Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs stayed consistent at four percent of net revenues while increasing by 33% over the prior year.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by 5%increased 24% from the prior year. Outside commission expense decreased by 23% from last year's levelThis increase is primarily due to lower levels of commissionable sales. Other selling, general and administrative expenses increased 3% from last year to this.employee compensation costs including incentive compensation.

The above factors resulted in operating income of $445,000$1,178,000 for the sixthree months ended November 30, 2017, 73% less thanAugust 31, 2022, almost ten times the $1,638,000$118,000 in the same period of the prior year.

For the three months ended November 30, 2017 (All figures discussed are for the three months ended November 30, 2017 as compared to the three months ended November 30, 2016).

The Company's consolidated results of operations showed a 38% decrease in net revenues and a decrease in net Other income of 94%. Revenues recorded in the current period for long-term construction projects (“Project(s)”) were 53% less than the level recorded induring the prior year. We had 31 Projects in process during the current period compared with 29 during the same period last year. Revenues recorded in the current period for other-than long-term construction projects (non-projects) were 1% more than the level recorded in the prior year. Total sales withinincludes $54,000 of financial assistance provided by the U.S. decreased 38% from the same period last year. Total sales to Asia decreased 17% from the same periodfederal government as part of the prior year. Sales decreases recorded over the same period last year to customers involved in construction of buildings and bridges (62%), were offset slightly by increases in sales to industrial customers (25%) and to customers in aerospace / defense (4%). The significant reduction in sales to construction customers was the result of several factors including 1.) scheduling delays at customer construction sites, 2.) delays in receiving custom components from vendors, 3.) quality issues from a subcontractor, and 4.) testing bottlenecks caused by delays in getting a new test machine operating. Most of these issues are resolved and management is optimistic that the sales volume will improve in the subsequent quarters. Please refer to the charts, below, which show the breakdown of sales. The gross profit as a percentage of net revenue of 26% in the current period is lower than the 35% recorded in the same periodEmployee Retention Credit program of the prior year. The reduction in gross profit as a percentageConsolidated Appropriations Act of revenue is primarily due to 1.) a lower total volume of product sales in the current period to cover non-variable manufacturing costs, and 2.) several projects in the current period that were very competitively bid.

Sales of the Company’s products are made to three general groups of customers: industrial, construction and aerospace / defense. A breakdown of sales to the three general groups of customers is as follows:

Net revenue by geographic region, as a percentage of total net revenue for the three month periods ended November 30, 2017 and November 30, 2016 is as follows:

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by 11% from the prior year. Outside commission expense decreased by 35% from last year's level due to lower levels of commissionable sales. Other selling, general and administrative expenses increased 2% from last year to this.

The above factors resulted in operating income of $35,000 for the three months ended November 30, 2017, significantly less than the $1,372,000 in the same period of the prior year.2022.

Stock Options

The Company has a stock option plan which provides for the granting of nonqualified or incentive stock options to officers, key employees and non-employee directors. Options granted under the plan are exercisable over a ten yearten-year term. Options not exercised at the end of the term expire.

The Company expenses No stock options using the fair value recognition provisions of the FASB ASC. The Company recognized $56,000 and $79,000 of compensation cost for the six month periods ended November 30, 2017 and 2016.

The fair value of each stock option grant has been determined using the Black-Scholes model. The model considers assumptions related to exercise price, expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, and the weighted average expected term of the stock option grants. Expected volatility assumptions usedwere granted in the model were based on volatility of the Company's stock price for the thirty month period ending on the date of grant. The risk-free interest rate is derived from the U.S. treasury yield. The Company used a weighted average expected term.

The following assumptions were used in the Black-Scholes model to estimate the fair market value of the Company's stock option grants:

The ultimate value of the options will depend on the future price of the Company's common stock, which cannot be forecast with reasonable accuracy.period.

A summary of changes in the stock options outstanding during the six monththree-month period ended November 30, 2017August 31, 2022 is presented below:

Capital Resources Line of Credit and Long-Term Debt

The Company's primary liquidity is dependent upon the working capital needs. These are mainly inventory, accounts receivable, costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings, accounts payable, other accrued commissions,liabilities, and billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings. The Company's primary source of liquidity has been operations.

Capital expenditures for the sixthree months ended November 30, 2017August 31, 2022 were $737,000$833,000 compared to $1,237,000$462,000 in the same period of the prior year. As of November 30, 2017,August 31, 2022, the Company has commitments for capital expenditures totaling $150,000$1,700,000 during the next twelve months. These costs are primarily related to acquisition of new equipment used to test the function of products prior to shipment to customers.

The Company believes it is carrying adequate insurance coverage on its facilities and their contents.

Effective August 30, 2017, the Company replaced its bank credit facility with a $10,000,000 bank demand line of credit, with interest payable at the Company's option of 30, 60 or 90 day LIBOR rate plus 2.25%. There is no balance outstanding as of November 30, 2017 or as of May 31, 2017. The line is unsecured and includes a negative pledge of substantially all of the Company’s property. This line of credit is subject to the usual terms and conditions applied by the bank, is subject to renewal annually, and is not subject to an express requirement on the bank’s part to lend.

NOTE: Inventory turnover is annualized for the six monththree-month period ended November 30, 2017.August 31, 2022.

Inventory, at $11,790,000$5,903,000 as of November 30, 2017,August 31, 2022, is $301,000, or 3%,$48,000 more than the prior year-end level of $11,489,000.$5,855,000. Approximately 91%87% of the current inventory is work in process, 2%3% is finished goods, and 7%10% is raw materials.

Maintenance and other inventory represent stock that is estimated to have a product life cycle in excess of twelve months. This stock represents certain items the Company is required to maintain for service of products sold and items that are generally subject to spontaneous ordering. This inventory is particularly sensitive to technological obsolescence in the near term due to its use in industries characterized by the continuous introduction of new product lines, rapid technological advances and product obsolescence. Management of the Company has recorded an allowance for potential inventory obsolescence. The provision for potential inventory obsolescence was $60,000zero and $90,000$45,000 for the six monththree-month periods ended November 30, 2017August 31, 2022 and 2016.2021. The Company continues to rework slow-moving inventory, where applicable, to convert it to product to be used on customer orders. During fiscal 2021, the Company began a thorough review of the inventory to identify and dispose of items that had not been used for several years and were unlikely to be used in the foreseeable future.

Accounts Receivable, Costs and Estimated Earnings in Excess of Billings (“CIEB"), and Billings in Excess of Costs and Estimated Earnings ("BIEC")

The Company combines the totals of accounts receivable, the current asset, CIEB, and the current liability, BIEC, to determine how much cash the Company will eventually realize from revenue recorded to date. As the accounts receivable figure rises in relation to the other two figures, the Company can anticipate increased cash receipts within the ensuing 30-60 days.

Accounts receivable of $3,509,000$5,832,000 as of November 30, 2017August 31, 2022 includes approximately $818,000 of amounts retained by customers on Projects. It is expected that amounts retained by customers under contracts will be released in the normal course of the business in accordance with the related contracts. Accounts receivable also includes $110,000$6,000 of an allowance for doubtful accounts (“Allowance”). The accounts receivable balance as of May 31, 20172022 of $2,546,000$4,467,000 included an Allowanceallowance of $110,000.

$16,000. The number of an average day's sales outstanding in accounts receivable (“DSO”)DSO increased from 3642 days at May 31, 20172022 to 6658 at November 30, 2017. August 31, 2022. The DSO is a function of 1.) the level of sales for an average day (for example, total sales for the past three months divided by 90 days) and 2.) the level of accounts receivable at the balance sheet date. The level of sales for an average day in the secondfirst quarter of the current fiscal year is 24% less thanalmost equal to the level in the fourth quarter of the prior year. The level of accounts receivable at the end of the current fiscal quarter is 38%31% more than the level at the end of the prior year. The combined effectincrease in the level of these two factorsaccounts receivable caused the DSO to increase from last year end to this quarter-end. The primary reasons for the increase in the level of accounts receivable from lastis greater than at the end of the prior year end to this quarter-end, in spite of a significantly lower level of sales, were higher billings in the latterprimarily because more than half of the current quarter’s revenue was recorded in the final month of the quarter and lower levelcompared with less than a third of collections during the quarter.comparative quarter being recorded in the month of May. The Company expects to collect the net accounts receivable balance including the retainage, during the next twelve months.

As noted above, CIEB represents revenues recognized in excess of amounts billed. Whenever possible, the Company negotiates a provision in sales contracts to allow the Company to bill, and collect from the customer, payments in advance of shipments. Unfortunately, such provisions are often not possible. The $7,519,000$2,833,000 balance in this account at November 30, 2017August 31, 2022 is 9% more15% less than the prior year-end balance. This increasedecrease is the result of normal flow of the projectsProjects through production with billings to the customers as permitted in the related contracts. The Company expects to bill the entire amount during the next twelve months. 32%As the Company bills the customers on these Projects, the accounts receivable balance will increase. 60% of the CIEB balance as of the end of the last fiscal quarter, AugustMay 31, 2017,2022, was billed to those customers in the current fiscal quarter ended November 30, 2017.August 31, 2022. The remainder will be billed as the Projects progress, in accordance with the terms specified in the various contracts.

The balances in this account are comprised of the following components:

As noted above, BIEC represents billings to customers in excess of revenues recognized. The $793,000$1,614,000 balance in this account at November 30, 2017August 31, 2022 is down 39%up 44% from the $1,296,000$1,123,000 balance at the end of the prior year.

The balance in this account fluctuates in the same manner and for the same reasons as the account “costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings”,billings,” discussed above. Final delivery of product under these contracts is expected to occur during the next twelve months.

The balances in this account are comprised of the following components:

Summary of factors affecting the balances in CIEB and BIEC:

The Company's backlog of sales orders at November 30, 2017August 31, 2022 is $20.4$23.0 million, down slightly less thanfrom the $20.6$23.7 million at the end of the prior year. $7.2$10.2 million of the current backlog is on Projects already in progress.

Other Balance Sheet Items

Accounts payable, at $1,341,000$1,449,000 as of November 30, 2017,August 31, 2022, is 1%2% more than the prior year-end. Commission expense on applicable sales orders is recognized at the time revenue is recognized. The commission is paid following receipt of payment from the customers. Accrued commissions as of November 30, 2017 are $1,105,000, up 31% from the $847,000 accrued at the prior year-end. This large increase is due to the increases in the accounts receivable and CIEB, discussed above. Other current liabilities increased slightlydecreased 39% from the prior year-end, to $919,000.$2,068,000. This decrease is primarily due to a decrease in customer advance payments as payments were applied to customer invoices issued during the period. The Company expects the current accrued amounts to be paid or applied during the next twelve months.

Management believes the Company's cash flows from operations and borrowing capacity under the bank line of credit are sufficient to fund ongoing operations and capital improvements for the next twelve months.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Smaller reporting companies are not required to provide the information called for by this item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

(a)        Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures.

The Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer have evaluated the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of November 30, 2017August 31, 2022 and have concluded that as of the evaluation date, the disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b)        Changes in internal control over financial reporting.

There have been no changes in the Company's internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended November 30, 2017August 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's control over financial reporting.

Part II - Other Information

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders

Taylor Devices, Inc.

Results of Review of Interim Financial Information

We have reviewed the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet of Taylor Devices, Inc. and Subsidiary (the Company) as of November 30, 2017,August 31, 2022, and the related condensed consolidated statements of income, for the three and six months ended November 30, 2017 and 2016stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the sixthree months ended November 30, 2017August 31, 2022 and 2016. These2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the interim financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management.

We conducted our reviews in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)information). A review of interim financial information consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.

Based on our reviews, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements referred to above for them to be in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have previously audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of May 31, 2017,2022, and the related consolidated statements of income, changes in stockholders'stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended (not presented herein); and in our report dated August 4, 2017,19, 2022, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, the information set forth in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of May 31, 20172022, is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the consolidated balance sheet from which it has been derived.

Basis for Review Results

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. We conducted our review in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. A review of interim financial information consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.

Lumsden & McCormick, LLP

Buffalo, New York

January 12, 2018September 30, 2022

TAYLOR DEVICES, INC.

Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.