain intercompany eliminations and taxes.

The following table presents the results from operations of our Corporate and Other segment:

Personnel costs decreased $6.4 million, or 18.1%, in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, and decreased $10.3 million, or 22.6%, in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 2021, and decreased $18.0 million, or 28.3%, in the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to 2020.2021. The change in both periods is primarily driven by a change in investment success bonuses paid related to our sales of shares of Ceridian.Dayforce, as the Company sold 2 million shares of Dayforce in 2023 compared to 4 million in each of 2022 and 2021.

Other operating expenses increased $5.3decreased $49.5 million, or 4.8%42.5%, in the year ended December 31, 20222023 compared to 2021 and increased $47.7 million, or 75.1%, in the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to 2020.2022. The increase in 2022 from 2021decrease is primarily attributable to $40.1 million of management fee expenses and $49.3 million of carried interest mainly on theexpense attributable to our sale of Optimal Blue Disposition,in 2022, of which $31.8 million was paid in D&B stock.

Interest, investment and other income increased $11.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022. The increase in 2021 from 2020 was primarily attributable to $33.6 million in management feesincreased interest income on our cash and $44.5 million of carriedshort term investments resulting from increased market interest incurred with our Manager.

Recognized (losses) gains,losses, net in our Corporate and Other segment consists of the following:

As of December 31, 2022,2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $247.7$106.2 million, of which $231.8$92.8 million was cash held by the corporate holding company, $15.6 million of short term investments, and $250.0$150.0 million of available borrowing capacity under our existing holding company credit facilities with the ability to add an additional $250.0$350.0 million of borrowing capacity by amending our 2020 Margin Facility. As of December 31, 2023, we were committed under letters of credit totaling $8.9 million issued primarily in connection with casualty insurance programs for our Restaurant Group employees.

We continually assess our capital allocation strategy, including decisions relating to reducing debt, repurchasing our stock, and/or conserving cash. We believe that all anticipated cash requirements for current operations will be met from internally generated funds, cash dividends from subsidiaries, cash generated by investment securities, potential sales of non-strategic assets, and borrowings on existing credit facilities. Our short-term and long-term liquidity requirements are monitored regularly to ensure that we can meet our cash requirements. We forecast the Company's liquidity needs and periodically review the short-term and long-term projected sources and uses of funds, as well as the asset, liability, investment and cash flow assumptions underlying such forecasts. As part of such forecasting, we actively manage the impact of rising interest rates on both our idle cash and our outstanding debt.

The Company believes the holding company's balances of cash, cash equivalents, and unrestrictedshort term investments, marketable equity securities, which totaled $266.7 million as of December 31, 2022 (excluding marketable securities we account for as unconsolidated affiliates and securities pledged under our 2020 Margin Facility), along with cash generated by ongoing operationsits investments and continued access to debt markets,capacity under its credit agreements, will be sufficient to satisfy its cash requirements over the next 12 months and beyond.

We are focused on evaluating our assets and investments as potential vehicles for creating liquidity. Our intent is to use that liquidity for general corporate purposes, including, funding future investments, other strategic initiatives and/or conserving cash.

Pursuant to the terms of the Management Services Agreement between Cannae LLC and our Manager, Cannae LLC isAmended MSA, we are obligated to pay our Manager a quarterly management fee equal to 0.375% (1.5% annualized) of the Company’s cost of invested capital (as defined in the Management Services Agreement) as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, payable in arrears in cash, as may be adjusted pursuant to the terms of the Management Services Agreement. Management fees payable to our Manager are included for the initial 5-year term of the Management Services Agreement that began in September 20192023 and are based on our cost of invested capital of $2,461.6$2,403.8 million as of December 31, 2022.2023.