UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K/A10-K

Amendment No. 1

[X] ANNUAL REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended October 31, 20182019

[  ] TRANSITION REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number: 001-38154

CODA OCTOPUS GROUP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

9100 Conroy Windermere Road,3300 S Hiawassee Rd, Suite 200, Windermere,104-105, Orlando, Florida, 3478632835

(Address, Including Zip Code of Principal Executive Offices)

(801) 456-8684801.973.9136

(Issuer’s telephone number)

Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

COMMON STOCK, $0.001 PAR VALUE PER SHARE

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act:

NONE

EXPLANATORY NOTETABLE OF CONTENTS

This Amendment No. 1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended October 31, 2018 (the “Form 10-K”), is filed for the sole purpose of correcting a number of typographical errors, as follows:

Except as specifically amended herewith, the Form 10-K remains unchanged.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, which we refer to in this annual report as the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which we refer to in this annual report as the Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements are not statements of historical fact but rather reflect our current expectations, estimates and predictions about future results and events. These statements may use words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “predict,” “project” and similar expressions as they relate to us or our management. When we make forward-looking statements, we are basing them on our management’s beliefs and assumptions, using information currently available to us. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including but not limited to, risks, uncertainties and assumptions discussed in this annual report. Factors that can cause or contribute to these differences include those described under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary materially from what we projected. Any forward-looking statement you read in this annual report reflects our current views with respect to future events and is subject to these and other risks, uncertainties and assumptions relating to our operations, results of operations, growth strategy and liquidity. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us, or individuals acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by this paragraph. You should specifically consider the factors identified in this annual report, which would cause actual results to differ before making an investment decision. We are under no duty to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this annual report or to conform these statements to actual results.

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

Coda Octopus Group, Inc. (“Coda” “the Company” or “we”), through its wholly owned subsidiaries, operates two distinct businesses:

Our Marine Technology Business is a technology solution provider to the subsea market that owns key proprietary technology for commercial and defense applications. It designs, develops, manufactures and sells solutions for the subsea market including our range of flagship volumetric real time sonar solutions. All of our products are designed, developed and manufactured within the Company. These solutions/products are used primarily in the underwater construction market, offshore wind energy industry (offshore renewables), and offshore oil and gas, complex dredging, port security, mining and marine sciences sectors. Our customers include service providers to major oil and gas (“O&G”) companies, renewable companies, underwater construction companies, law enforcement agencies, ports, mining companies, defense bodies, research institutes and universities.

Our Marine Engineering Business is a supplier of embedded solutions and sub-assemblies which are sold into mission critical integrated defense systems such as the Close-In-Weapons System (CIWS). The Services Segment established its business in 1977 and has been supporting a number of significant defense programs for over 30 years, including Raytheon’s CIWS and Northrop Grumman’s Mine Hunting Systems Program. The Services Segment’s business model entails designing small runs of prototypes for defense programs which typically lead to contracts for the manufacture, repair and upgrade of these parts. For the parts they supply into these programs they are sole source providers. This business model ensures recurring and long tail revenues since we continue to supply parts to these programs typically for the life of the program. Coda Octopus Colmek, Inc. qualifies as a small business and as such works on larger programs with the prime defense contractors.

A significant part of our revenues from the Marine Engineering Business is highly concentrated and emanates from a small number of prime defense contractors such as Raytheon or Northrop. In any one year, up to 20% of our revenues are derived from these customers either alone or collectively.

The Services Segment operates through our wholly owned subsidiaries, Coda Octopus Colmek, Inc. (“Colmek”) based in Salt Lake City, Utah, and Coda Octopus Martech Limited (“Martech”) based in the United Kingdom.

Our Products and Services Segments have established synergies in terms of customers and specialized engineering skills set for robust, rugged and repeated engineering solutions relating to data acquisition, data computation and display of the data. Increasingly drawing on each part of the business strengths, they work jointly on projects.

Our corporate structure is as follows:

Corporate History

The Company began as Coda Technologies Limited. This company now operates under the name Coda Octopus Products Limited, a United Kingdom corporation formed in 1994 as a start-up company with its origins as a research group at Herriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland. Initially, its operations consisted primarily of developing software for subsea mapping and visualization using sidescan sonar (a technology widely used in commercial offshore geophysical survey and naval mine-hunting to detect objects on, and textures of, the surface of the seabed).

In June 2002, we acquired Octopus Marine Systems Ltd, a UK corporation, and changed our name to Coda Octopus Limited. At the time of its acquisition, Octopus Marine Systems was producing geophysical products broadly similar to those of Coda, but targeted at the less sophisticated, easy-to-use, “work-horse” market. The Octopus Marine Systems acquisition led to the introduction of the Motion product (F180^® series) into the Products Segment.

In December 2002, Coda Octopus Ltd acquired OmniTech AS, a Norwegian company, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company and which subsequently changed its name to Coda Octopus R&D AS. OmniTech owned the patents to a “method for producing a 3-D Image” (which has now expired). At the time of acquisition, this company had been engaged for over ten years in developing a revolutionary imaging and visualization sonar technology capable of producing real time three-dimensional (“3D”) underwater images for use in subsea activities. Coda Octopus Products Limited (Edinburgh) then developed the visualization software to control and display the images from the real time 3D sonar. This patented technology is now marketed by us under the name “Echoscope^®”. We believe that this technology is superior to the other imaging sonars in the market as it generates real time 3D images of the underwater environment irrespective of low or zero visibility conditions and, unlike conventional sonars, can image a volume (as opposed to a slice of data) and subsea moving objects. There are a number of patents around this technology and as we continue to innovate around our 4^thand 5^th generation products, we continue to file significant patent applications. Currently, a substantial part of our R&D efforts is focused on further innovation and development of this technology. All of our research, development and manufacturing relating to our sonar products is conducted by our Edinburgh based subsidiary, Coda Octopus Products Limited.

Revenues from our Products Segment are now mainly generated from our real time 3D sonar products including hardware, software, accessories (such as integrated rotators to automatically move the sonars covering a wider viewing area) and associated services such as training, on-site support and ongoing technical support (via Annual Support Subscription or our Through Life Support Program). For breakdown of our revenues, please see Note 12 of our audited Consolidated Financial Statements for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2019 and 2018 (“Segment Analysis”).

On July 13, 2004, the Company effected a reverse merger pursuant to the terms of a share exchange agreement between The Panda Project, Inc. (“Panda”), a Florida corporation, and a now defunct entity affiliated with Coda Octopus Ltd. (“Coda Parent”). Panda acquired the shares of Coda Octopus Limited, a UK corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of Coda Parent, in consideration for the issuance of a total of 1,432,143 shares of common stock to Coda Parent and other shareholders of Coda Octopus Limited. The shares issued represented approximately 90.9% of the issued and outstanding shares of Panda. The share exchange was accounted for as a reverse acquisition of Panda by Coda. Subsequently, Panda was reincorporated in Delaware and changed its name to Coda Octopus Group, Inc.

In June 2006, we acquired the now Coda Octopus Martech Limited which is part of our Services Segment or Marine Engineering Business. This is an English corporation.

In April 2007, we acquired Colmek, the now Coda Octopus Colmek, Inc. which is part of our Services Segment or Marine Engineering Business. This is a Utah corporation.

Both Martech and Colmek largely have the same business model, provide similar engineering services and sell to a similar customer base (one is UK focused and the other is US focused).

Coda Octopus Group, Inc., is organized under the laws of the State of Delaware as a holding company that conducts its business through subsidiaries, several of which are organized under the laws of foreign jurisdictions, including England, Scotland, Denmark and Australia. This may have an adverse impact on the ability of U.S. investors to enforce a judgment obtained in U.S. courts against these entities, or to effect service of process on the officers and directors managing the foreign subsidiaries. These companies’ operations must comply with the laws of the countries under which they are incorporated and are likely to be different from the equivalent laws of the United States.

Marine Technology Business (“Products Segment”)

Our Marine Technology Business develops proprietary solutions for both the commercial and defense subsea market. The range of our solutions are complementary and include:

These products are sold, leased or rented into various marine sectors and include:

1.Geophysical Range of Products

Our geophysical systems (“GEO”) range of products include geophysical data acquisition systems, processing and analysis software that are used primarily by survey companies, research institutions, salvage companies and, more recently, offshore energy and renewables operators. These systems are used to survey large areas and create images of the seabed, identify seabed boulders and objects, mark seabed type boundaries and identify existing subsurface structural features, geological layers, and/or buried debris.

2.GPS aided Inertial Positioning Systems

These are referred to as our MOTION range of products and offer high accuracy GPS aided inertial positioning and attitude data, essential for all marine survey applications. The products are commonly bundled with our GEO and real time sonar solutions offering our customers a seamless integration and support experience.

3.Real Time Volumetric Sonars (ranging from 3D/4D – 5D and 6D)

We design, develop and supply what we believe is the world’s most advanced Real-Time Volumetric Imaging Sonar. This is the culmination of over 25 years of research and development. This technology is protected by multiple patents. Furthermore, during 2018 and 2019, we filed numerous patents relating to the first 5D and 6D Real Time Volumetric Sonars which we expect to launch in the second quarter of 2020. Our sonar innovations are multi-tiered and extend to hardware, firmware and software, all of which co-exist and are co-dependent on each other. In other words, hardware, firmware and software operate as sub-systems to each other. We believe that the highly complex nature of this new technology will make it almost impossible to reverse engineer our products. Pioneering this unique technology gives us a significant advantage over our competitors in the subsea imaging sonar market sectors. We also believe that our three-tier product development capability of hardware, software and solution delivery adds to our competitive lead.

Sonar Hardware

During fiscal 2019, we completed critical innovation and advancement milestones around our core technology. With a ground up development and reinvented processing architecture, we have created the world’s first 5D and 6D Volumetric Imaging Sonar technology (discussed below). Heralding another significant leap forward in subsea imaging, we have filed in excess of 10 new patents around the new technological breakthrough PIPE (Parallel Intelligent Processing Engine).

We believe that our Real-time Volumetric Sonar Imaging products are revolutionizing the sonar market due to the following unique capabilities:

In January 2018 we launched the first product within our 4^th Gen sonar series (Echoscope® Surface) and completed these in 2019. The 4^th Gen series is an important development milestone in that it satisfies customer demand for a broader range of sonar options given the application and platform used. It also offers key performance improvements. This represents the first major hardware revision over the previous 3^rd Gen products in 6 years.

The key deliverables by the 4^th Gen product family are:

During 2020, we intend to launch a range of 5D capable real-time volumetric imaging sonars leveraging the technology backbone of the 4^th Gen hardware series. We consider this to be a significant catalyst for our technology and now advances the Company’s technology from Real-Time 3D (4D) to a 5D imaging capability. This will be the first underwater sonar technology capable of 5D underwater imaging. The PIPE processing engine will also be capable of 6D imaging under a continual upgrade program with expected launch of the additional 6D capability late in 2020.

The following diagram outlines the capability summary progression as we transition from our current Real-Time 3D (4D) volumetric imaging sonar system to 5D and then 6D. Considered introduction and implementation of the new 5D and 6D capability will be managed through backwards compatibility operations, allowing continuation of real-time 3D imaging and users to migrate in a controlled way to the new more powerful platform and to leverage the additional processing, accuracy and multi-tasking capability.

Sonar Software

Our software development capability is an important part of our strategy to maintain our lead in designing, manufacturing and selling state-of-the-art real time 3D solutions.

Our existing 3^rd Gen Underwater Survey Explorer is a product which we have been developing for over 15 years. Because of technological advancements, including access to off the shelf components for more advanced processing of data (speed and size being factors), in 2016, the Company started the process of re-conceiving and developing its top-end software for our now much more advanced sonars. In this connection, in 2019 we launched for customer evaluation our 4^th Gen of top-end software for our sonars – 4G Underwater Survey Explorer (“4G USE”). We have also filed a number of provisional patents around our 4G USE.

Our 3^rd Gen Underwater Survey Explorer software is feature rich and offers advanced processing and application focused capabilities for various markets. 3G USE has been in the market for over 15 years. While 3G USE is a mature and feature rich product, communication and graphics processing technologies have advanced considerably over recent years, allowing (for example) improved methods for processing larger volumes of data and leveraging new capabilities in recent PC hardware and the GPU.

The new 4G USE software is a ground-up development based on the latest processor capabilities and software architecture. 4G USE will offer a completely new level of real-time visualization and automation processing to complement the new upcoming sonar launches. The initial release of 4G USE allows multiple devices being utilized simultaneously (example multiple sonars and rotators) and viewing the real-time data result in a consolidated image. 4G USE which is also subject to a number of patent applications, is designed as an enterprise class platform, allowing many users access and control of data of the data in real-time for better collaboration, tighter quality control, remote surveying and faster processing.

Our software packages are feature rich and include techniques which are the subject of patents in a number of our modules. In general, our software package contains significant capabilities that are designed to enable surveying a dynamic subsea setting (as opposed to a static mapping of the seabed as is typical for conventional sonar technology). Some of our unique features include:

Our Echoscope® PIPE (the first 6-Dimensional Sonar) will also bring significant capabilities to include multiple parallel processing (enabling different parameters to be set and utilized) in real time mode. We are not aware of any sonars that can offer this capability. This will allow multiple tasks and users of the real time data simultaneously, thus increasing efficiency even more and enabling tasks which were previously impossible.

Our Solutions

In 2019 we also launched for trialing our 3D MATT (Multiple Automatic Target Tracking) solution. This is a key product for our sonar as it is our first step in automating a number of Echoscope^® applications such as cable laying for offshore renewable products where the Echoscope^®operator no longer needs to manually click on the seabed touch down points for the seabed. 3D MATT is also used for diver tracking (and forms part of the package for the Navy DAVDS Head up Display. 3D MATT is the subject of a number of patent applications.

Additionally, our Echoscope^® and Construction Monitoring Software (CMS) have important applications for breakwater construction. Our CMS package includes patented algorithms for tracking and placement of single layer armor blocks used in breakwater construction. It embeds the complete workflow process for placement of breakwater construction from the pre-survey, placement to post-lay survey and quality control documentation.

We believe that our technology is becoming the preferred solution for subsea block placements in breakwater solutions because it allows crane operators to visualize in real time the moving blocks and tracking these into their placement position accurately. We believe that our solution has significantly simplified and made safer this area of the workflow process in breakwater construction. It has also increased significantly the lay-rate for blocks being placed with customers reporting up to a 5000% increase in productivity.

Sonar Summary

The developments and critical milestones outlined above are all significant investments that the Company is making in ensuring that the technology retains its competitive leads. We believe that they constitute foundational pillars in our strategy to increase market share in both the commercial and defense sectors as they pertain to subsea imaging. All developments have been funded from the Company’s cashflow.

We believe that the development strategy and investments we are making in advancing our technology is necessary for the standardization of real time volumetric sonars in the subsea market and grow the number of applications for this technology, particularly for defense applications. The move from 3^rd Gen to 4^th Gen hardware opens the market for increased adoption as the platforms on which our sensors are being deployed are becoming increasingly smaller due to drone technology. Some of these platforms are autonomous surface vehicles or unmanned underwater vehicles (“drone-like”). Our 4^th Gen is smaller, lighter and consumes less power. Our 3^rd Gen sonars are not suitable for these smaller deployment platforms. Our 4^th Gen roll out focused on the physical redesign of our hardware. The 5^th Gen roll out is focused on capability and performance. This will include the launch of our 5 Dimensional and 6 Dimensional sonars, both of which will result in major improvements in real time processing and rendering of data.

These are complex products and we can give no assurance that we will be successful in realizing commercially viable products or that we will not encounter technical glitches which may involve significant costs or other consequences or that our goals of increasing our market share will be realized.

Geophysical Products and Solutions

We started our business in 1994 designing and developing the CodaOctopus^® GeoSurvey software and hardware package for acquisition and processing of sidescan sonar and sub-bottom profiler data. For over two decades, our GeoSurvey has been an industry leading software package on the market for data acquisition and interpretation and provides feature rich solutions and productivity enhancing tools for the most exacting survey requirements. Designed specifically for sidescan and sub-bottom data acquisition, CodaOctopus^® GeoSurvey has been purchased by numerous leading survey companies throughout the world.

We generate around 5% of our revenues from the Products Segments from this range of products. With the launch of the new products we would anticipate our revenues from this line to increase over time.

Geophysical Hardware

These consist of a range of hardware solutions for field acquisition of sidescan sonar and sub-bottom profiler, which includes analogue and digital interfaces compatible with all geophysical survey systems.

In 2018, we introduced our DA4G-USB product. This allows customers to integrate the DA4G hardware into their own PC configuration. Based on the CodaOctopus® DA4G system, it offers the same functionality, robustness and ease of use. CodaOctopus^®DA4G is the 4th generation of our successful DA series and is built on twenty years of knowledge, experience and innovation in supplying unparalleled products and service to the worldwide geophysical survey sector. These purpose-built, turn-key, systems incorporate the very latest hardware specifications and are designed and delivered to meet the demanding nature of offshore survey work.

The CodaOctopus^®DA4G range consists of a number of options and is backed (like all our products) with global service and support.

This consists of an integrated suite of software that automates the tasks of analyzing, annotating and mosaicing complex data sets, thus ensuring faster and more precise results.

Geophysical Software

Our CodaOctopus^® GeoSurvey software is supplied to complement our DA4G hardware, offering field acquisition of sidescan sonar and sub-bottom profiler data.

Our Survey Engine software product offers a more advanced post-processing solution for sidescan sonar and sub-bottom profiler data. Designed to streamline processing of very large data sets – many 100GBs – it offers comprehensive processing, interpretation, visualization, reporting and exporting functionality.

We continue to advance this range of products and in 2018 we launched our first product based on Artificial Intelligence techniques which allows us to automatically identify boulders on the seabed (“Survey Engine Automatic Object Detection”). This new product presents a real opportunity to radically change workflow process for post-processing and analyzing side scan sonar data to assess, among other things, the suitability of an area for exploration and construction activities (O&G installations, pipeline and cable laying activities). This is in its early stage of roll out and has sparked significant interest. This is an area where we are investing our research and development efforts.

Additionally, in 2019 we introduced our Seabed Classification module (again based on Artificial Intelligence techniques). This automatically classifies sidescan sonar imagery into different seabed types, computes and exports polygonal boundaries for these areas, and thereby simplifies sidescan processing.

Motion Sensing Products

Our F180^® (and the more recently introduced CodaOctopus^® F170 families) has been developed for the marine environment and is based on technology originally developed for the extreme world of motor racing. Modifications and enhancements have resulted in a simple-to-use, off-the-shelf product that brings accurate positioning and motion data into extreme offshore conditions for precision marine survey applications worldwide. Variants within the F180^® series include the F190, exclusively configured for use ‘inland’, e.g. within ports and harbors, and the F185, with enhanced precision positioning to 2 cm accuracy (<1”). Octopus iHeave, an intelligent software product for dealing with long period ocean swell compensation, is fully integrated within the F180^® series.

Our Motion Sensing Products are sold alone or in conjunction with our real time 3D sonars. We are currently expending a significant amount of our resources in developing the next generation of our motion sensors.

We are aiming to launch our 4^th GEN of Motion Sensing Products (F280^®) in 2020. The new hardware motion sensing products will be based on more advanced technology and new software. It is also highly complementary to our real time 3D sonar series and they are packaged together to provide a more comprehensive solution to our customers.

We generate around 8% of our revenues from the Products Segments from our Motion Sensing Products. With the launch of the new products we anticipate our revenues from this line to increase over time and give us much more flexibility in how we package this product with our volumetric sonars.

Sales and Marketing

We market our volumetric sonars both as a stand-alone sonar device and as a fully integrated system. The fully integrated system is marketed under the name “CodaOctopus^®UIS (Underwater Inspection System)”. This system is specifically aimed at the port security market and has been adopted by a significant number of ports in the United States. Since 2015 we have built upon our success in selling in excess of 30 Underwater Inspection Systems to ports in the USA by selling a number of systems to an East Asian government agency for use in salvage operations and port and harbor inspection. Our 4^th Gen sonar products are smaller, lighter, with less power requirements present an opportunity to introduce a new UIS with a lower price point, thus presenting the opportunity to increase the number of ports investing in this equipment.

We have an internal sales and marketing team which is engaged in marketing and selling our products. We also have a network of non-exclusive independent global sales agents.

Coda Octopus Products Limited has the requisite accreditations for its business including being Lloyds Register accredited to ISO 9001:2015.

Marine Engineering Businesses (“Service Segment”)

Our Marine Engineering Businesses comprise Colmek based in Salt Lake City and Martech based in the United Kingdom.

These two operating entities supply engineered sub-assembly solutions which form part of mission critical integrated defense systems, test equipment, instrumentation and the like. They operate as sub-contractors to defense primes and their engineering solutions are typically within broader defense programs where high levels of reliability and quality are essential pre-requisites for securing and maintaining these agreements with their customers. Typically, we prototype products for these customers and after going through various acceptance tests, including first article inspection approvals, we are given the production contracts. Many of these production contracts have a repeat orders profile which typically follows the life cycle of the defense program that is using the production part.

These arrangements often give us long term preferred/sole supplier status, technology refresh and obsolescence management for such customers and we generally use these long-standing relationships to win more contracts with these customers.

In addition, we are increasingly combining our engineering capabilities with our product offerings. This enables us to offer systems which are complete with installation and support to maximize the utilization of our collective expertise to advance our real time 3D technology.

Coda Octopus Martech Limited (“Martech”)

Martech operates in the specialized niche of bespoke design and manufacturing services mainly to the United Kingdom defense and subsea industries. Its services are provided on a custom sub-contract basis where high quality and high integrity devices are required in small quantities.

The Company enjoys pre-approvals to allow it to be short-listed for certain types of government contracts. Much of the more significant business secured by Martech is through the formal government or government contractor tendering process. Government contracts may be terminated at any time at the discretion of the government. If the government does terminate a contract, the Company is allowed to recover the costs incurred up to the date of termination. During the last few years, only one non-material government contract was terminated for convenience.

Martech is a key supplier of various parts to our Marine Technology Business and has been assisting in the further development of a number of those products.

Coda Octopus Colmek, Inc. (“Colmek”)

Colmek is a service provider of defense engineering solutions, particularly in the fields of data acquisition, storage, transmission and display. It has grown and diversified since beginning its operations in 1977 and now provides services and products to a wide range of defense, research and exploration organizations in the United States.

Itdesigns, manufactures and supports systems that are reliable and effective in multiple military and commercial applications where ruggedness and reliability under extreme operational conditions are paramount and where lives depend on accurate and precise information.

Colmek has long standing relationships with a number of prime defense contractors and has been supporting a number of defense programs for over 30 years including the Close in Weapons Support Program (CIWS) for which it supplies proprietary parts and services and technical refresh programs. As a result, Colmek has recurring revenues from these long-standing programs. Colmek continues to expand the number of established programs into which it supplies proprietary parts.

In June 2014 Colmek completed the acquisition of the Thermite^® which is a rugged visual mission computer line and the Sentiris^® AV1 XMC video card for $1,100,000 in cash. Colmek also acquired hardware, Thermite stock, and other intellectual property rights (such as software code and trademarks pertaining to these products).

The Thermite^® Product fits within established programs with Department of Defense (“DoD”) prime contractors and benefits from being a single source product under this program. Customers for this item include the US Army, Benchmark, and Endeavor Robotics Defense and Security Division.

Thermite^® Rugged Visual Computers

We have now designed and developed our next generation of the Thermite^® “Octal”. The new Octal is in trials with a number of new customers who fit the profile of large quantity purchasers with repeat and long-term requirements for this product.

The Thermite is one of our key growth catalysts and we are now incubating an embedded solutions division around Thermite® research and development work, where we aim to leverage the Thermite® solution cross-group.

Sentiris^®AV1 XMC

Since acquiring the Sentiris^® (as part of the Thermite acquisition), we have successfully completed the first article inspection (“FAI”) approval phase and are now in the production phase. We have received orders for approximately $1,200,000 since completion of the FAI process.

This is expected to be a significant new product as this program is funded and there will be ongoing demand for this product over the life of the program.

Other products offered by Colmek include subsea telemetry and data acquisition systems, rugged workstations, analog-to-digital converters and rugged LCD displays.

Competition

In our Products Segment, we are exposed to the following competitive challenges:

Data Acquisition Products (GEO Products)

The sonar equipment industry is fragmented with several companies occupying niche areas, and we face competition from different companies with respect to our different products. In the field of geophysical products, Triton Imaging Inc., a US-based company, now part of the ECA Group (Toulon, France), Chesapeake, a US-based company, and Oceanic Imaging Consultants, Hawaii, USA, dominate the market with an estimated 25% each of world sales, while we believe that we control approximately 5% of world-wide sales.

Motion Sensing Products

In the field of motion sensing equipment, where our product addresses a small part of the overall market, we believe that we have four principal competitors: TSS (International) Ltd in Watford, England which is focused on the mid-performance segments with about 25% of the world market; Ixsea, a French company which covers all segments, with about 20% of the market; Kongsberg Seatex, a Norwegian company (part of Kongsberg Gruppen) which has products across all segments, with about 15% of the market; and Applanix, a Canadian company, now part of Trimble which has one major product focused on the high end of the market, with about 20% of the market. We believe that our market share in the field of motion sensing equipment is only about 5%. This market is fiercely competitive and with the advancement of technology, there are new entrants to the market such as SBG Systems (a French based manufacturer of motion sensors). Due to the price pressure in this market, we are selling our products more in conjunction with our real time 3D sonars than on a standalone basis.

Real Time Volumetric Sonar

In the field of Real Time 3D imaging, we are unaware of other companies offering a similar product. The entry into this market is dependent upon specialized marine electronics, acoustic and software development skills. The learning curve, which has resulted in the advancement of our real time 3D sonar device, is the culmination of two decades of research and development into this field. We are aware of a number of high profile and substantial competitors’ real time 3D projects that have failed. Over the last several years there have been lower grade sonars entering the market for 3D imaging. Companies such as Tritech International Ltd., United Kingdom, BlueView Technologies Inc., USA (now a part of Teledyne Technologies Incorporated), and Norbit Group AS Norway are examples, but none of these sonar offerings are directly comparable or competitors to our real time volumetric sonar solutions. Specifically, we believe that they do not have the same capabilities as our Echoscope^® technology in terms of generating real time 3D images of submerged objects and environments in low or zero visibility conditions. However, Teledyne has in the last four years acquired a significant number of subsea companies (examples are Reson and BlueView). Teledyne has much greater resources and liquidity than the Company. We therefore can give no assurance that companies such as these will not enter this market. Notwithstanding, we have now advanced our technology to the level where it is now a 5D/6D Volumetric Sonar (Echoscope® PIPE) that is the subject of numerous patent applications.

We seek to compete on the basis of producing high quality products employing cutting edge technology that is easy to use by operators without specialized skills in sonar technology. We intend to continue our research and development activities to continually improve our products, seek new applications for our existing products, to develop new innovative products and grow the market for our products and expertise.

In our Services Segment, we are exposed to the following competitive challenges:

Marine Engineering Businesses

Through our marine engineering operations, Coda Octopus Colmek, Inc. and Coda Octopus Martech Limited, we are involved in custom engineering for the defense industry in the United States and in the United Kingdom. Martech competes with larger contractors in the defense industry. Typical among these are Ultra Electronics, BAE Systems, and Thales, all of whom are also partners on various projects. In addition, the strongest competitors are often the clients themselves. Because of their size, they often have the option to proceed with a project in-house instead of outsourcing to a sub-contractor like Martech or Colmek.

Intellectual Property

Our product portfolio and technologies are protected by intellectual property rights including trademarks, copyrights and patents. We have a number of fundamental patents around our sonar products including a patent covering combining two or more acoustic images to produce a composite image. This covers the real time acoustic image generation element of what we do, and we believe it provides us with a competitive advantage. In the last 2 years we have advanced our existing sonar technology and have invented a number of significant innovations around our new technology portfolio. In this connection we have filed a number of patents. During fiscal year 2020, we expect to spend approximately $700,000 in implementing our Patent Strategy.

Patents

Our patented inventions along with our strategy to enhance these inventions are at the heart of the Company’s strategy for growth and development.

Our patent portfolio consists of the following:

Trademarks

We own the registered trademarks listed below and they are used in conjunction with the products that we market and sell:

Coda^®, Octopus^®, CodaOctopus^®, CodaOctopus & Design®, Octopus & Design^®, F180^®, F280^®, F280 Series®, Echoscope®, Echoscope 4G^®, Echoscope 5D^®, 5D Echoscope^®, Echoscope 6D^®, 6D Echoscope^®, Ping-Pong Echoscope Sonar®, Ping-Pong Echoscope®, Ping-Pong Sonar®, 4G Underwater Survey Explorer®, 4G USE®, Survey Engine^®, Dimension^®, DAseries^®, CodaOctopus^®Vantage; CodaOctopus^® UIS; CodaOctopus^® USE, Sentiris^® and Thermite^®.

We also use the following trademarks: CodaOctopus^®F170, CodaOctopus^®F175, CodaOctopus^®F190, CodaOctopus^®UIS, CodaOctopus^® TEAM and CodaOctopus^® TLS.

In addition, we have registered a number of internet domain names including www.codaoctopus.com; www.codaoctopusgroup.com; www.colmek.com and www.martechsystems.co.uk.

Research and Development

During the fiscal years ended 2019 and 2018, we spent approximately $2,801,331 million and $2,571,714 million, respectively, on Research and Development. These expenditures were on the development of our real time Volumetric sonar technology (which we have now advanced to a 5 Dimensional and 6 Dimensional (5D and 6D) sonar capability, our new Motion Sensor F280^®, our Artificial Intelligence Algorithm (Automatic Boulder Detection and now Seabed Classification Algorithms), Thermite^® Octal development and developing GEN 1 prototype Head Up Display (DAVS) system pursuant to the Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with NSWC Panama Division for use by NAVSEA.

Research and Development is foundational to our business strategy to maintain our lead in the Real Time Underwater Imaging and in general to grow our business.

We believe we have reached the apotheosis of our investments in R&D in our 4^th and 5^th generations of our products and as such in 2020, we would expect to maintain R&D at the 2019 level.

The only exceptional expenses we anticipate in the 2020 fiscal year will be in the investments we need to make to transition the production of the Navy Head Up Display (HUD) product production to the Orlando Office. Under the terms of the exclusive license which was granted to us by Naval Surface Warfare Center Panama Division to commercially exploit the invention pertaining to the faceplate of the HUD, the Company must transfer such manufacturing to the USA within 12 months of grant of the exclusive license. Currently, prototyping is done across four sites: two in the UK and two in the USA. We anticipate an investment of around $500,000 in the 2020 period to achieve the transfer. This investment will encompass (i) implementing the required IT and other security measures for our Orlando Facilities; (ii) recruiting and training personnel; and (iii) making our Orlando facilities manufacturing ready.

Our products are complex and therefore we can give no assurance that we will be successful in the above-stated goals. Furthermore, even following launch of any product we may not succeed. Moreover, we may incur significant research and development expenditures without realizing viable products.

Government Regulation

Because of the nature of some of our products, they may be subject to United States and other jurisdictions’ export control regimes and may be exported outside these jurisdictions only with the required level of export license or through an export license exception or general export authorization/license.

We are also required to maintain certain accreditations such as ISO accreditation, approvals to hold government items or materials and/or certain personnel or facility clearances.

In addition, as a provider for the US Government, we may be subject to numerous laws and regulations relating to the award, administration and performance of US Government contracts, including the False Claims Act. Non-compliance found by any one agency could result in fines, penalties, debarment, or suspension from receiving additional contracts with all US Government agencies. Given our dependence on US Government business, suspension or debarment could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Employees

As of the date hereof, we employ approximately 120 employees worldwide, of which 12 hold management positions. A large majority of our employees have a background in science, technology and engineering, with a substantial part being educated to degree and PhD level. None of our employees are employed under a collective agreement and we have not experienced any organized labor difficulties in the past.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Not required for smaller reporting companies.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Orlando, Florida

Our corporate offices are co-located with our subsidiary Coda Octopus Products, Inc. in Orlando. We own these business premises comprising 3,000 square feet that includes office space and R&D facilities.

Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

Coda Octopus Colmek operates from its premises which comprises 16,000 square feet and includes production, R&D Facilities and office space. These premises are owned by Coda Octopus Colmek.

Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

Current Premises

Coda Octopus Products Limited (Edinburgh based) operates from its premises comprising 12,070 square feet of internal space and includes production, R&D Facilities and office space. These premises are owned by Coda Octopus Products Limited.

Copenhagen, Denmark

As a mitigation strategy in relation to the UK relationship with the European Union (“Brexit”) we have leased business premises in Copenhagen, Denmark. The lease runs from September 1, 2019 to September 1, 2023 with a clause allowing us to break the lease with effect from September 1, 2019 upon 6 months’ notice.

Annual rent is DKK 131,625 plus Value Added Tax (being an equivalent of $19,660 per annum) with an annual increase of 3%.

Portland, Dorset, UK

Martech uses premises owned by Coda Octopus Products Limited. These premises are located in the Marine Center in Portland, Dorset, United Kingdom, and are owned by Coda Octopus Products Ltd and comprise 9,890 square feet. The building comprises both office space and manufacturing and testing facilities. The lease is on a rent-free basis for a period of 2 years expiring late 2020.

All non-US Dollar denominated rents are stated according to prevailing exchange rates as of the date of each respective lease agreement.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

From time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings which arise in the ordinary course of business. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and an adverse result in these or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business. We are currently not aware of any such legal proceedings that we believe will have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not Applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock has been traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “CODA” since July 19, 2017. Prior thereto, it had been quoted on the OTCQX since February 8, 2017 under the symbol COGI, and prior thereto, on the OTC Pink under the symbol CDOC. The following table sets forth the range of high and low bid prices of our common stock as reported and summarized on the Nasdaq, OTCQX or OTC Pink, as applicable, for the periods indicated. These prices are based on inter-dealer bid and asked prices, without markup, markdown, commissions, or adjustments and may not represent actual transactions.

We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock, and we currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the expansion of our business, and we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The decision whether to pay cash dividends on our common stock will be made by our board of directors, in their discretion, and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements and other factors that the board of directors considers significant.

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

Not applicable.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OPERATIONS

Forward-Looking Statements

The information herein contains forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact made herein are forward looking. In particular, the statements herein regarding industry prospects and future results of operations or financial position are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “believes,” “estimates,” “could,” “possibly,” “probably,” anticipates,” “projects,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” or “should” or other variations or similar words. No assurances can be given that the future results anticipated by the forward-looking statements will be achieved. Forward-looking statements reflect management’s current expectations and are inherently uncertain. Our actual results may differ significantly from management’s expectations.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our financial statements, included herewith. This discussion should not be construed to imply that the results discussed herein will necessarily continue into the future, or that any conclusion reached herein will necessarily be indicative of actual operating results in the future. Such discussion represents only the best present assessment of our management.

General Overview

We operate two distinct business segments: Products Segment and Services Segmentoperations. These are:

Our Products SegmentMarine Technology Business is a technology solution provider to the subsea market. It has a long-established pedigree in this market, and it designs, develops and manufactures productsproprietary solutions for the subseathis market (both for commercial and defense applications) including our range of flagship patentedvolumetric real time 3D sonar solutions (“Products Segment”). solutions.

These solutions/products are used primarily in the underwater construction market, offshore oil and gas, offshore wind energy industry, and in the complex dredging, port security, mining and marine sciences sectors. Our customers include service providers to major Oiloil and Gasgas (“O&G”) companies, law enforcement agencies, ports, mining companies, defense bodies, research institutes and universities.

Our Services Segment suppliesMarine Engineering Business is a supplier of engineering services and embedded solutions (such as mission computers) to prime defense contractors (“Services Segment”) such as Raytheon and Northrop Grumman. Generally, the items supplied into the defense market are sub-systems in broader mission critical integrated systems and thus requires a high level of reliability, consistency in standards and robustness.

We have long-standing relationships with prime defense contractors, and we use these credentials to secure more business. We support some significant defense programs by supplying and maintaining proprietary parts (or parts for which we are preferred suppliers of)suppliers) through obsolescence management programs. These services provide recurring stream of revenues for our Services segment.

In recent years, the ProductsBoth Business Operations have established synergies in terms of customers and Services Segment have each generated 50% of our revenues. As a general rule, however, the Product Segment yields a higher Gross Profit Margin than the Services Segment. In both 2017specialized engineering skill sets encompassing capturing, computing and 2018 fiscal years the Services Segment revenues and Net Income were substantially down and off plan due to the failure of new US Administration to pass a defense budget. This impact continueddisplaying data in 2018 on the Services Segment. In 2018 fiscal year therefore, Products Segment generated 64% of the Company’s consolidated revenues and the Services Segment generated 36%. We consider this to be atypical and would anticipate in 2019 fiscal year Services Segment revenues will be more in line with 50% of our overall revenues.

The Services Segment has now started to receive the backlog orders that were due in both fiscal years 2017 and 2018 and have now contracted a backlog of $2,504,380 (for the 2017/2018 orders) and we expect the further outstanding backlog to be contracted in the first half of 2019. Our biggest risks for the 2019 fiscal year for this Segment is that of timely execution of its mounting backlog of orders. The current level of this Segment’s order book is approximately $7.2m.

Although our Products Segment continues to be affected by the contraction in expenditures in Offshore O&G activities, we have continued to find new markets for our subsea products, mainly our real time 3D sonar series and the launch of our Echoscope^4G®Surface saw an increase in the number of units sold. We also continue to become a key sensor in Offshore Wind Energy where our technology is used for real time 3D visualization of the cable pull in points and cable touch down point. Our increased efforts including expenditures in research and development is designed to capture new markets in the subsea defense space where new technologies such as underwater drones present new challenges for governments. We continue to believe that our real time 3D sonar technology is significant for the subsea defense market which is worth billions annually. Our unique and patented real time 3D solutions are a significant advancement on the current technology available in the subsea sonar imaging market due to its real time capability providing real time volumetric data of underwater targets – both static and moving - in low or zero visibility conditions.

Since introducing this product, we have made progress in getting our core real time 3D technology, the Echoscope^®, adopted by a significant number of ports in the USA (the CodaOctopus^® Underwater Inspection System where it is used for port and harbor security. In 2015 we secured the first sale of our Underwater Inspection System to a foreign government body in East Asia and in 2016 we sold two additional full system to this body.

We have also made progress in expanding the markets (and applications) for our real time 3D sonars. Recently, we have sold a number of systems to mining companies. Increasingly, our customers involved in offshore wind energy and renewables are adopting the technology as the primary tool for scour management, subsea cable installation and associated cable protection tasks.

In addition, in recent years we have started to rent our real time 3D solutions with engineering services. Given the contraction in capital expenditures budget in the O&G market, rentals are increasingly becoming an important part of the composition of the Company’s revenues and these O&G operators are more prepared to utilize operational budgets. Furthermore, our rental offering generally yields a higher gross margin for the Company.harsh environments.

Our business is affected by a number of factors including those set out below:

Following a national referendum and the recent elections in the United Kingdom which saw a majority Government, a bill has now been passed for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union on January 31, 2020. A transitional period of 12 months is expected. During the transitional period, the United Kingdom Government and the European Union will negotiate its future trade relationship. If no agreement is reached, the UK Government which now has a majority for its actions, has stated that it will leave the European Union without a deal on its future relationship,

A No Deal Brexit could affect our UK operations which represents a significant part of our earnings (Coda Octopus Products Limited (Edinburgh-based) and Coda Octopus Martech Limited (Portland, England-based).

The ongoing uncertainty also impacts the British Pound (which is the trading currency of our UK operations). Although the appointment of a majority government on December 13, 2019 saw a surge in the UK Pound against all major currencies, it is expected that the ongoing uncertainty around the future relationship with the European Union will cause the UK Pound to continue to be volatile against major currencies, including the US Dollar. Since our reporting currency is the US Dollar, depreciation of the UK Pound has an adverse impact on revenues reported and devaluation of our consolidated balance sheet assets.

Because there is no precedent for a European Union member state leaving the Union, the full implications for the Company are not clear. The outcome is dependent on the type of future relationship that is struck between the United Kingdom and the European Union. In a worst-case scenario, where no deal on the future of the UK relationship with the European Union is struck, it is widely believed that the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules will apply. Operating on this basis would have far-reaching implications for our Company particularly in the area of costs associated with import/export arrangements for our products including custom duties on purchases and sales and delays and increased compliance costs in the supply chain (both purchasing and selling). We currently benefit from mutual recognition rules in a number of areas including export control requirements and quality standards which allow us to distribute our products freely in the European Union. If these are removed it is likely to involve new qualifications requirements that we would need to meet with the attendant costs and delays involved. Furthermore, if free movement is restricted this will also limit our ability to utilize our trained engineers and experts on customer projects in the European Union.

The Company continues to make plans to mitigate the departure from the European Union. The Company established a company, Coda Octopus Products A/S, in Denmark to maintain a presence in the European Union and to address some of the foreseeable issues. However, we can give no assurance that this in itself would be sufficient to address the impact of both a No Deal Brexit and a No Deal Brexit.

The Company’s operations are split between the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Denmark. A large proportion of our revenues (approximately 48%) and costs are incurred outside of the USA with a significant part (46% of our total revenues) of that in the United Kingdom (“UK”). In addition, a significant part of our assets (both current and fixed) are held in British Pounds by our foreign subsidiaries. Fiscal years 2017 through 2019 saw the weakening of the British Pound. The continued uncertainty around the future relationship with the European Union and the United Kingdom, is likely to see significant volatility in the British Pound against major currencies. The depreciation of the British Pound against major currencies adversely impacts our revenues as a whole which are reported in U.S. Dollars. Furthermore, a large part of our assets is held in British Pounds while the majority of our liabilities (which comprise our senior secured debentures are maintained in U.S. Dollars see Note 8 - Loans and Notes Payable - of the audited Consolidated Financial Statements October 31, 2019 and 2018). In fiscal year 2019 we incurred a gain on our exchange rate translations in respect of our comprehensive income and loss account. See Note 2, paragraph n, of the audited Consolidated Financial Statements October 31, 2019 and 2018 regarding our Foreign Currency Translation policy.Until a longer-term trade arrangement is agreed between the United Kingdom and the European Union, we expect to see continued volatility in the British Pounds. We currently do not hedge our currency risks. However, we continue to evaluate the prudency of hedging such risks.

The Company’s operations are split between the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Denmark. A large proportion of our revenues (approximately 58%) and costs are incurred outside of the USA with a significant part (56% of our total revenues) of that in the United Kingdom (“UK”). In addition, a significant part of our assets (both current and fixed) are held in British Pounds by our foreign subsidiaries. The depreciation of the British Pound against major currencies adversely impacts our revenues as a whole which are reported in U.S. Dollars. Furthermore, a large part of our assets is held in British Pounds while the majority of our liabilities (which comprise our senior secured debentures – see Note 8 of the audited Consolidated Financial Statements) are maintained in U.S. Dollars. In the 2018 period as compared to the same 2017 period, we realized a consolidated balance sheet loss on our assets due to the weakening of the British Pound against the US Dollar prevailing at October 31, 2018. In fiscal year 2018 compared to the 2017 period, we incurred a loss on our exchange rate translations in respect of our comprehensive income and loss account. See Note 2, paragraph n, of the audited Consolidated Financial Statements October 31, 2018 and 2017 regarding our Foreign Currency Translation policy.

This currency risk is further exacerbated by the uncertainty around Brexit.

The costs of our raw materials could become a serious concern due to inter-country trade disputes. Our US Services Segment has suffered increased cost of raw materials sourced within the United States due to ongoing trade dispute between the USA, China and Canada. Furthermore, with the ongoing trade dispute between the USA and China, the Products Segment has seen a decline of sales into China in the 2019 fiscal year.

The costs of our raw materials could become a serious concern due to inter-country trade disputes. Our US Services Segment has suffered increased cost of raw materials sourced within the United States due to ongoing trade dispute between the USA, China and Canada.

The price of commodities, in particular oil and gas (“O&G”). The decline in O&G prices since 2014 with a partial recovery since 2016 has resulted in large scale reductions in capital and operational expenditures and seismic changes in the subsea market. This directly impacts on the Products Segment by reducing the quantity of sales and rentals into O&G and related markets. O&G has remained very competitive and customers are increasingly seeking significant discounts to place orders. Around 7% of the Marine Technology Business revenues emanate from this sector. Historically, and prior to the price downturn, the vast majority of our revenues were generated from O&G sector.

The allocation of funds to defense procurement by governments in the United States and the United Kingdom. A large part of our revenues in the Services Segment emanates from government funding in the defense sector. In general, where there is a change of government, spending priorities change which may have an impact on our revenues.

The allocation of funds to defense procurement by governments in the United States and the United Kingdom

Global-political uncertainties affect the markets for our goods and services. For example, the current unrest in Hong Kong has resulted in significant shipments to China being delayed as we have seen an increased number of UK Customs Border Police detaining shipments to China. We anticipate that revenues will be affected if we are unable to meet our contractual obligations as a result of ship detentions.

Global trends which make certain geographical regions more competitive in providing engineering solutions because of lower labor costs (e.g. India and China) are likely to affect our Services Segments.

Global-political uncertainties affecting the markets into which we sell our goods and services.

Global trends which make certain geographical regions more competitive in providing engineering solutions because of lower labor costs (e.g. India and China) are likely to affect our Services Segments (which provides engineering services).

Being a small technology company, we are hindered in our ability to compete for certain specialized electronic engineering skills as our remuneration package is not as competitive as those offered by bigger companies.

We lack the financial resources to advance our flagship technology at the commercially appropriate pace required to capture new markets and increase our sales which could facilitate new entrants to the market. For example, Teledyne Technologies Incorporated, a multi-billion company, has recently acquired a number of subsea companies that may speed up their entry into our market.

In relative terms, the Company has limited external sources of capital available, and as such is reliant upon its ability to sell its products and services to provide sufficient working capital for its operations and obligations. Notwithstanding, on or around November 27, 2019 the Company secured a $4m Revolving Credit Line from HSBC NA, its current bankers which can be used for working capital including expansion activities as required.

We lack the financial resources to advance our flagship technology at the commercially appropriate pace required to capture new markets and increase our sales which could facilitate new entrants to the market. For example, Teledyne Technologies Incorporated, a multi-billion company, has recently acquired a number of subsea companies that may speed up their entry into our market.

The Company has limited external sources of capital available, and as such is reliant upon its ability to sell its products and services to provide sufficient working capital for its operations and obligations.

A significant part of our growth strategy is predicated on our flagship real time volumetric imaging sonar technology. The technology space is inherently uncertain due to the fast pace of innovations and therefore we can give no assurance that we can maintain our leading position in the real time volumetric imaging sonar market or that innovations in other areas may not surpass our unique capability that we currently supply to subsea market. Some examples of new technology entering the subsea market is LIDAR technology. However, this technology cannot be employed in zero visibility conditions and cannot generate a volume pulse or image moving objects.

Critical Accounting Policies

This discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements that have been prepared underin accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported values of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported levels of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Below is a discussion of accounting policies that we consider critical to an understanding of our financial condition and operating results and that may require complex judgment in their application or require estimates about matters which are inherently uncertain. A discussion of our significant accounting policies, including further discussion of the accounting policies described below, can be found in Note 2, “Summary of Accounting Policies” of our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Revenue Recognition

Our revenue is

All of our revenues are earned under formal contracts with our customers and are derived from both sales and rental of underwater technologies and equipment for imaging, mapping, defense and survey applications and from the engineering services whichthat we provide. Our contracts do not include the possibility for additional contingent consideration so that our determination of the contract price does not involve having to consider potential variable additional consideration. Our product sales do not include a right of return by the customer.

With regard to our Products Segment, all of our products are sold on a stand-alone basis and those market prices are evidence of the value of the products. To the extent that we also provide services (e.g., installation, training, etc.), those services are either included as part of the product or are subject to written contracts based on the stand-alone value of those services. Revenue from the sale of services is recognized when evidence of a contractual arrangement exists, delivery has occurred orthose services have been rendered,provided to the contract price is fixed or determinable,customer and collectability is reasonably assured. No rightevidence of return privileges are granted to customers after delivery.the provision of those services exist.

For arrangements with multiple deliverables, we recognize revenue by allocating the total consideration to each deliverable based on the relative fair valuefurther discussion of each deliverable. Revenue from equipment and software sales are recognized when delivered, and revenue for installation and other services are recognized as they are performed.

Our contracts sometimes require customer payments in advance of revenue recognition. These amounts are reflected as liabilities and recognized as revenue when the Company has fulfilled its obligations under the respective contracts.

For software license sales for which any services rendered are not considered essential to the functionality of the software, we recognize revenue upon delivery of the software, provided (1) there is evidence of a contractual arrangement for this, (2) collection of our fee is considered probable and (3) the fee is fixed and determinable.

For arrangements that are generated from time and material contracts where there is a signed agreement and approved purchase order in place that specifies the fixed hourly rate and other reimbursable costs to be billed based on material and direct labor hours incurred, revenue is recognized on these contracts based on material and direct labor hours incurred. Revenues from fixed-price contracts are recognized on the percentage-of-completion method, measured by the percentage of costs incurred (materials and direct labor hours) to date to estimated total services (materials and direct labor hours) for each contract. This method is used as expenditures for direct materials and labor hours are considered to be the best available measure of progress on these contracts. Losses on fixed-price contracts are recognized during the period in which the loss first becomes apparent based upon costs incurred to date and the estimated costs to complete as determined by experience from similar contracts. Variations from estimated contract performance could result in adjustments to operating results.

Rental revenue is recognized monthly over the term of the rental period.

On November 1, 2018 the Company will adopt Accounting Standards Codification ASC 606, Revenue From Contracts with Customers (ASC 606). While terminology and requirements change in ASC 606, we believe that our existing revenue accounting is compliant with ASC 606 and that our accounting for revenue will not change. Accordingly, our disclosures about our revenue in accordance with ASC 606 will expand to comply with the new requirements, including expansion of quarterly revenue reporting requirements.

We defer costs on projects for service revenue. Deferred costs consist primarily of direct and incremental costs to customize and install systems, as defined in individual customer contracts, including costs to acquire hardware and software from third parties and payroll costs for our employees and other third parties.

We recognize such costs in accordance with our revenue recognition policy by contract. For revenue recognized under the completed contract method, costs are deferred until the products are delivered, or upon completion of services or, where applicable, customer acceptance. For revenue recognized under the percentage of completion method, costs are recognized as products are delivered or services are providedaccounting policies, refer to Note 2 – “Revenue Recognition” in accordance with the percentage of completion calculation. For revenue recognized ratably over the term of the contract, costs are recognized ratably over the term of the contract, commencing on the date of revenue recognition. At each balance sheet date, we review deferred costs, to ensure they are ultimately recoverable. Any anticipated losses on uncompleted contracts are recognized when evidence indicates the estimated total cost of a contract exceeds its estimated total revenue.

these financial statements

Stock Basedbased Compensation

We recognize the expense related to the fair value of stock based compensation awards within the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. We use the fair value method for equity instruments granted to non-employees and use the Black-Scholes model for measuring the fair value. The stock based fair value compensation is determined as of the date of the grant or the date at which the performance of the services is completed (measurement date) and is recognized over the periods in which the related services are rendered.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 740, Income Taxes (ASC 740). Under ASC 740, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recorded for the income tax effects of differences between the bases of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and their bases for income tax reporting. The Company’s differences arise principally from the use of various accelerated and modified accelerated cost recovery system lives for income tax purposes versus straight line depreciation used for book purposes and from the utilization of net operating loss carry-forwards.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the amounts by which the Company’s future income taxes are expected to be impacted by these differences as they reverse. Deferred tax assets are based on differences that are expected to decrease future income taxes as they reverse. Correspondingly, deferred tax liabilities are based on differences that are expected to increase future income taxes as they reverse. Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements discusses the amounts of deferred tax assets and liabilities, and also presents the impact of significant differences between financial reporting income and taxable income.

For income tax purposes, the Company uses the percentage of completion method of recognizing revenues on long-term contracts which is consistent with the Company’s financial reporting under U.S. GAAP.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist principally of the excess of cost over the fair value of net assets acquired (or(i.e. goodwill), customer relationships, non-compete agreements and licenses. Goodwill was allocated to our reporting units based on the original purchase price allocation. Goodwill is not amortized and is evaluated for impairment annually or more often if circumstances indicate impairment may exist. Customer relationships, non-compete agreements, patents and licenses are being amortized on a straight-line basis over periods of 2 to 15 years. The Company amortizes its limited lived intangible assets using the straight-line method over their estimated period of benefit. We periodically evaluate the recoverability of intangible assets and take into account events or circumstances that warrant revised estimates of useful lives or that indicate that impairment exists.

The first step of the goodwill impairment test used to identify potential impairment compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its’ carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value, which is based on future cash flows, exceeds the carrying amount, goodwill is not considered impaired. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, the second step must be performed to measure the amount of the impairment loss, if any. The Company will early adopt Accounting Standards Codification 2017 – 04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which permits the Company to impair the difference between carrying amount in excess of the fair value of the reporting unit as the reduction in goodwill. ASC 2017-04 eliminates the requirement in previous GAAP to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test.

At the end of each year, we evaluate goodwill on a separate reporting unit basis to assess recoverability, and impairments, if any, are recognized in earnings. An impairment loss would be recognized in an amount equal to the excess of the carrying amount of the goodwill over the fair value of the reporting unit.

Fiscal Year 20182019 Consolidated Results of Operations

We operate two distinct business segments. OurDuring the fiscal year ended October 31, 2019, the Marine Technology Business designs, manufactures, sellsgenerated 52% of our consolidated revenues compared to 64% in the previous fiscal year and, rents patented real time 3D sonar solutions and other leading products tosimilarly, the subsea market (“Products Segment”). Our Marine Engineering Business supplies engineering services (from design, prototypinggenerated 48% compared to manufacturing) to mainly prime defense contractors (“Services Segment”).36% in the previous fiscal year respectively.

OurOverall, consolidated revenues in the 2019 fiscal year were up by 39.1%; Gross Profit was up by 29.7%; Total Operating Expenses was up by 7.0%; Income from Operations was up by 94.1%; Net Income Before Taxes was up by 106.5%. There were no material exceptional costs or financial events in the 2019 fiscal year, except that in fiscal year 2019, we recorded a tax expense of $1,007,354 compared to a tax benefit of $1,754,169 in the 2018 fiscal year.

In the fiscal year 2019, R&D expenditures increased by 8.9% and SG&A by 8.8%. We believe we have reached the pinnacle of our investments in R&D in our 4^thand 5^th generations of our products and associated services are sold and/or rentedas such in 2020, we would expect to maintain R&D at approximately the same 2019 levels. The only exceptional expenses we anticipate will be in the investments we need to make to transition the production of the Navy Head Up Display (HUD) product production to the offshore wind energy, dredgingOrlando Office and marine construction, marineincubating our embedded solutions division which we see as an investment in future growth of the Company. Under the terms of the exclusive license which is being negotiated with Naval Surface Warfare Center Panama Division to practice the invention pertaining to the HUD face plate, the Company must transfer such manufacturing within 12 months of grant of the exclusive license. We anticipate an investment of around $500,000 in the 2020 period to achieve the transfer. This investment will encompass (i) implementing the required security measures; (ii) recruiting and port security, mining including deep sea mining, marine sciences sectortraining personnel; and O&G sector. During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, the Product Segment generated 64% and 61% of(iii) making our total revenues.Orlando facilities (acquired in 2019) manufacturing ready.

Our Services Segment designs and supplies engineering services largely for prime and sub-prime defense contractors.

During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, the Services Segment generated 36% and 39% of our total revenues.

Comparison of fiscal year ended October 31, 20182019 (“2018 period”2019 Fiscal Year” or “2019 FY”) to fiscal year ended October 31, 20172018 (“2017 period”2018 Fiscal Year” or “2018 FY”)

See Segment information below for a full breakout of the financial performance of each Segment for the 2018 and 2017 periods, respectively.

The information provided below pertains to the Company’s consolidated analysisfinancial results. For information on the performance of both segments (Productseach Segment including the disaggregation of revenues and Services) operating ingeographical split, see Note 12 of our Group.audited Consolidated Financial Statements of October 31, 2019 and 2018.

Revenue:

We sufferedrealized a small decreasesignificant increase in revenues in the 2018 period2019 FY compared to the 2017 period.2018 FY. This is largely due tobecause in the 2019 FY our Services Segment not achievingachieved its revenue plan for fiscal yearunlike the 2018 because of theFY where it experienced delay in securing anticipated annual defense contracts resulting fromas a result in the delay in the adoption of the US Administration approving its defense budget. Federal Defense Budget. In the 2019 FY the Services Segment received backlog orders and is now back on plan.

During the fiscal year ended 2018,2019 Fiscal Year, the Products Segment generated revenues of $11,499,416$12,908,110 and Services Segment $6,570,013.$12,148,824. During the 2018 period2019 FY, the Products Segment revenues grew by 4.2%12.7% over the 2017 period2018 FY and the Services Segment revenues declinedgrew by 6.7%84.9% over the said period.

The Services Segment has now contracted backlog orders in the amount of $2,504,380 in respect of 2017 and 2018 and we expect the further outstanding backlog to be contracted in the first half of 2019. This Segment currently has an order book of $7.2m.

During the 2018 period,2019 FY, the Company had one customer from whom it generated sales greater than 10% of net revenues. Revenue from this customer was $2,882,761$6,764,199 or 16%27% of net revenues during the period.2019 FY. Total accounts receivable from this customer at October 31, 20182019 was $24,993$898,584 or 1%20% of accounts receivable.

Gross Margin:

The increaseGross Margin is determined by the composition of our consolidated sales achieved in gross margin reflects the different mixreporting period. In general, the Gross Profit Margins are greater on the Products Segment sales than the Services Segment as the latter’s margins are dictated by government contracting rules. Further variations in Gross Margin depend on the composition of consolidated sales in each segment, for example, in respect of the Products Segment margins may vary according to whether it is software or hardware, outright sale versus rental or lease. On the Services side margins fluctuate less. However, margins will depend on whether the sale relates to development or manufacturing. In the 2019 FY, margins were less due to the fact that there were more units of sale from the Services Segment than in the 2018 period. In particular,FY.

For more detailed information on the Products composition and disaggregation of our revenues, please refer to Note 12 of our audited Consolidated Financial Statements of October 31, 2019 and 2018 (“Segment which generally yields a higher gross profit margin generated more revenues than the Services Segment. Furthermore, the Products Segment’s gross profit margin is affected by the mix of outrights sales versus rentals. Rentals also yield a greater gross profit margin than outright sales. Within the mix of sales for the Products Segments there is an increase percentage relating to rentals and sale of newly launched 4G Products.Analysis” section).

Research and Development (R&D):

We continue to invest in research and development to further our business goals including maintaining our lead in volumetric imaging sonar sector (Products Segment) and becoming an embedded supplier of mission computers through re-engineering our Thermite® (now Thermite® Octal) via our Services Segment and launching derivatives of the newly designed Thermite® Octal. The key Unique Selling Point for the Thermite® range is that we can customize these for specific customer requirements. Big competing companies sell standard mission computers and in general do not customize per requirement.

In the 2019 FY this category of expenditure increased by 8.9%.

In the 2019 FY, the Products Segment continued to invest in the 4^th Gen and 5^th Gen of its products (including its real time volumetric imaging sonar). In early 2020, the Products Segment will be transitioning a number of new products from our R&D division into production and for sale in the market such as its 5^th Gen 5 Dimensional and 6 Dimensional (5D and 6D) sonars. This is a significant milestone for the business, and we believe will be pivotal in giving the Company a decisive and irrefutable lead in the underwater volumetric imaging sonar market. No other sonar is either 5D or 6D capable allowing the user to have configurable real time 3D data sets in parallel (Echoscope® PIPE). Many competing companies have recognized the importance of real time 3D and have started labelling their products as such. Our leap forward to a 6D platform will decisively distinguish our capabilities and we hope will cement our lead.

The increase in our R&D expenditure in the 2018 period mainly reflects an increase in our R&D expenditure in the Products Segment.

R&D expenditures in the Products Segment increased by 122.7% from $919,863 in the 2017 period to $2,048,285 in the 2018 period. This increase is in line with our budgetary plans and is a reflection of the increased activities in developing our 4G/5G of products.

Our goal will be to bring more competitively priced and technologically advanced products to the market under a 12-18 months roll out plan. The first of our series of products in our 4G of products was launched in January, 2018, and we expect to launch further products within our 4G/5G series of sonar throughout 2019.

R&D expenditures in the Services Segment were $523,429continues to invest in the 2018 period compared to $460,518 in the 2017 period, an increase of 13.7%. These expenditures are in line with our budgetary plans as we are investing significantly in the refreshing the Thermite^®range of products which is a significant part of our growth strategy (Services Segment). The Thermite^®is a product which we acquired from Quantum 3D in 2014 and it has a prestigious customer base. We believe that the technically refreshed Thermite presents a substantial opportunity to grow this part of our businessThermite® Octal and we have now completedestablished an embedded engineering division within the firstServices Segment – with the goal of providing customizable Thermite® Octal solutions for embedding into a broader range of customer programs and solutions.

In the FY2019 Period, the Group invested in engineering GEN 1 of the production prototype of the Head Up Display System for Divers (the “HUD”) pursuant to the collaboration under the Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (“CRADA”) with Naval Surface Warfare Center, Panama Division (“NSWC PCD”) for NAVSEA entered into on or around July 2018.Underits terms, the Company was required to take NSWC’s concept into production by funding and delivering the GEN 1 HUD Prototype within 12 months of the Agreement. The Company has now achieved this goal and this has been formally confirmed by the Project Sponsor NAVSEA.

Following the successful transitioning of the GEN 1 HUD product from NSWC PCD, the Company has now entered into an exclusive license with NSWC PCD to manufacture and sell in the commercial market in the USA. Subject to the terms of the exclusive license (such as payment of fees and royalties), the license will be for the duration of the Licensor’s patent pertaining to the face plate used in the HUD and will be exclusive. It allows us to practice the invention in the USA in the commercial market. However, no license is required for sales outside of the USA or sales to the government. We also will have to pay an annual license fee and royalties on commercial sales. We also expect the Coda Octopus Echoscope® and HUD system will be included on the Approved Navy Use (ANU) list allowing the Navy and government bodies to acquire these items.

We anticipate that a small number of GEN 1 HUD units will be purchased across various Navy divisions and by NASA in 2020 for continued assessment. In the same time frame, we also expect to receive R&D funding from the Navy to commence the second generation (GEN 2) development between in January 2020.

We further anticipate that the GEN 1 HUD will be operational in the Navy Fleet in early 2020.

We budgeted a total of $500,000 for the development of the new Thermite^® Octalfirst prototype HUD in 2019 and have receivedlargely expended this amount.

We believe we have reached the first orders from 2 significant customers for trial versions. Thermite^® enjoys a prestigious existing customer base whichpinnacle of our current R&D investments in our products and we intend to re-engage with this new Thermite^®Octal.

In general,would expect that in 2020 these expenditures will remain approximately at the 2019 level. Furthermore, we expect that GEN 2 of the HUD will be funded by the Navy.

Changes in this category by Segment are set out immediately below:

We believe that we are at the point where we can now manage down R&D expenditures toas we have achieved a number of significant development milestones. We will continue to increaseinnovate but we believe our 2020 focus will be in the 2019 periodareas of developing the market for the reasons explained above. Notwithstanding this increase, it is the Company’s current belief that it can fund these activities from its operating income.our newly innovated and launched products – thus redirecting investments into sales and marketing.

Our products are complex and, despite the increase in our R&D expenditures, we can give no assurance that we will realize our stated goals. We may incur significant R&D expenditures without realizing any commercially viable products or there may be glitches with our product launch.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (SG&A):

The increase in our SG&A expenditures in the 2018 period is broadly attributed to the increased costs associated with legal and transaction costs pertaining to a private placement consummated in January 2018. In fiscal year 2019, we do not anticipate this category of expenditure to increase as in fiscal year 2018 we incurred non-recurring one-off costs associated with re-organization of our Company to finance our R&D efforts. Approximately $586,436 of the increased amount in our SG&A expenditures constitutes non-recurring costs attributed to employees’ separation payments and a further $90,000 associated with surrendering leased business property in Edinburgh.

Key Areas of SG&A Expenditure across the Group for the year ended October 31, 20182019 compared to the year ended October 31, 20172018

Although there is aIn our core areas of reporting on SG&A expenditures, variations between the 2019 FY and the 2018 FY were relatively modest, decreaseexcept in Wages and Salariesthe category of expenditures,Marketing where we would expect that in the 2019 fiscal year this category willto continue to increase to reflect the increased marketing and sales related activities we will be performing in connection with our various product launches and strategy to increase our sales, mainly in the Products Segment. We intend to launch some significant products in 2020 and we are refocusing our investments from R&D to sales and marketing. We therefore expect SG&A to increase to reflect investments we are making in recruiting a number of senior sales personnel across the Group.

In the 2020 FY, we expect to invest more in Marketing where we have a number of significant new products to bring to market including our business including5^th Gen 5D and 6D sonars and our Head Up Display (HUD) real time diving solutions for both the defense and commercial markets. The investment involves bringing in the area ofnew sales and marketing staff, attending more trade events and quality control.travelling to see potential customers.

The increase in our Legal and Professional FeesIn respect of the category “Rent”, we expect this to be substantially lower in the 20182020 period is attributed to the increased costsas most of our facilities associated with becoming a SEC reporting companyour operations are owned, except for our premises in Denmark where we have taken on new premises to ensure that we can continue to operate in the European Union irrespective of the outcome of Brexit (see the beginning of Item 7 where we discuss Brexit and its implications for our listing on the NASDAQ.business, more fully).

Upon surrender

In the 2019 FY we had expenses of our leased properties in Edinburgh in February 2019, we anticipate that the category of expenditures constituting “Rent” will decrease significantly.

We also expect that the category Marketing expenditures$650,409 for stock based compensation (a non-cash item) as compared to $448,449 in the fiscal year 2019 will increase to reflect increased marketing efforts on our new generation of products both in the Products and Services Segment.

corresponding 2018 FY.

Operating Income:

The decreaseIn the 2019 FY both operating businesses (Products and Services) largely performed their business plan which resulted in Operating Incomean increase in the 2018 period compared to the 2017 period is attributed to the increase of ourrevenues even though Gross Margins were less and R&D expenditures by 86.3% ($2,571,714 in the 2018 period compared to $1,380,381) for the reasons discussed earlier in conjunction with revenues remaining flat.and SG&A increased.

Interest Expense:

This category of expenditures includes interest on the various loans described below.

In the 2017 period, we had a Senior Secured Convertible Debenture which attracted 8.5% in interest. In the 2017 period we repaid this Senior Debenture in full and in the said period paid approximately six months interest payments.

In the 2018 period, interest is attributed to the HSBC Loan and a loan made by our CEO to one of our subsidiaries.

On or around April 28, 2017 we entered into a new Senior Secured Debenture Instrument with HSBC NA where we borrowed(“HSBC Debenture”) for an amount of $8,000,000 the proceeds of which were used to repay the Senior Secured Convertible described above.(“Proceeds”). This new HSBC Debenture attracts a more favorablehas an interest rate of 4.56% per annum. In addition, on March 28, 2018The Proceeds from the Company repaid a portion of the new HSBC Debenture thus reducingwere used to repay an existing Senior Debenture which was obtained in 2007. As the principal outstanding amount under this agreement to $1,917,602 at that date. As at October 31, 2018, the amount outstandinginterest payable under the HSBC Debenture is $1,524,239.was significantly lower, this resulted in this category of interest being reduced over time.

On or around March 28, 2018, using proceeds from a capital raise, the Company reduced its indebtedness under the HSBC Debenture to approximately $1,917,602. As of October 31, 2019, our balance on the HSBC Debenture was $1,059,574. The amortization schedule for this loanthe HSBC Debenture is set out in Note 8 of the audited Consolidated Financial Statements of October 31, 20182019 and 2017.2018.

Our Interest Expense Category also includesDue to the events described in the preceding paragraph, our interest payable on a loan by our Group CEO to one of our subsidiaries, Coda Octopus Colmek, Inc.

On a going forward basis, we expectexpense was reduced significantly in the category of Interest Expense to decrease as on December 2018 we repaid in full the loan to our CEO and the principal amount outstanding on the HSBC Debenture is reducing.2019 FY.

Other Income:

The make-up of this category is UK Value Added Tax rebates from purchases made outside of the European Union by our UK operations and is subject to fluctuations as it usually reflects Value Added Tax rebates (equivalentbased upon the amount of the US Sales Tax) from purchases made outside of the European Union by our UK operations and changes according to the level of purchases we make outside of the European Union in the period.those purchases.

Net Income before Income taxes for the year ended October 31, 20182019 compared to the year ended October 31, 20172018

In the 2019 FY, Net Income before Income taxes fell largely becausewas considerably greater as a result of a 39.7% increase in our revenues remained flat (due toover the delays2018 FY. Although margins were lower in the Services Segment contracting certain defense contracts)2019 FY, Gross Profit was up along with an increase of 100.6% increase in our Income from Operations, despite significant increases in both R&D and our increasedSG&A expenditures in research and development, which increased(increased by 86.3% (from $1,380,381 in the 2017 period to $2,571,714 in the 2018 period)12.5% during this fiscal year).

Net Income after Income taxes for the year ended October 31, 20182019 compared to the year ended October 31, 20172018

Although Net Income after Income taxes increased becauseby 7.6% in the 2019 FY, the increase is not proportional to our 2018 FY net financial results. This is due to the Company has recognized and recorded in the 2018 period the full deferredFY recognizing and recording a tax assetbenefit of $1,754,169 due to managementas a result of management’s judgement in the 2018 FY that based on the Company’s performance the likelihoodprobability of utilizing the Company’s Net operating lossOperating Loss (“NOLs”) carry forwards hashad materially increased and thereforeincreased. In the NOLs are realizable2018 FY, our Net Income after tax included a tax benefit of $1,754,169 whereas in the future.2019 FY the Company recorded a tax expense of $1,007,354.

Comprehensive Income for the year ended October 31, 20182019 compared to the year ended October 31, 20172018

Comprehensive Income increasedWe conduct a large part of our business in various foreign currencies, for example, the 2018 period compared to the 2017 period due to the recognition of deferred tax asset (NOLs) in the amount of $1,754,169. Without this inclusion Comprehensive Income fell by 16.3% in the 2018 period compared to the 2017 period.British pound and Australian Dollars.

There areThis category is affected by foreign currency adjustments during the reporting period. In the 2019 FY we had a numbergain of reasons for the decline of our Comprehensive Income. In addition$93,255 compared to a loss of $190,232 in the 2018 FY. There are generally significant foreign currency translation (as compared to a gain of $299,006 influctuations particularly between the 2017 period), Net Income fell by 32% inUS$ (our reporting currency) and the 2018 period largely because revenues remained flat while Research and Development expenditures increased significantly in the 2018 period.

British Pound. Since the UK decided to leave the European Union the British pound has been falling significantly against the US dollar (see Note 2 paragraph n of Notes to the audited Consolidated Financial Statements for October 31, 20182019 and 20172018 for fuller information regarding our Foreign Currency Translation policy). See also Item 7 (Management Discussions and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations), where we discuss “Currency Risks”.

Segment Analysis

We are operating in two reportable segments, which are managed separately based upon fundamental differences in their operations. Segment operating income is total segment revenue reduced by operating expenses identifiable with the business segment. Overhead includes general corporate administrative costs.

The Company evaluates performance and allocates resources based upon operating income. The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those described in the summary of accounting policies.

There are inter-segment sales in the table below which have been eliminated from our financial statements. However, for the purpose of segment reporting, these inter-segment sales are included in the table below only.

The following tables summarize certain balance sheet and statement of operations information by reportable segment for the financial years ending October 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, respectively.

The Company’s reportable business segments operate in three geographic locations: the United States, Europe and Australia.

Information concerning principal geographic areas is presented below according to the area where the activity is taking place for the years ended October 31, 2018 and 2017 respectively:

The reason for the decline in our Australia revenues is because we restructured our Australian operations in January 2018, whereby most of the sales in this territory are now done by our UK Edinburgh operations. This was done to reduce our overheads associated with sales.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

At October 31, 2018,2019, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $33,748,575,$26,769,207, working capital of $14,881,096$21,112,407 and stockholders’ equity of $22,632,781.$30,627,773. For the periodyear then ended, the Company generated cash flow from operations of $2,430,649.$6,391,269.

We believe that our current level of cash and cash generation will be sufficient to meet our short-short and medium-term liquidity needs. At October 31, 2018,2019, we had cash on hand of approximately $7.5$11.7 million and both billed and unbilled receivables of approximately $6.3$6.7 million. Our current cash balance represents approximately one-year18 months of Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. The Company continues to critically evaluate the level of expenses that we incur and reduce those expenses as appropriate.

Furthermore, on or around November 26, 2019, the Company was granted a revolving line of credit of $4 million from HSBC NA. This line of credit is available to the Company for short term working capital. All amounts under the Revolving Line of Credit are payable at the end of each financial year. The facility is renewable annually. To date, the Company has not borrowed any funds under this credit line, and it has no current intent to borrow any funds under the arrangement in the near future.

Our main liquidity issues are:are funding our research and development program (“R&D”) which requires significant expenditures in attracting engineering skills and incurring non-recoverable and non-recurring costs for researching, developing and prototyping products; managing our currency exposure; and servicing our senior secured debentures.

Our Colmek subsidiary received on or around October 24, 2016 a $1 million loan from the CEO of Coda to fund the purchase of long lead-time inventory (which are typically subject to a lead time of 12-32 weeks) in order to be able to comply with delivery dates for contracts when they are secured. Subsequent to the year end, this loan and associated interest were repaid in full and all obligations under this loan have now been extinguished.

Substantially all our properties are owned by the Company and there are no mortgage obligations on those properties.

We have a significant concern about adverse currency fluctuations and the effect that those currency fluctuations have on our operations and profitability. As mentioned previously, Brexit has had a significant negative effect on the value of the British pound versus the U. S. dollar.US Dollar. A significant portion of our business is in the United Kingdom and the substantial decrease in the value of the British pound is reflected in lower revenues for our product sales. In addition, all our loans are denominated in U. S. dollars,US Dollars, which means that the dollar value of those loans has effectively gone up since these are partially serviced with British Pounds. The UK is poised to leave the European Union on January 31, 2020 and fundamental uncertainties will continue until its’ future relationship with the European Union member states is clarified. While we have chosen not to hedge any of our currency exposure, we continue to evaluate the need to do so and will consider a hedging strategy if and when appropriate.

Operating Activities

Net cash generated from operating activities for the year ended October 31, 20182019 was $2,430,649.$6,391,269. We recorded net income for the period of $4,988,531.$5,225,199. Other items in uses and sources of funds from operations included non-cash charges related to depreciation and amortization and stock-based compensation, which collectively totaled $1,206,907.$1,493,399. Changes in operating assets decreased net cash from operating activities by $4,136,911$645,553 and changes in current liabilities increased net cash from operating activities by $372,122.$318,224.

Investing Activities

Net cash used by investing activities for the year ended October 31, 20182019 was $637,152 due to the sale and purchase of fixed assets.$1,582,558.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended October 31, 20182019 was $942,382$692,705 as a result of paying down the debt of the Company and issuing stock for cash.

Secured Promissory Note

On April 28, 2017, Coda Octopus Group, Inc. (the “Company”) together with its wholly owned US subsidiaries, Coda Octopus Products, Inc. and Coda Octopus Colmek, Inc. (together, the “Subsidiaries”), entered into a loan agreement with HSBC Bank NA (the “Lender”) for a loan in the principal amount of $8,000,000 (the “Loan”). The annual interest rate is fixed at 4.56%. Commencing on May 28, 2017 and continuing on the 28th day of each month thereafter, the Company was required to make monthly principal and interest payments of $149,350 until April 28, 2022 (making our annual payments under this Note $1,792,200). In addition, within 30 days after the delivery to the Lender of the Company’s annual audited consolidated financial statements, the Company was required to make an annual principal payment of $700,000 during the term of the Loan. Such annual payments will reduce the balance of the principal outstanding. As a result, it was expected that the Loan will be repaid within a period of approximately 45 months. The Loan may be prepaid in whole or in part at any time subject to a break funding charge as detailed in the promissory note evidencing the Loan.

The obligations in connection with the repayment of the Loan are secured by all assets of the Company and its Subsidiaries. In addition, the repayment of the Loan is guaranteed by three of the Company’s overseas subsidiaries.

On or aroundIn March 28, 2018, with the consentCompany repaid a significant portion of the lender,outstanding HSBC NA, we reduced our indebtedness under the loan to HSBC significantly (including the annual amounts of $700,000 which was required under the loan) and asDebenture. As of October 31, 2018, the Company is indebted to2019, we had $1,059,574 outstanding under this lender in the amount of $1,524,239.Debenture. We did not incur any penalty or costs for the early pre-payments of these amounts. See Note 8 to the audited Consolidated Financial Statements For the Years Ended October 31, 2018 and 2017. We now anticipate that the remaining balance (principal and interest) will be repaid within 4122 months from datethe end of loan.the 2019 fiscal year.

Private Placement

On January 29, 2018 (“Transaction Date”), the Company consummated the sale and issuance of 1,125,950 shares of its common stock in a private placement of shares of common stock at $4.40 per share (the “Offering”). Total gross proceeds from the Offering were $4,954,180. The purchase price per share was based on a 10% discount of the volume weighted average price of the common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market for the 30-consecutive trading-day period ending on January 22, 2018. For a period of 36 months from the Transaction Date, the investors also have the right to purchase, based on their pro-rata ownership of common stock, shares (or securities convertible into shares) offered in subsequent offerings, subject to certain limited exceptions.

Foreign Currency

The Company maintains its books in local currency: US Dollars for its US operations, Pounds Sterling for its United Kingdom operations, Norwegian and Danish Kroner for its Norwegian and Danish operations respectively and Australian Dollars for its Australian operations.

For the fiscal year ended 2018, 42%2019, 54% of the Company’s operations were conducted inside the United States and 58%46% outside the United States through its wholly owned subsidiaries. As a result, fluctuations in currency exchange rates may significantly affect the Company’s sales, profitability, balance sheet valuations and financial position when the foreign currencies of its international operations are translated into U.S. dollars for financial reporting. In addition, we are also subject to currency fluctuation risks with respect to certain foreign currency denominated receivables and payables. Although the Company cannot predict the extent to which currency fluctuations may affect the Company’s business and financial position, there is a risk that such fluctuations will have an adverse impact on the Company’s sales, profits, balance sheet valuations and financial position. Because differing portions of our revenues and costs are denominated in foreign currency, movements in those currencies could impact our margins by, for example, decreasing our foreign revenues when the dollar strengthens and not correspondingly decreasing our expenses. The Company does not currently hedge its currency exposure. In the future, we may engage in hedging transactions to mitigate foreign exchange risk.

The translation of the Company’s UK operations’ British Pound denominated balance sheets and results of operations into US dollars was affected by changes in the average value of the US dollar against the British Pound. The average exchange rate during the 20182019 period was $1.275 USD to the GBP against $1.3420 USD to the GBP against $1.2829 during the 20172018 period – an appreciationa decline of the value of the GBP against the USD of 4.6%5.3%.

The translation of the Company’s Australian operations’ Australian Dollar denominated balance sheets and results of operations into US dollars was affected by changes in the average value of the US dollar against the Australian Dollar. The average exchange rate during the 20182019 period was $0.7007 against $0.7534 USD to the AUD against $0.7626 during the 20172018 period – a depreciationdecline of the value of the AUD against the USD of 1.2%7.5%.

The translation of the Company’s Danish operation’s Danish Kroner (DKK) denominated balance sheets and results of operations into US dollars has been affected by the currency fluctuations of the US dollar against the DKK from an average rate of $0.1535 during the period from March to October 2017, to $0.1590 during the 2018 period - an appreciation of the value of the DKK against the USD of 3.6%.

The Company’s Norwegian subsidiary is now dormantwas minimal and the limited activities in that subsidiary is nothad no material for the understanding of the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on Company’sour results. The Norwegian operations are therefore not included in the below table.

These are the values that have been used in the calculations below.

The impact of these currency fluctuations on the 20182019 period is shown below:

This table shows that the effect of constant exchange rates, versus the actual exchange rate fluctuations, increaseddecreased net income for the year by $119,634$464,424 and decreasedincreased net assets by $513,980.$163,006. All of these amounts are material to our overall financial results.

As a result of Brexit, we expect economic

The United Kingdom’s continued relationship with the European Union introduces some ongoing uncertainty which, among other things, is likely to increase until the negotiations for the British exit have been completed and the future relationship betweensee significant volatility in the UK and the EU is fully clarified. This uncertainty will most likely continue to have a profound effect on the value of the British Pound. Since approximately 56% of our revenues are transacted and generated in that British Pound, we expect our revenues to continue to be impacted by the adverse movement of the British Pound against major currencies including the US Dollar. We also expect our direct costs of sales for components sourced outside of the UK for our UK operationsThis volatility is likely to increase. Furthermore, ourimpact revenues and balance sheet will be affectedconsolidated valuation, since a significant part of our assets (fixed and current)operations are held in British Pounds bythe United Kingdom. While we have chosen not to hedge any of our UK subsidiaries.currency exposure, we continue to evaluate on an ongoing basis the cost benefit analysis of doing so.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off balance sheet arrangements.

Inflation

The effect of inflation on the Company’s operating results was not significant during the 20182019 period.

Seasonality

Results of operations for our Products Segment are impacted by the offshore drilling season. During the winter months, when less offshore drilling takes place, demand for our oil and gas related technology is typically at its lowest.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

 Item 8.

Reference is made to the Index of Financial statements following Part III of this Report for a listing of the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.Notes thereto.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

The Company’s management, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial (and principal accounting) Officer, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of October 31, 2019. Based upon that evaluation the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a public company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) including those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company, and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Group Financial Officer, has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2019. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria established inInternal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO 2013 Framework). Based on its assessment, our management believes that, as of October 31, 2019 our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.

This annual report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC that permit the Company to provide only management’s report in this annual report.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have made material changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2019 we took steps to bolster internal control over financial reporting. As part of that process, we added additional layers of review. We hired an outside consultant to help perform additional review functions and properly segregate duties. Based on its assessment, our management believes that, as of October 31, 2019, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Directors and Executive Officers

The following persons are the executive officers and directors as of the date hereof:

Annmarie Gayle has been our Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors since 2011 and our Chairman since March 2017. She is also our Chief Executive Officer for our flagship products business, Coda Octopus Products, Limited (UK) since 2013. Prior thereto, she spent two years assisting with the restructuring of our Company. She previously served with the Company as Senior Vice President of Legal Affairs between 2006 and 2007. Earlier in her career she worked for a leading London law practice specializing in Intellectual Property Rights, the United Nations and the European Union. Ms. Gayle has a strong background in restructuring and has spent more than 12 years in a number of countries where she has been the lead adviser to a number of transitional administrations on privatizing banks and reforming state-owned assets in the Central Eastern European countries including banking, infrastructure, mining and telecommunications assets. Ms. Gayle has also managed a number of large European Union funded projects. Ms. Gayle holds a Law degree gained at the University of London and a Masters of Law degree in International Commercial Law from Cambridge University. She is qualified to practice as a solicitor in England & Wales. Because of her wealth of experience in corporate governance, large scale project management, restructuring, strategy, structuring and managing corporate transactions, we believe that she is highly qualified to act as our Chief Executive Officer.

Michael Midgley has been our Chief Financial Officer since December 2017 and our acting Chief Financial Officer since 2013. He has also been Chief Executive Officer of Colmek since 2010, which he joined in 2008. He is a qualified CPA and has had his own practice as well as working for regional accounting firms, specializing in SEC and Tax practice areas. Mr. Midgley attended the University of Utah where he obtained a BA in Accounting. Due to Mr. Midgley’s expertise in financial reporting, we believe that he is highly qualified to serve as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer.

Blair Cunningham has been with the Company since July 2004 and has had a number of roles including President of Technology and CEO of Coda Octopus Products, Inc. (current positions), Chief Technology Officer since 2005 and Technical Manager of Coda Octopus Products Ltd between July 2004 and July 2005. Mr. Cunningham received an HND in Computer Science in 1989 from Moray College of Further Education, Elgin, Scotland. Because of Mr. Cunningham’s expertise in technology, systems software development and project management, the Company believes that he is highly qualified to serve in his current roles.

Michael Hamilton was our Chairman of the Board between June 2010 and March 2017. He is currently serving as an independent director of our Board. Since 2014, Mr. Hamilton has provided accounting and valuation services for a varied list of clients. He was Senior Vice President of Powerlink Transmission Company from 2011 through 2014. From 1988 to 2003, he was an audit partner at PricewaterhouseCoopers. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Accounting from St. Frances College and is a certified public accountant and is accredited in business valuation. Because of Mr. Hamilton’s background in auditing, strategic corporate finance solutions, financial management and financial reporting, we believe that he is highly qualified to be a member of our Board of Directors.

G. Tyler Runnels was elected as a director at the 2018 annual meeting to fill a vacancy. Mr. Runnels has nearly 30 years of investment banking experience including debt and equity financings, private placements, mergers and acquisitions, initial public offerings, bridge financings, and financial restructurings. Since 2003 Mr. Runnels has been the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of T.R. Winston & Company, LLC, an investment bank and member of FINRA, where he began working in 1990. Mr. Runnels was an early stage investor in our company and T.R. Winston & Company, LLC has served as our exclusive placement agent in one of our private placements raising early rounds of capital for our company. Mr. Runnels has successfully completed and advised on numerous transactions for clients in a variety of industries, including healthcare, oil and gas, business services, manufacturing, and technology. Mr. Runnels is also responsible for working with high net worth clients seeking to diversify their portfolios to include real estate products through established relationships with real estate brokers, accountants, attorneys, qualified intermediaries and financial advisors. Prior to joining T.R. Winston & Co., LLC, Mr. Runnels held the position of Senior Vice President of Corporate Finance for H.J. Meyers & Company, a regional investment bank. Mr. Runnels received a B.S. and MBA from Pepperdine University. Mr. Runnels holds FINRA Series 7, 24, 55, 63 and 79 licenses.

Captain J. Charles Plumb has been a member of Coda’s Board of Directors since September 2019. Captain Plumb is a retired U.S. Navy fighter pilot. On his 75^th combat mission, just five days before the end of his tour in Vietnam, he was shot down over Hanoi, taken prisoner and tortured. During his nearly six years as a prisoner of war, he distinguished himself as a pro in underground communications. He was a great inspiration to all the other POWs and served as chaplain for two years. Following his repatriation, Captain Plumb continued his Navy flying career in Reserve Squadrons where he flew A-4 Sky Hawks, A-7 Corsairs and FA-18 Hornets. His last two commands as a Naval Reservist were on the Aircraft Carrier Corral Sea and at Fighter Air Wing in California. He retired from the United States Navy after 28 years of service. His military honors include two Purple Hearts, the Legion of Merit, the Silver Star, the Bronze Star and the P.O.W. Medal. He has been a motivational speaker, consultant and executive coach since 1973. His clients include General Motors, Fedex, Hilton, Aflac, the U.S. Navy, BMW and NASA. Since 2010, he has been member of the Board of Directors of the Lightspeed Aviation Foundation. Captain Plumb earned a B.S. in electrical engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis. We selected Captain Plumb because of his close ties to the U.S. Defense establishment.

Mary Losty has been a director since July 2017. She is a private investor in both US equities and real estate. She currently serves as Commissioner on both Dorchester County and the City of Cambridge, Maryland’s Planning and Zoning Commissions. She also serves as a Committeeman for the Eastern Shore Land Conservancy as well as the Pine Street Committee of Cambridge, MD. She served as a member of the Board of Procera Networks, Inc. from March 2007 until that company was successfully sold in June 2015 to a private equity firm. She was a member of that company’s Audit Committee and the former Chairman of the Nominating and Governance Committee. Ms. Losty was a director of Blue Earth, Inc. (formerly Genesis Fluid Solutions Holdings, Inc.) from 2009 to 2011. Ms. Losty retired in 2010 as the General Partner at Cornwall Asset Management, LLC, a portfolio management firm located in Baltimore, Maryland, where she was responsible for the firm’s investment in numerous companies since 1998. Ms. Losty’s prior experience includes working as a portfolio manager at Duggan & Associates from 1992 to 1998 and as an equity research analyst at M. Kimelman & Company from 1990 to 1992. Prior to that, she worked as an investment banker at Morgan Stanley and Co., and for several years prior to that she was the top aide to James R. Schlesinger, a five-time U.S. cabinet secretary. Ms. Losty received both her BS and JD from Georgetown University, the latter with magna cum laude distinction. We believe that Ms. Losty’s extensive dealings with the investment community makes her highly qualified to be a member of our Board of Directors.

Family Relationships

Other than Tyler Runnels and Charlie Plumb who are brothers in law, none of our Directors are related by blood, marriage, or adoption to any other Director, executive officer, or other key employees.

Board Leadership Structure

The Board of Directors is currently chaired by the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, Annmarie Gayle. The Company believes that combining the positions of Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors helps to ensure that the Board of Directors and management act with a common purpose. Integrating the positions of Chief Executive Officer and Chairman can provide a clear chain of command to execute the Company’s strategic initiatives. The Company also believes that it is advantageous to have a Chairman with an extensive history with, and knowledge of, the Company. Notwithstanding the combined role of Chief Executive Officer and Chairman, key strategic initiatives and decisions involving the Company are discussed and approved by the entire Board of Directors. The Company believes that the current leadership structure and processes maintains an effective oversight of management and independence of the Board of Directors as a whole without separate designation of a lead independent director. However, the Board of Directors will continue to monitor its functioning and will consider appropriate changes to ensure the effective independent function of the Board of Directors in its oversight responsibilities.

Independence of the Board of Directors and its Committees

After review of all relevant transactions or relationships between each director, or any of his or her family members, and the Company, its senior management and its Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, the Board of Directors has determined that all of the Company’s directors are independent within the meaning of the applicable NASDAQ listing standards, except Ms. Gayle, the Company’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. The Board of Directors met four times and acted by unanimous written consent four times during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2019. Each member of the Board of Directors attended all meetings of the Board of Directors held in the last fiscal year during the period for which he or she was a director and of the meetings of the committees on which he or she served in the last fiscal year during the period for which he or she was a committee member.

The Board of Directors has three committees: the Audit Committee, the Compensation Committee and the Nominating Committee. Below is a description of each committee of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors has determined that each member of each committee meets the applicable rules and regulations regarding “independence” and that each member is free of any relationship that would interfere with his or her individual exercise of independent judgment with regard to the Company.

Audit Committee

The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors oversees the Company’s corporate accounting and financial reporting process. For this purpose, the Audit Committee performs several functions. The Audit Committee, among other things: evaluates the performance, and assesses the qualifications, of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm; determines and pre-approves the engagement of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm to perform all proposed audit, review and attest services; reviews and pre-approves the retention of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm to perform any proposed, permissible non-audit services; determines whether to retain or terminate the existing Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm or to appoint and engage a new independent registered Public Accounting Firm for the ensuing year; confers with management and the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm regarding the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting; establishes procedures as required under applicable law, for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received by the Company regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters and the confidential and anonymous submission by employees of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters; reviews the financial statements to be included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K and the Company’s periodic quarterly filings on Form 10-Q, recommends whether or not such financial statements should be so included; and discusses with management and the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm the results of the annual audit and review of the Company’s quarterly financial statements.

The Audit Committee is currently composed of three outside directors: Michael Hamilton (Chairman), Mary Losty and Captain J. Charles Plumb. The Audit Committee met five times during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2019. The Audit Committee Charter is available on the Company’s website,www.codaoctopusgroup.com.

The Board of Directors periodically reviews the NASDAQ listing standards’ definition of independence for Audit Committee members and has determined that all members of the Company’s Audit Committee are independent (as independence is currently defined in Rule 5605(c)(2)(A) of the NASDAQ listing standards and Rule 10A-3(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended). The Board of Directors has determined that Michael Hamilton qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined in applicable SEC rules. The Board of Directors made a qualitative assessment of Mr. Hamilton’s level of knowledge and experience based on a number of factors, including his formal education and his service in executive capacities having financial oversight responsibilities.

Compensation Committee

The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors reviews, modifies and approves the overall compensation strategy and policies for the Company. The Compensation Committee, among other things, reviews and approves corporate performance goals and objectives relevant to the compensation of the Company’s officers; determines and approves the compensation and other terms of employment of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer; determines and approves the compensation and other terms of employment of the other officers of the Company; and administers the Company’s stock option and purchase plans, pension and profit sharing plans and other similar programs.

The Compensation Committee is composed of three outside directors: Chairman Captain J. Charles Plumb, Mary Losty and G. Tyler Runnels. All members of the Compensation Committee are independent (as independence is currently defined in Rule 5605(a)(2) of the NASDAQ listing standards). The Compensation Committee met three times during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2019. The Compensation Committee Charter is available on the Company’s website,www.codaoctopusgroup.com.

Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

No member of our compensation committee has at any time been an employee of ours. None of our executive officers serves as a member of the board of directors or compensation committee of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving as a member of our board of directors or compensation committee.

Nominating Committee

The Nominating Committee of the Board of Directors is responsible for, among other things, identifying, reviewing and evaluating candidates to serve as directors of the Company; reviewing, evaluating and considering incumbent directors; recommending to the Board of Directors for selection candidates for election to the Board of Directors; making recommendations to the Board of Directors regarding the membership of the committees of the Board of Directors, and assessing the performance of the Board of Directors.

The Nominating and Governance Committee is currently composed of three outside directors: Mary Losty (Chair), G. Tyler Runnels and Captain J. Charles Plumb. All members of the Nominating Committee are independent (as independence is currently defined in Rule 5605(a)(2) of the NASDAQ listing standards). The Nominating Committee met three of times during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2019. The Nominating Committee Charter is available on the Company’s website,www.codaoctopusgroup.com.

The Nominating Committee has not established any specific minimum qualifications that must be met for recommendation for a position on the Board of Directors. Instead, in considering candidates for director the Nominating Committee will generally consider all relevant factors, including among others the candidate’s applicable education, expertise and demonstrated excellence in his or her field, the usefulness of the expertise to the Company, the availability of the candidate to devote sufficient time and attention to the affairs of the Company, the candidate’s reputation for personal integrity and ethics and the candidate’s ability to exercise sound business judgment. Other relevant factors, including diversity, experience and skills, will also be considered. Candidates for director are reviewed in the context of the existing membership of the Board of Directors (including the qualities and skills of the existing directors), the operating requirements of the Company and the long-term interests of its stockholders.

The Nominating Committee considers each director’s executive experience and his or her familiarity and experience with the various operational, scientific and/or financial aspects of managing companies in our industry.

With respect to diversity, the Nominating Committee seeks a diverse group of individuals who have executive leadership experience and a complementary mix of backgrounds and skills necessary to provide meaningful oversight of the Company’s activities. The Nominating Committee annually reviews the Board’s composition in light of the Company’s changing requirements. The Nominating Committee uses the Board of Director’s network of contacts when compiling a list of potential director candidates and may also engage outside consultants. Pursuant to its charter, the Nominating Committee will consider, but not necessarily recommend to the Board of Directors, potential director candidates recommended by stockholders. All potential director candidates are evaluated based on the factors set forth above, and the Nominating Committee has established no special procedure for the consideration of director candidates recommended by stockholders.

Employment Agreements

Annmarie Gayle

Pursuant to the terms of an employment agreement dated March 16, 2017, the Company employs Ms. Gayle as its Chief Executive Officer on a full-time basis and a member of its Board of Directors. Effective July 1, 2019, Ms. Gayle’s annual salary was revised from $230,000 to $305,000. She is also entitled to an annual performance bonus of up to $100,000, upon achieving certain targets that are to be defined on an annual basis. The agreement provides for 30 days of paid vacation in addition to public holidays observed in Scotland.

The agreement has no definitive term and may be terminated only upon twelve months’ prior written notice by Ms. Gayle. In the event that the Company terminates her at any time without cause, she is entitled to a payment equal to her annual salary as well as a separation bonus of $150,000. The Company may terminate the agreement for cause, immediately and without notice. Among others, “for cause” includes gross misconduct, a serious or repeated breach of the agreement and negligence and incompetence as reasonably determined by the Company’s Board. The agreement includes a 12-month non-compete and non-solicitation provision.

Blair Cunningham

Under the terms of an employment contract dated January 1, 2013, our wholly owned subsidiary Coda Octopus Products, Inc. employs Blair Cunningham as its Chief Executive Officer and President of Technology. He is being paid an annual base salary of $200,000 with effect from January 1, 2020, subject to review by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Cunningham is entitled to 25 vacation days in addition to any public holiday.

The agreement may be terminated only upon twelve-month prior written notice without cause. The Company may terminate the agreement for cause, immediately and without notice. Among others, “for cause” includes gross misconduct, a serious or repeated breach of the agreement and negligence and incompetence as reasonably determined by the Company’s Board. The agreement includes an 18-month non-compete and non-solicitation provision.

Michael Midgley

Pursuant to the terms of an employment agreement dated June 1, 2011, Mike Midgley was appointed the Chief Executive Officer of our wholly owned subsidiary Coda Octopus Colmek, Inc and our Chief Financial Officer. He is being paid an annual salary of $210,000 with effect from January 1, 2020 subject to an annual review by Colmek’s Board of Directors and the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Midgley is entitled to 20 vacation days in addition to any public holiday.

The agreement may be terminated at any time upon 4 months prior written notice. The Company may terminate the agreement for cause, immediately and without notice. Among others, “for cause” includes gross misconduct, a serious or repeated breach of the agreement and negligence and incompetence as reasonably determined by the Company’s Board. The agreement includes a 12-month non-compete and non-solicitation provision. On December 6, 2017, the board of directors of the Company appointed Mr. Midgley to be the Company’s Chief Financial Officer. In connection with this appointment, all rights and obligations under Mr. Midgley’s employment agreement with Colmek were transferred to and have been assumed by the Company.

Code of Ethics

We have adopted a code of ethics for all our employees, including our chief executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer or controller, and/or persons performing similar functions, which is available on our website, under the link entitled “Code of Ethics”.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The Summary Compensation Table shows certain compensation information for services rendered for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2019 and 2018 by our executive officers. The following information includes the dollar value of base salaries, bonus awards, stock options grants and certain other compensation, if any, whether paid or deferred.