UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark one)


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022


☐			Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

For the Transition Period from to .


Commission File Number			1-15202

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

22-1867895

(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

475 Steamboat Road

Greenwich

Connecticut

06830

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)


(203)			629-3000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)


			None
Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report.

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title	Trading Symbol	Name

Common Stock, par value $.20 per share	WRB	New York Stock Exchange


~~5.70%~~5.700% Subordinated Debentures due 2058	WRB-PE	New York Stock Exchange
~~5.10%~~5.100% Subordinated Debentures due 2059	WRB-PF	New York Stock Exchange
~~4.25%~~4.250% Subordinated Debentures due 2060	WRB-PG	New York Stock Exchange
4.125% Subordinated Debentures due 2061	WRB-PH	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Number of shares of common stock, $.20 par value, outstanding as of July ~~28, 2021: 177,529,889~~27, 2022: 265,272,980

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Part I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
			Item 1. Financial Statements
			Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
			Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk
			Item 4. Controls and Procedures
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
			Item 1. Legal Proceedings
			Item 1A. Risk Factors
			Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
			Item 6. Exhibits
SIGNATURES


EX-31.1
EX-31.2
EX-32.1
EX-101 INSTANCE DOCUMENT
EX-101 SCHEMA DOCUMENT
EX-101 CALCULATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT
EX-101 LABELS LINKBASE DOCUMENT
EX-101 PRESENTATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT
EX-101 DEFINITION LINKBASE DOCUMENT

Part I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share data)


		June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020			June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
		(Unaudited)		(Audited)			(Unaudited)		(Audited)
Assets	Assets					Assets
Investments:	Investments:					Investments:
Fixed maturity securities (amortized cost of $15,350,553 and $13,755,858; allowance for expected credit losses of $19,364 and $2,580 at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively)		$	15,653,508	$	14,159,369
Fixed maturity securities (amortized cost of $17,697,420 and $16,471,304; allowance for expected credit losses of $33,405 and $22,625 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)						Fixed maturity securities (amortized cost of $17,697,420 and $16,471,304; allowance for expected credit losses of $33,405 and $22,625 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)	$	16,851,514	$	16,602,673
Investment funds						Investment funds	1,702,270		1,480,612
Real estate	Real estate	1,811,263		1,960,914		Real estate	1,304,094		1,852,508
Investment funds		1,369,453		1,309,430
Equity securities						Equity securities	1,155,326		941,243
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	634,276		341,473		Arbitrage trading account	1,142,003		1,179,606
Equity securities		642,993		625,667
Loans receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $1,970 and $5,437 at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively)		116,009		84,913
Loans receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $2,175 and $1,718 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)						Loans receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $2,175 and $1,718 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)	113,483		115,172

Total investments	Total investments	20,227,502		18,481,766		Total investments	22,268,690		22,171,814
Cash and cash equivalents	Cash and cash equivalents	1,790,199		2,372,366		Cash and cash equivalents	1,316,603		1,568,843
Premiums and fees receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $24,808 and $22,883 at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively)		2,487,649		2,167,799
Due from reinsurers (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $7,283 and $7,801 at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively)		2,681,266		2,424,502
Premiums and fees receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $30,557 and $25,218 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)						Premiums and fees receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $30,557 and $25,218 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)	2,799,805		2,522,972
Due from reinsurers (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $7,744 and $7,713 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)						Due from reinsurers (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $7,744 and $7,713 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)	3,046,754		2,923,026
Deferred policy acquisition costs	Deferred policy acquisition costs	627,647		556,168		Deferred policy acquisition costs	753,185		676,145
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	Prepaid reinsurance premiums	680,773		648,376		Prepaid reinsurance premiums	694,888		676,915
Trading account receivables from brokers and clearing organizations	Trading account receivables from brokers and clearing organizations	361,586		524,727		Trading account receivables from brokers and clearing organizations	9,937		—
Property, furniture and equipment	Property, furniture and equipment	428,723		405,930		Property, furniture and equipment	415,446		419,883
Goodwill	Goodwill	169,652		169,652		Goodwill	169,652		169,652
Accrued investment income	Accrued investment income	122,524		120,464		Accrued investment income	133,014		122,938
Current and deferred federal and foreign income taxes	Current and deferred federal and foreign income taxes	44,659		—		Current and deferred federal and foreign income taxes	296,943		42,457

Other assets	Other assets	675,737		700,215		Other assets	787,530		753,231
Total assets	Total assets	$	30,297,917	$	28,571,965	Total assets	$	32,692,447	$	32,047,876

Liabilities and Equity	Liabilities and Equity					Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities:	Liabilities:					Liabilities:
Reserves for losses and loss expenses	Reserves for losses and loss expenses	$	14,480,947	$	13,784,430	Reserves for losses and loss expenses	$	16,145,821	$	15,390,888
Unearned premiums	Unearned premiums	4,544,524		4,073,191		Unearned premiums	5,249,543		4,847,160
Due to reinsurers	Due to reinsurers	535,286		426,124		Due to reinsurers	541,689		514,980
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	190		10,048		Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	68		1,169
Trading account payable to brokers and clearing organizations						Trading account payable to brokers and clearing organizations	—		53,636

Current and deferred federal and foreign income taxes		0		48,495

Other liabilities	Other liabilities	1,229,970		1,178,546		Other liabilities	1,378,169		1,305,245
Senior notes and other debt	Senior notes and other debt	1,911,753		1,623,025		Senior notes and other debt	1,832,273		2,259,416
Subordinated debentures	Subordinated debentures	1,007,293		1,102,309		Subordinated debentures	1,008,011		1,007,652
Total liabilities	Total liabilities	23,709,963		22,246,168		Total liabilities	26,155,574		25,380,146
Equity:	Equity:					Equity:
Preferred stock, par value $0.10 per share:	Preferred stock, par value $0.10 per share:					Preferred stock, par value $0.10 per share:
Authorized 5,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding - NaN	Authorized 5,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding - NaN	0		0		Authorized 5,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding - NaN	—		—
Common stock, par value $0.20 per share:	Common stock, par value $0.20 per share:					Common stock, par value $0.20 per share:
Authorized 750,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding, net of treasury shares, 177,413,970 and 177,825,150 shares, respectively		70,535		70,535
Authorized 1,250,000,000 shares and 750,000,000 shares, respectively; issued and outstanding, net of treasury shares, 265,272,980 and 265,170,882 shares, respectively						Authorized 1,250,000,000 shares and 750,000,000 shares, respectively; issued and outstanding, net of treasury shares, 265,272,980 and 265,170,882 shares, respectively	105,803		105,803
Additional paid-in capital	Additional paid-in capital	1,035,166		1,012,483		Additional paid-in capital	1,001,093		981,104
Retained earnings	Retained earnings	8,682,088		8,348,381		Retained earnings	9,602,948		9,015,135
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(122,444)		(62,172)		Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(1,029,630)		(281,955)
Treasury stock, at cost, 175,262,530 and 174,851,350 shares, respectively		(3,087,069)		(3,058,425)
Treasury stock, at cost, 263,741,648 and 263,843,868 shares, respectively						Treasury stock, at cost, 263,741,648 and 263,843,868 shares, respectively	(3,165,729)		(3,167,076)
Total stockholders’ equity	Total stockholders’ equity	6,578,276		6,310,802		Total stockholders’ equity	6,514,485		6,653,011
Noncontrolling interests	Noncontrolling interests	9,678		14,995		Noncontrolling interests	22,388		14,719
Total equity	Total equity	6,587,954		6,325,797		Total equity	6,536,873		6,667,730
Total liabilities and equity	Total liabilities and equity	$	30,297,917	$	28,571,965	Total liabilities and equity	$	32,692,447	$	32,047,876

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(In thousands, except per share data)


		For the Three Months Ended June 30,					For the Six Months Ended June 30,							For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,

						2021			2020			2021				2020			2022			2021			2022	2021
REVENUES:	REVENUES:												REVENUES:
Net premiums written	Net premiums written	$	2,212,181	$	1,739,818		$	4,262,219		$	3,585,664		Net premiums written	$	2,585,635		$	2,212,181		$	4,998,889		$	4,262,219
Change in net unearned premiums	Change in net unearned premiums	(240,557)		(62,903)			(440,639)			(217,331)			Change in net unearned premiums	(228,477)			(240,557)			(392,645)			(440,639)
Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned	1,971,624		1,676,915			3,821,580			3,368,333			Net premiums earned	2,357,158			1,971,624			4,606,244			3,821,580
Net investment income	Net investment income	168,187		85,431			326,764			260,194			Net investment income	171,574			168,187			345,086			326,764
Net investment gains (losses):
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments		20,461		61,653			72,219			(81,632)
Net investment (losses) gains:													Net investment (losses) gains:
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments													Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments	(163,935)			20,461			205,947			72,219

Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments	Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments	3,603		16,232			(13,316)			(17,657)			Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments	(7,620)			3,603			(11,237)			(13,316)
Net investment gains (losses)		24,064		77,885			58,903			(99,289)
Net investment (losses) gains													Net investment (losses) gains	(171,555)			24,064			194,710			58,903
Revenues from non-insurance businesses	Revenues from non-insurance businesses	109,122		75,742			196,552			169,471			Revenues from non-insurance businesses	128,421			109,122			226,197			196,552
Insurance service fees	Insurance service fees	22,256		19,870			48,064			45,621			Insurance service fees	26,393			22,256			54,344			48,064
Other income	Other income	833		183			1,092			2,305			Other income	896			833			1,716			1,092
Total revenues	Total revenues	2,296,086		1,936,026			4,452,955			3,746,635			Total revenues	2,512,887			2,296,086			5,428,297			4,452,955

OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES:	OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES:												OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES:
Losses and loss expenses	Losses and loss expenses	1,203,647		1,135,126			2,325,238			2,242,379			Losses and loss expenses	1,435,817			1,203,647			2,775,069			2,325,238
Other operating costs and expenses	Other operating costs and expenses	647,705		580,840			1,263,973			1,159,173			Other operating costs and expenses	699,819			647,705			1,413,718			1,263,973
Expenses from non-insurance businesses	Expenses from non-insurance businesses	106,698		76,238			192,989			170,996			Expenses from non-insurance businesses	122,966			106,698			217,822			192,989
Interest expense	Interest expense	38,096		38,373			74,747			75,105			Interest expense	31,723			38,096			66,693			74,747
Total operating costs and expenses	Total operating costs and expenses	1,996,146		1,830,577			3,856,947			3,647,653			Total operating costs and expenses	2,290,325			1,996,146			4,473,302			3,856,947
Income before income taxes	Income before income taxes	299,940		105,449			596,008			98,982			Income before income taxes	222,562			299,940			954,995			596,008
Income tax expense	Income tax expense	(62,262)		(33,793)			(126,614)			(30,852)			Income tax expense	(43,095)			(62,262)			(182,499)			(126,614)
Net income before noncontrolling interests	Net income before noncontrolling interests	237,678		71,656			469,394			68,130			Net income before noncontrolling interests	179,467			237,678			772,496			469,394
Noncontrolling interests	Noncontrolling interests	(440)		(396)			(2,631)			(1,288)			Noncontrolling interests	(145)			(440)			(2,536)			(2,631)
Net income to common stockholders	Net income to common stockholders	$	237,238	$	71,260		$	466,763		$	66,842		Net income to common stockholders	$	179,322		$	237,238		$	769,960		$	466,763

NET INCOME PER SHARE:	NET INCOME PER SHARE:												NET INCOME PER SHARE:
Basic	Basic	$	1.28	$	0.38		$	2.52		$	0.36		Basic	$	0.65		$	0.85		$	2.78		$	1.68
Diluted	Diluted	$	1.27	$	0.38		$	2.50		$	0.35		Diluted	$	0.64		$	0.85		$	2.76		$	1.66

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(In thousands)

For the Three Months
Ended June 30, For the Six Months
Ended June 30,
2021 2020 2021 2020
Net income before noncontrolling interests $ 237,678 $ 71,656 $ 469,394 $ 68,130
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Change in unrealized currency translation adjustments 2,537 21,447 6,587 (76,747)
Change in unrealized investment gains (losses), net of taxes 23,272 318,725 (66,858) 59,743
Other comprehensive income (loss) 25,809 340,172 (60,271) (17,004)
Comprehensive income 263,487 411,828 409,123 51,126
Noncontrolling interests (439) (395) (2,630) (1,289)
Comprehensive income to common stockholders $ 263,048 $ 411,433 $ 406,493 $ 49,837


	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,

	2022		2021		2022		2021
Net income before noncontrolling interests	$	179,467	$	237,678	$	772,496	$	469,394
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Change in unrealized currency translation adjustments	(43,393)		2,537		12,879		6,587
Change in unrealized investment (losses) gains, net of taxes	(337,008)		23,272		(760,553)		(66,858)

Other comprehensive (loss) income	(380,401)		25,809		(747,674)		(60,271)
Comprehensive (loss) income	(200,934)		263,487		24,822		409,123
Noncontrolling interests	(145)		(439)		(2,535)		(2,630)
Comprehensive (loss) income to common stockholders	$	(201,079)	$	263,048	$	22,287	$	406,493

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

(In thousands, except per share data)


		For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,							For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,

				2021			2020			2021			2020				2022			2021			2022			2021
COMMON STOCK:	COMMON STOCK:													COMMON STOCK:
Beginning and end of period	Beginning and end of period	$	70,535		$	70,535		$	70,535		$	70,535		Beginning and end of period	$	105,803		$	105,803		$	105,803		$	105,803
ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL:	ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL:													ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL:
Beginning of period	Beginning of period	$	1,023,556		$	1,063,084		$	1,012,483		$	1,056,042		Beginning of period	$	992,012		$	988,288		$	981,104		$	977,215
Restricted stock units issued	Restricted stock units issued	597			1,204			72			(3,386)			Restricted stock units issued	(1,840)			597			(2,370)			72
Restricted stock units expensed	Restricted stock units expensed	11,013			11,755			22,611			23,387			Restricted stock units expensed	10,921			11,013			22,359			22,611

End of period	End of period	$	1,035,166		$	1,076,043		$	1,035,166		$	1,076,043		End of period	$	1,001,093		$	999,898		$	1,001,093		$	999,898
RETAINED EARNINGS:	RETAINED EARNINGS:													RETAINED EARNINGS:
Beginning of period	Beginning of period	$	8,556,621		$	7,877,371		$	8,348,381		$	7,932,372		Beginning of period	$	9,582,790		$	8,556,621		$	9,015,135		$	8,348,381
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles		0			0			0			(30,514)

Net income to common stockholders	Net income to common stockholders	237,238			71,260			466,763			66,842			Net income to common stockholders	179,322			237,238			769,960			466,763
Dividends ( $0.63, $0.12, $0.75 and $0.23 per share, respectively)		(111,771)			(21,351)			(133,056)			(41,420)
Dividends ($0.60, $0.42, $0.69 and $0.50 per share, respectively)														Dividends ($0.60, $0.42, $0.69 and $0.50 per share, respectively)	(159,164)			(111,771)			(182,147)			(133,056)
End of period	End of period	$	8,682,088		$	7,927,280		$	8,682,088		$	7,927,280		End of period	$	9,602,948		$	8,682,088		$	9,602,948		$	8,682,088
ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS:	ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS:													ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS:
Unrealized investment gains (losses):
Unrealized investment (loss) gains:														Unrealized investment (loss) gains:
Beginning of period	Beginning of period	$	199,584		$	(109,514)		$	289,714		$	124,514		Beginning of period	$	(332,646)		$	199,584		$	90,900		$	289,714
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles		0			0			0			24,952
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on securities without an allowance for expected credit losses		23,340			295,274			(77,145)			34,753

Change in unrealized (losses) gains on securities without an allowance for expected credit losses														Change in unrealized (losses) gains on securities without an allowance for expected credit losses	(320,130)			23,340			(743,969)			(77,145)
Change in unrealized (losses) gains on securities with an allowance for expected credit losses	Change in unrealized (losses) gains on securities with an allowance for expected credit losses	(69)			23,450			10,286			24,991			Change in unrealized (losses) gains on securities with an allowance for expected credit losses	(16,878)			(69)			(16,585)			10,286
End of period	End of period	222,855			209,210			222,855			209,210			End of period	(669,654)			222,855			(669,654)			222,855
Currency translation adjustments:	Currency translation adjustments:													Currency translation adjustments:
Beginning of period	Beginning of period	(347,836)			(480,007)			(351,886)			(381,813)			Beginning of period	(316,583)			(347,836)			(372,855)			(351,886)
Net change in period	Net change in period	2,537			21,447			6,587			(76,747)			Net change in period	(43,393)			2,537			12,879			6,587
End of period	End of period	(345,299)			(458,560)			(345,299)			(458,560)			End of period	(359,976)			(345,299)			(359,976)			(345,299)

Total accumulated other comprehensive loss	Total accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	(122,444)		$	(249,350)		$	(122,444)		$	(249,350)		Total accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	(1,029,630)		$	(122,444)		$	(1,029,630)		$	(122,444)
TREASURY STOCK:	TREASURY STOCK:													TREASURY STOCK:
Beginning of period	Beginning of period	$	(3,087,860)		$	(2,927,994)		$	(3,058,425)		$	(2,726,711)		Beginning of period	$	(3,166,873)		$	(3,087,860)		$	(3,167,076)		$	(3,058,425)
Stock exercised/vested	Stock exercised/vested	791			883			1,039			2,221			Stock exercised/vested	1,144			791			1,347			1,039
Stock repurchased	Stock repurchased	0			(96,281)			(29,683)			(298,902)			Stock repurchased	—			—			—			(29,683)

End of period	End of period	$	(3,087,069)		$	(3,023,392)		$	(3,087,069)		$	(3,023,392)		End of period	$	(3,165,729)		$	(3,087,069)		$	(3,165,729)		$	(3,087,069)
NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS:	NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS:													NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS:
Beginning of period	Beginning of period	$	15,684		$	44,069		$	14,995		$	43,403		Beginning of period	$	23,296		$	15,684		$	14,719		$	14,995
Distributions		(6,445)			(189)			(7,947)			(417)
(Contributions) distributions														(Contributions) distributions	(1,053)			(6,445)			5,134			(7,947)
Net income	Net income	440			396			2,631			1,288			Net income	145			440			2,536			2,631
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(1)			(1)			(1)			1
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax														Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—			(1)			(1)			(1)
End of period	End of period	$	9,678		$	44,275		$	9,678		$	44,275		End of period	$	22,388		$	9,678		$	22,388		$	9,678

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

(In thousands)


		For the Six Months Ended June 30,							For the Six Months Ended June 30,

				2021			2020				2022			2021
CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:	CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:							CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income to common stockholders	Net income to common stockholders	$	466,763		$	66,842		Net income to common stockholders	$	769,960		$	466,763
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:	Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:							Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:
Net investment (gains) losses		(58,903)			99,289
Net investment gains								Net investment gains	(194,710)			(58,903)
Depreciation and amortization	Depreciation and amortization	70,597			64,065			Depreciation and amortization	37,238			70,597
Noncontrolling interests	Noncontrolling interests	2,631			1,288			Noncontrolling interests	2,536			2,631
Investment funds	Investment funds	(100,246)			16,975			Investment funds	(85,874)			(100,246)
Stock incentive plans	Stock incentive plans	23,122			25,731			Stock incentive plans	24,158			23,122
Change in:	Change in:							Change in:
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	(139,520)			(26,158)			Arbitrage trading account	(27,071)			(139,520)
Premiums and fees receivable	Premiums and fees receivable	(321,718)			(204,203)			Premiums and fees receivable	(284,092)			(321,718)
Reinsurance accounts	Reinsurance accounts	(178,442)			(118,849)			Reinsurance accounts	(111,350)			(178,442)
Deferred policy acquisition costs	Deferred policy acquisition costs	(72,125)			(31,478)			Deferred policy acquisition costs	(77,561)			(72,125)
Income taxes	Income taxes	(71,205)			9,387			Income taxes	(56,725)			(71,205)

Reserves for losses and loss expenses	Reserves for losses and loss expenses	705,454			525,785			Reserves for losses and loss expenses	788,211			705,454
Unearned premiums	Unearned premiums	473,395			259,237			Unearned premiums	409,450			473,395
Other	Other	(103,994)			(108,060)			Other	(188,517)			(103,994)
Net cash from operating activities	Net cash from operating activities	695,809			579,851			Net cash from operating activities	1,005,653			695,809
CASH (USED IN) FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES:								CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities	Proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities	1,474,054			3,194,333			Proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities	909,295			1,474,054
Proceeds from sale of equity securities	Proceeds from sale of equity securities	98,765			67,122			Proceeds from sale of equity securities	19,842			98,765
Distributions from investment funds		88,363			67,234
(Contributions to) distributions from investment funds								(Contributions to) distributions from investment funds	(142,801)			88,363
Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities	Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities	3,156,861			1,859,392			Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities	2,655,789			3,156,861
Purchase of fixed maturity securities	Purchase of fixed maturity securities	(6,266,934)			(4,189,664)			Purchase of fixed maturity securities	(4,860,991)			(6,266,934)
Purchase of equity securities	Purchase of equity securities	(143,836)			(35,591)			Purchase of equity securities	(271,296)			(143,836)
Real estate sold (purchased)		202,115			(30,178)
Real estate (purchased) sold								Real estate (purchased) sold	(5,974)			202,115

Change in loans receivable	Change in loans receivable	(28,510)			963			Change in loans receivable	1,200			(28,510)
Net purchases of property, furniture and equipment	Net purchases of property, furniture and equipment	(48,273)			(23,006)			Net purchases of property, furniture and equipment	(22,028)			(48,273)
Change in balances due to security brokers	Change in balances due to security brokers	65,751			(24,382)			Change in balances due to security brokers	69,801			65,751

Cash received in connection with business disposition								Cash received in connection with business disposition	906,789			—
Payment for business purchased net of cash acquired								Payment for business purchased net of cash acquired	(49,572)			—
Other	Other	2			85			Other	37			2
Net cash (used in) from investing activities		(1,401,642)			886,308
CASH FROM (USED IN) FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Net cash used in investing activities								Net cash used in investing activities	(789,909)			(1,401,642)
CASH (USED IN) FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:								CASH (USED IN) FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Repayment of senior notes and other debt	Repayment of senior notes and other debt	(505,230)			(1,160)			Repayment of senior notes and other debt	(426,503)			(505,230)

Net proceeds from issuance of debt	Net proceeds from issuance of debt	686,893			298,447			Net proceeds from issuance of debt	192			686,893
Cash dividends to common stockholders	Cash dividends to common stockholders	(21,285)			(41,420)			Cash dividends to common stockholders	(22,983)			(21,285)
Purchase of common treasury shares	Purchase of common treasury shares	(29,683)			(298,902)			Purchase of common treasury shares	—			(29,683)
Other, net	Other, net	(6,725)			(4,140)			Other, net	(1,400)			(6,725)
Net cash from (used in) financing activities		123,970			(47,175)
Net cash (used in) from financing activities								Net cash (used in) from financing activities	(450,694)			123,970
Net impact on cash due to change in foreign exchange rates	Net impact on cash due to change in foreign exchange rates	(304)			(11,868)			Net impact on cash due to change in foreign exchange rates	(17,290)			(304)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	Net change in cash and cash equivalents	(582,167)			1,407,116			Net change in cash and cash equivalents	(252,240)			(582,167)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		2,372,366			1,023,710
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period								Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	1,568,843			2,372,366
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	1,790,199		$	2,430,826		Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	1,316,603		$	1,790,199

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. Berkley Corporation and Subsidiaries

NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(1) General

The unaudited consolidated financial statements, which include the accounts of W. R. Berkley Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”), have been prepared on the basis of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and notes required by GAAP for annual financial statements. The unaudited consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring items, which are necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position and results of operations on a basis consistent with the prior audited consolidated financial statements. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. ~~Reclassifications have been made in the 2020 financial statements as originally reported to conform to the presentation of the 2021 financial statements.~~ The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the revenues and expenses reflected during the reporting period. For further information related to areas of judgment and estimates and other information necessary to understand the Company’s financial position and results of operations, refer to the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

Reclassifications have been made in the 2021 financial statements as originally reported to conform to the presentation of the 2022 financial statements. Shares outstanding and per share amounts have been adjusted to reflect the 3-for-2 common stock split effected on March 23, 2022.

The income tax provision has been computed based on the Company’s estimated annual effective tax rate. The effective income tax rate differs from the federal income tax rate of 21% ~~principally because of state~~primarily due to a net reduction to the Company’s valuation allowance against foreign tax credits and foreign ~~income taxes,~~net operating losses, which was partially offset by ~~tax-exempt investment~~state income ~~and tax benefits related to equity-based compensation.~~taxes.

(2) Per Share Data

The Company presents both basic and diluted net income per share (“EPS”) amounts. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period (including ~~7,767,874~~11,592,699 and ~~7,575,168~~11,651,811 common shares held in a grantor trust as of June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020,~~2021, respectively). The common shares held in the grantor trust are for delivery upon settlement of vested but mandatorily deferred restricted stock units ("RSUs"). Shares held by the grantor trust do not affect diluted shares outstanding since the shares deliverable under vested RSUs were already included in diluted shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is based upon the weighted average number of basic and common equivalent shares outstanding during the period and is calculated using the treasury stock method for stock incentive plans. Common equivalent shares are excluded from the computation in periods in which they have an anti-dilutive effect.

The weighted average number of common shares used in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share was as follows:


		For the Three Months Ended June 30,			For the Six Months Ended June 30,					For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,

(In thousands)	(In thousands)			2021		2020		2021			2020	(In thousands)	2022		2021		2022	2021
Basic	Basic	185,155	185,979		185,175		188,133		Basic	276,815		277,733		276,794		277,763
Diluted	Diluted	187,106	187,862		186,985		190,078		Diluted	279,525		280,659		279,327		280,478

(3) Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Accounting Policies

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements:

All accounting and reporting standards that ~~have become~~became effective in ~~2021~~2022 were either not applicable to the Company or their adoption did not have a material impact on the Company.

Accounting and reporting standards that are not yet effective:

All recently issued but not yet effective accounting and reporting standards are either not applicable to the Company or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company.

(4) Acquisition

In March 2022, the Company acquired an 80.0% ownership interest for $51.1 million in a company engaged in residential and commercial textiles. The fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed have been estimated based on a preliminary valuation. The fair values of the assets and liabilities will be adjusted, as needed, following completion of the final valuation.

The following table summarizes the initial estimated fair value of net assets acquired and liabilities assumed for the business combination completed in 2022:


(In thousands)	2022


Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,564
Real estate, furniture and equipment	2,527
Intangible assets	48,787

Other assets	11,275
Total assets acquired	64,153

Other liabilities assumed	(5,417)
Noncontrolling interest	(7,600)

Net assets acquired	$	51,136

(5) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income

The following table presents the components of the changes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income ("AOCI"):


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)			Currency Translation Adjustments		Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income		(In thousands)	Unrealized Investment (Losses) Gains			Currency Translation Adjustments		Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2021
As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2022									As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2022
Changes in AOCI	Changes in AOCI								Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period	Beginning of period	$	289,714		$	(351,886)	$	(62,172)	Beginning of period	$	90,900		$	(372,855)	$	(281,955)

Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(87,168)			6,587		(80,581)		Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(799,623)			12,879		(786,744)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	Amounts reclassified from AOCI	20,310			0		20,310		Amounts reclassified from AOCI	39,070			—		39,070
Other comprehensive (loss) income	Other comprehensive (loss) income	(66,858)			6,587		(60,271)		Other comprehensive (loss) income	(760,553)			12,879		(747,674)
Unrealized investment gain related to noncontrolling interest		(1)			0		(1)
Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest									Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest	(1)			—		(1)
End of period	End of period	$	222,855		$	(345,299)	$	(122,444)	End of period	$	(669,654)		$	(359,976)	$	(1,029,630)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	Amounts reclassified from AOCI								Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax	Pre-tax	$	25,709	(1)	$	0	$	25,709	Pre-tax	$	49,456	(1)	$	—	$	49,456
Tax effect	Tax effect	(5,399)		(2)	0		(5,399)		Tax effect	(10,386)		(2)	—		(10,386)
After-tax amounts reclassified	After-tax amounts reclassified	$	20,310		$	0	$	20,310	After-tax amounts reclassified	$	39,070		$	—	$	39,070
Other comprehensive (loss) income	Other comprehensive (loss) income								Other comprehensive (loss) income
Pre-tax	Pre-tax	$	(84,931)		$	6,587	$	(78,344)	Pre-tax	$	(970,232)		$	12,879	$	(957,353)
Tax effect	Tax effect	18,073			0		18,073		Tax effect	209,679			—		209,679
Other comprehensive (loss) income	Other comprehensive (loss) income	$	(66,858)		$	6,587	$	(60,271)	Other comprehensive (loss) income	$	(760,553)		$	12,879	$	(747,674)
As of and for the three months ended June 30, 2021
As of and for the three months ended June 30, 2022									As of and for the three months ended June 30, 2022
Changes in AOCI	Changes in AOCI								Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period	Beginning of period	$	199,584		$	(347,836)	$	(148,252)	Beginning of period	$	(332,646)		$	(316,583)	$	(649,229)

Other comprehensive income before reclassifications		11,823			2,537		14,360
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications									Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications	(366,488)			(43,393)		(409,881)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	Amounts reclassified from AOCI	11,449			0		11,449		Amounts reclassified from AOCI	29,480			—		29,480
Other comprehensive income		23,272			2,537		25,809
Unrealized investment gain related to noncontrolling interest		(1)			0		(1)
Other comprehensive loss									Other comprehensive loss	(337,008)			(43,393)		(380,401)
Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest									Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest	—			—		—
Ending balance	Ending balance	$	222,855		$	(345,299)	$	(122,444)	Ending balance	$	(669,654)		$	(359,976)	$	(1,029,630)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	Amounts reclassified from AOCI								Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax	Pre-tax	$	14,493	(1)	$	0	$	14,493	Pre-tax	$	37,316	(1)	$	—	$	37,316
Tax effect	Tax effect	(3,044)		(2)	0		(3,044)		Tax effect	(7,836)		(2)	—		(7,836)
After-tax amounts reclassified	After-tax amounts reclassified	$	11,449		$	0	$	11,449	After-tax amounts reclassified	$	29,480		$	—	$	29,480
Other comprehensive income
Other comprehensive loss									Other comprehensive loss
Pre-tax	Pre-tax	$	28,804		$	2,537	$	31,341	Pre-tax	$	(430,784)		$	(43,393)	$	(474,177)
Tax effect	Tax effect	(5,532)			0		(5,532)		Tax effect	93,776			—		93,776
Other comprehensive income		$	23,272		$	2,537	$	25,809
Other comprehensive loss									Other comprehensive loss	$	(337,008)		$	(43,393)	$	(380,401)


As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2020
As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2021									As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2021
Changes in AOCI	Changes in AOCI								Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period	Beginning of period	$	124,514		$	(381,813)	$	(257,299)	Beginning of period	$	289,714		$	(351,886)	$	(62,172)
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles		24,952			0		24,952
Restated beginning of period		149,466			(381,813)		(232,347)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications		36,986			(76,747)		(39,761)

Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications									Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(87,168)			6,587		(80,581)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	Amounts reclassified from AOCI	22,757			0		22,757		Amounts reclassified from AOCI	20,310			—		20,310
Other comprehensive income (loss)		59,743			(76,747)		(17,004)
Other comprehensive (loss) income									Other comprehensive (loss) income	(66,858)			6,587		(60,271)
Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest	Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest	1			0		1		Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest	(1)			—		(1)
End of period	End of period	$	209,210		$	(458,560)	$	(249,350)	End of period	$	222,855		$	(345,299)	$	(122,444)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	Amounts reclassified from AOCI								Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax	Pre-tax	$	28,806	(1)	$	0	$	28,806	Pre-tax	$	25,709	(1)	$	—	$	25,709
Tax effect	Tax effect	(6,049)		(2)	0		(6,049)		Tax effect	(5,399)		(2)	—		(5,399)
After-tax amounts reclassified	After-tax amounts reclassified	$	22,757		$	0	$	22,757	After-tax amounts reclassified	$	20,310		$	—	$	20,310
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Other comprehensive (loss) income									Other comprehensive (loss) income
Pre-tax	Pre-tax	$	62,777		$	(76,747)	$	(13,970)	Pre-tax	$	(84,931)		$	6,587	$	(78,344)
Tax effect	Tax effect	(3,034)			0		(3,034)		Tax effect	18,073			—		18,073
Other comprehensive income (loss)		$	59,743		$	(76,747)	$	(17,004)
As of and for the three months ended June 30, 2020
Other comprehensive (loss) income									Other comprehensive (loss) income	$	(66,858)		$	6,587	$	(60,271)
As of and for the three months ended June 30, 2021									As of and for the three months ended June 30, 2021
Changes in AOCI	Changes in AOCI								Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period	Beginning of period	$	(109,514)		$	(480,007)	$	(589,521)	Beginning of period	$	199,584		$	(347,836)	$	(148,252)

Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	335,518			21,447		356,965		Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	11,823			2,537		14,360
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	Amounts reclassified from AOCI	(16,793)			0		(16,793)		Amounts reclassified from AOCI	11,449			—		11,449
Other comprehensive income	Other comprehensive income	318,725			21,447		340,172		Other comprehensive income	23,272			2,537		25,809
Unrealized investment gain related to noncontrolling interest		(1)			0		(1)
Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest									Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest	(1)			—		(1)
Ending balance	Ending balance	$	209,210		$	(458,560)	$	(249,350)	Ending balance	$	222,855		$	(345,299)	$	(122,444)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	Amounts reclassified from AOCI								Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax	Pre-tax	$	(21,257)	(1)	$	0	$	(21,257)	Pre-tax	$	14,493	(1)	$	—	$	14,493
Tax effect	Tax effect	4,464		(2)	0		4,464		Tax effect	(3,044)		(2)	—		(3,044)
After-tax amounts reclassified	After-tax amounts reclassified	$	(16,793)		$	0	$	(16,793)	After-tax amounts reclassified	$	11,449		$	—	$	11,449
Other comprehensive income	Other comprehensive income								Other comprehensive income
Pre-tax	Pre-tax	$	395,624		$	21,447	$	417,071	Pre-tax	$	28,804		$	2,537	$	31,341
Tax effect	Tax effect	(76,899)			0		(76,899)		Tax effect	(5,532)			—		(5,532)
Other comprehensive income	Other comprehensive income	$	318,725		$	21,447	$	340,172	Other comprehensive income	$	23,272		$	2,537	$	25,809

____________

(1) Net investment (losses) gains ~~(losses)~~ in the consolidated statements of income.

(2) Income tax ~~(expense) benefit~~expense in the consolidated statements of income.

~~(5)~~(6) Statements of Cash Flows

Interest payments were ~~$71,781,000~~$74,577,437 and ~~$73,056,000~~$71,781,000 for the six months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020,~~2021, respectively. Income taxes paid were $183,000,000 and $177,000,000 ~~paid~~ for the six months ended June 30, ~~2021. NaN income tax was paid for such period in 2020.~~

2022 and 2021, respectively.

~~(6)~~(7) Investments in Fixed Maturity Securities

At June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, investments in fixed maturity securities were as follows:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (1)		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Carrying Value		(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (1)		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Carrying Value
						Gains		Losses											Gains		Losses
June 30, 2021
June 30, 2022														June 30, 2022
Held to maturity:	Held to maturity:													Held to maturity:
State and municipal	State and municipal	$	68,310	$	(453)	$	12,069	$	0	$	79,926	$	67,857	State and municipal	$	46,486	$	(127)	$	5,347	$	—	$	51,706	$	46,359
Residential mortgage-backed	Residential mortgage-backed	5,724		0		859		0		6,583		5,724		Residential mortgage-backed	4,155		—		170		—		4,325		4,155
Total held to maturity	Total held to maturity	74,034		(453)		12,928		0		86,509		73,581		Total held to maturity	50,641		(127)		5,517		—		56,031		50,514
Available for sale:	Available for sale:													Available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency	U.S. government and government agency	488,196		0		14,890		(461)		502,625		502,625		U.S. government and government agency	762,615		—		1,213		(42,914)		720,914		720,914
State and municipal:	State and municipal:													State and municipal:
Special revenue	Special revenue	2,074,036		0		85,037		(1,433)		2,157,640		2,157,640		Special revenue	1,937,329		—		6,636		(76,329)		1,867,636		1,867,636
State general obligation	State general obligation	378,596		0		29,413		(250)		407,759		407,759		State general obligation	378,081		—		3,957		(13,458)		368,580		368,580
Pre-refunded	Pre-refunded	225,787		0		17,677		(607)		242,857		242,857		Pre-refunded	200,716		—		3,232		(49)		203,899		203,899
Corporate backed	Corporate backed	156,970		0		9,082		(862)		165,190		165,190		Corporate backed	166,591		—		453		(6,836)		160,208		160,208
Local general obligation	Local general obligation	419,506		0		33,630		(426)		452,710		452,710		Local general obligation	418,962		—		6,593		(8,615)		416,940		416,940
Total state and municipal	Total state and municipal	3,254,895		0		174,839		(3,578)		3,426,156		3,426,156		Total state and municipal	3,101,679		—		20,871		(105,287)		3,017,263		3,017,263
Mortgage-backed:	Mortgage-backed:													Mortgage-backed:
Residential	Residential	771,507		0		16,798		(8,189)		780,116		780,116		Residential	1,181,482		—		794		(110,774)		1,071,502		1,071,502
Commercial	Commercial	137,996		0		5,740		(150)		143,586		143,586		Commercial	413,090		—		552		(8,045)		405,597		405,597
Total mortgage-backed	Total mortgage-backed	909,503		0		22,538		(8,339)		923,702		923,702		Total mortgage-backed	1,594,572		—		1,346		(118,819)		1,477,099		1,477,099
Asset-backed	Asset-backed	4,333,543		0		8,449		(24,129)		4,317,863		4,317,863		Asset-backed	4,421,553		—		484		(129,549)		4,292,488		4,292,488
Corporate:	Corporate:													Corporate:
Industrial	Industrial	3,019,720		(12)		94,056		(7,761)		3,106,003		3,106,003		Industrial	3,412,383		(164)		2,643		(199,225)		3,215,637		3,215,637
Financial	Financial	1,583,291		0		51,103		(1,076)		1,633,318		1,633,318		Financial	1,909,682		(18)		341		(98,344)		1,811,661		1,811,661
Utilities	Utilities	406,423		0		18,531		(1,106)		423,848		423,848		Utilities	448,342		—		249		(26,490)		422,101		422,101
Other	Other	177,445		0		416		(367)		177,494		177,494		Other	247,531		—		29		(7,834)		239,726		239,726
Total corporate	Total corporate	5,186,879		(12)		164,106		(10,310)		5,340,663		5,340,663		Total corporate	6,017,938		(182)		3,262		(331,893)		5,689,125		5,689,125
Foreign government	Foreign government	1,103,503		(18,899)		17,176		(32,862)		1,068,918		1,068,918		Foreign government	1,748,422		(33,096)		528		(111,743)		1,604,111		1,604,111
Total available for sale	Total available for sale	15,276,519		(18,911)		401,998		(79,679)		15,579,927		15,579,927		Total available for sale	17,646,779		(33,278)		27,704		(840,205)		16,801,000		16,801,000
Total investments in fixed maturity securities	Total investments in fixed maturity securities	$	15,350,553	$	(19,364)	$	414,926	$	(79,679)	$	15,666,436	$	15,653,508	Total investments in fixed maturity securities	$	17,697,420	$	(33,405)	$	33,221	$	(840,205)	$	16,857,031	$	16,851,514

____________

(1) Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors. The change in the allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in the consolidated statements of income. Amount excludes unrealized losses relating to non-credit factors.

910


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (1)		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Carrying Value		(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (1)		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Carrying Value
						Gains		Losses											Gains		Losses
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2021														December 31, 2021
Held to maturity:	Held to maturity:													Held to maturity:
State and municipal	State and municipal	$	67,117	$	(798)	$	13,217	$	0	$	79,536	$	66,319	State and municipal	$	69,539	$	(387)	$	10,813	$	—	$	79,965	$	69,152
Residential mortgage-backed	Residential mortgage-backed	6,455		0		1,043		0		7,498		6,455		Residential mortgage-backed	4,829		—		632		—		5,461		4,829

Total held to maturity	Total held to maturity	73,572		(798)		14,260		0		87,034		72,774		Total held to maturity	74,368		(387)		11,445		—		85,426		73,981
Available for sale:	Available for sale:													Available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency	U.S. government and government agency	586,020		0		18,198		(347)		603,871		603,871		U.S. government and government agency	851,128		—		8,509		(4,294)		855,343		855,343
State and municipal:	State and municipal:													State and municipal:
Special revenue	Special revenue	2,137,162		0		96,924		(714)		2,233,372		2,233,372		Special revenue	2,016,382		—		62,961		(5,706)		2,073,637		2,073,637
State general obligation	State general obligation	417,397		0		33,407		0		450,804		450,804		State general obligation	388,110		—		23,152		(1,015)		410,247		410,247
Pre-refunded	Pre-refunded	250,081		0		21,472		(162)		271,391		271,391		Pre-refunded	202,633		—		14,891		(574)		216,950		216,950
Corporate backed	Corporate backed	206,356		0		8,755		(638)		214,473		214,473		Corporate backed	166,943		—		7,191		(1,532)		172,602		172,602
Local general obligation	Local general obligation	410,583		0		40,596		(555)		450,624		450,624		Local general obligation	401,974		—		29,455		(732)		430,697		430,697
Total state and municipal	Total state and municipal	3,421,579		0		201,154		(2,069)		3,620,664		3,620,664		Total state and municipal	3,176,042		—		137,650		(9,559)		3,304,133		3,304,133
Mortgage-backed:	Mortgage-backed:													Mortgage-backed:
Residential	Residential	813,187		0		24,664		(5,238)		832,613		832,613		Residential	940,744		—		9,896		(11,321)		939,319		939,319
Commercial	Commercial	181,105		0		6,725		(113)		187,717		187,717		Commercial	125,709		—		3,388		(341)		128,756		128,756
Total mortgage-backed securities	Total mortgage-backed securities	994,292		0		31,389		(5,351)		1,020,330		1,020,330		Total mortgage-backed securities	1,066,453		—		13,284		(11,662)		1,068,075		1,068,075
Asset-backed	Asset-backed	3,218,048		0		10,035		(33,497)		3,194,586		3,194,586		Asset-backed	4,504,950		—		4,409		(18,794)		4,490,565		4,490,565
Corporate:	Corporate:													Corporate:
Industrial	Industrial	2,456,516		(518)		115,926		(7,449)		2,564,475		2,564,475		Industrial	3,231,520		(16)		62,751		(21,092)		3,273,163		3,273,163
Financial	Financial	1,513,943		0		62,947		(987)		1,575,903		1,575,903		Financial	1,739,282		—		30,709		(6,591)		1,763,400		1,763,400
Utilities	Utilities	389,267		0		31,931		(33)		421,165		421,165		Utilities	396,242		—		13,262		(3,202)		406,302		406,302
Other	Other	109,353		0		696		(11)		110,038		110,038		Other	154,210		—		125		(1,525)		152,810		152,810
Total corporate	Total corporate	4,469,079		(518)		211,500		(8,480)		4,671,581		4,671,581		Total corporate	5,521,254		(16)		106,847		(32,410)		5,595,675		5,595,675
Foreign government	Foreign government	993,268		(1,264)		28,007		(44,448)		975,563		975,563		Foreign government	1,277,109		(22,222)		7,508		(47,494)		1,214,901		1,214,901
Total available for sale	Total available for sale	13,682,286		(1,782)		500,283		(94,192)		14,086,595		14,086,595		Total available for sale	16,396,936		(22,238)		278,207		(124,213)		16,528,692		16,528,692
Total investments in fixed maturity securities	Total investments in fixed maturity securities	$	13,755,858	$	(2,580)	$	514,543	$	(94,192)	$	14,173,629	$	14,159,369	Total investments in fixed maturity securities	$	16,471,304	$	(22,625)	$	289,652	$	(124,213)	$	16,614,118	$	16,602,673

____________

(1) Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors. The change in the allowance for expected credit losses ~~excluding the cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles,~~ is recognized in the consolidated statements of income. Amount excludes unrealized losses relating to non-credit factors.

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for ~~state and municipal~~ held to maturity securities for the six months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020:~~2021:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2021		2020		(In thousands)	2022		2021
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	798	$	0	Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	387	$	798
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles		0		69

Provision for expected credit losses	Provision for expected credit losses	(345)		879		Provision for expected credit losses	(260)		(345)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	453	$	948	Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	127��	$	453

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for ~~state and municipal~~ held to maturity securities for the three months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020:~~2021:


(In thousands)	2022		2021
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	378	$	730

Provision for expected credit losses	(251)		(277)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	127	$	453

1011

(In thousands) 2021 2020
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period $ 730 $ 107
Provision for expected credit losses (277) 841
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period $ 453 $ 948

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for available for sale securities for the six months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020:~~2021:


		2021						2020							2022						2021
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Foreign Government		Corporate		Total		Foreign Government		Corporate		Total		(In thousands)	Foreign Government		Corporate		Total		Foreign Government		Corporate		Total
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	1,264	$	518	$	1,782	$	0	$	0	$	0	Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	22,222	$	16	22,238		$	1,264	$	518	$	1,782
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles		0		0		0		35,645		0		35,645

Expected credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	Expected credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	18,990		16		19,006		12,494		6,797		19,291		Expected credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	1,897		182		2,079		18,990		16		19,006
Expected credit losses on securities for which credit losses were previously recorded		(861)		(517)		(1,378)		547		(3,758)		(3,211)
Expected credit losses (gains) on securities for which credit losses were previously recorded														Expected credit losses (gains) on securities for which credit losses were previously recorded	9,010		(16)		8,994		(861)		(517)		(1,378)
Reduction due to disposals	Reduction due to disposals	(494)		(5)		(499)		(3,917)		(2,315)		(6,232)		Reduction due to disposals	(33)		—		(33)		(494)		(5)		(499)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	18,899	$	12	$	18,911	$	44,769	$	724	$	45,493	Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	33,096	$	182	$	33,278	$	18,899	$	12	$	18,911

~~The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for available for sale securities for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020:~~
2021 2020
(In thousands) Foreign Government Corporate Total Foreign Government Corporate Total
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period $ 19,993 $ 16 $ 20,009 $ 60,920 $ 6,436 $ 67,356
Expected credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded 0 0 0 0 361 361
Expected credit losses on securities for which credit losses were previously recorded (600) (4) (604) (15,822) (3,758) (19,580)
Reduction due to disposals (494) 0 (494) (329) (2,315) (2,644)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period $ 18,899 $ 12 $ 18,911 $ 44,769 $ 724 $ 45,493

During the six months ended June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, the Company increased the allowance for expected credit losses for available for sale securities utilizing its credit loss assessment process and inputs used in its credit loss model ~~primarily~~ due to an increase in unrealized losses primarily associated with foreign government ~~securities that had no reserve in prior periods.~~securities. During the six months ended June 30, ~~2020,~~2021, the Company increased the allowance for expected credit losses for available for sale securities, ~~primarily~~mainly due to foreign government securities that had no reserve in prior periods.

The following table presents the ~~negative impact to~~rollforward of the ~~financial markets caused by COVID-19.~~allowance for expected credit losses for available for sale securities for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:


	2022						2021
(In thousands)	Foreign Government		Corporate		Total		Foreign Government		Corporate		Total
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	26,153	$	—	$	26,153	$	19,993	$	16	$	20,009

Expected credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	1,413		182		1,595		—		—		—
Expected credit losses (gains) on securities for which credit losses were previously recorded	5,563		—		5,563		(600)		(4)		(604)
Reduction due to disposals	(33)		—		(33)		(494)		—		(494)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	33,096	$	182	$	33,278	$	18,899	$	12	$	18,911

The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities at June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Amortized Cost (1)		Fair Value		(In thousands)	Amortized Cost (1)		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	Due in one year or less	$	1,735,412	$	1,739,369	Due in one year or less	$	1,859,431	$	1,829,253
Due after one year through five years	Due after one year through five years	6,570,612		6,726,040		Due after one year through five years	8,188,520		7,879,921
Due after five years through ten years	Due after five years through ten years	3,888,420		3,993,735		Due after five years through ten years	3,970,551		3,716,098
Due after ten years	Due after ten years	2,240,429		2,277,007		Due after ten years	2,080,064		1,950,335
Mortgage-backed securities	Mortgage-backed securities	915,227		930,285		Mortgage-backed securities	1,598,727		1,481,424
Total	Total	$	15,350,100	$	15,666,436	Total	$	17,697,293	$	16,857,031

________________

(1) Amortized cost is reduced by the allowance for expected credit losses of ~~$453~~$127 thousand related to held to maturity securities.

At June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, there were no investments that exceeded 10% of common stockholders' equity, other than investments in United States government and government agency securities.

~~(7)~~

(8) Investments in Equity Securities

At June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, investments in equity securities were as follows:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Cost		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Carrying Value		(In thousands)	Cost		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Carrying Value
				Gains		Losses									Gains		Losses
June 30, 2021
June 30, 2022												June 30, 2022
Common stocks	Common stocks	$	367,228	$	88,228	$	(5,956)	$	449,500	$	449,500	Common stocks	$	863,106	$	111,393	$	(41,827)	$	932,672	$	932,672
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	208,685		8,398		(23,590)		193,493		193,493		Preferred stocks	259,338		2,652		(39,336)		222,654		222,654
Total	Total	$	575,913	$	96,626	$	(29,546)	$	642,993	$	642,993	Total	$	1,122,444	$	114,045	$	(81,163)	$	1,155,326	$	1,155,326

December 31, 2020
December 31, 2021												December 31, 2021
Common stocks	Common stocks	$	335,617	$	28,742	$	(14,178)	$	350,181	$	350,181	Common stocks	$	619,896	$	92,401	$	(16,894)	$	695,403	$	695,403
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	180,397		95,581		(492)		275,486		275,486		Preferred stocks	250,149		7,874		(12,183)		245,840		245,840
Total	Total	$	516,014	$	124,323	$	(14,670)	$	625,667	$	625,667	Total	$	870,045	$	100,275	$	(29,077)	$	941,243	$	941,243

~~(8)~~(9) Arbitrage Trading Account

At June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, the fair and carrying values of the arbitrage trading account were ~~$634~~$1,142 million and ~~$341~~$1,180 million, respectively. The primary focus of the trading account is merger arbitrage. Merger arbitrage is the business of investing in the securities of publicly held companies which are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers. Arbitrage investing differs from other types of investing in its focus on transactions and events believed likely to bring about a change in value over a relatively short time period (usually four months or less).

The Company uses put options and call options in order to mitigate the impact of potential changes in market conditions on the merger arbitrage trading account. These options are reported at fair value. As of June 30, ~~2021, the fair value of long option contracts outstanding was $3 thousand (notional amount of $741 thousand) and~~2022, the fair value of short option contracts outstanding was ~~$183~~$68 thousand (notional amount of ~~$9.8~~$13.5 million). Other than with respect to the use of these trading account securities, the Company does not make use of derivatives.

~~(9)~~(10) Net Investment Income

Net investment income consisted of the following:


		For the Three Months Ended June 30,					For the Six Months Ended June 30,							For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,

(In thousands)	(In thousands)					2021			2020			2021				2020	(In thousands)		2022			2021			2022	2021
Investment income (loss) earned on:	Investment income (loss) earned on:												Investment income (loss) earned on:
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	$	96,996	$	105,843		$	191,673		$	233,861		Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	$	124,389		$	96,996		$	225,673		$	191,673
Investment funds	Investment funds	61,311		(57,552)			100,246			(16,975)			Investment funds	33,861			61,311			85,874			100,246
Equity securities													Equity securities	12,797			7,212			23,653			13,392
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	3,914		31,304			22,989			32,442			Arbitrage trading account	4,127			3,914			13,313			22,989
Equity securities		7,212		2,726			13,392			4,288
Real estate	Real estate	872		5,045			2,032			11,141			Real estate	(1,551)			872			595			2,032

Gross investment income	Gross investment income	170,305		87,366			330,332			264,757			Gross investment income	173,623			170,305			349,108			330,332
Investment expense	Investment expense	(2,118)		(1,935)			(3,568)			(4,563)			Investment expense	(2,049)			(2,118)			(4,022)			(3,568)
Net investment income	Net investment income	$	168,187	$	85,431		$	326,764		$	260,194		Net investment income	$	171,574		$	168,187		$	345,086		$	326,764

~~(10)~~

(11) Investment Funds

The Company evaluates whether it is an investor in a variable interest entity ("VIE"). Such entities do not have sufficient equity at risk to finance their activities without additional subordinated financial support, or the equity investors, as a group, do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest (primary beneficiary). The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of an entity subject to consolidation based on a qualitative assessment of the VIE's capital structure, contractual terms, nature of the VIE's operations and purpose, and the Company's relative exposure to the related risks of the VIE on the date it becomes initially involved in the VIE and on an ongoing basis. The Company is not the primary beneficiary in any of its investment funds, and accordingly, carries its interests in investment funds under the equity method of accounting.

The Company’s maximum exposure to loss with respect to these investments is limited to the carrying amount reported on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and its unfunded commitments, which were ~~$166~~$440 million as of June 30, ~~2021.~~2022.

Investment funds consisted of the following:


		Carrying Value as of				Income (Loss) from Investment Funds					Carrying Value as of				Income (Loss) from Investment Funds
		June 30,		December 31,		For the Six Months Ended June 30,					June 30,		December 31,		For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2021		2020		2021		2020		(In thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Financial services	Financial services	$	452,233	$	434,437	$	48,990	$	(6,881)	Financial services	$	469,474	$	431,818	$	24,135	$	48,990
Transportation										Transportation	338,555		336,688		25,355		17,177
Real Estate	Real Estate	262,889		310,783		10,506		4,021		Real Estate	275,075		273,690		28,243		10,506
Transportation		271,536		190,125		17,177		(4,627)
Energy	Energy	149,008		140,935		9,492		(20,968)		Energy	132,728		150,224		3,708		9,492
Infrastructure										Infrastructure	110,491		12,314		(133)		699
Other funds	Other funds	233,787		233,150		14,081		11,480		Other funds	375,947		275,878		4,566		13,382
Total	Total	$	1,369,453	$	1,309,430	$	100,246	$	(16,975)	Total	$	1,702,270	$	1,480,612	$	85,874	$	100,246

The Company's share of the earnings or losses from investment funds is generally reported on a one-quarter lag in order to facilitate the timely completion of the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Financial services investment funds include the Company’s minority investment in Lifson Re, a Bermuda reinsurance company. Effective January 1, 2021, Lifson Re participates on a fully collateralized basis in a majority of the Company’s reinsurance placements for a 22.5% share of placed amounts. The percentage will be increased from 22.5% to 30.0% effective July 1, 2022. This pertains to all traditional reinsurance/retrocessional placements for both property and casualty business where there is more than one open market reinsurer participating. ~~As of~~For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company has ceded approximately $226 million and $139 million, respectively, of written premiums to Lifson Re.

Other funds include deferred compensation trust assets of $31 million and $34 million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. These assets support other liabilities reflected in the balance sheet of an equal amount for employees who have elected to defer a portion of their compensation. The change in the net asset value of the trust is recorded in other funds within net investment income with an offsetting equal amount within corporate expenses.

~~(11)~~(12) Real Estate

Investment in real estate represents directly owned property held for investment, as follows:


		Carrying Value					Carrying Value
		June 30,		December 31,			June 30,		December 31,
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2021		2020		(In thousands)	2022		2021
Properties in operation	Properties in operation	$	1,586,911	$	1,738,144	Properties in operation	$	1,079,174	$	1,626,826
Properties under development	Properties under development	224,352		222,770		Properties under development	224,920		225,682
Total	Total	$	1,811,263	$	1,960,914	Total	$	1,304,094	$	1,852,508

As of June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, properties in operation included a long-term ground lease in Washington, D.C., an office complex in New York City ~~an office building in London, U.K.,~~ and the completed portion of a mixed-use project in Washington D.C. Properties in operation are net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of ~~$64,226,000~~$32,743,000 and ~~$86,970,000~~$57,391,000 as of June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, respectively. Related depreciation expense was ~~$9,622,000~~$7,445,000 and ~~$13,776,000~~$9,622,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and

2021, ~~and 2020,~~ respectively. Future minimum rental income expected on operating leases relating to properties in operation is ~~$29,265,862 in 2021, $59,450,838~~$15,974,530 in 2022, ~~$53,607,393~~$31,172,279 in 2023, ~~$52,500,378~~$31,529,168 in 2024, ~~$50,115,697~~$28,867,842 in 2025, ~~$47,602,823~~$26,877,236 in 2026, $26,067,784 in 2027 and ~~$597,389,153~~$482,756,589 thereafter.

During the ~~three months ended June 30, 2021,~~first quarter of 2022, the Company sold ~~2 office buildings~~a real estate investment in ~~Palm Beach and West Palm Beach, Florida. One of these sales also resulted in a $102 million reduction of the Company's debt that was supporting the property.~~London.

A mixed-use project in Washington, D.C. has been under development in ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020,~~2021, with the completed portion reported in properties in operation as of June 30, ~~2021.~~2022.

~~(12)~~(13) Loans Receivable

At June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, loans receivable were as follows:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020		(In thousands)	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses):	Amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses):					Amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses):
Real estate loans	Real estate loans	$	89,821	$	51,910	Real estate loans	$	89,009	$	89,431
Commercial loans	Commercial loans	26,188		33,003		Commercial loans	24,474		25,741
Total	Total	$	116,009	$	84,913	Total	$	113,483	$	115,172

Fair value:	Fair value:					Fair value:
Real estate loans	Real estate loans	$	91,322	$	53,593	Real estate loans	$	87,598	$	90,793
Commercial loans	Commercial loans	26,188		33,003		Commercial loans	24,474		25,741
Total	Total	$	117,510	$	86,596	Total	$	112,072	$	116,534

The real estate loans are secured by commercial and residential real estate primarily located in New York. These loans generally earn interest at fixed or stepped interest rates and have maturities through 2026. The commercial loans are with small business owners who have secured the related financing with the assets of the business. Commercial loans primarily earn interest on a fixed basis and have varying maturities generally not exceeding 10 years.

Loans receivable in non-accrual status were ~~both~~none and $0.2 million as of June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and December 31, ~~2020.~~2021, respectively.

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for loans receivable for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:


	2022						2021
(In thousands)	Real Estate Loans		Commercial Loans		Total		Real Estate Loans		Commercial Loans		Total
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	1,362	$	356	$	1,718	$	1,683	$	3,754	$	5,437

Change in expected credit losses	(134)		591		457		(182)		(3,285)		(3,467)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	1,228	$	947	$	2,175	$	1,501	$	469	$	1,970

During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company increased the allowance primarily due to an increase in the weighted average life of the loans receivable portfolio. During the six months ended June 30, 2021, ~~and 2020:~~

2021 2020
(In thousands) Real Estate Loans Commercial Loans Total Real Estate Loans Commercial Loans Total
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period $ 1,683 $ 3,754 $ 5,437 $ 1,502 $ 644 $ 2,146
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles 0 0 0 (905) 548 (357)
Provision for expected credit losses (182) (3,285) (3,467) 3,721 3,209 6,930
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period $ 1,501 $ 469 $ 1,970 $ 4,318 $ 4,401 $ 8,719
the Company decreased the allowance primarily due to loan repayments.

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for loans receivable for the three months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020:~~2021:


		2021						2020							2022						2021
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Real Estate Loans		Commercial Loans		Total		Real Estate Loans		Commercial Loans		Total		(In thousands)	Real Estate Loans		Commercial Loans		Total		Real Estate Loans		Commercial Loans		Total
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	1,608	$	2,590	$	4,198	$	1,435	$	2,493	$	3,928	Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	1,295	$	134	$	1,429	$	1,608	$	2,590	$	4,198
Provision for expected credit losses		(107)		(2,121)		(2,228)		2,883		1,908		4,791

Change in expected credit losses														Change in expected credit losses	(67)		813		746		(107)		(2,121)		(2,228)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	1,501	$	469	$	1,970	$	4,318	$	4,401	$	8,719	Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	1,228	$	947	$	2,175	$	1,501	$	469	$	1,970

The Company monitors the performance of its loans receivable and assesses the ability of the borrower to pay principal and interest based upon loan structure, underlying property values, cash flow and related financial and operating performance of the property and market conditions.

In evaluating the real estate loans, the Company considers their credit quality indicators, including loan to value ratios, which compare the outstanding loan amount to the estimated value of the property, the borrower’s financial condition and performance with respect to loan terms, the position in the capital structure, the overall leverage in the capital structure and other market conditions.

1516

~~(13)~~(14) Net Investment (Losses) Gains ~~(Losses)~~

Net investment (losses) gains ~~(losses)~~ were as follows:


		For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,					For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2021		2020		2021		2020		(In thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Net investment gains (losses):
Net investment (losses) gains:										Net investment (losses) gains:
Fixed maturity securities:	Fixed maturity securities:									Fixed maturity securities:
Gains	Gains	$	5,440	$	14,844	$	13,680	$	19,775	Gains	$	647	$	5,440	$	2,352	$	13,680
Losses	Losses	(2,236)		(9,234)		(4,307)		(14,081)		Losses	(3,459)		(2,236)		(6,443)		(4,307)
Equity securities (1):	Equity securities (1):									Equity securities (1):
Net realized gains on investment sales	Net realized gains on investment sales	6,256		5,727		14,828		5,727		Net realized gains on investment sales	41		6,256		946		14,828
Change in unrealized (losses) gains		(18,239)		61,914		(42,574)		(92,552)
Change in unrealized losses										Change in unrealized losses	(131,530)		(18,239)		(38,317)		(42,574)
Investment funds	Investment funds	(300)		913		47,371		31,096		Investment funds	(2,362)		(300)		(4,524)		47,371
Real estate(2)	Real estate(2)	49,492		(7,137)		62,401		(7,824)		Real estate(2)	358		49,492		286,550		62,401
Loans receivable	Loans receivable	(881)		0		(881)		0		Loans receivable	—		(881)		(32)		(881)
Other	Other	(19,071)		(5,374)		(18,299)		(23,773)		Other	(27,630)		(19,071)		(34,585)		(18,299)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments in earnings before allowance for expected credit losses		20,461		61,653		72,219		(81,632)
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments in earnings before allowance for expected credit losses										Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments in earnings before allowance for expected credit losses	(163,935)		20,461		205,947		72,219
Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments:	Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments:									Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments:
Fixed maturity securities	Fixed maturity securities	1,375		21,023		(16,783)		(10,727)		Fixed maturity securities	(6,874)		1,375		(10,780)		(16,783)
Loans receivable	Loans receivable	2,228		(4,791)		3,467		(6,930)		Loans receivable	(746)		2,228		(457)		3,467
Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments	Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments	3,603		16,232		(13,316)		(17,657)		Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments	(7,620)		3,603		(11,237)		(13,316)
Net investment gains (losses)		24,064		77,885		58,903		(99,289)
Income tax (expense) benefit		(5,264)		(18,098)		(11,151)		22,476
After-tax net investment gains (losses)		$	18,800	$	59,787	$	47,752	$	(76,813)
Net investment (losses) gains										Net investment (losses) gains	(171,555)		24,064		194,710		58,903
Income tax benefit (expense)										Income tax benefit (expense)	37,519		(5,264)		(40,923)		(11,151)
After-tax net investment (losses) gains										After-tax net investment (losses) gains	$	(134,036)	$	18,800	$	153,787	$	47,752


Change in unrealized investment gains (losses) on available for sale securities:
Change in unrealized investment (losses) gains on available for sale securities:										Change in unrealized investment (losses) gains on available for sale securities:
Fixed maturity securities without allowance for expected credit losses	Fixed maturity securities without allowance for expected credit losses	$	28,511	$	369,615	$	(94,058)	$	43,199	Fixed maturity securities without allowance for expected credit losses	$	(409,647)	$	28,511	$	(949,910)	$	(94,058)
Fixed maturity securities with allowance for expected credit losses	Fixed maturity securities with allowance for expected credit losses	(69)		23,450		10,286		24,991		Fixed maturity securities with allowance for expected credit losses	(16,878)		(69)		(16,585)		10,286

Investment funds	Investment funds	762		4,212		(257)		(3,434)		Investment funds	(3,302)		762		(2,833)		(257)
Other	Other	(400)		(1,653)		(902)		(1,979)		Other	(957)		(400)		(904)		(902)
Total change in unrealized investment gains (losses)		28,804		395,624		(84,931)		62,777
Income tax (expense) benefit		(5,532)		(76,899)		18,073		(3,034)
Total change in unrealized investment (losses) gains										Total change in unrealized investment (losses) gains	(430,784)		28,804		(970,232)		(84,931)
Income tax benefit (expense)										Income tax benefit (expense)	93,776		(5,532)		209,679		18,073
Noncontrolling interests	Noncontrolling interests	(1)		(1)		(1)		1		Noncontrolling interests	—		(1)		(1)		(1)
After-tax change in unrealized investment gains (losses) of available for sale securities		$	23,271	$	318,724	$	(66,859)	$	59,744
After-tax change in unrealized investment (losses) gains of available for sale securities										After-tax change in unrealized investment (losses) gains of available for sale securities	$	(337,008)	$	23,271	$	(760,554)	$	(66,859)

______________________

(1) The net realized gains or losses on investment sales represent the total gains or losses from the purchase dates of the equity securities. The change in unrealized (losses) gains consists of two components: (i) the reversal of the gain or loss recognized in previous periods on equity securities sold and (ii) the change in unrealized gain or loss resulting from mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities still held.

(2) During March 2022, the Company realized a gain on the sale of a real estate investment in London, U.K. of $251 million, net of transaction expenses and the foreign currency impact, including the reversal of the currency translation adjustment.

1617

~~(14)~~(15) Fixed Maturity Securities in an Unrealized Loss Position

The following tables summarize all fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position at June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and December 31, ~~2020~~2021 by the length of time those securities have been continuously in an unrealized loss position:


		Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or Greater				Total					Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or Greater				Total
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		(In thousands)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
June 30, 2021
June 30, 2022														June 30, 2022
U.S. government and government agency	U.S. government and government agency	$	38,752	$	458	$	524	$	3	$	39,276	$	461	U.S. government and government agency	$	570,441	$	40,355	$	35,683	$	2,559	$	606,124	$	42,914
State and municipal	State and municipal	205,730		2,222		22,655		1,356		228,385		3,578		State and municipal	1,789,266		92,972		95,746		12,315		1,885,012		105,287
Mortgage-backed	Mortgage-backed	266,963		7,799		29,570		540		296,533		8,339		Mortgage-backed	1,223,393		97,556		116,005		21,263		1,339,398		118,819
Asset-backed	Asset-backed	2,581,697		6,817		606,663		17,312		3,188,360		24,129		Asset-backed	3,788,329		124,135		193,620		5,414		3,981,949		129,549
Corporate	Corporate	972,383		8,212		44,055		2,098		1,016,438		10,310		Corporate	4,775,827		277,520		499,270		54,373		5,275,097		331,893
Foreign government	Foreign government	376,746		11,433		11,921		21,429		388,667		32,862		Foreign government	1,292,469		59,376		246,041		52,367		1,538,510		111,743
Fixed maturity securities	Fixed maturity securities	$	4,442,271	$	36,941	$	715,388	$	42,738	$	5,157,659	$	79,679	Fixed maturity securities	$	13,439,725	$	691,914	$	1,186,365	$	148,291	$	14,626,090	$	840,205

December 31, 2020
December 31, 2021														December 31, 2021
U.S. government and government agency	U.S. government and government agency	$	47,649	$	347	$	17	$	0	$	47,666	$	347	U.S. government and government agency	$	487,712	$	4,026	$	17,021	$	268	$	504,733	$	4,294
State and municipal	State and municipal	147,754		1,165		20,528		904		168,282		2,069		State and municipal	502,333		7,403		29,547		2,156		531,880		9,559
Mortgage-backed	Mortgage-backed	212,388		5,121		23,943		230		236,331		5,351		Mortgage-backed	558,751		6,900		106,130		4,762		664,881		11,662
Asset-backed	Asset-backed	1,389,133		6,563		656,877		26,934		2,046,010		33,497		Asset-backed	3,832,944		18,503		75,385		291		3,908,329		18,794
Corporate	Corporate	612,177		6,721		39,985		1,759		652,162		8,480		Corporate	2,582,860		29,322		51,095		3,088		2,633,955		32,410
Foreign government	Foreign government	143,729		22,871		6,218		21,577		149,947		44,448		Foreign government	758,975		15,793		82,057		31,701		841,032		47,494
Fixed maturity securities	Fixed maturity securities	$	2,552,830	$	42,788	$	747,568	$	51,404	$	3,300,398	$	94,192	Fixed maturity securities	$	8,723,575	$	81,947	$	361,235	$	42,266	$	9,084,810	$	124,213

Substantially all of the securities in an unrealized loss position are rated investment grade, except for the securities in the foreign government classification. A significant amount of the unrealized loss on foreign government securities is the result of changes in currency exchange rates.

A summary of the Company’s non-investment grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at June 30, ~~2021~~2022 is presented in the table below:


($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	Number of Securities	Aggregate Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss		($ in thousands)	Number of Securities	Aggregate Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss
Foreign government	Foreign government	27	$	108,910	$	30,171	Foreign government	42	$	124,609	$	52,655
Corporate	Corporate	10	36,482		2,058		Corporate	12	46,437		5,739
State and municipal							State and municipal	1	13,248		1,756
Mortgage-backed	Mortgage-backed	4	276		19		Mortgage-backed	11	3,513		144
Asset-backed	Asset-backed	1	113		1		Asset-backed	3	87		24

Total	Total	42	$	145,781	$	32,249	Total	69	$	187,894	$	60,318

For fixed maturity securities that management does not intend to sell or to be required to sell, the portion of the decline in value that is considered to be due to credit factors is recognized in earnings, and the portion of the decline in value that is considered to be due to non-credit factors is recognized in other comprehensive income.

The Company has evaluated its fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position and believes the unrealized losses are due primarily to temporary market and sector-related factors rather than to issuer-specific factors. None of these securities are delinquent or in default under financial covenants. Based on its assessment of these issuers, the Company expects them to continue to meet their contractual payment obligations as they become due.

1718

~~(15)~~(16) Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s fixed maturity available for sale securities, equity securities and its arbitrage trading account securities are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels, as follows:

Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets or valuations based on inputs that are observable.

Level 3 - Estimates of fair value based on internal pricing methodologies using unobservable inputs. Unobservable inputs are only used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available.

Substantially all of the Company’s fixed maturity securities were priced by independent pricing services. The prices provided by the independent pricing services are estimated based on observable market data in active markets utilizing pricing models and processes, which may include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, sector groupings, matrix pricing and reference data. The pricing services may prioritize inputs differently on any given day for any security based on market conditions, and not all inputs are available for each security evaluation on any given day. The pricing services used by the Company have indicated that they will only produce an estimate of fair value if objectively verifiable information is available. The determination of whether markets are active or inactive is based upon the volume and level of activity for a particular asset class. The Company reviews the prices provided by pricing services for reasonableness and periodically performs independent price tests of a sample of securities to ensure proper valuation.

If prices from independent pricing services are not available for fixed maturity securities, the Company estimates the fair value. For Level 2 securities, the Company utilizes pricing models and processes which may include benchmark yields, sector groupings, matrix pricing, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, bids, offers and reference data. Where broker quotes are used, the Company generally requests two or more quotes and sets a price within the range of quotes received based on its assessment of the credibility of the quote and its own evaluation of the security. The Company generally does not adjust quotes received from brokers. For securities traded only in private negotiations, the Company determines fair value based primarily on the cost of such securities, which is adjusted to reflect prices of recent placements of securities of the same issuer, financial projections, credit quality and business developments of the issuer and other relevant information.

For Level 3 securities, the Company generally uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of fixed maturity securities. The cash flow models are based upon assumptions as to prevailing credit spreads, interest rate and interest rate volatility, time to maturity and subordination levels. Projected cash flows are discounted at rates that are adjusted to reflect illiquidity, where appropriate.

1819

The following tables present the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and December 31, ~~2020~~2021 by level:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		(In thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
June 30, 2021
June 30, 2022										June 30, 2022
Assets:	Assets:									Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:	Fixed maturity securities available for sale:									Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency	U.S. government and government agency	$	502,625	$	0	$	502,625	$	0	U.S. government and government agency	$	720,914	$	—	$	720,914	$	—
State and municipal	State and municipal	3,426,156		0		3,426,156		0		State and municipal	3,017,263		—		3,017,263		—
Mortgage-backed	Mortgage-backed	923,702		0		923,702		0		Mortgage-backed	1,477,099		—		1,477,099		—
Asset-backed	Asset-backed	4,317,863		0		4,317,863		0		Asset-backed	4,292,488		—		4,292,488		—
Corporate	Corporate	5,340,663		0		5,340,663		0		Corporate	5,689,125		—		5,689,125		—
Foreign government	Foreign government	1,068,918		0		1,068,918		0		Foreign government	1,604,111		—		1,604,111		—
Total fixed maturity securities available for sale	Total fixed maturity securities available for sale	15,579,927		0		15,579,927		0		Total fixed maturity securities available for sale	16,801,000		—		16,801,000		—
Equity securities:	Equity securities:									Equity securities:
Common stocks	Common stocks	449,500		437,758		2,261		9,481		Common stocks	932,672		926,865		1,256		4,551
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	193,493		0		184,160		9,333		Preferred stocks	222,654		—		211,358		11,296
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	642,993		437,758		186,421		18,814		Total equity securities	1,155,326		926,865		212,614		15,847
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	634,276		621,883		12,393		0		Arbitrage trading account	1,142,003		1,121,579		20,424		—
Total	Total	$	16,857,196	$	1,059,641	$	15,778,741	$	18,814	Total	$	19,098,329	$	2,048,444	$	17,034,038	$	15,847
Liabilities:	Liabilities:									Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	190	$	190	$	0	$	0	Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	68	$	68	$	—	$	—

December 31, 2020
December 31, 2021										December 31, 2021
Assets:	Assets:									Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:	Fixed maturity securities available for sale:									Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency	U.S. government and government agency	$	603,871	$	0	$	603,871	$	0	U.S. government and government agency	$	855,343	$	—	$	855,343	$	—
State and municipal	State and municipal	3,620,664		0		3,620,664		0		State and municipal	3,304,133		—		3,304,133		—
Mortgage-backed	Mortgage-backed	1,020,330		0		1,020,330		0		Mortgage-backed	1,068,075		—		1,068,075		—
Asset-backed	Asset-backed	3,194,586		0		3,194,586		0		Asset-backed	4,490,565		—		4,490,565		—
Corporate	Corporate	4,671,581		0		4,670,581		1,000		Corporate	5,595,675		—		5,595,675		—
Foreign government	Foreign government	975,563		0		975,563		0		Foreign government	1,214,901		—		1,214,901		—
Total fixed maturity securities available for sale	Total fixed maturity securities available for sale	14,086,595		0		14,085,595		1,000		Total fixed maturity securities available for sale	16,528,692		—		16,528,692		—
Equity securities:	Equity securities:									Equity securities:
Common stocks	Common stocks	350,181		340,966		0		9,215		Common stocks	695,403		684,470		1,639		9,294
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	275,486		0		266,155		9,331		Preferred stocks	245,840		—		234,544		11,296
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	625,667		340,966		266,155		18,546		Total equity securities	941,243		684,470		236,183		20,590
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	341,473		298,359		43,114		0		Arbitrage trading account	1,179,606		1,153,079		26,527		—
Total	Total	$	15,053,735	$	639,325	$	14,394,864	$	19,546	Total	$	18,649,541	$	1,837,549	$	16,791,402	$	20,590
Liabilities:	Liabilities:									Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	10,048	$	10,048	$	0	$	0	Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	1,169	$	1,137	$	32	$	—

1920

The following tables summarize changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities for the six months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and for the year ended December 31, ~~2020:~~2021:


Gains (Losses) Included In:																				Gains (Losses) Included In:
(In thousands)																				(In thousands)	Beginning Balance		Earnings (Losses)			Other Comprehensive Income (Losses)		Impairments		Purchases		Sales		Paydowns / Maturities		Transfers In / (Out)		Ending Balance

Six Months Ended June 30, 2022																									Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
Assets:																				Assets:

		Gains (Losses) Included in:
(In thousands)		Beginning Balance		Earnings (Losses)		Other Comprehensive Income		Impairments		Purchases		(Sales)		Paydowns / Maturities		Transfers In / (Out)		Ending Balance

Six Months Ended June 30, 2021

Equity securities:																				Equity securities:
Common stocks																				Common stocks	$	9,294	$	(4,743)		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4,551
Preferred stocks																				Preferred stocks	11,296		—			—		—		925		(925)		—		—		11,296

Total																				Total	$	20,590	$	(4,743)		$	—	$	—	$	925	$	(925)	$	—	$	—	$	15,847

Liabilities:																				Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased																				Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Year Ended December 31, 2021																				Year Ended December 31, 2021
Assets:	Assets:																			Assets:
Fixed maturities securities available for sale:	Fixed maturities securities available for sale:																			Fixed maturities securities available for sale:

Corporate	Corporate	$	1,000	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	(1,000)	$	0	$	0	$	0	Corporate	$	1,000	$	—		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(1,000)	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total	Total	1,000		0		0		0		0		(1,000)		0		0		0		Total	1,000		—			—		—		—		(1,000)		—		—		—
Equity securities:	Equity securities:																			Equity securities:
Common stocks	Common stocks	$	9,215	$	827	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	(561)	$	—	$	0	$	9,481	Common stocks	9,215		640			—		—		—		(561)		—		—		9,294
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	9,331		2		0		0		0		0		—		0		9,333		Preferred stocks	9,331		(35)			—		—		2,000		—		—		—		11,296
Total	Total	18,546		829		0		0		0		(561)		—		0		18,814		Total	18,546		605			—		—		2,000		(561)		—		—		20,590
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	0		1		0		0		0		(1)		0		0		0		Arbitrage trading account	—		8			—		—		—		(8)		—		—		—
Total	Total	$	19,546	$	830	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	(1,562)	$	0	$	0	$	18,814	Total	$	19,546	$	613		$	—	$	—	$	2,000	$	(1,569)	$	—	$	—	$	20,590

Year Ended December 31, 2020
Assets:
Fixed maturities securities available for sale:

Corporate		$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	1,000	$	1,000
Total		0		0		0		0		0		0		—		1,000		1,000
Equity securities:
Common stocks		9,053		1,228		0		0		0		(1,066)		—		0		9,215
Preferred stocks		6,505		(174)		0		0		3,000		0		—		0		9,331
Total		15,558		1,054		0		0		3,000		(1,066)		0		0		18,546
Arbitrage trading account		0		19		0		0		0		(19)		—		—		0
Total		$	15,558	$	1,073	$	0	$	0	$	3,000	$	(1,085)	$	—	$	1,000	$	19,546

Liabilities:																				Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased																				Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	—	$	1		$	—	$	—	$	(1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021, there were 0 securities transferred into or out of Level 3. ~~For the year ended December 31, 2020, a fixed maturity security was transferred from Level 2 into Level 3 as a result of observable valuation inputs no longer being available.~~

2021

~~(16)~~(17) Reserves for Loss and Loss Expenses

The Company's reserves for losses and loss expenses are comprised of case reserves and incurred but not reported liabilities ("IBNR"). When a claim is reported, a case reserve is established for the estimated ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim. As more information about the claim becomes available over time, case reserves are adjusted up or down as appropriate. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for IBNR liabilities and expected loss reserve development on reported claims.

Loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements represent management’s best estimates based upon an actuarially derived point estimate and other considerations. The Company uses a variety of actuarial techniques and methods to derive an actuarial point estimate for each operating unit. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development, paid and incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and frequency and severity methods. In circumstances where one actuarial method is considered more credible than the others, that method is used to set the point estimate. The actuarial point estimate may also be based on a judgmental weighting of estimates produced from each of the methods considered. Industry loss experience is used to supplement the Company’s own data in selecting “tail factors” in areas where the Company’s own data is limited. The actuarial data is analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident or policy year, as appropriate, for each operating unit.

The key assumptions used to arrive at the best estimate of loss reserves are the expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation, and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Expected loss ratios represent management’s expectation of losses at the time the business is priced and written, before any actual claims experience has emerged. This expectation is a significant determinant of the estimate of loss reserves for recently written business where there is little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Expected loss ratios are generally derived from historical loss ratios adjusted for the impact of rate changes, loss cost trends and known changes in the type of risks underwritten. Expected loss ratios are estimated for each key line of business within each operating unit. Expected loss cost inflation is particularly important for the long-tail lines, such as excess casualty, and claims with a high medical component, such as workers’ compensation. Reported and paid loss emergence patterns are used to project current reported or paid loss amounts to their ultimate settlement value. Loss development factors are based on the historical emergence patterns of paid and incurred losses, and are derived from the Company’s own experience and industry data. The paid loss emergence pattern is also significant to excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves because those reserves are discounted to their estimated present value based upon such estimated payout patterns.

Loss frequency and severity are measures of loss activity that are considered in determining the key assumptions described in our discussion of loss and loss expense reserves, including expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors affecting loss frequency include the effectiveness of loss controls and safety programs and changes in economic activity or weather patterns. Factors affecting loss severity include changes in policy limits, retentions, rate of inflation and judicial interpretations.

Another factor affecting estimates of loss frequency and severity is the loss reporting lag, which is the period of time between the occurrence of a loss and the date the loss is reported to the Company. The length of the loss reporting lag affects our ability to accurately predict loss frequency (loss frequencies are more predictable for lines with short reporting lags) as well as the amount of reserves needed for incurred but not reported losses (less IBNR is required for lines with short reporting lags). As a result, loss reserves for lines with short reporting lags are likely to have less variation from initial loss estimates. For lines with short reporting lags, which include commercial automobile, primary workers’ compensation, other liability (claims-made) and property business, the key assumption is the loss emergence pattern used to project ultimate loss estimates from known losses paid or reported to date. For lines of business with long reporting lags, which include other liability (occurrence), products liability, excess workers’ compensation and liability reinsurance, the key assumption is the expected loss ratio since there is often little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Historically, the Company has experienced less variation from its initial loss estimates for lines of businesses with short reporting lags than for lines of business with long reporting lags.

2122

The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending reserve balances:


		June 30,					June 30,
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2021		2020		(In thousands)	2022		2021
Net reserves at beginning of period	Net reserves at beginning of period	$	11,620,393	$	10,697,998	Net reserves at beginning of period	$	12,848,362	$	11,620,393
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles		0		5,927
Restated net reserves at beginning of period		11,620,393		10,703,925

Net provision for losses and loss expenses:	Net provision for losses and loss expenses:					Net provision for losses and loss expenses:
Claims occurring during the current year (1)	Claims occurring during the current year (1)	2,308,309		2,222,671		Claims occurring during the current year (1)	2,748,725		2,308,309
Increase in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (2) (3)	Increase in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (2) (3)	1,530		2,050		Increase in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (2) (3)	9,765		1,530
Loss reserve discount accretion	Loss reserve discount accretion	15,399		17,658		Loss reserve discount accretion	16,579		15,399
Total	Total	2,325,238		2,242,379		Total	2,775,069		2,325,238
Net payments for claims:	Net payments for claims:					Net payments for claims:
Current year	Current year	279,703		289,154		Current year	318,129		279,703
Prior years	Prior years	1,485,116		1,545,471		Prior years	1,688,843		1,485,116
Total	Total	1,764,819		1,834,625		Total	2,006,972		1,764,819
Foreign currency translation	Foreign currency translation	(16,153)		(45,572)		Foreign currency translation	(94,526)		(16,153)
Net reserves at end of period	Net reserves at end of period	12,164,659		11,066,107		Net reserves at end of period	13,521,933		12,164,659
Ceded reserves at end of period	Ceded reserves at end of period	2,316,288		2,022,797		Ceded reserves at end of period	2,623,888		2,316,288
Gross reserves at end of period	Gross reserves at end of period	$	14,480,947	$	13,088,904	Gross reserves at end of period	$	16,145,821	$	14,480,947

(1) Claims occurring during the current year are net of loss reserve discounts of ~~$10~~$15 million and $5$10 million for the six months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020,~~2021, respectively.

(2) The change in estimates for claims occurring in prior years is net of loss reserve discount. On an undiscounted basis, the estimates for claims occurring in prior years decreased by ~~$16~~$22 million and $8$16 million for the six months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020,~~2021, respectively.

(3) For certain retrospectively rated insurance policies and reinsurance agreements, reserve development is offset by additional or return premiums. Favorable development, net of additional and return premiums, was $4$3 million and $7$4 million for the six months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020,~~2021, respectively.

The COVID-19 global pandemic has impacted, and may further impact, the Company’s results through its effect on claim frequency and severity. Loss cost trends have been impacted and may be further impacted by COVID-19-related claims in certain lines of business. Losses incurred from COVID-19-related claims have been offset, to a certain extent, by lower claim frequency in certain lines of our businesses; however, as the economy and legal systems have reopened, the benefit of lower claim frequency has ~~begun~~continued to abate. Although as populations ~~have continued~~continue to be vaccinated against the virus and the effects of the pandemic have receded in many jurisdictions, most particularly the United States, it remains too early to determine the ultimate net impact of COVID-19 on the Company. New variants of the COVID-19 virus, including the ~~“Delta”~~“Omicron” variant, ~~and the slowing of vaccination rates among certain populations~~ continue to create risks with respect to loss costs and the potential for renewed impact of the other effects of COVID-19 associated with economic conditions, inflation, and social distancing and work from home rules.

Most of the COVID-19-related claims reported to the Company to date involve certain short-tailed lines of business, including contingency and event cancellation, business interruption, and film production delay. The Company has also received COVID-19-related claims for longer-tailed casualty lines of business such as workers’ compensation and other liability; however, the estimated incurred loss impact for these reported claims are not material at this time. Given the continuing uncertainty regarding the pandemic's pervasiveness, the future impact that the pandemic may have on claim frequency and severity remains uncertain at this time.

The Company has estimated the potential COVID-19 impact to its contingency and event cancellation, workers’ compensation, and other lines of business under a number of possible scenarios; however, due to COVID-19’s continued evolving impact, there remains a high degree of uncertainty around the Company’s COVID-19 reserves. In addition, should the pandemic continue or worsen as a result of new COVID-19 variants or otherwise, governments in the jurisdictions where we operate may renew their efforts to expand policy coverage terms beyond the policy’s intended coverage. Accordingly, losses arising from these actions, and the other factors described above, could exceed the Company’s reserves established for those related policies.

& Monoline Excess segment. Such ~~$241~~$303 million of COVID-19-related losses included ~~$164~~$292 million of reported losses and ~~$77~~$11 million of IBNR. For the six months ended June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, the Company recognized current accident year losses for COVID-19-related claims activity, net of reinsurance, of approximately ~~$40~~$3 million, of which ~~$38~~$1 million relates to the Insurance segment and $2 million relates to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment.

During the six months ended June 30, 2022, favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) of $3 million included $3 million of favorable development for the Insurance segment, slightly offset by $0.3 million of adverse development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment.

The overall favorable development for the Insurance segment was primarily attributable to favorable development on the 2020 and 2021 accident years, partially offset by adverse development on the 2015 through 2019 accident years. The favorable development on the 2020 and 2021 accident years was concentrated in the other liability lines of business, including products liability and commercial multi-peril liability, and to a lesser extent professional liability and workers’ compensation. The Company experienced lower reported claim frequency in these lines of business during 2020 and 2021 relative to historical averages, and continues to experience lower reported incurred losses relative to our expectations for these accident years as they develop during 2022. These trends began in 2020 and we believe were caused by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including for example, lockdowns, reduced driving/traffic and increased work from home. Due to the ongoing uncertainty regarding the ultimate impacts of the pandemic on accident years 2020 and 2021 incurred losses, the Company has been cautious in reacting to these lower trends in setting and updating its loss ratio estimates for these years. As these accident years have continued to mature, the Company has continued to recognize some of the favorable reported experience in its ultimate loss estimates made during 2022.

The adverse development on the 2015 through 2019 accident years is concentrated in the other liability and professional liability, including medical professional, lines of business, and to a lesser degree commercial auto liability. The development is driven by a larger than expected number of large losses reported. The Company believes social inflation is contributing to an increase in the frequency of large losses for these accident years. Social inflation can include higher settlement demands from plaintiffs, use of tactics such as litigation funding by the plaintiffs’ bar, negative public sentiment towards large businesses and corporations, and erosion of tort reforms, among others.

The overall slight adverse development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment was driven mainly by adverse development in the professional liability and non-proportional reinsurance assumed property and liability lines of business, substantially offset by favorable development in excess workers’ compensation. The adverse development spread mainly across accident years 2015 through 2021 was associated primarily with our U.S. assumed reinsurance business and related to accounts insuring construction projects and professional liability exposures. The favorable excess workers’ compensation development was mainly in 2011 and prior accident years, and was driven by a review of the Company’s claim reporting patterns as well as a number of favorable claim settlements relative to expectations.

During the six months ended June 30, 2021, favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) of $4 million included $12 million of favorable development for the Insurance segment, partially offset by $8 million of adverse development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment.

The overall favorable development for the Insurance segment was primarily attributable to favorable development on the 2020 accident year, partially offset by adverse development on the 2016 through 2019 accident years. The favorable development on the 2020 accident year was largely concentrated in the commercial auto liability and other liability lines of business. During 2020 the Company achieved larger rate increases in these lines of business than were contemplated in our budget and in our initial loss ratio selections. The Company also experienced significantly lower reported claim frequency in these lines in 2020 relative to historical averages, and lower reported incurred losses relative to our expectations. We believe that the lower claim frequency and lower reported incurred losses were caused by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, for example, lockdowns, reduced driving and traffic, work from home, court closures, etc.; however, due to the ongoing uncertainty regarding the ultimate impacts of the pandemic on accident year 2020 incurred losses, the Company did not adjust its reserves due to these lower trends during 2020. However, as the accident year has begun to mature, the Company has recognized some of the favorable accident year 2020 experience in its ultimate loss ~~picks~~estimates made as of June 30, 2021. The adverse development on the 2016 through 2019 accident years is concentrated in the other liability line of business, and is driven by a larger number than expected of large losses reported. The large losses particularly impacted directors and officers liability and excess and surplus lines casualty classes of business.

The overall adverse development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment was mainly concentrated in the non-proportional reinsurance assumed liability and non-proportional reinsurance assumed property lines of business, related to accident years 2018 through 2020. The development was driven by higher than expected reported losses on excess of loss treaties written in the U.S. and U.K.

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) of $7 million included $12 million of favorable development for the Insurance segment, partially offset by $5 million of adverse development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment.

The overall favorable development for the Insurance segment was primarily attributable to favorable development on workers’ compensation business, partially offset by adverse development on professional liability business. The favorable workers’ compensation development was spread across many accident years, including prior to 2010, but was especially significant in accident year 2019. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation of the benign loss cost trends experienced during recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure). The Company's ongoing workers’ compensation claims management efforts, including active medical case management and use of networks and specialty vendors to control medical and pharmaceutical benefit costs, have also added to the favorable workers’ compensation prior year development. The adverse professional liability development was concentrated in accident years 2016 through 2018 and predominately resulted from a greater than expected number of large losses being reported in the period in two niches of our professional liability business.

The adverse development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment was mainly driven by non-proportional reinsurance assumed liability business written in the U.K., primarily from accident years 2014 through 2018. The development was driven by a greater than expected number of reported large losses during the period.

2324

~~(17)~~(18) Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments:


		June 30, 2021				December 31, 2020					June 30, 2022				December 31, 2021
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		(In thousands)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Assets:	Assets:									Assets:
Fixed maturity securities	Fixed maturity securities	$	15,653,508	$	15,666,436	$	14,159,369	$	14,173,629	Fixed maturity securities	$	16,851,514	$	16,857,031	$	16,602,673	$	16,614,118
Equity securities	Equity securities	642,993		642,993		625,667		625,667		Equity securities	1,155,326		1,155,326		941,243		941,243
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	634,276		634,276		341,473		341,473		Arbitrage trading account	1,142,003		1,142,003		1,179,606		1,179,606
Loans receivable	Loans receivable	116,009		117,510		84,913		86,596		Loans receivable	113,483		112,072		115,172		116,534
Cash and cash equivalents	Cash and cash equivalents	1,790,199		1,790,199		2,372,366		2,372,366		Cash and cash equivalents	1,316,603		1,316,603		1,568,843		1,568,843
Trading account receivables from brokers and clearing organizations	Trading account receivables from brokers and clearing organizations	361,586		361,586		524,727		524,727		Trading account receivables from brokers and clearing organizations	9,937		9,937		—		—
Due from broker	Due from broker	0		0		2,585		2,585		Due from broker	—		—		20,448		20,448
Liabilities:	Liabilities:									Liabilities:
Due to broker	Due to broker	63,276		63,276		0		0		Due to broker	49,178		49,178		—		—
Trading account payable to brokers and clearing organizations										Trading account payable to brokers and clearing organizations	—		—		53,636		53,636
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	190		190		10,048		10,048		Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	68		68		1,169		1,169
Senior notes and other debt	Senior notes and other debt	1,911,753		2,176,756		1,623,025		1,892,444		Senior notes and other debt	1,832,273		1,558,985		2,259,416		2,526,630
Subordinated debentures	Subordinated debentures	1,007,293		1,112,812		1,102,309		1,202,842		Subordinated debentures	1,008,011		810,028		1,007,652		1,095,600

The estimated fair values of the Company’s fixed maturity securities, equity securities and arbitrage trading account securities are based on various valuation techniques that rely on fair value measurements as described in Note ~~15.~~16. The fair value of loans receivable are estimated by using current institutional purchaser yield requirements for loans with similar credit characteristics, which is considered a Level 2 input. The fair value of the senior notes and other debt and the subordinated debentures is based on spreads for similar securities, which is considered a Level 2 input.

~~(18)~~

(19) Premiums and Reinsurance Related Information

The following is a summary of insurance and reinsurance financial information:


		For the Three Months Ended June 30,					For the Six Months Ended June 30,							For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,

(In thousands)	(In thousands)					2021			2020			2021				2020	(In thousands)		2022			2021			2022	2021
Written premiums:	Written premiums:												Written premiums:
Direct	Direct	$	2,395,114	$	1,892,359		$	4,572,276		$	3,856,848		Direct	$	2,757,739		$	2,395,114		$	5,300,075		$	4,572,276
Assumed	Assumed	266,122		239,887			573,672			506,769			Assumed	294,662			266,122			612,163			573,672
Ceded	Ceded	(449,055)		(392,428)			(883,729)			(777,953)			Ceded	(466,766)			(449,055)			(913,349)			(883,729)
Total net premiums written	Total net premiums written	$	2,212,181	$	1,739,818		$	4,262,219		$	3,585,664		Total net premiums written	$	2,585,635		$	2,212,181		$	4,998,889		$	4,262,219

Earned premiums:	Earned premiums:												Earned premiums:
Direct	Direct	$	2,151,739	$	1,804,844		$	4,154,784		$	3,634,558		Direct	$	2,511,579		$	2,151,739		$	4,916,177		$	4,154,784
Assumed	Assumed	259,166		232,996			518,707			461,210			Assumed	292,547			259,166			584,920			518,707
Ceded	Ceded	(439,281)		(360,925)			(851,911)			(727,435)			Ceded	(446,968)			(439,281)			(894,853)			(851,911)
Total net premiums earned	Total net premiums earned	$	1,971,624	$	1,676,915		$	3,821,580		$	3,368,333		Total net premiums earned	$	2,357,158		$	1,971,624		$	4,606,244		$	3,821,580

Ceded losses and loss expenses incurred	Ceded losses and loss expenses incurred	$	255,163	$	232,873		$	553,903		$	468,055		Ceded losses and loss expenses incurred	$	305,196		$	255,163		$	548,490		$	553,903
Ceded commissions earned	Ceded commissions earned	$	106,834	$	85,593		$	208,515		$	166,638		Ceded commissions earned	$	116,991		$	106,834		$	234,436		$	208,515

2425

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for premiums and fees receivable for the six months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020:~~2021:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2021		2020		(In thousands)	2022		2021
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	22,883	$	19,823	Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	25,218	$	22,883
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles		0		1,270

Provision for expected credit losses	Provision for expected credit losses	1,925		1,013		Provision for expected credit losses	5,339		1,925
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	24,808	$	22,106	Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	30,557	$	24,808

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for premiums and fees receivable for the three months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020:~~
(In thousands) 2021 2020
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period $ 24,264 $ 21,524
Provision for expected credit losses 544 582
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period $ 24,808 $ 22,106
2021:


(In thousands)	2022		2021
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	28,236	$	24,264

Provision for expected credit losses	2,321		544
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	30,557	$	24,808

The Company reinsures a portion of its insurance exposures in order to reduce its net liability on individual risks and catastrophe losses. The Company also cedes premiums to state assigned risk plans and captive insurance companies. Estimated amounts due from reinsurers are reported net of an allowance for expected credit losses.

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses associated with due from reinsurers for the six months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020:~~2021:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2021		2020		(In thousands)	2022		2021
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	7,801	$	690	Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	7,713	$	7,801
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles		0		5,927
Provision for expected credit losses		(518)		558

Change in expected credit losses						Change in expected credit losses	31		(518)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	7,283	$	7,175	Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	7,744	$	7,283

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses associated with due from reinsurers for the three months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020:~~
(In thousands) 2021 2020
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period $ 7,373 $ 6,800
Provision for expected credit losses (90) 375
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period $ 7,283 $ 7,175
2021:


(In thousands)	2022		2021
Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period	$	7,655	$	7,373

Change in expected credit losses	89		(90)
Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period	$	7,744	$	7,283

~~(19)~~(20) Restricted Stock Units

Pursuant to its stock incentive plan, the Company may issue restricted stock units ("RSUs") to employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. The RSUs generally vest three to five years from the award date and are subject to other vesting and forfeiture provisions contained in the award agreement. RSUs are expensed pro-ratably over the vesting period. RSU expenses were $22 million and $23 million for ~~both~~ the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 ~~and 2020.~~respectively. A summary of RSUs issued in the six months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020~~2021 follows:


($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	Units	Fair Value		($ in thousands)	Units	Fair Value

2022					2022	6,918	$	450
2021	2021	1,531	$	75	2021	2,297	$	115
2020		724	$	57

~~(20)~~(21) Litigation and Contingent Liabilities

In the ordinary course of business, the Company is subject to disputes, litigation and arbitration arising from its insurance and reinsurance businesses. These matters are generally related to insurance and reinsurance claims and are considered in the establishment of loss and loss expense reserves. In addition, the Company may also become involved in legal actions which seek extra-contractual damages, punitive damages or penalties, including claims alleging bad faith in handling of

insurance claims. The Company expects its ultimate liability with respect to such matters will not be material to its financial

condition. However, adverse outcomes on such matters are possible, from time to time, and could be material to the Company’s results of operations in any particular financial reporting period.

~~(21)~~(22) Leases

Lessees are required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for leases with terms of more than 12 months on the balance sheet. All leases disclosed within this footnote are classified as operating leases. Recognized right-of-use asset and lease liability are reported within other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet. Lease expense is reported in other operating costs and expenses in the consolidated statement of income and accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

To determine the discount rate used to calculate present value of future minimum lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate during the lease commencement period in line with the respective lease duration. In certain cases, the Company has the option to renew the lease. Lease renewal future payments are included in the present value of the future minimum lease payments when the Company determines it is reasonably certain to renew.

The main leases entered into by the Company are for office space used by the Company’s operating units across the world. Additionally, the Company, to a lesser extent, has equipment leases mainly for office equipment. Further information relating to operating lease expense and other operating lease information are as follows:

For the Three Months Ended
June 30, For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Leases:
Lease cost $ 11,429 $ 10,878 $ 22,693 $ 22,114
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities reported in operating cash flows $ 11,920 $ 11,479 $ 23,297 $ 22,309
Right-of-use assets (reduced) obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities $ (181) $ 2,682 $ (151) $ 4,294


	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Leases:
Lease cost	$	12,152	$	11,429	$	22,351	$	22,693
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities reported in operating cash flows	$	11,054	$	11,920	$	22,047	$	23,297
Right-of-use assets obtained (reduced) in exchange for new lease liabilities	$	2,933	$	(181)	$	20,202	$	(151)


		As of June 30,							As of June 30,
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2021			2020			($ in thousands)	2022			2021
Right-of-use assets	Right-of-use assets	$	148,455		$	180,011		Right-of-use assets	$	171,871		$	148,455
Lease liabilities	Lease liabilities	$	185,738		$	219,444		Lease liabilities	$	207,959		$	185,738
Weighted-average remaining lease term	Weighted-average remaining lease term	6.7 years			6.8 years			Weighted-average remaining lease term	7.2 years			6.7 years
Weighted-average discount rate	Weighted-average discount rate	5.95		%	5.94		%	Weighted-average discount rate	4.53		%	5.95		%

Contractual maturities of the Company’s future minimum lease payments are as follows:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	June 30, 2021		(In thousands)	June 30, 2022
Contractual Maturities:	Contractual Maturities:			Contractual Maturities:
2021		$	22,960
2022	2022	42,677		2022	$	23,209
2023	2023	39,081		2023	44,933
2024	2024	32,467		2024	39,548
2025	2025	23,227		2025	29,704
2026				2026	23,188
Thereafter	Thereafter	59,736		Thereafter	78,322
Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments	Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments	220,148		Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments	238,904
Less: Discount impact	Less: Discount impact	(34,410)		Less: Discount impact	30,945
Total lease liability	Total lease liability	$	185,738	Total lease liability	$	207,959

2627

~~(22)~~(23) Business Segments

The Company’s reportable segments include the following 2 business segments, plus a corporate segment:

•Insurance - predominantly commercial insurance business, including excess and surplus lines, admitted lines and specialty personal lines throughout the United States, as well as insurance business in the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, South America, Canada, Mexico, Scandinavia, Asia and Australia.

•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - reinsurance business on a facultative and treaty basis, primarily in the United States, the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, Australia, the Asia-Pacific Region and South Africa, as well as operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis.

The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. Income tax expense and benefits are calculated based upon the Company's overall effective tax rate.

Summary financial information about the Company's reporting segments is presented in the following tables. Income (loss) before income taxes by segment includes allocated investment income. Identifiable assets by segment are those assets used in or allocated to the operation of each segment.


		Revenues													Revenues
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Earned Premiums (1)		Investment Income		Other		Total (2)		Pre-Tax Income (Loss)		Net Income (Loss) to Common Stockholders		(In thousands)	Earned Premiums (1)		Investment Income		Other		Total (2)		Pre-Tax Income (Loss)		Net Income (Loss) to Common Stockholders
Three months ended June 30, 2022														Three months ended June 30, 2022
Insurance														Insurance	$	2,070,157	$	114,124	$	8,335	$	2,192,616	$	347,461	$	276,133
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess														Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	287,001		57,111		—		344,112		92,177		73,374
Corporate, other and eliminations (3)														Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	—		339		147,375		147,714		(45,521)		(36,149)
Net investment gains														Net investment gains	—		—		(171,555)		(171,555)		(171,555)		(134,036)
Total														Total	$	2,357,158	$	171,574	$	(15,845)	$	2,512,887	$	222,562	$	179,322
Three months ended June 30, 2021	Three months ended June 30, 2021													Three months ended June 30, 2021
Insurance	Insurance	$	1,727,202	$	116,703	$	8,212	$	1,852,117	$	291,290	$	230,313	Insurance	$	1,727,202	$	116,703	$	8,212	$	1,852,117	$	291,290	$	230,313
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	244,422		46,879		0		291,301		74,794		59,334		Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	244,422		46,879		—		291,301		74,794		59,334
Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	0		4,605		124,000		128,604		(90,208)		(71,209)		Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	—		4,605		124,000		128,604		(90,208)		(71,209)
Net investment gains	Net investment gains	0		0		24,064		24,064		24,064		18,800		Net investment gains	—		—		24,064		24,064		24,064		18,800
Total	Total	$	1,971,624	$	168,187	$	156,276	$	2,296,086	$	299,940	$	237,238	Total	$	1,971,624	$	168,187	$	156,276	$	2,296,086	$	299,940	$	237,238
Three months ended June 30, 2020
Six months ended June 30, 2022														Six months ended June 30, 2022
Insurance	Insurance	$	1,465,044	$	44,105	$	8,018	$	1,517,167	$	76,546	$	48,607	Insurance	$	4,032,991	$	251,778	$	17,012	$	4,301,781	$	729,873	$	591,685
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	211,871		23,461		0		235,332		12,566		10,689		Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	573,253		84,534		—		657,787		149,805		120,454
Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	0		17,865		87,777		105,642		(61,548)		(47,823)		Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	—		8,774		265,245		274,019		(119,393)		(95,966)
Net investment gains	Net investment gains	0		0		77,885		77,885		77,885		59,787		Net investment gains	—		—		194,710		194,710		194,710		153,787
Total	Total	$	1,676,915	$	85,431	$	173,680	$	1,936,026	$	105,449	$	71,260	Total	$	4,606,244	$	345,086	$	476,967	$	5,428,297	$	954,995	$	769,960
Six months ended June 30, 2021
Insurance		$	3,332,181	$	221,941	$	16,490	$	3,570,612	$	548,399	$	429,022
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess		489,399		84,587		0		573,986		143,443		113,806
Corporate, other and eliminations (3)		0		20,236		229,218		249,454		(154,737)		(123,817)
Net investment gains		0		0		58,903		58,903		58,903		47,752
Total		$	3,821,580	$	326,764	$	304,611	$	4,452,955	$	596,008	$	466,763
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021														Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
Insurance	Insurance	$	2,949,999	$	167,564	$	16,490	$	3,134,053	$	252,493	$	185,467	Insurance	$	3,332,181	$	221,941	$	16,490	$	3,570,612	$	548,399	$	429,022
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	418,334		61,171		0		479,505		49,080		39,877		Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	489,399		84,587		—		573,986		143,443		113,806
Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	0		31,459		200,907		232,366		(103,302)		(81,689)		Corporate, other and eliminations (3)	—		20,236		229,218		249,454		(154,737)		(123,817)
Net investment losses	Net investment losses	0		0		(99,289)		(99,289)		(99,289)		(76,813)		Net investment losses	—		—		58,903		58,903		58,903		47,752
Total	Total	$	3,368,333	$	260,194	$	118,108	$	3,746,635	$	98,982	$	66,842	Total	$	3,821,580	$	326,764	$	304,611	$	4,452,955	$	596,008	$	466,763

_________________

(1) Certain amounts included in earned premiums of each segment are related to inter-segment transactions.

(2) Revenues for Insurance from foreign countries for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 ~~and 2020~~ were ~~$221~~$263 million and ~~$149~~$221 million, respectively, and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 ~~and 2020~~ were ~~$418~~$498 million and ~~$317~~$418 million, respectively. Revenues for Reinsurance & Monoline Excess from foreign countries for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 ~~and 2020~~ were ~~$90~~$93 million and ~~$65~~$90 million, respectively, and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 ~~and 2020~~ were ~~$178~~$189 million and ~~$134~~$178 million, respectively.

(3) Corporate, other and eliminations represent corporate revenues and expenses that are not allocated to business segments.

Identifiable Assets


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020		(In thousands)	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Insurance	Insurance	$	22,771,988	$	21,702,328	Insurance	$	25,671,814	$	24,403,918
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	4,670,226		4,654,158		Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	4,924,298		4,917,985
Corporate, other and eliminations	Corporate, other and eliminations	2,855,703		2,215,479		Corporate, other and eliminations	2,096,335		2,725,973
Consolidated	Consolidated	$	30,297,917	$	28,571,965	Consolidated	$	32,692,447	$	32,047,876

Net premiums earned by major line of business are as follows:


		For the Three Months Ended June 30,					For the Six Months Ended June 30,							For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,

(In thousands)	(In thousands)					2021			2020			2021				2020	(In thousands)		2022			2021			2022	2021
Insurance:	Insurance:												Insurance:
Other liability	Other liability	$	638,404	$	544,465		$	1,240,306		$	1,091,594		Other liability	$	789,363		$	646,321		$	1,538,754		$	1,255,582
Short-tail lines (1)	Short-tail lines (1)	339,890		295,968			664,630			591,446			Short-tail lines (1)	401,768			339,890			776,980			664,630
Workers' compensation	Workers' compensation	291,471		278,699			558,920			580,299			Workers' compensation	299,645			291,471			585,067			558,920
Commercial automobile	Commercial automobile	237,444		190,335			458,205			379,978			Commercial automobile	301,741			237,444			583,975			458,205
Professional liability	Professional liability	219,993		155,577			410,120			306,682			Professional liability	277,640			212,077			548,215			394,844
Total Insurance	Total Insurance	1,727,202		1,465,044			3,332,181			2,949,999			Total Insurance	2,070,157			1,727,202			4,032,991			3,332,181

Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:	Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:												Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:
Casualty reinsurance	Casualty reinsurance	152,531		130,459			302,169			253,190			Casualty reinsurance	190,659			152,531			374,781			302,169
Monoline excess (2)	Monoline excess (2)	48,247		41,062			94,120			83,224			Monoline excess (2)	54,611			48,247			106,507			94,120
Property reinsurance	Property reinsurance	43,644		40,350			93,110			81,920			Property reinsurance	41,731			43,644			91,965			93,110
Total Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	Total Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	244,422		211,871			489,399			418,334			Total Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	287,001			244,422			573,253			489,399

Total	Total	$	1,971,624	$	1,676,915		$	3,821,580		$	3,368,333		Total	$	2,357,158		$	1,971,624		$	4,606,244		$	3,821,580

______________

(1) Short-tail lines include commercial multi-peril (non-liability), inland marine, accident and health, fidelity and surety, boiler and machinery and other lines.

(2) Monoline excess includes operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis.

SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT

This is a “Safe Harbor” Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Any forward-looking statements contained herein, including statements related to our outlook for the industry and for our performance for the year ~~2021~~2022 and beyond, are based upon the Company’s historical performance and on current plans, estimates and expectations. The inclusion of this forward-looking information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that the future plans, estimates or expectations contemplated by us will be achieved. They are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to: the cyclical nature of the property casualty industry; the impact of significant competition, including new entrants to the industry; the long-tail and potentially volatile nature of the insurance and reinsurance business; product demand and pricing; claims development and the process of estimating reserves; investment risks, including those of our portfolio of fixed maturity securities and investments in equity securities, including investments in financial institutions, municipal bonds, mortgage-backed securities, loans receivable, investment funds, including real estate, merger arbitrage, energy related and private equity investments; the effects of emerging claim and coverage issues; the uncertain nature of damage theories and loss amounts, including claims for cybersecurity-related risks; natural and man-made catastrophic losses, including as a result of terrorist activities; the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; the impact of climate change, which may alter the frequency and increase the severity of catastrophe events; general economic and market activities, including inflation, interest rates, and volatility in the credit and capital markets; the impact of the conditions in the financial markets and the global economy, and the potential effect of legislative, regulatory, accounting or other initiatives taken in response, on our results and financial condition; foreign currency and political risks (including those associated with the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union, or "Brexit") relating to our international operations; our ability to attract and retain key personnel and qualified employees; continued availability of capital and financing; the success of our new ventures or acquisitions and the availability of other opportunities; the availability of reinsurance; our retention under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2019; the ability or willingness of our reinsurers to pay reinsurance recoverables owed to us; other legislative and regulatory developments, including those related to business practices in the insurance industry; credit risk related to our policyholders, independent agents and brokers; changes in the ratings assigned to us or our insurance company subsidiaries by rating agencies; the availability of dividends from our insurance company subsidiaries; potential difficulties with technology and/or cyber security issues; the effectiveness of our controls to ensure compliance with guidelines, policies and legal and regulatory standards; and other risks detailed from time to time in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

These risks and uncertainties could cause our actual results for the year ~~2021~~2022 and beyond to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statement we make. Any projections of growth in our revenues would not necessarily result in commensurate levels of earnings. Our future financial performance is dependent upon factors discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and our other SEC filings. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. Except to the extent required by applicable laws, the Company does not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

W. R. Berkley Corporation is an insurance holding company that is among the largest commercial lines writers in the United States and operates worldwide in two segments of the property and casualty business: Insurance and Reinsurance & Monoline Excess. Our decentralized structure provides us with the flexibility to respond quickly and efficiently to local or specific market conditions and to pursue specialty business niches. It also allows us to be closer to our customers in order to better understand their individual needs and risk characteristics. While providing our business units with certain operating autonomy, our structure allows us to capitalize on the benefits of economies of scale through centralized capital, investment, reinsurance, enterprise risk management, and actuarial, financial and corporate legal staff support. The Company’s primary sources of revenues and earnings are its insurance operations and its investments.

An important part of our strategy is to form new operating units to capitalize on various business opportunities. Over the years, the Company has formed numerous operating units that are focused on important parts of the economy in the U.S., including healthcare, cyber security, energy and agriculture, and on growing international markets, including the Asia-Pacific region, South America and Mexico.

The profitability of the Company’s insurance business is affected primarily by the adequacy of premium rates. The ultimate adequacy of premium rates is not known with certainty at the time an insurance policy is issued because premiums are determined before claims are reported. The ultimate adequacy of premium rates is affected mainly by the severity and frequency of claims, which are influenced by many factors, including natural and other disasters, regulatory measures and court decisions that define and change the extent of coverage and the effects of economic inflation on the amount of compensation for injuries or losses. General insurance prices are also influenced by available insurance capacity, i.e., the level of capital employed in the industry, and the industry’s willingness to deploy that capital.

The Company’s profitability is also affected by its investment income and investment gains. The Company’s invested assets are invested principally in fixed maturity securities. The return on fixed maturity securities is affected primarily by general interest rates, as well as the credit quality and duration of the securities. Returns available on fixed maturity investments have been at low levels for an extended period.

The Company also invests in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate related assets. The Company's investments in investment funds and its other alternative investments have experienced, and the Company expects to continue to experience, greater fluctuations in investment income. The Company's share of the earnings or losses from investment funds is generally reported on a one-quarter lag in order to facilitate the timely completion of the Company's consolidated financial statements.

On February 25, 2022, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved a 3-for-2 common stock split which was paid in the form of a stock dividend to holders of record as of March 9, 2022. The additional shares were issued on March 23, 2022. Shares outstanding and per share amounts in this Form 10-Q reflect such 3-for-2 common stock split.

On March 7, 2022, the Company sold a real estate investment consisting of an office building located in London for £718 million. The Company realized a pretax gain of $317 million in the first quarter of 2022, before transaction expenses and the impact of foreign currency, including the reversal of the currency translation adjustment. The gain was $251 million after such adjustments.

The COVID-19 pandemic, including the related impact on the U.S. and global economies, ~~has~~continued to adversely ~~affected~~affect our results of operations. For the six months ended June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, the Company recorded approximately ~~$40~~$3 million for current accident year COVID-19-related losses, net of reinsurance. At the same time, COVID-19 has led to reduced loss frequency in certain lines of business (which has begun ato return to pre-pandemic levels as many economies and legal systems have reopened as a result of ~~populations becoming vaccinated)~~higher levels of vaccination). The ultimate impact of COVID-19 on the economy and the Company’s results of operations, financial position and liquidity is not within the Company’s control and remains unclear due to, among other factors, uncertainty in connection with its claims, reserves and reinsurance recoverables.

The scope, duration and magnitude of the direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 continue to evolve in ways that are difficult or impossible to anticipate. While many of the potential impacts on the Company have receded as populations have begun to become vaccinated, new variants of the COVID-19 virus, including the “Delta” variant, and the slowing of vaccination rates among certain populations, continue to create risks to the Company. As a result, the impact of COVID-19 on the Company’s results of operations for the first six months of 2021 is not necessarily indicative of its impact for the remainder of 2021 or beyond. Despite the effects of COVID-19 to date, the Company’s financial position and liquidity improved for the six months ended June 30, 2021.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The following presents a discussion of accounting policies and estimates relating to reserves for losses and loss expenses, assumed premiums and allowance for expected credit losses on investments. Management believes these policies and estimates are the most critical to its operations and require the most difficult, subjective and complex judgments.

Reserves for Losses and Loss Expenses. To recognize liabilities for unpaid losses, either known or unknown, insurers establish reserves, which is a balance sheet account representing estimates of future amounts needed to pay claims and

related expenses with respect to insured events which have occurred. Estimates and assumptions relating to reserves for losses and loss expenses are based on complex and subjective judgments, often including the interplay of specific uncertainties with related accounting and actuarial measurements. Such estimates are also susceptible to change as significant periods of time may elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the report of the loss to the insurer, the ultimate determination of the cost of the loss and the insurer’s payment of that loss.

In general, when a claim is reported, claims personnel establish a “case reserve” for the estimated amount of the ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim at that time. The estimate represents an informed judgment based on general reserving practices and reflects the experience and knowledge of the claims personnel regarding the nature and value of the specific type of claim. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for losses incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) to the insurer, potential inadequacy of case reserves and the estimated expenses of settling claims, including legal and other fees and general expenses of administrating the claims adjustment process. Reserves are established based upon the then current legal interpretation of coverage provided.

In examining reserve adequacy, several factors are considered in estimating the ultimate economic value of losses. These factors include, among other things, historical data, legal developments, changes in social attitudes and economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. The actuarial process relies on the basic assumption that past experience, adjusted judgmentally for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for predicting future outcomes. Reserve amounts are based on management’s informed estimates and judgments using currently available data. As additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, these estimates and judgments may be revised. This may result in reserve increases or decreases that would be reflected in our results in periods in which such estimates and assumptions are changed.

Reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability. Rather, reserves represent an estimate of what management expects the ultimate settlement and claim administration will cost. While the methods for establishing reserves are well tested over time, some of the major assumptions about anticipated loss emergence patterns are subject to uncertainty. These estimates, which generally involve actuarial projections, are based on management’s assessment of facts and circumstances then known, as well as estimates of trends in claims severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors, including the actions of third parties which are beyond the Company’s control. These variables are affected by external and internal events, such as inflation and economic volatility, judicial and litigation trends, reinsurance coverage, legislative changes and claim handling and reserving practices, which make it more difficult to accurately predict claim costs. The inherent uncertainties of estimating reserves are greater for certain types of liabilities where long periods of time elapse before a definitive determination of liability is made. Because setting reserves is inherently uncertain, the Company cannot provide assurance that its current reserves will prove adequate in light of subsequent events.

Loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements represent management’s best estimates based upon an actuarially derived point estimate and other considerations. The Company uses a variety of actuarial techniques and methods to derive an actuarial point estimate for each operating unit. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development, paid and incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and frequency and severity methods. In circumstances where one actuarial method is considered more credible than the others, that method is used to set the point estimate. For example, the paid loss and incurred loss development methods rely on historical paid and incurred loss data. For new lines of business, where there is insufficient history of paid and incurred claims data, or in circumstances where there have been significant changes in claim practices, the paid and incurred loss development methods would be less credible than other actuarial methods. The actuarial point estimate may also be based on a judgmental weighting of estimates produced from each of the methods considered. Industry loss experience is used to supplement the Company’s own data in selecting “tail factors” and in areas where the Company’s own data is limited. The actuarial data is analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident or policy year, as appropriate, for each operating unit.

The establishment of the actuarially derived loss reserve point estimate also includes consideration of qualitative factors that may affect the ultimate losses. These qualitative considerations include, among others, the impact of re-underwriting initiatives, changes in the mix of business, changes in distribution sources and changes in policy terms and conditions. Examples of changes in terms and conditions that can have a significant impact on reserve levels are the use of aggregate policy limits, the expansion of coverage exclusions, whether or not defense costs are within policy limits, and changes in deductibles and attachment points.

of the estimate of loss reserves for recently written business where there is little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Expected loss ratios are generally derived from historical loss ratios adjusted for the impact of rate changes, loss cost trends and known

changes in the type of risks underwritten. Expected loss ratios are estimated for each key line of business within each operating unit. Expected loss cost inflation is particularly important for the long-tail lines, such as excess casualty, and claims with a high medical component, such as workers’ compensation. Reported and paid loss emergence patterns are used to project current reported or paid loss amounts to their ultimate settlement value. Loss development factors are based on the historical emergence patterns of paid and incurred losses, and are derived from the Company’s own experience and industry data. The paid loss emergence pattern is also significant to excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves because those reserves are discounted to their estimated present value based upon such estimated payout patterns. Management believes the estimates and assumptions it makes in the reserving process provide the best estimate of the ultimate cost of settling claims and related expenses with respect to insured events which have occurred; however, different assumptions and variables could lead to significantly different reserve estimates.

The key assumptions used in calculating the most recent estimate of the loss reserves are reviewed each quarter and adjusted, to the extent necessary, to reflect the latest reported loss data, current trends and other factors observed. If the actual level of loss frequency and severity are higher or lower than expected, the ultimate losses will be different than management’s estimate. The following table reflects the impact of changes (which could be favorable or unfavorable) in frequency and severity, relative to our assumptions, on our loss estimate for claims occurring in ~~2020:~~2021:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Frequency (+/-)						(In thousands)	Frequency (+/-)
Severity (+/-)	Severity (+/-)	1%		5%		10%		Severity (+/-)	1%		5%		10%
1%	1%	$	89,102	$	268,193	$	492,056	1%	$	98,916	$	297,732	$	546,252
5%	5%	268,193		454,376		687,105		5%	297,732		504,422		762,785
10%	10%	492,056		687,105		930,917		10%	546,252		762,785		1,033,450

Our net reserves for losses and loss expenses of approximately ~~$12.2~~$13.5 billion as of June 30, ~~2021~~2022 relate to multiple accident years. Therefore, the impact of changes in frequency or severity for more than one accident year could be higher or lower than the amounts reflected above. The impact of such changes would likely be manifested gradually over the course of many years, as the magnitude of the changes became evident.

Approximately ~~$2.7~~$2.9 billion, or ~~22%~~21%, of the Company’s net loss reserves as of June 30, ~~2021~~2022 relate to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. There is a higher degree of uncertainty and greater variability regarding estimates of excess workers' compensation and assumed reinsurance loss reserves. In the case of excess workers’ compensation, our policies generally attach at $1 million or higher. The claims which reach our layer therefore tend to involve the most serious injuries and many remain open for the lifetime of the claimant, which extends the claim settlement tail. These claims also occur less frequently but tend to be larger than primary claims, which increases claim variability. In the case of assumed reinsurance our loss reserve estimates are based, in part, upon information received from ceding companies. If information received from ceding companies is not timely or correct, the Company’s estimate of ultimate losses may not be accurate. Furthermore, due to delayed reporting of claim information by ceding companies, the claim settlement tail for assumed reinsurance is also extended. Management considers the impact of delayed reporting and the extended tail in its selection of loss development factors for these lines of business.

Information received from ceding companies is used to set initial expected loss ratios, to establish case reserves and to estimate reserves for incurred but not reported losses on assumed reinsurance business. This information, which is generally provided through reinsurance intermediaries, is gathered through the underwriting process and from periodic claim reports and other correspondence with ceding companies. The Company performs underwriting and claim audits of selected ceding companies to determine the accuracy and completeness of information provided to the Company. The information received from the ceding companies is supplemented by the Company’s own loss development experience with similar lines of business as well as industry loss trends and loss development benchmarks.

Following is a summary of the Company’s reserves for losses and loss expenses by business segment:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020		(In thousands)	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Insurance	Insurance	$	9,507,305	$	9,034,969	Insurance	$	10,657,879	$	10,060,420
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	2,657,354		2,585,424		Reinsurance & Monoline Excess	2,864,054		2,787,942
Net reserves for losses and loss expenses	Net reserves for losses and loss expenses	12,164,659		11,620,393		Net reserves for losses and loss expenses	13,521,933		12,848,362
Ceded reserves for losses and loss expenses	Ceded reserves for losses and loss expenses	2,316,288		2,164,037		Ceded reserves for losses and loss expenses	2,623,888		2,542,526
Gross reserves for losses and loss expenses	Gross reserves for losses and loss expenses	$	14,480,947	$	13,784,430	Gross reserves for losses and loss expenses	$	16,145,821	$	15,390,888

Following is a summary of the Company’s net reserves for losses and loss expenses by major line of business:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Reported Case Reserves		Incurred But Not Reported		Total		(In thousands)	Reported Case Reserves		Incurred But Not Reported		Total
June 30, 2021
June 30, 2022								June 30, 2022
Other liability	Other liability	$	1,673,040	$	2,998,980	$	4,672,020	Other liability	$	1,760,193	$	3,590,784	$	5,350,977
Workers’ compensation (1)	Workers’ compensation (1)	993,429		871,719		1,865,148		Workers’ compensation (1)	1,020,485		924,892		1,945,377
Professional liability	Professional liability	430,557		973,725		1,404,282		Professional liability	483,342		1,123,842		1,607,184
Commercial automobile	Commercial automobile	449,611		404,732		854,343		Commercial automobile	559,106		474,334		1,033,440
Short-tail lines (2)	Short-tail lines (2)	297,384		414,128		711,512		Short-tail lines (2)	320,801		400,100		720,901
Total Insurance	Total Insurance	3,844,021		5,663,284		9,507,305		Total Insurance	4,143,927		6,513,952		10,657,879
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3)	Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3)	1,473,208		1,184,146		2,657,354		Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3)	1,497,475		1,366,579		2,864,054
Total	Total	$	5,317,229	$	6,847,430	$	12,164,659	Total	$	5,641,402	$	7,880,531	$	13,521,933

December 31, 2020
December 31, 2021								December 31, 2021
Other liability	Other liability	$	1,534,514	$	2,864,760	$	4,399,274	Other liability	$	1,724,907	$	3,319,665	$	5,044,572
Workers’ compensation (1)	Workers’ compensation (1)	977,035		873,072		1,850,107		Workers’ compensation (1)	1,016,014		903,448		1,919,462
Professional liability	Professional liability	414,104		875,163		1,289,267		Professional liability	468,680		1,019,344		1,488,024
Commercial automobile	Commercial automobile	442,975		398,688		841,663		Commercial automobile	504,821		424,382		929,203
Short-tail lines (2)	Short-tail lines (2)	295,313		359,345		654,658		Short-tail lines (2)	322,917		356,242		679,159
Total Insurance	Total Insurance	3,663,941		5,371,028		9,034,969		Total Insurance	4,037,339		6,023,081		10,060,420
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3)	Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3)	1,442,099		1,143,325		2,585,424		Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3)	1,475,623		1,312,319		2,787,942
Total	Total	$	5,106,040	$	6,514,353	$	11,620,393	Total	$	5,512,962	$	7,335,400	$	12,848,362

___________

(1) Reserves for workers’ compensation and Reinsurance & Monoline Excess are net of an aggregate net discount of ~~$472~~$420 million and ~~$483~~$452 million as of June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, respectively.

(2) Short-tail lines include commercial multi-peril (non-liability), inland marine, accident and health, fidelity and surety, boiler and machinery and other lines.

(3) Reinsurance & Monoline Excess includes property and casualty reinsurance, as well as operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis.

The Company evaluates reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses on a quarterly basis. Changes in estimates of prior year losses are reported when such changes are made. The changes in prior year loss reserve estimates are generally the result of ongoing analysis of recent loss development trends. Original estimates are increased or decreased as additional information becomes known regarding individual claims and aggregate claim trends.

Certain of the Company's insurance and reinsurance contracts are retrospectively rated, whereby the Company collects more or less premiums based on the level of loss activity. For those contracts, changes in loss and loss adjustment expenses for prior years may be fully or partially offset by additional or return premiums.

Net prior year development (i.e., the sum of prior year reserve changes and prior year earned premiums changes) for the six months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020~~2021 are as follows:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2021		2020		(In thousands)	2022		2021
Net increase in prior year loss reserves	Net increase in prior year loss reserves	$	(1,530)	$	(2,050)	Net increase in prior year loss reserves	$	(9,765)	$	(1,530)
Increase in prior year earned premiums	Increase in prior year earned premiums	5,384		9,077		Increase in prior year earned premiums	12,412		5,384
Net favorable prior year development	Net favorable prior year development	$	3,854	$	7,027	Net favorable prior year development	$	2,647	$	3,854

The COVID-19 global pandemic has impacted, and may further impact, the Company’s results through its effect on claim frequency and severity. Loss cost trends have been impacted and may be further impacted by COVID-19-related claims in certain lines of business. Losses incurred from COVID-19-related claims have been offset, to a certain extent, by lower claim frequency in certain lines of our businesses; however, as the economy and legal systems have reopened, the benefit of lower claim frequency has begun to abate. Although as populations have continued to be vaccinated against the virus and the effects of the pandemic have receded in many jurisdictions, most particularly the United States, it remains too early to determine the ultimate net impact of COVID-19 on the Company. New variants of the COVID-19 virus, including the ~~“Delta”~~“Omicron” variant, ~~and the slowing of vaccination rates among certain populations~~ continue to create risks with respect to loss costs and the potential for renewed impact of the other effects of COVID-19 associated with economic conditions, inflation, and social distancing and work from home rules.

As of June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, the Company had recognized losses for COVID-19-related claims activity, net of reinsurance, of approximately ~~$241~~$303 million, of which ~~$208~~$255 million relates to the Insurance segment and ~~$33~~$48 million relates to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Such ~~$241~~$303 million of COVID-19-related losses included ~~$164~~$292 million of reported losses and ~~$77~~$11 million of IBNR. For the six months ended June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, the Company recognized current accident year losses for COVID-19-related claims activity, net of reinsurance, of approximately ~~$40~~$3 million, of which ~~$38~~$1 million relates to the Insurance segment and $2 million relates to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment.

than expected of large losses reported. The large losses particularly impacted directors and officers liability and excess and surplus lines casualty classes of business.

Reserve Discount. The Company discounts its liabilities for certain workers’ compensation reserves. The amount of workers’ compensation reserves that were discounted was ~~$1,406~~$1,280 million and ~~$1,655~~$1,387 million at June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, respectively. The aggregate net discount for those reserves, after reflecting the effects of ceded reinsurance, was ~~$472~~$420 million and ~~$483~~$452 million at June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and December 31, ~~2020,~~2021, respectively. At June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, discount rates by year ranged from 0.7% to 6.5%, with a weighted average discount rate of ~~3.5%~~3.3%.

Substantially all of the workers’ compensation discount (97% of total discounted reserves at June 30, ~~2021)~~2022) relates to excess workers’ compensation reserves. In order to properly match loss expenses with income earned on investment securities supporting the liabilities, reserves for excess workers’ compensation business are discounted using risk-free discount rates determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve. These rates are determined annually based on the weighted average rate for the period. Once established, no adjustments are made to the discount rate for that period, and any increases or decreases in loss reserves in subsequent years are discounted at the same rate, without regard to when any such adjustments are recognized. The expected loss and loss expense payout patterns subject to discounting are derived from the Company’s loss payout experience.

The Company also discounts reserves for certain other long-duration workers’ compensation reserves (representing approximately 3% of total discounted reserves at June 30, ~~2021)~~2022), including reserves for quota share reinsurance and reserves related to losses regarding occupational lung disease. These reserves are discounted at statutory rates permitted by the Department of Insurance of the State of Delaware.

Assumed Reinsurance Premiums. The Company estimates the amount of assumed reinsurance premiums that it will receive under treaty reinsurance agreements at the inception of the contracts. These premium estimates are revised as the actual amount of assumed premiums is reported to the Company by the ceding companies. As estimates of assumed premiums are

made or revised, the related amount of earned premiums, commissions and incurred losses associated with those premiums are recorded. Estimated assumed premiums receivable were approximately ~~$54~~$59 million at June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~$44~~$60 million at December 31, ~~2020.~~2021. The assumed premium estimates are based upon terms set forth in reinsurance agreements, information received from ceding companies during the underwriting and negotiation of agreements, reports received from ceding companies and discussions and correspondence with reinsurance intermediaries. The Company also considers its own view of market conditions, economic trends and experience with similar lines of business. These premium estimates represent management’s best estimate of the ultimate amount of premiums to be received under its assumed reinsurance agreements.

Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on Investments.

Fixed Maturity Securities – For fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery in value, the amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net investment gains (losses). For fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position

where the Company does not intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell the security before recovery in value, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or all other factors (non-credit factors). In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, an allowance for expected credit losses is recorded for the credit loss through net investment gains (losses), limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. ~~Effective January 1, 2020, the~~The allowance is adjusted for any change in expected credit losses and subsequent recoveries through net investment gains (losses). The impairment related to non-credit factors is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss).

The Company’s credit assessment of allowance for expected credit losses uses a third party model for available for sale and held to maturity securities, as well as loans receivable. The allowance for expected credit losses is generally based on the performance of the underlying collateral under various economic and default scenarios that involve subjective judgments and estimates by management. Modeling these securities involves various factors, such as projected default rates, the nature and realizable value of the collateral, if any, the ability of the issuer to make scheduled payments, historical performance and other relevant economic and performance factors. A discounted cash flow analysis is used to ascertain the amount of the allowance for expected credit losses, if any. In general, the model reverts to the rating-level long-term average marginal default rates based on 10 years of historical data, beyond the forecast period. For other inputs, the model in most cases reverts to the baseline long-term assumptions linearly over 5 years beyond the forecast period. The long-term assumptions are based on the historical averages.

The Company classifies its fixed maturity securities by credit rating, primarily based on ratings assigned by credit rating agencies. For purposes of classifying securities with different ratings, the Company uses the average of the credit ratings assigned, unless in limited situations the Company’s own analysis indicates an internal rating is more appropriate. Securities that are not rated by a rating agency are evaluated and classified by the Company on a case-by-case basis.

A summary of the Company’s non-investment grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at June 30, ~~2021~~2022 is presented in the table below:

($ in thousands) Number of
Securities Aggregate
Fair Value Gross Unrealized Loss
Foreign government 27 $ 108,910 $ 30,171
Corporate 10 36,482 2,058
Mortgage-backed 4 276 19
Asset-backed 1 113 1
Total 42 $ 145,781 $ 32,249


($ in thousands)	Number of Securities	Aggregate Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss
Foreign government	42	$	124,609	$	52,655
Corporate	12	46,437		5,739
State and municipal	1	13,248		1,756
Mortgage-backed	11	3,513		144
Asset-backed	3	87		24
Total	69	$	187,894	$	60,318

As of June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, the Company has recorded an allowance for expected credit losses on fixed maturity securities of ~~$19~~$33 million. The Company has evaluated the remaining fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position and believes the unrealized losses are due primarily to temporary market and sector-related factors rather than to issuer-specific factors. None of these securities are delinquent or in default under financial covenants. Based on its assessment of these issuers, the Company expects them to continue to meet their contractual payment obligations as they become due.

Loans Receivable – For loans receivable, the Company estimates an allowance for expected credit losses based on relevant information about past events, including historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts that affect the expected collectability of the amortized cost of the financial asset. The allowance for expected credit losses is presented as a

reduction to amortized cost of the financial asset in the consolidated balance sheet and changes to the estimate for expected credit losses are recognized through net investment gains (losses). Loans receivable are reported net of an allowance for expected credit losses of $2 million ~~and $5 million~~ as of June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and December 31, ~~2020, respectively.~~2021.

Fair Value Measurements. The Company’s fixed maturity available for sale securities, equity securities, and its arbitrage trading account securities are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for similar assets in active markets. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs may only be used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available. The fair

value of the vast majority of the Company’s portfolio is based on observable data (other than quoted prices) and, accordingly, is classified as Level 2.

In classifying particular financial securities in the fair value hierarchy, the Company uses its judgment to determine whether the market for a security is active and whether significant pricing inputs are observable. The Company determines the existence of an active market by assessing whether transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide reliable pricing information. The Company determines whether inputs are observable based on the use of such information by pricing services and external investment managers, the uninterrupted availability of such inputs, the need to make significant adjustments to such inputs and the volatility of such inputs over time. If the market for a security is determined to be inactive or if significant inputs used to price a security are determined to be unobservable, the security is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Because many fixed maturity securities do not trade on a daily basis, the Company utilizes pricing models and processes which may include benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings and matrix pricing. Market inputs used to evaluate securities include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. Quoted prices are often unavailable for recently issued securities that are infrequently traded or securities that are only traded in private transactions. For publicly traded securities for which quoted prices are unavailable, the Company determines fair value based on independent broker quotations and other observable market data. For securities traded only in private negotiations, the Company determines fair value based primarily on the cost of such securities, which is adjusted to reflect prices of recent placements of securities of the same issuer, financial data, projections and business developments of the issuer and other relevant information.

The following is a summary of pricing sources for the Company's fixed maturity securities available for sale as of June 30, ~~2021:~~2022:


($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		Percent of Total		($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		Percent of Total
Pricing source:	Pricing source:					Pricing source:
Independent pricing services	Independent pricing services	$	15,340,983	98.5	%	Independent pricing services	$	16,136,447	96.0	%
Syndicate manager	Syndicate manager	52,962		0.3		Syndicate manager	62,758		0.4
Directly by the Company based on:	Directly by the Company based on:					Directly by the Company based on:
Observable data	Observable data	185,982		1.2		Observable data	601,795		3.6

Total	Total	$	15,579,927	100.0	%	Total	$	16,801,000	100.0	%

Independent pricing services – Substantially all of the Company’s fixed maturity securities available for sale were priced by independent pricing services (generally one U.S. pricing service plus additional pricing services with respect to a limited number of foreign securities held by the Company). The prices provided by the independent pricing services are generally based on observable market data in active markets (e.g., broker quotes and prices observed for comparable securities). The determination of whether markets are active or inactive is based upon the volume and level of activity for a particular asset class. The Company reviews the prices provided by pricing services for reasonableness based upon current trading levels for similar securities. If the prices appear unusual to the Company, they are re-examined and the value is either confirmed or revised. In addition, the Company periodically performs independent price tests of a sample of securities to ensure proper valuation and to verify our understanding of how securities are priced. As of June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, the Company did not make any adjustments to the prices provided by the pricing services. Based upon the Company’s review of the methodologies used by the independent pricing services, these securities were classified as Level 2.

Syndicate manager – The Company has a 15% participation in a Lloyd’s syndicate, and the Company’s share of the securities owned by the syndicate is priced by the syndicate’s manager. The majority of the securities are liquid, short duration fixed maturity securities. The Company reviews the syndicate manager’s pricing methodology and audited financial statements and holds discussions with the syndicate manager as necessary to confirm its understanding and agreement with security prices. Based upon the Company’s review of the methodologies used by the syndicate manager, these securities were classified as Level 2.

Observable data – If independent pricing is not available, the Company prices the securities directly. Prices are based on observable market data where available, including current trading levels for similar securities and non-binding quotations from brokers. The Company generally requests two or more quotes. If more than one quote is received, the Company sets a price within the range of quotes received based on its assessment of the credibility of the quote and its own evaluation of the security. The Company generally does not adjust quotes obtained from brokers. Since these securities were priced based on observable data, they were classified as Level 2.

Cash flow model – If the above methodologies are not available, the Company prices securities using a discounted cash flow model based upon assumptions as to prevailing credit spreads, interest rates and interest rate volatility, time to maturity and subordination levels. Discount rates are adjusted to reflect illiquidity where appropriate. These securities were classified as Level 3.

Results of Operations for the Six Months Ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020~~2021

Business Segment Results

Following is a summary of gross and net premiums written, net premiums earned, loss ratios (losses and loss expenses incurred expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned), expense ratios (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) and GAAP combined ratios (sum of loss ratio and expense ratio) for each of our business segments for the six months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020.~~2021. The GAAP combined ratio represents a measure of underwriting profitability, excluding investment income. A GAAP combined ratio in excess of 100 indicates an underwriting loss; a number below 100 indicates an underwriting profit.


($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2021			2020			($ in thousands)	2022			2021
Insurance:	Insurance:							Insurance:
Gross premiums written	Gross premiums written	$	4,561,859		$	3,859,511		Gross premiums written	$	5,256,464		$	4,561,859
Net premiums written	Net premiums written	3,734,036			3,126,475			Net premiums written	4,399,416			3,734,036
Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned	3,332,181			2,949,999			Net premiums earned	4,032,991			3,332,181
Loss ratio	Loss ratio	61.3		%	66.1		%	Loss ratio	60.3		%	61.3		%
Expense ratio	Expense ratio	28.9		%	31.0		%	Expense ratio	27.9		%	28.9		%
GAAP combined ratio	GAAP combined ratio	90.2		%	97.1		%	GAAP combined ratio	88.2		%	90.2		%
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:	Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:							Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:
Gross premiums written	Gross premiums written	$	584,089		$	504,107		Gross premiums written	$	655,773		$	584,089
Net premiums written	Net premiums written	528,183			459,189			Net premiums written	599,473			528,183
Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned	489,399			418,334			Net premiums earned	573,253			489,399
Loss ratio	Loss ratio	57.4		%	70.3		%	Loss ratio	60.2		%	57.4		%
Expense ratio	Expense ratio	30.6		%	32.6		%	Expense ratio	28.4		%	30.6		%
GAAP combined ratio	GAAP combined ratio	88.0		%	102.9		%	GAAP combined ratio	88.6		%	88.0		%
Consolidated:	Consolidated:							Consolidated:
Gross premiums written	Gross premiums written	$	5,145,948		$	4,363,618		Gross premiums written	$	5,912,237		$	5,145,948
Net premiums written	Net premiums written	4,262,219			3,585,664			Net premiums written	4,998,889			4,262,219
Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned	3,821,580			3,368,333			Net premiums earned	4,606,244			3,821,580
Loss ratio	Loss ratio	60.8		%	66.6		%	Loss ratio	60.2		%	60.8		%
Expense ratio	Expense ratio	29.1		%	31.2		%	Expense ratio	28.0		%	29.1		%
GAAP combined ratio	GAAP combined ratio	89.9		%	97.8		%	GAAP combined ratio	88.2		%	89.9		%

Net Income to Common Stockholders. The following table presents the Company’s net income to common stockholders and net income per diluted share for the six months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020:~~2021:


(In thousands, except per share data)	(In thousands, except per share data)	2021		2020		(In thousands, except per share data)	2022		2021
Net income to common stockholders	Net income to common stockholders	$	466,763	$	66,842	Net income to common stockholders	$	769,960	$	466,763
Weighted average diluted shares	Weighted average diluted shares	186,985		190,078		Weighted average diluted shares	279,327		280,478
Net income per diluted share	Net income per diluted share	$	2.50	$	0.35	Net income per diluted share	$	2.76	$	1.66

The Company reported net income to common stockholders of $770 million in 2022 compared to $467 million in ~~2021 compared to $67 million in 2020.~~2021. The ~~$400~~$303 million increase in net income was primarily due to an after-tax increase in underwriting income of ~~$244~~$128 million mainly due to the growth in premium rates and exposure as well as reductions in loss ratio ~~partly due to lower catastrophe losses~~ and in expense ratio driven by net earned premium growth outpacing expense growth, an after-tax increase in net investment gains of ~~$125~~$110 million ~~(primarily resulting from the~~primarily due to sale of ~~certain~~a real estate ~~assets,~~investment in London partly offset by the loss from change in market value on equity securities, ~~and~~an after-tax increase in foreign currency gains of $30 million as the ~~gain from disposition~~U.S. dollar strengthened against the majority of ~~an asset~~other currencies in ~~an investment fund),~~2022, an after-tax increase in net investment income of ~~$52~~$15 million primarily due to ~~investment funds,~~rising interest rates on fixed maturity securities, a reduction of ~~$10~~$13 million in tax expense due to a change in the effective tax rate, an after-tax reduction on debt extinguishment expense of $9 million for debt redeemed in 2021, an after-tax reduction in interest expense of $6 million due to debt repayments at maturity and refinancings, an after-tax increase in profits from non-insurance businesses of $4 million and an after-tax increase in ~~profit from~~ insurance service ~~businesses~~income of $2 million, partially offset by an after-tax ~~decrease in foreign currency gains of $17 million, an after-tax~~ increase in corporate expenses of ~~$18~~$14 million ~~which includes an after-tax debt extinguishment expense of $9 million on debt redeemed in 2021 and~~mainly due to increased ~~incentive~~performance-based compensation ~~costs, an after-tax decrease in other income of $1 million and an after-tax increase in minority interest expense of $1 million.~~costs. The number of weighted average diluted shares decreased by ~~approximately three~~1.2 million for ~~2021~~2022 compared to ~~2020~~2021, mainly reflecting shares repurchased in ~~2020 and~~ 2021.

Premiums. Gross premiums written were $5,912 million in 2022, an increase of 15% from $5,146 million in ~~2021, an increase of 18% from $4,364 million in 2020.~~2021. The increase was due to a ~~$702~~$694 million increase in the Insurance segment and a ~~$80~~$72 million increase in the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Approximately 82% of premiums expiring in 2022 were renewed, and 81% of premiums expiring in 2021 ~~were renewed, and 79% of premiums expiring in 2020~~ were renewed.

Average renewal premium rates for insurance and facultative reinsurance increased ~~9.8%~~6.4% in ~~2021~~2022 when adjusted for changes in exposures, and increased ~~11.2%~~7.5% excluding workers' compensation.

A summary of gross premiums written in ~~2021~~2022 compared with ~~2020~~2021 by line of business within each business segment follows:

•Insurance - gross premiums increased ~~18%~~15% to $5,256 million in 2022 from $4,562 million in ~~2021 from $3,860 million in 2020.~~2021. Gross premiums increased ~~$248~~$323 million ~~(18%~~(20%) for other liability, ~~$234~~$194 million ~~(43%~~(19%) for short-tail lines, $88 million (16%) for commercial auto, $57 million (8%) for professional liability ~~$119~~and $32 million ~~(27%~~(5%) for ~~commercial auto and $101 million (11%) for short-tail lines.~~workers' compensation.

•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - gross premiums increased ~~16%~~12% to $656 million in 2022 from $584 million in ~~2021 from $504 million in 2020.~~2021. Gross premiums increased ~~$57~~$59 million ~~(20%~~(17%) for casualty reinsurance, ~~$21~~$8 million ~~(19%~~(6%) for monoline excess and $2$5 million ~~(2%~~(5%) for property reinsurance.

Net premiums written were $4,999 million in 2022, an increase of 17% from $4,262 million in 2021 ~~an increase of 19% from $3,586 million~~due in ~~2020.~~part to our decision to retain more business. Ceded reinsurance premiums as a percentage of gross written premiums were 15% in 2022, down from 17% in ~~2021 and 18% in 2020.~~2021.

Premiums earned increased ~~13%~~21% to $4,606 million in 2022 from $3,822 million in ~~2021 from $3,368 million in 2020.~~2021. Insurance premiums (including the impact of rate changes) are generally earned evenly over the policy term, and accordingly, recent rate increases will be earned over the upcoming quarters. Premiums earned in ~~2021~~2022 are related to business written during both ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020.~~2021. Audit premiums were $142 million in 2022 compared with $84 million in 2021 ~~compared with $83 million~~due to an increase in ~~2020.~~exposures.

Net Investment Income. Following is a summary of net investment income for the six months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and ~~2020:~~2021:


		Amount				Average Annualized Yield					Amount				Average Annualized Yield
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2021		2020		2021		2020		($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	$	191,673	$	233,861	2.2	%	3.1	%	Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	$	225,673	$	191,673	2.4	%	2.2	%
Investment funds	Investment funds	100,246		(16,975)		14.8		(2.8)		Investment funds	85,874		100,246		10.9		14.8
Equity securities										Equity securities	23,653		13,392		4.8		4.9
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	22,989		32,442		8.4		11.6		Arbitrage trading account	13,313		22,989		2.3		8.4
Equity securities		13,392		4,288		4.9		2.4
Real estate	Real estate	2,032		11,141		0.2		1.1		Real estate	595		2,032		0.1		0.2
Gross investment income	Gross investment income	330,332		264,757		3.1		2.7		Gross investment income	349,108		330,332		2.9		3.1
Investment expenses	Investment expenses	(3,568)		(4,563)		—		—		Investment expenses	(4,022)		(3,568)		—		—
Total	Total	$	326,764	$	260,194	3.0	%	2.7	%	Total	$	345,086	$	326,764	2.9	%	3.0	%

Net investment income increased ~~26%~~6% to $345 million in 2022 from $327 million in 2021 ~~from $260 million in 2020~~ due primarily to a ~~$117~~$34 million increase in income from investment funds primarily from financial services and energy funds, a $9 million increase from equity securities and a $1 million decrease in investment expense, partially offset by a $42 million decrease in income from fixed maturity securities mainly driven by ~~lower~~increased investment ~~yields,~~in bonds and rising interest rates and a $9$10 million increase from equity securities, partially offset by a $14 million decrease in income from investment funds primarily due to financial services funds, a $10 million decrease from the arbitrage trading account, ~~and~~ a $9$1 million decrease in real ~~estate.~~estate and a $1 million increase in investment expenses. The Company ~~shortened~~maintained the short duration of its fixed maturity security portfolio, thereby reducing the potential impact of mark-to-market on the portfolio and positioning the Company to react quickly to changes in the current interest rate environment. We expect investment income to increase as interest rates continue to move higher. Average invested assets, at cost (including cash and cash equivalents), were $23.9 billion in 2022 and $21.6 billion in ~~2021 and $19.5 billion in 2020.~~2021.

Insurance Service Fees. The Company earns fees from an insurance distribution business, a third-party administrator and as a servicing carrier of workers' compensation assigned risk plans for certain states. Insurance service fees increased to $54 million in 2022 from $48 million in 2021, ~~from $46 million in 2020,~~ mainly due to the business recovery from the pandemic.

~~Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments~~. The Company buys and sells securities and other investment assets on a regular basis in order to maximize its total return on investments. Decisions to sell securities and other investment assets are based on management’s view of the underlying fundamentals of specific investments as well as management’s expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads, currency values and general economic conditions. Net

realized and unrealized gains on investments were $72 million in 2021 compared with net losses of $82 million in 2020. The gains of $72 million in 2021 reflect net realized gains on investments of $115 million (primarily due to the sale of certain real estate assets and the disposition of an investment fund) partially offset by an increase in unrealized losses on equity securities of $43 million. In 2020, the net losses of $82 million reflected net realized gains on investment sales of $11 million and an increase in unrealized losses on equity securities of $93 million, which was primarily due to market disruptions as a result of COVID-19.

~~Change in Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on Investments~~. Based on credit factors, the allowance for expected credit losses is increased or decreased depending on the percentage of unrealized loss relative to amortized cost by security, changes in rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. For the six months ended June 30, 2021, the pre-tax change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments increased by $13 million ($10 million after-tax), which is reflected in net investment gains (losses), primarily related to foreign government securities which did not previously have an allowance. For the six months ended June 30, 2020, the pre-tax change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments increased by $18 million ($14 million after-tax), which is reflected in net investment gains (losses) primarily related to market disruptions as a result of COVID-19.

~~Revenues from Non-Insurance Businesses~~. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were derived from businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that provide services to aviation markets, including (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were $197 million in 2021 and $169 million in 2020. The increase mainly relates to the business recovery from COVID-19 on aviation-related and textile businesses.

~~Losses and Loss Expenses~~. Losses and loss expenses increased to $2,325 million in 2021 from $2,242 million in 2020. The consolidated loss ratio was 60.8% in 2021 and 66.6% in 2020. Catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance recoveries, were $80 million (including current accident year losses of approximately $40 million related to COVID-19) in 2021 and $225 million (including losses of approximately $143 million related to COVID-19) in 2020. Favorable prior year reserve development (net of premium offsets) was $4 million in 2021 and $7 million in 2020. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development was 58.8% in 2021 and 60.1% in 2020.

~~A summary of loss ratios in 2021 compared with 2020 by business segment follows:~~

•~~Insurance~~ - The loss ratio was 61.3% in 2021 and 66.1% in 2020. Catastrophe losses were $70 million in 2021 compared with $171 million in 2020. The Company reflected a best estimate (net of reinsurance) based upon available information for current accident year COVID-19-related losses of approximately $38 million, primarily related to contingency and event cancellation coverage. Favorable prior year reserve development was $12 million in both 2021 and 2020. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development decreased 0.9 points to 59.7% in 2021 from 60.6% in 2020.

•~~Reinsurance & Monoline Excess~~ - The loss ratio was 57.4% in 2021 and 70.3% in 2020. Catastrophe losses were $10 million in 2021 compared with $54 million in 2020. The Company reflected a best estimate (net of reinsurance) based upon available information for current accident year COVID-19-related losses of approximately $2 million, primarily related to excess workers’ compensation and short-tail lines. Adverse prior year reserve development was $8 million in 2021 and $5 in 2020. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development decreased 2.7 points to 53.5% in 2021 from 56.2% in 2020.

~~Other Operating Costs and Expenses. Following is a summary of other operating costs and expenses:~~

($ in thousands) 2021 2020
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses $ 1,111,483 $ 1,051,158
Insurance service expenses 42,575 42,995
Net foreign currency gains (6,719) (28,923)
Debt extinguishment costs 11,520 —
Other costs and expenses 105,114 93,943
Total $ 1,263,973 $ 1,159,173

Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses are comprised of commissions paid to agents and brokers, premium taxes and other assessments and internal underwriting costs. Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses increased 6% and net premiums earned increased 13% from 2020. The expense ratio (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) was 29.1% in 2021 and 31.2% in 2020. The improvement is primarily attributable to higher

net premiums earned outpacing compensation expense growth and lower travel and entertainment expenses due to the global pandemic. However, to the extent our net premiums earned decrease or travel and entertainment expenses increase, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, our expense ratio would be expected to increase.

~~Service expenses, which represent the costs associated with the fee-based businesses, were $43 million in both 2021 and 2020.~~

Net foreign currency gains result from transactions denominated in a currency other than a company's operating functional currency. Net foreign currency gains were $7 million in 2021 compared to $29 million in 2020. The reduction in gains is primarily related to less weakening of the Argentine Peso compared to the USD in 2021 versus 2020 and strengthening of the GBP compared to the USD in 2021 versus weakening in 2020.

~~Debt extinguishment costs of $12 million related to the redemption of $400 million of subordinated debentures in March and June 2021 that were due in 2056.~~

Other costs and expenses represent general and administrative expenses of the parent company and other expenses not allocated to business segments, including the cost of certain long-term incentive plans and new business ventures. Other costs and expenses increased to $105 million in 2021 from $94 million in 2020, primarily due to the increase in non-recurring performance-based compensation costs in 2021.

~~Expenses from Non-Insurance Businesses~~. Expenses from non-insurance businesses represent costs associated with businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that include (i) cost of goods sold related to aircraft and products sold and services provided, and (ii) general and administrative expenses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses were $193 million in 2021 compared to $171 million in 2020. The increase mainly relates to the business recovery from COVID-19 on aviation-related and textile businesses.

~~Interest Expense~~. Interest expense was $75 million in both 2021 and 2020. In May 2020, the Company issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 4.00% senior notes due 2050. In September 2020, the Company issued an additional $170 million aggregate principal amount of 4.00% senior notes due 2050 and $250 million aggregate principal amount of 4.25% subordinated debentures due 2060 and repaid $300 million aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior notes at maturity. In October 2020, the Company redeemed $350 million aggregate principal amount of 5.625% subordinated debentures due 2053. In February 2021, the Company issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 4.125% subordinated debenture due 2061. In March 2021, the Company issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of 3.55% senior notes due 2052 and redeemed its $110 million aggregate principal amount of 5.90% subordinated debentures due 2056. On June 1, 2021, the Company redeemed the $290 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.75% subordinated debentures due 2056. These redemptions resulted in debt extinguishment costs of $12 million during six months ended June 30, 2021. Additionally in second quarter of 2021, the Company sold a real estate asset which resulted in a $102 million reduction of the Company's debt that was supporting the property.

The redemption of debentures and issuance of additional debentures in 2021, as described below in "Liquidity and Capital Resources -- Debt," are expected to decrease interest expense in 2021 and forward.

~~Income Taxes.~~ The effective income tax rate was 21.2% in 2021 and 31.2% in 2020. For the six months ended June 30, 2021, the effective income tax rate differs from the federal income tax rate of 21% principally because of state and foreign income taxes, which was partially offset by tax-exempt investment income and tax benefits related to equity-based compensation. The increased effective income tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was principally because foreign jurisdictions were limited on the utilization of losses at different tax rates.

The Company has not provided U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of approximately $119 million of its non-U.S. subsidiaries since these earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in the non-U.S. subsidiaries. In the future, if such earnings were distributed the Company projects that the incremental tax, if any, will be immaterial.

~~Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020~~

~~Business Segment Results~~

Following is a summary of gross and net premiums written, net premiums earned, loss ratios (losses and loss expenses incurred expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned), expense ratios (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) and GAAP combined ratios (sum of loss ratio and expense ratio) for each of our business segments for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. The GAAP combined ratio represents a measure of underwriting profitability, excluding investment income. A GAAP combined ratio in excess of 100 indicates an underwriting loss; a number below 100 indicates an underwriting profit.

($ in thousands) 2021 2020
Insurance:
Gross premiums written $ 2,421,846 $ 1,917,702
Net premiums written 1,994,212 1,543,157
Net premiums earned 1,727,202 1,465,044
Loss ratio 61.4 % 67.0 %
Expense ratio 28.5 % 30.7 %
GAAP combined ratio 89.9 % 97.7 %
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:
Gross premiums written $ 239,390 $ 214,544
Net premiums written 217,969 196,661
Net premiums earned 244,422 211,871
Loss ratio 58.2 % 72.2 %
Expense ratio 30.4 % 32.9 %
GAAP combined ratio 88.6 % 105.1 %
Consolidated:
Gross premiums written $ 2,661,236 $ 2,132,246
Net premiums written 2,212,181 1,739,818
Net premiums earned 1,971,624 1,676,915
Loss ratio 61.0 % 67.7 %
Expense ratio 28.7 % 31.0 %
GAAP combined ratio 89.7 % 98.7 %

~~Net Income to Common Stockholders. The following table presents the Company’s net income to common stockholders and net income per diluted share for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020:~~

(In thousands, except per share data) 2021 2020
Net income to common stockholders $ 237,238 $ 71,260
Weighted average diluted shares 187,106 187,862
Net income per diluted share $ 1.27 $ 0.38

The Company reported net income to common stockholders of $237 million in 2021 compared to $71 million in 2020. The $166 million increase in net income was primarily due to an after-tax increase in underwriting income of $142 million mainly due to the growth in premium rates and exposure as well as reductions in loss ratio partly due to lower catastrophe losses and in expense ratio driven by net earned premium growth outpacing expense growth, an after-tax increase in net investment income of $66 million primarily due to investment funds, a reduction of $12 million in tax expense due to a change in the effective tax rate, an after-tax increase in profits from non-insurance businesses of $2 million, an after-tax increase in profit from insurance service businesses of $1 million and a less than $1 million after-tax increase in other income, partially offset by an after-tax reduction in net investment gains of $42 million primarily due to change in market value on equity securities partially offset by the sale of a real estate asset, an after-tax increase in corporate expenses of $10 million which includes an after-tax debt extinguishment expense of $6 million on debt redeemed in the second quarter of 2021 and an after-tax decrease in foreign currency gains of $5 million. The number of weighted average diluted shares decreased by less than one million for 2021 compared to 2020 mainly reflecting shares repurchased in 2020 and 2021.

~~Premiums~~. Gross premiums written were $2,661 million in 2021, an increase of 25% from $2,132 million in 2020. The increase was due to a $504 million increase in the Insurance segment and a $25 million increase in the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Approximately 81% of premiums expiring in 2021 were renewed, and 78% of premiums expiring in 2020 were renewed.

~~Average renewal premium rates for insurance and facultative reinsurance increased 8.5% in 2021 when adjusted for changes in exposures, and increased 9.7% excluding workers' compensation.~~

~~A summary of gross premiums written in 2021 compared with 2020 by line of business within each business segment follows:~~

•~~Insurance~~ - gross premiums increased 26% to $2,422 million in 2021 from $1,918 million in 2020. Gross premiums increased $166 million (25%) for other liability, $142 million (50%) for professional liability, $76 million (34%) for commercial auto, $76 million (16%) for short-tail lines and $44 million (16%) for workers' compensation lines.

•~~Reinsurance & Monoline Excess~~ - gross premiums increased 12% to $239 million in 2021 from $215 million in 2020. Gross premiums increased $24 million (17%) for casualty reinsurance and $5 million (25%) for monoline excess, partially offset by a $5 million (9%) reduction for property reinsurance.

~~Net premiums written were $2,212 million in 2021, an increase of 27% from $1,740 million in 2020. Ceded reinsurance premiums as a percentage of gross written premiums were 17% in 2021 and 18% in 2020.~~

Premiums earned increased 18% to $1,972 million in 2021 from $1,677 million in 2020. Insurance premiums (including the impact of rate changes) are generally earned evenly over the policy term, and accordingly, recent rate increases will be earned over the upcoming quarters. Premiums earned in 2021 are related to business written during both 2021 and 2020. Audit premiums were $52 million in 2021 compared with $41 million in 2020.

~~Net Investment Income. Following is a summary of net investment income for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020:~~

Amount Average Annualized
Yield
($ in thousands) 2021 2020 2021 2020
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable $ 96,996 $ 105,843 2.2 % 2.7 %
Investment funds 61,311 (57,552) 17.9 (19.4)
Arbitrage trading account 3,914 31,304 2.5 20.6
Equity securities 7,212 2,726 5.2 3.1
Real estate 872 5,045 0.2 1.0
Gross investment income 170,305 87,366 3.2 1.8
Investment expenses (2,118) (1,935) — —
Total $ 168,187 $ 85,431 3.1 % 1.7 %

Net investment income increased 97% to $168 million in 2021 from $85 million in 2020 due primarily to a $119 million increase in income from investment funds primarily from financial services and energy funds and a $4 million increase from equity securities, partially offset by a $27 million decrease from the arbitrage trading account, a $9 million decrease in income from fixed maturity securities mainly driven by lower investment yields and a $4 million decrease in real estate. The Company shortened the duration of its fixed maturity security portfolio, thereby reducing the potential impact of mark-to-market on the portfolio and positioning the Company to react quickly to changes in the current interest rate environment. Average invested assets, at cost (including cash and cash equivalents), were $21.9 billion in 2021 and $19.6 billion in 2020.

~~Insurance Service Fees~~. The Company earns fees from an insurance distribution business, a third-party administrator and as a servicing carrier of workers' compensation assigned risk plans for certain states. Insurance service fees were $22 million in 2021 and $20 million in 2020, an increase mainly due to the business recovery from the pandemic.

Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments. The Company buys and sells securities and other investment assets on a regular basis in order to maximize its total return on investments. Decisions to sell securities and other investment assets are based on management’s view of the underlying fundamentals of specific investments as well as management’s expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads, currency values and general economic conditions. Net realized and unrealized gains on investments were ~~$20~~$206 million in ~~2021~~2022 compared with ~~net~~$72 million in 2021. The gains of ~~$62~~$206 million in ~~2020. The~~

~~gains of $20 million in 2021 reflect~~2022 reflected net realized gains on investments of ~~$39~~$244 million (primarily ~~due to~~a $251 million net gain from the sale of ~~certain~~a real estate ~~assets)~~investment in London after transaction expenses and the foreign currency impact, including the reversal of the currency translation adjustment) partially offset by an increase in unrealized losses on equity securities of ~~$19~~$38 million. In ~~2020,~~2021, the gains of ~~$62~~$72 million reflected net realized ~~losses~~gains on investments of $115 million (primarily due to the sale of certain real estate assets and the disposition of an investment ~~sales of $261 thousand and~~fund) partially offset by an increase in unrealized ~~gains~~losses on equity securities of ~~$62~~$43 million.

Change in Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on ~~Investments.~~Investments. Based on credit factors, the allowance for expected credit losses is increased or decreased depending on the percentage of unrealized loss relative to amortized cost by security, changes in rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. For the ~~three~~six months ended June 30, 2022, the pre-tax change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments increased by $11 million ($9 million after-tax), which is reflected in net investment gains (losses), primarily due to change in estimate. For the six months ended June 30, 2021, the pre-tax change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments ~~decreased~~increased by $4$13 million ($310 million after-tax), which is reflected in net investment gains (losses), primarily related to ~~the disposition of loans~~foreign government securities which ~~were~~did not previously impaired. For the three months ended June 30, 2020, the pre-tax change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments decreased by $16 million ($13 million after-tax), which is reflected in net investment gains (losses), primarily related to market disruptions as a result of COVID-19.have an allowance.

Revenues from Non-Insurance Businesses. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were derived from businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that provide services to aviation markets, including (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were ~~$109~~$226 million in ~~2021~~2022 and ~~$76~~$197 million in ~~2020.~~2021. The increase mainly relates to the business recovery from COVID-19 on ~~aviation-related~~promotional merchandise and textile ~~businesses.~~business, as well as a newly acquired commercial and residential textile business in 2022.

Losses and Loss Expenses. Losses and loss expenses increased to ~~$1,203~~$2,775 million in ~~2021~~2022 from ~~$1,135~~$2,325 million in ~~2020.~~2021. The consolidated loss ratio was ~~61.0%~~60.2% in ~~2021~~2022 and ~~67.7%~~60.8% in ~~2020.~~2021. Catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance recoveries, were ~~$44~~$87 million (including current accident year losses of approximately ~~$25~~$3 million related to COVID-19) in ~~2021~~2022 and ~~$146~~$80 million (including losses of approximately ~~$86~~$40 million related to COVID-19) in ~~2020.~~2021. Favorable prior year reserve development (net of premium offsets) was ~~$400 thousand in 2021 and~~ $3 million in ~~2020.~~2022 and $4 million in 2021. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development was 58.4% in 2022 and 58.8% in ~~2021 and 59.2% in 2020.~~2021.

A summary of loss ratios in ~~2021~~2022 compared with ~~2020~~2021 by business segment follows:

•Insurance - The loss ratio was ~~61.4%~~60.3% in ~~2021~~2022 and ~~67.0%~~61.3% in ~~2020.~~2021. Catastrophe losses were ~~$37~~$51 million in ~~2021~~2022 compared with ~~$114~~$70 million in ~~2020.~~2021. The Company reflected a best estimate (net of reinsurance) based upon available information for current accident year COVID-19-related losses of approximately ~~$23 million, primarily related to contingency and event cancellation coverage.~~$1 million. Favorable prior year reserve development was $6$3 million in ~~2021~~2022 and $5$12 million in ~~2020.~~2021. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development ~~increased 0.3~~decreased 0.6 points to ~~59.8%~~59.1% in ~~2021~~2022 from ~~59.5%~~59.7% in ~~2020, primarily due to higher than average non-weather related property losses.~~2021.

•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - The loss ratio was ~~58.2%~~60.2% in ~~2021~~2022 and ~~72.2%~~57.4% in ~~2020.~~2021. Catastrophe losses were $7$36 million in ~~2021~~2022 compared with ~~$32~~$10 million in ~~2020.~~2021. The Company reflected a best estimate (net of reinsurance) based upon available information for current accident year COVID-19-related losses of approximately $2 ~~million, primarily related to excess workers’ compensation and short-tail lines.~~million. Adverse prior year reserve development was $6$0.3 million in ~~2021~~2022 and $2$8 million in ~~2020.~~2021. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development ~~decreased 3.5~~increased 0.3 points to ~~52.9%~~53.8% in ~~2021~~2022 from ~~56.4%~~53.5% in ~~2020.~~2021.

Other Operating Costs and ~~Expenses.~~Expenses. Following is a summary of other operating costs and ~~expenses:~~expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:

($ in thousands) 2021 2020
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses $ 565,733 $ 519,234
Insurance service expenses 21,789 20,423
Net foreign currency losses (1,125) (7,382)
Debt extinguishment costs 7,903 —
Other costs and expenses 53,405 48,565
Total $ 647,705 $ 580,840


($ in thousands)	2022		2021
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses	$	1,288,547	$	1,111,483
Insurance service expenses	46,356		42,575
Net foreign currency gains	(43,995)		(6,719)
Debt extinguishment costs	—		11,520
Other costs and expenses	122,810		105,114
Total	$	1,413,718	$	1,263,973

Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses are comprised of commissions paid to agents and brokers, premium taxes and other assessments and internal underwriting costs. Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses increased 9%16% and net premiums earned increased ~~18%~~21% from ~~2020.~~2021. The expense ratio (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) was ~~28.7%~~28.0% in ~~2021 and 31.0%~~2022, down from 29.1% in ~~2020.~~2021. The improvement is primarily attributable to higher net premiums earned outpacing compensation expense growth. However, to the extent our net premiums earned decrease or travel

and entertainment expenses increase, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, our expense ratio would be expected to increase.

Service expenses, which represent the costs associated with the fee-based businesses, were ~~$22~~$46 million in ~~2021~~2022 and ~~$20~~$43 million in ~~2020.~~2021.

Net foreign currency gains result from transactions denominated in a currency other than a company's operating functional currency. Net foreign currency gains were $1$44 million in ~~2021~~2022 compared to $7 million in ~~2020.~~2021. The increase in gains is primarily related to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar compared to the majority of other currencies in 2022 versus 2021.

Debt extinguishment costs of $12 million in 2021 related to the redemption of $400 million of subordinated debentures in March and June 2021 that were due in 2056.

Other costs and expenses represent general and administrative expenses of the parent company and other expenses not allocated to business segments, including the cost of certain long-term incentive plans and new business ventures. Other costs and expenses increased to $123 million in 2022 from $105 million in 2021, primarily due to the increase in performance-based compensation costs in 2022.

Expenses from Non-Insurance Businesses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses represent costs associated with businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that include (i) cost of goods sold related to aircraft and products sold and services provided, and (ii) general and administrative expenses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses were $218 million in 2022 compared to $193 million in 2021. The increase mainly relates to the business recovery from COVID-19 on promotional merchandise and textile business, as well as a newly acquired residential and commercial textile business in 2022.

Interest Expense. Interest expense was $67 million in 2022 and $75 million in 2021. In March 2021, the Company issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of 3.55% senior notes due 2052 and redeemed its $110 million aggregate principal amount of 5.90% subordinated debentures due 2056. In June 2021, the Company redeemed the $290 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.75% subordinated debentures due 2056. In September 2021, the Company issued $350 million aggregate principal amount of 3.15% senior notes due 2061.

In the first quarter of 2022, the Company repaid at maturity its $77 million aggregate principal amount of 8.7% senior notes in January and its $350 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% senior notes in March. The above redemptions during the six months ended June 30, 2021 resulted in debt extinguishment costs of $12 million. Additionally, in the second quarter of 2021, the Company sold a real estate asset, which resulted in a $102 million reduction of the Company's non-recourse debt that was supporting the property.

The maturity and redemption of senior notes and debentures and issuance of additional senior notes and debentures in 2022 and 2021 decreased interest expense in 2022.

Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was 19.1% and 21.2% for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The lower effective income tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to the year earlier period, was primarily due to a net reduction to the Company’s valuation allowance against foreign tax credits and foreign net operating losses.

The Company has not provided U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of approximately $130.0 million of its non-U.S. subsidiaries since these earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in the non-U.S. subsidiaries. In the future, if such earnings were distributed the Company projects that the incremental tax, if any, will be immaterial.

Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 and 2021

Business Segment Results

Following is a summary of gross and net premiums written, net premiums earned, loss ratios (losses and loss expenses incurred expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned), expense ratios (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) and GAAP combined ratios (sum of loss ratio and expense ratio) for each of our business segments for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021. The GAAP combined ratio represents a measure of underwriting profitability, excluding investment income. A GAAP combined ratio in excess of 100 indicates an underwriting loss; a number below 100 indicates an underwriting profit.


($ in thousands)	2022			2021
Insurance:
Gross premiums written	$	2,771,665		$	2,421,846
Net premiums written	2,326,125			1,994,212
Net premiums earned	2,070,157			1,727,202
Loss ratio	61.0		%	61.4		%
Expense ratio	27.7		%	28.5		%
GAAP combined ratio	88.7		%	89.9		%
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:
Gross premiums written	$	280,736		$	239,390
Net premiums written	259,510			217,969
Net premiums earned	287,001			244,422
Loss ratio	60.4		%	58.2		%
Expense ratio	27.4		%	30.4		%
GAAP combined ratio	87.8		%	88.6		%
Consolidated:
Gross premiums written	$	3,052,401		$	2,661,236
Net premiums written	2,585,635			2,212,181
Net premiums earned	2,357,158			1,971,624
Loss ratio	60.9		%	61.0		%
Expense ratio	27.7		%	28.7		%
GAAP combined ratio	88.6		%	89.7		%

Net Income to Common Stockholders. The following table presents the Company’s net income to common stockholders and net income per diluted share for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:


(In thousands, except per share data)	2022		2021
Net income to common stockholders	$	179,322	$	237,238
Weighted average diluted shares	279,525		280,659
Net income per diluted share	$	0.64	$	0.85

The Company reported net income to common stockholders of $179 million in 2022 compared to $237 million in 2021. The $58 million decrease in net income was primarily due to an after-tax decrease in net investment gains of $158 million mainly due to change in market value on equity securities and an after-tax increase in corporate expenses of $7 million mainly due to increased performance-based compensation costs, partially offset by an after-tax increase in underwriting income of $53 million mainly due to the growth in premium rates and exposure as well as reductions in expense ratio driven by net earned premium growth outpacing expense growth, an after-tax increase in foreign currency gains of $31 million due to strengthening of the U.S dollar against the majority of other currencies, an after-tax reduction on debt extinguishment expense of $6 million for debt redeemed in June 2021, an after-tax reduction in interest expenses of $5 million due to lower interest rates from refinancings, a reduction of $4 million in tax expense due to a change in the effective tax rate, an after-tax increase in net investment income of $3 million, an after-tax increase in profits from non-insurance businesses of $3 million and an after-tax increase of $2 million in insurance service income. The number of weighted average diluted shares decreased by 1.1 million for 2022 compared to 2021, mainly reflecting shares repurchased in 2021.

Premiums. Gross premiums written were $3,052 million in 2022, an increase of 15% from $2,661 million in 2021. The increase was due to a $350 million increase in the Insurance segment and a $41 million increase in the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Approximately 82% of premiums expiring in 2022 were renewed, and 81% of premiums expiring in 2021 were renewed.

Average renewal premium rates for insurance and facultative reinsurance increased 5.8% in 2022 when adjusted for changes in exposures, and increased 6.8% excluding workers' compensation.

A summary of gross premiums written in 2022 compared with 2021 by line of business within each business segment follows:

•Insurance - gross premiums increased 14% to $2,772 million in 2022 from $2,422 million in 2021. Gross premiums increased $167 million (20%) for other liability, $111 million (20%) for short-tail lines, $54 million (18%) for commercial auto, $15 million (5%) for workers' compensation and $3 million (1%) for professional liability.

•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - gross premiums increased 17% to $280 million in 2022 from $239 million in 2021. Gross premiums increased $34 million (21%) for casualty reinsurance, $6 million (12%) for property reinsurance and $1 million (5%) for monoline excess.

Net premiums written were $2,586 million in 2022, an increase of 17% from $2,212 million in 2021 due in part to our decision to retain more business. Ceded reinsurance premiums as a percentage of gross written premiums were 15% in 2022, down from 17% in 2021.

Premiums earned increased 20% to $2,357 million in 2022 from $1,972 million in 2021. Insurance premiums (including the impact of rate changes) are generally earned evenly over the policy term, and accordingly, recent rate increases will be earned over the upcoming quarters. Premiums earned in 2022 are related to business written during both 2022 and 2021. Audit premiums were $72 million in 2022 compared with $52 million in 2021 due to an increase in exposures.

Net Investment Income. Following is a summary of net investment income for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:


	Amount				Average Annualized Yield
($ in thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	$	124,389	$	96,996	2.6	%	2.2	%
Investment funds	33,861		61,311		8.3		17.9
Equity securities	12,797		7,212		4.9		5.2
Arbitrage trading account	4,127		3,914		1.4		2.5
Real estate	(1,551)		872		(0.5)		0.2
Gross investment income	173,623		170,305		2.9		3.1
Investment expenses	(2,049)		(2,118)		—		—
Total	$	171,574	$	168,187	2.8	%	3.1	%

Net investment income increased 2% to $172 million in 2022 from $168 million in 2021 due primarily to a $27 million increase in income from fixed maturity securities mainly driven by increased investment in bonds and rising interest rates and a $6 million increase from equity securities, partially offset by a $27 million decrease in income from investment funds primarily due to financial services funds and a $2 million decrease in real estate. The Company maintained the short duration of its fixed maturity security portfolio, thereby reducing the potential impact of mark-to-market on the portfolio and positioning the Company to react quickly to changes in the current interest rate environment. We expect investment income to increase as interest rates continue to move higher. Average invested assets, at cost (including cash and cash equivalents), were $24.1 billion in 2022 and $21.9 billion in 2021.

Insurance Service Fees. The Company earns fees from an insurance distribution business, a third-party administrator and as a servicing carrier of workers' compensation assigned risk plans for certain states. Insurance service fees increased to $26 million in 2022 from $22 million in 2021, mainly due to the business recovery from the pandemic.

management’s expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads, currency values and general economic conditions. Net realized and unrealized losses on investments were $164 million in 2022 compared with net gains of $20 million in 2021. The losses of $164 million in 2022 reflected net realized losses on investments of $32 million (primarily due to foreign exchange losses on investments) and an increase in unrealized losses on equity securities of $132 million. In 2021, the gains of $20 million reflected net realized gains on investments of $39 million (primarily due to the sale of certain real estate assets) partially offset by an increase in unrealized losses on equity securities of $19 million.

Change in Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on Investments. Based on credit factors, the allowance for expected credit losses is increased or decreased depending on the percentage of unrealized loss relative to amortized cost by security, changes in rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. For the three months ended June 30, 2022, the pre-tax change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments increased by $8 million ($6 million after-tax), which is reflected in net investment gains (losses), primarily due to change in estimate. For the three months ended June 30, 2021, the pre-tax change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments decreased by $4 million ($3 million after-tax), which is reflected in net investment gains (losses), primarily related to the disposition of loans which were previously impaired.

Revenues from Non-Insurance Businesses. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were derived from businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that provide services to aviation markets, including (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were $128 million in 2022 and $109 million in 2021. The increase mainly relates to the business recovery from COVID-19 on promotional merchandise and textile business, as well as a newly acquired residential and commercial textile business in 2022.

Losses and Loss Expenses. Losses and loss expenses increased to $1,436 million in 2022 from $1,204 million in 2021. The consolidated loss ratio was 60.9% in 2022 and 61.0% in 2021. Catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance recoveries, were $58 million (including current accident year losses of approximately $2 million related to COVID-19) in 2022 and $44 million (including losses of approximately $25 million related to COVID-19) in 2021. Favorable prior year reserve development (net of premium offsets) was $2 million in 2022 and $0.4 million in 2021. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development was 58.5% in 2022 and 58.8% in 2021.

A summary of loss ratios in 2022 compared with 2021 by business segment follows:

•Insurance - The loss ratio was 61.0% in 2022 and 61.4% in 2021. Catastrophe losses were $40 million in 2022 compared with $37 million in 2021. Adverse prior year reserve development was $3 million in 2022 and $6 million favorable prior year reserve development in 2021. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development decreased 0.9 points to 58.9% in 2022 from 59.8% in 2021.

•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - The loss ratio was 60.4% in 2022 and 58.2% in 2021. Catastrophe losses were $18 million in 2022 compared with $7 million in 2021. The Company reflected a best estimate (net of reinsurance) based upon available information for current accident year COVID-19-related losses of approximately $2 million. Favorable prior year reserve development was $5 million in 2022 and $6 million adverse prior year reserve development in 2021. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 3.0 points to 55.9% in 2022 from 52.9% in 2021.

Other Operating Costs and Expenses. Following is a summary of other operating costs and expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:


($ in thousands)	2022		2021
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses	$	653,093	$	565,733
Insurance service expenses	23,890		21,789
Net foreign currency gains	(39,827)		(1,125)
Debt extinguishment costs	—		7,903
Other costs and expenses	62,663		53,405
Total	$	699,819	$	647,705

percentage of net premiums earned) was 27.7% in 2022, down from 28.7% in 2021. The improvement is primarily attributable to higher net premiums earned outpacing compensation expense growth. However, to the extent our net premiums earned decrease or travel and entertainment expenses increase, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, our expense ratio would be expected to increase.

Service expenses, which represent the costs associated with the fee-based businesses, were $24 million in 2022 and $22 million in 2021.

Net foreign currency gains result from transactions denominated in a currency other than a company's operating functional currency. Net foreign currency gains were $40 million in 2022 compared to $1 million in 2021. The increase in gains is primarily due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar compared to the majority of other currencies in 2022 versus 2021.

Debt extinguishment costs of $8 million in 2021 related to the redemption of a $290 million subordinated debenture in June 2021 that was due in 2056.

Other costs and expenses represent general and administrative expenses of the parent company and other expenses not allocated to business segments, including the cost of certain long-term incentive plans and new business ventures. Other costs and expenses increased to $63 million in 2022 from $53 million in 2021, ~~from $49 million in 2020,~~ primarily due to the increase in ~~non-recurring~~ performance-based compensation costs in ~~2021.~~2022.

Expenses from Non-Insurance Businesses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses represent costs associated with businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that include (i) cost of goods sold related to aircraft and products sold and services provided, and (ii) general and administrative expenses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses were $123 million in 2022 compared to $107 million in ~~2021 compared to $76 million in 2020.~~2021. The increase mainly relates to the business recovery from COVID-19 on ~~aviation-related~~promotional merchandise and textile ~~businesses.~~business, as well as a newly acquired residential and commercial textile business in 2022.

Interest Expense. Interest expense was $32 million in 2022 and $38 million in both 2021 and 2020. In May 2020, the Company issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 4.00% senior notes due 2050. In September 2020, the Company issued an additional $170 million aggregate principal amount of 4.00% senior notes due 2050 and $250 million aggregate principal amount of 4.25% subordinated debentures due 2060 and repaid $300 million aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior notes at maturity. In October 2020, the Company redeemed $350 million aggregate principal amount of 5.625% subordinated debentures due 2053. In February 2021, the Company issued $300 million aggregate principal amount of 4.125% subordinated debenture due 2061.2021. In March 2021, the Company issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of 3.55% senior notes due 2052 and redeemed its $110 million aggregate principal amount of 5.90% subordinated debentures due 2056. OnIn June 1, 2021, the Company redeemed the $290 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.75% subordinated debentures due 2056. ~~These~~In September 2021, the Company issued $350 million aggregate principal amount of 3.15% senior notes due 2061.

In the first quarter of 2022, the Company repaid at maturity its $77 million aggregate principal amount of 8.7% senior notes in January and its $350 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% senior notes in March. The above redemptions during the three months ended June 30, 2021 resulted in debt extinguishment costs of ~~$12 million~~$8 million. Additionally, in ~~2021, including $8 million in~~ the ~~second quarter of 2021. Additionally in~~ second quarter of 2021, the Company sold a real estate asset, which resulted in a $102 million reduction of the Company's non-recourse debt that was supporting the property.

The maturity and redemption of senior notes and debentures and issuance of additional senior notes and debentures in 2022 and 2021 ~~as described below in "Liquidity and Capital Resources -- Debt," are expected to decrease~~decreased interest expense in ~~2021 and forward.~~2022.

Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was 19.4% and 20.8% infor the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, ~~and 32.0% in 2020.~~respectively. The ~~effective income tax rate~~

differs from the federal income tax rate of 21% principally because of state and foreign income taxes, which was partially offset by tax-exempt investment income and tax benefits related to equity-based compensation. The increasedlower effective income tax rate for the three months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022, compared to the year earlier period, was ~~principally because~~primarily due to lower taxes on foreign ~~jurisdictions were limited on the utilization of losses at different tax rates.~~earnings.

The Company has not provided U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of approximately ~~$119~~$130.0 million of its non-U.S. subsidiaries since these earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in the non-U.S. subsidiaries. In the future, if such earnings were distributed the Company projects that the incremental tax, if any, will be immaterial.

4748

Investments

As part of its investment strategy, the Company establishes a level of cash and highly liquid short-term and intermediate-term securities that, combined with expected cash flow, it believes is adequate to meet its payment obligations. Due to the low fixed maturity investment returns, the Company invests in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate related assets. The Company's investments in investment funds and its other alternative investments have experienced, and the Company expects to continue to experience, greater fluctuations in investment income.

The Company also attempts to maintain an appropriate relationship between the average duration of the investment portfolio and the approximate duration of its liabilities (i.e., policy claims and debt obligations). The average duration of the fixed maturity portfolio, including cash and cash equivalents, ~~was~~were both 2.4 years at ~~both~~ June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and December 31, ~~2020.~~2021. The Company’s fixed maturity investment portfolio and investment-related assets as of June 30, ~~2021~~2022 were as follows:


($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		Percent of Total		($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		Percent of Total
Fixed maturity securities:	Fixed maturity securities:					Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. government and government agencies	U.S. government and government agencies	$	502,625	2.3	%	U.S. government and government agencies	$	720,914	3.1	%
State and municipal:	State and municipal:					State and municipal:
Special revenue	Special revenue	2,176,388		9.8		Special revenue	1,867,636		7.9
Local general obligation	Local general obligation	452,710		2.0		Local general obligation	416,940		1.8
State general obligation	State general obligation	451,588		2.0		State general obligation	414,939		1.7
Pre-refunded (1)	Pre-refunded (1)	248,137		1.1		Pre-refunded (1)	203,899		0.9
Corporate backed	Corporate backed	165,190		0.8		Corporate backed	160,208		0.7
Total state and municipal	Total state and municipal	3,494,013		15.7		Total state and municipal	3,063,622		13.0
Mortgage-backed:	Mortgage-backed:					Mortgage-backed:
Agency	Agency	661,323		3.0		Agency	821,398		3.5
Commercial	Commercial	143,586		0.6		Commercial	405,597		1.7
Residential-Prime	Residential-Prime	117,488		0.5		Residential-Prime	250,052		1.1
Residential-Alt A	Residential-Alt A	7,029		—		Residential-Alt A	4,207		—
Total mortgage-backed	Total mortgage-backed	929,426		4.1		Total mortgage-backed	1,481,254		6.3
Asset-backed	Asset-backed	4,317,863		19.4		Asset-backed	4,292,488		18.2
Corporate:	Corporate:					Corporate:
Industrial	Industrial	3,106,003		13.9		Industrial	3,215,637		13.7
Financial	Financial	1,633,318		7.3		Financial	1,811,661		7.7
Utilities	Utilities	423,848		1.9		Utilities	422,101		1.8
Other	Other	177,494		0.8		Other	239,726		1.0
Total corporate	Total corporate	5,340,663		23.9		Total corporate	5,689,125		24.2
Foreign government and foreign government agencies	Foreign government and foreign government agencies	1,068,918		4.8		Foreign government and foreign government agencies	1,604,111		6.8
Total fixed maturity securities	Total fixed maturity securities	15,653,508		70.2		Total fixed maturity securities	16,851,514		71.6
Equity securities:	Equity securities:					Equity securities:
Common stocks	Common stocks	449,500		2.0		Common stocks	932,672		4.0
Preferred stocks	Preferred stocks	193,493		0.9		Preferred stocks	222,654		0.9
Total equity securities	Total equity securities	642,993		2.9		Total equity securities	1,155,326		4.9
Investment funds						Investment funds	1,702,270		7.2
Real estate						Real estate	1,304,094		5.5
Cash and cash equivalents (2)	Cash and cash equivalents (2)	2,088,319		9.4		Cash and cash equivalents (2)	1,277,294		5.4
Real estate		1,811,263		8.1
Investment funds		1,368,661		6.1
Arbitrage trading account	Arbitrage trading account	634,276		2.8		Arbitrage trading account	1,142,003		4.9
Loans receivable	Loans receivable	116,009		0.5		Loans receivable	113,483		0.5
Total investments	Total investments	$	22,315,029	100.0	%	Total investments	$	23,545,984	100.0	%

____________________

(1) Pre-refunded securities are securities for which an escrow account has been established to fund the remaining payments of principal and interest through maturity. Such escrow accounts are funded almost exclusively with U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities.

(2) Cash and cash equivalents includes trading accounts receivable from brokers and clearing organizations, trading account securities sold but not yet purchased and unsettled purchases.

4849

Fixed Maturity Securities. The Company’s investment policy with respect to fixed maturity securities is generally to purchase instruments with the expectation of holding them to their maturity. However, management of the available for sale portfolio is considered necessary to maintain an approximate matching of assets and liabilities as well as to adjust the portfolio as a result of changes in financial market conditions and tax considerations.

The Company’s philosophy related to holding or selling fixed maturity securities is based on its objective of maximizing total return. The key factors that management considers in its investment decisions as to whether to hold or sell fixed maturity securities are its view of the underlying fundamentals of specific securities as well as its expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads and currency values. In a period in which management expects interest rates to rise, the Company may sell longer duration securities in order to mitigate the impact of an interest rate rise on the fair value of the portfolio. Similarly, in a period in which management expects credit spreads to widen, the Company may sell lower quality securities, and in a period in which management expects certain foreign currencies to decline in value, the Company may sell securities denominated in those foreign currencies. The sale of fixed maturity securities in order to achieve the objective of maximizing total return may result in realized ~~gains;~~gains or losses; however, there is no reason to expect these gains or losses to continue in future periods.

Equity Securities. Equity securities primarily represent investments in common and preferred stocks in companies with potential growth opportunities in different sectors, mainly in the financial institutions and energy sectors.

Investment Funds. At June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, the carrying value of investment funds was ~~$1,369~~$1,702 million, including investments in financial services funds of ~~$452~~$469 million, other funds of $376 million (which includes a deferred compensation trust asset of $31 million), transportation funds of ~~$271~~$339 million, real estate funds of ~~$263~~$275 million, ~~other funds of $234 million and~~ energy funds of ~~$149~~$133 million and infrastructure funds of $110 million. Investment funds are generally reported on a one-quarter lag.

Real Estate. Real estate is directly owned property held for investment. At June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, real estate properties in operation included a long-term ground lease in Washington D.C., an office complex in New York City ~~an office building in London,~~ and the completed portion of a mixed-use project in Washington D.C. In addition, part of the previously mentioned mixed-use project in Washington D.C. is under development. The Company expects to fund further development costs for the project with a combination of its own funds and external financing. During the first quarter of 2022, the Company sold an office building in London.

Arbitrage Trading Account. The arbitrage trading account is comprised of direct investments in arbitrage securities. Merger arbitrage is the business of investing in the securities of publicly held companies that are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers.

Loans Receivable. Loans receivable, which are carried at amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses), had an amortized cost of ~~$116~~$113 million and an aggregate fair value of ~~$118~~$112 million at June 30, ~~2021.~~2022. The amortized cost of loans receivable is net of an allowance for expected credit losses of $2 million as of June 30, ~~2021.~~2022. Loans receivable include real estate loans of ~~$90~~$89 million that are secured by commercial and residential real estate located primarily in New York. Real estate loans generally earn interest at fixed or stepped interest rates and have maturities through 2026. Loans receivable include commercial loans of ~~$26~~$24 million that are secured by business assets and have fixed interest rates with varying maturities not exceeding 10 years.

Market Risk. The fair value of the Company’s investments is subject to risks of fluctuations in credit quality and interest rates. The Company uses various models and stress test scenarios to monitor and manage interest rate risk. The Company attempts to manage its interest rate risk by maintaining an appropriate relationship between the effective duration of the investment portfolio and the approximate duration of its liabilities (i.e., policy claims and debt obligations). The effective duration for the fixed maturity portfolio (including cash and cash equivalents) was 2.4 years at both June 30, ~~2021~~2022 and December 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

In addition, the fair value of the Company’s international investments is subject to currency risk. The Company attempts to manage its currency risk by matching its foreign currency assets and liabilities where considered appropriate.

4950

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flow. Cash flow provided from operating activities increased to $1,006 million in the first six months of 2022 from $696 million in the first six months of 2021, ~~from $580 million in the first six months of 2020,~~ primarily due to an increase in premium receipts ~~net of reinsurance and commissions settled,~~ partially offset by ~~an increase in tax~~higher loss and loss expense payments.

The Company's insurance subsidiaries' principal sources of cash are premiums, investment income, service fees and proceeds from sales and maturities of portfolio investments. The principal uses of cash are payments for claims, taxes, operating expenses and dividends. The Company expects its insurance subsidiaries to fund the payment of losses with cash received from premiums, investment income and fees. The Company generally targets an average duration for its investment portfolio that is within 1.5 years of the average duration of its liabilities so that portions of its investment portfolio mature throughout the claim cycle and are available for the payment of claims if necessary. In the event operating cash flow and proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed income securities are not sufficient to fund claim payments and other cash requirements, the remainder of the Company's cash and investments is available to pay claims and other obligations as they become due. The Company's investment portfolio is highly liquid, with approximately ~~79%~~77.0% invested in cash, cash equivalents and marketable fixed maturity securities as of June 30, ~~2021.~~2022. If the sale of fixed maturity securities were to become necessary, a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the cost and sales price of securities sold would be recognized.

Debt. At June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, the Company had senior notes, subordinated debentures and other debt outstanding with a carrying value of ~~$2,919~~$2,840 million and a face amount of ~~$2,937 million, including $300~~$2,866 million. In the first quarter of 2022, the Company repaid at maturity its $77 million aggregate principal amount of 8.7% senior notes in January and its ~~4.125% subordinated debentures due 2061 issued in February 2021 as well as $400~~$350 million aggregate principal amount of ~~its 3.55%~~4.625% senior notes ~~due 2052 issued~~ in March 2021. The Company redeemed its $110 million aggregate principal amount of 5.90% subordinated debentures due 2056 on March 1, 2021 and its $290 million aggregate principal amount of 5.75% subordinated debentures due 2056 on June 1, 2021. Additionally in the second quarter of 2021, the Company sold a real estate asset which resulted in a $102 million reduction of the Company's debt that was supporting the property.March. The maturities of the outstanding debt are $3$6 million in ~~2021, $426 million in 2022, $3~~2024, $5 million in 2025, $250 million in 2037, $350 million in 2044, $470 million in 2050, $400 million in 2052, $185 million in 2058, $300 million in 2059, $250 million in 2060, and ~~$300~~$650 million in 2061.

On April 1, 2022, the Company entered into a senior unsecured revolving credit facility that provides for revolving, unsecured borrowings up to an aggregate of $300 million with a $50 million sublimit for letters of credit. The Company may increase the amount available under the facility to a maximum of $500 million subject to obtaining lender commitments for the increase and other customary conditions. Borrowings under the facility may be used for working capital and other general corporate purposes. All borrowings under the facility must be repaid by April 1, 2027, except that letters of credit outstanding on that date may remain outstanding until April 1, 2028 (or such later date approved by all lenders). Our ability to utilize the facility is conditioned on the satisfaction of representations, warranties and covenants that are customary for facilities of this type. As of the date of this report, there were no borrowings outstanding under the facility.

Equity. At June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, total common stockholders’ equity was ~~$6.6~~$6.5 billion, common shares outstanding were ~~177,413,970~~265,272,980 and stockholders’ equity per outstanding share was ~~$37.08.~~$24.56. During the six months ended June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, the Company ~~repurchased 465,063~~did not repurchase any shares of its common ~~stock for $30 million.~~stock. In the second quarter of ~~2021,~~2022, the ~~Board~~board of directors of the Company declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of ~~$0.13~~$0.10 per share and a special cash dividend of $0.50 per share. In the first quarter of 2022, the board of directors of the Company declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.09 cents per share. The number of common shares outstanding excludes shares held in a grantor trust established by the Company for delivery upon settlement of vested but mandatorily deferred RSUs.

Total Capital. Total capitalization (equity, debt and subordinated debentures) was ~~$9.5~~$9.4 billion at June 30, ~~2021.~~2022. The percentage of the Company’s capital attributable to senior notes, subordinated debentures and other debt was ~~31%~~30% at June 30, ~~2021 and 30%~~2022, down from 33% at December 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk

Reference is made to the information under “Investments - Market Risk” under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Form 10-Q.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rule 13a-14 as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company has in place effective controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules thereunder, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. During the quarter ended June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, there were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Please see Note 2021 to the notes to the interim consolidated financial statements.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

The Company did not repurchase any of its shares during the three months ended June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, and accordingly the number of shares authorized for purchase by the Company remains ~~6,269,659.~~15,000,000.

Item 6. Exhibits


Number
(3.1)						The Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended through May 10, 2004 (incorporated by reference to Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 6, 2003).

(3.2)						Amendment, dated May 11, 2004, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Quarterly report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 5, 2004).

(3.3)						Amendment, dated May 16, 2006, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 17, 2006).

(3.4)						Amendment, dated June 12, 2020, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on June 16, 2020).

(3.5)						Amendment, dated June 15, 2022, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on June 16, 2022).

(31.1)						Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a).

(31.2)						Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a).

(32.1)						Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

5153

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


		W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION
Date:	August 2, ~~2021~~2022	/s/ W. Robert Berkley, Jr.
		W. Robert Berkley, Jr.
		President and Chief Executive Officer

Date:	August 2, ~~2021~~2022	/s/ Richard M. Baio
		Richard M. Baio
		Executive Vice President - Chief Financial Officer

5254