UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark one)

☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the quarterly period ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019.

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the transition period from _____________________ to _____________________.

Commission file number 0-4604

CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Ohio				31-0746871
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)				(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

	6200 S. Gilmore Road,	Fairfield,	Ohio	45014-5141
(Address of principal executive offices)				(Zip code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (513) 870-2000

N/A

(Former name or former address, if changed since last report.)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock	CINF	Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☑Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☑Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a nonaccelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

☑ Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Nonaccelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company

☐ Emerging growth company

☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act):

☐Yes ☑ No

As of ~~July 24,~~October 18, 2019, there were ~~163,336,240~~163,374,035 shares of common stock outstanding.

CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED ~~June~~September 30, 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS



Part I – Financial Information	3

Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)	3

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	3

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income	4

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	5

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity	6

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	7

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	8

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2930

Safe Harbor Statement	2930

Corporate Financial Highlights	3132

Financial Results	4142

Liquidity and Capital Resources	5657

Other Matters	6061

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	6061

Item 4. Controls and Procedures	6667

Part II – Other Information	6768

Item 1. Legal Proceedings	6768

Item 1A. Risk Factors	6768

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	6869

Item 6. Exhibits	6970

Part I – Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)

Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets


(Dollars in millions, except per share data)	June 30,			December 31,			September 30,			December 31,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Assets
Investments
Fixed maturities, at fair value (amortized cost: 2019—$10,832; 2018—$10,643)	$	11,320		$	10,689
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: 2019—$3,471; 2018—$3,368)	7,012			5,920
Fixed maturities, at fair value (amortized cost: 2019—$11,012; 2018—$10,643)							$	11,600		$	10,689
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: 2019—$3,548; 2018—$3,368)							7,176			5,920
Other invested assets	271			123			283			123
Total investments	18,603			16,732			19,059			16,732
Cash and cash equivalents	803			784			787			784
Investment income receivable	130			132			125			132
Finance receivable	76			71			78			71
Premiums receivable	1,913			1,644			1,839			1,644
Reinsurance recoverable	515			484			524			484
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	70			44			60			44
Deferred policy acquisition costs	786			738			783			738
Land, building and equipment, net, for company use (accumulated depreciation: 2019—$267; 2018—$265)	207			195
Land, building and equipment, net, for company use (accumulated depreciation: 2019—$269; 2018—$265)							207			195
Other assets	375			308			402			308
Separate accounts	859			803			878			803
Total assets	$	24,337		$	21,935		$	24,742		$	21,935

Liabilities
Insurance reserves
Loss and loss expense reserves	$	6,009		$	5,707		$	6,056		$	5,707
Life policy and investment contract reserves	2,798			2,779			2,816			2,779
Unearned premiums	2,896			2,516			2,859			2,516
Other liabilities	828			804			905			804
Deferred income tax	932			627			972			627
Note payable	37			32			38			32
Long-term debt and lease obligations	847			834			847			834
Separate accounts	859			803			878			803
Total liabilities	15,206			14,102			15,371			14,102

Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 12)

Shareholders' Equity
Common stock, par value—$2 per share; (authorized: 2019 and 2018—500 million shares; issued: 2019 and 2018—198.3 million shares)	397			397			397			397
Paid-in capital	1,286			1,281			1,295			1,281
Retained earnings	8,566			7,625			8,722			7,625
Accumulated other comprehensive income	364			22			442			22
Treasury stock at cost (2019—35.0 million shares and 2018—35.5 million shares)	(1,482		)	(1,492		)
Treasury stock at cost (2019—34.9 million shares and 2018—35.5 million shares)							(1,485		)	(1,492		)
Total shareholders' equity	9,131			7,833			9,371			7,833
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	24,337		$	21,935		$	24,742		$	21,935
��

Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income


(Dollars in millions, except per share data)	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,					Three months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018			2019		2018			2019		2018
Revenues
Earned premiums	$	1,384	$	1,294	$	2,717	$	2,554		$	1,446	$	1,298		$	4,163	$	3,852
Investment income, net of expenses	160		154		317		304			161		154			478		458
Investment gains and losses, net	364		105		1,027		(86		)	86		458			1,113		372
Fee revenues	3		4		7		8			4		3			11		11
Other revenues	2		1		4		2			3		2			7		4
Total revenues	1,913		1,558		4,072		2,782			1,700		1,915			5,772		4,697
Benefits and Expenses
Insurance losses and contract holders' benefits	936		883		1,796		1,737			932		879			2,728		2,616
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses	430		395		841		798			455		401			1,296		1,199
Interest expense	13		13		26		26			14		14			40		40
Other operating expenses	4		3		12		7			5		3			17		10
Total benefits and expenses	1,383		1,294		2,675		2,568			1,406		1,297			4,081		3,865
Income Before Income Taxes	530		264		1,397		214			294		618			1,691		832
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes
Current	28		33		56		61			28		(98		)	84		(37		)
Deferred	74		14		218		(33		)	18		163			236		130
Total provision for income taxes	102		47		274		28			46		65			320		93
Net Income	$	428	$	217	$	1,123	$	186		$	248	$	553		$	1,371	$	739
Per Common Share
Net income—basic	$	2.62	$	1.33	$	6.89	$	1.13		$	1.51	$	3.40		$	8.40	$	4.53
Net income—diluted	2.59		1.32		6.81		1.12			1.49		3.38			8.30		4.49

Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018
Net Income	$	428		$	217		$	1,123		$	186		$	248		$	553		$	1,371		$	739
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Change in unrealized gains on investments, net of tax (benefit) of $43, ($18), $93 and ($64), respectively	157			(62		)	349			(237		)
Change in unrealized gains on investments, net of tax (benefit) of $21, ($17), $114 and ($81), respectively													79			(60		)	428			(297		)
Amortization of pension actuarial loss and prior service cost, net of tax of $0, $0, $0 and $0, respectively	1			1			1			1			—			—			1			1
Change in life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other, net of tax (benefit) of ($1), $1, ($2) and $2, respectively	(4		)	1			(8		)	6
Change in life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other, net of tax (benefit) of $0, $0, ($2) and $2, respectively													(1		)	1			(9		)	7
Other comprehensive income (loss)	154			(60		)	342			(230		)	78			(59		)	420			(289		)
Comprehensive Income (Loss)	$	582		$	157		$	1,465		$	(44	)
Comprehensive Income													$	326		$	494		$	1,791		$	450

Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018
Common Stock
Beginning of period	$	397		$	397		$	397		$	397		$	397		$	397		$	397		$	397
Share-based awards	—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—
End of period	397			397			397			397			397			397			397			397

Paid-In Capital
Beginning of period	1,277			1,258			1,281			1,265			1,286			1,266			1,281			1,265
Share-based awards	1			—			(13		)	(17		)	1			—			(12		)	(17		)
Share-based compensation	7			7			16			16			7			6			23			22
Other	1			1			2			2			1			1			3			3
End of period	1,286			1,266			1,286			1,266			1,295			1,273			1,295			1,273

Retained Earnings
Beginning of period	8,229			7,565			7,625			5,180			8,566			7,696			7,625			5,180
Cumulative effect of change in accounting for equity securities as of January 1, 2018	—			—			—			2,503			—			—			—			2,503
Adjusted beginning of year	8,229			7,565			7,625			7,683			8,566			7,696			7,625			7,683
Net income	428			217			1,123			186			248			553			1,371			739
Dividends declared (per share of $0.56, $0.53, $1.12 and $1.06, respectively)	(91		)	(86		)	(182		)	(173		)
Dividends declared (per share of $0.56, $0.53, $1.68 and $1.59, respectively)													(92		)	(85		)	(274		)	(258		)
End of period	8,566			7,696			8,566			7,696			8,722			8,164			8,722			8,164

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Beginning of period	210			115			22			2,788			364			55			22			2,788
Cumulative effect of change in accounting for equity securities as of January 1, 2018	—			—			—			(2,503		)	—			—			—			(2,503		)
Adjusted beginning of year	210			115			22			285			364			55			22			285
Other comprehensive income (loss)	154			(60		)	342			(230		)	78			(59		)	420			(289		)
End of period	364			55			364			55			442			(4		)	442			(4		)

Treasury Stock
Beginning of period	(1,483		)	(1,389		)	(1,492		)	(1,387		)	(1,482		)	(1,498		)	(1,492		)	(1,387		)
Share-based awards	3			2			16			16			3			2			19			18
Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization	—			(110		)	—			(125		)	(5		)	—			(5		)	(125		)
Shares acquired - share-based compensation plans	(2		)	(1		)	(7		)	(3		)	(2		)	(1		)	(9		)	(4		)
Other	—			—			1			1			1			1			2			2
End of period	(1,482		)	(1,498		)	(1,482		)	(1,498		)	(1,485		)	(1,496		)	(1,485		)	(1,496		)

Total Shareholders' Equity	$	9,131		$	7,916		$	9,131		$	7,916		$	9,371		$	8,334		$	9,371		$	8,334

(In millions)
Common Stock - Shares Outstanding
Beginning of period	163.2			164.1			162.8			163.9			163.3			162.6			162.8			163.9
Share-based awards	0.1			0.1			0.5			0.5			0.1			0.1			0.6			0.6
Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization	—			(1.6		)	—			(1.8		)	—			—			—			(1.8		)
End of period	163.3			162.6			163.3			162.6			163.4			162.7			163.4			162.7

Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows


(Dollars in millions)	Six months ended June 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net income	$	1,123		$	186		$	1,371		$	739
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	36			32			54			48
Investment gains and losses, net	(1,022		)	90			(1,103		)	(367		)
Share-based compensation	16			16			23			22
Interest credited to contract holders'	21			23			31			37
Deferred income tax expense	218			(33		)	236			130
Changes in:
Investment income receivable	2			4			7			5
Premiums and reinsurance receivable	(231		)	(129		)	(156		)	(114		)
Deferred policy acquisition costs	(68		)	(41		)	(69		)	(53		)
Other assets	(47		)	(14		)	(36		)	(22		)
Loss and loss expense reserves	25			195			72			305
Life policy and investment contract reserves	52			47			79			68
Unearned premiums	292			174			255			187
Other liabilities	(8		)	(85		)	39			(37		)
Current income tax receivable/payable	67			(1		)	77			(122		)
Net cash provided by operating activities	476			464			880			826
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Sale of fixed maturities	52			5			61			6
Call or maturity of fixed maturities	625			674			988			920
Sale of equity securities	142			134			194			293
Purchase of fixed maturities	(765		)	(905		)	(1,345		)	(1,250		)
Purchase of equity securities	(212		)	(149		)	(341		)	(311		)
Investment in finance receivables	(17		)	(16		)	(25		)	(25		)
Collection of finance receivables	13			12			20			18
Investment in buildings and equipment	(13		)	(9		)	(22		)	(14		)
Change in other invested assets, net	(41		)	(11		)	(56		)	(17		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(216		)	(265		)	(526		)	(380		)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Payment of cash dividends to shareholders	(175		)	(166		)	(265		)	(251		)
Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization	—			(125		)	(5		)	(125		)
Changes in note payable	5			37			6			6
Proceeds from stock options exercised	7			5			9			7
Contract holders' funds deposited	44			43			67			62
Contract holders' funds withdrawn	(93		)	(88		)	(133		)	(133		)
Other	(29		)	(41		)	(30		)	(53		)
Net cash used in financing activities	(241		)	(335		)	(351		)	(487		)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	19			(136		)	3			(41		)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	784			657			784			657
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	803		$	521		$	787		$	616
Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information:
Interest paid	$	27		$	26		$	27		$	27
Income taxes received (paid)	13			(60		)
Income taxes paid							3			82
Noncash Activities
Conversion of securities	$	—		$	3
Equipment acquired under capital lease obligations	7			8			$	6		$	14
Cashless exercise of stock options	7			3			9			4
Other assets and other liabilities	28			28			65			38

Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

NOTE 1 — Accounting Policies

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Cincinnati Financial Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, each of which is wholly owned. These statements are presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). Effective February 28, 2019, the company acquired MSP Underwriting Limited (MSP), a London-based, global specialty underwriter. MSP was rebranded as Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd.^SM (Cincinnati Global) effective May 1, 2019, reflecting its new identity as a subsidiary of the ~~corporation.~~company. Refer to Note 14, Acquisition, for additional information. The interim condensed consolidated financial statements include Cincinnati Global's results for the period from February 28, 2019, through ~~June~~September 30, 2019. Foreign exchange rates related to Cincinnati Global's operations did not have a material impact to our condensed consolidated financial statements. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Our actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain financial information that is normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, but that is not required for interim reporting purposes, has been condensed or omitted.

Our ~~June~~September 30, 2019, condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited. We believe that we have made all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring accruals, that are necessary for fair presentation. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements included in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for interim periods do not necessarily indicate results to be expected for the full year.

Adopted Accounting Updates

ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842)

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The main provision of ASU 2016-02 requires the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under previous GAAP. The effective date of ASU 2016-02 is for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842 and ASU 2018-11, Targeted Improvements to Topic 842. ASU 2018-10 makes narrow-scope amendments to certain aspects of the new leasing standard while ASU 2018-11 provides relief from costs of implementing certain aspects of the new leasing standard.

The company adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2019, and it did not have a material impact on our company's consolidated financial position, cash flows or results of operations. As of June 30, 2019, this ASU resulted in recognizing a right-of-use asset and lease liability each for $15 million recorded in other assets and long-term debt and lease obligations line items, respectively, on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The company has elected the practical expedient package for carrying forward historical lease classifications, not re-evaluating for embedded leases and not reassessing initial direct costs. The company also elected additional practical expedients to not recognize short-term leases on the balance sheet and to only combine lease and nonlease components for certain asset classes. We also elected not to restate prior periods. In support of our insurance operations, the company leases real estate properties which qualify as operating leases and also leases equipment and autos which qualify as finance leases. The lease term for real estate properties is typically five years while the term for equipment and autos is three to six years.

ASU 2017-08, Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08, Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. ASU 2017-08 amends guidance on the amortization period of premiums on certain purchased callable debt securities. The amendments shorten the amortization period of premiums on certain purchased callable debt securities to the earliest call date. The amendments should be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings. The effective date of ASU 2017-08 is for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The company adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2019, and it did not have a material impact on our company's consolidated financial position, cash flows or results of operations.

ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) - Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting. ASU 2018-07 expands the scope of Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, which currently only includes share-based payments issued to employees, to include share-based payments issued to nonemployees for the acquisition of goods and services. The effective date of ASU 2018-07 is for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The company adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2019, and it did not have a material impact on our company's consolidated financial position, cash flows or results of operations.

Pending Accounting Updates

ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. In addition, through June 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, ASU 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326 and ASU 2019-05, Targeted Transition Relief. These ASU’s amend previous guidance on the impairment of financial instruments by adding an impairment model that allows an entity to recognize expected credit losses as an allowance rather than impairing as they are incurred. The new guidance is intended to reduce complexity of credit impairment models and result in a more timely recognition of expected credit losses. The guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and for most affected instruments must be adopted using a modified retrospective approach, with a cumulative effect adjustment recorded to beginning retained earnings. These ASU's have not yet been adopted; however, they are not expected to have a material impact on our company's consolidated financial position, cash flows or results of operations.

ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) - Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. ASU 2017-04 simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Instead, an entity should perform its goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value. The loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit and income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit should be considered. The effective date of ASU 2017-04 is for interim and annual goodwill impairment tests performed in any fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The ASU has not yet been adopted; however, it is not expected to have a material impact on our company's consolidated financial position, cash flows or results of operations.

ASU 2018-12, Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12, Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts. ASU 2018-12 is intended to improve the timeliness of recognizing changes in the liability for future policy benefits and modify the rate used to discount future cash flows. The ASU will simplify and improve the accounting for certain market-based options or guarantees associated with deposit or account balance contracts, simplify amortization of deferred acquisition costs while improving and expanding required disclosures. The effective date of ASU 2018-12 is for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020. The ASU has not yet been adopted. Management is currently evaluating the impact on our company's consolidated financial position, cash flows and results of operations.

ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. ASU 2018-13 clarifies the fair value measurement disclosure requirements of ASC 820 by adding, eliminating and modifying disclosures. The effective date of ASU 2018-13 is for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The ASU has not yet been adopted; however, it is not expected to have a material impact on our company's consolidated financial position, cash flows or results of operations.

ASU 2018-14, Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General (Topic 715-20): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General (Topic 715-20): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans. ASU 2018-14 clarifies the guidance in ASC 715 to add, remove, and clarify disclosure requirements related to defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. The effective date of ASU 2018-14 is for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2020. The ASU has not yet been adopted; however, it is not expected to have a material impact on our company's consolidated financial position, cash flows or results of operations.

ASU 2018-15, Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. ASU 2018-15 amends ASC 350 to include implementation costs of a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract and clarifies that a customer should apply ASC 350-40 to determine which implementation costs should be capitalized in a cloud computing arrangement that is considered a service contract. The effective date of ASU 2018-15 is for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The ASU has not yet been adopted; however, it is not expected to have a material impact on our company's consolidated financial position, cash flows or results of operations.

NOTE 2 – Investments

The following table provides ~~cost or~~ amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses and fair value for our fixed-maturity securities:


(Dollars in millions)	Cost or amortized cost			Gross unrealized					Fair value		Amortized cost			Gross unrealized						Fair value
At June 30, 2019			gains			losses														Fair value
At September 30, 2019											Amortized cost		Amortized cost			gains			losses			Fair value
Fixed maturity securities:	Cost or amortized cost								Fair value				Amortized cost									Fair value
Corporate	$	5,815		$	269		$	13	$	6,071	$	6,108		$	315		$	13		$	6,410
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	4,331			218			—		4,549		4,322			268			—			4,590
Commercial mortgage-backed	289			12			—		301		290			15			—			305
Government-sponsored enterprises	283			—			1		282		162			—			—			162
United States government	97			3			—		100		106			3			—			109
Foreign government	17			—			—		17		24			—			—			24
Total	$	10,832		$	502		$	14	$	11,320	$	11,012		$	601		$	13		$	11,600
At December 31, 2018													��
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate	$	5,712		$	85		$	87	$	5,710	$	5,712		$	85		$	87		$	5,710
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	4,251			84			31		4,304		4,251			84			31			4,304
Commercial mortgage-backed	287			3			2		288		287			3			2			288
Government-sponsored enterprises	316			1			7		310		316			1			7			310
United States government	67			1			1		67		67			1			1			67
Foreign government	10			—			—		10		10			—			—			10
Total	$	10,643		$	174		$	128	$	10,689	$	10,643		$	174		$	128		$	10,689

The net unrealized investment gains in our fixed-maturity portfolio at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, are primarily ~~the result of the continued low~~due to a decrease in interest ~~rate environment that increased the fair value of our fixed-maturity portfolio.~~rates. Our commercial mortgage-backed securities had an average rating of Aa1/AA at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, and December 31, 2018. At ~~June~~September 30, 2019, Microsoft Corporation (Nasdaq:MSFT) was our largest single equity holding with a fair value of

~~$336~~ $349 million, which was ~~4.9%~~5.0% of our publicly traded common equities portfolio and ~~1.8%~~1.9% of the total investment portfolio.

The table below provides fair values and gross unrealized losses by investment category and by the duration of the securities' continuous unrealized loss positions:


(Dollars in millions)	Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total				Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total
At June 30, 2019	Fair value		Unrealized losses		Fair value		Unrealized losses		Fair value		Unrealized losses
At September 30, 2019													Fair value		Unrealized losses		Fair value		Unrealized losses		Fair value		Unrealized losses
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate	$	78	$	2	$	294	$	11	$	372	$	13	$	254	$	4	$	198	$	9	$	452	$	13
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	13		—		21		—		34		—		9		—		13		—		22		—
Commercial mortgage-backed	—		—		5		—		5		—
Government-sponsored enterprises	7		—		117		1		124		1		19		—		78		—		97		—
United States government	5		—		4		—		9		—		5		—		4		—		9		—
Foreign government	1		—		—		—		1		—		12		—		—		—		12		—
Total	$	104	$	2	$	441	$	12	$	545	$	14	$	299	$	4	$	293	$	9	$	592	$	13
At December 31, 2018
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate	$	2,082	$	51	$	501	$	36	$	2,583	$	87	$	2,082	$	51	$	501	$	36	$	2,583	$	87
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	823		18		340		13		1,163		31		823		18		340		13		1,163		31
Commercial mortgage-backed	77		—		64		2		141		2		77		—		64		2		141		2
Government-sponsored enterprises	49		1		211		6		260		7		49		1		211		6		260		7
United States government	—		—		33		1		33		1		—		—		33		1		33		1
Total	$	3,031	$	70	$	1,149	$	58	$	4,180	$	128	$	3,031	$	70	$	1,149	$	58	$	4,180	$	128

Contractual maturity dates for fixed-maturities investments were:


(Dollars in millions)	Amortized cost		Fair value		% of fair value		Amortized cost		Fair value		% of fair value
At June 30, 2019					% of fair value		Amortized cost		Fair value		% of fair value
At September 30, 2019							Amortized cost		Fair value		% of fair value
Maturity dates:	Amortized cost		Fair value				Amortized cost		Fair value		% of fair value
Due in one year or less	$	491	$	496	4.4	%	$	470	$	475	4.1	%
Due after one year through five years	3,004		3,097		27.4		3,058		3,165		27.3
Due after five years through ten years	3,750		3,929		34.7		3,868		4,081		35.2
Due after ten years	3,587		3,798		33.5		3,616		3,879		33.4
Total	$	10,832	$	11,320	100.0	%	$	11,012	$	11,600	100.0	%

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities when there is a right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

The following table provides investment income and investment gains and losses, net:


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018
Investment income:
Interest	$	111		$	112		$	222		$	222		$	110		$	111		$	332		$	333
Dividends	50			44			96			86			50			45			146			131
Other	2			1			5			2			5			1			10			3
Total	163			157			323			310			165			157			488			467
Less investment expenses	3			3			6			6			4			3			10			9
Total	$	160		$	154		$	317		$	304		$	161		$	154		$	478		$	458

Investment gains and losses, net:
Equity securities:
Investment gains and losses on securities sold, net	$	11		$	4		$	23		$	7		$	—		$	8		$	27		$	17
Unrealized gains and losses on securities still held, net	355			101			999			(97		)	89			450			1,084			351
Subtotal	366			105			1,022			(90		)	89			458			1,111			368
Fixed maturities:
Gross realized gains	1			3			3			7			6			2			9			9
Gross realized losses	(2		)	(1		)	(2		)	(1		)	(1		)	(1		)	(3		)	(2		)
Other-than-temporary impairments													(6		)	—			(6		)	—
Subtotal	(1		)	2			1			6			(1		)	1			—			7

Other	(1		)	(2		)	4			(2		)	(2		)	(1		)	2			(3		)
Total	$	364		$	105		$	1,027		$	(86	)	$	86		$	458		$	1,113		$	372

During the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019, there were 2 fixed-maturity securities other-than-temporarily impaired. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, there were no0 fixed-maturity securities other-than-temporarily impaired. There were no0 credit losses on fixed-maturity securities for which a portion of other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) has been recognized in other comprehensive income for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019 and 2018.

At ~~June~~September 30, 2019, ~~100~~62 fixed-maturity securities with a total unrealized loss of ~~$12~~$9 million had been in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or more. Of that total, ~~one~~2 fixed-maturity ~~security~~securities had a fair value below 70% of amortized cost. At December 31, 2018, 400 fixed-maturity securities with a total unrealized loss of $58 million had been in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or more. Of that total, no0 fixed-maturity securities had fair values below 70% of amortized cost.

NOTE 3 – Fair Value Measurements

In accordance with accounting guidance for fair value measurements and disclosures, we categorized our financial instruments, based on the priority of the observable and market-based data for the valuation technique used, into a three-level fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices with readily available independent data in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable market inputs (Level 3). When various inputs for measurement fall within different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the lowest observable input that has a significant impact on fair value measurement is used. Our valuation techniques have not changed from those used at December 31, 2018, and ultimately management determines fair value. See our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements, Page 141, for information on characteristics and valuation techniques used in determining fair value.

Fair Value Disclosures for Assets

The following tables illustrate the fair value hierarchy for those assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, and December 31, 2018. We do not have any liabilities carried at fair value. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2.


(Dollars in millions)	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Total			Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)				Total
At June 30, 2019						Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Total						Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)				Total
At September 30, 2019												Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)				Total
Fixed maturities, available for sale:															Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)							Total
Corporate	$	—	Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)	$	6,070		$	1		$	6,071		$	—		$	6,410	Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)		$	—			$	6,410
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	—		4,545			4			4,549			—			4,590			—				4,590
Commercial mortgage-backed	—		301			—			301			—			305			—				305
Government-sponsored enterprises	—		282			—			282			—			162			—				162
United States government	100		—			—			100			109			—			—				109
Foreign government	—		17			—			17			—			24			—				24
Subtotal	100		11,215			5			11,320			109			11,491			—				11,600
Common equities	6,821		—			—			6,821			6,956			—			—				6,956
Nonredeemable preferred equities	—		191			—			191			—			220			—				220
Separate accounts taxable fixed maturities	—		848			—			848			—			868			—				868
Top Hat savings plan mutual funds and common equity (included in Other assets)	43		—			—			43			45			—			—				45
Total	$	6,964	$	12,254		$	5		$	19,223		$	7,110		$	12,579		$	—			$	19,689

At December 31, 2018
Fixed maturities, available for sale:
Corporate	$	—	$	5,709		$	1		$	5,710		$	—		$	5,709		$	1			$	5,710
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	—		4,300			4			4,304			—			4,300			4				4,304
Commercial mortgage-backed	—		288			—			288			—			288			—				288
Government-sponsored enterprises	—		310			—			310			—			310			—				310
United States government	67		—			—			67			67			—			—				67
Foreign government	—		10			—			10			—			10			—				10
Subtotal	67		10,617			5			10,689			67			10,617			5				10,689
Common equities	5,742		—			—			5,742			5,742			—			—				5,742
Nonredeemable preferred equities	—		178			—			178			—			178			—				178
Separate accounts taxable fixed maturities	—		791			—			791			—			791			—				791
Top Hat savings plan mutual funds and common equity (included in Other assets)	34		—			—			34			34			—			—				34
Total	$	5,843	$	11,586		$	5		$	17,434		$	5,843		$	11,586		$	5			$	17,434

Each financial instrument that was deemed to have significant unobservable inputs when determining valuation is identified in the following tables by security type with a summary of changes in fair value as of ~~June~~September 30, 2019. ~~Total Level 3 assets continue to be less than 1% of financial assets measured at fair value in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.~~ Assets presented in the table below were valued based primarily on broker/dealer quotes for which there is a lack of transparency as to inputs used to develop the valuations. The quantitative detail of these unobservable inputs is neither provided nor reasonably available to us.

~~There were no~~

The following table provides the changes in Level 3 assets for the three months ended ~~June 30.~~September 30, 2019.



(Dollars in millions)	Asset fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
	Corporate fixed maturities			States, municipalities and political subdivisions fixed maturities			Total
Beginning balance, July 1, 2019	$	1		$	4		$	5
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):
Included in net income	—			—			—
Included in other comprehensive income	—			—			—
Purchases	—			—			—
Sales	(1		)	—			(1		)
Transfers into Level 3	—			—			—
Transfers out of Level 3	—			(4		)	(4		)
Ending balance, September 30, 2019	$	—		$	—		$	—

Beginning balance, July 1, 2018	$	1		$	4		$	5
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):
Included in net income	—			—			—
Included in other comprehensive income	—			—			—
Purchases	—			—			—
Sales	—			—			—
Transfers into Level 3	—			—			—
Transfers out of Level 3	—			—			—
Ending balance, September 30, 2018	$	1		$	4		$	5

The following table provides the ~~change~~changes in Level 3 assets for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June 30:~~September 30, 2019:


(Dollars in millions)	Asset fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs									Asset fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
		Corporate fixed maturities		States, municipalities and political subdivisions fixed maturities			Total				Corporate fixed maturities			States, municipalities and political subdivisions fixed maturities			Total
Beginning balance, January 1, 2019		$	1	$	4		$	5			$	1		$	4		$	5
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):
Included in net income		—		—			—				—			—			—
Included in other comprehensive income		—		—			—				—			—			—
Purchases		—		—			—				—			—			—
Sales		—		—			—				(1		)	—			(1		)
Transfers into Level 3		—		—			—				—			—			—
Transfers out of Level 3		—		—			—				—			(4		)	(4		)
Ending balance, June 30, 2019		$	1	$	4		$	5
Ending balance, September 30, 2019											$	—		$	—		$	—

Beginning balance, January 1, 2018		$	1	$	5		$	6			$	1		$	5		$	6
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):
Included in net income (loss)		—		—			—				—			—			—
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)		—		(1		)	(1		)		—			(1		)	(1		)
Purchases		—		—			—				—			—			—
Sales		—		—			—				—			—			—
Transfers into Level 3		—		—			—				—			—			—
Transfers out of Level 3		—		—			—				—			—			—
Ending balance, June 30, 2018		$	1	$	4		$	5
Ending balance, September 30, 2018											$	1		$	4		$	5

With the exception of the above table, additional disclosures for the Level 3 category are not material and therefore not provided.

Fair Value Disclosures for Assets and Liabilities Not Carried at Fair Value

The disclosures below are presented to provide information about the effects of current market conditions on financial instruments that are not reported at fair value in our condensed consolidated financial statements.

This table summarizes the book value and principal amounts of our long-term debt:


(Dollars in millions)	(Dollars in millions)			Book value				Principal amount				(Dollars in millions)			Book value				Principal amount
Interest rate	Interest rate	Year of issue		June 30,		December 31,		June 30,		December 31,		Interest rate	Year of issue		September 30,		December 31,		September 30,		December 31,
Interest rate	Interest rate	Year of issue		2019		2018		2019		2018		Interest rate	Year of issue		2019		2018		2019		2018
6.900	%	1998	Senior debentures, due 2028	$	27	$	27	$	28	$	28	%	1998	Senior debentures, due 2028	$	27	$	27	$	28	$	28
6.920	%	2005	Senior debentures, due 2028	391		391		391		391		%	2005	Senior debentures, due 2028	391		391		391		391
6.125	%	2004	Senior notes, due 2034	370		370		374		374		%	2004	Senior notes, due 2034	370		370		374		374
			Total	$	788	$	788	$	793	$	793			Total	$	788	$	788	$	793	$	793

The following table shows fair values of our note payable and long-term debt:


(Dollars in millions)		Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)				Total				Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Total
At June 30, 2019								Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)				Total						Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Total
At September 30, 2019																Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Total
Note payable				$	Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		—			$	37			$	—			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)		$	Total		37
6.900% senior debentures, due 2028		—			34			—				34				—		35		—			35
6.920% senior debentures, due 2028		—			502			—				502				—		512		—			512
6.125% senior notes, due 2034		—			476			—				476				—		510		—			510
Total		$	—		$	1,049		$	—			$	1,049			$	—	$	1,095	$	—		$	1,095

At December 31, 2018
Note payable		$	—		$	32		$	—			$	32			$	—	$	32	$	—		$	32
6.900% senior debentures, due 2028		—			32			—				32				—		32		—			32
6.920% senior debentures, due 2028	��	—			471			—				471				—		471		—			471
6.125% senior notes, due 2034		—			440			—				440				—		440		—			440
Total		$	—		$	975		$	—			$	975			$	—	$	975	$	—		$	975

The following table shows the fair value of our life policy loans included in other invested assets and the fair values of our deferred annuities and structured settlements included in life policy and investment contract reserves:


(Dollars in millions)	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)				Total				Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Total
At June 30, 2019							Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)				Total						Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Total
At September 30, 2019															Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Total
Life policy loans			$	Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		—			$	—			$	42			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)		$	Total		42

Deferred annuities	—			—			778				778				—		—		787			787
Structured settlements	—			205			—				205				—		212		—			212
Total	$	—		$	205		$	778			$	983			$	—	$	212	$	787		$	999

At December 31, 2018
Life policy loans	$	—		$	—		$	40			$	40			$	—	$	—	$	40		$	40

Deferred annuities	—			—			742				742				—		—		742			742
Structured settlements	—			185			—				185				—		185		—			185
Total	$	—		$	185		$	742			$	927			$	—	$	185	$	742		$	927

Outstanding principal and interest for these life policy loans totaled $32 million and $33 million at

~~June~~September 30, 2019 and

December 31, 2018, respectively.

Recorded reserves for the deferred annuities were ~~$771~~$768 million and $787 million at ~~June~~September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Recorded reserves for the structured settlements were $152 million and $156 million at ~~June~~September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

NOTE 4 – Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expenses

This table summarizes activity for our consolidated property casualty loss and loss expense reserves:


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018
Gross loss and loss expense reserves, beginning of period	$	5,886		$	5,293		$	5,646		$	5,219		$	5,954		$	5,423		$	5,646		$	5,219
Less reinsurance recoverable	266			184			238			187			269			188			238			187
Net loss and loss expense reserves, beginning of period	5,620			5,109			5,408			5,032			5,685			5,235			5,408			5,032

Net loss and loss expense reserves related to acquisition of MSP at February 28, 2019	—			—			246			—			—			—			246			—

Net incurred loss and loss expenses related to:
Current accident year	947			852			1,804			1,691			916			857			2,720			2,548
Prior accident years	(84		)	(31		)	(151		)	(79		)	(52		)	(44		)	(203		)	(123		)
Total incurred	863			821			1,653			1,612			864			813			2,517			2,425
Net paid loss and loss expenses related to:
Current accident year	361			341			538			536			457			392			995			928
Prior accident years	437			354			1,084			873			373			313			1,457			1,186
Total paid	798			695			1,622			1,409			830			705			2,452			2,114
Net loss and loss expense reserves, end of period	5,685			5,235			5,685			5,235			5,719			5,343			5,719			5,343
Plus reinsurance recoverable	269			188			269			188			278			186			278			186
Gross loss and loss expense reserves, end of period	$	5,954		$	5,423		$	5,954		$	5,423		$	5,997		$	5,529		$	5,997		$	5,529

We use actuarial methods, models and judgment to estimate, as of a financial statement date, the property casualty loss and loss expense reserves required to pay for and settle all outstanding insured claims, including incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims, as of that date. The actuarial estimate is subject to review and adjustment by an inter-departmental committee that includes actuarial, claims, underwriting, loss prevention and accounting management. This committee is familiar with relevant company and industry business, claims and underwriting trends, as well as general economic and legal trends that could affect future loss and loss expense payments. The amount we will actually have to pay for claims can be highly uncertain. This uncertainty, together with the size of our reserves, makes the loss and loss expense reserves our most significant estimate. The reserve for loss and loss expenses in the condensed consolidated balance sheets also included ~~$55~~$59 million at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, and ~~$45~~$49 million at ~~June~~September 30, 2018, for certain life and health loss and loss expense reserves.

For the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019, we experienced ~~$84~~$52 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including ~~$58~~$33 million of favorable development in commercial lines, ~~$14~~$6 million of favorable development in personal lines and $5$4 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of ~~$27~~$20 million for the workers' compensation line, ~~$25~~$8 million for the commercial casualty line and $6$7 million for the commercial property line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of ~~$15~~$3 million in personal auto.

For the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019, we experienced ~~$151~~$203 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including ~~$120~~$153 million of favorable development in commercial lines, ~~$11~~$17 million of favorable development in personal lines and $7$11 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of ~~$56~~$65 million for the commercial casualty line, ~~$42~~$62 million for the workers' compensation line, $9$15 million for the commercial ~~auto~~property line and $8$7 million for the commercial ~~property~~auto line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of ~~$20~~$23 million in personal auto. We recognized unfavorable reserve development of $15 million for the homeowner line of business due primarily to higher-than-anticipated loss development on known claims.

For the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2018, we experienced ~~$31~~$44 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including ~~$42~~$37 million of favorable development in commercial lines, ~~$17 million of unfavorable development in personal lines and $4~~$8 million of favorable development in excess and surplus ~~lines.~~lines and $1 million of adverse development in our reinsurance assumed operations. This included $5 million from favorable development of catastrophe losses. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of ~~$18~~$20 million for the commercial casualty line, $9 million for the workers' compensation line, ~~$14 million for the commercial casualty line, $7~~$9 million for the commercial property line and $8$2 million for the other commercial lines due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. This was partially offset by unfavorable reserve development of $5$3 million for the commercial auto line. Within personal lines, we recognized unfavorable reserve development of ~~$14~~$7 million for the homeowner line of business due primarily to higher-than-anticipated loss ~~emergence~~development on known claims.

For the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2018, we experienced ~~$79~~$123 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including ~~$77~~$114 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $16 million of unfavorable development in personal lines, ~~and $14~~$22 million of favorable development in excess and surplus ~~lines.~~lines and $3 million of favorable development in our reinsurance assumed operations. This included $7$12 million from favorable development of catastrophe losses. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of ~~$31~~$39 million for the workers' compensation line, ~~$28~~$37 million for the commercial property line, ~~$10~~$31 million for the commercial casualty line and ~~$12~~$14 million for the other commercial lines due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. This was partially offset by unfavorable reserve development of $4$7 million for the commercial auto line. Within personal lines, we recognized unfavorable reserve development of ~~$17~~$24 million for the homeowner line of business due primarily to higher-than-anticipated loss ~~emergence~~development on known claims.

NOTE 5 – Life Policy and Investment Contract Reserves

We establish the reserves for traditional life insurance policies based on expected expenses, mortality, morbidity, withdrawal rates, timing of claim presentation and investment yields, including a provision for uncertainty. Once these assumptions are established, they generally are maintained throughout the lives of the contracts. We use both our own experience and industry experience, adjusted for historical trends, in arriving at our assumptions for expected mortality, morbidity and withdrawal rates as well as for expected expenses. We base our assumptions for expected investment income on our own experience adjusted for current economic conditions.

We establish reserves for the company's deferred annuity, universal life and structured settlement policies equal to the cumulative account balances, which include premium deposits plus credited interest less charges and withdrawals. Some of our universal life policies contain no-lapse guarantee provisions. For these policies, we establish a reserve in addition to the account balance, based on expected no-lapse guarantee benefits and expected policy assessments.

This table summarizes our life policy and investment contract reserves:


(Dollars in millions)	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Life policy reserves:
Ordinary/traditional life	$	1,187	$	1,149	$	1,206	$	1,149
Other	49		48		49		48
Subtotal	1,236		1,197		1,255		1,197
Investment contract reserves:
Deferred annuities	771		787		768		787
Universal life	633		632		635		632
Structured settlements	152		156		152		156
Other	6		7		6		7
Subtotal	1,562		1,582		1,561		1,582
Total life policy and investment contract reserves	$	2,798	$	2,779	$	2,816	$	2,779

NOTE 6 – Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

Expenses directly related to successfully acquired insurance policies – primarily commissions, premium taxes and underwriting costs – are deferred and amortized over the terms of the policies. We update our acquisition cost assumptions periodically to reflect actual experience, and we evaluate the costs for recoverability. The table below shows the deferred policy acquisition costs and asset reconciliation.


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018
Property casualty:
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period	$	485		$	446		$	464		$	438		$	526		$	472		$	464		$	438
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs	280			251			534			483			256			229			790			712
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs	(239		)	(225		)	(472		)	(449		)	(257		)	(225		)	(729		)	(674		)
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period	$	526		$	472		$	526		$	472		$	525		$	476		$	525		$	476

Life:
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period	$	266		$	245		$	274		$	232		$	260		$	256		$	274		$	232
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs	15			15			31			28			15			15			46			43
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs	(12		)	(11		)	(25		)	(21		)	(13		)	(6		)	(38		)	(27		)
Shadow deferred policy acquisition costs	(9		)	7			(20		)	17			(4		)	2			(24		)	19
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period	$	260		$	256		$	260		$	256		$	258		$	267		$	258		$	267

Consolidated:
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period	$	751		$	691		$	738		$	670		$	786		$	728		$	738		$	670
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs	295			266			565			511			271			244			836			755
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs	(251		)	(236		)	(497		)	(470		)	(270		)	(231		)	(767		)	(701		)
Shadow deferred policy acquisition costs	(9		)	7			(20		)	17			(4		)	2			(24		)	19
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period	$	786		$	728		$	786		$	728		$	783		$	743		$	783		$	743

No premium deficiencies were recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of income, as the sum of the anticipated loss and loss expenses, policyholder dividends and unamortized deferred acquisition expenses did not exceed the related unearned premiums and anticipated investment income.

NOTE 7 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) includes changes in unrealized gains and losses on investments, changes in pension obligations and changes in life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other as follows:


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,																		Three months ended September 30,
	2019									2018									2019									2018
	Before tax			Income tax			Net			Before tax			Income tax			Net			Before tax			Income tax			Net			Before tax			Income tax			Net
Investments:
AOCI, beginning of period	$	288		$	59		$	229		$	164		$	35		$	129		$	488		$	102		$	386		$	84		$	17		$	67
OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income	199			43			156			(78		)	(18		)	(60		)	99			21			78			(76		)	(17		)	(59		)
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income	1			—			1			(2		)	—			(2		)	1			—			1			(1		)	—			(1		)
OCI	200			43			157			(80		)	(18		)	(62		)	100			21			79			(77		)	(17		)	(60		)
AOCI, end of period	$	488		$	102		$	386		$	84		$	17		$	67		$	588		$	123		$	465		$	7		$	—		$	7

Pension obligations:
AOCI, beginning of period	$	(16	)	$	(2	)	$	(14	)	$	(12	)	$	(1	)	$	(11	)	$	(15	)	$	(2	)	$	(13	)	$	(11	)	$	(1	)	$	(10	)
OCI excluding amortization recognized in net income	—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Amortization recognized in net income	1			—			1			1			—			1			—			—			—			—			—			—
OCI	1			—			1			1			—			1			—			—			—			—			—			—
AOCI, end of period	$	(15	)	$	(2	)	$	(13	)	$	(11	)	$	(1	)	$	(10	)	$	(15	)	$	(2	)	$	(13	)	$	(11	)	$	(1	)	$	(10	)

Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other:
AOCI, beginning of period	$	(6	)	$	(1	)	$	(5	)	$	(4	)	$	(1	)	$	(3	)	$	(11	)	$	(2	)	$	(9	)	$	(2	)	$	—		$	(2	)
OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income	(6		)	(1		)	(5		)	—			—			—			(3		)	—			(3		)	—			—			—
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income	1			—			1			2			1			1			2			—			2			1			—			1
OCI	(5		)	(1		)	(4		)	2			1			1			(1		)	—			(1		)	1			—			1
AOCI, end of period	$	(11	)	$	(2	)	$	(9	)	$	(2	)	$	—		$	(2	)	$	(12	)	$	(2	)	$	(10	)	$	(1	)	$	—		$	(1	)

Summary of AOCI:
AOCI, beginning of period	$	266		$	56		$	210		$	148		$	33		$	115		$	462		$	98		$	364		$	71		$	16		$	55
Investments OCI	200			43			157			(80		)	(18		)	(62		)	100			21			79			(77		)	(17		)	(60		)
Pension obligations OCI	1			—			1			1			—			1			—			—			—			—			—			—
Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other OCI	(5		)	(1		)	(4		)	2			1			1			(1		)	—			(1		)	1			—			1
Total OCI	196			42			154			(77		)	(17		)	(60		)	99			21			78			(76		)	(17		)	(59		)
AOCI, end of period	$	462		$	98		$	364		$	71		$	16		$	55		$	561		$	119		$	442		$	(5	)	$	(1	)	$	(4	)


(Dollars in millions)	Six months ended June 30,																		Nine months ended September 30,
	2019									2018									2019									2018
	Before tax			Income tax			Net			Before tax			Income tax			Net			Before tax			Income tax			Net			Before tax			Income tax			Net
Investments:
AOCI, beginning of period	$	46		$	9		$	37		$	3,540		$	733		$	2,807		$	46		$	9		$	37		$	3,540		$	733		$	2,807
Cumulative effect of change in accounting for equity securities as of January 1, 2018	—			—			—			(3,155		)	(652		)	(2,503		)	—			—			—			(3,155		)	(652		)	(2,503		)
Adjusted AOCI, beginning of period	46			9			37			385			81			304			46			9			37			385			81			304
OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income	443			93			350			(295		)	(63		)	(232		)	542			114			428			(371		)	(80		)	(291		)
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income	(1		)	—			(1		)	(6		)	(1		)	(5		)	—			—			—			(7		)	(1		)	(6		)
OCI	442			93			349			(301		)	(64		)	(237		)	542			114			428			(378		)	(81		)	(297		)
AOCI, end of period	$	488		$	102		$	386		$	84		$	17		$	67		$	588		$	123		$	465		$	7		$	—		$	7

Pension obligations:
AOCI, beginning of period	$	(16	)	$	(2	)	$	(14	)	$	(12	)	$	(1	)	$	(11	)	$	(16	)	$	(2	)	$	(14	)	$	(12	)	$	(1	)	$	(11	)
OCI excluding amortization recognized in net income	—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—			—
Amortization recognized in net income	1			—			1			1			—			1			1			—			1			1			—			1
OCI	1			—			1			1			—			1			1			—			1			1			—			1
AOCI, end of period	$	(15	)	$	(2	)	$	(13	)	$	(11	)	$	(1	)	$	(10	)	$	(15	)	$	(2	)	$	(13	)	$	(11	)	$	(1	)	$	(10	)

Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other:
AOCI, beginning of period	$	(1	)	$	—		$	(1	)	$	(10	)	$	(2	)	$	(8	)	$	(1	)	$	—		$	(1	)	$	(10	)	$	(2	)	$	(8	)
OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income	(6		)	(1		)	(5		)	6			1			5			(9		)	(2		)	(7		)	6			1			5
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income	(4		)	(1		)	(3		)	2			1			1			(2		)	—			(2		)	3			1			2
OCI	(10		)	(2		)	(8		)	8			2			6			(11		)	(2		)	(9		)	9			2			7
AOCI, end of period	$	(11	)	$	(2	)	$	(9	)	$	(2	)	$	—		$	(2	)	$	(12	)	$	(2	)	$	(10	)	$	(1	)	$	—		$	(1	)

Summary of AOCI:
AOCI, beginning of period	$	29		$	7		$	22		$	3,518		$	730		$	2,788		$	29		$	7		$	22		$	3,518		$	730		$	2,788
Cumulative effect of change in accounting for equity securities as of January 1, 2018	—			—			—			(3,155		)	(652		)	(2,503		)	—			—			—			(3,155		)	(652		)	(2,503		)
Adjusted AOCI, beginning of period	29			7			22			363			78			285			29			7			22			363			78			285
Investments OCI	442			93			349			(301		)	(64		)	(237		)	542			114			428			(378		)	(81		)	(297		)
Pension obligations OCI	1			—			1			1			—			1			1			—			1			1			—			1
Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other OCI	(10		)	(2		)	(8		)	8			2			6			(11		)	(2		)	(9		)	9			2			7
Total OCI	433			91			342			(292		)	(62		)	(230		)	532			112			420			(368		)	(79		)	(289		)
AOCI, end of period	$	462		$	98		$	364		$	71		$	16		$	55		$	561		$	119		$	442		$	(5	)	$	(1	)	$	(4	)

Investment gains and losses, net, and life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other investment gains and losses, net, are recorded in the investment gains and losses, net, line item in the condensed consolidated statements of income. Amortization on pension obligations is recorded in the insurance losses and contract holders' benefits and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

NOTE 8 – Reinsurance

Primary components of our property casualty reinsurance assumed operations include involuntary and voluntary assumed risks as well as contracts from our reinsurance assumed operations, known as Cincinnati Re^SM. Primary components of our ceded reinsurance include a property per risk treaty, property excess treaty, casualty per occurrence treaty, casualty excess treaty, property catastrophe treaty and catastrophe bonds and retrocessions on our reinsurance assumed operations. Management's decisions about the appropriate level of risk retention are affected by various factors, including changes in our underwriting practices, capacity to retain risks and reinsurance market conditions.

The table below summarizes our consolidated property casualty insurance net written premiums, earned premiums and incurred loss and loss expenses:


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018
Direct written premiums	$	1,472		$	1,336		$	2,807		$	2,583		$	1,361		$	1,248		$	4,168		$	3,831
Assumed written premiums	75			52			162			101			41			42			203			143
Ceded written premiums	(71		)	(39		)	(112		)	(77		)	(50		)	(44		)	(162		)	(121		)
Net written premiums	$	1,476		$	1,349		$	2,857		$	2,607		$	1,352		$	1,246		$	4,209		$	3,853

Direct earned premiums	$	1,319		$	1,235		$	2,585		$	2,442		$	1,386		$	1,238		$	3,971		$	3,680
Assumed earned premiums	50			36			93			69			52			38			145			107
Ceded earned premiums	(52		)	(41		)	(94		)	(81		)	(62		)	(39		)	(156		)	(120		)
Earned premiums	$	1,317		$	1,230		$	2,584		$	2,430		$	1,376		$	1,237		$	3,960		$	3,667

Direct incurred loss and loss expenses	$	866		$	821		$	1,653		$	1,602		$	855		$	792		$	2,508		$	2,394
Assumed incurred loss and loss expenses	25			13			50			29			37			26			87			55
Ceded incurred loss and loss expenses	(28		)	(13		)	(50		)	(19		)	(28		)	(5		)	(78		)	(24		)
Incurred loss and loss expenses	$	863		$	821		$	1,653		$	1,612		$	864		$	813		$	2,517		$	2,425

Our life insurance company purchases reinsurance for protection of a portion of the risks that are written. Primary components of our life reinsurance program include individual mortality coverage, aggregate catastrophe and accidental death coverage in excess of certain deductibles.

The table below summarizes our consolidated life insurance earned premiums and contract holders' benefits incurred:


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018
Direct earned premiums	$	86		$	81		$	169		$	158		$	87		$	79		$	256		$	237
Ceded earned premiums	(19		)	(17		)	(36		)	(34		)	(17		)	(18		)	(53		)	(52		)
Earned premiums	$	67		$	64		$	133		$	124		$	70		$	61		$	203		$	185

Direct contract holders' benefits incurred	87			70			172			146			87			82			259			228
Ceded contract holders' benefits incurred	(14		)	(8		)	(29		)	(21		)	(19		)	(16		)	(48		)	(37		)
Contract holders' benefits incurred	$	73		$	62		$	143		$	125		$	68		$	66		$	211		$	191

The ceded benefits incurred can vary depending on the type of life insurance policy held and the year the policy was issued.

NOTE 9 – Income Taxes

The differences between the 21% statutory federal income tax rate and our effective income tax rate were as follows:


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,										Six months ended June 30,										Three months ended September 30,										Nine months ended September 30,
	2019					2018					2019					2018					2019					2018					2019					2018
Tax at statutory rate:	$	111		21.0	%	$	56		21.0	%	$	293		21.0	%	$	45		21.0	%	$	62		21.0	%	$	130		21.0	%	$	355		21.0	%	$	175		21.0	%
Increase (decrease) resulting from:
Tax-exempt income from municipal bonds	(4		)	(0.8	)	(5		)	(1.9	)	(9		)	(0.6	)	(10		)	(4.7	)	(5		)	(1.7	)	(5		)	(0.8	)	(14		)	(0.8	)	(15		)	(1.8	)
Dividend received exclusion	(4		)	(0.8	)	(5		)	(1.5	)	(8		)	(0.6	)	(8		)	(3.7	)	(3		)	(1.0	)	(3		)	(0.5	)	(11		)	(0.7	)	(11		)	(1.3	)
Tax accounting method changes																					—			—		(50		)	(8.1	)	—			—		(50		)	(6.0	)
Other	(1		)	(0.2	)	1			0.2		(2		)	(0.2	)	1			0.5		(8		)	(2.7	)	(7		)	(1.1	)	(10		)	(0.6	)	(6		)	(0.7	)
Provision for income taxes	$	102		19.2	%	$	47		17.8	%	$	274		19.6	%	$	28		13.1	%	$	46		15.6	%	$	65		10.5	%	$	320		18.9	%	$	93		11.2	%

The provision for federal income taxes is based upon filing a consolidated income tax return for the company and its subsidiaries.

During the third quarter of 2018, we received approval from the IRS to change our method of tax accounting for certain items applicable for the 2017 tax year and tax return, primarily related to the valuation of our tax base unpaid losses. We recognized a benefit in the third quarter 2018 provision for income taxes for the difference between the current tax rate and the 2017 tax rate for the related items. This reduced our effective tax rate by

8.1% and 6.0% for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

During third quarter of 2019, the IRS notified us they would be examining the tax year ended December 31, 2017.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had a gross unrecognized tax benefit of $34 million. There were no changes to this amount during the first ~~half of~~nine months ended 2019.

Acquisition of Cincinnati Global

As more fully discussed in Note 1, Accounting Policies and Note 14, Acquisition, we closed on the acquisition of Cincinnati Global during the first quarter of 2019. As a result of this acquisition, $59 million of net deferred tax assets were acquired or established at the acquisition date with an offsetting valuation allowance of $55 million.

As a result of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, Cincinnati Global had $44 million of net deferred tax assets with an offsetting valuation allowance of $43 million.

Accounting guidance requires deferred tax assets to be reduced by a valuation allowance when management believes it is more likely than not that some, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. After considering all positive and negative evidence related to the Cincinnati Global operations, we believe it was appropriate to set up a valuation allowance for purposes of our opening Cincinnati Global balance sheet.

The purchase price allocation to our Cincinnati Global deferred tax assets and corresponding valuation allowance is subject to further post-closing adjustments based on the actual net asset value (NAV) of Cincinnati Global and its subsidiaries at closing, pursuant to the procedures set forth in the sale and purchase agreement.

~~As a result of the first half year operations, there were immaterial changes to the Cincinnati Global valuation allowance as of June 30, 2019.~~

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2019, Cincinnati Global had operating loss carryforwards of ~~$178~~$161 million which are subject to certain limitations. These Cincinnati Global losses can only be utilized within the Cincinnati Global group and cannot offset the income of our CFC group. Other than the Cincinnati Global loss carryforwards, we had no other operating or capital loss carryforwards as of ~~June~~September 30, 2019.

NOTE 10 – Net Income Per Common Share

Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common and dilutive potential common shares outstanding using the treasury stock method. The table shows calculations for basic and diluted earnings per share:


(In millions, except per share data)	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,				Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(In millions, except per share data)	2019		2018		2019		2018		2019		2018		2019		2018
Numerator:
Net income—basic and diluted	$	428	$	217	$	1,123	$	186	$	248	$	553	$	1,371	$	739
Denominator:
Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding	163.3		163.2		163.1		163.6		163.3		162.7		163.2		163.3
Effect of share-based awards:
Stock options	1.2		0.8		1.1		0.9		1.4		0.8		1.2		0.9
Nonvested shares	0.7		0.5		0.7		0.5		0.9		0.5		0.7		0.5
Diluted weighted-average shares	165.2		164.5		164.9		165.0		165.6		164.0		165.1		164.7
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	2.62	$	1.33	$	6.89	$	1.13	$	1.51	$	3.40	$	8.40	$	4.53
Diluted	$	2.59	$	1.32	$	6.81	$	1.12	$	1.49	$	3.38	$	8.30	$	4.49
Number of anti-dilutive share-based awards	0.4		1.3		0.7		1.3		—		1.1		0.4		1.3

The sources of dilution of our common shares are certain equity-based awards. See our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 17, Share-Based Associate Compensation Plans, Page 173, for information about share-based awards. The above table shows the number of anti-dilutive share-based awards for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019 and 2018. These share-based awards were not included in the computation of net income per common share (diluted) because their exercise would have anti-dilutive effects.

NOTE 11 – Employee Retirement Benefits

The following summarizes the components of net periodic benefit cost for our qualified and supplemental pension plans:


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018
Service cost	$	2		$	2		$	4		$	5		$	2		$	3		$	6		$	8
Non-service costs (benefit):
Interest cost	3			3			6			6			4			4			10			10
Expected return on plan assets	(5		)	(6		)	(10		)	(11		)	(5		)	(6		)	(15		)	(17		)
Amortization of actuarial loss and prior service cost	1			1			1			1			—			—			1			1
Other	—			—			1			—			—			—			1			—
Total non-service benefit	(1		)	(2		)	(2		)	(4		)	(1		)	(2		)	(3		)	(6		)
Net periodic benefit cost	$	1		$	—		$	2		$	1		$	1		$	1		$	3		$	2

See our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 13, Employee Retirement Benefits, Page 166, for information on our retirement benefits. Service costs and non-service costs (benefit) are allocated in the same proportion primarily to the underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses line item with the remainder allocated to the insurance losses and contract holders' benefits line item on the condensed consolidated statements of income for both 2019 and 2018.

We made matching contributions totaling $4$6 million and $5 million to our 401(k) and Top Hat savings plans during ~~both~~ the ~~second quarters~~third quarter of 2019 and 2018 and contributions of ~~$9 million and $10~~$15 million for both the first ~~half~~nine months of 2019 and 2018, respectively.

We made no0 contributions to our qualified pension plan during the first ~~half~~nine months of 2019.

NOTE 12 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

In the ordinary course of conducting business, the company and its subsidiaries are named as defendants in various legal proceedings. Most of these proceedings are claims litigation involving the company's insurance subsidiaries in which the company is either defending or providing indemnity for third-party claims brought against insureds or litigating first-party coverage claims. The company accounts for such activity through the establishment of unpaid loss and loss expense reserves. We believe that the ultimate liability, if any, with respect to such ordinary-course claims litigation, after consideration of provisions made for potential losses and costs of defense, is immaterial to our consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The company and its subsidiaries also are occasionally involved in other legal and regulatory proceedings, some of which assert claims for substantial amounts. These actions include, among others, putative class actions seeking certification of a state or national class. Such proceedings have alleged, for example, breach of an alleged duty to search national databases to ascertain unreported deaths of insureds under life insurance policies. The company's insurance subsidiaries also are occasionally parties to individual actions in which extra-contractual damages, punitive damages or penalties are sought, such as claims alleging bad faith handling of insurance claims or writing unauthorized coverage or claims alleging discrimination by former or current associates.

On a quarterly basis, we review these outstanding matters. Under current accounting guidance, we establish accruals when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and we can reasonably estimate its potential exposure. The company accounts for such probable and estimable losses, if any, through the establishment of legal expense reserves. Based on our quarterly review, we believe that our accruals for probable and estimable losses are reasonable and that the amounts accrued do not have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations. However, if any one or more of these matters results in a judgment against us or settlement for an amount that is significantly greater than the amount accrued, the resulting liability could have a material effect on the company's consolidated results of operations or cash flows. Based on our most recent review, our estimate for any other matters for which the risk of loss is not probable, but more than remote, is immaterial.

NOTE 13 – Segment Information

We operate primarily in ~~two~~2 industries, property casualty insurance and life insurance. Our chief operating decision maker regularly reviews our reporting segments to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance. Our reporting segments are:

Commercial lines insurance

Personal lines insurance

Excess and surplus lines insurance

Life insurance

Investments

We report as Other the noninvestment operations of the parent company and its noninsurer subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. We also report as Other the underwriting results of Cincinnati Re, our reinsurance assumed operation, and Cincinnati Global, our London-based global specialty underwriter, which was acquired on February 28, 2019. See our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 18, Segment Information, Page 176, for a description of revenue, income or loss before income taxes and identifiable assets for each of the ~~five~~5 segments.

Segment information is summarized in the following table:


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018
Revenues:
Commercial lines insurance
Commercial casualty	$	277		$	272		$	545		$	537		$	277		$	268		$	822		$	805
Commercial property	234			231			468			459			241			229			709			688
Commercial auto	175			166			345			327			179			168			524			495
Workers' compensation	74			85			151			165			73			80			224			245
Other commercial	63			58			124			114			64			60			188			174
Commercial lines insurance premiums	823			812			1,633			1,602			834			805			2,467			2,407
Fee revenues	1			—			2			2			1			1			3			3
Total commercial lines insurance	824			812			1,635			1,604			835			806			2,470			2,410

Personal lines insurance
Personal auto	155			153			310			304			156			155			466			459
Homeowner	149			139			296			275			154			142			450			417
Other personal	44			39			86			77			44			41			130			118
Personal lines insurance premiums	348			331			692			656			354			338			1,046			994
Fee revenues	1			2			2			3			1			1			3			4
Total personal lines insurance	349			333			694			659			355			339			1,049			998

Excess and surplus lines insurance	67			57			130			113			72			60			202			173
Fee revenues	—			1			1			1			1			—			2			1
Total excess and surplus lines insurance	67			58			131			114			73			60			204			174

Life insurance premiums	67			64			133			124			70			61			203			185
Fee revenues	1			1			2			2			1			1			3			3
Total life insurance	68			65			135			126			71			62			206			188

Investments
Investment income, net of expenses	160			154			317			304			161			154			478			458
Investment gains and losses, net	364			105			1,027			(86		)	86			458			1,113			372
Total investment revenue	524			259			1,344			218			247			612			1,591			830

Other
Earned premiums	79			30			129			59
Premiums													116			34			245			93
Other	2			1			4			2			3			2			7			4
Total other revenues	81			31			133			61			119			36			252			97
Total revenues	$	1,913		$	1,558		$	4,072		$	2,782		$	1,700		$	1,915		$	5,772		$	4,697

Income (loss) before income taxes:
Insurance underwriting results
Commercial lines insurance	$	12		$	47		$	88		$	62		$	56		$	34		$	144		$	96
Personal lines insurance	5			(32		)	1			(41		)	3			(9		)	4			(50		)
Excess and surplus lines insurance	17			13			28			31			12			17			40			48
Life insurance	(2		)	8			(3		)	10			5			3			2			13
Investments	499			235			1,295			170			222			588			1,517			758
Other	(1		)	(7		)	(12		)	(18		)	(4		)	(15		)	(16		)	(33		)
Total income before income taxes	$	530		$	264		$	1,397		$	214		$	294		$	618		$	1,691		$	832


Identifiable assets:	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Property casualty insurance	$	3,441	$	3,285	$	3,364	$	3,285
Life insurance	1,536		1,424		1,536		1,424
Investments	18,464		16,741		18,906		16,741
Other	896		485		936		485
Total	$	24,337	$	21,935	$	24,742	$	21,935

NOTE 14 – Acquisition

On February 28, 2019 (closing date or acquisition date), pursuant to the agreement (the SPA) for the sale and purchase of the entire issued share capital of MSP Underwriting Limited, dated October 11, 2018, by and between the company and Münchener Rückversicherungs Gesellschaft AG (Munich Re), the company acquired from Munich Re all of the issued and outstanding share capital of MSP and its subsidiaries, including the Lloyd's managing agent, Beaufort Underwriting Agency Limited for Syndicate 318 (the acquisition). MSP was rebranded as Cincinnati Global ~~Underwriting Ltd. (Cincinnati Global)~~ effective May 1, 2019, reflecting its new identity as a subsidiary of the ~~corporation.~~company. The acquisition of Cincinnati Global reflects progress toward our long-term objective of diversifying revenue and profitability by expanding our operations geographically and by line of business.

As aggregate consideration for the purchase of the share capital of Cincinnati Global and its subsidiaries, the company paid £48 million, or $64 million, in cash to Munich Re at the closing of the acquisition. The amount paid at closing was calculated as the difference between the target ~~NAV~~net asset value (NAV) set forth in the SPA and the estimated NAV of Cincinnati Global and its subsidiaries at the closing date. ~~The~~On August 1, 2019, the company and Munich Re agreed to an adjusted purchase price ~~is subject to further post-closing adjustments based on~~of £47 million, or $63 million, reflecting a £1 million decrease in the ~~actual~~ NAV of Cincinnati ~~Global and its subsidiaries at closing, pursuant to the procedures set forth in the SPA.~~Global.

The allocation of the purchase price iswas based on information included in Cincinnati Global's financial statements at the closing date, which iswas subject to negotiation per the SPA. The purchase price allocation is subject to change if additional information becomes available within the measurement period, which cannot exceed 12 months from the acquisition date. The fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed may be subject to adjustments, which may impact the amounts recorded for the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as well as the goodwill.

The fair value of the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and the allocation of the adjusted purchase price on the acquisition date have been summarized in the following table:


(Dollars in millions)	Amount		Amount
Assets
Investments and other invested assets	$	198	$	198
Cash and cash equivalents	64		64
Premiums receivable	45		45
Reinsurance recoverable	42		42
Other assets	23		23
Total assets acquired	$	372	$	372

Liabilities
Loss and loss expense reserves	$	277	$	277
Unearned premiums	88		88
Other liabilities	24		24
Total liabilities assumed	$	389	$	389

Fair value of identifiable intangible assets:
Syndicate capacity - indefinite lived	$	31	$	31
Syndicate broker relationships - definite lived	12		12
Value of business acquired - definite lived	4		4
Internally developed technology - definite lived	3		3
Total fair value of identifiable intangible assets	$	50	$	50

Total purchase price paid	$	64	$	63

Total assets acquired (including fair value of identifiable intangible assets)	422		422
Total liabilities assumed	389		389
Fair value of net assets acquired prior to allocation of goodwill	33		33

Excess of purchase price paid over fair value of net assets acquired assigned to goodwill	$	31	$	30

Identifiable intangible assets and goodwill are included in other assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The goodwill arose as the fair value of the consideration transferred exceeded the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired at the acquisition date. The broker relationships and internally developed technology will be amortized straight-line over five and 15 years, respectively. Value of business acquired will be amortized over the remaining coverage period of the underlying insurance contracts. Goodwill and intangibles are tested for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate the assets might be impaired. The company ~~will perform~~performed its annual impairment test on goodwill and intangibles on September 30, which did not result in the recognition of ~~each year.~~an impairment loss in the most recent period.

The financial results of Cincinnati Global are included in the condensed consolidated statements of income from the acquisition date and are deemed to be immaterial.

In connection with the acquisition, the company incurred immaterial transaction related expenses.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and

Results of Operations

The following discussion highlights significant factors influencing the condensed consolidated results of operations and financial position of Cincinnati Financial Corporation. It should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unless otherwise noted, the industry data is prepared by A.M. Best Co., a leading insurance industry statistical, analytical and financial strength rating organization. Information from A.M. Best is presented on a statutory basis for insurance company regulation in the United States of America. When we provide our results on a comparable statutory basis, we label it as such; all other company data is presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP).

We present per share data on a diluted basis unless otherwise noted, adjusting those amounts for all stock splits and dividends. Dollar amounts are rounded to millions; calculations of percent changes are based on dollar amounts rounded to the nearest million. Certain percentage changes are identified as not meaningful (nm).

SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT

This is our "Safe Harbor" statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Our business is subject to certain risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements in this report. Some of those risks and uncertainties are discussed in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1A, Risk Factors, Page 33.

Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to:

Unusually high levels of catastrophe losses due to risk concentrations, changes in weather patterns, environmental events, terrorism incidents or other causes

Increased frequency and/or severity of claims or development of claims that are unforeseen at the time of policy issuance

Inadequate estimates, assumptions or reliance on third-party data used for critical accounting estimates

Declines in overall stock market values negatively affecting the company's equity portfolio and book value

Prolonged low interest rate environment or other factors that limit the company's ability to generate growth in investment income or interest rate fluctuations that result in declining values of fixed-maturity investments, including declines in accounts in which we hold bank-owned life insurance contract assets

Domestic and global events resulting in capital market or credit market uncertainty, followed by prolonged periods of economic instability or recession, that lead to:


◦	Significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of a particular security or group of securities and impairment of the asset(s)


◦	Significant decline in investment income due to reduced or eliminated dividend payouts from a particular security or group of securities


◦	Significant rise in losses from surety and director and officer policies written for financial institutions or other insured entities

Our inability to integrate Cincinnati Global and its subsidiaries into our on-going operations, or disruptions to our on-going operations due to such integration

Recession or other economic conditions resulting in lower demand for insurance products or increased payment delinquencies

Difficulties with technology or data security breaches, including cyberattacks, that could negatively affect our ability to conduct business; disrupt our relationships with agents, policyholders and others; cause reputational damage, mitigation expenses and data loss and expose us to liability under federal and state laws

Disruption of the insurance market caused by technology innovations such as driverless cars that could decrease consumer demand for insurance products

Delays, inadequate data developed internally or from third parties, or performance inadequacies from ongoing development and implementation of underwriting and pricing methods, including telematics and other usage-based insurance methods, or technology projects and enhancements expected to increase our pricing accuracy, underwriting profit and competitiveness

Increased competition that could result in a significant reduction in the company's premium volume

Changing consumer insurance-buying habits and consolidation of independent insurance agencies that could alter our competitive advantages

Inability to obtain adequate ceded reinsurance on acceptable terms, amount of reinsurance coverage purchased, financial strength of reinsurers and the potential for nonpayment or delay in payment by reinsurers

Inability to defer policy acquisition costs for any business segment if pricing and loss trends would lead management to conclude that segment could not achieve sustainable profitability

Inability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends consistent with current or past levels

Events or conditions that could weaken or harm the company's relationships with its independent agencies and hamper opportunities to add new agencies, resulting in limitations on the company's opportunities for growth, such as:


◦	Downgrades of the company's financial strength ratings


◦	Concerns that doing business with the company is too difficult


◦	Perceptions that the company's level of service, particularly claims service, is no longer a distinguishing characteristic in the marketplace


◦	Inability or unwillingness to nimbly develop and introduce coverage product updates and innovations that our competitors offer and consumers expect to find in the marketplace

Actions of insurance departments, state attorneys general or other regulatory agencies, including a change to a federal system of regulation from a state-based system, that:


◦	Impose new obligations on us that increase our expenses or change the assumptions underlying our critical accounting estimates


◦	Place the insurance industry under greater regulatory scrutiny or result in new statutes, rules and regulations


◦	Restrict our ability to exit or reduce writings of unprofitable coverages or lines of business


◦	Add assessments for guaranty funds, other insurance‑related assessments or mandatory reinsurance arrangements; or that impair our ability to recover such assessments through future surcharges or other rate changes


◦	Increase our provision for federal income taxes due to changes in tax law


◦	Increase our other expenses


◦	Limit our ability to set fair, adequate and reasonable rates


◦	Place us at a disadvantage in the marketplace


◦	Restrict our ability to execute our business model, including the way we compensate agents

Adverse outcomes from litigation or administrative proceedings

Events or actions, including unauthorized intentional circumvention of controls, that reduce the company's future ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Unforeseen departure of certain executive officers or other key employees due to retirement, health or other causes that could interrupt progress toward important strategic goals or diminish the effectiveness of certain longstanding relationships with insurance agents and others

Events, such as an epidemic, natural catastrophe or terrorism, that could hamper our ability to assemble our workforce at our headquarters location

Further, the company's insurance businesses are subject to the effects of changing social, global, economic and regulatory environments. Public and regulatory initiatives have included efforts to adversely influence and restrict premium rates, restrict the ability to cancel policies, impose underwriting standards and expand overall regulation. The company also is subject to public and regulatory initiatives that can affect the market value for its common stock, such as measures affecting corporate financial reporting and governance. The ultimate changes and eventual effects, if any, of these initiatives are uncertain.

CORPORATE FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS

Net Income and Comprehensive Income Data


(Dollars in millions, except per share data)	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019		2018		% Change	2019		2018			% Change	2019		2018		% Change		2019		2018		% Change
Earned premiums	$	1,384	$	1,294	7	$	2,717	$	2,554		6	$	1,446	$	1,298	11		$	4,163	$	3,852	8
Investment income, net of expenses (pretax)	160		154		4	317		304			4	161		154		5		478		458		4
Investment gains and losses, net (pretax)	364		105		247	1,027		(86		)	nm	86		458		(81	)	1,113		372		199
Total revenues	1,913		1,558		23	4,072		2,782			46	1,700		1,915		(11	)	5,772		4,697		23
Net income	428		217		97	1,123		186			504	248		553		(55	)	1,371		739		86
Comprehensive income (loss)	582		157		271	1,465		(44		)	nm
Comprehensive income												326		494		(34	)	1,791		450		298
Net income per share—diluted	2.59		1.32		96	6.81		1.12			508	1.49		3.38		(56	)	8.30		4.49		85
Cash dividends declared per share	0.56		0.53		6	1.12		1.06			6	0.56		0.53		6		1.68		1.59		6
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	165.2		164.5		0	164.9		165.0			0	165.6		164.0		1		165.1		164.7		0

Total revenues ~~rose 23%~~decreased by 11% for the ~~second~~third quarter of 2019, compared with ~~second-quarter~~third-quarter 2018, ~~primarily due to~~as a decrease in net investment gains offset increases in earned premiums and ~~net~~ investment ~~gains.~~income. For the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with the first ~~six~~nine months of 2018, total revenues increased ~~46%~~23%, ~~also reflecting~~primarily due to higher earned premiums and ~~significant~~ net investment gains. Premium and investment revenue trends are discussed further in the respective sections of Financial Results.

Investment gains and losses are recognized on the sales of investments, on certain changes in fair values of securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. We have substantial discretion in the timing of investment sales, and that timing generally is independent of the insurance underwriting process. The change in fair value of securities is also generally independent of the insurance underwriting process.

Net income for the ~~second~~third quarter of 2019, compared with the same period of 2018, ~~increased $211~~decreased by $305 million, including ~~increases~~a decrease of ~~$204~~$291 million in after-tax net investment gains and losses $9and the absence of $56 million for certain other non-recurring items, primarily the impact of various tax accounting method changes, that occurred in 2018. Those decreases were partially offset by an increase of $32 million in after-tax property casualty underwriting income and $4$5 million in after-tax investment income. ~~Second-quarter~~Third-quarter 2019 catastrophe losses, mostly weather related, were ~~$34~~$36 million ~~more~~lower after taxes and ~~unfavorably~~favorably affected both net income and property casualty underwriting income. Life insurance segment results on a pretax basis for the ~~second~~third quarter of 2019 ~~decreased $10~~increased $2 million compared with the ~~second~~third quarter of 2018.

For the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, net income rose ~~$937~~$632 million, compared with the 2018 period, including increases of ~~$878~~$587 million in after-tax investment gains and losses, ~~$58~~$91 million in after-tax property casualty underwriting income and ~~$10~~$15 million in after-tax investment ~~income.~~income, partially offset by the $56 million of other non-recurring items noted above. The property casualty underwriting income improvement included an unfavorable ~~$51~~$14 million after-tax effect from higher catastrophe losses. Life insurance segment results decreased by ~~$13~~$11 million on a pretax basis.

Performance by segment is discussed below in Financial Results. As discussed in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Factors Influencing Our Future Performance, Page 53, there are several reasons why our performance during 2019 may be below our long-term targets. In that annual report, as part of Financial Results, we also discussed the full-year 2019 outlook for each reporting segment.

The board of directors is committed to rewarding shareholders directly through cash dividends and through share repurchase authorizations. Through 2018, the company had increased the annual cash dividend rate for 58 consecutive years, a record we believe is matched by only seven other publicly traded companies. In February 2019, the board of directors increased the regular quarterly dividend to 56 cents per share, setting the stage for our 59^th consecutive year of increasing cash dividends. During the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, cash dividends declared by the company increased 6% compared with the same period of 2018. Our board regularly evaluates relevant factors in decisions related to dividends and share repurchases. The 2019 dividend

increase reflected our strong earnings performance and signaled management's and the board's positive outlook and confidence in our outstanding capital, liquidity and financial flexibility.

As disclosed in Item 1, Note 14 – Acquisition, we completed our transaction to acquire MSP Underwriting Limited, a London-based global specialty underwriter for Lloyd's Syndicate 318, on February 28, 2019. We rebranded the acquired company to Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd.^SM (Cincinnati Global) effective May 1, 2019. We expect the transaction to contribute to future earnings and book value growth as we believe it should provide opportunities to support business produced by our independent agencies in new geographies and lines of business.

Balance Sheet Data and Performance Measures


(Dollars in millions, except share data)	At June 30,			At December 31,			At September 30,			At December 31,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Total investments	$	18,603		$	16,732		$	19,059		$	16,732
Total assets	24,337			21,935			24,742			21,935
Short-term debt	37			32			38			32
Long-term debt	788			788			788			788
Shareholders' equity	9,131			7,833			9,371			7,833
Book value per share	55.92			48.10			57.37			48.10
Debt-to-total-capital ratio	8.3		%	9.5		%	8.1		%	9.5		%

Total assets at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, increased ~~11%~~13% compared with year-end 2018, and included ~~an 11%~~a 14% increase in total investments that reflected a combination of net purchases and higher fair values for many securities in our portfolio. Shareholders' equity increased ~~17%~~20%, and book value per share increased ~~16%~~19% during the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. Our debt-to-total-capital ratio (capital is the sum of debt plus shareholders' equity) decreased compared with year-end 2018.

Our value creation ratio is our primary performance metric. That ratio was ~~18.6%~~22.8% for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, more than the same period in 2018 primarily due to a higher amount of overall net gains from our investment portfolio. The ~~$7.82~~$9.27 increase in book value per share during the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019 contributed ~~16.3~~19.3 percentage points to the value creation ratio, while dividends declared at ~~$1.12~~$1.68 per share contributed ~~2.3~~3.5 points. Value creation ratios for comparable periods by major components and in total, along with calculations from per-share amounts, are shown in the tables below.


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,				Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018		2019		2018		2019		2018
Value creation ratio major components:
Net income before investment gains	1.6	%	1.7	%	4.0	%	3.1	%	2.0	%	2.4	%	6.3	%	5.4	%
Change in fixed-maturity securities, realized and unrealized gains	1.8		(0.8	)	4.4		(2.8	)	0.8		(0.7	)	5.4		(3.6	)
Change in equity securities, investment gains	3.4		1.0		10.3		(0.9	)	0.8		4.6		11.2		3.6
Other	0.0		(0.3	)	(0.1	)	(0.5	)	0.0		0.0		(0.1	)	(0.4	)
Value creation ratio	6.8	%	1.6	%	18.6	%	(1.1	)%	3.6	%	6.3	%	22.8	%	5.0	%


(Dollars are per share)		Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,							Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
		2019			2018			2019			2018				2019			2018			2019			2018
Value creation ratio:
End of period book value*		$	55.92		$	48.68		$	55.92		$	48.68			$	57.37		$	51.22		$	57.37		$	51.22
Less beginning of period book value		52.88			48.42			48.10			50.29				55.92			48.68			48.10			50.29
Change in book value		3.04			0.26			7.82			(1.61		)		1.45			2.54			9.27			0.93
Dividend declared to shareholders		0.56			0.53			1.12			1.06				0.56			0.53			1.68			1.59
Total value creation		$	3.60		$	0.79		$	8.94		$	(0.55	)		$	2.01		$	3.07		$	10.95		$	2.52

Value creation ratio from change in book value**		5.7		%	0.5		%	16.3		%	(3.2		)%		2.6		%	5.2		%	19.3		%	1.8		%
Value creation ratio from dividends declared to shareholders***		1.1			1.1			2.3			2.1				1.0			1.1			3.5			3.2
Value creation ratio		6.8		%	1.6		%	18.6		%	(1.1		)%		3.6		%	6.3		%	22.8		%	5.0		%

* Book value per share is calculated by dividing end of period total shareholders' equity by end of period shares outstanding	* Book value per share is calculated by dividing end of period total shareholders' equity by end of period shares outstanding													* Book value per share is calculated by dividing end of period total shareholders' equity by end of period shares outstanding
** Change in book value divided by the beginning of period book value	** Change in book value divided by the beginning of period book value													** Change in book value divided by the beginning of period book value
*** Dividend declared to shareholders divided by beginning of period book value	*** Dividend declared to shareholders divided by beginning of period book value													*** Dividend declared to shareholders divided by beginning of period book value

DRIVERS OF LONG-TERM VALUE CREATION

Operating through The Cincinnati Insurance Company, Cincinnati Financial Corporation is one of the 25 largest property casualty insurers in the nation, based on 2018 net written premiums for approximately 2,000 U.S. stock and mutual insurer groups. We market our insurance products through a select group of independent insurance agencies as discussed in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Page 5. At ~~June~~September 30, 2019, we actively marketed through agencies located in 44 states. We maintain a long-term perspective that guides us in addressing immediate challenges or opportunities while focusing on the major decisions that best position our company for success through all market cycles.

To measure our long-term progress in creating shareholder value, our value creation ratio is our primary financial performance target. As discussed in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Executive Summary, Page 49, management believes this measure is a meaningful indicator of our long-term progress in creating shareholder value and has three primary performance drivers:

Premium growth – We believe our agency relationships and initiatives can lead to a property casualty written premium growth rate over any five-year period that exceeds the industry average. For the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, our consolidated property casualty net written premium year-over-year growth was ~~10%. As of February 2019,~~9%, comparing favorably with the industry’s 1% growth rate reported by A.M. Best ~~projected~~for the ~~industry's full-year 2019 written premium growth at approximately 4%.~~first six months of 2019. For the five-year period 2014 through 2018, our growth rate slightly exceeded that of the industry. The industry's growth rate excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business.

Combined ratio – We believe our underwriting philosophy and initiatives can generate a GAAP combined ratio over any five-year period that is consistently within the range of 95% to 100%. For the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, our GAAP combined ratio was ~~94.8%~~94.6%, including ~~8.4~~7.7 percentage points of current accident year catastrophe losses partially offset by ~~5.9~~5.1 percentage points of favorable loss reserve development on prior accident years. Our statutory combined ratio was ~~93.3%~~93.6% for the first nine months of 2019, comparing favorably with the 97.4% reported for the industry by A.M. Best for the first six months of 2019. As of February 2019, A.M. Best projected the industry's full-year 2019 statutory combined ratio at approximately 101%, including approximately 5 percentage points of catastrophe losses and a favorable effect of approximately 1.5 percentage points of loss reserve development on prior accident years. The industry's ratio again excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business.

Investment contribution – We believe our investment philosophy and initiatives can drive investment income growth and lead to a total return on our equity investment portfolio over a five-year period that exceeds the five-year return of the Standard & Poor's 500 Index. For the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, pretax investment income was ~~$317~~$478 million, up 4% compared with the same period in 2018. We believe our investment portfolio mix provides an appropriate balance of income stability and growth with capital appreciation potential.

Highlights of Our Strategy and Supporting Initiatives

Management has worked to identify a strategy that can lead to long-term success, with concurrence by the board of directors. Our strategy is intended to position us to compete successfully in the markets we have targeted while appropriately managing risk. Further description of our long-term, proven strategy can be found in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Page 5. We believe successful implementation of initiatives that support our strategy will help us better serve our agent customers and reduce volatility in our financial results while we also grow earnings and book value over the long term, successfully navigating challenging economic, market or industry pricing cycles.

Manage insurance profitability – Implementation of these initiatives is intended to enhance underwriting expertise and knowledge, thereby increasing our ability to manage our business while also gaining efficiency. Better profit margins can arise from additional information and more focused action on underperforming product lines, plus pricing capabilities we are expanding through the use of technology and analytics. In addition to enhancing company efficiency, improving internal processes also supports the ability of the independent agencies that represent us to grow profitably by allowing them to serve clients faster and to more efficiently manage agency expenses.

We continue to enhance our property casualty underwriting expertise and to effectively and efficiently underwrite individual policies and process transactions. Ongoing initiatives supporting this work include expanding our pricing and segmentation capabilities through experience and use of predictive analytics and additional data. Our segmentation efforts emphasize identification and retention of insurance policies we believe have relatively stronger pricing, while seeking more aggressive renewal terms and conditions on policies we believe have relatively weaker pricing. In 2019, we ~~continue~~are continuing to improve underwriting and rate adequacy for our commercial auto and personal auto lines of business. Our commercial auto policies that renewed during the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019 experienced an estimated average price increase at percentages in the high-single-digit range, and our personal auto policies that renewed during that period also averaged an estimated price increase at percentages in the high-single-digit range.

•

Drive premium growth – Implementation of these initiatives is intended to further penetrate each market we serve through our independent agencies. Strategies aimed at specific market opportunities, along with service enhancements, can help our agents grow and increase our share of their business. Premium growth initiatives also include expansion of Cincinnati Re^SM, our reinsurance assumed operation, and successful integration of Cincinnati Global. Diversified growth also may reduce variability of losses from weather-related catastrophes.

We continue to appoint new agencies to develop additional points of distribution. In 2019, we are planning approximately 100 appointments of independent agencies that offer most or all of our property casualty insurance products. During the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, we appointed 5588 new agencies that meet that criteria.

We also plan to appoint additional agencies that focus on high net worth personal lines clients. In 2019, we are targeting the appointment of approximately 80 agencies that market only personal lines products for us. During the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, we appointed 3758 new agencies that meet that criteria.

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2019, a total of ~~1,784~~1,795 agency relationships market our property casualty insurance products from ~~2,409~~2,445 reporting locations. The totals do not include Lloyd's brokers or coverholders that source business for Cincinnati Global.

We also continue to grow premiums through the disciplined expansion of Cincinnati Re and the acquisition of Cincinnati Global. During the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, Cincinnati Re contributed ~~$63~~$62 million of growth in consolidated property casualty insurance net written premiums while Cincinnati Global contributed ~~$65~~$103 million. We also believe that over time Cincinnati Global ~~over time~~ will provide opportunities to support business produced by our independent agencies in new geographies and lines of business.

By early 2020, we plan to expand our excess and surplus lines business into personal lines by offering an excess and surplus lines homeowner policy in California through our wholly owned insurance broker, CSU Producer Resources Inc. We see this expansion as a natural evolution of our agency-focused strategy, as some agents need a solution to serve clients who have attractive high net worth personal lines accounts that are not eligible for admitted insurance market coverage.

Financial Strength

An important part of our long-term strategy is financial strength, which is described in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Financial Strength, Page 8. One aspect of our financial strength is prudent use of reinsurance ceded to help manage financial performance variability due to catastrophe loss experience. A description of how we use reinsurance ceded is included in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, 2019 Reinsurance Ceded Programs, Page 105. Another aspect of our financial strength is our investment portfolio, which remains well-diversified as discussed in this quarterly report in Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Our strong parent-company liquidity and financial strength increase our flexibility to maintain a cash dividend through all periods and to continue to invest in and expand our insurance operations.

At ~~June~~September 30, 2019, we held ~~$3.026~~$3.198 billion of our cash and invested assets at the parent-company level, of which ~~$2.730~~$2.803 billion, or ~~90.2%~~87.6%, was invested in common stocks, and ~~$174~~$270 million, or ~~5.8%~~8.4%, was cash or cash equivalents. Our debt-to-total-capital ratio was ~~8.3%~~8.1% at ~~June~~September 30, 2019. Another important indicator of financial strength is our ratio of property casualty net written premiums to statutory surplus, which was 1.0-to-1 for the 12 months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019, matching year-end 2018.

Financial strength ratings assigned to us by independent rating firms also are important. In addition to rating our parent company's senior debt, four firms award insurer financial strength ratings to one or more of our insurance subsidiary companies based on their quantitative and qualitative analyses. These ratings primarily assess an insurer's ability to meet financial obligations to policyholders and do not necessarily address all of the matters that may be important to investors. Ratings are under continuous review and subject to change or withdrawal at any time by the rating agency. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating; please see each rating agency's website for its most recent report on our ratings.

At ~~July 29,~~October 23, 2019, our insurance subsidiaries continued to be highly rated.



Insurer Financial Strength Ratings
Rating agency	Standard market property casualty insurance subsidiaries			Life insurance subsidiary			Excess and surplus lines insurance subsidiary			Outlook
			Rating tier			Rating tier			Rating tier
A.M. Best Co. ambest.com	A+	Superior	2 of 16	A	Excellent	3 of 16	A+	Superior	2 of 16	Stable/ Positive/ Stable
Fitch Ratings fitchratings.com	A+	Strong	5 of 21	A+	Strong	5 of 21	-	-	-	Stable
Moody's Investors Service moodys.com	A1	Good	5 of 21	-	-	-	-	-	-	Stable
S&P Global Ratings spratings.com	A+	Strong	5 of 21	A+	Strong	5 of 21	-	-	-	Stable

CONSOLIDATED PROPERTY CASUALTY INSURANCE HIGHLIGHTS

Consolidated property casualty insurance results include premiums and expenses for our standard market insurance segments (commercial lines and personal lines), our excess and surplus lines segment, Cincinnati Re and our London-based global specialty underwriter known as Cincinnati Global.


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,								Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change
Earned premiums	$	1,317		$	1,230		7		$	2,584		$	2,430		6		$	1,376		$	1,237		11		$	3,960		$	3,667		8
Fee revenues	2			3			(33	)	5			6			(17	)	3			2			50		8			8			0
Total revenues	1,319			1,233			7		2,589			2,436			6		1,379			1,239			11		3,968			3,675			8
Loss and loss expenses from:
Current accident year before catastrophe losses	802			765			5		1,588			1,544			3		829			732			13		2,417			2,276			6
Current accident year catastrophe losses	145			87			67		216			147			47		87			125			(30	)	303			272			11
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses	(69		)	(31		)	(123	)	(139		)	(72		)	(93	)	(39		)	(39		)	0		(178		)	(111		)	(60	)
Prior accident years catastrophe losses	(15		)	—			nm		(12		)	(7		)	(71	)	(13		)	(5		)	(160	)	(25		)	(12		)	(108	)
Loss and loss expenses	863			821			5		1,653			1,612			3		864			813			6		2,517			2,425			4
Underwriting expenses	408			376			9		797			759			5		432			384			13		1,229			1,143			8
Underwriting profit	$	48		$	36		33		$	139		$	65		114		$	83		$	42		98		$	222		$	107		107

Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:							Pt. Change								Pt. Change								Pt. Change								Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses	60.9		%	62.2		%	(1.3	)	61.5		%	63.5		%	(2.0	)	60.3		%	59.1		%	1.2		61.0		%	62.0		%	(1.0	)
Current accident year catastrophe losses	11.1			7.1			4.0		8.4			6.1			2.3		6.2			10.1			(3.9	)	7.7			7.4			0.3
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses	(5.3		)	(2.6		)	(2.7	)	(5.4		)	(3.0		)	(2.4	)	(2.8		)	(3.1		)	0.3		(4.5		)	(3.0		)	(1.5	)
Prior accident years catastrophe losses	(1.1		)	0.0			(1.1	)	(0.5		)	(0.3		)	(0.2	)	(0.9		)	(0.4		)	(0.5	)	(0.6		)	(0.3		)	(0.3	)
Loss and loss expenses	65.6			66.7			(1.1	)	64.0			66.3			(2.3	)	62.8			65.7			(2.9	)	63.6			66.1			(2.5	)
Underwriting expenses	30.9			30.5			0.4		30.8			31.2			(0.4	)	31.4			31.1			0.3		31.0			31.2			(0.2	)
Combined ratio	96.5		%	97.2		%	(0.7	)	94.8		%	97.5		%	(2.7	)	94.2		%	96.8		%	(2.6	)	94.6		%	97.3		%	(2.7	)

Combined ratio	96.5		%	97.2		%	(0.7	)	94.8		%	97.5		%	(2.7	)	94.2		%	96.8		%	(2.6	)	94.6		%	97.3		%	(2.7	)
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development	4.7			4.5			0.2		2.5			2.8			(0.3	)	2.5			6.6			(4.1	)	2.6			4.1			(1.5	)
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development	91.8		%	92.7		%	(0.9	)	92.3		%	94.7		%	(2.4	)	91.7		%	90.2		%	1.5		92.0		%	93.2		%	(1.2	)

Our consolidated property casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting profit of ~~$48~~$83 million for the ~~second~~third quarter of 2019 and ~~$139~~$222 million for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. The ~~second-quarter~~third-quarter improvement of ~~$12~~$41 million, compared with the same period of 2018, ~~was partially offset by an increase~~included a decrease of ~~$43~~$46 million in losses from natural catastrophes, mostly caused by severe weather. The ~~six-month~~nine-month underwriting profit improved ~~$74~~$115 million, compared with the first ~~six~~nine months of 2018, despite the unfavorable effect of an increase of ~~$64~~$18 million in losses from natural catastrophes. We believe future property casualty underwriting results will continue to benefit from price increases and our ongoing initiatives to improve pricing precision and loss experience related to claims and loss control practices.

For all property casualty lines of business in aggregate, excluding Cincinnati Global reserves as of the February 28, 2019, acquisition date, net loss and loss expense reserves at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, were ~~$31~~$64 million higher than at year-end 2018, including an increase of ~~$51~~$50 million for the incurred but not reported (IBNR) portion. The ~~$31~~$64 million reserve increase raised year-end 2018 net loss and loss expense reserves by ~~less than~~ 1%.

We measure and analyze property casualty underwriting results primarily by the combined ratio and its component ratios. The GAAP-basis combined ratio is the percentage of incurred losses plus all expenses per each earned premium dollar – the lower the ratio, the better the performance. An underwriting profit results when the combined ratio is below 100%. A combined ratio above 100% indicates that an insurance company's losses and expenses exceeded premiums.

Our consolidated property casualty combined ratio for the ~~second~~third quarter of 2019 improved by ~~0.7~~2.6 percentage points, compared with the same period of 2018, ~~despite an increase~~including a decrease of ~~2.9~~4.4 points from ~~higher~~lower catastrophe losses and loss expenses. For the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with the same period of 2018, our consolidated property casualty combined ratio improved by 2.7 percentage points, ~~despite an increase of 2.1 points~~including no change from ~~higher~~

catastrophe losses and loss expenses.

The combined ratio can be affected significantly by natural catastrophe losses and other large losses as discussed in detail below. The combined ratio can also be affected by updated estimates of loss and loss expense reserves established for claims that occurred in prior periods, referred to as prior accident years. Net favorable development on prior accident year reserves, including reserves for catastrophe losses, benefited the combined ratio by ~~5.9~~5.1 percentage points in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with 3.3 percentage points in the same period of 2018. Net favorable development is discussed in further detail in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment.

The ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses improved in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. That ~~61.5%~~61.0% ratio was ~~2.0~~1.0 percentage points lower, compared with the ~~63.5%~~62.0% accident year 2018 ratio measured as of ~~June~~September 30, 2018, including a decrease of ~~0.7~~0.8 points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below. The effects of lower noncatastrophe weather-related losses for the first six months of 2019 contributed approximately 0.6 points to the overall decrease in the current accident year ratio. We consider weather-related losses not identified as part of designated catastrophe events for the property casualty industry to be noncatastrophe weather losses.

The underwriting expense ratio increased slightly for the ~~second~~third quarter and decreased slightly for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with the same periods a year ago. The ~~current year periods reflect~~nine-month ratio matched the average of full-year ratios ~~generally in line with our longer-term historical average, as well as~~during 2016 through 2018, and reflected ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums. ~~The ratio for both 2019 periods is within 0.2 percentage points of the average of full-year ratios during 2016 through 2018.~~

Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Premiums


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,								Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019		2018			% Change	2019			2018			% Change
Agency renewal written premiums	$	1,186		$	1,150		3		$	2,316		$	2,233		4		$	1,119	$	1,088		3	$	3,435		$	3,321		3
Agency new business written premiums	212			181			17		393			340			16		192		154			25	585			494			18
Other written premiums	78			18			333		148			34			335		40		4			nm	188			38			395
Net written premiums	1,476			1,349			9		2,857			2,607			10		1,351		1,246			8	4,208			3,853			9
Unearned premium change	(159		)	(119		)	(34	)	(273		)	(177		)	(54	)	25		(9		)	nm	(248		)	(186		)	(33	)
Earned premiums	$	1,317		$	1,230		7		$	2,584		$	2,430		6		$	1,376	$	1,237		11	$	3,960		$	3,667		8

The trends in net written premiums and earned premiums summarized in the table above include the effects of price increases. Price change trends that heavily influence renewal written premium increases or decreases, along with other premium growth drivers for 2019, are discussed in more detail by segment below in Financial Results.

Consolidated property casualty net written premiums for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019, grew ~~$127~~$105 million and ~~$250~~$355 million compared with the same periods of ~~2018.~~2018, primarily from our commercial lines insurance segment and Cincinnati Global. Our premium growth initiatives from prior years have provided an ongoing favorable effect on growth during the current year, particularly as newer agency relationships mature over time.

Consolidated property casualty agency new business written premiums increased by ~~$31~~$38 million and ~~$53~~$91 million for the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with the same periods of 2018. The increase for both 2019 periods was primarily from our commercial lines and excess and surplus lines insurance segments. New agency appointments during 2018 and 2019 produced a ~~$20~~$32 million increase in standard lines new business for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019 compared with the same period of 2018. As we appoint new agencies that choose to move accounts to us, we report these accounts as new business. While this business is new to us, in many cases it is not new to the agent. We believe these seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that may be less familiar to our agent upon obtaining it from a competing agent.

Net written premiums for Cincinnati Re, included in other written premiums, ~~increased $24 million and $63~~decreased by $1 million for the ~~three~~third quarter of 2019 and ~~six~~increased by $62 million for the nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019, compared with the same periods of 2018, to ~~$72~~$35 million and ~~$157~~$192 million, respectively. Cincinnati Re assumes risks through reinsurance treaties and in some cases cedes part of the risk and related premiums to one or more unaffiliated reinsurance companies through transactions known as retrocessions. Cincinnati Re earned premiums were ~~$47~~$49 million and ~~$86~~$134 million for the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with ~~$30~~$34 million and ~~$59~~$93 million for the same periods a year ago.

Cincinnati Global also contributed to the increase in other written premiums, following ~~its~~our acquisition of it on February 28, 2019. Net written premiums were ~~$45~~$38 million for the ~~second~~third quarter of 2019 and ~~$65~~$103 million since the acquisition, while earned premiums were ~~$32~~$67 million and ~~$43~~$111 million for those respective periods.

Other written premiums also include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. An increase in ceded premiums ~~including $6 million of reinstatement premiums for our property catastrophe treaty,~~ reduced net written premiums by $9$1 million and ~~$12~~$13 million for the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with the same periods of 2018.

Catastrophe losses and loss expenses typically have a material effect on property casualty results and can vary significantly from period to period. Losses from natural catastrophes contributed ~~10.0~~5.3 and ~~7.9~~7.1 percentage points to the combined ratio in the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with ~~7.1~~9.7 and ~~5.8~~7.1 percentage points in the same period of 2018. Some of those losses were applicable to annual loss deductible provisions of our collateralized reinsurance funded through catastrophe bonds. For our collateralized reinsurance arrangement that became effective in January 2017, we can recover catastrophe bond funds if aggregate losses, after the $8 million per occurrence deductible, exceed $190 million during an annual coverage period. There were ~~six~~eight events between January 1 and ~~June~~September 30, 2019, that met the requirements for recovery, such as occurrences within the specific geographic locations included in the severe convective storm portion of our coverage with losses exceeding our per occurrence deductible. Aggregate losses from those events totaled ~~$141~~$150 million, after our per occurrence deductible.

Effective July 1, 2019, we renewed for a period of one year our property catastrophe occurrence and aggregate excess of loss treaty, discussed in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, 2019 Reinsurance Ceded Programs, Page 105. The combined coverage noted below applies to business written on a direct basis and by Cincinnati Re. Cincinnati Global catastrophe losses are not applicable to the treaty. Ceded premiums for the renewal period of coverage from this treaty are estimated to be approximately $9 million, with a total limit of $50 million for all coverages combined. The summary below includes other important changes from the treaty that expired June 30, 2019.

Combined – Aggregate net recovery up to $50 million after retaining the first $125 million of each loss

Cincinnati Re-only – Aggregate net recovery up to $8 million after retaining the first $45 million in aggregate

Direct business-only in certain Western states – Aggregate net recovery up to $31 million for:


◦	Earthquake: After retaining the first $20 million of each loss


◦	Brushfire or wildfire: After retaining the first $40 million of each loss

The following table shows consolidated property casualty insurance catastrophe losses and loss expenses incurred, net of reinsurance, as well as the effect of loss development on prior period catastrophe events. We individually list declared catastrophe events for which our incurred losses reached or exceeded $10 million.

Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Catastrophe Losses and Loss Expenses Incurred


(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)	(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)	Three months ended June 30,														Six months ended June 30,													(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)	Three months ended September 30,														Nine months ended September 30,
		Comm.			Pers.			E&S								Comm.			Pers.		E&S									Comm.			Pers.			E&S								Comm.			Pers.		E&S
Dates	Region	lines			lines			lines		Other			Total			lines			lines		lines		Other			Total			Region	lines			lines			lines		Other			Total			lines			lines		lines		Other			Total
2019
Jan. 29-Feb. 1	Midwest, Northeast	$	(3	)	$	(1	)	$	—	$	1		$	(3	)	$	11		$	10	$	—	$	1		$	22		Midwest, Northeast	$	(1	)	$	—		$	—	$	—		$	(1	)	$	10		$	10	$	—	$	1		$	21
Feb. 23-26	Midwest, Northeast, South	—			(2		)	—		—			(2		)	11			10		—		—			21			Midwest, Northeast, South	(1		)	—			—		—			(1		)	10			10		—		—			20
Mar. 12-17	Midwest, Northeast, West, South	1			(1		)	—		2			2			5			6		—		2			13			Midwest, Northeast, West, South	—			(2		)	—		2			—			5			4		—		4			13
May. 16-17	Midwest	6			6			—		—			12			6			6		—		—			12
May. 26-28	Midwest, Northeast, West, South	78			24			—		—			102			78			24		—		—			102
May 16-17																													Midwest	3			—			—		—			3			9			6		—		—			15
May 26-28																													Midwest, Northeast, West, South	(2		)	1			—		—			(1		)	76			25		—		—			101
Aug. 4-5																													Midwest	5			7			—		—			12			5			7		—		—			12
Aug. 10-11																													West	24			1			—		—			25			24			1		—		—			25
Aug. 28-Sep. 6																													International, South (Dorian)	3			1			—		13			17			3			1		—		13			17
All other 2019 catastrophes	All other 2019 catastrophes	22			12			—		—			34			26			20		—		—			46			All other 2019 catastrophes	8			17			1		7			33			34			37		1		7			79
Development on 2018 and prior catastrophes	Development on 2018 and prior catastrophes	(8		)	(3		)	—		(4		)	(15		)	(14		)	5		—		(3		)	(12		)	Development on 2018 and prior catastrophes	(4		)	(2		)	—		(7		)	(13		)	(18		)	3		—		(10		)	(25		)
Calendar year incurred total	Calendar year incurred total	$	96		$	35		$	—	$	(1	)	$	130		$	123		$	81	$	—	$	—		$	204		Calendar year incurred total	$	35		$	23		$	1	$	15		$	74		$	158		$	104	$	1	$	15		$	278

2018
Jan. 8-10	West	$	—		$	(1	)	$	—	$	—		$	(1	)	$	—		$	10	$	—	$	—		$	10		West	$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	10	$	—	$	—		$	10
Mar. 1-3	Northeast, South	—			—			—		—			—			6			6		—		—			12			Northeast, South	—			(1		)	—		—			(1		)	6			5		—		—			11
Mar. 18-21	South	4			1			—		—			5			21			7		1		—			29			South	(1		)	—			—		—			(1		)	20			7		1		—			28
Apr. 13-17	Midwest, Northeast, South	22			7			—		—			29			22			7		—		—			29			Midwest, Northeast, South	(2		)	1			—		—			(1		)	20			8		—		—			28
Jul. 19-22																													Midwest, South	10			8			—		—			18			10			8		—		—			18
Sep. 13-19																													South	68			16			—		7			91			68			16		—		7			91
All other 2018 catastrophes	All other 2018 catastrophes	29			25			—		—			54			36			31		—		—			67			All other 2018 catastrophes	8			9			1		1			19			44			40		1		1			86
Development on 2017 and prior catastrophes	Development on 2017 and prior catastrophes	(2		)	2			—		—			—			(9		)	2		—		—			(7		)	Development on 2017 and prior catastrophes	(7		)	2			—		—			(5		)	(16		)	4		—		—			(12		)
Calendar year incurred total	Calendar year incurred total	$	53		$	34		$	—	$	—		$	87		$	76		$	63	$	1	$	—		$	140		Calendar year incurred total	$	76		$	35		$	1	$	8		$	120		$	152		$	98	$	2	$	8		$	260

The following table includes data for losses incurred of $1 million or more per claim, net of reinsurance.

Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Losses Incurred by Size


(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,								Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million	$	14		$	6		133		$	14		$	21		(33	)	$	(1	)	$	8		nm		$	13		$	29		(55	)
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million	53			62			(15	)	90			94			(4	)	76			70			9		166			164			1
Large loss prior accident year reserve development	5			4			25		21			38			(45	)	33			10			230		54			48			13
Total large losses incurred	72			72			—		125			153			(18	)	108			88			23		233			241			(3	)
Losses incurred but not reported	(14		)	87			nm		33			97			(66	)	(24		)	(10		)	(140	)	9			87			(90	)
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses	547			433			26		1,039			953			9		566			482			17		1,606			1,435			12
Catastrophe losses	128			83			54		198			134			48		70			117			(40	)	268			251			7
Total losses incurred	$	733		$	675		9		$	1,395		$	1,337		4		$	720		$	677		6		$	2,116		$	2,014		5

Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:							Pt. Change								Pt. Change								Pt. Change								Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million	1.1		%	0.4		%	0.7		0.5		%	0.8		%	(0.3	)	(0.1		)%	0.7		%	(0.8	)	0.3		%	0.8		%	(0.5	)
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million	4.0			5.1			(1.1	)	3.5			3.9			(0.4	)	5.5			5.7			(0.2	)	4.2			4.5			(0.3	)
Large loss prior accident year reserve development	0.4			0.3			0.1		0.8			1.6			(0.8	)	2.4			0.7			1.7		1.4			1.3			0.1
Total large loss ratio	5.5			5.8			(0.3	)	4.8			6.3			(1.5	)	7.8			7.1			0.7		5.9			6.6			(0.7	)
Losses incurred but not reported	(1.1		)	7.1			(8.2	)	1.3			4.0			(2.7	)	(1.8		)	(0.8		)	(1.0	)	0.2			2.4			(2.2	)
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses	41.6			35.1			6.5		40.2			39.2			1.0		41.2			39.0			2.2		40.5			39.0			1.5
Catastrophe losses	9.7			6.8			2.9		7.7			5.5			2.2		5.1			9.5			(4.4	)	6.8			6.9			(0.1	)
Total loss ratio	55.7		%	54.8		%	0.9		54.0		%	55.0		%	(1.0	)	52.3		%	54.8		%	(2.5	)	53.4		%	54.9		%	(1.5	)

We believe the inherent variability of aggregate loss experience for our portfolio of larger policies is greater than that of our portfolio of smaller policies, and we continue to monitor the variability in addition to general inflationary trends in loss costs. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. The ~~second-quarter~~third-quarter 2019 property casualty total large losses incurred of ~~$72~~$108 million, net of reinsurance, were ~~lower~~higher than the $83 million quarterly average during full-year 2018 and ~~matched~~higher than the ~~$72~~$88 million experienced for the ~~second~~third quarter of 2018. The ratio for these large losses was ~~0.3~~0.7 percentage points ~~lower~~higher compared with last year's ~~second~~third quarter. The ~~second-quarter~~third-quarter 2019 amount of total large losses incurred ~~helped contribute to~~had an unfavorable effect on the ~~decrease in the six-month~~nine-month 2019 total large loss ratio, compared with 2018, ~~in addition to~~reducing the benefit of a ~~first-quarter~~first-half 2019 ratio that was ~~2.7~~1.5 points lower than the first ~~quarter~~half of 2018. We believe results for the three- and ~~six-month~~nine-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million. Losses by size are discussed in further detail in results of operations by property casualty insurance segment.

FINANCIAL RESULTS

Consolidated results reflect the operating results of each of our five segments along with the parent company, Cincinnati Re, Cincinnati Global and other activities reported as "Other." The five segments are:

Commercial lines insurance

Personal lines insurance

Excess and surplus lines insurance

Life insurance

Investments

COMMERCIAL LINES INSURANCE RESULTS


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,								Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change
Earned premiums	$	823		$	812		1		$	1,633		$	1,602		2		$	834		$	805		4		$	2,467		$	2,407		2
Fee revenues	1			—			nm		2			2			0		1			1			0		3			3			0
Total revenues	824			812			1		1,635			1,604			2		835			806			4		2,470			2,410			2
Loss and loss expenses from:
Current accident year before catastrophe losses	504			497			1		1,014			1,021			(1	)	504			469			7		1,518			1,490			2
Current accident year catastrophe losses	104			55			89		137			85			61		39			83			(53	)	176			168			5
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses	(50		)	(40		)	(25	)	(106		)	(68		)	(56	)	(29		)	(30		)	3		(135		)	(98		)	(38	)
Prior accident years catastrophe losses	(8		)	(2		)	(300	)	(14		)	(9		)	(56	)	(4		)	(7		)	43		(18		)	(16		)	(13	)
Loss and loss expenses	550			510			8		1,031			1,029			0		510			515			(1	)	1,541			1,544			0
Underwriting expenses	262			255			3		516			513			1		269			257			5		785			770			2
Underwriting profit	$	12		$	47		(74	)	$	88		$	62		42		$	56		$	34		65		$	144		$	96		50

Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:							Pt. Change								Pt. Change								Pt. Change								Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses	61.2		%	61.3		%	(0.1	)	62.1		%	63.7		%	(1.6	)	60.5		%	58.2		%	2.3		61.5		%	61.9		%	(0.4	)
Current accident year catastrophe losses	12.7			6.8			5.9		8.4			5.3			3.1		4.6			10.3			(5.7	)	7.1			7.0			0.1
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses	(6.1		)	(4.9		)	(1.2	)	(6.5		)	(4.2		)	(2.3	)	(3.4		)	(3.8		)	0.4		(5.4		)	(4.1		)	(1.3	)
Prior accident years catastrophe losses	(1.0		)	(0.3		)	(0.7	)	(0.9		)	(0.6		)	(0.3	)	(0.5		)	(0.8		)	0.3		(0.7		)	(0.7		)	0.0
Loss and loss expenses	66.8			62.9			3.9		63.1			64.2			(1.1	)	61.2			63.9			(2.7	)	62.5			64.1			(1.6	)
Underwriting expenses	31.8			31.3			0.5		31.6			32.0			(0.4	)	32.2			32.0			0.2		31.8			32.0			(0.2	)
Combined ratio	98.6		%	94.2		%	4.4		94.7		%	96.2		%	(1.5	)	93.4		%	95.9		%	(2.5	)	94.3		%	96.1		%	(1.8	)

Combined ratio	98.6		%	94.2		%	4.4		94.7		%	96.2		%	(1.5	)	93.4		%	95.9		%	(2.5	)	94.3		%	96.1		%	(1.8	)
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development	5.6			1.6			4.0		1.0			0.5			0.5		0.7			5.7			(5.0	)	1.0			2.2			(1.2	)
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development	93.0		%	92.6		%	0.4		93.7		%	95.7		%	(2.0	)	92.7		%	90.2		%	2.5		93.3		%	93.9		%	(0.6	)

Overview

Performance highlights for the commercial lines segment include:

Premiums – Earned premiums and net written premiums for the commercial lines segment ~~grew~~rose during the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with the same periods a year ago, reflecting higher new business premiums and renewal written premium growth that continued to include higher average pricing. The table below analyzes the primary components of premiums. We continue to use predictive analytics tools to improve pricing precision and segmentation while leveraging our local relationships with agents through the efforts of our teams that work closely with them. We seek to maintain appropriate pricing discipline for both new and renewal business as our agents and underwriters assess account quality to make careful decisions on a case-by-case basis whether to write or renew a policy.

Agency renewal written premiums increased by ~~1% during the second quarter and~~ 2% during the third quarter and the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with the same periods of 2018. During the ~~second~~third quarter of 2019, our overall standard commercial lines policies averaged estimated renewal price increases at percentages in the low-single-digit range, ~~slightly higher than~~similar to the ~~first~~second quarter of 2019. We continue to segment commercial lines policies, emphasizing identification and retention of policies we believe have relatively stronger pricing. Conversely, we have been seeking stricter renewal terms and conditions on policies we believe have relatively weaker pricing, thus retaining fewer of those policies. We measure average changes in commercial lines renewal pricing as the percentage rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for the respective policies.

Our average overall commercial lines renewal pricing change includes the impact of flat pricing for certain coverages within package policies written for a three-year term that were in force but did not expire during the

period being measured. Therefore, our reported change in average commercial lines renewal pricing reflects a blend of three-year policies that did not expire and other policies that did expire during the measurement period. For commercial lines policies that did expire and were then renewed during the ~~second~~third quarter of 2019, we estimate that our average percentage price increase for commercial auto continued in the high-single-digit range. The estimated average percentage price change for our commercial property line of business was an increase in the mid-single-digit range and for commercial casualty it was an increase in the low-single-digit ~~range.~~range, higher than the second quarter. The estimated average percentage price change for workers' compensation was a decrease in the mid-single-digit range.

Renewal premiums for certain policies, primarily our commercial casualty and workers' compensation lines of business, include the results of policy audits that adjust initial premium amounts based on differences between estimated and actual sales or payroll related to a specific policy. Audits completed during the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019 contributed ~~$37~~$50 million to net written premiums.

New business written premiums for commercial lines increased ~~$19~~$30 million and ~~$35~~$65 million during the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with the same periods of 2018. The increase reflected growth for each major line of business in our commercial lines insurance segment. Trend analysis for year-over-year comparisons of individual quarters is more difficult to assess for commercial lines new business written premiums, due to inherent variability. That variability is often driven by larger policies with annual premiums greater than $100,000.

Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. For our commercial lines insurance segment, an increase in ceded premiums reduced net written premiums by $5less than $1 million and $7 million for the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with the same periods of 2018.

Commercial Lines Insurance Premiums


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,								Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change
Agency renewal written premiums	$	767		$	758		1		$	1,566		$	1,529		2		$	713		$	702		2		$	2,279		$	2,231		2
Agency new business written premiums	137			118			16		257			222			16		124			94			32		381			316			21
Other written premiums	(25		)	(20		)	(25	)	(48		)	(41		)	(17	)	(21		)	(22		)	5		(69		)	(63		)	(10	)
Net written premiums	879			856			3		1,775			1,710			4		816			774			5		2,591			2,484			4
Unearned premium change	(56		)	(44		)	(27	)	(142		)	(108		)	(31	)	18			31			(42	)	(124		)	(77		)	(61	)
Earned premiums	$	823		$	812		1		$	1,633		$	1,602		2		$	834		$	805		4		$	2,467		$	2,407		2

Combined ratio – The commercial lines ~~second-quarter~~third-quarter 2019 combined ratio ~~rose~~improved by ~~4.4~~2.5 percentage points, compared with the same period a year ago, ~~reflecting an increase~~including a decrease of ~~5.2~~5.4 points in losses from natural catastrophes. For the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, the combined ratio decreased by ~~1.5~~1.8 percentage points, compared with the same period a year ago, despite an increase of ~~2.8~~0.1 points in losses from natural catastrophes. Underwriting results for ~~both periods~~the nine-month period included a higher level of favorable reserve development on prior accident years in addition to better loss experience for the current accident year.

The current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses ratio for commercial lines improved in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. That ~~62.1%~~61.5% ratio was ~~1.6~~0.4 percentage points lower, compared with the ~~63.7%~~61.9% accident year 2018 ratio measured as of ~~June~~September 30, 2018, including a decrease of ~~0.9~~1.2 percentage points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.

Catastrophe losses and loss expenses accounted for ~~11.7~~4.1 and ~~7.5~~6.4 percentage points of the combined ratio for the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with ~~6.5~~9.5 and ~~4.7~~6.3 percentage points for the same periods a year ago. Through 2018, the 10-year annual average for that catastrophe measure for the commercial lines segment was 5.4 percentage points, and the five-year annual average was 5.1 percentage points.

The net effect of reserve development on prior accident years during the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019 was favorable for commercial lines overall by ~~$58~~$33 million and ~~$120~~$153 million, compared with ~~$42~~$37 million and ~~$77~~$114 million for the same periods in 2018. For the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, our commercial casualty and workers' compensation lines of business were the largest contributors to the total commercial lines net favorable reserve development on prior accident years, representing approximately 80% of the total. The net favorable reserve development recognized during the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019 for our commercial

lines insurance segment was

largely for accident years ~~2016~~2017 through 2018 and was primarily due to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 54.

The commercial lines underwriting expense ratio increased for the ~~second~~third quarter and decreased for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with the same periods a year ago. The ~~ratios~~ratio for ~~both~~the first nine months of 2019 ~~periods are~~is within 0.1 percentage ~~points~~point of our full-year 2018 ratio, ~~and reflect~~reflecting ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums.

Commercial Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size


(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,								Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million	$	14		$	6		133		$	14		$	21		(33	)	$	(1	)	$	8		nm		$	13		$	29		(55	)
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million	41			51			(20	)	68			73			(7	)	56			62			(10	)	124			135			(8	)
Large loss prior accident year reserve development	3			1			200		16			30			(47	)	32			11			191		48			41			17
Total large losses incurred	58			58			—		98			124			(21	)	87			81			7		185			205			(10	)
Losses incurred but not reported	(7		)	53			nm		36			69			(48	)	(22		)	(23		)	4		14			46			(70	)
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses	320			247			30		605			572			6		314			284			11		919			856			7
Catastrophe losses	94			51			84		119			73			63		32			75			(57	)	151			148			2
Total losses incurred	$	465		$	409		14		$	858		$	838		2		$	411		$	417		(1	)	$	1,269		$	1,255		1

Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:							Pt. Change								Pt. Change								Pt. Change								Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million	1.7		%	0.7		%	1.0		0.9		%	1.3		%	(0.4	)	(0.1		)%	1.1		%	(1.2	)	0.5		%	1.2		%	(0.7	)
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million	5.0			6.2			(1.2	)	4.1			4.6			(0.5	)	6.8			7.7			(0.9	)	5.1			5.6			(0.5	)
Large loss prior accident year reserve development	0.4			0.2			0.2		1.0			1.8			(0.8	)	3.8			1.3			2.5		1.9			1.7			0.2
Total large loss ratio	7.1			7.1			0.0		6.0			7.7			(1.7	)	10.5			10.1			0.4		7.5			8.5			(1.0	)
Losses incurred but not reported	(0.9		)	6.5			(7.4	)	2.2			4.3			(2.1	)	(2.6		)	(2.9		)	0.3		0.6			1.9			(1.3	)
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses	38.9			30.4			8.5		37.0			35.7			1.3		37.6			35.3			2.3		37.2			35.6			1.6
Catastrophe losses	11.4			6.3			5.1		7.3			4.6			2.7		3.8			9.3			(5.5	)	6.1			6.2			(0.1	)
Total loss ratio	56.5		%	50.3		%	6.2		52.5		%	52.3		%	0.2		49.3		%	51.8		%	(2.5	)	51.4		%	52.2		%	(0.8	)

We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $1 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. The ~~second-quarter~~third-quarter 2019 commercial lines total large losses incurred of ~~$58~~$87 million, net of reinsurance, were ~~lower~~higher than the quarterly average of $71 million during full-year 2018 and ~~matched~~ the ~~$58~~$81 million total large losses incurred for the ~~second~~third quarter of 2018. The decrease in commercial lines large losses for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019 was primarily due to our commercial casualty ~~line~~and commercial property lines of business. The ~~second-quarter~~third-quarter 2019 ratio for commercial lines total large losses ~~matched~~was 0.4 percentage points higher than last year's ~~second-quarter~~third-quarter ratio. The ~~second-quarter~~third-quarter 2019 amount of total large losses incurred ~~helped contribute to~~had a minor, but unfavorable, effect on the decrease in the ~~six-month~~nine-month 2019 total large loss ratio, compared with 2018, ~~in addition to~~reducing the benefit of a ~~first-quarter~~first-half 2019 ratio that was ~~3.5~~1.7 points lower than the first ~~quarter~~half of 2018. We believe results for the three- and ~~six-month~~nine-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million.

PERSONAL LINES INSURANCE RESULTS


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,								Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change
Earned premiums	$	348		$	331		5		$	692		$	656		5		$	354		$	338		5		$	1,046		$	994		5
Fee revenues	1			2			(50	)	2			3			(33	)	1			1			0		3			4			(25	)
Total revenues	349			333			5		694			659			5		355			339			5		1,049			998			5
Loss and loss expenses from:
Current accident year before catastrophe losses	216			220			(2	)	425			430			(1	)	226			216			5		651			646			1
Current accident year catastrophe losses	38			32			19		76			61			25		25			33			(24	)	101			94			7
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses	(11		)	15			nm		(16		)	14			nm		(5		)	(2		)	(150	)	(21		)	12			nm
Prior accident years catastrophe losses	(3		)	2			nm		5			2			150		(2		)	2			nm		3			4			(25	)
Loss and loss expenses	240			269			(11	)	490			507			(3	)	244			249			(2	)	734			756			(3	)
Underwriting expenses	104			96			8		203			193			5		108			99			9		311			292			7
Underwriting profit (loss)	$	5		$	(32	)	nm		$	1		$	(41	)	nm		$	3		$	(9	)	nm		$	4		$	(50	)	nm

Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:							Pt. Change								Pt. Change								Pt. Change								Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses	62.1		%	66.6		%	(4.5	)	61.4		%	65.5		%	(4.1	)	63.8		%	64.0		%	(0.2	)	62.2		%	65.0		%	(2.8	)
Current accident year catastrophe losses	11.0			9.6			1.4		10.9			9.3			1.6		7.2			9.7			(2.5	)	9.7			9.5			0.2
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses	(3.2		)	4.3			(7.5	)	(2.3		)	2.1			(4.4	)	(1.3		)	(0.5		)	(0.8	)	(2.0		)	1.2			(3.2	)
Prior accident years catastrophe losses	(1.0		)	0.6			(1.6	)	0.7			0.3			0.4		(0.5		)	0.5			(1.0	)	0.3			0.3			0.0
Loss and loss expenses	68.9			81.1			(12.2	)	70.7			77.2			(6.5	)	69.2			73.7			(4.5	)	70.2			76.0			(5.8	)
Underwriting expenses	30.0			29.0			1.0		29.4			29.5			(0.1	)	30.4			29.3			1.1		29.7			29.4			0.3
Combined ratio	98.9		%	110.1		%	(11.2	)	100.1		%	106.7		%	(6.6	)	99.6		%	103.0		%	(3.4	)	99.9		%	105.4		%	(5.5	)

Combined ratio	98.9		%	110.1		%	(11.2	)	100.1		%	106.7		%	(6.6	)	99.6		%	103.0		%	(3.4	)	99.9		%	105.4		%	(5.5	)
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development	6.8			14.5			(7.7	)	9.3			11.7			(2.4	)	5.4			9.7			(4.3	)	8.0			11.0			(3.0	)
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development	92.1		%	95.6		%	(3.5	)	90.8		%	95.0		%	(4.2	)	94.2		%	93.3		%	0.9		91.9		%	94.4		%	(2.5	)

Overview

Performance highlights for the personal lines segment include:

Premiums – Personal lines earned premiums and net written premiums continued to grow during the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, primarily due to increases in agency renewal written premiums reflecting higher average pricing. Personal lines net written premiums from high net worth policies totaled approximately ~~$116~~$110 million and ~~$193~~$302 million for the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with ~~$86~~$83 million and ~~$150~~$233 million for the same periods of 2018. The table below analyzes the primary components of premiums.

Agency renewal written premiums increased 7%4% for ~~both~~ the ~~second~~third quarter and 6% for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, largely due to rate increases in select states. We estimate that premium rates for our personal auto line of business increased at average percentages in the high-single-digit range during the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. For our homeowner line of business, we estimate that premium rates for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019 increased at average percentages in the mid-single-digit range. For both our personal auto and homeowner lines of business, some individual policies experienced lower or higher rate changes based on each risk's specific characteristics and enhanced pricing precision enabled by predictive models.

Personal lines new business written premiums ~~increased~~decreased by ~~2% during the second quarter of 2019~~5% and ~~decreased by~~ 4% during the third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with the same periods of 2018, reflecting pricing discipline, particularly in select states.

Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. For our personal lines insurance segment, an increase in ceded premiums reduced net written premiums by $3less than $1 million and $5 million for the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with the same periods of 2018.

We continue to implement strategies discussed in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Strategic Initiatives, Page 14, to enhance our responsiveness to marketplace changes and to help achieve our long-term objectives for personal lines growth and profitability. These strategies include initiatives to more profitably underwrite personal auto policies.

Personal Lines Insurance Premiums


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,								Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change
Agency renewal written premiums	$	365		$	342		7		$	647		$	606		7		$	356		$	342		4		$	1,003		$	948		6
Agency new business written premiums	47			46			2		82			85			(4	)	40			42			(5	)	122			127			(4	)
Other written premiums	(10		)	(7		)	(43	)	(18		)	(13		)	(38	)	(8		)	(7		)	(14	)	(26		)	(20		)	(30	)
Net written premiums	402			381			6		711			678			5		388			377			3		1,099			1,055			4
Unearned premium change	(54		)	(50		)	(8	)	(19		)	(22		)	14		(34		)	(39		)	13		(53		)	(61		)	13
Earned premiums	$	348		$	331		5		$	692		$	656		5		$	354		$	338		5		$	1,046		$	994		5

Combined ratio – Our personal lines combined ratio improved for the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with the same periods a year ago. The third-quarter improvement was primarily due to lower weather-related natural catastrophe losses and loss expenses, but also reflected better loss experience before catastrophe effects. The nine-month improvement was primarily due to better experience in the ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses and favorable reserve development on prior accident years. ~~That improvement offset a ratio for weather-related natural catastrophe losses and loss expenses that was 2.0 percentage points worse for the first six months of 2019.~~

The current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses ratio for personal lines improved in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. That ~~61.4%~~62.2% ratio was ~~4.1~~2.8 percentage points lower, compared with the ~~65.5%~~65.0% accident year 2018 ratio measured as of ~~June~~September 30, 2018, including ~~a decrease~~an increase of ~~0.4~~0.9 percentage ~~point~~points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.

Catastrophe losses and loss expenses accounted for ~~10.0~~6.7 and ~~11.6~~10.0 percentage points of the combined ratio for the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with 10.2 and ~~9.6~~9.8 percentage points for the same periods of last year. Through 2018, the 10-year annual average catastrophe loss ratio for the personal lines segment was 10.9 percentage points, and the five-year annual average was 8.9 percentage points.

In addition to the average rate increases discussed above, we continue to refine our pricing to better match premiums to the risk of loss on individual policies. Improved pricing precision and broad-based rate increases are expected to help position the combined ratio at a profitable level over the long term. In addition, greater geographic diversification is expected to reduce the volatility of homeowner loss ratios attributable to weather-related catastrophe losses over time.

Our homeowner line of business, representing 42% of our 2018 personal lines earned premiums, was the only major line in this segment with a ~~six-month~~nine-month 2019 total loss and loss expense ratio before catastrophe losses significantly higher than we desired, although it improved compared with the prior-year period. Its catastrophe loss experience has been elevated in recent quarters, in part due to wildfire losses that have affected much of the property casualty industry. In recent quarters, our homeowner policies have experienced average renewal price increases at percentages near the high end of the mid-single-digit range. We believe rate increases and other actions to improve pricing precision and reduce loss costs will improve future profitability.

The net effect of reserve development on prior accident years during the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019 was favorable for personal lines overall by ~~$14~~$7 million and ~~$11~~$18 million, compared with less than $1 million for the third quarter a year ago and $16 million of unfavorable net reserve development ~~of $17 million and $16 million~~ for the ~~same periods~~first nine months of 2018. Our personal auto line of business was the largest contributor to the 2019 total personal lines net favorable reserve development on prior accident years, partially offset by net unfavorable reserve development for our homeowner line of business. The net favorable reserve development was primarily due to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 54.

The underwriting expense ratio increased for the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~decreased for the~~ first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with the same periods a year ~~ago.~~ago, largely due to more agency profit-sharing commissions. The ratio for both periods also reflects ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums. ~~The six-month 2019 ratio is within 0.3 percentage points of our full-year 2018 ratio.~~

Personal Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size


(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,								Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million	$	—		$	—		nm		$	—		$	—		nm		$	—		$	—		nm		$	—		$	—		nm
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million	10			11			(9	)	19			21			(10	)	20			7			186		39			28			39
Large loss prior accident year reserve development	1			3			(67	)	3			8			(63	)	(1		)	(1		)	—		2			7			(71	)
Total large losses incurred	11			14			(21	)	22			29			(24	)	19			6			217		41			35			17
Losses incurred but not reported	(4		)	31			nm		—			30			(100	)	—			11			(100	)	(1		)	41			nm
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses	167			157			6		330			324			2		172			172			—		504			496			2
Catastrophe losses	34			33			3		79			62			27		23			33			(30	)	101			95			6
Total losses incurred	$	208		$	235		(11	)	$	431		$	445		(3	)	$	214		$	222		(4	)	$	645		$	667		(3	)

Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:							Pt. Change								Pt. Change								Pt. Change								Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million	—		%	—		%	0.0		—		%	—		%	0.0		—		%	—		%	0.0		—		%	—		%	0.0
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million	2.8			3.5			(0.7	)	2.8			3.2			(0.4	)	5.4			2.0			3.4		3.7			2.8			0.9
Large loss prior accident year reserve development	0.3			0.8			(0.5	)	0.4			1.2			(0.8	)	(0.2		)	(0.3		)	0.1		0.2			0.7			(0.5	)
Total large loss ratio	3.1			4.3			(1.2	)	3.2			4.4			(1.2	)	5.2			1.7			3.5		3.9			3.5			0.4
Losses incurred but not reported	(1.1		)	9.4			(10.5	)	(0.1		)	4.6			(4.7	)	(0.1		)	3.4			(3.5	)	(0.1		)	4.2			(4.3	)
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses	48.0			47.3			0.7		47.8			49.4			(1.6	)	48.9			50.5			(1.6	)	48.1			49.7			(1.6	)
Catastrophe losses	9.7			10.0			(0.3	)	11.4			9.4			2.0		6.4			10.0			(3.6	)	9.7			9.6			0.1
Total loss ratio	59.7		%	71.0		%	(11.3	)	62.3		%	67.8		%	(5.5	)	60.4		%	65.6		%	(5.2	)	61.6		%	67.0		%	(5.4	)

We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $1 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. In the ~~second~~third quarter of 2019, the personal lines total large loss ratio, net of reinsurance, was ~~1.2~~3.5 percentage points ~~lower~~higher than last year's ~~second~~third quarter. The ~~decrease~~increase in personal lines large losses for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019 occurred primarily for our homeowner ~~and other personal lines~~line of business. The ~~second-quarter~~third-quarter 2019 amount of total large losses incurred ~~helped contribute to~~drove the ~~decrease~~increase in the ~~six-month~~nine-month 2019 total large loss ratio, compared with 2018, ~~in addition to~~offsetting a ~~first-quarter~~first-half 2019 ratio that was 1.2 points lower than the first ~~quarter~~half of 2018. We believe results for the three- and ~~six-month~~nine-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million.

EXCESS AND SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE RESULTS


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,								Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change
Earned premiums	$	67		$	57		18		$	130		$	113		15		$	72		$	60		20		$	202		$	173		17
Fee revenues	—			1			nm		1			1			0		1			—			nm		2			1			100
Total revenues	67			58			16		131			114			15		73			60			22		204			174			17

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Loss and loss expenses from:
Current accident year before catastrophe losses	34			33			3		69			63			10		41			32			28		110			95			16
Current accident year catastrophe losses	—			—			0		—			1			nm		1			1			0		1			2			(50	)
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses	(5		)	(4		)	(25	)	(7		)	(14		)	50		(3		)	(8		)	63		(10		)	(22		)	55
Prior accident years catastrophe losses	—			—			0		—			—			0		—			—			0		—			—			0
Loss and loss expenses	29			29			0		62			50			24		39			25			56		101			75			35
Underwriting expenses	21			16			31		41			33			24		22			18			22		63			51			24
Underwriting profit	$	17		$	13		31		$	28		$	31		(10	)	$	12		$	17		(29	)	$	40		$	48		(17	)

Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:							Pt. Change								Pt. Change								Pt. Change								Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses	50.8		%	56.9		%	(6.1	)	53.1		%	55.8		%	(2.7	)	57.6		%	53.3		%	4.3		54.7		%	54.9		%	(0.2	)
Current accident year catastrophe losses	0.7			1.0			(0.3	)	0.5			1.4			(0.9	)	0.6			0.9			(0.3	)	0.5			1.2			(0.7	)
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses	(6.2		)	(9.6		)	3.4		(5.2		)	(13.3		)	8.1		(6.0		)	(11.3		)	5.3		(5.5		)	(12.6		)	7.1
Prior accident years catastrophe losses	(0.2		)	0.2			(0.4	)	(0.1		)	0.1			(0.2	)	0.5			(0.3		)	0.8		0.1			0.0			0.1
Loss and loss expenses	45.1			48.5			(3.4	)	48.3			44.0			4.3		52.7			42.6			10.1		49.8			43.5			6.3
Underwriting expenses	31.0			29.1			1.9		31.4			29.3			2.1		30.5			29.4			1.1		31.1			29.3			1.8
Combined ratio	76.1		%	77.6		%	(1.5	)	79.7		%	73.3		%	6.4		83.2		%	72.0		%	11.2		80.9		%	72.8		%	8.1

Combined ratio	76.1		%	77.6		%	(1.5	)	79.7		%	73.3		%	6.4		83.2		%	72.0		%	11.2		80.9		%	72.8		%	8.1
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development	(5.7		)	(8.4		)	2.7		(4.8		)	(11.8		)	7.0		(4.9		)	(10.7		)	5.8		(4.9		)	(11.4		)	6.5
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development	81.8		%	86.0		%	(4.2	)	84.5		%	85.1		%	(0.6	)	88.1		%	82.7		%	5.4		85.8		%	84.2		%	1.6

Overview

Performance highlights for the excess and surplus lines segment include:

Premiums – Excess and surplus lines net written premiums continued to grow during the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with the same periods a year ago, primarily due to an increase in new business written premiums. Agency renewal written premiums also grew. For the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, excess and surplus lines policy renewals experienced estimated average price increases at percentages in the low-single-digit range. We measure average changes in excess and surplus lines renewal pricing as the percentage rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for respective policies.

New business written premiums produced by agencies increased by ~~$11~~$10 million for the ~~second~~third quarter and ~~$21~~$31 million for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with the same periods of 2018. We believe the unusually large increases reflect more opportunities in the marketplace for insurance companies to obtain higher premium rates, plus our additional marketing efforts. Some of what we report as new business came from accounts that were not new to our agents. We believe our agents' seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that may be less familiar to them.

Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Premiums


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,								Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change
Agency renewal written premiums	$	54		$	50		8		$	103		$	98		5		$	50		$	44		14		$	153		$	142		8
Agency new business written premiums	28			17			65		54			33			64		28			18			56		82			51			61
Other written premiums	(4		)	(3		)	(33	)	(8		)	(6		)	(33	)	(4		)	(3		)	(33	)	(12		)	(9		)	(33	)
Net written premiums	78			64			22		149			125			19		74			59			25		223			184			21
Unearned premium change	(11		)	(7		)	(57	)	(19		)	(12		)	(58	)	(2		)	1			nm		(21		)	(11		)	(91	)
Earned premiums	$	67		$	57		18		$	130		$	113		15		$	72		$	60		20		$	202		$	173		17

Combined ratio – The excess and surplus lines combined ratio ~~decreased~~increased by ~~1.5~~11.2 and 8.1 percentage points for the ~~second~~third quarter and first nine months of 2019, ~~and increased by 6.4 points for the first six months,~~ compared with the same periods of 2018. The ~~six-month 2019 increase was~~increases were primarily due to less favorable reserve development on prior accident years.

The current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses ratio for excess and surplus lines improved in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. That ~~53.1%~~54.7% ratio was ~~2.7~~0.2 percentage points lower, compared with the ~~55.8%~~54.9% accident year 2018 ratio measured as of ~~June~~September 30, 2018, despite an increase of ~~2.4~~0.8 percentage points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.

Excess and surplus lines net favorable reserve development on prior accident years, as a ratio to earned premiums, was ~~6.4%~~5.5% and ~~5.3%~~5.4% for the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with ~~9.4%~~11.6% and ~~13.2%~~12.6% for the same periods of 2018. The net favorable reserve development recognized during the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019 was ~~primarily~~largely attributable to accident year 2018 and primarily due to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 54.

The excess and surplus lines underwriting expense ratio for the ~~second~~third quarter and first ~~six~~nine months of 2019 increased, compared with the same periods of 2018, primarily due to higher internal expense allocations that offset higher earned premiums and ongoing expense management efforts.

Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size


(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,								Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million	$	—		$	—		nm		$	—		$	—		nm		$	—		$	—		nm		$	—		$	—		nm
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million	2			—			nm		3			—			nm		—			1			(100	)	3			1			200
Large loss prior accident year reserve development	1			—			nm		2			—			nm		2			—			nm		4			—			nm
Total large losses incurred	3			—			nm		5			—			nm		2			1			100		7			1			600
Losses incurred but not reported	(3		)	3			nm		(3		)	(2		)	(50	)	(2		)	2			nm		(4		)	—			nm
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses	18			17			6		36			31			16		25			11			127		61			42			45
Catastrophe losses	—			—			nm		1			1			—		1			1			—		1			2			(50	)
Total losses incurred	$	18		$	20		(10	)	$	39		$	30		30		$	26		$	15		73		$	65		$	45		44

Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:							Pt. Change								Pt. Change								Pt. Change								Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million	—		%	—		%	0.0		—		%	—		%	0.0		—		%	—		%	0.0		—		%	—		%	0.0
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million	3.0			—			3.0		2.4			—			2.4		—			1.9			(1.9	)	1.5			0.7			0.8
Large loss prior accident year reserve development	1.5			(0.2		)	1.7		1.3			(0.3		)	1.6		2.7			0.4			2.3		1.8			(0.1		)	1.9
Total large loss ratio	4.5			(0.2		)	4.7		3.7			(0.3		)	4.0		2.7			2.3			0.4		3.3			0.6			2.7
Losses incurred but not reported	(4.5		)	4.5			(9.0	)	(1.9		)	(2.1		)	0.2		(2.6		)	4.3			(6.9	)	(2.2		)	0.1			(2.3	)
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses	26.7			28.6			(1.9	)	27.9			27.4			0.5		34.5			18.7			15.8		30.3			24.4			5.9
Catastrophe losses	0.5			1.0			(0.5	)	0.3			1.4			(1.1	)	1.0			0.5			0.5		0.6			1.1			(0.5	)
Total loss ratio	27.2		%	33.9		%	(6.7	)	30.0		%	26.4		%	3.6		35.6		%	25.8		%	9.8		32.0		%	26.2		%	5.8

LIFE INSURANCE RESULTS


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,								Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change
Earned premiums	$	67		$	64		5		$	133		$	124		7		$	70		$	61		15		$	203		$	185		10
Fee revenues	1			1			0		2			2			0		1			1			0		3			3			0
Total revenues	68			65			5		135			126			7		71			62			15		206			188			10
Contract holders' benefits incurred	73			62			18		143			125			14		68			66			3		211			191			10
Investment interest credited to contract holders'	(25		)	(24		)	(4	)	(49		)	(48		)	(2	)	(25		)	(24		)	(4	)	(74		)	(72		)	(3	)
Underwriting expenses incurred	22			19			16		44			39			13		23			17			35		67			56			20
Total benefits and expenses	70			57			23		138			116			19		66			59			12		204			175			17
Life insurance segment profit (loss)	$	(2	)	$	8		nm		$	(3	)	$	10		nm
Life insurance segment profit																	$	5		$	3		67		$	2		$	13		(85	)

Overview

Performance highlights for the life insurance segment include:

Revenues – Revenues increased for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019, compared with the same period a year ago, primarily due to higher earned premiums from term life insurance, our largest life insurance product line.

Net in-force life insurance policy face amounts increased to ~~$68.311~~$69.197 billion at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, from $66.142 billion at year-end 2018.

Fixed annuity deposits received for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019, were ~~$13~~$11 million and ~~$20~~$31 million, compared with $9$6 million and ~~$16~~$23 million for the same periods of 2018. Fixed annuity deposits have a minimal impact to earned premiums because deposits received are initially recorded as liabilities. Profit is earned over time by way of interest-rate spreads. We do not write variable or equity-indexed annuities.

Life Insurance Premiums


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,					Three months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,
	2019		2018		% Change		2019		2018		% Change	2019		2018		% Change	2019		2018		% Change
Term life insurance	$	47	$	44	7		$	92	$	85	8	$	47	$	42	12	$	139	$	127	9
Universal life insurance	10		9		11		20		18		11	11		9		22	31		27		15
Other life insurance and annuity products	10		11		(9	)	21		21		0	12		10		20	33		31		6
Net earned premiums	$	67	$	64	5		$	133	$	124	7	$	70	$	61	15	$	203	$	185	10

Profitability – Our life insurance segment typically reports a small profit or loss on a GAAP basis because profits from investment income spreads are included in our investment segment results. We include only investment income credited to contract holders (including interest assumed in life insurance policy reserve calculations) in our life insurance segment results. A ~~loss~~gain of $3$2 million for our life insurance segment in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with a gain of ~~$10~~$13 million for the same period of 2018, was primarily due to increased mortality expense and less favorable effects from the unlocking of interest rate and actuarial assumptions.

Life insurance segment benefits and expenses consist principally of contract holders' (policyholders') benefits incurred related to traditional life and interest-sensitive products and operating expenses incurred, net of deferred acquisition costs. Total benefits increased in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. Life policy and investment contract reserves increased with continued growth in net in-force life insurance policy face amounts. Mortality results increased, compared with the same period of 2018, and were slightly higher than our 2019 projections.

Underwriting expenses for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019 increased compared with the same period a year ago. For the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, unlocking of interest rate and other actuarial assumptions decreased the amount of expenses deferred to future periods, increasing underwriting expenses. For the first nine months of 2018, unlocking of interest rate and other actuarial assumptions increased the amount of expenses ~~more than occurred in the same period a year ago.~~deferred to future periods, decreasing underwriting expenses.

We recognize that assets under management, capital appreciation and investment income are integral to evaluating the success of the life insurance segment because of the long duration of life products. On a basis that includes investment income and investment gains or losses from life-insurance-related invested assets, the life insurance company reported net income of $8$12 million and ~~$18~~$30 million for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019, compared with net income of ~~$17~~$15 million and ~~$30~~$45 million for the same periods of 2018. The life insurance company portfolio had net after-tax investment losses of ~~less than~~ $1 million and $1$3 million for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019, compared with less than $1 million of net after-tax investment losses for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2018.

INVESTMENTS RESULTS

Overview

The investments segment contributes investment income and investment gains and losses to results of operations. Investments traditionally are our primary source of pretax and after-tax profits.

Investment Income

Pretax investment income increased 5% for the third quarter of 2019 and 4% for ~~both~~ the ~~three and six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019, compared with the same periods of 2018. Interest income was essentially flat, reflecting net purchases of fixed-maturity securities that generally offset the continuing effects of the low interest rate environment. Higher dividend income reflected rising dividend rates and net purchases of equity securities in recent quarters.

Investments Results


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,								Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change
Total investment income, net of expenses	$	160		$	154		4		$	317		$	304		4		$	161		$	154		5		$	478		$	458		4
Investment interest credited to contract holders'	(25		)	(24		)	(4	)	(49		)	(48		)	(2	)	(25		)	(24		)	(4	)	(74		)	(72		)	(3	)
Investment gains and losses, net	364			105			247		1,027			(86		)	nm		86			458			(81	)	1,113			372			199
Investments profit, pretax	$	499		$	235		112		$	1,295		$	170		nm		$	222		$	588		(62	)	$	1,517		$	758		100

We continue to position our portfolio considering both the challenges presented by the current low interest rate environment and the risks presented by potential future inflation. As bonds in our generally laddered portfolio mature or are called over the near term, we will be challenged to replace their current yield. The table below shows the average pretax yield-to-amortized cost associated with expected principal redemptions for our fixed-maturity portfolio. The expected principal redemptions are based on par amounts and include dated maturities, calls and prefunded municipal bonds that we expect will be called during each respective time period.


(Dollars in millions)	% Yield	Principal redemptions		% Yield		Principal redemptions
At June 30, 2019	% Yield	Principal redemptions		% Yield		Principal redemptions
At September 30, 2019				% Yield		Principal redemptions
Fixed-maturity pretax yield profile:				% Yield		Principal redemptions
Expected to mature during the remainder of 2019	5.15	$	260	4.77	%	$	91
Expected to mature during 2020	4.61	634		4.63		600
Expected to mature during 2021	4.33	991		4.35		984
Average yield and total expected maturities from the remainder of 2019 through 2021	4.54	$	1,885	4.47		$	1,675

The table below shows the average pretax yield-to-amortized cost for fixed-maturity securities acquired during the periods indicated. The average yield for total fixed-maturity securities acquired during the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019 was ~~higher~~slightly lower than the 4.20% average yield-to-amortized cost of the fixed-maturity securities portfolio at the end of 2018. Our fixed-maturity portfolio's average yield of ~~4.13%~~4.09% for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, from the investment income table below, was also lower than that yield for the year-end 2018 fixed-maturities portfolio.


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,				Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018		2019		2018		2019		2018
Average pretax yield-to-amortized cost on new fixed-maturities:
Acquired taxable fixed-maturities	4.56	%	4.68	%	4.70	%	4.40	%	3.97	%	4.53	%	4.42	%	4.43	%
Acquired tax-exempt fixed-maturities	3.13		3.72		3.22		3.51		3.14		3.87		3.19		3.63
Average total fixed-maturities acquired	4.14		4.59		4.36		4.30		3.86		4.43		4.19		4.34

While our bond portfolio more than covers our insurance reserve liabilities, we believe our diversified common stock portfolio of mainly blue chip, dividend-paying companies represents one of our best investment opportunities for the long term. We discussed our portfolio strategies in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Investments Segment, Page 26, and Item 7, Investments Outlook, Page 91. We discuss risks related to our investment income and our fixed-maturity and equity investment portfolios in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

The table below provides details about investment income. Average yields in this table are based on the average invested asset and cash amounts indicated in the table, using fixed-maturity securities valued at amortized cost and all other securities at fair value.


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,							Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change
Investment income:
Interest	$	111		$	112		(1	)	$	222		$	222		0	$	110		$	111		(1	)	$	332		$	333		0
Dividends	50			44			14		96			86			12	50			45			11		146			131			11
Other	2			1			100		5			2			150	5			1			400		10			3			233
Less investment expenses	3			3			0		6			6			0	4			3			33		10			9			11
Investment income, pretax	160			154			4		317			304			4	161			154			5		478			458			4
Less income taxes	25			23			9		49			46			7	26			24			8		75			70			7
Total investment income, after-tax	$	135		$	131		3		$	268		$	258		4	$	135		$	130		4		$	403		$	388		4

Investment returns:
Average invested assets plus cash and cash equivalents	$	18,648		$	17,271				$	18,194		$	17,352			$	19,088		$	17,712				$	18,364		$	17,683
Average yield pretax	3.43		%	3.57		%			3.48		%	3.50		%		3.37		%	3.48		%			3.47		%	3.45		%
Average yield after-tax	2.90			3.03					2.95			2.97				2.83			2.94					2.93			2.93
Effective tax rate	15.6			15.2					15.6			15.3				15.7			15.4					15.6			15.3

Fixed-maturity returns:
Average amortized cost	$	10,783		$	10,458				$	10,738		$	10,433			$	10,922		$	10,603				$	10,828		$	10,484
Average yield pretax	4.12		%	4.28		%			4.13		%	4.26		%		4.03		%	4.19		%			4.09		%	4.24		%
Average yield after-tax	3.43			3.58					3.45			3.56				3.36			3.50					3.41			3.54
Effective tax rate	16.6			16.3					16.6			16.3				16.5			16.5					16.6			16.4

Total Investment Gains and Losses

Investment gains and losses are recognized on the sales of investments, for certain changes in fair values of securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. The change in fair value for equity securities still held are included in investment gains and losses and also in net income. The change in unrealized gains or losses for fixed-maturity securities are included as a component of other comprehensive income (OCI). Accounting requirements for other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) charges for the fixed-maturity portfolio are disclosed in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Page 128.

The table below summarizes total investment gains and losses, before taxes.


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,						Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018
Investment gains and losses:
Equity securities:
Investment gains and losses on securities sold, net	$	11		$	4		$	23		$	7		$	—		$	8		$	27		$	17
Unrealized gains and losses on securities still held, net	355			101			999			(97		)	89			450			1,084			351
Subtotal	366			105			1,022			(90		)	89			458			1,111			368
Fixed maturities:
Gross realized gains	1			3			3			7			6			2			9			9
Gross realized losses	(2		)	(1		)	(2		)	(1		)	(1		)	(1		)	(3		)	(2		)
Other-than-temporary impairments													(6		)	—			(6		)	—
Subtotal	$	(1	)	2			1			6			(1		)	1			—			7
Other	(1		)	(2		)	4			(2		)	(2		)	(1		)	2			(3		)
Total investment gains and losses reported in net income	364			105			1,027			(86		)	86			458			1,113			372
Change in unrealized investment gains and losses:
Fixed maturities	200			(80		)	442			(301		)	100			(77		)	542			(378		)
Total	$	564		$	25		$	1,469		$	(387	)	$	186		$	381		$	1,655		$	(6	)

Of the ~~3,828~~3,821 fixed-maturity securities in the portfolio, ~~one security was~~two securities were trading below 70% of amortized cost at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, with a fair value of $5$7 million and an unrealized loss of $2$3 million. Our asset impairment committee regularly monitors the portfolio, including a quarterly review of the entire portfolio for potential OTTI ~~charges.~~charges, resulting in charges disclosed in the table below. We believe that if liquidity in the markets were to significantly deteriorate or economic conditions were to significantly weaken, we could experience declines in portfolio values and possibly additional OTTI charges.

~~We had no~~The table below provides additional details for OTTI ~~charges for either the first six months of 2019 or the first six months of 2018.~~charges.



(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Fixed maturities:
Energy	$	6	$	—	$	6	$	—
Total fixed maturities	$	6	$	—	$	6	$	—

OTHER

We report as Other the noninvestment operations of the parent company and a noninsurance subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. We also report as Other the underwriting results of Cincinnati Re, our reinsurance assumed operation, and Cincinnati Global, since its acquisition on February 28, 2019. Underwriting results in the table below for Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global include earned premiums, loss and loss expenses and underwriting expenses.

Total revenues for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019 for our Other operations increased, compared with the same period of 2018, primarily due to earned premiums from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, with increases of ~~$27~~$41 million and ~~$43~~$111 million, respectively. Total expenses for Other increased for the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, primarily due to more losses and loss expenses from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global.

Other loss in the table below represents losses before income taxes. For both periods shown, Other loss resulted largely from interest expense from debt of the parent company.


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,							Six months ended June 30,							Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			% Change	2019			2018			% Change	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change
Interest and fees on loans and leases	$	1		$	1		0	$	3		$	2		50	$	1		$	2		(50	)	$	4		$	4		0
Earned premiums	79			30			163	129			59			119	116			34			241		245			93			163
Other revenues	1			—			nm	1			—			nm	2			—			nm		3			—			nm
Total revenues	81			31			161	133			61			118	119			36			231		252			97			160
Interest expense	13			13			0	26			26			0	14			14			0		40			40			0
Loss and loss expenses	44			13			238	70			26			169	71			24			196		141			50			182
Underwriting expenses	21			9			133	37			20			85	33			10			230		70			30			133
Operating expenses	4			3			33	12			7			71	5			3			67		17			10			70
Total expenses	82			38			116	145			79			84	123			51			141		268			130			106
Other loss	$	(1	)	$	(7	)	86	$	(12	)	$	(18	)	33
Total other loss															$	(4	)	$	(15	)	73		$	(16	)	$	(33	)	52

TAXES

We had ~~$102~~$46 million and ~~$274~~$320 million of income tax expense for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019, compared with ~~$47~~$65 million and ~~$28~~$93 million for the same periods of 2018. The effective tax rate for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019, was ~~19.2%~~15.6% and ~~19.6%~~18.9% compared with ~~17.8%~~10.5% and ~~13.1%~~11.2% for the same periods last year. The change in our effective tax rate between periods was ~~primarily~~ due to changes in our net investment gains and losses as well as changes in our underwriting income. During the third quarter of 2018, our change in the effective tax rate included a reduction by 8.1% and 6.0% for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, as a result of approved changes to our tax accounting methods, primarily related to the valuation of our tax base unpaid losses. For the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019, there was no material impact to our effective tax rate as a result of our Cincinnati Global acquisition.

Historically, we have pursued a strategy of investing some portion of cash flow in tax-advantaged fixed-maturity and equity securities to minimize our overall tax liability and maximize after-tax earnings. See Tax-Exempt Fixed Maturities in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk for further discussion on municipal bond purchases in our fixed-maturity investment portfolio. For our property casualty insurance subsidiaries, approximately 75% of interest from tax-advantaged fixed-maturity investments and approximately 40% of dividends from qualified equities are exempt from federal tax after applying proration from the 1986 Tax Reform Act. Our noninsurance companies own an immaterial amount of tax-advantaged fixed-maturity investments. For our noninsurance companies, the dividend received deduction exempts 50% of dividends from qualified equities. Our life insurance company does not own tax-advantaged fixed-maturity investments or equities subject to the dividend received deduction. Details about our effective tax rate are in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 9 – Income Taxes.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

At ~~June~~September 30, 2019, shareholders' equity was ~~$9.131~~$9.371 billion, compared with $7.833 billion at December 31, 2018. Total debt was ~~$825~~$826 million at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, up $5$6 million from December 31, 2018. At ~~June~~September 30, 2019, cash and cash equivalents totaled ~~$803~~$787 million, compared with $784 million at December 31, 2018.

SOURCES OF LIQUIDITY

Subsidiary Dividends

Our lead insurance subsidiary declared dividends of ~~$300~~$400 million to the parent company in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with ~~$200~~$300 million for the same period of 2018. For full-year 2018, subsidiary dividends declared totaled $500 million. State of Ohio regulatory requirements restrict the dividends our insurance subsidiary can pay. For full-year 2019, total dividends that our insurance subsidiary could pay to our parent company without regulatory approval are approximately $626 million.

Investing Activities

Investment income is a source of liquidity for both the parent company and its insurance ~~subsidiary.~~subsidiaries. We continue to focus on portfolio strategies to balance near-term income generation and long-term book value growth.

Parent company obligations can be funded with income on investments held at the parent-company level or through sales of securities in that portfolio, although our investment philosophy seeks to compound cash flows over the long term. These sources of capital can help minimize subsidiary dividends to the parent company, protecting insurance subsidiary capital.

For a discussion of our historic investment strategy, portfolio allocation and quality, see our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Investments Segment, Page 26.

Insurance Underwriting

Our property casualty and life insurance underwriting operations provide liquidity because we generally receive premiums before paying losses under the policies purchased with those premiums. After satisfying our cash requirements, we use excess cash flows for investment, increasing future investment income.

Historically, cash receipts from property casualty and life insurance premiums, along with investment income, have been more than sufficient to pay claims, operating expenses and dividends to the parent company.

The table below shows a summary of operating cash flow for property casualty insurance (direct method):


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,								Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change		2019			2018			% Change
Premiums collected	$	1,443		$	1,310		10		$	2,792		$	2,579		8		$	1,405		$	1,263		11		$	4,197		$	3,842		9
Loss and loss expenses paid	(798		)	(695		)	(15	)	(1,622		)	(1,409		)	(15	)	(830		)	(705		)	(18	)	(2,452		)	(2,114		)	(16	)
Commissions and other underwriting expenses paid	(383		)	(352		)	(9	)	(897		)	(871		)	(3	)	(385		)	(356		)	(8	)	(1,282		)	(1,227		)	(4	)
Cash flow from underwriting	262			263			—		273			299			(9	)	190			202			(6	)	463			501			(8	)
Investment income received	107			103			4		220			211			4		118			110			7		338			321			5
Cash flow from operations	$	369		$	366		1		$	493		$	510		(3	)	$	308		$	312		(1	)	$	801		$	822		(3	)

Collected premiums for property casualty insurance rose ~~$213~~$355 million during the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, compared with the same period in 2018. Loss and loss expenses paid for the 2019 period increased ~~$213~~$338 million. Commissions and other underwriting expenses paid increased ~~$26~~$55 million, primarily due to higher commissions paid to agencies, reflecting the increase in collected premiums.

We discuss our future obligations for claims payments and for underwriting expenses in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Contractual Obligations, Page 97, and Other Commitments also on Page 97.

Capital Resources

At ~~June~~September 30, 2019, our debt-to-total-capital ratio was ~~8.3%~~8.1%, with $788 million in long-term debt and ~~$37~~$38 million in borrowing on our revolving short-term line of credit. That line of credit had a $32 million balance at December 31, 2018. At ~~June~~September 30, 2019, ~~$263~~$262 million was available for future cash management needs as part of the general provisions of the line of credit agreement, with another $300 million available as part of an accordion feature. Based on our capital requirements at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, we do not anticipate a material increase in debt levels exceeding the available line of credit amount during the remainder of the year. As a result, we expect changes in our debt-to-total-capital ratio to continue to be largely a function of the contribution of unrealized investment gains or losses to shareholders' equity. As part of our Cincinnati Global acquisition, on February 25, 2019, we entered into an unsecured letter of credit agreement to provide a portion of the capital needed to support its obligations at Lloyd's. The amount of this unsecured letter of credit agreement was $234 million at ~~June~~September 30, 2019.

We provide details of our three long-term notes in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 3 – Fair Value Measurements. None of the notes are encumbered by rating triggers.

Four independent ratings firms award insurer financial strength ratings to our property casualty insurance companies and three firms rate our life insurance company. Those firms made no changes to our parent company debt ratings during the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. Our debt ratings are discussed in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, Other Sources of Liquidity, Page 95.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not use any special-purpose financing vehicles or have any undisclosed off-balance sheet arrangements (as that term is defined in applicable SEC rules) that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on the company's financial condition, results of operation, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. Similarly, the company holds no fair-value contracts for which a lack of marketplace quotations would necessitate the use of fair-value techniques.

USES OF LIQUIDITY

Our parent company and insurance subsidiary have contractual obligations and other commitments. In addition, one of our primary uses of cash is to enhance shareholder return.

Contractual Obligations

We estimated our future contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018, in our 2018 Annual Report on Form

10-K, Item 7, Contractual Obligations, Page 97. There have been no material changes to our estimates of future contractual obligations since our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Other Commitments

In addition to our contractual obligations, we have other property casualty operational commitments.

Commissions – Commissions paid were ~~$582~~$806 million in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. Commission payments generally track with written premiums, except for annual profit-sharing commissions typically paid during the first quarter of the year.

Other underwriting expenses – Many of our underwriting expenses are not contractual obligations, but reflect the ongoing expenses of our business. Noncommission underwriting expenses paid were ~~$315~~$476 million in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019.

Technology costs – In addition to contractual obligations for hardware and software, we anticipate capitalizing up to $7 million in spending for key technology initiatives in 2019. Capitalized development costs related to key technology initiatives were $4$6 million in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. These activities are conducted at our discretion, and we have no material contractual obligations for activities planned as part of these projects.

Funds at Lloyd's – From time to time, we may be required to meet certain cash funding requirements on behalf of Cincinnati Global. During the first ~~half~~nine months of 2019, the parent company ~~paid~~deposited $50 million with Lloyd's to ~~Lloyd's.~~meet these funding requirements.

There were no contributions to our qualified pension plan during the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019.

Investing Activities

After fulfilling operating requirements, we invest cash flows from underwriting, investment and other corporate activities in fixed-maturity and equity securities on an ongoing basis to help achieve our portfolio objectives. We discuss our investment strategy and certain portfolio attributes in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Uses of Capital

Uses of cash to enhance shareholder return include dividends to shareholders. In February 2019, the board of directors declared regular quarterly cash dividends of 56 cents per share for an indicated annual rate of $2.24 per share. During the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, we used ~~$175~~$265 million to pay cash dividends to shareholders.

PROPERTY CASUALTY INSURANCE LOSS AND LOSS EXPENSE RESERVES

For the business lines in the commercial and personal lines insurance segments, and in total for the excess and surplus lines insurance segment and other property casualty insurance operations, the following table details gross reserves among case, IBNR (incurred but not reported) and loss expense reserves, net of salvage and subrogation reserves. Reserving practices are discussed in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves, Page 98.

Total gross reserves at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, increased ~~$308~~$351 million compared with December 31, 2018. Case loss reserves for losses increased ~~$161~~$222 million, IBNR loss reserves increased by ~~$140~~$105 million and loss expense reserves increased by $7$24 million. The total gross increase was primarily due to the inclusion of reserves for recently acquired Cincinnati Global.

Property Casualty Gross Reserves


(Dollars in millions)	Loss reserves							Loss expense reserves				Total gross reserves							Loss reserves								Loss expense reserves				Total gross reserves
	Case reserves			IBNR reserves							Percent of total					Case reserves				IBNR reserves						Percent of total
At June 30, 2019			Loss expense reserves	IBNR reserves			Total gross reserves				Percent of total									IBNR reserves						Percent of total
At September 30, 2019																Case reserves				Case reserves				IBNR reserves						Loss expense reserves			Total gross reserves		Percent of total
Commercial lines insurance:	Case reserves																			Case reserves															Percent of total
Commercial casualty	$	911			$	676				$	605			$	2,192			36.8	%		$	935		IBNR reserves			$	677								$	614	37.1	%
Commercial property	295				55					63				413				6.9			313				16				63				392			6.5
Commercial auto	390			175				139				704				11.8			401				169				140				710			11.8
Workers' compensation	393			520				92				1,005				16.9			409				508				91				1,008			16.8
Other commercial	108			6				67				181				3.0			107				9				68				184			3.1
Subtotal	2,097			1,432				966				4,495				75.4			2,165				1,379				976				4,520			75.3
Personal lines insurance:
Personal auto	228			57				75				360				6.1			230				54				76				360			6.0
Homeowner	158			21				37				216				3.6			147				10				39				196			3.3
Other personal	47			61				5				113				1.9			46				65				5				116			1.9
Subtotal	433			139				117				689				11.6			423				129				120				672			11.2
Excess and surplus lines insurance	133			93				93				319				5.4			146				91				97				334			5.6
Cincinnati Re	45			168				2				215				3.6			46				185				2				233			3.9
Cincinnati Global	177			57				2				236				4.0			166				70				2				238			4.0
Total	$	2,885		$	1,889			$	1,180			$	5,954			100.0	%		$	2,946			$	1,854			$	1,197			$	5,997		100.0	%
At December 31, 2018
Commercial lines insurance:
Commercial casualty	$	981		$	647			$	604			$	2,232			39.5	%		$	981			$	647			$	604			$	2,232		39.5	%
Commercial property	270			12				60				342				6.1			270				12				60				342			6.1
Commercial auto	402			152				141				695				12.3			402				152				141				695			12.3
Workers' compensation	384			542				92				1,018				18.0			384				542				92				1,018			18.0
Other commercial	99			7				73				179				3.2			99				7				73				179			3.2
Subtotal	2,136			1,360				970				4,466				79.1			2,136				1,360				970				4,466			79.1
Personal lines insurance:
Personal auto	240			50				72				362				6.3			240				50				72				362			6.3
Homeowner	152			9				40				201				3.6			152				9				40				201			3.6
Other personal	46			65				5				116				2.1			46				65				5				116			2.1
Subtotal	438			124				117				679				12.0			438				124				117				679			12.0
Excess and surplus lines insurance	118			96				84				298				5.3			118				96				84				298			5.3
Cincinnati Re	32			169				2				203				3.6			32				169				2				203			3.6
Total	$	2,724		$	1,749			$	1,173			$	5,646			100.0	%		$	2,724			$	1,749			$	1,173			$	5,646		100.0	%

LIFE POLICY AND INVESTMENT CONTRACT RESERVES

Gross life policy and investment contract reserves were ~~$2.798~~$2.816 billion at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, compared with $2.779 billion at year-end 2018, reflecting continued growth in life insurance policies in force. We discuss our life insurance reserving practices in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Life Insurance Policyholder Obligations and Reserves, Page 104.

OTHER MATTERS

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Our significant accounting policies are discussed in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Page 128, and updated in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 1, Accounting Policies.

In conjunction with those discussions, in the Management's Discussion and Analysis in the 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, management reviewed the estimates and assumptions used to develop reported amounts related to the most significant policies. Management discussed the development and selection of those accounting estimates with the audit committee of the board of directors.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Our greatest exposure to market risk is through our investment portfolio. Market risk is the potential for a decrease in securities' fair value resulting from broad yet uncontrollable forces such as: inflation, economic growth or recession, interest rates, world political conditions or other widespread unpredictable events. It is comprised of many individual risks that, when combined, create a macroeconomic impact.

Our view of potential risks and our sensitivity to such risks is discussed in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, Page 113.

The fair value of our investment portfolio was ~~$18.332~~$18.776 billion at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, up ~~$1.723~~$2.167 billion from year-end 2018, including a ~~$631~~$911 million increase in the fixed-maturity portfolio and a ~~$1.092~~$1.256 billion increase in the equity portfolio.


(Dollars in millions)	At June 30, 2019								At December 31, 2018								At September 30, 2019								At December 31, 2018
	Cost or amortized cost		Percent of total		Fair value		Percent of total		Cost or amortized cost		Percent of total		Fair value		Percent of total		Cost or amortized cost		Percent of total		Fair value		Percent of total		Cost or amortized cost		Percent of total		Fair value		Percent of total
Taxable fixed maturities	$	7,032	49.1	%	$	7,331	40.0	%	$	6,920	49.4	%	$	6,926	41.7	%	$	7,171	49.2	%	$	7,527	40.1	%	$	6,920	49.4	%	$	6,926	41.7	%
Tax-exempt fixed maturities	3,800		26.6		3,989		21.8		3,723		26.6		3,763		22.6		3,841		26.4		4,073		21.7		3,723		26.6		3,763		22.6
Common equities	3,298		23.1		6,821		37.2		3,195		22.8		5,742		34.6		3,350		23.0		6,956		37.0		3,195		22.8		5,742		34.6
Nonredeemable preferred equities	173		1.2		191		1.0		173		1.2		178		1.1		198		1.4		220		1.2		173		1.2		178		1.1
Total	$	14,303	100.0	%	$	18,332	100.0	%	$	14,011	100.0	%	$	16,609	100.0	%	$	14,560	100.0	%	$	18,776	100.0	%	$	14,011	100.0	%	$	16,609	100.0	%

At ~~June~~September 30, 2019, our consolidated investment portfolio included $5less than $1 million of assets for which values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require significant management judgment (Level 3 assets). This represented less than 1% of investment portfolio assets measured at fair value. See Item 1, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements, for additional discussion of our valuation techniques. We have generally obtained and evaluated two nonbinding quotes from brokers; then, our investment professionals determined our best estimate of fair value. These investments include private placements, small issues and various thinly traded securities.

In addition to our investment portfolio, the total investments amount reported in our condensed consolidated balance sheets includes Other invested assets. Other invested assets included ~~$33~~$32 million of life policy loans, ~~$145~~$148 million in Lloyd's deposits, ~~$63~~$73 million of private equity investments and $30 million of real estate through direct property ownership and development projects in the United States at ~~June~~September 30, 2019.

FIXED-MATURITY SECURITIES INVESTMENTS

By maintaining a well-diversified fixed-maturity portfolio, we attempt to reduce overall risk. We invest new money in the bond market on a regular basis, targeting what we believe to be optimal risk-adjusted, after-tax yields. Risk, in this context, includes interest rate, call, reinvestment rate, credit and liquidity risk. We do not make a concerted effort to alter duration on a portfolio basis in response to anticipated movements in interest rates. By regularly investing in the bond market, we build a broad, diversified portfolio that we believe mitigates the impact of adverse economic factors.

In the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, the increase in fair value of our fixed-maturity portfolio reflected both net purchases of securities and an increase in net unrealized gains, primarily due to a decrease in interest ~~rates and a narrowing of corporate credit spreads.~~rates. At ~~June~~September 30, 2019, our fixed-maturity portfolio with an average rating of ~~A2/~~A3/A was valued at ~~104.5%~~105.3% of its amortized cost, compared with 100.4% at December 31, 2018.

At ~~June~~September 30, 2019, our investment-grade and noninvestment-grade fixed-maturity securities represented ~~86.2%~~86.0% and 2.5% of the portfolio, respectively. The remaining ~~11.3%~~11.5% represented fixed-maturity securities that were not rated by Moody's or S&P Global Ratings.

Attributes of the fixed-maturity portfolio include:


	At June 30, 2019		At December 31, 2018		At September 30, 2019		At December 31, 2018
Weighted average yield-to-amortized cost	4.13	%	4.20	%	4.11	%	4.20	%
Weighted average maturity	7.8	yrs	7.6	yrs	7.7	yrs	7.6	yrs
Effective duration	5.0	yrs	5.2	yrs	4.8	yrs	5.2	yrs

We discuss maturities of our fixed-maturity portfolio in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 2, Investments, Page 137, and in this quarterly report Item 2, Investments Results.

TAXABLE FIXED MATURITIES

Our taxable fixed-maturity portfolio, with a fair value of ~~$7.331~~$7.527 billion at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, included:


(Dollars in millions)	At June 30, 2019		At December 31, 2018		At September 30, 2019		At December 31, 2018
Investment-grade corporate	$	5,799	$	5,464	$	6,128	$	5,464
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	560		541		517		541
Commercial mortgage backed	301		288		305		288
Noninvestment-grade corporate					282		246
Government sponsored enterprises	282		310		162		310
Noninvestment-grade corporate	272		246
United States government	100		67		109		67
Foreign government	17		10		24		10
Total	$	7,331	$	6,926	$	7,527	$	6,926

Our strategy is to buy, and typically hold, fixed-maturity investments to maturity, but we monitor credit profiles and fair value movements when determining holding periods for individual securities. With the exception of United States agency issues that include government-sponsored enterprises, no individual issuer's securities accounted for more than 1.1% of the taxable fixed-maturity portfolio at ~~June~~September 30, 2019. Our investment-grade corporate bonds had an average rating of Baa2 by Moody's or BBB by S&P Global Ratings and represented ~~79.1%~~81.4% of the taxable fixed-maturity portfolio's fair value at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, compared with 78.9% at year-end 2018.

The heaviest concentration in our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio, based on fair value at

~~June~~September 30, 2019, was the financial sector. It represented ~~45.8%~~43.4% of our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio, compared with 47.1% at year-end 2018. No other sector exceeded 10% of our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio.

Our taxable fixed-maturity portfolio at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, included ~~$301~~$305 million of commercial mortgage-backed securities with an average rating of Aa1/AA.

TAX-EXEMPT FIXED MATURITIES

At ~~June~~September 30, 2019, we had ~~$3.989~~$4.073 billion of tax-exempt fixed-maturity securities with an average rating of Aa2/AA by Moody's and S&P Global Ratings. We traditionally have purchased municipal bonds focusing on general obligation and essential services issues, such as water, waste disposal or others. The portfolio is well diversified among approximately 1,450 municipal bond issuers. No single municipal issuer accounted for more than 0.6% of the tax-exempt fixed-maturity portfolio at ~~June~~September 30, 2019.

INTEREST RATE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

Because of our strong surplus, long-term investment horizon and ability to hold most fixed-maturity investments until maturity, we believe the company is adequately positioned if interest rates were to rise. Although the fair values of our existing holdings may suffer, a higher rate environment would provide the opportunity to invest cash flow in higher-yielding securities, while reducing the likelihood of untimely redemptions of currently callable securities. While higher interest rates would be expected to continue to increase the number of fixed-maturity holdings trading below 100% of amortized cost, we believe lower fixed-maturity security values due solely to interest rate changes would not signal a decline in credit quality. We continue to manage the portfolio with an eye toward both meeting current income needs and managing interest rate risk.

Our dynamic financial planning model uses analytical tools to assess market risks. As part of this model, the effective duration of the fixed-maturity portfolio is continually monitored by our investment department to evaluate the theoretical impact of interest rate movements.

The table below summarizes the effect of hypothetical changes in interest rates on the fair value of the fixed-maturity portfolio:


(Dollars in millions)	Effect from interest rate change in basis points										Effect from interest rate change in basis points
	-200		-100		-		100		200		-200		-100		-		100		200
At June 30, 2019	$	12,444	$	11,875	$	11,320	$	10,743	$	10,168
At September 30, 2019											$	12,752	$	12,164	$	11,600	$	11,029	$	10,453
At December 31, 2018	$	11,793	$	11,245	$	10,689	$	10,121	$	9,576	$	11,793	$	11,245	$	10,689	$	10,121	$	9,576

The effective duration of the fixed-maturity portfolio as of ~~June~~September 30, 2019, was ~~5.0~~4.8 years, down from 5.2 years at year-end 2018. The above table is a theoretical presentation showing that an instantaneous, parallel shift in the yield curve of 100 basis points could produce an approximately ~~5.0%~~4.9% change in the fair value of the fixed-maturity portfolio. Generally speaking, the higher a bond is rated, the more directly correlated movements in its fair value are to changes in the general level of interest rates, exclusive of call features. The fair values of average- to lower-rated corporate bonds are additionally influenced by the expansion or contraction of credit spreads.

In our dynamic financial planning model, the selected interest rate change of 100 to 200 basis points represents our view of a shift in rates that is quite possible over a one-year period. The rates modeled should not be considered a prediction of future events as interest rates may be much more volatile in the future. The analysis is not intended to provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in rates on our results or financial condition, nor does it take into account any actions that we might take to reduce exposure to such risks.

EQUITY INVESTMENTS

Our equity investments, with a fair value totaling ~~$7.012~~$7.176 billion at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, included ~~$6.821~~$6.956 billion of common stock securities of companies generally with strong indications of paying and growing their dividends. Other criteria we evaluate include increasing sales and earnings, proven management and a favorable outlook. We believe our equity investment style is an appropriate long-term strategy. While our long-term financial position would be affected by prolonged changes in the market valuation of our investments, we believe our strong surplus position and cash flow provide a cushion against short-term fluctuations in valuation. Continued payment of cash dividends by the issuers of our common equity holdings can provide a floor to their valuation.

The table below summarizes the effect of hypothetical changes in market prices on fair value of our equity portfolio.


(Dollars in millions)	Effect from market price change in percent															Effect from market price change in percent
		-30%		-20%		-10%		—		10%		20%		30%			-30%		-20%		-10%		—		10%		20%		30%
At June 30, 2019		$	4,908	$	5,610	$	6,311	$	7,012	$	7,713	$	8,414	$	9,116
At September 30, 2019																	$	5,023	$	5,741	$	6,458	$	7,176	$	7,894	$	8,611	$	9,329
At December 31, 2018		$	4,144	$	4,736	$	5,328	$	5,920	$	6,512	$	7,104	$	7,696		$	4,144	$	4,736	$	5,328	$	5,920	$	6,512	$	7,104	$	7,696

At ~~June~~September 30, 2019, Microsoft Corporation (Nasdaq:MSFT) was our largest single common stock holding with a fair value of ~~$336~~$349 million, or ~~4.9%~~5.0% of our publicly traded common stock portfolio and ~~1.8%~~1.9% of the total investment portfolio. Thirty-eight holdings among ~~nine~~10 different sectors each had a fair value greater than $100 million.

Common Stock Portfolio Industry Sector Distribution


	Percent of common stock portfolio								Percent of common stock portfolio
	At June 30, 2019				At December 31, 2018				At September 30, 2019				At December 31, 2018
	Cincinnati Financial		S&P 500 Industry Weightings		Cincinnati Financial		S&P 500 Industry Weightings		Cincinnati Financial		S&P 500 Industry Weightings		Cincinnati Financial		S&P 500 Industry Weightings
Sector:
Information technology	22.5	%	21.5	%	20.9	%	20.1	%	22.7	%	21.9	%	20.9	%	20.1	%
Financial	15.4		13.0		15.6		13.3		15.7		12.9		15.6		13.3
Industrials	13.0		9.4		12.5		9.2		12.5		9.4		12.5		9.2
Healthcare	12.8		14.2		14.9		15.6		11.7		13.7		14.9		15.6
Consumer discretionary	10.3		10.2		10.5		10.0		10.8		10.1		10.5		10.0
Energy	6.9		5.1		6.7		5.3		6.5		4.5		6.7		5.3
Consumer staples	5.8		7.3		5.6		7.4		6.3		7.6		5.6		7.4
Materials	4.8		2.8		4.9		2.7		5.0		2.7		4.9		2.7
Telecomm services	3.5		10.2		3.5		10.1		3.5		10.4		3.5		10.1
Utilities	2.5		3.3		2.7		3.3		2.7		3.6		2.7		3.3
Real Estate	2.5		3.0		2.2		3.0		2.6		3.2		2.2		3.0
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

UNREALIZED INVESTMENT GAINS AND LOSSES

At ~~June~~September 30, 2019, unrealized investment gains before taxes for the fixed-maturity portfolio totaled ~~$502~~$601 million and unrealized investment losses amounted to ~~$14~~$13 million before taxes.

The ~~$488~~$588 million net unrealized gain position in our fixed-maturity portfolio at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, increased in the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019, primarily due to a decrease in interest ~~rates and a narrowing of corporate credit spreads.~~rates. The net gain position for our current fixed-maturity holdings will naturally decline over time as individual securities mature. In addition, changes in interest rates can cause rapid, significant changes in fair values of fixed-maturity securities and the net gain position, as discussed in Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

For federal income tax purposes, taxes on gains from appreciated investments generally are not due until securities are sold. We believe that the appreciated value of equity securities, compared with the cost of securities that is generally used as a tax basis, is a useful measure to help evaluate how fair value can change over time. On this basis, the net unrealized investment gains at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, consisted of a net gain position in our equity portfolio of ~~$3.541~~$3.628 billion. Events or factors such as economic growth or recession can affect the fair value and unrealized investment gains of our equity securities. The five largest holdings in our common stock portfolio were Microsoft, ~~Corporation (Nasdaq:MSFT),~~ Apple Inc. (Nasdaq:AAPL), JP Morgan Chase & Co. (NYSE:JPM), ~~BlackRock~~CME Group Inc. (NYSE:~~BLK)~~CME) and ~~Cisco Systems (Nasdaq:SCO)~~Accenture plc (NYSE:ACN), which had a combined fair value of ~~$1.285~~$1.359 billion.

Unrealized Investment Losses

We expect the number of fixed-maturity securities trading below amortized cost to fluctuate as interest rates rise or fall and credit spreads expand or contract due to prevailing economic conditions. Further, amortized costs for some securities are revised through OTTI recognized in prior periods. At ~~June~~September 30, 2019, ~~136~~127 of the ~~3,828~~3,821 fixed-maturity securities we owned had fair values below amortized cost, compared with 1,262 of the 3,606 securities we owned at year-end 2018. The ~~136~~127 holdings with fair values below ~~cost or~~ amortized cost at ~~June~~September 30, 2019, represented ~~4.8%~~5.1% of the fair value of our fixed-maturity investment portfolio and ~~$14~~$13 million in unrealized losses.

~~129~~122 of the ~~136~~127 holdings had fair value between 90% and 100% of amortized cost at ~~June~~September 30, 2019. These primarily consist of securities whose current valuation is largely the result of interest rate factors. The fair value of these ~~129~~122 securities was ~~$516~~$570 million, and they accounted for $7$6 million in unrealized losses.

63 of the ~~136~~127 fixed-maturity holdings had fair value between 70% and 90% of amortized cost at ~~June~~September 30, 2019. We believe the ~~six~~three fixed-maturity securities will continue to pay interest and ultimately pay principal upon maturity. The issuers of these ~~six~~three securities have strong cash flow to service their debt and meet their

contractual obligation to make principal payments. The fair value of these securities was ~~$24~~$15 million, and they accounted for $5$4 million in unrealized losses.

12 of the ~~136~~127 fixed-maturity holdings had fair value below 70% of amortized cost at ~~June~~September 30, 2019. We believe ~~the~~these fixed-maturity ~~security~~securities will continue to pay interest and ultimately pay principal upon maturity. The fair value of ~~this security~~these securities was $5$7 million, and itthey accounted for $2$3 million in unrealized losses.

The table below reviews fair values and unrealized losses by investment category and by the overall duration of the securities' continuous unrealized loss position.


(Dollars in millions)	Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total				Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
At June 30, 2019	value		losses		value		losses		value		losses
At September 30, 2019													value		losses		value		losses		value		losses
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate	$	78	$	2	$	294	$	11	$	372	$	13	$	254	$	4	$	198	$	9	$	452	$	13
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	13		—		21		—		34		—		9		—		13		—		22		—
Commercial mortgage-backed	—		—		5		—		5		—
Government-sponsored enterprises	7		—		117		1		124		1		19		—		78		—		97		—
United States government	5		—		4		—		9		—		5		—		4		—		9		—
Foreign government	1		—		—		—		1		—		12		—		—		—		12		—
Total	$	104	$	2	$	441	$	12	$	545	$	14	$	299	$	4	$	293	$	9	$	592	$	13
At December 31, 2018
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate	$	2,082	$	51	$	501	$	36	$	2,583	$	87	$	2,082	$	51	$	501	$	36	$	2,583	$	87
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	823		18		340		13		1,163		31		823		18		340		13		1,163		31
Commercial mortgage-backed	77		—		64		2		141		2		77		—		64		2		141		2
Government-sponsored enterprises	49		1		211		6		260		7		49		1		211		6		260		7
United States government	—		—		33		1		33		1		—		—		33		1		33		1
Total	$	3,031	$	70	$	1,149	$	58	$	4,180	$	128	$	3,031	$	70	$	1,149	$	58	$	4,180	$	128

At ~~June~~September 30, 2019, ~~100~~62 fixed-maturity securities with a total unrealized loss of ~~$12~~$9 million had been in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or more. Of that total, ~~one~~two fixed-maturity ~~security~~securities had a fair value below 70% of amortized cost with a fair value of $7 million and accounted for $2$3 million in unrealized losses; ~~five~~two fixed-maturity securities with a fair value of ~~$21~~$13 million had a fair value from 70% to less than 90% of amortized cost and accounted for $4 million in unrealized losses; and 9458 fixed-maturity securities with a fair value of ~~$415~~$273 million had fair values from 90% to less than 100% of amortized cost and accounted for $6$2 million in unrealized losses.

At ~~June~~September 30, 2019, applying our invested asset impairment policy, we determined that the total of ~~$12~~$9 million, for securities in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or more in the table above, was not other-than-temporarily impaired.

During the ~~second~~third quarter of 2019, notwo securities were written down through an impairment charge and none were written down during the first ~~quarter~~two quarters of 2019. ~~Similarly,~~ OTTI resulted in no$6 million of noncash charges for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, ~~2018.~~2019. During the first nine months of 2018, there were no OTTI charges.

During full-year 2018, we wrote down one security and recorded $5 million in OTTI charges. At December 31, 2018, 400 fixed-maturity investments with a total unrealized loss of $58 million had been in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or more. Of that total, no fixed-maturity investments had fair values below 70% of amortized cost.

The following table summarizes the investment portfolio by severity of decline:


(Dollars in millions)	Number of issues	Cost or amortized cost			Fair value				Gross unrealized gain (loss)				Gross investment income				Number of issues		Amortized cost		Fair value			Gross unrealized gain (loss)				Gross investment income
At June 30, 2019									Gross unrealized gain (loss)				Gross investment income				Number of issues		Amortized cost		Fair value			Gross unrealized gain (loss)				Gross investment income
At September 30, 2019																	Number of issues		Amortized cost		Fair value			Gross unrealized gain (loss)				Gross investment income
Taxable fixed maturities:	Number of issues																Number of issues							Gross unrealized gain (loss)				Gross investment income
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost	1	Cost or amortized cost	$	7	Fair value		$	5			$	(2	)		$	—		2	Amortized cost		Fair value		$	10			$	7		$	(3	)	$	—
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost	123	532			520				(12		)		9				117		585		575			(10		)		11
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost	1,631	6,493			6,806				313				145				1,592		6,576		6,945			369				212
Investment income on securities sold in current year	—	—			—				—				8				—		—		—			—				19
Total	1,755	7,032			7,331				299				162				1,711		7,171		7,527			356				242
Tax-exempt fixed maturities:
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost	—	—			—				—				—				—		—		—			—				—
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost	12	20			20				—				—				8		10		10			—				—
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost	2,061	3,780			3,969				189				59				2,102		3,831		4,063			232				89
Investment income on securities sold in current year	—	—			—				—				1				—		—		—			—				2
Total	2,073	3,800			3,989				189				60				2,110		3,841		4,073			232				91
Fixed-maturities summary:
Fair valued below 70% of cost or amortized cost	1	7			5				(2		)		—
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of cost or amortized cost	135	552			540				(12		)		9
Fair valued at 100% and above of cost or amortized cost	3,692	10,273			10,775				502				204
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost																	2		10		7			(3		)		—
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost																	125		595		585			(10		)		11
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost																	3,694		10,407		11,008			601				301
Investment income on securities sold in current year	—	—			—				—				9				—		—		—			—				21
Total	3,828	$	10,832		$	11,320			$	488			$	222			3,821		$	11,012	$	11,600		$	588			$	333

At December 31, 2018
Fixed-maturities summary:
Fair valued below 70% of cost or amortized cost	—	$	—		$	—			$	—			$	—
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of cost or amortized cost	1,262	4,308			4,180				(128		)		147
Fair valued at 100% and above of cost or amortized cost	2,344	6,335			6,509				174				269
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost																	—		$	—	$	—		$	—			$	—
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost																	1,262		4,308		4,180			(128		)		147
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost																	2,344		6,335		6,509			174				269
Investment income on securities sold in current year	—	—			—				—				28				—		—		—			—				28
Total	3,606	$	10,643		$	10,689			$	46			$	444			3,606		$	10,643	$	10,689		$	46			$	444

See our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Asset Impairment, Page 58.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures – The company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act)).

Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. The company's management, with the participation of the company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the company's disclosure controls and procedures as of ~~June~~September 30, 2019. Based upon that evaluation, the company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the design and operation of the company's disclosure controls and procedures provided reasonable assurance that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure:

that information required to be disclosed in the company's reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms, and

that such information is accumulated and communicated to the company's management, including its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting – During the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2019, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. On February 28, 2019, we completed the acquisition of MSP, rebranded as Cincinnati Global effective May 1, 2019. Cincinnati Global's existing disclosure controls and procedures supported our financial reporting as of ~~June~~September 30, 2019. In conducting our evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, we have elected to exclude Cincinnati Global from our evaluation as permitted under SEC rules. We are currently in the process of evaluating and integrating Cincinnati Global's internal controls over financial reporting with ours. ~~We expect to complete this integration by December 31, 2019.~~

Part II – Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Neither the company nor any of our subsidiaries are involved in any litigation believed to be material other than ordinary, routine litigation incidental to the nature of our business.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our risk factors have not changed materially since they were described in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 22, 2019, and are incorporated herein by reference, except we no longer have risks or uncertainties associated with the timely or successful completion of the acquisition of ~~MSP.~~Cincinnati Global. This transaction was completed as reported on Form 8-K filed February 28, 2019.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

We did not sell any of our shares that were not registered under the Securities Act during the first ~~six~~nine months of 2019. Our repurchase program was expanded on October 22, 2007, to increase our repurchase authorization to approximately 13 million shares. Our repurchase program does not have an expiration date. On January 26, 2018, an additional 15 million shares were authorized, ~~resulting in 15,476,785~~which expanded our current repurchase program. We have 15,430,320 shares available for purchase under our programs at ~~June~~September 30, 2019.

~~Period~~

~~Total number~~

~~of shares~~

~~purchased~~

~~Average~~

~~price paid~~

~~per share~~

~~Total number of shares~~

~~purchased as part of~~

~~publicly announced~~

~~plans or programs~~

~~Maximum number of~~

~~shares that may yet be~~

~~purchased under the~~

~~plans or programs~~

~~April 1-30, 2019~~

—

~~15,476,785~~

~~May 1-31, 2019~~

—

~~15,476,785~~

~~June 1-30, 2019~~

—

~~15,476,785~~

~~Totals~~

—



Period	Total number of shares purchased	Average price paid per share		Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs	Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs
July 1-31, 2019	—	—		—	15,476,785
August 1-31, 2019	46,465	$	104.98	46,465	15,430,320
September 1-30, 2019	—	—		—	15,430,320
Totals	46,465	104.98		46,465

Item 6. Exhibits



Exhibit No.		Exhibit Description
3.1		Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Cincinnati Financial Corporation (incorporated by reference to the company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2017, Exhibit 3.1)
3.2		Amended and Restated Code of Regulations of Cincinnati Financial Corporation, as of May 5, 2018 (incorporated by reference to the company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018, Exhibit 3.2)
31A		Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 – Chief Executive Officer
31B		Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 – Chief Financial Officer
32		Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS		The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION

Date: ~~July 30,~~October 24, 2019

/S/ Michael J. Sewell

Michael J. Sewell, CPA

Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President and Treasurer

(Principal Accounting Officer)

Cincinnati Financial Corporation ~~Second-Quarter~~Third-Quarter 2019 10-Q

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