Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreasedincreased by 5%18% from the prior year. Outside commission expense decreasedincreased by 23%14% from last year's level due to lowerhigher levels of commissionable sales. Other selling, general and administrative expenses increased 3%19% from last year to this.this year primarily due to increases in advertising and personnel costs.

The above factors resulted in an operating income of $445,000$899,000 for the six months ended November 30, 2017, 73% less than the $1,638,0002021, as compared to an operating loss of $478,000 in the same period of the prior year.

Other income during the prior period includes $1,462,000 of income due to the forgiveness of the loan by the Small Business Administration (SBA) under the Paycheck Protection Program of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act.

A summary of the period-to-period changes in the principal items included in the condensed consolidated statements of income is shown below:

Sales under certain fixed-price contracts, in which the product has no alternative use to the Company and the Company has enforceable rights to payment for progress completed to date, inclusive of profit, are accounted for under the percentage-of-completion method of accounting whereby revenues are recognized based on estimates of completion prepared on a ratio of cost to total estimated cost basis. Costs include all material and direct and indirect charges related to specific contracts.

Adjustments to cost estimates are made periodically and any losses expected to be incurred on contracts in progress are charged to operations in the period such losses are determined. However, any profits expected on contracts in progress are recognized over the life of the contract.

For financial statement presentation purposes, the Company nets progress billings against the total costs incurred and estimated earnings recognized on uncompleted contracts. The asset, "costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings," represents revenues recognized in excess of amounts billed. The liability, "billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings," represents billings in excess of revenues recognized.

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For the three months ended November 30, 20172021 (All figures discussed are for the three months ended November 30, 20172021 as compared to the three months ended November 30, 2016)2020).

The Company's consolidated results of operations showed a 38% decrease64% increase in net revenues and a decreasean increase in net income of 94%2%. Revenues recorded in the current period for long-term construction projects (“Project(s)”) were 53% less261% more than the level recorded in the prior year. WeThe Company had 3126 Projects in process during the current period as compared with 29to 21 during the same period last year. Revenues recorded in the current period for other-than long-term construction projects (non-projects) were 1% more24% less than the level recorded in the prior year. Total sales within the U.S. decreased 38%increased 76% from the same period last year. Total sales to Asia decreased 17%increased 64% from the same period of the prior year. Sales decreasesincreases were recorded over the same period last year to customers involved in construction of buildings and bridges (62%(238%), were offset slightly by increases in salesas well as to industrial customers (25%(3%) and. There was a decrease in sales to customers in aerospace / defense (4%(17%). The significant reductionincrease in domestic sales is primarily from the increase in sales to constructionstructural customers. Many customers was the result of several factors including 1.) scheduling delays at customer construction sites, 2.) delays in receiving custom components from vendors, 3.) quality issues from a subcontractor, and 4.) testing bottlenecks caused by delays in getting a new test machine operating. Most of these issues are resolved and management is optimistic that the sales volume will improve in the subsequent quarters. Please refer toconstruction field delayed orders in the charts, below, which showprior period as they considered the breakdownpotential effects of sales. the COVID pandemic on the economy.

The gross profit as a percentage of net revenue of 26%31% in the current period is lowersignificantly higher than the 35% recorded in the same period of the prior year.year (12%). The reductionincrease in gross profit as a percentage of revenue is primarily due to 1.) a lower total volume of productthe significant increase in domestic sales into construction customers following the current period to cover non-variable manufacturing costs, and 2.) several projects in the current period that were very competitively bid.COVID related delay discussed above.

Sales of the Company’s products are made to three general groups of customers: industrial, constructionstructural and aerospace / defense. A breakdown of sales to the three general groups of customers is as follows:

Net revenue by geographic region, as a percentage of total net revenue for the three monththree-month periods ended November 30, 20172021 and November 30, 20162020, is as follows:

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreasedincreased by 11%29% from the prior year. Outside commission expense decreasedincreased by 35%59% from last year's level due to lowerhigher levels of commissionable sales. Other selling, general and administrative expenses increased 2%26% from last year to this.this primarily due to increases in advertising and personnel costs.

The above factors resulted in an operating income of $35,000$780,000 for the three months ended November 30, 2017, significantly less than the $1,372,0002021, as compared to an operating loss of $670,000 in the same period of the prior year.

Other income during the prior period includes $1,462,000 of income due to the forgiveness of the loan by the SBA under the Paycheck Protection Program of the CARES Act.

Stock Options

The Company has a stock option plan which provides for the granting of nonqualified or incentive stock options to officers, key employees and non-employee directors. Options granted under the plan are exercisable over a ten yearten-year term. Options not exercised at the end of the term expire.

The Company expenses stock options using the fair value recognition provisions of the FASB ASC. The Company recognized $56,000$126,000 and $79,000$50,000 of compensation cost for the six monthsix-month periods ended November 30, 20172021 and 2016.2020.

The fair value of each stock option grant has been determined using the Black-Scholes model. The model considers assumptions related to exercise price, expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, and the weighted average expected term of the stock option grants. Expected volatility assumptions used in the model were based on volatility of the Company's stock price for the thirty monththirty-month period ending on the date of grant. The risk-free interest rate is derived from the U.S. treasury yield. The Company used a weighted average expected term.

The following assumptions were used in the Black-Scholes model to estimate the fair market value of the Company's stock option grants:

The ultimate value of the options will depend on the future price of the Company's common stock, which cannot be forecast with reasonable accuracy.

A summary of changes in the stock options outstanding during the six monthsix-month period ended November 30, 20172021 is presented below:

Capital Resources Line of Credit and Long-Term Debt

The Company's primary liquidity is dependent upon the working capital needs. These are mainly inventory, accounts receivable, costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings, accounts payable, accrued commissions, and billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings. The Company's primary source of liquidity has been operations.

Capital expenditures for the six months ended November 30, 20172021 were $737,000$560,000 compared to $1,237,000$721,000 in the same period of the prior year. As of November 30, 2017,2021, the Company has commitments for capital expenditures totaling $150,000$1,400,000 during the next twelve months. These costs are primarily related to acquisition of new equipment used to test the function of products prior to shipment to customers.

The Company believes it is carrying adequate insurance coverage on its facilities and their contents.

Effective August 30, 2017, the Company replaced its bank credit facility with a $10,000,000 bank demand line of credit, with interest payable at the Company's option of 30, 60 or 90 day LIBOR rate plus 2.25%. There is no balance outstanding as of November 30, 2017 or as of May 31, 2017. The line is unsecured and includes a negative pledge of substantially all of the Company’s property. This line of credit is subject to the usual terms and conditions applied by the bank, is subject to renewal annually, and is not subject to an express requirement on the bank’s part to lend.

NOTE: Inventory turnover is annualized for the six monthsix-month period ended November 30, 2017.2021.

Inventory, at $11,790,000$5,807,000 as of November 30, 2017,2021, is $301,000, or 3%, more$28,000 less than the prior year-end level of $11,489,000.$5,835,000. Approximately 91%87% of the current inventory is work in process, 2%5% is finished goods, and 7%8% is raw materials.

Maintenance and other inventory represent stock that is estimated to have a product life cycle in excess of twelve months. This stock represents certain items the Company is required to maintain for service of products sold and items that are generally subject to spontaneous ordering. This inventory is particularly sensitive to technological obsolescence in the near term due to its use in industries characterized by the continuous introduction of new product lines, rapid technological advances and product obsolescence. Management of the Company has recorded an allowance for potential inventory obsolescence. The provision for potential inventory obsolescence was $60,000$90,000 and $90,000zero for the six monthsix-month periods ended November 30, 20172021 and 2016.2020. The Company continues to rework slow-moving inventory, where applicable, to convert it to product to be used on customer orders.

Accounts Receivable, Costs and Estimated Earnings in Excess of Billings (“CIEB"), and Billings in Excess of Costs and Estimated Earnings ("BIEC")

The Company combines the totals of accounts receivable, the current asset, CIEB, and the current liability, BIEC, to determine how much cash the Company will eventually realize from revenue recorded to date. As the accounts receivable figure rises in relation to the other two figures, the Company can anticipate increased cash receipts within the ensuing 30-60 days.

Accounts receivable of $3,509,000$4,310,000 as of November 30, 20172021 includes approximately $818,000 of amounts retained by customers on Projects. It is expected that amounts retained by customers under contracts will be released in the normal course of the business in accordance with the related contracts. Accounts receivable also includes $110,000$7,000 of an allowance for doubtful accounts (“Allowance”). The accounts receivable balance as of May 31, 20172021 of $2,546,000$3,380,000 included an Allowance of $110,000.

$7,000. The number of an average day's sales outstanding in accounts receivable (“DSO”) increased slightly from 3642 days at May 31, 20172021 to 6650 at November 30, 2017. 2021. The DSO is a function of 1.) the level of sales for an average day (for example, total sales for the past three months divided by 90 days) and 2.) the level of accounts receivable at the balance sheet date. The level of sales for an average day in the second quarter of the current fiscal year is 24% less7% more than in the fourth quarter of the prior year. The level of accounts receivable at the end of the current fiscal quarter is 38%28% more than the level at the end of the prior year. The combined effectincrease in the level of these two factorsaccounts receivable off-set by the increase in the level of an average day’s sales caused the DSO to increase from last year end to this quarter-end. The primary reasons for the increase in the level of accounts receivable from last year end to this quarter-end, in spite of a significantly lower level of sales, were higher billings in the latter half of the quarter and lower level of collections during the quarter. The Company expects to collect the net accounts receivable balance including the retainage, during the next twelve months.

Other receivable is an amount of Employee Retention Credit claimed by the Company for the second calendar quarter of 2021 and was received in the third calendar quarter of 2021.

As noted above, CIEB represents revenues recognized in excess of amounts billed. Whenever possible, the Company negotiates a provision in sales contracts to allow the Company to bill, and collect from the customer, payments in advance of shipments. Unfortunately, such provisions are often not possible. The $7,519,000$3,885,000 balance in this account at November 30, 20172021 is 9%159% more than the prior year-end balance. This increase is the result of normal flow of the projectsProjects through production with billings to the customers as permitted in the related contracts. The Company expects to bill the entire amount during the next twelve months. 32%58% of the CIEB balance as of the end of the last fiscal quarter, August 31, 2017,2021, was billed to those customers in the current fiscal quarter ended November 30, 2017.2021. The remainder will be billed as the Projects progress, in accordance with the terms specified in the various contracts.

The balances in this account are comprised of the following components:

As noted above, BIEC represents billings to customers in excess of revenues recognized. The $793,000$716,000 balance in this account at November 30, 20172021 is down 39%47% from the $1,296,000$1,362,000 balance at the end of the prior year.

The balance in this account fluctuates in the same manner and for the same reasons as the account “costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings”,billings,” discussed above. Final delivery of product under these contracts is expected to occur during the next twelve months.

The balances in this account are comprised of the following components:

Summary of factors affecting the balances in CIEB and BIEC:

The Company's backlog of sales orders at November 30, 20172021 is $20.4$17.0 million, slightly less thandown from the $20.6$22.0 million at the end of the prior year. $7.2$5.7 million of the current backlog is on Projects already in progress.

Other Balance Sheet Items

Accounts payable, at $1,341,000$1,503,000 as of November 30, 2017,2021, is 1% more16% less than the prior year-end. Commission expense on applicable sales orders is recognized at the time revenue is recognized. The commission is paid following receipt of payment from the customers. Accrued commissions as of November 30, 20172021 are $1,105,000, up 31% from$527,000, almost double the $847,000$269,000 accrued at the prior year-end. This large increase is due to the increases in the accounts receivable and CIEB, discussed above. Other current liabilities increased slightlydecreased 10% from the prior year-end, to $919,000.$1,540,000. The Company expects the current accrued amounts to be paid or applied during the next twelve months.

Management believes the Company's cash flows from operations and borrowing capacity under the bank line of credit are sufficient to fund ongoing operations and capital improvements for the next twelve months.

Coronavirus Pandemic

Company management currently does not have reason to believe that the COVID-19 pandemic will adversely affect our ability to meet our obligations to our customers. Our top priorities continue to be the health and safety of our employees and their families along with supporting our customers.  Thanks to the careful adherence to our COVID-19 safety measures by our workforce as well as our customers and suppliers, we remain in a strong position with respect to being able to process existing orders and we are quite prepared to process new orders as they are secured. 

The liquidity of the Company remains strong at this time. Management, however, remains concerned that the pandemic may have a significant impact on the various economies of the world. A prolonged economic downturn would have a negative impact on our operations and our liquidity.

Our Supply Chain Management team is in communication with our partners around the globe so that we can be updated on any delays that may occur. To date, there have been no significant delays in receiving our raw materials, purchased components, or outside services that affect our final product. The Company has taken proactive measures when necessary to mitigate the risk associated with longer lead times on certain raw materials.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Smaller reporting companies are not required to provide the information called for by this item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

(a)        Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures.

The Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer have evaluated the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of November 30, 20172021 and have concluded that as of the evaluation date, the disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b)        Changes in internal control over financial reporting.

There have been no changes in the Company's internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended November 30, 20172021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's control over financial reporting.

Part II - Other Information

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders

Taylor Devices, Inc.

Results of Review of Interim Financial Information

We have reviewed the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet of Taylor Devices, Inc. and Subsidiary (the Company) as of November 30, 2017,2021, and the related condensed consolidated statements of income and stockholders’ equity for the three and six months ended November 30, 20172021 and 20162020, and cash flows for the six months ended November 30, 20172021 and 2016. These2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the interim financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management.

We conducted our reviews in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)information). A review of interim financial information consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.

Based on our reviews, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements referred to above for them to be in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have previously audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of May 31, 2017,2021, and the related consolidated statements of income, changes in stockholders'stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended (not presented herein); and in our report dated August 4, 2017,27, 2021, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, the information set forth in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of May 31, 20172021, is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the consolidated balance sheet from which it has been derived.

Basis for Review Results

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. We conducted our review in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. A review of interim financial information consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.

Lumsden & McCormick, LLP

Buffalo, New York

January 12, 2018December 29, 2021

TAYLOR DEVICES, INC.

Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.