UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

x☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended: March 31, ~~2019~~2020

¨☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from_____________________________to_____________________________

Commission File Number: 001-33067

SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, ~~INC.~~INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)



New Jersey		22-2168890
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

~~40 Wantage Avenue~~
~~Branchville, New Jersey~~	~~07890~~
~~(Address of Principal Executive Offices)~~	~~(Zip~~

40 Wantage Avenue

Branchville, New Jersey07890

(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)



~~(973)~~ 973	948-3000
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

(Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $2 per share	SIGI	NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x☒ No o☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x☒ No o☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filerx	☒	Accelerated filer ☐		~~Accelerated filer~~ o
Non-accelerated filer o☐		Smaller reporting companyo	☐
		Emerging growth companyo	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

o☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o☐ No x☒

As of April ~~19, 2019,~~24, 2020, there were ~~59,231,319~~59,707,580 shares of common stock, par value $2.00 per share, outstanding.



	SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC.
	Table of Contents
		Page No.
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements

	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 (Unaudited) and December 31, ~~2018~~2019	1

	Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income for the Quarter Ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019	2

	Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Quarter Ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019	3

	Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Quarter Ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019	4

	Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Quarter Ended March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019	5

	Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements	6

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

	Forward-Looking Statements	22

	~~Introduction~~	22

	~~Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates~~	23

	~~Financial Highlights of Results for First Quarter 2019 and First Quarter 2018~~	24

	~~Results of Operations and Related Information by Segment~~	28

	~~Federal Income Taxes~~Introduction	28

	Current Events	29

	Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates	32

	Financial Highlights of Results for First Quarter 2020 and 2019	34

	~~Financial Condition, Liquidity,~~Results of Operations and ~~Capital Resources~~	34

��	~~Ratings~~	37

	~~Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements~~	37

	~~Contractual Obligations, Contingent Liabilities, and Commitments~~	37

~~Item 3.~~	~~Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk~~Related Information by Segment	38

	~~Item 4.~~Federal Income Taxes	~~Controls~~44

	Financial Condition, Liquidity, and ~~Procedures~~Capital Resources	3844

	Ratings	47

	Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements	47

	Contractual Obligations, Contingent Liabilities, and Commitments	48

~~PART II. OTHER INFORMATION~~Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	48

Item 1.4.	~~Legal Proceedings~~Controls and Procedures	3850

~~Item 1A.~~			~~Risk Factors~~	38PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 2.1.	~~Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds~~Legal Proceedings	39

~~Item 5.~~	~~Other Information~~	3951

Item 6.1A.	~~Exhibits~~Risk Factors	4051

~~Signatures~~Item 2.	40Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	54

Item 6.	Exhibits	54

Signatures		55



PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION



ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.


SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS	Unaudited					Unaudited
($ in thousands, except share amounts)	March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018		March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019
ASSETS
Investments:
Fixed income securities, held-to-maturity – at carrying value (fair value: $37,942 – 2019; $38,317 – 2018)	$	36,493		37,110
Fixed income securities, available-for-sale – at fair value (amortized cost: $5,463,273 – 2019; $5,270,798 – 2018)	5,567,358			5,273,100
Equity securities – at fair value (cost: $143,376 – 2019; $138,144 – 2018)	163,016			147,639
Fixed income securities, held-to-maturity – at carrying value (fair value: $21,921 – 2020; $21,975 – 2019)						$	20,408		20,800
Less: allowance for credit losses						(28		)	—
Fixed income securities, held-to-maturity, net of allowance for credit losses						20,380			20,800

Fixed income securities, available-for-sale – at fair value (allowance for credit losses: $15,787 – 2020; amortized cost: $5,877,779 – 2020 and $5,879,986 – 2019)						5,945,360			6,095,620

Commercial mortgage loans - at carrying value (fair value: $13,856 – 2020)						14,096			—
Less: allowance for credit losses						(240		)	—
Commercial mortgage loans, net of allowance for credit losses						13,856			—

Equity securities – at fair value (cost: $116,249 – 2020; $72,061 – 2019)						99,989			72,937
Short-term investments (at cost which approximates fair value)	290,653			323,864		517,558			282,490
Other investments	176,225			178,938		244,934			216,807
Total investments (Note 4 and 6)	6,233,745			5,960,651		6,842,077			6,688,654
Cash	516			505		9,429			300
Restricted cash	9,998			16,414		5,177			7,675
Interest and dividends due or accrued	42,147			41,620		43,893			44,846
Premiums receivable, net of allowance for uncollectible accounts of: $9,600 – 2019; $9,400 – 2018	814,914			770,518
Reinsurance recoverable, net of allowance for uncollectible accounts of: $4,100 – 2019; $4,500 – 2018	553,206			549,172

Premiums receivable						815,271			830,301
Less: allowance for credit losses (Note 7)						(18,000		)	(6,400	)
Premiums receivable, net of allowance for credit losses						797,271			823,901

Reinsurance recoverable						565,036			577,635
Less: allowance for credit losses (Note 8)						(1,502		)	(4,400	)
Reinsurance recoverable, net of allowance for credit losses						563,534			573,235

Prepaid reinsurance premiums	155,700			157,723		162,491			166,705
Deferred federal income tax	32,130			53,540
Property and equipment – at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of: $216,071 – 2019; $211,657 – 2018	68,660			65,248
Deferred federal income tax (Note 14)						43,099			6,776
Property and equipment – at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of: $231,651 – 2020; $227,566 – 2019						80,061			77,409
Deferred policy acquisition costs	260,754			252,612		269,581			271,186
Goodwill	7,849			7,849		7,849			7,849
Other assets	103,142			76,877		150,588			128,614
Total assets	$	8,282,761		7,952,729		$	8,975,050		8,797,150

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Liabilities:
Reserve for loss and loss expense (Note 8)	$	3,966,509		3,893,868
Reserve for loss and loss expense (Note 9)						$	4,103,635		4,067,163
Unearned premiums	1,470,283			1,431,932		1,514,577			1,523,167
Long-term debt	550,104			439,540
Short-term debt (Note 5)						302,000			—
Long-term debt (Note 5)						550,577			550,597
Current federal income tax	13,551			1,302		12,352			2,987
Accrued salaries and benefits	78,177			116,706		74,031			126,753
Other liabilities	278,915			277,579		321,422			331,547
Total liabilities	$	6,357,539		6,160,927		$	6,878,594		6,602,214

Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock of $0 par value per share:	$	—		—		$	—		—
Authorized shares 5,000,000; no shares issued or outstanding
Common stock of $2 par value per share:
Authorized shares 360,000,000
Issued: 103,225,716 – 2019; 102,848,394 – 2018	206,451			205,697
Issued: 103,832,370 – 2020; 103,484,159 – 2019						207,665			206,968
Additional paid-in capital	398,881			390,315		427,328			418,521
Retained earnings	1,908,119			1,858,414		2,083,340			2,080,529
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 11)	3,024			(77,956	)
Treasury stock – at cost (shares: 44,002,811 – 2019; 43,899,840 – 2018)	(591,253		)	(584,668	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 12)						(22,117		)	81,750
Treasury stock – at cost (shares: 44,124,825 – 2020; 44,023,006 – 2019)						(599,760		)	(592,832	)
Total stockholders’ equity	$	1,925,222		1,791,802		$	2,096,456		2,194,936
Commitments and contingencies
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	8,282,761		7,952,729		$	8,975,050		8,797,150

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.


SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC. UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME	Quarter ended March 31,					Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands, except per share amounts)	2019			2018		2020			2019
Revenues:
Net premiums earned	$	632,573		591,828		$	651,703		632,573
Net investment income earned	50,618			43,231		55,967			50,618
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses):
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains:
Net realized investment gains on disposals	3,444			4,731		4,100			3,444
Unrealized (losses) gains on equity securities						(17,137		)	10,111
Other-than-temporary impairments	(104		)	(1,212	)	(31,629		)	(104	)
Unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities	10,111			(14,068	)
Total net realized and unrealized gains (losses)	13,451			(10,549	)
Total net realized and unrealized (losses) gains						(44,666		)	13,451
Other income	2,320			2,179		1,825			2,320
Total revenues	698,962			626,689		664,829			698,962

Expenses:
Loss and loss expense incurred	386,579			384,941		400,324			386,579
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	129,674			121,093		136,501			129,674
Other insurance expenses	85,079			83,240		95,346			85,079
Interest expense	11,526			6,152		7,601			11,526
Corporate expenses	12,410			11,332		9,060			12,410
Total expenses	625,268			606,758		648,832			625,268

Income before federal income tax	73,694			19,931		15,997			73,694

Federal income tax expense:
Current	12,581			433		9,886			12,581
Deferred	(235		)	573		(9,125		)	(235	)
Total federal income tax expense	12,346			1,006		761			12,346

Net income	$	61,348		18,925		$	15,236		61,348

Earnings per share:
Basic net income	$	1.04		0.32		$	0.26		1.04

Diluted net income	$	1.02		0.32		$	0.25		1.02

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.


SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC. UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	Quarter ended March 31,					Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2019			2018		2020			2019
Net income	$	61,348		18,925		$	15,236		61,348

Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during period	81,313			(67,398	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Unrealized (losses) gains on investment securities:
Unrealized holding (losses) gains arising during period						(74,245		)	81,313
Non-credit portion of OTTI recognized in OCI						(51,658		)	—
Amounts reclassified into net income:
Held-to-maturity securities	(7		)	(10	)	20			(7	)
Realized (gains) losses on disposals and other-than-temporary impairments of available-for-sale securities	(851		)	3,594
Total unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities	80,455			(63,814	)
Net realized losses (gains) on disposals and intent-to-sell OTTI on AFS securities						8,948			(851	)
Credit loss expense recognized in OTTI						12,472			—
Total unrealized (losses) gains on investment securities						(104,463		)	80,455

Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans:
Amounts reclassified into net income:
Net actuarial loss	525			420		596			525
Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans	525			420		596			525
Other comprehensive income (loss)	80,980			(63,394	)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	142,328		(44,469	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income						(103,867		)	80,980
Comprehensive (loss) income						$	(88,631	)	142,328

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Quarter ended March 31,
($ in thousands, except per share amounts) 2019 2018
Common stock:

Beginning of year $ 205,697
204,569
Dividend reinvestment plan (shares: 5,694 – 2019; 6,298 – 2018) 11
13
Stock purchase and compensation plans (shares: 371,628 – 2019; 349,255 – 2018) 743
698
End of period 206,451
205,280

Additional paid-in capital:

Beginning of year 390,315
367,717
Dividend reinvestment plan 365
353
Stock purchase and compensation plans 8,201
7,085
End of period 398,881
375,155

Retained earnings:

Beginning of year, as previously reported 1,858,414
1,698,613
Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of equity security guidance, net of tax —
30,726
Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of stranded deferred tax guidance —
(5,707 )
Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of lease guidance, net of tax (Note 2) 342
—
Balance at beginning of year, as adjusted 1,858,756
1,723,632
Net income 61,348
18,925
Dividends to stockholders ($0.20 per share – 2019; $0.18 per share – 2018) (11,985 ) (10,725 )
End of period 1,908,119
1,731,832

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

Beginning of year, as previously reported (77,956 ) 20,170
Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of equity security guidance, net of tax —
(30,726 )
Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of stranded deferred tax guidance —
5,707
Balance at beginning of year, as adjusted (77,956 ) (4,849 )
Other comprehensive income (loss) 80,980
(63,394 )
End of period 3,024
(68,243 )

Treasury stock:

Beginning of year (584,668 ) (578,112 )
Acquisition of treasury stock (shares: 102,971 – 2019; 103,170 – 2018) (6,585 ) (6,116 )
End of period (591,253 ) (584,228 )
Total stockholders’ equity $ 1,925,222
1,659,796



SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC. UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands, except share and per share amounts)	2020			2019
Common stock:
Beginning of period	$	206,968		205,697
Dividend reinvestment plan	14			11
Stock purchase and compensation plans	683			743
End of period	207,665			206,451

Additional paid-in capital:
Beginning of period	418,521			390,315
Dividend reinvestment plan	408			365
Stock purchase and compensation plans	8,399			8,201
End of period	427,328			398,881

Retained earnings:
Beginning of period, as previously reported	2,080,529			1,858,414
Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of lease guidance, net of tax (Note 2)	—			342
Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of guidance on allowance for credit losses, net of tax (Note 2)	1,435			—
Balance at beginning of period, as adjusted	2,081,964			1,858,756
Net income	15,236			61,348
Dividends to stockholders	(13,860		)	(11,985	)
End of period	2,083,340			1,908,119

Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income:
Beginning of period	81,750			(77,956	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(103,867		)	80,980
End of period	(22,117		)	3,024

Treasury stock:
Beginning of period	(592,832		)	(584,668	)
Acquisition of treasury stock	(6,928		)	(6,585	)
End of period	(599,760		)	(591,253	)
Total stockholders’ equity	$	2,096,456		1,925,222

Dividends declared per share to stockholders	$	0.23		0.20

Common stock, shares outstanding:
Beginning of period	59,461,153			58,948,554
Dividend reinvestment plan	6,975			5,694
Stock purchase and compensation plan	341,236			371,628
Acquisition of treasury stock	(101,819		)	(102,971	)
End of period	59,707,545			59,222,905

Selective Insurance Group, Inc. also has authorized, but not issued, 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, without par value, of which 300,000 shares have been

designated Series A junior preferred stock, without par value.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Quarter ended March 31,
($ in thousands) 2019 2018
Operating Activities

Net income $ 61,348
18,925

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:

Depreciation and amortization 16,278
11,200
Stock-based compensation expense 6,677
5,820
Undistributed gains of equity method investments (971 ) (881 )
Distributions in excess of current year income of equity method investments 1,771
1,346
Loss on disposal of fixed assets —
29
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses (13,451 ) 10,549

Changes in assets and liabilities:

Increase in reserve for loss and loss expense, net of reinsurance recoverable 68,607
54,766
Increase in unearned premiums, net of prepaid reinsurance 40,374
32,732
Decrease in net federal income taxes 12,044
3,616
Increase in premiums receivable (44,396 ) (19,284 )
Increase in deferred policy acquisition costs (8,142 ) (4,237 )
Increase in interest and dividends due or accrued (491 ) (864 )
Decrease in accrued salaries and benefits (38,529 ) (41,363 )
Increase in other assets (8,711 ) (9,672 )
Decrease in other liabilities (45,769 ) (70,387 )
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 46,639
(7,705 )

Investing Activities

Purchase of fixed income securities, available-for-sale (474,962 ) (875,016 )
Purchase of equity securities (6,702 ) (38,273 )
Purchase of other investments (12,178 ) (13,471 )
Purchase of short-term investments (2,416,285 ) (754,524 )
Sale of fixed income securities, available-for-sale 218,411
675,396
Sale of short-term investments 2,449,725
737,097
Redemption and maturities of fixed income securities, held-to-maturity 579
484
Redemption and maturities of fixed income securities, available-for-sale 86,572
160,514
Sale of equity securities 3,721
40,740
Sale of other investments 4,995
3,497
Distributions from other investments 11,350
6,221
Purchase of property and equipment (7,955 ) (2,120 )
Net cash used in investing activities (142,729 ) (59,455 )

Financing Activities

Dividends to stockholders (11,462 ) (10,203 )
Acquisition of treasury stock (6,585 ) (6,116 )
Net proceeds from stock purchase and compensation plans 1,760
1,435
Proceeds from borrowings 341,256
130,000
Repayments of borrowings (235,000 ) (75,000 )
Repayments of finance lease obligations (284 ) (734 )
Net cash provided by financing activities 89,685
39,382
Net decrease in cash and restricted cash (6,405 ) (27,778 )
Cash and restricted cash, beginning of year 16,919
44,710
Cash and restricted cash, end of period $ 10,514
16,932



SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC. UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS	Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2020			2019
Operating Activities
Net income	$	15,236		61,348

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	15,415			16,278
Stock-based compensation expense	7,038			6,677
Undistributed gains of equity method investments	(5,602		)	(971	)
Distributions in excess of current year income of equity method investments	614			1,771
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains)	44,666			(13,451	)
Loss on disposal of fixed assets	14			—

Changes in assets and liabilities:
Increase in reserve for loss and loss expense, net of reinsurance recoverable	49,077			68,607
(Decrease) increase in unearned premiums, net of prepaid reinsurance	(4,376		)	40,374
Decrease in net federal income taxes	276			12,044
Decrease (increase) in premiums receivable	25,572			(44,396	)
Decrease (increase) in deferred policy acquisition costs	1,605			(8,142	)
Decrease (increase) in interest and dividends due or accrued	880			(491	)
Decrease in accrued salaries and benefits	(52,722		)	(38,529	)
Decrease (increase) in other assets	4,583			(8,711	)
Decrease in other liabilities	(62,959		)	(45,769	)
Net cash provided by operating activities	39,317			46,639

Investing Activities
Purchase of fixed income securities, available-for-sale	(319,539		)	(474,962	)
Purchase of commercial mortgage loans	(14,096		)	—
Purchase of equity securities	(45,511		)	(6,702	)
Purchase of other investments	(27,433		)	(12,178	)
Purchase of short-term investments	(2,086,599		)	(2,416,285	)
Sale of fixed income securities, available-for-sale	101,671			218,411
Sale of short-term investments	1,851,532			2,449,725
Redemption and maturities of fixed income securities, held-to-maturity	405			579
Redemption and maturities of fixed income securities, available-for-sale	227,686			86,572
Sale of equity securities	1,320			3,721
Sale of other investments	—			4,995
Distributions from other investments	3,152			11,350
Purchase of property and equipment	(8,416		)	(7,955	)
Net cash used in investing activities	(315,828		)	(142,729	)

Financing Activities
Dividends to stockholders	(13,313		)	(11,462	)
Acquisition of treasury stock	(6,928		)	(6,585	)
Net proceeds from stock purchase and compensation plans	1,525			1,760
Proceeds from borrowings	387,000			341,256
Repayments of borrowings	(85,000		)	(235,000	)
Repayments of finance lease obligations	(142		)	(284	)
Net cash provided by financing activities	283,142			89,685
Net increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash	6,631			(6,405	)
Cash and restricted cash, beginning of year	7,975			16,919
Cash and restricted cash, end of period	$	14,606		10,514

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1. Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies

~~As used herein, the~~(a) Basis of Presentation

The words "Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” ~~refers~~refer to Selective Insurance Group, Inc. (the "Parent"), and its subsidiaries except as expressly indicated or ~~unless~~ the context ~~otherwise requires. Our~~requires otherwise. We have prepared our interim unaudited consolidated financial statements (“Financial Statements”) ~~have been prepared by us~~ in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. ~~The preparation of~~In preparing the Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP, ~~requires us~~we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported financial statement balances ~~as well as~~and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions between the Parent and its subsidiaries are eliminated in consolidation.

Our Financial Statements reflect all adjustments that, in our opinion, are normal, recurring, and necessary for a fair presentation of our results of operations and financial condition. Our Financial Statements cover the first quarters ended March 31, 2020 (“First Quarter 2020”) and March 31, 2019 (“First Quarter 2019~~”) and~~ ~~March 31, 2018~~ (“~~First Quarter 2018~~”). These Financial Statements do not include all of the information and disclosures required by GAAP and the SEC for audited annual financial statements. ~~Additionally, results~~Results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. Consequently, our Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019 (“~~2018~~2019 Annual Report”) filed with the SEC.

(b) Accounting Policies

There have been no material changes from the accounting policies disclosed in Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of our 2019 Annual Report other than those associated with our First Quarter 2020 adoption of ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses ("CECL") and our recent investment allocation to commercial mortgage loans ("CMLs"). The pertinent additions and changes to our accounting policies are centered around the following items: (i) Investments, (ii) Allowance for Uncollectible Premiums Receivable, and (iii) Allowance for Uncollectible Reinsurance Recoverable.

Investments

Fixed Income Securities

We have updated our policy associated with our review of fixed income securities for other-than-temporary impairments ("OTTI"), and we follow a two-step process:

(i) We review our fixed income securities in an unrealized loss position to determine: (i) if we have the intent to sell the security; or (ii) if it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery. If we determine that we have the intent or likely requirement to sell the security, we write down its amortized cost to its fair value. In writing down amortized cost, any amount previously recorded as an allowance for credit losses is reversed and any incremental impairment is recorded directly to earnings as OTTI.

(ii) If we do not have either the intent or likely requirement to sell the security, our evaluation for expected credit losses primarily focuses on performing a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) analysis on each of our fixed income securities to determine if an allowance for credit loss is required. We incorporate the results of the DCF analysis on individual security holdings into our calculation of the allowance for credit losses as follows:

For our held-to-maturity ("HTM") portfolio, the allowance for credit losses is calculated as the shortfall between amortized cost at the reporting date and the present value of future cash flows calculated in the DCF analysis.

For our available-for-sale ("AFS") portfolio and fixed income securities included in our short-term investment portfolio, the allowance for credit losses is calculated in the same manner as for the HTM portfolio; but the allowance amount is limited to the difference between the security’s amortized cost and fair value, or the fair value floor. This treatment is appropriate as we have the ability to recover the amortized cost of an AFS security either through: (i) collection of the contractual cash flows; or (ii) sale of the security.

Fair value declines on our AFS securities not recorded through OTTI are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income, after tax.

Our DCF analyses calculate the present value of future cash flows using various models that are specific to the major security types within our portfolio. These models use security-specific information as well as forecasted macroeconomic data to determine possible expected credit loss scenarios based on projected changes in the economy. The forecasted economic data incorporated into the models is based on the Federal Reserve Board’s annual supervisory stress test review on certain large banks and financial institutions. Additionally, we have the ability to incorporate internally-developed forecast information into the models as we deem appropriate. Model scenarios include a baseline assumption with projections for moderate economic expansion, an adverse assumption with projections for a weakening economy, and a severely adverse assumption with projections for a global recession. In developing our best estimate of the allowance for credit losses, we consider our outlook as to the probability of each of these scenarios occurring over the estimated contractual cash flows of our investment portfolio.

For additional information about the various assumptions we make, including the discount rates used in our DCF analyses, see Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of our 2019 Annual Report.

The allowance for credit losses are recorded as a contra-asset reflected in the carrying value of the investment on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, and are charged to earnings as credit loss expense, which is a component of "Other-than-temporary impairments" within "Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains" on our Consolidated Statements of Income. The income statement treatment is consistent with how we accounted for credit losses prior to the adoption of CECL. However, subsequent changes in the expected cash flows associated with a future period's updated DCF analysis are recorded as an increase to (or reversal of) credit loss expense with the offset recorded to the allowance. We charge write-offs against the allowance when either: (i) we determine the recovery of amortized cost to be uncollectible based on our evaluation of the financial condition of the issuer; (ii) we have the intent, or requirement, to sell a security for which an allowance for credit losses was previously established; and (iii) we have sold a security that for which an allowance for credit losses was previously established.

Accrued interest on fixed income securities and CMLs is recorded as a component of “Interest and dividends due or accrued” on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. If accrued interest is due but not paid within 90 days, we reverse the delinquent amount against investment income, which is a component of “Net investment income earned” on our Consolidated Statements of Income. We do not record a valuation allowance on our accrued interest balance as we reverse delinquent amounts on a timely basis. We consider a debt security to be past due at the time any principal or interest payments become 90 days delinquent.

Commercial Mortgage Loans

Beginning in 2020, our investment portfolio contains an allocation to CMLs. As of March 31, 2020, CMLs accounted for less than 1% of our invested assets. CMLs are loans secured by commercial property, such as an office building, multi-family apartment complex, industrial warehouse, or shopping center. We may acquire investments in CMLs through direct originations under a loan syndication arrangement or purchase CMLs in the marketplace. We record our investment in CMLs on the settlement date of the loan. Our CMLs are classified as held-for-investment and reported at amortized cost, net of the applicable allowance for credit losses, on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

We evaluate our CMLs for expected credit loss under the same methodology described above for fixed income securities using a DCF model. The discount rate used in this DCF model is either the effective interest rate implicit in the CML at the date of acquisition for fixed rate investments, or the effective interest rate in effect as of the reporting date for non-fixed-rate CMLs.

The allowance for credit losses on our CML investments is calculated as the shortfall between amortized cost at the reporting date and the present value of future cash flows calculated in the DCF analysis. The treatment of earnings and the related classification of the expected credit losses on the Consolidated Statements of Income and the Consolidated Balance Sheet are consistent with our fixed income securities as described above.

Allowance for Uncollectible Premiums Receivable

Expected credit losses on premiums receivable are charged to earnings as credit loss expense, which is a component of "Other insurance expenses" on our Consolidated Statements of Income with an offsetting allowance being recorded as a contra-asset reflected in the carry value of the receivable. Subsequent changes in the allowance are recorded as an increase to (or reversal

of) credit loss expense. We charge write-offs against the allowance when we determine the account to be uncollectible after considering information obtained from our collection efforts.

Allowance for Uncollectible Reinsurance Recoverable

The "Reinsurance recoverable" balance on our Consolidated Balance Sheets represents our estimate of amounts that will be recovered from reinsurers under our various treaties. Generally, amounts recoverable from reinsurers are recognized as assets at the same time and in a manner consistent with the paid and unpaid losses associated with the reinsured policies. We would consider a recoverable balance from a reinsurer to be past due if payment is not received by the first day following the invoice due date. We require collateral to secure reinsurance recoverable balances primarily from our reinsurance carriers that are not authorized, otherwise approved, or certified to do business in one or more of our ten insurance subsidiaries' domiciliary states. Our ten insurance subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the "Insurance Subsidiaries." This collateral is typically in the form of a letter of credit or cash.

We estimate an allowance for expected credit losses on our outstanding reinsurance recoverable balance at each reporting date. Credit risk is mitigated to the extent we have obtained collateral as described above. We, therefore, reduce the recoverable balance by the amount of the collateral as part of our allowance calculation. We then pool the uncollateralized balances by similar risk characteristics, including the financial strength rating of the reinsurer, and use a probability-of-default methodology in calculating the allowance. Historical default rates are sourced from AM Best and are coupled with severity assumptions in developing a baseline scenario. We then stress this scenario by incorporating forecasts of industry catastrophe losses and economic factors sourced through third-party data providers. In developing our best estimate of the allowance for credit losses, we consider our outlook as to the probability of each of these scenarios occurring.

Expected credit losses on reinsurance recoverable balances are charged to earnings as credit loss expense, which is a component of “Loss and loss expense incurred” on our Consolidated Statements of Income with an offsetting allowance for the credit loss being recorded as a contra-asset reflected in the carry value of the recoverable balance. Subsequent changes in the allowance are recorded as an increase to (or reversal of) credit loss expense. We charge write-offs against the allowance when we determine the recoverable balance to be uncollectible after considering information obtained from our efforts to collect amounts due or through a review of the financial condition of the reinsurer.

NOTE 2. Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements

~~The~~In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ~~("FASB"~~(“FASB”) issued ~~new leasing guidance through~~ ASU ~~2016-02,~~ ~~Leases~~2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, ~~which was issued in February 2016, as well as~~and subsequent additional implementation guidance ~~that was issued in 2018 and 2019~~ (collectively referred to as "ASU 2016-02"). ASU 2016-02 requires all lessees to recognize assets and liabilities on their balance sheets for the rights and obligations created by leases with terms longer than 12 months. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, an accounting policy election is allowed to recognize lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

ASU 2016-02 allows for certain practical expedients, accounting policy elections, and a transition method election. We adopted practical expedients related to reassessing: (i) whether our existing contracts are, or contain, leases; (ii) lease classification for existing leases; and (iii) initial direct costs for existing leases. Additionally, we adopted accounting policy elections to: (i) aggregate lease and non-lease components of a contract into a single lease component; and (ii) expense short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We adopted ASU 2016-02 effective January 1, 2019. See Note 12. "Leases" in this Form 10-Q for additional information regarding our leases and the impact of this guidance on our financial condition and results of operations.

~~In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07,~~ ~~Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting~~ ("ASU 2018-07"). The amendments in ASU 2018-07 expand the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. We adopted ASU 2018-07 in First Quarter 2019 and it did not have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

~~Pronouncements to be effective in the future~~

~~In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13,~~ ~~Financial Instruments - Credit Losses~~ ~~(“ASU~~“ASU 2016-13”)~~. ASU 2016-13 will change~~ that changes the way entities recognize impairment of financial ~~assets by requiring~~assets. The new guidance requires immediate recognition of estimated credit losses expected to occur over the remaining life of many financial assets ~~including, among others, held-to-maturity ("HTM") debt securities, trade receivables, and reinsurance recoverables. This ASU will not impact~~through the ~~impairment accounting model for available-for-sale ("AFS") debt securities. ASU 2016-13 requires~~establishment of a ~~valuation allowance to be calculated on these financial assets, and that they be presented on the financial statements net of the~~ valuation allowance. The valuation allowance is a measurement of expected losses ~~that is~~ based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. ~~This methodology is referred to as~~Additionally, ASU 2016-03 requires the ~~current expected credit loss model. ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those annual periods.~~ presentation of the impacted financial assets on the consolidated balance sheet net of the valuation allowance.

We ~~are currently evaluating the impact of~~adopted this guidance on January 1, 2020, and applied a modified retrospective approach for the adoption and recorded a net cumulative-effect adjustment to increase the opening balance of 2020 retained earnings by $1.4 million, after tax. Also, as prescribed in ASU 2016-13, we did not adjust the amortized cost basis of any securities for which we had previously recorded OTTI. The cumulative-effect increase to retained earnings represents the net adjustment required to establish valuation allowances on our held-to-maturity ("HTM") debt securities and to re-estimate valuation allowances on our premiums receivables and reinsurance recoverables under ASU 2016-13. See Note 1. Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies of this Form 10-Q for accounting policy updates related to ASU 2016-13. Additionally, see Note 4. "Investments," Note 7. "Allowance for Uncollectible Premiums Receivable," and Note 8. "Reinsurance" of this Form 10-Q for additional information regarding credit losses related to the respective financial ~~condition and results of operations.~~assets.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement: Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement(“ (“ASU 2018-13”). ASU 2018-13 modifies the disclosure requirements for fair value ~~measurements.~~measurements by removing certain disclosures, and modifying and adding disclosure requirements. The ~~modifications removed the following~~additional disclosure ~~requirements:~~requirements include (i) the amount of, and reasons for, transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; (ii) the policy for timing of transfers between levels; and (iii) the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. This ASU added the following disclosure requirements: (i) the changeschange in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income ~~("OCI"~~(“OCI”) for recurring Level 3

fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting ~~period;~~period, and (ii) the range and weighted average of significant observable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. ~~This update is effective for annual~~We adopted the provisions related to removed disclosures in the fourth quarter of 2019 and ~~interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted.~~adopted the remaining disclosure requirements in the first quarter of 2020 as permitted under ASU 2018-13. As ~~the requirements of~~ this literature ~~are~~requires disclosure only, ASU 2018-13 ~~will not~~has no impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

~~In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14,~~ ~~Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General: Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans~~ (“ASU 2018-14”). ASU 2018-14 modifies the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. These modifications include: (i) removing the requirement to disclose the amount in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year; and (ii) adding the requirement to disclose an explanation of the reasons for significant gains or losses related to changes in the benefit obligation for the period. This update is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. As the requirements of this literature are disclosure only, ASU 2018-14 will not impact our financial condition or results of operations.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software: Customer’s

Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract(“ (“ASU

2018-15”). ASU 2018-15 aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing hosting ~~arrangement that is a~~ service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. We adopted this guidance prospectively on January 1, 2020, and it did not have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

Pronouncements to be effective in the future

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes - Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU

2019-12”). Among other items, the amendments in ASU 2019-12 simplify the accounting treatment of tax law changes and year-to-date losses in interim periods. An entity generally recognizes the effects of a change in tax law in the period of enactment; however, there is an exception for tax laws with delayed effective dates. Under current guidance, an entity may not adjust its annual effective tax rate for a tax law change until the period in which the law is effective. This ~~update~~exception was removed by ASU 2019-12. This guidance provides that all effects of a tax law change are recognized in the period of enactment, including adjustment of the estimated annual effective tax rate.

For year-to-date losses in interim periods, an entity is required to estimate its annual effective tax rate for the full fiscal year at the end of each interim period and use that rate to calculate its income taxes on a year-to-date basis. Current guidance provides an exception that, when an interim period loss exceeds the anticipated loss for the year, the income tax benefit is limited to the amount that would be recognized if the year-to-date loss were the anticipated loss for the full year. ASU 2019-12 removes this exception and provides that, in this situation, an entity would compute its income tax benefit at each interim period based on its estimated annual effective tax rate.

ASU 2019-12 is effective for ~~annual and interim periods~~fiscal years beginning after December 15, ~~2019, with early~~2020, including interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our financial condition orand results of operations.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) -Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU 2020-04”), which provides optional expedients and exceptions to the guidance in GAAP on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to the expected market transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. Companies can elect to adopt ASU 2020-04 as of the beginning of the interim period that includes March 2020, or any date thereafter through December 31, 2022. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our financial condition and results of operations.

NOTE 3. Statements of Cash Flows

Supplemental cash flow information was as follows:



	Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2020		2019
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	8,854	4,477
Federal income tax	—		—

Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	2,130		1,983
Operating cash flows from financing leases	6		—
Financing cash flows from finance leases	142		284

Non-cash items:
Corporate actions related to fixed income securities, AFS¹	8,040		18,447
Tax-free exchange of fixed income securities, HTM	2,596		—
Assets acquired under finance lease arrangements	29		—
Assets acquired under operating lease arrangements	3,828		6,136
Non-cash purchase of property and equipment	5		162

Quarter ended March 31,
($ in thousands) 2019 2018
Cash paid during the period for:

Interest $ 4,477
3,455
Federal income tax —
(2,807 )

Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:

Operating cash flows from operating leases¹
1,983
—
Financing cash flows from finance leases

284
734

Non-cash items:
Corporate actions related to fixed income securities, AFS²
18,447
11,347
Assets acquired under operating lease arrangements¹

6,136
—
Non-cash purchase of property and equipment 162
—

¹Upon adoption of ASU 2016-02, effective January 1, 2019, we are required to disclose cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities, as well as supplemental non-cash information on operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining operating lease assets.

²Examples of such corporate actions include exchanges, non-cash acquisitions, and stock splits.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets that equate to the amount reported in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:



($ in thousands)	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Cash	$	9,429	300
Restricted cash	5,177		7,675
Total cash and restricted cash shown in the Statements of Cash Flows	$	14,606	7,975

($ in thousands) March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
Cash $ 516
505
Restricted cash 9,998
16,414
Total cash and restricted cash shown in the Statements of Cash Flows $ 10,514
16,919

Amounts included in restricted cash represent cash received from the ~~NFIP,~~National Flood Insurance Program ("NFIP"), which is restricted to pay flood claims under the Write Your Own program.

NOTE 4. Investments

(a) Our HTM fixed income securities as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020, represented less than 1% of our total invested assets, largely unchanged ~~compared to~~from December 31, ~~2018.~~2019. The carry value and net unrealized/unrecognized gains were ~~$36.5~~$20.4 million and ~~$1.5~~$1.6 million, respectively, at March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, and ~~$37.1~~$20.8 million and ~~$1.3~~$1.2 million, respectively, at December 31, ~~2018. Included in the net unrealized/unrecognized gains were gross unrealized/unrecognized losses of $0.1 million at March 31, 2019 and $0.2 million at December 31, 2018.~~2019.

Unrecognized holding gains and losses of HTM securities are not reflected in the Financial Statements, as they represent fair value fluctuations from the date a security is designated as HTM through the date of the balance sheet.

(b) Information regarding our AFS securities as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 was as follows:

March 31, 2019
($ in thousands)
Cost/
Amortized
Cost

Unrealized
Gains

Unrealized
Losses

Fair
Value
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies $ 125,664
1,766
(341 ) 127,089
Foreign government 20,238
299
(11 ) 20,526
Obligations of states and political subdivisions 1,110,504
39,936
(197 ) 1,150,243
Corporate securities 1,651,773
32,355
(6,113 ) 1,678,015
Collateralized loan obligations and other asset-backed securities ("CLO and other ABS") 722,573
5,050
(5,383 ) 722,240
Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS") 557,148
11,867
(815 ) 568,200
Residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) 1,275,373
27,100
(1,428 ) 1,301,045
Total AFS securities $ 5,463,273
118,373
(14,288 ) 5,567,358

December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)
Cost/
Amortized
Cost

Unrealized
Gains

Unrealized
Losses

Fair
Value
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies $ 120,092
1,810
(592 ) 121,310
Foreign government 23,202
36
(107 ) 23,131
Obligations of states and political subdivisions 1,121,615
19,485
(2,631 ) 1,138,469
Corporate securities 1,639,852
5,521
(27,965 ) 1,617,408
CLO and other ABS 720,193
4,112
(6,943 ) 717,362
CMBS 527,409
3,417
(3,748 ) 527,078
RMBS 1,118,435
12,988
(3,081 ) 1,128,342
Total AFS securities $ 5,270,798
47,369
(45,067 ) 5,273,100



March 31, 2020
($ in thousands)	Cost/ Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Unrealized Gains	Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies	$	134,569	—		7,668	—		142,237
Foreign government	12,987		(21	)	172	(252	)	12,886
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	1,146,160		(29	)	52,516	(1,434	)	1,197,213
Corporate securities	1,911,377		(13,412	)	44,397	(32,858	)	1,909,504
Collateralized loan obligations ("CLO") and other asset-backed securities ("ABS")	789,240		(1,565	)	2,084	(67,498	)	722,261
Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS")	516,702		(38	)	26,511	(12,142	)	531,033
Residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS")	1,366,744		(722	)	66,931	(2,727	)	1,430,226
Total AFS fixed income securities	$	5,877,779	(15,787	)	200,279	(116,911	)	5,945,360



December 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Cost/ Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains	Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies	$	112,680	3,506	—		116,186
Foreign government	18,011		533	(2	)	18,542
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	1,168,185		62,175	(270	)	1,230,090
Corporate securities	1,866,881		81,906	(1,310	)	1,947,477
CLO and other ABS	790,517		7,929	(5,434	)	793,012
CMBS	514,709		23,902	(267	)	538,344
RMBS	1,409,003		43,421	(455	)	1,451,969
Total AFS fixed income securities	$	5,879,986	223,372	(7,738	)	6,095,620

Unrealized gains and losses of AFS securities represent fair value fluctuations from the later of: (i) the date a security is designated as AFS; or (ii) the date that an ~~other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI")~~OTTI charge is recognized on an AFS security, through the date of the balance sheet. These unrealized gains and losses are recorded in ~~AOCI~~accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI") on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

~~(c)~~ The ~~severity~~following table provides a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on our AFS fixed income securities for 2020:



March 31, 2020
($ in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Current Provision for Securities without Prior Allowance	Increase or (Decrease) on Securities with Prior Allowance, excluding intent (or Requirement) to Sell Securities	Reductions for Securities Sold	Reductions for Securities Identified as Intent (or Requirement) to Sell during the Period	Ending Balance
Foreign government	—		21	—	—	—	21
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	—		29	—	—	—	29
Corporate securities	—		13,412	—	—	—	13,412
CLO and other ABS	—		1,565	—	—	—	1,565
CMBS	—		38	—	—	—	38
RMBS	—		722	—	—	—	722
Total AFS fixed income securities	$	—	15,787	—	—	—	15,787

During 2020, we did not experience any write-offs or recoveries of our AFS fixed income securities, nor did we purchase any assets with credit deterioration, therefore these items are not included in the table above.

As disclosed in Note 1. "Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies," we do not evaluate accrued interest on our AFS securities for credit impairment as we write-off these balance in a timely manner. As of March 31, 2020, accrued interest on AFS securities ~~in an unrealized/unrecognized loss position averaged approximately 1%~~amounted to $42.8 million and we did not record any write-offs of ~~amortized cost at March 31, 2019 and approximately 2% at December 31, 2018.~~accrued interest during First Quarter 2020.



March 31, 2020	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer			Total
($ in thousands)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value	Unrealized Losses		Fair Value	Unrealized Losses
AFS fixed income securities:
Foreign government	4,376		(252	)	—	—		4,376	(252	)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	70,830		(1,434	)	—	—		70,830	(1,434	)
Corporate securities	553,419		(31,677	)	8,185	(1,181	)	561,604	(32,858	)
CLO and other ABS	445,676		(49,404	)	136,413	(18,094	)	582,089	(67,498	)
CMBS	144,010		(11,119	)	11,373	(1,023	)	155,383	(12,142	)
RMBS	71,741		(2,561	)	1,974	(166	)	73,715	(2,727	)
Total AFS fixed income securities	$	1,290,052	(96,447	)	157,945	(20,464	)	1,447,997	(116,911	)

March 31, 2019 Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total
($ in thousands) Fair Value
Unrealized
Losses¹
Fair Value
Unrealized
Losses¹
Fair Value
Unrealized
Losses¹
AFS fixed income securities:

U.S. government and government agencies $ 13,443
(41 ) 25,774
(300 ) 39,217
(341 )
Foreign government —
—
3,509
(11 ) 3,509
(11 )
Obligations of states and political subdivisions 15,257
(71 ) 21,676
(126 ) 36,933
(197 )
Corporate securities 158,607
(2,783 ) 160,121
(3,330 ) 318,728
(6,113 )
CLO and other ABS 366,775
(4,231 ) 79,489
(1,152 ) 446,264
(5,383 )
CMBS 112,025
(505 ) 63,774
(310 ) 175,799
(815 )
RMBS 22,881
(258 ) 83,792
(1,170 ) 106,673
(1,428 )
Total AFS securities $ 688,988
(7,889 ) 438,135
(6,399 ) 1,127,123
(14,288 )


December 31, 2018	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer			Total
December 31, 2019											Less than 12 months				12 months or longer			Total
($ in thousands)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses¹		Fair Value	Unrealized Losses¹		Fair Value	Unrealized Losses¹		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value	Unrealized Losses		Fair Value	Unrealized Losses
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies	$	6,693	(174	)	23,163	(418	)	29,856	(592	)
Foreign government	12,208		(93	)	1,482	(14	)	13,690	(107	)	1,416		(2	)	—	—		1,416	(2	)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	196,798		(2,074	)	42,821	(557	)	239,619	(2,631	)	35,838		(270	)	—	—		35,838	(270	)
Corporate securities	1,041,952		(23,649	)	78,953	(4,316	)	1,120,905	(27,965	)	84,832		(480	)	20,182	(830	)	105,014	(1,310	)
CLO and other ABS	516,106		(6,750	)	16,800	(193	)	532,906	(6,943	)	205,191		(1,938	)	204,385	(3,496	)	409,576	(5,434	)
CMBS	229,338		(2,548	)	66,294	(1,200	)	295,632	(3,748	)	62,893		(264	)	828	(3	)	63,721	(267	)
RMBS	139,338		(1,660	)	45,661	(1,421	)	184,999	(3,081	)	126,089		(425	)	5,375	(30	)	131,464	(455	)
Total AFS fixed income securities	$	2,142,433	(36,948	)	275,174	(8,119	)	2,417,607	(45,067	)	$	516,259	(3,379	)	230,770	(4,359	)	747,029	(7,738	)

¹~~Gross unrealized losses include non-OTTI unrealized amounts and OTTI losses recognized in AOCI.~~

The decrease in the less than 12 months unrealized loss position was due to: (i) lower interest rates, with a 21-basis point decrease in 2-year U.S. Treasury Note yields and a 28-basis point decrease in 10-year U.S. Treasury Note yields during First Quarter 2019; and (ii) tightening option adjusted corporate credit spreads, with a 34-basis point decrease in the Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Corporate Bond Index during First Quarter 2019. We do not currently intend to sell any of the securities in the tables above, nor is it likely we will we be required to sell any of these securities. Considering these factors and ~~in accordance with~~ our review of these securities under our methodology for analyzing OTTI, ~~policy, as described in Note 2. “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” within Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of our~~ ~~2018~~ ~~Annual Report,~~ we have concluded that they are temporarily impaired as we believe: (i) they will mature at par value; (ii) they have not incurred a credit impairment; and (iii) future values of these securities will fluctuate with changes in interest rates. This conclusion reflects our current judgment as to the financial position and future prospects of the entity that issued the investment security and underlying collateral.

The COVID-19-related governmental orders have caused uncertainty and extreme volatility in the financial markets. Consequently, our gross unrealized losses on our AFS fixed income securities portfolio increased to $116.9 million from $7.7

million at December 31, 2019. The increase in total unrealized losses was driven by widening credit spreads as a result of the uncertainty in the marketplace, and partially offset by a significant decline in benchmark risk-free rates.

(d) Fixed income securities at March 31, ~~2019~~2020, are shown below by contractual ~~maturity, are shown below.~~maturity. Mortgage-backed securities are included in the maturity tables using the estimated average life of each security. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without call or prepayment penalties.

~~Listed below are the contractual maturities of fixed income securities at~~ ~~March 31, 2019~~:


	AFS		HTM		AFS		HTM
($ in thousands)	Fair Value		Carrying Value	Fair Value	Fair Value		Carrying Value	Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	238,650	12,795	12,927	$	295,885	929	965
Due after one year through five years	2,126,600		17,574	18,728	3,471,503		13,943	15,115
Due after five years through 10 years	3,060,270		6,124	6,287	1,925,970		5,508	5,841
Due after 10 years	141,838		—	—	252,002		—	—
Total fixed income securities	$	5,567,358	36,493	37,942	$	5,945,360	20,380	21,921

(e) The following table summarizes our other investment portfolio by strategy:



Other Investments	March 31, 2020				December 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		Remaining Commitment	Maximum Exposure to Loss¹	Carrying Value	Remaining Commitment	Maximum Exposure to Loss¹
Alternative Investments
Private equity	$	131,936	102,801	234,737	118,352	93,138	211,490
Private credit	46,515		101,587	148,102	42,532	105,340	147,872
Real assets	23,385		23,406	46,791	23,256	20,741	43,997
Total alternative investments	201,836		227,794	429,630	184,140	219,219	403,359
Other securities	43,098		—	43,098	32,667	—	32,667
Total other investments	$	244,934	227,794	472,728	216,807	219,219	436,026

Other Investments March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
($ in thousands) Carrying Value Remaining Commitment
Maximum Exposure to Loss¹
Carrying Value Remaining Commitment
Maximum Exposure to Loss¹
Alternative Investments

   Private equity $ 92,371
101,297
193,668
84,352
93,688
178,040
   Private credit 30,518
90,812
121,330
41,682
81,453
123,135
   Real assets 28,844
25,152
53,996
27,862
27,129
54,991
Total alternative investments 151,733
217,261
368,994
153,896
202,270
356,166
Other securities 24,492
—
24,492
25,042
—
25,042
Total other investments $ 176,225
217,261
393,486
178,938
202,270
381,208

¹The maximum exposure to loss includes both the carry value of these investments and the related ~~unfunded~~remaining commitments. In addition, tax credits that have been previously recognized in Other securities are subject to the risk of recapture, which we do not consider significant.

We are contractually committed to make additional investments up to the remaining commitments outlined above; however, we do not have a future obligation to fund losses or debts on behalf of ~~the investments above; however, we are contractually committed to make additional investments up to the remaining commitment outlined above.~~these investments. We have not provided any non-contractual financial support at any time during ~~2019~~2020 or ~~2018.~~2019.

The following table ~~sets forth~~shows gross summarized financial information for our other investments portfolio, including the portion we do not ~~owned by us.~~own. The majority of these investments are carried under the equity method of accounting. The last line of the table below reflects our share of the aggregate income or loss, which is the portion included in our Financial Statements. As the majority of these investments report results to us on a ~~one quarter~~one-quarter lag, the summarized financial statement information for the three-month period ended December 31 is included in our First Quarter results. This information is as follows:



Income Statement Information	Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in millions)	2020		2019
Net investment (loss) income	$	12.7	(150.0	)
Realized (losses) gains	164.8		143.3
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation)	1,204.0		554.3
Net income	$	1,381.5	547.6
Insurance Subsidiaries’ alternative investments income	$	6.3	0.6

Income Statement Information Quarter ended March 31,
($ in millions) 2019 2018
Net investment income (loss) $ (150.1 )
(56.2 )
Realized gains (losses) 143.3

1,003.0
Net change in unrealized appreciation 554.3

96.2
Net gain $ 547.5

1,043.0
Selective’s insurance subsidiaries’ alternative investments gain $ 0.6
1.6

As noted above, the $6.3 million of income associated with our alternative investment portfolio is largely recorded on a one-quarter lag, so the carry value of $201.8 million at March 31, 2020, does not reflect the significant COVID-19-related financial market volatility. Refer to Note 16. "Subsequent Events" below for additional information regarding our estimate of the results of our alternative investments portfolio to be recorded in the second quarter of 2020.

(f) WeCertain Insurance Subsidiaries have pledged certain AFS fixed income securities as collateral ~~related to our relationships with~~as members of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis ("FHLBI") and the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York ("FHLBNY"). In addition, we had certain securities ~~were on deposit~~deposited with various state and regulatory agencies at March 31, ~~2019~~2020, to comply with insurance laws. We retain all rights regarding all securities pledged as collateral.

The following table summarizes the market value of these securities at March 31, ~~2019:~~2020:



($ in millions)	FHLBI Collateral		FHLBNY Collateral	State and Regulatory Deposits	Total
U.S. government and government agencies	$	—	—	23.4	23.4
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	—		—	4.0	4.0
Corporate securities	—		—	0.3	0.3
CMBS	7.1		28.1	—	35.2
RMBS	139.7		225.7	—	365.4
Total pledged as collateral	$	146.8	253.8	27.7	428.3

($ in millions) FHLBI Collateral FHLBNY Collateral State and Regulatory Deposits Total
U.S. government and government agencies $ —
—
22.5
22.5
Obligations of states and political subdivisions —
—
3.9
3.9
Corporate securities —
—
0.3
0.3
CMBS 7.2
20.8
—
28.0
RMBS 57.3
96.6
—
153.9
Total pledged as collateral $ 64.5
117.4
26.7

208.6

(g) We did not have exposure to any credit concentration risk of a single issuer greater than 10% of our stockholders' equity, other than certain U.S. government-backed investments, as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020, or December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

(h) The components of pre-tax net investment income earned were as follows:


	Quarter ended March 31,					Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2019			2018		2020			2019
Fixed income securities	$	49,033		42,041		$	50,253		49,033
CMLs						62			—
Equity securities	1,640			1,977		1,552			1,640
Short-term investments	2,044			523		1,166			2,044
Other investments	660			1,563		6,342			660
Investment expenses	(2,759		)	(2,873	)	(3,408		)	(2,759	)
Net investment income earned	$	50,618		43,231		$	55,967		50,618

(i) The following table summarizes OTTI ~~charges were $0.1~~by asset type for the periods indicated:



	Quarter Ended March 31,
	2020			2019
($ in thousands)	Credit Loss Expense	Other Impairment Charges	Recognized in Earnings	Recognized in Earnings
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies	—	14	14	—
Foreign government	21	—	21	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	29	62	91	65
Corporate securities	13,412	11,603	25,015	—
CLO and other ABS	1,565	2,000	3,565	—
CMBS	38	1,852	1,890	—
RMBS	722	71	793	—
Total AFS fixed income securities	15,787	15,602	31,389	65
CMLs	240	—	240	—
Other Investments	—	—	—	39
Total OTTI	16,027	15,602	31,629	104

The $31.6 million ~~and $1.2 million in~~of OTTI during First Quarter ~~2019 and~~2020 was a $31.5 million increase from First Quarter ~~2018, respectively. All~~2019. Included in the $31.6 million of ~~these~~First Quarter 2020 OTTI are $15.6 million of other impairment charges, ~~were related to~~which represent securities ~~for which~~that are in an unrealized loss position that we ~~had the intent~~intend to sell. ~~For a discussion of~~This provided our ~~evaluation for OTTI, refer~~investment managers significant flexibility to ~~Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies"~~trade and optimize our investment portfolio in ~~Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our~~ ~~2018~~ ~~Annual Report.~~the COVID-19-related financial market volatility.

(j) Net realized and unrealized gains and losses (excluding OTTI charges) for First Quarter ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019 included the following:



	Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2020			2019
Net realized gains (losses) on the disposals of securities:
Fixed income securities	$	4,276		1,143
Equity securities	(3		)	2,280
Short-term investments	(168		)	14
Other investments	(5		)	7
Net realized gains (losses) on the disposal of securities	4,100			3,444
OTTI charges	(31,629		)	(104	)
Net realized gains (losses)	(27,529		)	3,340
Unrealized (losses) gains recognized in income on equity securities	(17,137		)	10,111
Total net realized and unrealized investment (losses) gains	$	(44,666	)	13,451

Quarter ended March 31,
($ in thousands) 2019 2018
Net realized gains (losses) on the disposals of securities:
Fixed income securities $ 1,143
(3,335 )
Equity securities 2,280
8,069
Short-term investments 14
(3 )
Other investments 7
—
Net realized gains on the disposal of securities 3,444
4,731
OTTI charges (104 ) (1,212 )
Net realized gains 3,340
3,519
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized in income on equity securities¹
10,111
(14,068 )
Total net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) $ 13,451
(10,549 )

¹~~Includes~~The $58.1 million increase in net realized and unrealized ~~holding gains (losses) of: (i) $12.0~~investment losses was primarily driven by the increase in OTTI discussed above, coupled with a $27.2 million increase in unrealized losses on our equity securities in First Quarter ~~2019 and $(5.1) million~~2020, related to the COVID-19-related financial market disruption.

Unrealized (losses) recognized in ~~First Quarter 2018~~income on equity securities, ~~remaining~~as reflected in ~~our portfolio as of March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively; and (ii) $(1.9) million in First Quarter 2019 and $(9.0) million in First Quarter 2018 on equity securities sold in each respective period.~~the table above, include the following:



	Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2020			2019
Unrealized (losses) gains recognized in income on equity securities:
On securities remaining in our portfolio at March 31, 2020	$	(17,140	)	12,055
On securities sold in each respective period	3			(1,944	)
Total unrealized (losses) gains recognized in income on equity securities	$	(17,137	)	10,111

The components of net realized gains on disposals of securities for the periods indicated were as follows:



	Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2020			2019
HTM fixed income securities
Gains	$	1		—
Losses	—			—
AFS fixed income securities
Gains	5,653			1,844
Losses	(1,378		)	(701	)
Equity securities
Gains	—			2,280
Losses	(3		)	—
Short-term investments
Gains	22			14
Losses	(190		)	—
Other investments
Gains	—			7
Losses	(5		)	—
Total net realized gains on disposals of securities	$	4,100		3,444

Quarter ended March 31,
($ in thousands) 2019 2018
HTM fixed income securities
Gains $ —
2
Losses —
—
AFS fixed income securities

Gains 1,844
2,623
Losses (701 ) (5,960 )
Equity securities

Gains 2,280
8,399
Losses —
(330 )
Short-term investments
Gains 14
1
Losses —
(4 )
Other investments
Gains 7
—
Losses —

—
Total net realized gains on disposals of securities $ 3,444

4,731

Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are determined on the basis of the cost of the specific investments sold.

Proceeds from the sales of AFS fixed income securities were $218.4 million and $675.4 million in First Quarter 2019 and First Quarter 2018, respectively. Proceeds from the sales of equity securities were $3.7 million and $40.7 million in First Quarter 2019 and First Quarter 2018, respectively.

NOTE 5. Indebtedness

The table below provides a summary of our outstanding debt at March 31, ~~2019~~2020, and December 31, ~~2018:~~2019:



Outstanding Debt	Issuance Date	Maturity Date	Interest Rate		Original Amount	2020		Carry Value
($ in thousands)	Issuance Date	Maturity Date	Interest Rate		Original Amount	Unamortized Issuance Costs	Debt Discount	March 31, 2020	December 31, 2019
Description
Short-term
Issuance:
FHLBNY	3/12/2020	9/14/2020	0.78	%	100,000	—	—	100,000	—
FHLBNY	3/18/2020	9/18/2020	0.68	%	85,000	—	—	85,000	—
FHLBI	3/19/2020	12/14/2020	0.58	%	67,000	—	—	67,000	—
Line of Credit	3/24/2020	9/24/2020	2.244	%	50,000	—	—	50,000	—
Total short-term debt						—	—	302,000	—

Other Outstanding:
FHLBI	12/16/2016	12/16/2026	3.03	%	60,000	—	—	60,000	60,000
FHLBNY	8/15/2016	8/16/2021	1.56	%	25,000	—	—	25,000	25,000
FHLBNY	7/21/2016	7/21/2021	1.61	%	25,000	—	—	25,000	25,000
Senior Notes	11/3/2005	11/1/2035	6.70	%	100,000	346	515	99,139	99,125
Senior Notes	11/16/2004	11/15/2034	7.25	%	50,000	180	89	49,731	49,725
Senior Notes	3/1/2019	3/1/2049	5.375	%	300,000	3,092	5,823	291,085	291,010

Finance lease obligations								622	737
Total long-term debt						3,618	6,427	550,577	550,597

Total debt						3,618	6,427	852,577	550,597

Outstanding Debt Issuance Date Maturity Date Interest Rate Original Amount 2019 Carry Value
($ in thousands) Debt Discount and Unamortized Issuance Cost March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
Description
Long term
   Issuance:
      Senior Notes 3/1/2019 3/1/2049 5.375 % $ 300,000
9,293
290,707
—

   Redemption:
      Senior Notes 2/8/2013 2/9/2043 5.875 % 185,000
—
—
180,771

   Other Outstanding:
      FHLBI 12/16/2016 12/16/2026 3.03 % 60,000
—
60,000
60,000
      FHLBNY 8/15/2016 8/16/2021 1.56 % 25,000
—
25,000
25,000
      FHLBNY 7/21/2016 7/21/2021 1.61 % 25,000
—
25,000
25,000
      Senior Notes 11/3/2005 11/1/2035 6.70 % 100,000
917
99,083
99,069
      Senior Notes 11/16/2004 11/15/2034 7.25 % 50,000
293
49,707
49,700

Finance Lease Obligations¹
607
—
Total long-term debt $ 745,000
10,503
550,104
439,540

¹ ~~Concurrent with~~Our long-term debt balance did not materially change from December 31, 2019. However, we increased our short-term debt by $302 million during the ~~adoption~~First Quarter 2020 as a contingency in light of ~~ASU 2016-02 discussed~~the COVID-19-related volatility and uncertainty in ~~Note 2. "Adoption~~the financial markets. The proceeds from these short-term borrowings were invested in high-quality money market funds, and for the most part, were to increase liquidity and operating flexibility in the next few quarters.

Our short-term borrowings in First Quarter 2020 consisted of ~~Accounting Pronouncements," finance lease obligations are now captured in Long-term debt on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.~~the following:

~~Short Term Debt Activity~~

On ~~March 7, 2019,~~February 18, 2020, Selective Insurance Company of America (“SICA”) borrowed short-term funds of ~~$50~~$85 million from the FHLBNY at an interest rate of ~~2.64%~~1.81%. This borrowing was ~~repaid~~refinanced upon its maturity on March ~~28, 2019.~~

~~Long Term Debt Activity~~

~~In First Quarter 2019, we issued $300 million of 5.375% Senior Notes due 2049~~18, 2020, at a ~~discount~~lower interest rate of ~~$5.9~~0.68%. This borrowing matures on September 18, 2020.

On March 12, 2020, SICA borrowed $100 million ~~which, when coupled with debt issuance costs of approximately $3.4 million, resulted in net proceeds~~ from the ~~offering~~FHLBNY at an interest rate of ~~$290.7 million. The Senior Notes will pay interest on March 1 and September 1 of each year, beginning~~0.78%. This borrowing matures on September ~~1, 2019. A portion~~14, 2020.

On March 19, 2020 Selective Insurance Company of South Carolina ("SISC") and Selective Insurance Company of the ~~proceeds~~Southeast ("SISE") borrowed $39 million and $28 million, respectively, from ~~this~~the FHLBI at an interest rate of 0.58%. These borrowings mature on December 14, 2020.

•

On March 24, 2020, Selective Insurance Group ("SIGI") borrowed $50 million on its line of credit issued by the Bank of Montreal at an interest rate of 2.244%. The borrowings can be repaid at anytime, without a prepayment penalty, through the December 20, 2022 maturity of the line of credit. The interest rate is based on a spread over 180 LIBOR and will reset on September 24, 2020 if the borrowings under the line of credit remain outstanding at that time.

As of March 31, 2020, we were compliant with our required financial debt ~~issuance was used to fully redeem~~covenants under the ~~$185 million aggregate principal amount~~line of our 5.875% Senior Notes due 2043, with the remaining $106 million being used for general corporate purposes. The 5.875% Senior Notes had pre-tax debt retirement costs of $4.2 million, or $3.3 million after tax, which was recorded in Interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income in First Quarter 2019.credit.

For ~~detailed~~additional information on our indebtedness and debt covenants, see Note 10. "Indebtedness" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report.

NOTE 6. Fair Value Measurements

~~The~~We primarily measure the financial assets in our investment portfolio ~~are primarily measured~~ at fair value as disclosed on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our financial liabilities as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018:~~2019:



	March 31, 2020				December 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Carrying Amount			Fair Value	Carrying Amount		Fair Value
Financial Liabilities
Short-term debt:
0.78% Borrowings from FHLBNY	$	100,000		100,096	—		—
0.68% Borrowings from FHLBNY	85,000			85,039	—		—
0.58% Borrowings from FHLBI	67,000			67,006	—		—
2.244% Line of Credit¹	50,000			—	—		—
Total short-term debt	302,000			252,141	—		—

Long-term debt:
7.25% Senior Notes	49,911			61,134	49,910		66,365
6.70% Senior Notes	99,485			118,561	99,480		123,104
5.375% Senior Notes	294,177			316,400	294,157		357,025
1.61% borrowings from FHLBNY	25,000			25,261	25,000		24,901
1.56% borrowings from FHLBNY	25,000			25,260	25,000		24,875
3.03% borrowings from FHLBI	60,000			65,404	60,000		63,002
Subtotal long-term debt	553,573			612,020	553,547		659,272
Unamortized debt issuance costs	(3,618		)		(3,687	)
Finance lease obligations	622				737
Total long-term debt	$	550,577			550,597

March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
($ in thousands) Carrying Amount Fair Value Carrying Amount Fair Value
Financial Liabilities
Long-term debt:
7.25% Senior Notes 49,907
61,391
49,907
57,032
6.70% Senior Notes 99,467
115,671
99,462
107,075
5.875% Senior Notes —
—
185,000
177,230
5.375% Senior Notes 294,097
307,215
—
—
1.61% borrowings from FHLBNY 25,000
24,474
25,000
24,218
1.56% borrowings from FHLBNY 25,000
24,426
25,000
24,162
3.03% borrowings from FHLBI 60,000
61,814
60,000
58,905
Subtotal long-term debt 553,471
594,991
444,369
448,622
Unamortized debt issuance costs (3,974 ) (4,829 )
Finance lease obligations 607
—

Total long-term debt 550,104
439,540

¹Total short-term debt includes our $50 million line of credit borrowing. As there is no scheduled or definitive repayment plan for this borrowing as of March 31, 2020, the fair value cannot be calculated and the borrowing is not classified in the fair value hierarchy table below.

For ~~a discussion of our long-term debt activity in First Quarter 2019, see~~more information about these new short-term borrowings, refer to Note 5. "Indebtedness" ~~and for~~above. For a discussion of the fair value hierarchy and techniques used to value our financial assets and liabilities, refer to Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report.

The following tables provide quantitative disclosures of our financial assets that were measured and recorded at fair value at March 31, ~~2019~~2020, and December 31, ~~2018:~~2019:



March 31, 2020			Fair Value Measurements Using
($ in thousands)	Assets Measured at Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/ Liabilities (Level 1)¹	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)¹	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Description
Measured on a recurring basis:				��
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies	$	142,237	44,093	98,144	—
Foreign government	12,886		—	12,886	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	1,197,213		—	1,194,323	2,890
Corporate securities	1,909,504		—	1,885,319	24,185
CLO and other ABS	722,261		—	685,889	36,372
RMBS	1,430,226		—	1,430,226	—
CMBS	531,033		—	531,033	—
Total AFS fixed income securities	5,945,360		44,093	5,837,820	63,447
Equity securities:
Common stock¹	98,410		59,175	—	—
Preferred stock	1,579		1,579	—	—
Total equity securities	99,989		60,754	—	—
Short-term investments	517,558		504,243	13,315	—
Total assets measured at fair value	$	6,562,907	609,090	5,851,135	63,447

March 31, 2019 Fair Value Measurements Using
($ in thousands) Assets
Measured at
Fair Value
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets/
Liabilities (Level 1)¹

Significant Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)¹

Significant Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Description

Measured on a recurring basis:

AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies $ 127,089
68,645
58,444
—
Foreign government 20,526
—
20,526
—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions 1,150,243
—
1,150,243
—
Corporate securities 1,678,015
—
1,661,596
16,419
CLO and other ABS 722,240
—
690,948
31,292
CMBS 568,200
—
568,200
—
RMBS 1,301,045
—
1,301,045
—
Total AFS fixed income securities 5,567,358
68,645
5,451,002
47,711
Equity securities:
Common stock²
160,011
119,977
—
—
Preferred stock 3,005
3,005
—
—
Total equity securities 163,016
122,982
—
—
Short-term investments 290,653
289,232
1,421
—
Total assets measured at fair value $ 6,021,027
480,859
5,452,423

47,711



December 31, 2019			Fair Value Measurements Using
($ in thousands)	Assets Measured at Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/Liabilities (Level 1)¹	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)¹	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Description
Measured on a recurring basis:
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies	$	116,186	41,083	75,103	—
Foreign government	18,542		—	18,542	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	1,230,090		—	1,230,090	—
Corporate securities	1,947,477		—	1,930,426	17,051
CLO and other ABS	793,012		3,635	772,343	17,034
RMBS	1,451,969		—	1,451,969	—
CMBS	538,344		—	538,344	—
Total AFS fixed income securities	6,095,620		44,718	6,016,817	34,085
Equity securities:
Common stock¹	69,900		32,145	—	—
Preferred stock	3,037		3,037	—	—
Total equity securities	72,937		35,182	—	—
Short-term investments	282,490		265,306	17,184	—
Total assets measured at fair value	$	6,451,047	345,206	6,034,001	34,085

December 31, 2018 Fair Value Measurements Using
($ in thousands) Assets
Measured at
Fair Value
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets/Liabilities
(Level 1)¹

Significant
Other Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)¹

Significant Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Description

Measured on a recurring basis:

AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies $ 121,310
78,381
42,929
—
Foreign government 23,131
—
23,131
—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions 1,138,469
—
1,138,469
—
Corporate securities 1,617,408
—
1,617,408
—
CLO and other ABS 717,362
—
709,953
7,409
CMBS 527,078
—
527,078
—
RMBS 1,128,342
—
1,128,342
—
Total AFS fixed income securities 5,273,100
78,381
5,187,310
7,409
Equity securities:
Common stock²
144,727
107,397
—
—
Preferred stock 2,912
2,912
—
—
Total equity securities 147,639
110,309
—
—
Short-term investments 323,864
321,370
2,494
—
Total assets measured at fair value $ 5,744,603
510,060
5,189,804
7,409
¹Investments amounting to $39.2 million at March 31, 2020, and $37.8 million at December 31, 2019, were measured at fair value using net asset value per share (or its practical expedient) and are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. These investments are not redeemable and the timing of liquidations of the underlying assets is unknown at each reporting period disclosed above. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to total assets measured at fair value.


¹	~~There were no transfers of securities between Level 1 and Level 2.~~


²	Investments amounting to $40.0 million at March 31, 2019, and $23.7 million at December 31, 2018, were measured at fair value using net asset value per share (or its practical expedient) and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to total assets measured at fair value.

The following table provides a summary of Level 3 changes in First Quarter 2020 and First Quarter 2019:



March 31, 2020
($ in thousands)	Obligations of states and political subdivisions	Corporate Securities		CLO and Other ABS		Total
Fair value, December 31, 2019	—	17,051		17,034		34,085
Total net (losses) gains for the period included in:
OCI	—	1		(1,756	)	(1,755	)
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains	—	(61	)	(214	)	(275	)
Purchases	—	3,002		4,831		7,833
Sales	—	—		—		—
Issuances	—	—		—		—
Settlements	—	—		—		—
Transfers into Level 3	2,890	4,192		20,107		27,189
Transfers out of Level 3	—	—		(3,630	)	(3,630	)
Fair value, March 31, 2020	2,890	24,185		36,372		63,447

Change in unrealized (losses) gains for the period included in earnings for assets held at period end	—	(61	)	(214	)	(275	)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) for the period included in other comprehensive income for assets held at period end	—	1		(1,756	)	(1,755	)

March 31, 2019
($ in thousands) Corporate Securities CLO and Other ABS Total
Fair value, December 31, 2018 —
7,409
7,409
Total net (losses) gains for the period included in:
OCI —
(225 ) (225 )
Net income —
—
—
Purchases —
12,434
12,434
Sales —
—
—
Issuances —
—
—
Settlements —
—
—
Transfers into Level 3 16,419
11,674
28,093
Transfers out of Level 3 —
—
—
Fair value, March 31, 2019 16,419
31,292
47,711

~~There were no material changes in the fair value of securities measured using Level 3 prices in First Quarter 2018.~~



March 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Corporate Securities	CLO and Other ABS		Total
Fair value, December 31, 2018	—	7,409		7,409
Total net (losses) gains for the period included in:
OCI	—	(225	)	(225	)
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains	—	—		—
Purchases	—	12,434		12,434
Sales	—	—		—
Issuances	—	—		—
Settlements	—	—		—
Transfers into Level 3	16,419	11,674		28,093
Transfers out of Level 3	—	—		—
Fair value, March 31, 2019	16,419	31,292		47,711

Change in unrealized gains (losses) for the period included in earnings for assets held at period end	—	—		—

The following tables provide quantitative information regarding our financial assets and liabilities that were disclosed at fair value at March 31, ~~2019~~2020, and December 31, ~~2018~~2019:


March 31, 2019			Fair Value Measurements Using
March 31, 2020								Fair Value Measurements Using
($ in thousands)	Assets/ Liabilities Disclosed at Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/ Liabilities (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)	Assets/ Liabilities Disclosed at Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/ Liabilities (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial Assets
HTM:
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	17,923	—	17,923	—	$	4,871	—	4,871	—
Corporate securities	20,019		—	20,019	—	17,050		—	17,050	—
Total HTM fixed income securities	$	37,942	—	37,942	—	$	21,921	—	21,921	—

CMLs						13,856		—	—	13,856

Financial Liabilities
Short-term debt:
0.78% Borrowings from FHLBNY						100,096		—	100,096	—
0.68% Borrowings from FHLBNY						85,039		—	85,039	—
0.58% Borrowings from FHLBI						67,006		—	67,006	—
Total short-term debt						252,141		—	252,141	—

Long-term debt:
7.25% Senior Notes	$	61,391	—	61,391	—	$	61,134	—	61,134	—
6.70% Senior Notes	115,671		—	115,671	—	118,561		—	118,561	—
5.375% Senior Notes	307,215		—	307,215	—	316,400		—	316,400	—
1.61% borrowings from FHLBNY	24,474		—	24,474	—	25,261		—	25,261	—
1.56% borrowings from FHLBNY	24,426		—	24,426	—	25,260		—	25,260	—
3.03% borrowings from FHLBI	61,814		—	61,814	—	65,404		—	65,404	—
Total long-term debt	$	594,991	—	594,991	—	$	612,020	—	612,020	—



December 31, 2019			Fair Value Measurements Using
($ in thousands)	Assets/ Liabilities Disclosed at Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/ Liabilities (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial Assets
HTM:
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	4,921	—	4,921	—
Corporate securities	17,054		—	17,054	—
Total HTM fixed income securities	$	21,975	—	21,975	—

Financial Liabilities
Long-term debt:
7.25% Senior Notes	$	66,365	—	66,365	—
6.70% Senior Notes	123,104		—	123,104	—
5.375% Senior Notes	357,025		—	357,025	—
1.61% borrowings from FHLBNY	24,901		—	24,901	—
1.56% borrowings from FHLBNY	24,875		—	24,875	—
3.03% borrowings from FHLBI	63,002		—	63,002	—
Total long-term debt	$	659,272	—	659,272	—

December 31, 2018 Fair Value Measurements Using
($ in thousands) Assets/
Liabilities
Disclosed at
Fair Value
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets/
Liabilities
(Level 1)

Significant Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)

Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Financial Assets

HTM:

Obligations of states and political subdivisions $ 17,969
—
17,969
—
Corporate securities 20,348
—
20,348
—
Total HTM fixed income securities $ 38,317
—
38,317
—

Financial Liabilities

Long-term debt:
7.25% Senior Notes $ 57,032
—
57,032
—
6.70% Senior Notes 107,075
—
107,075
—
5.875% Senior Notes 177,230
177,230
—
—
1.61% borrowings from FHLBNY 24,218
—
24,218
—
1.56% borrowings from FHLBNY 24,162
—
24,162
—
3.03% borrowings from FHLBI 58,905
—
58,905
—
Total long-term debt $ 448,622
177,230
271,392
—

NOTE 7. Allowance for Uncollectible Premiums Receivable

The following table provides a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on our premiums receivable balance during First Quarter 2020:



($ in thousands)	March 31, 2020
Balance, December 31, 2019	$	6,400
Cumulative effect adjustment¹	1,058
Balance, January 1, 2020	$	7,458
Current period provision for expected credit losses	11,195
Write-offs charged against the allowance	(653		)
Recoveries	—
Allowance for credit losses, end of period	$	18,000

¹See Note 2. "Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements" above for additional information regarding our adoption of ASU 2016-13.

Based on an evaluation of the recoverability of our premiums receivable, in light of the billing accommodations we announced during First Quarter 2020 and the impact of recent state regulations that provided for the deferral of payments without cancellation for a period up to 90 day in certain states, which will increase earned but uncollected premiums, we recognized an additional allowance for credit losses of $10.5 million, net of write-offs. The billing accommodations include individualized payment flexibility and suspending the effect of policy cancellations, late payment notices, and late or reinstatement fees.

NOTE 7.8. Reinsurance

We evaluate and monitor the financial condition of our reinsurers under voluntary reinsurance arrangements to minimize our exposure to significant losses from reinsurer insolvencies. The following table provides (i) a disaggregation of our reinsurance recoverable balance by financial strength rating, and (ii) an aging analysis of our past due reinsurance recoverable balances as of March 31, 2020:



	March 31, 2020
($ in thousands)	Current			Past Due		Total Reinsurance Recoverables
Financial strength rating of rated reinsurers¹
A++	$	20,835		$	—	$	20,835
A+	428,354			3,229		431,583
A	25,915			—		25,915
A-	508			—		508
B++	316			94		410
B+	21			—		21
Total rated reinsurers	$	475,949		$	3,323	$	479,272

Non-rated reinsurers
Federal and state pools	80,245			60		80,305
Other than federal and state pools	5,459			—		5,459
Total non-rated reinsurers	$	85,704		$	60	$	85,764

Total reinsurance recoverable, gross	$	561,653		$	3,383	$	565,036
Less: allowance for credit losses²	(1,502		)	—		(1,502		)
Total reinsurance recoverable, net	$	560,151		$	3,383	$	563,534

¹Credit ratings as of March 31, 2020.

²Represents our current expectation of credit losses on total current and past due reinsurance recoverables, and is not identifiable by reinsurer.

We evaluate our estimate of expected credit losses through the methodology outlined in Note 1. “Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies.”

The following table provides a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on our reinsurance recoverable balance at March 31, 2020:



($ in thousands)	March 31, 2020
Balance, December 31, 2019	$	4,400
Cumulative effect adjustment¹	(2,903		)
Balance, January 1, 2020	$	1,497
Current period provision for expected credit losses	5
Write-offs charged against the allowance	—
Recoveries	—
Allowance for credit losses, end of period	$	1,502

¹See Note 2. "Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements" for additional information regarding our adoption of ASU 2016-13.

The following table contains a listing of direct, assumed, and ceded reinsurance amounts for premiums written, premiums earned, and loss and loss expenses incurred for the periods indicated. For more information concerning reinsurance, refer to

Note 8. “Reinsurance” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of our ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report.


	Quarter ended March 31,					Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2019			2018		2020			2019
Premiums written:
Direct	$	766,394		714,234		$	746,431		766,394
Assumed	6,555			6,271		6,043			6,555
Ceded	(100,002		)	(95,945	)	(105,147		)	(100,002	)
Net	$	672,947		624,560		$	647,327		672,947
Premiums earned:
Direct	$	728,037		683,733		$	754,892		728,037
Assumed	6,562			6,124		6,173			6,562
Ceded	(102,026		)	(98,029	)	(109,362		)	(102,026	)
Net	$	632,573		591,828		$	651,703		632,573
Loss and loss expenses incurred:
Direct	$	424,657		420,916		$	425,795		424,657
Assumed	5,265			8,004		4,898			5,265
Ceded	(43,343		)	(43,979	)	(30,369		)	(43,343	)
Net	$	386,579		384,941		$	400,324		386,579

Direct premiums written decreased in First Quarter 2020 compared to First Quarter 2019 as a result of a $75 million increase in our return audit and mid-term endorsement premium accrual during First Quarter 2020, which reflects lower exposure that determines the premium that we charge due to the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the anticipated decline in sales and payroll exposures on the general liability and workers compensation lines of business.

Ceded premiums and losses related to our participation in the ~~National Flood Insurance Program ("NFIP"),~~NFIP, under which 100% of our flood premiums, losses, and loss expenses are ceded to the NFIP, are as follows:



Ceded to NFIP	Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2020			2019
Ceded premiums written	$	(62,087	)	(60,013	)
Ceded premiums earned	(66,861		)	(62,263	)
Ceded loss and loss expenses incurred	(5,096		)	(13,686	)

Ceded to NFIP Quarter ended March 31,
($ in thousands) 2019 2018
Ceded premiums written $ (60,013 ) (56,669 )
Ceded premiums earned (62,263 ) (58,991 )
Ceded loss and loss expenses incurred (13,686 ) (15,719 )

NOTE 8.9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Expense

The table below provides a roll forward of reserve for loss and loss expense balances:



	Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2020			2019
Gross reserve for loss and loss expense, at beginning of year	$	4,067,163		3,893,868
Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss and loss expense, at beginning of year¹	547,066			537,388
Net reserve for loss and loss expense, at beginning of year	3,520,097			3,356,480
Incurred loss and loss expense for claims occurring in the:
Current year	407,276			397,253
Prior years	(6,952		)	(10,674	)
Total incurred loss and loss expense	400,324			386,579
Paid loss and loss expense for claims occurring in the:
Current year	70,610			73,964
Prior years	281,736			246,168
Total paid loss and loss expense	352,346			320,132
Net reserve for loss and loss expense, at end of period	3,568,075			3,422,927
Add: Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss and loss expense, at end of period	535,560			543,582
Gross reserve for loss and loss expense at end of period	$	4,103,635		3,966,509

¹Includes an adjustment of $2.9 million related to our adoption of ASU 2016-13. Refer to Note 2. "Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements" for additional information.

Quarter ended March 31,
($ in thousands) 2019 2018
Gross reserve for loss and loss expense, at beginning of year $ 3,893,868
3,771,240
Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss and loss expense, at beginning of year 537,388
585,855
Net reserve for loss and loss expense, at beginning of year 3,356,480
3,185,385
Incurred loss and loss expense for claims occurring in the:

Current year 397,253
388,801
Prior years (10,674 ) (3,860 )
Total incurred loss and loss expense 386,579
384,941
Paid loss and loss expense for claims occurring in the:

Current year 73,964
79,345
Prior years 246,168
248,738
Total paid loss and loss expense 320,132
328,083
Net reserve for loss and loss expense, at end of period 3,422,927
3,242,243
Add: Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss and loss expense, at end of period 543,582
549,837
Gross reserve for loss and loss expense at end of period $ 3,966,509
3,792,080

Our current year incurred losses of $407.3 million include an estimate of $10.0 million for COVID-19-related losses related to a small portion of our policies that include a $25,000 sub-limited coverage for specified extra expenses to clean or disinfect a property when ordered by a Board of Health. In most instances, COVID-19 does not cause a direct physical loss to property,

and when combined with other policy wording requirements, we do not expect material business interruption losses from COVID-19. We also attach a regulatory approved virus exclusion to all standard commercial lines property and businessowners policies.

Prior year reserve development in First Quarter 2020 was $7.0 million and included $10.0 million of favorable casualty reserve development in our workers compensation lines of business that was partially offset by $3.0 million of unfavorable property reserve development. Prior year reserve development in First Quarter 2019 ofwas $10.7 million, ~~was primarily~~ driven by favorable casualty reserve development of $8.0 million in our workers compensation line of business and $2.0 million in our general liability line of business.

Prior year development in First Quarter 2018 of $3.9 million included $8.0 million of favorable casualty development and $4.1 million of unfavorable property development. The favorable casualty reserve development included $16.0 million in our workers compensation line of business, partially offset by unfavorable development of $8.0 million in our commercial automobile line of business.

NOTE 9.10. Segment Information

~~The~~We evaluate the results of our ~~four~~4 reportable segments ~~are evaluated~~ as follows:

Our Standard Commercial Lines, Standard Personal Lines, and ~~Excess and Surplus ("~~E~~&S")~~&S Lines are evaluated ~~based~~ on before and after-tax underwriting results (net premiums earned, incurred loss and loss expense, policyholder dividends, policy acquisition costs, and other underwriting expenses), return on equity ("ROE") contribution, and combined ratios.

Our Investments segment is primarily evaluated ~~based~~ on after-tax net investment income and its ROE contribution. ~~Also included in Investment segment results are after-tax~~After-tax net realized and unrealized gains and losses, which are not included in non-GAAP operating ~~income.~~income, are also included in our Investment segment results.

In computing the results of each segment, we do not make adjustments for interest expense or corporate expenses. We do not maintain separate investment portfolios for the segments and ~~therefore,~~ do not allocate assets to ~~the segments.~~each segment.

The following summaries present revenues (net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains on investments ~~in the case of~~for the Investments segment) and pre-tax income for the individual segments:



Revenue by Segment	Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2020			2019
Standard Commercial Lines:
Net premiums earned:
Commercial automobile	$	149,690		131,186
Workers compensation	66,706			78,715
General liability	164,580			161,525
Commercial property	93,869			86,067
Businessowners’ policies	27,036			26,081
Bonds	9,639			8,904
Other	5,060			4,706
Miscellaneous income	1,391			2,044
Total Standard Commercial Lines revenue	517,971			499,228
Standard Personal Lines:
Net premiums earned:
Personal automobile	42,487			43,163
Homeowners	31,490			32,130
Other	2,151			2,014
Miscellaneous income	434			276
Total Standard Personal Lines revenue	76,562			77,583
E&S Lines:
Net premiums earned:
Casualty lines	44,072			44,528
Property lines	14,923			13,554
Miscellaneous income	—			—
Total E&S Lines revenue	58,995			58,082
Investments:
Net investment income	55,967			50,618
Net realized and unrealized investment (losses) gains	(44,666		)	13,451
Total Investments revenue	11,301			64,069
Total revenues	$	664,829		698,962

Revenue by Segment Quarter ended March 31,
($ in thousands) 2019 2018
Standard Commercial Lines:

Net premiums earned:

Commercial automobile $ 131,186
118,231
Workers compensation 78,715
78,823
General liability 161,525
149,829
Commercial property 86,067
80,326
Businessowners’ policies 26,081
25,591
Bonds 8,904
8,134
Other 4,706
4,430
Miscellaneous income 2,044
1,826
Total Standard Commercial Lines revenue 499,228
467,190
Standard Personal Lines:
Net premiums earned:
Personal automobile 43,163
40,442
Homeowners 32,130
32,201
Other 2,014
1,613
Miscellaneous income 276
352
Total Standard Personal Lines revenue 77,583
74,608
E&S Lines:
Net premiums earned:
Casualty lines 44,528
38,540
Property lines 13,554
13,668
Miscellaneous income —
1
Total E&S Lines revenue 58,082
52,209
Investments:

Net investment income 50,618
43,231
Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) 13,451
(10,549 )
Total Investments revenue 64,069
32,682
Total revenues $ 698,962
626,689



Income Before and After Federal Income Tax	Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2020			2019
Standard Commercial Lines:
Underwriting gain, before federal income tax	$	17,126		25,815
Underwriting gain, after federal income tax	13,529			20,394
Combined ratio	96.7		%	94.8
ROE contribution	2.4			4.4

Standard Personal Lines:
Underwriting gain, before federal income tax	$	387		3,167
Underwriting gain, after federal income tax	306			2,502
Combined ratio	99.5		%	95.9
ROE contribution	0.1			0.5

E&S Lines:
Underwriting gain, before federal income tax	$	3,844		4,579
Underwriting gain, after federal income tax	3,037			3,617
Combined ratio	93.5		%	92.1
ROE contribution	0.6			0.8

Investments:
Net investment income	$	55,967		50,618
Net realized and unrealized investment (losses) gains	(44,666		)	13,451
Total investment segment income, before federal income tax	11,301			64,069
Tax on investment segment income	1,104			12,120
Total investment segment income, after federal income tax	$	10,197		51,949
ROE contribution of after-tax net investment income	8.5			8.9

Income Before and After Federal Income Tax Quarter ended March 31,
($ in thousands) 2019 2018
Standard Commercial Lines:

Underwriting gain, before federal income tax $ 25,815
6,804
Underwriting gain, after federal income tax 20,394
5,375
Combined ratio 94.8 % 98.5
ROE contribution 4.4
1.3

Standard Personal Lines:
Underwriting gain (loss), before federal income tax $ 3,167
(1,506 )
Underwriting gain (loss), after federal income tax 2,502
(1,190 )
Combined ratio 95.9 % 102.0
ROE contribution 0.5
(0.3 )

E&S Lines:
Underwriting gain (loss), before federal income tax $ 4,579
(565 )
Underwriting gain (loss), after federal income tax 3,617
(446 )
Combined ratio 92.1 % 101.1
ROE contribution 0.8
(0.1 )

Investments:

Net investment income $ 50,618
43,231
Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) 13,451
(10,549 )
Total investment segment income, before federal income tax 64,069
32,682
Tax on investment segment income 12,120
5,226
Total investment segment income, after federal income tax
$ 51,949

27,456
ROE contribution of after-tax net investment income 8.9
8.5



Reconciliation of Segment Results to Income Before Federal Income Tax	Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2020			2019
Underwriting gain
Standard Commercial Lines	$	17,126		25,815
Standard Personal Lines	387			3,167
E&S Lines	3,844			4,579
Investment income	11,301			64,069
Total all segments	32,658			97,630
Interest expense	(7,601		)	(11,526	)
Corporate expenses	(9,060		)	(12,410	)
Income, before federal income tax	$	15,997		73,694

Reconciliation of Segment Results to Income Before Federal Income Tax Quarter ended March 31,
($ in thousands) 2019 2018
Underwriting gain (loss)
Standard Commercial Lines $ 25,815
6,804
Standard Personal Lines 3,167
(1,506 )
E&S Lines 4,579
(565 )
Investment income 64,069
32,682
Total all segments 97,630
37,415
Interest expense (11,526 ) (6,152 )
Corporate expenses (12,410 ) (11,332 )
Income, before federal income tax $ 73,694
19,931

NOTE ~~10.~~11. Retirement Plans

~~SICA's~~The primary pension plan for our employees is the Retirement Income Plan for Selective Insurance Company of America (the “Pension Plan”). SICA also sponsors the Supplemental Excess Retirement Plan (the “Excess Plan”) and a life insurance benefit plan. All plans are closed to new entrants and benefits ceased accruing under the Pension Plan and the Excess Plan after March 31, 2016. For more information concerning SICA's retirement plans, refer to Note 14. “Retirement Plans” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of our ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report.

The following tables provide information ~~regarding~~about the Pension Plan:



	Pension Plan
	Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2020			2019
Net Periodic Pension Cost (Benefit):
Interest cost	$	2,828		3,377
Expected return on plan assets	(5,477		)	(5,279	)
Amortization of unrecognized net actuarial loss	704			644
Total net periodic pension cost (benefit)¹	$	(1,945	)	(1,258	)

Pension Plan
Quarter ended March 31,
($ in thousands) 2019 2018
Net Periodic Benefit Cost:
Interest cost $ 3,377
3,095
Expected return on plan assets (5,279 ) (5,682 )
Amortization of unrecognized net actuarial loss 644
494
Total net periodic benefit cost¹
$ (1,258 ) (2,093 )

¹ The components of net periodic ~~benefit~~pension cost (benefit) are included within "Loss and loss expense incurred" and "Other insurance expenses" on the Consolidated Statements of Income.



	Pension Plan
	Quarter Ended March 31,
	2020		2019
Weighted-Average Expense Assumptions:
Discount rate	3.33	%	4.46	%
Effective interest rate for calculation of interest cost	2.95		4.12
Expected return on plan assets	5.80		6.50

Pension Plan
Quarter ended March 31,
2019 2018
Weighted-Average Expense Assumptions:
Discount rate 4.46 % 3.78 %
Effective interest rate for calculation of interest cost 4.12
3.46
Expected return on plan assets 6.50
6.36

NOTE ~~11.~~12. Comprehensive Income

The components of comprehensive income, both gross and net of tax, for First Quarter ~~2019~~2020 and ~~2018~~2019 were as follows:



First Quarter 2020
($ in thousands)	Gross			Tax		Net
Net income	$	15,997		761		15,236
Components of other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized losses on investment securities:
Unrealized holding losses during the period	(93,981		)	(19,736	)	(74,245	)
Non-credit portion of OTTI recognized in OCI	(65,390		)	(13,732	)	(51,658	)
Amounts reclassified into net income:
HTM securities	25			5		20
Realized losses on disposals and intent-to-sell OTTI on AFS securities	11,327			2,379		8,948
Credit loss expense recognized in OTTI	15,787			3,315		12,472
Total unrealized losses on investment securities	(132,232		)	(27,769	)	(104,463	)
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans:
Amounts reclassified into net income:
Net actuarial loss	754			158		596
Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans	754			158		596
Other comprehensive loss	(131,478		)	(27,611	)	(103,867	)
Comprehensive loss	$	(115,481	)	(26,850	)	(88,631	)


First Quarter 2019
($ in thousands)	Gross			Tax		Net
Net income	$	73,694		12,346		61,348
Components of OCI:
Unrealized gains on investment securities:
Unrealized holding gains during the period	102,926			21,613		81,313
Amounts reclassified into net income:
HTM securities	(9		)	(2	)	(7	)
Realized gains on disposals and OTTI of AFS securities	(1,077		)	(226	)	(851	)
Total unrealized gains on investment securities	101,840			21,385		80,455
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans:
Amounts reclassified into net income:
Net actuarial loss	664			139		525
Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans	664			139		525
Other comprehensive income	102,504			21,524		80,980
Comprehensive income	$	176,198		33,870		142,328

First Quarter 2019
($ in thousands) Gross Tax Net
Net income $ 73,694
12,346
61,348
Components of OCI:

Unrealized gains on investment securities:

Unrealized holding gains during the period 102,926
21,613
81,313
Amounts reclassified into net income:
HTM securities (9 ) (2 ) (7 )
Realized gains on disposals and OTTI of AFS securities (1,077 ) (226 ) (851 )
    Total unrealized gains on investment securities 101,840
21,385
80,455
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans:

Amounts reclassified into net income:

Net actuarial loss 664
139
525
    Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans 664
139
525
Other comprehensive income 102,504
21,524
80,980
Comprehensive income $ 176,198
33,870
142,328

First Quarter 2018
($ in thousands) Gross Tax Net
Net income $ 19,931
1,006
18,925
Components of other comprehensive loss:

Unrealized losses on investment securities:

Unrealized holding losses during the period (85,315 ) (17,917 ) (67,398 )
Amounts reclassified into net income:
HTM securities (12 ) (2 ) (10 )
Realized losses on disposals and OTTI of AFS securities 4,549
955
3,594
    Total unrealized losses on investment securities (80,778 ) (16,964 ) (63,814 )
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans:

Amounts reclassified into net income:

Net actuarial loss 532
112
420
    Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans 532
112
420
Other comprehensive loss (80,246 ) (16,852 ) (63,394 )
Comprehensive loss $ (60,315 ) (15,846 ) (44,469 )

The balances ~~of,~~ and changes in each component of AOCI (net of taxes) as of March 31, ~~2019~~2020, were as follows:



March 31, 2020									Defined Benefit Pension and Post-Retirement Plans
	Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investment Securities										Total AOCI
($ in thousands)	OTTI Related¹			HTM Related	All Other		Investments Subtotal				Total AOCI
Balance, December 31, 2019	$	(71	)	25	170,439		170,393		(88,643	)	81,750
OCI before reclassifications	(51,658		)	—	(74,245	)	(125,903	)	—		(125,903	)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	12,472			20	8,948		21,440		596		22,036
Net current period OCI	(39,186		)	20	(65,297	)	(104,463	)	596		(103,867	)
Balance, March 31, 2020	$	(39,257	)	45	105,142		65,930		(88,047	)	(22,117	)

March 31, 2019
Defined Benefit
Pension and Post-Retirement Plans

Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investment Securities Total AOCI
($ in thousands)
OTTI
Related

HTM
Related

All
Other

Investments
Subtotal

Balance, December 31, 2018 $ (71 ) 71
1,888
1,888
(79,844 ) (77,956 )
OCI before reclassifications —
—
81,313
81,313
—
81,313
Amounts reclassified from AOCI —
(7 ) (851 ) (858 ) 525
(333 )
Net current period OCI —
(7 ) 80,462
80,455
525
80,980
Balance, March 31, 2019 $ (71 ) 64
82,350
82,343
(79,319 ) 3,024
¹Represents unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities with credit-related OTTI recognized in earnings.

The reclassifications out of AOCI were as follows:



	Quarter Ended March 31,					Affected Line Item in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income
($ in thousands)	2020			2019
HTM related
Unrealized losses on HTM disposals	$	1		—		Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains
Amortization of net unrealized losses (gains) on HTM securities	24			(9	)	Net investment income earned
	25			(9	)	Income before federal income tax
	(5		)	2		Total federal income tax expense
	20			(7	)	Net income
Net realized losses (gains) on disposals and intent-to-sell OTTI
Net realized losses (gains) on disposals and intent-to-sell OTTI	11,327			(1,077	)	Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains
	11,327			(1,077	)	Income before federal income tax
	(2,379		)	226		Total federal income tax expense
	8,948			(851	)	Net income
OTTI related
Credit loss expense recognized in OTTI	15,787			—		Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains
	15,787			—		Income before federal income tax
	(3,315		)	—		Total federal income tax expense
	12,472			—		Net income

Defined benefit pension and post-retirement life plans
Net actuarial loss	162			145		Loss and loss expense incurred
	592			519		Other insurance expenses
Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement life	754			664		Income before federal income tax
	(158		)	(139	)	Total federal income tax expense
	596			525		Net income

Total reclassifications for the period	$	22,036		(333	)	Net income

Quarter ended March 31, Affected Line Item in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income
($ in thousands) 2019 2018
HTM related
Unrealized losses on HTM disposals $ —
1
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
Amortization of net unrealized gains on HTM securities (9 ) (13 ) Net investment income earned
(9 ) (12 ) Income before federal income tax
2
2
Total federal income tax expense
(7 ) (10 ) Net income
Realized (gains) losses on AFS and OTTI
Realized (gains) losses on AFS disposals and OTTI (1,077 ) 4,549
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)
(1,077 ) 4,549
Income before federal income tax
226
(955 ) Total federal income tax expense
(851 ) 3,594
Net income
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement life plans
Net actuarial loss 145
112
Loss and loss expense incurred
519
420
Other insurance expenses
Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement life 664
532
Income before federal income tax
(139 ) (112 ) Total federal income tax expense
525
420
Net income

Total reclassifications for the period $ (333 ) 4,004
Net income

NOTE ~~12.~~13. Leases

We have various operating leases for office space, equipment, and fleet vehicles. ~~In addition, we~~We also have various finance leases for computer hardware. ~~Such~~These lease agreements ~~which~~ expire at various dates through 2030 and are generally expected to be renewed or replaced by similar leases.

We determine if an arrangement is a lease on the commencement date of the contract. Lease assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The lease asset and liability are measured by the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. Our fleet vehicle leases include a residual value guarantee; however, it is not probable of being owed. Therefore, there is no impact to the lease liability or lease asset. To measure the present value, the discount rate available in the contract is used. If the discount rate is not readily determinable, our incremental borrowing rate is used. The lease asset is then adjusted to exclude lease incentives. We recognize variable lease payments in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense is calculated using the straight-line method.

Upon adoption of ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019, we recorded operating lease right-of-use assets of $20.7 million with related lease liabilities of $21.0 million. The differential of $0.3 million was recognized, on an after-tax basis, as a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2019. Financing lease right-of-use assets and the related lease liabilities were $0.9 million as of January 1, 2019. See Note 2. "Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements" in this Form 10-Q for additional information regarding ASU 2016-02 and accounting policy elections made.

The components of lease expense infor First Quarter 2020 and 2019 were as follows:



	Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2020		2019
Operating lease cost, included in Other insurance expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income	$	2,259	2,152
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of assets, included in Other insurance expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income	142		284
Interest on lease liabilities, included in Interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income	6		—
Total finance lease cost	148		284

Variable lease cost, included in Other insurance expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income	176		788

Short-term lease cost, included in Other insurance expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income	476		739

($ in thousands) Quarter ended March 31, 2019
Operating lease cost, included in Other insurance expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income $ 2,152
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of assets, included in Other insurance expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income 284
Interest on lease liabilities, included in Interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income —
Total finance lease cost 284

Variable lease cost, included in Other insurance expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income 788

Short-term lease cost, included in Other insurance expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income 739

The following table provides supplemental information regarding our operating and finance leases.



	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Weighted-average remaining lease term
Operating leases	6	years	6	years
Finance leases	2		2
Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases	3.2	%	3.4	%
Finance leases	2.2		2.1



	~~March 31, 2019~~
~~Weighted-average remaining lease term~~
~~Operating leases~~	5	~~years~~
~~Finance leases~~	1
~~Weighted-average discount rate~~
~~Operating leases~~	~~3.3~~	%
~~Finance leases~~¹	—

¹Prior to adoption of ASU 2016-02, our historical capital lease liability and asset were measured using an un-discounted cash flow stream due to immateriality of the capital lease population. As we have elected the practical expedient that does not require us to reassess our population of capital leases upon adoption of ASU 2016-02, our existing finance leases do not have a weighted-average discount rate.

Operating and finance lease asset and liability balances are included within the following line items on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:



($ in thousands)	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Operating leases
Other assets	$	28,270	$	26,535
Other liabilities	29,364		27,506
Finance leases
Property and equipment - at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization	615		731
Long-term debt	622		737

($ in thousands) March 31, 2019
Operating leases
Other assets $ 24,946
Other liabilities 25,415
Finance leases
Property and equipment - at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization 607
Long-term debt 607

~~At March 31, 2019, the~~The maturities of our lease liabilities at March 31, 2020, and December 31, 2019, were as follows:



March 31, 2020
($ in thousands)	Finance Leases		Operating Leases	Total
Year ended December 31,
2020 (excluding the three months ended March 31, 2020)	$	332	6,291	6,623
2021	248		6,372	6,620
2022	54		4,798	4,852
2023	—		3,434	3,434
2024	—		2,920	2,920
Thereafter	—		8,638	8,638
Total lease payments	634		32,453	33,087
Less: imputed interest	12		3,089	3,101
Total lease liabilities	$	622	29,364	29,986

($ in thousands) Finance Leases Operating Leases Total
Year ended December 31,
2019 (excluding the three months ended March 31, 2019) $ 444
5,779
6,223
2020 141
7,355
7,496
2021 22
5,083
5,105
2022 —
3,641
3,641
2023 —
2,900
2,900
Thereafter —
9,698
9,698
Total lease payments 607
34,456
35,063
Less: imputed interest —
3,610
3,610
Less: leases that have not yet commenced —
5,431
5,431
Total lease liabilities $ 607
25,415
26,022

~~At December 31, 2018, the maturities of our lease liabilities for capital and operating leases were as follows:~~



December 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Finance Leases		Operating Leases	Total
2020	$	451	8,244	8,695
2021	248		6,168	6,416
2022	54		4,590	4,644
2023	—		3,329	3,329
2024	—		2,920	2,920
Thereafter	—		8,638	8,638
Total lease payments	753		33,889	34,642
Less: imputed interest	16		2,995	3,011
Less: leases that have not yet commenced	—		3,388	3,388
Total lease liabilities	$	737	27,506	28,243

($ in thousands) Capital Leases Operating Leases Total
2019 $ 728
7,762
8,490
2020 141
7,355
7,496
2021 22
5,083
5,105
2022 —
3,641
3,641
2023 —
2,900
2,900
Thereafter —
9,698
9,698
Total minimum payment required $ 891
36,439
37,330

Refer to Note. 3 "Statements of Cash Flows" inof this Form 10-Q for supplemental cash and non-cash transactions included in the measurement of operating and finance lease liabilities.

NOTE 14. Federal Income Taxes

A reconciliation of federal income tax on income at the corporate rate to the effective tax rate is as follows:



	Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2020			2019
Tax at statutory rate (21% in 2020 and 2019)	$	3,359		15,476
Tax-advantaged interest	(1,214		)	(1,253	)
Dividends received deduction	(55		)	(83	)
Executive compensation	351			473
Stock-based compensation	(1,881		)	(2,635	)
Other	201			368
Federal income tax expense	$	761		12,346

During First Quarter 2020, we recorded federal income taxes based on our actual effective tax rate during the quarter instead of an estimate of our full-year effective tax rate. This approach gives consideration to the anticipated volatility in certain

components of our net income. Estimating these components is challenging given the uncertainty around the future impact of the COVID-19-related governmental directives and their impact on the financial markets and potential volatility.

Our effective tax rate during First Quarter 2020 was 4.8%, down from 16.8% a year ago. This decrease was driven by net realized and unrealized losses of $44.7 million, pre-tax, which significantly offset the other components of pre-tax net income and reduced the effective tax rate. After considering all positive and negative evidence about our federal net operating and capital loss carryback capacity, expected levels of pre-tax financial statement income, and federal taxable income, we believe it is more likely than not the existing deductible temporary differences will reverse during periods in which we generate net federal taxable income or have adequate federal carryback capacity. As a result, we had no valuation allowance recognized for federal tax assets at March 31, 2020 ($43.1 million net deferred tax asset) or December 31, 2019 ($6.8 million net deferred tax asset).

NOTE ~~13.~~15. Litigation

As of March 31, 2020, we do not believe we are involved in any legal action that could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

In the ordinary course of conducting business, we are ~~named as defendants~~parties in various legal ~~proceedings.~~actions. Most ~~of these proceedings~~ are claims litigation involving our ~~ten insurance subsidiaries ("~~Insurance ~~Subsidiaries")~~Subsidiaries as either: (i) liability insurers defending or providing indemnity for third-party claims brought against our customers; or (ii) insurers defending first-party coverage claims brought against ~~them.~~them; or (iii) liability insurers seeking declaratory judgment on our insurance coverage obligations. We account for such activity through the establishment of unpaid loss and loss expense reserves. WeIn ordinary course claims litigation, we expect that any potential ultimate liability, ~~in such ordinary course claims litigation~~after consideration of provisions made for potential losses and costs of defense, will not be material to our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash ~~flows after consideration~~flows.

All of ~~provisions made for potential losses~~our commercial property and ~~costs~~businessowners policies require direct physical loss of ~~defense.~~or damage to property by a covered cause of loss. Whether COVID-19-related contamination, the existence of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the resulting COVID-19-related government shutdown orders cause physical loss of or damage to property is already the subject of much public debate and first-party coverage litigation against some insurers. We cannot predict the outcome of that litigation, which may interpret language similar or identical to what is in our insurance policies. It also is our practice to attach to all standard commercial property and businessowners policies an exclusion that states that all loss or property damage caused by or resulting from any virus, bacterium, or other microorganism that induces or is capable of inducing physical distress, illness, or disease is not a covered cause of loss. That exclusion also may be the subject of first-party coverage litigation against some insurers. We cannot predict the outcome of that litigation, which may interpret language similar or identical to what is in our insurance policies.

From time to time, our Insurance Subsidiaries also are named as defendants in other legal actions, some of which assert claims for substantial amounts. ~~These~~Plaintiffs may style these actions ~~include, among others,~~as putative class actions ~~seeking~~and seek judicial certification of a state or national ~~class. Such putative~~ class ~~actions have alleged,~~ for ~~example,~~allegations involving our business practices, such as improper reimbursement of medical providers paid under workers compensation and personal and commercial automobile insurance ~~policies.~~policies or improper reimbursement for automobile parts. Similarly, our Insurance Subsidiaries ~~are also~~can be named ~~from time-to-time~~ in individual actions seeking extra-contractual damages, punitive damages, or penalties, ~~some of which allege~~often alleging bad faith in the handling of insurance claims. We believe that we have valid defenses to these ~~cases. We~~allegations and we account for such activity through the establishment of unpaid loss and loss expense reserves. In these other legal actions, we expect that any potential ultimate liability, ~~in any such lawsuit~~after consideration of provisions made for estimated losses, will not be material to our consolidated financial ~~condition, after consideration of provisions made for estimated losses.~~condition. Nonetheless, ~~given~~litigation outcomes are inherently unpredictable and, because the ~~inherent unpredictability of litigation and the large or indeterminate~~ amounts sought in certain of these actions anare large or indeterminate, it is possible that any adverse ~~outcome in certain matters~~outcomes could ~~possibly~~ have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.

NOTE 16. Subsequent Events

Governmental (international, federal, state, and local) directives to contain or delay the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in directives requiring social distancing, operational alteration or temporary closure of most non-essential businesses to public access, and “sheltering-in-place” of everyone other than essential service workers. These actions have disrupted regular commerce, supply chains, and travel.

Most of these governmental directives were issued in First Quarter 2020, and to date, these directives have significantly limited the operations of those businesses that are considered non-essential, and their employees, along with the general public who are "sheltering-in-place." As a result, we are expecting that claims frequency for our personal and commercial automobile lines of ~~March 31, 2019,~~business will decline because of the reduced miles being driven consistent with the governmental directives. As the number of vehicles we insure has not significantly declined and we expect that frequencies will return to normal after the governmental directives expire or are lifted, we do not believe that changes in our filed rating plans are appropriate. Unlike our workers

compensation and general liability lines of business policies, in which we anticipate a decline in sales and payroll exposures, our commercial and personal automobile policies do not provide for an audit that would reduce annual premium. Because of the ~~Company~~unprecedented nature of the COVID-19-related governmental directives and the associated expected short-term favorable claims frequency impact, we felt it was ~~involved~~appropriate to seek regulatory approval during April to provide a premium-based credit to our personal and commercial automobile customers. The premium-based credit would provide for an amount to be returned to customers with in-force policies equivalent to 15% of their April and May premiums. This approval process has been completed and this premium-based credit will be recorded as other insurance expense in the second quarter of 2020 of approximately $20 million. We believe the impact to our other insurance expenses will be largely offset by a reduction in our loss and loss expenses as a result of expected reduced insured automobile accident claims frequency in those respective months.

The COVID-19-related governmental directives also have induced significant uncertainty and volatility in the financial markets and decreased equity market valuations. To date, this has been reflected in the market values of our invested assets and the corresponding OTTI charges discussed in Note 4. "Investments." However, as our other investment portfolio largely consists of alternative investments that are recorded on a one quarter lag, the impact of the First Quarter 2020 financial market volatility on those alternative investments will not be reflected in our Financial Statements until second quarter of 2020. While it is extremely difficult to accurately estimate the potential losses associated with this portion of our investment portfolio, we performed a sensitivity analysis that indicates a potential pre-tax loss of between $15 million and $20 million. However, while these are our current estimates, our second quarter net investment income will reflect the actual decrease reported by these alternative investments as of March 31, 2020.

We cannot predict the extent and duration of the current COVID-19-related governmental directives, which also may change based on future COVID-19 infection rates, nor can we predict COVID-19-related impacts on the economy or financial markets or changes in legislation. A change in any ~~legal action that~~ of these factors, however, could ~~have a~~impact our estimates and assumptions in future periods. Changes in these assumptions and estimates in future periods may be material ~~adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition,~~to the results of our operations orand could materially reduce our net income, cash ~~flows.~~flow, and stockholders' equity.

We also expect to incur estimated pre-tax net losses of approximately $35 million due to several severe storms in April, which impacted parts of the mid-west and east coast regions of the United States with damaging wind and tornadoes.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

Forward-Looking Statements

~~As used herein, the~~The terms "Company," "we," "us," orand "our" ~~refers~~refer to Selective Insurance Group, Inc. (the "Parent"), and its subsidiaries, except as expressly indicated or ~~unless~~ the context otherwise requires. In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we discuss and make statements ~~regarding~~about our intentions, beliefs, current expectations, and projections ~~regarding~~for our ~~company’s~~ future operations and performance. Such statements are “forward-looking statements” ~~within the meaning of~~under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements often are ~~often~~ identified by words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “will,” “should,” and “intends” and their negatives. We caution prospective investors that ~~such~~ forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance. Risks and uncertainties are inherent in our future performance. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated ~~by such~~in forward-looking statements include, ~~but are not limited to,~~without limitation, those discussed ~~under~~in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” ~~below in~~and Part II. “Other ~~Information.” These~~Information” of this Form 10-Q. Our stated risk factors may not be exhaustive. We operate in a continually changing business environment, and new risk factors emerge from time to time. We can neither predict such new risk factors nor can we assess the impact, if any, of such new risk factors may have on our businesses or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking ~~statements in this report.~~statement. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed in this report might not occur. We make forward-looking statements based on currently available information and assume no obligation to update ~~these statements~~them due to changes in underlying factors, new information, future developments, or otherwise.

Introduction

~~The Parent, through its~~ ~~ten~~ ~~insurance subsidiaries, collectively referred to as the "Insurance Subsidiaries," offers property and casualty insurance products in the standard and excess and surplus ("E&S") marketplaces.~~ We classify our business into four reportable ~~segments, which are as follows:~~segments:

Standard Commercial Lines;

Standard Personal Lines;

E&S Lines; and

Investments.

For further details ~~regarding~~about these segments, refer to Note 9.10. "Segment Information" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q and Note 11. "Segment Information" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019 ("~~2018~~2019 Annual Report").

~~Our~~We write our Standard Commercial and Standard Personal Lines products and services ~~are written~~ through nine ~~of our Insurance Subsidiaries,~~insurance subsidiaries, some of which write flood business through the federal government's National Flood Insurance Program's ("NFIP") Write Your Own Program ("WYO") ~~program of the National Flood Insurance Program ("NFIP")~~. ~~Our~~We write our E&S products and services ~~are written~~ through ~~one~~another subsidiary, Mesa Underwriters Specialty Insurance Company, ~~("MUSIC"). This subsidiary~~which provides us with a nationally-authorized non-admitted platform ~~to offer insurance products and services to~~for customers who ~~have not obtained~~generally cannot obtain coverage in the standard marketplace. Collectively, we refer to our ten insurance subsidiaries as the "Insurance Subsidiaries."

The following is Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) of the consolidated results of operations and financial condition, as well as known trends and uncertainties, that may have a material impact in future periods. ~~Consequently, investors~~Investors should read the MD&A in conjunction with Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q and the consolidated financial statements in our ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Within the MD&A, all prior year amounts in this Form 10-Q for non-catastrophe property losses, and the related ratios, have been adjusted to include the related loss expenses, which is consistent with the current year presentation.

In the MD&A, we will discuss and analyze the following:

Current Events and economic impacts from the COVID-19-related government directives;

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates;

~~Financial Highlights of Results for the~~ ~~first~~ ~~quarters ended~~ ~~March 31, 2019~~ (“~~First Quarter 2019”) and~~ ~~March 31, 2018~~ (“~~First Quarter 2018”);~~


•	Financial Highlights of Results for the First Quarters ended March 31, 2020 (“First Quarter 2020”) and March 31, 2019 (“First Quarter 2019”);

Results of Operations and Related Information by Segment;

Federal Income Taxes;

Financial Condition, Liquidity, and Capital Resources;

Ratings;

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements; and

Contractual Obligations, Contingent Liabilities, and Commitments.

Current Events: Coronavirus ("COVID-19") Pandemic

Business Overview

Selective ended 2019 and entered 2020 with record levels of GAAP equity, holding company cash and invested assets, statutory surplus and strong financial results. We believe our financial position reflects our disciplined capital management and underwriting and investment execution. Early in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic quickly moved from China to the rest of Asia, Europe, the United States ("U.S."), and the rest of the globe. Governmental (international, federal, state, and local) actions to contain or delay the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in directives requiring social distancing, operational alteration or temporary closure of most non-essential businesses to limit public access, and the “sheltering-in-place” of everyone other than essential workers in many instances. We smoothly transitioned our non-essential office-based employees to remote home-based status, and have continued to service our customers, agents, and other stakeholders and maintain our expected service-level standards for claims handling, underwriting, and safety management. Currently, approximately 2,250 of our 2,300 employees are working remotely. Under most governmental directives, insurance is an essential business. That has permitted a limited number of employees to access our offices for critical on-site activities, such as information technology ("IT") operations and security, check printing, facilities maintenance, physical security, and special cleaning.

Because most of our employees are now working remotely, we have changed some of the methods of regular communication and increased the use of video and phone conferencing on robust and secure applications. Our officers, managers, and supervisors have enhanced their connection with their teams. Our Chief Executive Officer hosts bi-weekly company-wide virtual town hall meetings to provide an organizational update and address areas of general employee concern. To keep our employees fully informed about COVID-19-related developments, we (i) disseminate regular health, safety, and other communications (ii) established an on-line coronavirus center with information, links to valuable resources, and helpful videos and (iii) continued our pre-COVID-19 online “‘pulse surveys”’ to gauge employees’ views on various issues. Our employees have rated our communications around COVID-19 positively.

Our methods to communicate with customers, agents, and vendors generally have remained the same since the COVID-19 crisis, although the frequency of communication has increased. Additionally, our field model and safety management functions, which typically rely on in-person meetings, have been replaced with greater telecommunications, and virtual or remote interactions. One of our strategic initiatives for several years has been to provide our customers with a superior omni-channel customer experience. Accordingly, we have developed the ability to respond to our customers in their preferred

method of communication - whether by phone, email, text, or social media and we have been able to send and receive COVID-19-related notifications through all of these channels.

Our internal operations have also been functioning well and continue to work effectively despite the changes in the environment. We continue to process claims, underwrite the renewal inventory of our policies, and operate our corporate functions during this time of working remotely.

AM Best lowered its outlook on the U.S. commercial lines sector to "Negative" from "Stable" after Fitch Ratings ("Fitch") took a similar action. Both cited COVID-19 as the reason for the negative outlook and expectations for (i) lower premium volume, (ii) reduced surplus/equity from investment declines; and (iii) lower-for-longer interest rates.

On April 10, 2020, Fitch reaffirmed our "A+" rating with a "stable" outlook. In taking this action, Fitch cited our strong capitalization and financial performance, with stable underwriting results and return metrics that have remained favorable compared to our peers. The review considered Fitch's current assessment of the impact of COVID-19, including (i) its economic impact, under a set of ratings assumptions related to interest rate levels, (ii) declines in the market values of stocks, bonds, derivatives, and other capital market instruments typically owned or traded by insurance companies, (iii) market liquidity, and (iv) the magnitude of claim/benefit exposures related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Our field-based agency management specialist, claims management specialist and safety management models have proven to be advantageous in the COVID-19 crisis, as our existing IT infrastructure and security were able to accommodate the move of nearly all of our office-based employees to remote home-based employees and maintain expected customer or agent service levels. Our strong relationships with, and our continued support for, our approximately 1,350 local independent distribution partners, most of whom also have transitioned to a remote work environment, have also enabled customer servicing at expected service levels.

Control Environment

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have not had to modify in any significant way our existing internal controls or processes. To monitor and manage COVID-19-related developments, we convened our existing Executive Risk Committee (comprised of our Executive Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and other key financial executives, including our Chief Accounting Officer, Chief Investment Officer, Chief Risk Officer, Chief Audit Executive, General Counsel, Chief Claims Officer, Chief Actuary, Chief Information Officer, and Business Unit leaders) (“ERC”) daily throughout the second half of March and three times a week in April. The ERC actively reviews and addresses all significant operational, compliance, and financial risk matters. This oversight includes matters such as employee health and safety, facilities matters, operational business continuity, information technology including third-party IT vendors, regulatory developments, premium collections, past due accounts, investments, liquidity, capital, cash flow, claims activity, and other key business metrics. Our Management Investment Committee ("MIC") has also met at least weekly since the COVID-19-related financial market disruption. The MIC has carefully reviewed detailed portfolio metrics and market projections, and has interacted directly with our portfolio managers during this crisis, allowing them to make proactive investment decisions on an informed basis. Our Board of Directors also has held weekly meetings with senior executives over the same period to ensure appropriate corporate governance and oversight.

We have not experienced any material impact to our internal control environment over financial reporting despite the fact that the majority of our employees are working remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We are continually monitoring and assessing the COVID-19 current events to minimize the impact these events may have on our internal controls and their design and operating effectiveness.

Given the remote environment the governmental directives require, remote access to critical systems is required. Our cybersecurity program, however, was well–positioned to support increased remote working arrangements and respond to an increase in attempted attacks to exploit the COVID-19 outbreak without rolling back controls to enable remote working. For several years, our IT security strategy has emphasized endpoint controls for cloud computing and employee mobility. This strategy leveraged a virtual private network with multi-factor authentication, which is supplemented by a virtual desktop infrastructure where necessary or appropriate to create a highly available and centrally-managed end-user environment. Our cybersecurity strategy has always included an information security education and awareness program that combines training, testing, and reinforces key security exposures, including phishing and social engineering. We also recently bolstered our phishing risk management by deploying multiple technology-driven controls that include malicious content checks, malicious link blocking, and reputation-based rules. The program also anticipated malicious traffic volumes (denial of service) and deployed safeguards to prevent interruption to key customer and agent-facing technologies.

Financial Overview

Our First Quarter 2020 underwriting results include the following COVID-19-related items:

A $75 million increase in our return audit and mid-term endorsement premium accrual to reflect the anticipated decline in sales and payroll exposures on the workers compensation and general liability lines of business based on our estimate of reduced exposures due to the significant economic slowdown. Net of reduced losses and commissions, we expect the earned impact of the return audit and mid-term endorsement premium accrual to reduce pre-tax underwriting results for the full year by $15 million, of which $4 million was recorded in First Quarter 2020;

A $10 million pre-tax incurred but not reported ("IBNR") reserve estimate for losses related to a small portion of our policies that include a $25,000 sub-limited coverage for specified extra expenses to clean or disinfect a property when ordered by a Board of Health; and

An additional allowance for uncollectible premiums receivable of $10.5 million, pre-tax, after evaluating the recoverability of our premiums receivable in light of the COVID-19-related billing accommodations we announced in First Quarter 2020 and the impact of recent state regulations that provided for the deferral of payments without cancellation for a period up to 90 days in certain states, which will increase earned but uncollected premiums. We have offered customers, sometimes in collaboration with or at the direction of our regulators, individualized payment flexibility and suspended the effect of policy cancellations, late payment notices, and late or reinstatement fees.

Overall, these three items reduced after-tax underwriting results by $19 million, or $0.32 per diluted share, increased the combined ratio by 3.5 points and decreased our First Quarter 2020 annualized return on equity ("ROE") by 3.6 percentage points.

Our First Quarter 2020 investment results included the following items that reflected the significant economic conditions created by COVID-19:

•

We recognized $31.6 million in pre-tax net other-than-temporary impairments ("OTTI"), $15.6 million of which represents impairments on securities we intend to sell to provide our investment managers with flexibility to trade and optimize our investment portfolio given the uncertainty of the financial markets and their continued volatility. The remaining $16.0 million in OTTI losses were credit-related impairment losses under the new ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses ("CECL") accounting standard. The CECL impairments reflect the significant widening of credit spreads and reduced future economic activity over the near-term due to COVID-19. For more details about these and other items related to our financial results, see the "Financial Highlights of Results for First Quarter 2020 and First Quarter 2019" section below.

Due to the unprecedented financial market volatility and resulting significant decline in fixed income and equity market valuations in March, combined with the COVID-19-related governmental orders, and out of abundance of caution, we increased our short-term debt by $302 million in March 2020 through borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York ("FHLBNY") and the the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis (“FHLBI”) and our Credit Agreement ("Line of Credit"). Our primary objective was to increase liquidity and operating flexibility at the Parent and Insurance Subsidiaries. We expect to repay these short-term borrowings, which were invested in highly liquid money market funds, in the short- to medium-term. For further details, see Note 5. "Indebtedness" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q.

In the second quarter of 2020, we expect the following items to be impacted by the economic conditions created by COVID-19:

As our other investment portfolio largely consists of alternative investments that are recorded on a one quarter lag, the impact of the First Quarter 2020 financial market volatility on those alternative investments will not be reflected in our consolidated financial statements until the second quarter of 2020. While it is extremely difficult to accurately estimate the potential losses associated with this portion of our investment portfolio, we performed a sensitivity analysis that indicates a potential pre-tax loss of between $15 million and $20 million. However, while these are our current estimates, our second quarter net investment income will reflect the actual decrease reported by these alternative investments as of March 31, 2020.

In addition, we are expecting that claims frequency for our personal and commercial automobile lines of business will decline because of the reduced miles being driven resulting from governmental directives. As the number of vehicles we insure have not significantly declined and we expect that frequencies will return to normal after the governmental directives expire or are lifted, we do not believe that changes in our filed rating plans are appropriate. Because of the unprecedented nature of the

COVID-19-related governmental directives and the associated expected favorable claims frequency impact, we felt it was appropriate to seek regulatory approval during April to provide a premium-based credit to our personal and commercial automobile customers with in-force policies equivalent to 15% of their April and May premiums. This approval process has been completed and will result in other insurance expense in the second quarter of 2020 of approximately $20 million. We believe the impact to our other insurance expenses will be largely offset by a reduction in our loss and loss expenses as a result of expected reduced insured automobile accident claims frequency in those respective months. However, the ultimate extent of the frequency reduction cannot be known at this time.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include amounts ~~based on our~~for which we have made informed estimates and judgments for ~~those~~ transactions ~~that are~~ not yet ~~complete.~~completed. Such estimates and judgments affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. ~~Those~~As outlined in our 2019 Annual Report, those estimates and judgments ~~that were~~ most critical to the preparation of the consolidated financial statements involved the following: (i) reserves for loss and loss expense; (ii) pension and post-retirement benefit plan actuarial assumptions; (iii) investment valuation and ~~other-than-temporary-impairments ("OTTI");~~OTTI; and (iv) reinsurance. ~~These~~There have been no material changes from the critical accounting policies and estimates disclosed on pages 31 through 40 of our 2019 Annual Report; however, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have made additional changes to critical accounting estimates that are described below.

Further economic instability related to existing and future COVID-19-related governmental directives or changes in legislation could ultimately impact our estimates and ~~judgments~~assumptions, and consequently, changes in the below estimates may be material to our results of operations in future periods.

Reserves for Loss and Loss Expenses

There has been considerable discussion and focus on the potential for insurance industry losses arising from COVID-19, particularly as it relates to claims from business interruption losses. Our Standard Commercial Lines property and businessowners policies require direct physical loss of or damage to property by a covered cause of loss, for our property policies to respond to a claim. While each potential claim will be adjusted on its unique facts and based on the ~~use~~terms and conditions of ~~assumptions~~the specific policy, COVID-19-related contamination, the existence of a pandemic and/or the resulting preventative government shutdown orders generally are not insured under Standard Commercial property and businessowners policies.

Our Standard Commercial property and businessowners policies also specifically exclude all loss or damage caused by or resulting from a virus or bacteria. We believe this exclusion will apply to preclude coverage for losses related to the COVID-19 virus. Approximately 6% of our policyholders purchase a sub-limited extra expense coverage that provides up to $25,000 in limit for the additional cost associated with cleaning the property when ordered by a Board of Health after an outbreak of communicable disease at the premises. Our current year incurred losses include an estimate of $10 million of IBNR in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. For our E&S segment, our property forms contain the same language as our standard commercial lines segment that requires “direct physical loss of or damage to”, but most of these forms do not contain a specific virus or bacteria exclusion. Property accounts for approximately 30% of our E&S segment premium, and, of that amount, only about ~~matters~~a quarter of our customers within our E&S segment purchase policies with business interruption coverage. In total, within our standard commercial lines and E&S segments, 95% of our property policies include the specific virus or bacteria exclusion. In addition, we may experience some workers’ compensation and general liability losses associated with COVID-19. At this time, we do not expect these losses to be significant and exposure to these losses are covered within our existing reserving methodologies and reserves.

If the COVID-19 pandemic results in significant property or liability related losses, we have substantial reinsurance protection, that ~~are highly uncertain~~we believe would provide us with recoveries. Our main property catastrophe excess of loss treaty program has a $40 million retention and ~~therefore, are~~then provides coverage up to $775 million in ground up losses, subject to ~~change~~some co-participation and reinstatement premium. For losses outside of our original 22 state footprint, including our five new expansion states and some of our largest E&S states, the retention drops to $5 million. With property losses and potential business interruption claims, including any COVID-19-related losses, our reinsurers “follow the fortunes” of our underlying polices. That means, if any clause in the underlying policy is invalidated - whether by a court or a legislature - our reinsurance coverage would continue to apply. Our property catastrophe excess of loss program contains aggregating language that allows us, in our sole discretion, to accumulate all property losses commencing within a 168 hour period to a single occurrence or multiple occurrences. We also have the sole discretion to decide when the 168 hours begins, and all losses that occurred during and continuing after that period, such as the case with business interruption losses, would be included in the reinsured loss calculation. Our casualty excess of loss contract, which would cover workers’ compensation and general liability claims, has a $2 million retention and provides coverage limits above that to $90 million. Similar to our property catastrophe reinsurance program, our casualty excess of loss program allows us to aggregate multiple losses, including losses under different liability coverages, as a single

occurrence. Our casualty reinsurers also follow our fortunes in the policy interpretation. Except for the $10 million of property IBNR we recorded for the sub-limited property coverages, we do not expect material COVID-19-related losses. If the facts and circumstances ~~develop. If~~change, we have a robust reinsurance program that provides significant protection.

OTTI

The various COVID-19-related governmental directives impacted the financial markets, which became volatile. The volatility increased gross unrealized losses on our available-for-sale ("AFS") fixed income securities portfolio from $7.7 million at December 31, 2019, to $116.9 million at the end of First Quarter 2020. We analyzed these unrealized losses for OTTI in accordance with our existing accounting policy, which includes performing discounted cash flow ("DCF") analyses on each security at the lot level and using three different ~~estimates~~economic scenarios.

In performing these DCF analyses, we calculate the present value of future cash flows using various models specific to the major security types in our portfolio. These models use security-specific information and ~~judgments had been applied, materially different amounts might have been reported~~forecasted macroeconomic data to determine possible expected credit loss scenarios based on projected changes in the economy. The forecasted economic data incorporated in the models is based on the Federal Reserve Board’s annual supervisory stress test review on certain large banks and financial ~~statements.~~institutions. We also have the ability to incorporate internally-developed forecast information into the models as we deem appropriate. Model scenarios include a baseline assumption with moderate economic expansion, an adverse assumption with a weakening economy, and a severely adverse assumption with a global recession. In developing our best estimate of the allowance for credit losses, we consider our outlook as to the probability of each of these scenarios occurring.

Based on these analyses, we recorded OTTI charges for expected credit losses of $16.0 million during First Quarter 2020. After giving consideration to these credit loss allowances, the remaining unrealized losses on these securities were $49.7 million. Based on our analyses, we also determined that securities with an aggregate unrealized loss balance of $67.2 million were not other-than-temporarily impaired as of March 31, 2020. We believe that the total unrealized loss balance of $116.9 million was driven by widening credit spreads tied to financial market uncertainty about the various COVID-19-related governmental directives. If the assumptions used in our DCF analyses, or our outlook as to the occurrence probability of our DCF model scenarios were to change, the resulting impairment could be material to our results of operations. For additional information ~~regarding~~about the unrealized losses in our ~~critical accounting~~AFS fixed income portfolio, see Note 4. "Investments" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q.

Premium Audit

We estimate the amount of premium anticipated to be either billed or returned on policies ~~refer~~subsequent to ~~pages 37 through 46~~expiration based on exposure levels (i.e., payroll or sales). This estimate of earned but unbilled premium is based on historical trends adjusted for the uncertainty of current and future economic conditions. In First Quarter 2020, we recorded a $75 million return audit and mid-term endorsement premium accrual, which was in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the anticipated decline in sales and payroll exposures on the general liability and workers compensation lines of business. Further economic instability or extended COVID-19-related governmental directives could ultimately impact our ~~2018~~ ~~Annual Report.~~estimates and assumptions, and consequently, changes in this liability estimate may be material to the results of operations in future periods. For additional details about this estimate, see Note 8. "Reinsurance" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q.

Allowance for Uncollectible Premiums Receivable

We estimate an allowance for expected credit losses on our outstanding premiums receivable balance at each reporting date. In determining this allowance, we use a method that considers the aging of the receivable, based on the effective year of the related policy, along with our historical credit loss experience. We also contemplate expected macroeconomic conditions over the expected receivables collection period that, because the majority of the balances are collected within a year of policy issuance, is short-term in nature. In First Quarter 2020, we increased our allowance for uncollectible accounts by $10.5 million to reflect the higher risk of non-payment due to the significant COVID-19-related decline in economic activity, coupled with the individual payment flexibility that we are currently offering our customers and our suspension of the effect of policy cancellations, late payment notices, and late or reinstatement fees. Due to the impact of recent state regulations that provided for the deferral of payments without cancellation for a period up to 90 days in certain states, which will increase earned but uncollected premiums, we expect an increase in our allowance for uncollectible premiums receivable in the second and third quarters of 2020.

Similar to our estimate of premium audit, future COVID-19-related economic instability or governmental directives could ultimately impact our estimates and assumptions. Consequently, a change in our allowance estimate may be material to our results of operations in future periods. For additional details about this estimate, see Note 7. "Allowance for Uncollectible Premiums Receivable" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q.

Financial Highlights of Results for First Quarter ~~2019~~2020 and First Quarter ~~2018~~2019¹


($ and shares in thousands, except per share amounts)	Quarter ended March 31,				Change % or Points			Quarter Ended March 31,				Change % or Points
($ and shares in thousands, except per share amounts)	2019			2018	Change % or Points			2020			2019	Change % or Points
Financial Data:
Revenues	$	698,962		626,689	12		%	$	664,829		698,962	(5	)	%
After-tax net investment income	41,323			35,790	15			45,483			41,323	10
After-tax underwriting income	26,513			3,739	609			16,872			26,513	(36	)
Net income before federal income tax	73,694			19,931	270			15,997			73,694	(78	)
Net income	61,348			18,925	224			15,236			61,348	(75	)
Diluted net income per share	1.02			0.32	219
Diluted weighted-average outstanding shares	59,876			59,563	1

Key Metrics:
Combined ratio	94.7		%	99.2	(4.5	)	pts	96.7		%	94.7	2.0		pts
Invested assets per dollar of stockholders' equity	$	3.24		3.42	(5	)	%	$	3.26		3.24	1		%
After-tax yield on investments	2.8		%	2.5	0.3		pts
Annualized return on equity ("ROE")	13.2			4.5	8.7
ROE								2.8			13.2	(10.4	)	pts
Statutory premiums to surplus ratio								1.4x			1.4x	—

Non-Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") operating income²	$	54,020		27,259	98		%
Per Share Amounts:
Diluted net income per share								0.25			1.02	(75	)	%
Book value per share								$	35.11		32.51	8
Dividends declared per share to stockholders								0.23			0.20	15

Non-GAAP Information:
Non-GAAP operating income²								$	50,522		54,020	(6	)	%
Diluted non-GAAP operating income per share²	0.90			0.46	96			0.84			0.90	(7	)
Annualized non-GAAP operating ROE²	11.6		%	6.5	5.1		pts	9.4		%	11.6	(2.2	)	pts


¹	Refer to the Glossary of Terms attached to our ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report as Exhibit 99.1 for definitions of terms used inof this Form 10-Q.

Non-GAAP operating income is ~~used as~~ an important financial measure ~~by us,~~that we, analysts, and investors use because the timing of the realization of net investment gains and losses on sales of securities in any given period is largely ~~discretionary as to timing.~~discretionary. In addition, ~~these~~ net realized investment gains and losses, OTTI ~~that are~~ charged to earnings, unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, and ~~the~~ debt retirement costs could distort the analysis of trends.

Reconciliations of net income, net income per diluted share, and annualized ROE to non-GAAP operating income, non-GAAP operating income per diluted share, and annualized non-GAAP operating ROE, respectively, are provided in the tables below:


Reconciliation of net income to non-GAAP operating income	Quarter ended March 31,					Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2019			2018		2020			2019
Net income	$	61,348		18,925		$	15,236		61,348
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses, before tax	(13,451		)	10,549
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains), before tax						44,666			(13,451	)
Debt retirement costs, before tax	4,175			—		—			4,175
Tax on reconciling items, at 21%	1,948			(2,215	)
Tax on reconciling items						(9,380		)	1,948
Non-GAAP operating income	$	54,020		27,259		$	50,522		54,020


Reconciliation of net income per diluted share to non-GAAP operating income per diluted share	Quarter ended March 31,					Quarter Ended March 31,
	2019			2018		2020			2019
Net income per diluted share	$	1.02		0.32		$	0.25		1.02
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses, before tax	(0.22		)	0.18
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains), before tax						0.74			(0.22	)
Debt retirement costs, before tax	0.07			—		—			0.07
Tax on reconciling items, at 21%	0.03			(0.04	)
Tax on reconciling items						(0.15		)	0.03
Non-GAAP operating income per diluted share	$	0.90		0.46		$	0.84		0.90


Reconciliation of annualized ROE to annualized non-GAAP operating ROE	Quarter ended March 31,				Quarter Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2020		2019
Annualized ROE	13.2	%	4.5		2.8	%	13.2
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses, before tax	(2.9	)	2.5
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains), before tax					8.3		(2.9	)
Debt retirement costs, before tax	0.9		—		—		0.9
Tax on reconciling items, at 21%	0.4		(0.5	)
Tax on reconciling items					(1.7	)	0.4
Annualized non-GAAP operating ROE	11.6	%	6.5		9.4	%	11.6

The components of our annualized ROE are as follows:


Annualized ROE Components	Quarter ended March 31,				Change Points		Quarter Ended March 31,				Change Points
	2019		2018		Change Points		2020		2019		Change Points
Standard Commercial Lines Segment	4.4	%	1.3		3.1		2.4	%	4.4		(2.0	)
Standard Personal Lines Segment	0.5		(0.3	)	0.8		0.1		0.5		(0.4	)
E&S Lines Segment	0.8		(0.1	)	0.9		0.6		0.8		(0.2	)
Total insurance operations	5.7		0.9		4.8		3.1		5.7		(2.6	)

Investment income	8.9		8.5		0.4		8.5		8.9		(0.4	)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)	2.3		(2.0	)	4.3
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains							(6.6	)	2.3		(8.9	)
Total investments segment	11.2		6.5		4.7		1.9		11.2		(9.3	)

Other	(3.7	)	(2.9	)	(0.8	)	(2.2	)	(3.7	)	1.5

Annualized ROE	13.2	%	4.5		8.7		2.8	%	13.2		(10.4	)

In First Quarter 2020, we generated net income per diluted share of $0.25, compared to $1.02 in First Quarter 2019. Non-GAAP operating income per diluted share was $0.84, compared to $0.90 a year ago. The First Quarter ~~2019 results continued to build on our five-year track record of consistently generating double-digit~~2020 non-GAAP operating ~~ROEs on an annual basis~~income was primarily impacted by $19 million, or $0.32 per diluted share, of COVID-19-related underwriting items, which are further discussed in "Current Events" above. The COVID-19 related underwriting items were partially offset by (i) growth in our Investment segment of $0.07, primarily driven by our alternative investments, and (ii) a decrease in corporate expenses of approximately $0.04, related to employee long-term incentive compensation awards that ~~have been close~~fluctuate with the stock price of the company.

Our book value per share declined by 5% in First Quarter 2020. The decrease was caused by a reduction in the value of our fixed income securities portfolio, which experienced net unrealized after-tax losses of approximately $105 million during First Quarter 2020.

Insurance Operations

Our insurance segments delivered profitable results in First Quarter 2020, contributing 3.1 points to ~~our target returns. At 11.6%, our~~a combined annualized ROE of 2.8%. The First Quarter 2020 annualized ROE decreased 2.6 points compared to First Quarter 2019, ~~non-GAAP operating ROE is just below our 2019 target non-GAAP operating ROE of 12%.~~

~~Insurance Operations~~

~~Our insurance operations' annualized ROE increased 4.8 points, to 5.7%, in First Quarter 2019 compared to the same prior year period,~~ reflecting ~~a decrease~~an increase in our combined ratio of ~~4.5~~2.0 points. ~~This decrease~~The increase was principally driven ~~by: (i) lower levels~~by a higher expense ratio of ~~both catastrophe and non-catastrophe property losses; (ii) higher levels of favorable prior year casualty reserve development; and (iii) a lower expense ratio.~~1.9 points, primarily reflecting the 1.6-point increase in our allowance for uncollectible accounts on our premiums receivable, which is discussed in "Current Events" above.

The following table provides quantitative information for analyzing the combined ratio:


All Lines		Quarter ended March 31,				Change % or Points				Quarter Ended March 31,				Change % or Points
($ in thousands)		2019			2018	Change % or Points				2020			2019	Change % or Points
Insurance Operations Results:	Insurance Operations Results:								Insurance Operations Results:
Net premiums written ("NPW")		$	672,947		624,560	8		%		$	647,327		672,947	(4	)	%
Net premiums earned (“NPE”)		632,573			591,828	7				651,703			632,573	3
Less:
Loss and loss expense incurred		386,579			384,941	—				400,324			386,579	4
Net underwriting expenses incurred		210,653			199,747	5				229,237			210,653	9
Dividends to policyholders		1,780			2,407	(26	)			785			1,780	(56	)
Underwriting income		$	33,561		4,733	609		%		$	21,357		33,561	(36	)	%
Combined Ratios:
Loss and loss expense ratio		61.1		%	65.0	(3.9	)	pts		61.4		%	61.1	0.3		pts
Underwriting expense ratio		33.3			33.8	(0.5	)			35.2			33.3	1.9
Dividends to policyholders ratio		0.3			0.4	(0.1	)			0.1			0.3	(0.2	)
Combined ratio		94.7			99.2	(4.5	)			96.7			94.7	2.0

Our First Quarter ~~2019~~2020 decrease in NPW compared to a year ago reflected a $75 million accrual for estimated return audit and mid-term endorsement premiums related to the COVID-19 pandemic discussed in "Current Events" above. Excluding that estimate, the results continue to reflect our efforts ~~to:~~to (i) achieve overall renewal pure price increases at levels that are in line with expected loss ~~trend;~~trend, (ii) generate new ~~business;~~business, and (iii) improve the underlying profitability of our business through various underwriting ~~and claims~~ initiatives. ~~We continue to execute on~~Although there was a reduction in our ~~strategy for disciplined~~overall NPW, ~~growth, with 8% growth~~our new business in First Quarter ~~2019~~2020 grew to $152.8 million compared to $145.0 million in First Quarter ~~2018. We experienced growth in all three of our insurance segments, most notably due~~2019. Contributing to our ~~Standard Commercial Lines and E&S Lines segments, which had NPW growth of 7% and 19%, respectively, primarily due to increased~~ new business ~~levels coupled with renewal pure price increases and strong retention. The Standard Commercial Lines~~ growth was ~~aided by~~ the net appointment of 2427 retail agents, excluding agency consolidations.

Loss and Loss Expenses

The slight increase in the loss and loss expense ratio ~~decreased 3.9 points in~~during First Quarter ~~2019 compared to First Quarter 2018, driven~~2020 was impacted by the following:


	First Quarter 2019						First Quarter 2018									First Quarter 2020						First Quarter 2019
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio			Change in Ratio			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio			Change in Ratio
Catastrophe losses	$	20.9		3.3		pts	$	26.0		4.4		pts	(1.1	)	pts	$	33.2		5.1		pts	$	20.9		3.3		pts	1.8		pts
(Favorable) prior year casualty reserve development	(10.0		)	(1.6	)		(8.0		)	(1.4	)		(0.2	)		(10.0		)	(1.5	)		(10.0		)	(1.6	)		0.1
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses	108.0			17.1			116.2			19.6			(2.5	)
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses¹																108.1			16.6			108.0			17.1			(0.5	)
Total	118.9			18.8			134.2			22.6			(3.8	)		131.3			20.2			118.9			18.8			1.4

¹Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses include an estimate of $10 million in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which is discussed in "Current Events" above.

Details of the prior year casualty reserve development were as follows:


(Favorable)/Unfavorable Prior Year Casualty Reserve Development	Quarter ended March 31,						Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in millions)	2019				2018		2020				2019
General liability	$	(2.0	)		—		$	—			(2.0	)
Commercial automobile	—				8.0
Workers compensation	(8.0		)		(16.0	)	(10.0		)		(8.0	)
Total Standard Commercial Lines	(10.0		)		(8.0	)	(10.0		)		(10.0	)

Homeowners	—				—
Personal automobile	—				—
Total Standard Personal Lines	—				—

E&S	—				—

Total (favorable) prior year casualty reserve development	$	(10.0	)		(8.0	)	$	(10.0	)		(10.0	)

(Favorable) impact on loss ratio	(1.6		)	pts	(1.4	)	(1.5		)	pts	(1.6	)

In addition to the items described above, there was a 0.8-point benefit in First Quarter 2020 from the mix of business due to the aforementioned estimated total return audit and mid-term endorsement premium accrual.

For additional qualitative ~~discussions regarding~~ reserve development discussion, please refer to the insurance segment sections below in "Results of Operations and Related Information by Segment."

~~Underwriting Expenses~~

The underwriting expense ratio decreased 0.5 points in First Quarter 2019 compared to First Quarter 2018, primarily due to: (i) a 0.2-point reduction in employee-related expenses; and (ii) a 0.1-point reduction in profit-based compensation to our distribution partners.

Investments Segment

Net investment income, after tax, grew 10% in First Quarter 2020, compared to last year, mainly due to: (i) higher alternative investment portfolio income of $5.7 million, which is recorded on a one-quarter lag; (ii) cash flows from operations that were 6% of NPW in First Quarter 2020; and (iii) $302 million in proceeds from our short-term borrowings that were invested in high-quality money market funds in First Quarter 2020 due to the COVID-19-related volatility and uncertainty in the financial markets. Net investment income, after tax, contributed ~~8.9 percentage~~8.5 points to ROE in First Quarter ~~2019,~~2020, compared to ~~8.5~~8.9 points in First Quarter 2018. The improvement in the period reflected after-tax net investment income growth of 15% in First Quarter 2019 compared to the same prior year period, principally driven by: (i) cash flow from operations that was 7% of NPW; (ii) active management of the core fixed income portfolio; and (iii) the $106 million of net proceeds from our 5.375% Senior Notes issuance. The after-tax earned income yield on the portfolio averaged 2.8% during First Quarter 2019, compared to 2.5% in First Quarter 2018.2019.

Net realized and unrealized gains and losses ~~contributed~~reduced First Quarter 2020 ROE by 6.6 points, compared to First Quarter 2019 when it increased ROE by 2.3 ~~points to ROE~~points. Net realized and unrealized investment losses in First Quarter ~~2019, an improvement of 4.3 points over the comparable prior year period. The significant driver of the improvement was unrealized gains on our equity portfolio~~2020 were $44.7 million, down from $13.5 million in First Quarter 2019. ~~These gains contributed $8.0~~First Quarter 2020 results included $31.6 million ~~to net income, with an ROE contribution~~ of ~~1.7 points, compared to an after-tax loss~~OTTI, which was a $31.5 million increase from First Quarter 2019. Approximately $15.6 million of ~~$11.1 million~~our OTTI in First Quarter ~~2018, which~~2020 represented impairments on securities we intend to sell, to provide our investment managers with flexibility to trade and optimize our investment portfolio during the COVID-19-related financial market volatility. The remaining OTTI losses of $16.0 million were credit-related impairment losses under the new CECL accounting standard. The CECL impairments reflect the significant widening of credit spreads and reduced ~~ROE by 2.6 points in~~future economic activity over the near term due to COVID-19-related governmental directives. In addition, unrealized losses on our equity securities portfolio increased $27.2 million compared to First Quarter ~~2018.~~2019, which was primarily related to COVID-19-related financial market impacts.

Other

Our interest and corporate expenses, which are primarily comprised of stock compensation expense at the holding company

level, reduced ROE by 2.2 points in First Quarter 2020, compared to 3.7 points in First Quarter ~~2019, compared~~2019. The variance was driven primarily by a 0.5-point decrease in stock compensation expense related to ~~2.9 points~~employee long-term incentive compensation awards, as the stock price decreased 24% in First Quarter ~~2018. On March 1,~~2020 compared to a 4% increase in First Quarter 2019. In First Quarter 2019, Selective issued 5.375% Senior Notes with an aggregate principal amount of $300 million, the proceeds of which were used, in part, to redeem our 5.875% Senior Notes with an aggregate principal balance of $185 million that became callable last year. As

~~a result of this redemption,~~ we also incurred ~~after-tax~~ debt retirement costs of $3.3 million ~~which~~related to our 5.375% Senior Notes issuance that reduced ~~our~~that quarter's ROE by 0.7 points. ~~These costs have been excluded from non-GAAP operating income.~~

Outlook

We ended ~~2018~~2019 with ~~record levels~~a solid balance sheet, a high level of ~~capital~~embedded profitability within our underwriting and ~~liquidity,~~investment portfolios, and ~~our~~ strong financial strength ratings, which places us in a position to withstand this COVID-19-related period of economic downturn, market volatility, and heightened uncertainty.

We generated an annualized operating ROE of 9.4% in First Quarter ~~2019 results continued to improve~~2020, which was 1.6 points below our ~~financial position. Additionally, during the quarter we executed our first institutional public debt offering with the issuance~~2020 target of $300 million aggregate principal amount of 5.375% Senior Notes. We used the net proceeds from this offering to redeem our then-outstanding $185 million aggregate principal amount of 5.875% Senior Notes, with the remaining $106 million of net proceeds being used for general corporate purposes.

~~For 2019, we have established a~~11%. Our 2020 non-GAAP operating ROE target of ~~12%, which~~11% is ~~an appropriate return for our shareholders~~ based on our current estimated weighted average cost of capital, the current interest rate environment, and property and casualty insurance market conditions.

~~Our~~During these unprecedented times, we remain focused on our key strategic initiatives. In 2020, we will continue to focus ~~in 2019 will be~~ on the following ~~areas:~~areas to maintain our financial position:

~~Achieving~~Actively managing the investment portfolio to minimize the impact of lower interest rates on after-tax yields while managing credit, duration, and liquidity risk through our international external investment managers with great depth of expertise. The sharp decline in equity markets and expected values of alternative investments during the First Quarter 2020, and a prolonged low interest rate environment, partially offset by widening credit spreads, continue to put downward pressure on industry-wide investment portfolio returns. Lower investment returns will force the industry to improve its underwriting results to generate adequate returns. We are well positioned with sophisticated underwriting and pricing tools, and appropriately priced in-force book of business to continue to generate profitable underwriting results.

Continuing to achieve written renewal pure price increases that meet or exceed expected loss trend and delivering on our strategy for continued disciplined growth. Our first quarter overall renewal pure pricing was 4.0%. While we continue to navigate a challenging economic environment, we are comfortable with the overall price adequacy of our book of business, obtaining renewal pure price increases that have been in line with expected loss trend. ~~In First Quarter 2019,~~As we ~~achieved overall renewal pure price increases of 3.7%, which was in line with expectations.~~look forward, we will continue to maintain adequate profitability by providing relief to our customers and balancing the need for pricing.

Delivering on our strategy for continued disciplined ~~growth,~~growth. We have consistently maintained a disciplined underwriting appetite over the past decade. In the current economic environment, we continue to work with our agents to provide our policyholders the support they need. Our field-based model, which provides high-touch service to our policyholders and agents for safety management, claims handling, and underwriting, is a clear advantage in the current environment. We will ~~be driven by the addition of new agents,~~

~~greater "share of wallet" in~~continue working to achieve our ~~agents’ offices, and geographic expansion. Our~~ longer-term Standard Commercial Lines target is to attain a 3% market share in the states in which we operate, by appointing distribution ~~partner relationships approximating~~partners representing approximately 25% of their markets and seeking an average ~~"share~~share of ~~wallet"~~wallet of 12% ~~across the relationships.~~with these partners. This goal represents an additional premium opportunity ~~in excess~~ of ~~$2.7 billion in our 27 state footprint. In First Quarter 2019, we achieved NPW growth of 8%.~~about $3 billion.

•

~~Continuing to enhance the customer experience strategy that we have been highlighting over the past year, including value-added technologies and services such as: (i) our “Selective~~^® Drive” program, which was introduced to certain commercial automobile policyholders through our distribution partners in the fourth quarter of 2018; (ii) proactive communications in relation to product recalls, possible loss activity, or policy changes; (iii) technology usage to reduce claim cycle time, such as SWIFT claim-fast tracking and EZ Write; and (v) fully digital self-service capabilities for our customers.

Improving profitability in our lines of business by: (i) generating overall renewal pure price increases that are in line with expected loss trend; (ii) actively managing the new and renewal books in targeted industry segments, which we expect will have a positive impact on profitability through business mix; and (ii) within our E&S segment, exiting some underperforming classes, while entering into new distribution relationships.

~~Actively managing the investment portfolio~~Identifying opportunities to enhance ~~after-tax yields while managing credit, duration,~~operational efficiencies, and ~~liquidity~~

~~risk. There~~evaluating process improvements by better leveraging technologies, automation, and robotics, to lower our expense ratio over time. While we recognize it is essential to continue investing in initiatives related to our technology platforms, sophisticated underwriting tools, and customer experience, we are committed to balancing these goals with an efficient operating structure. As previously discussed, our expense ratio was ~~a significant decline~~elevated this quarter due to COVID-19 impacts, and in ~~interest rates in First Quarter 2019, which demonstrates~~ the ~~need~~short-term, we have taken actions to ~~maintain a strong~~reduce our expenses. Over the longer term, we will focus on ~~underwriting discipline~~right-sizing our expense structure to meet the business opportunity set, and we will seek meaningful opportunities to generate ~~adequate returns~~efficiencies through process re-design and technological improvements.

In addition to our focus on ~~invested capital.~~maintaining our strong financial position in 2020 and beyond, we continue to enhance our customer experience strategy by offering value-added technologies and services. We have made major strides in recent years to enhance the customer experience, including various self-service and digital service offerings. In the current challenging environment, we provide our policyholders the option of engaging with us in the channel that works best for them. Our new marketing tagline, "Be Uniquely Insured," was rolled out in 2019, and speaks to our differentiated value proposition for our customers and distribution partners. Investing in and building out technologies that improve the customer experience journey remains a core focus for us.

As we look to the remainder of ~~2019,~~2020, we ~~remain extremely pleased with~~will not let the COVID-19 pandemic, market volatility, or challenging economic conditions deter us from pursuing our ~~financial and strategic position.~~objective of being an industry leader. We ~~are steadfastly~~

have a team in place that is focused on ~~underwriting discipline as~~identifying opportunities and ways in which we ~~execute on~~can enhance our ~~various strategies to generate profitable growth. The investments we are making today in our franchise distribution model, sophisticated underwriting tools~~product, service capabilities and ~~technology, and overall customer~~operating structure,

~~experience in an omni-channel environment, will~~to position us well for the post-COVID environment. We will continue to ~~continue as a leader in the coming years.~~strive to offer best-in-class customer service and product offerings, while also generating superior returns for our shareholders over time.

~~Turning~~For 2020, we revised our full year guidance to expectations for 2019, A.M. Best Company's ("A.M. Best") "US Property/Casualty: 2019 Review & Preview" is currently forecasting a property and casualty industry statutory combined ratio of 101.2%, including 5 points of catastrophe losses, with a return on equity of 4.8%.the following:

After one quarter of results, we are increasing our full-year 2019 after-tax net investment income guidance by $5 million, to $180 million, mainly due to net proceeds of $106 million from the recent 5.375% Senior Notes issuance. All other assumptions remain the same. Our full-year expectations are as follows:

A GAAP combined ratio, excluding catastrophe losses, of ~~92.0%~~between 92% and 93%. This represents an increase from our prior guidance of 91.5% and is primarily due to pressure on the expense ratio from the estimated full-year impact of COVID-19. This also assumes no additional ~~prior-year casualty reserve~~prior year development;

Catastrophe losses of ~~3.5 points;~~

4.5 points on the combined ratio, reflecting higher than expected catastrophe losses through April, combined with lower earned premium. Because COVID-19 has not been designated a catastrophe event by the Insurance Services Office's Property Claims Services unit, such losses are not included in this ratio;

After-tax net investment income of ~~$180~~approximately $160 million, ~~which includes $8~~down from our prior guidance of $185 million, principally due to an expected change in our full-year after-tax net investment income from ~~our~~

alternative ~~investments;~~

investments. We now expect a range of between $10 million and $15 million in after-tax net investment losses from our alternative investments, compared to our prior estimate of a $14 million gain;

An overall effective tax rate of approximately ~~19%~~18.5%, which ~~also~~ includes an effective tax rate of ~~18%~~18.5% for net investment income, reflecting a tax rate of 5.25% for tax-advantaged municipal bonds and a tax rate of 21% for all other items; and

Weighted average shares of 6060.5 million on a diluted basis.

Our 2020 guidance reflects the current estimated full-year impact of COVID-19 on our industry, and insurance and investment operations. Given the significant uncertainty surrounding the ultimate duration and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the depth and duration of the economic recession and market volatility, as well as the impact that federal, state and local actions can have on our business, including regulatory insurance directives, there remains significant uncertainty around our full-year guidance. We will update our full-year guidance, as appropriate, upon the release of our second quarter of 2020 financial results.

Results of Operations and Related Information by Segment

Standard Commercial Lines Segment


	Quarter ended March 31,				Change % or Points			Quarter Ended March 31,				Change % or Points
($ in thousands)	2019			2018	Change % or Points			2020			2019	Change % or Points
Insurance Segments Results:
NPW	$	546,683		509,076	7		%	$	518,432		546,683	(5	)	%
NPE	497,184			465,364	7			516,580			497,184	4
Less:
Loss and loss expense incurred	298,809			293,506	2			312,158			298,809	4
Net underwriting expenses incurred	170,780			162,647	5			186,511			170,780	9
Dividends to policyholders	1,780			2,407	(26	)		785			1,780	(56	)
Underwriting income	$	25,815		6,804	279		%	$	17,126		25,815	(34	)	%
Combined Ratios:
Loss and loss expense ratio	60.1		%	63.0	(2.9	)	pts	60.4		%	60.1	0.3		pts
Underwriting expense ratio	34.3			35.0	(0.7	)		36.1			34.3	1.8
Dividends to policyholders ratio	0.4			0.5	(0.1	)		0.2			0.4	(0.2	)
Combined ratio	94.8			98.5	(3.7	)		96.7			94.8	1.9

The decrease in NPW was mainly due to a $75 million increase in ~~NPW~~our return audit and mid-term endorsement premium accrual related to the COVID-19 pandemic discussed in ~~First Quarter 2019 compared to First Quarter 2018~~"Current Events" above, of which $46 million was ~~driven by:~~recorded in our general liability line of business and $29 million was recorded in our workers compensation line of business. This was partially offset by (i) direct new ~~business;~~business, and (ii) renewal pure price increases.


	Quarter ended March 31,				Change % or Points				Quarter Ended March 31,						Change % or Points
($ in millions)	2019			2018				2020				2019			Change % or Points
Direct new business	$	109.0		97.9	Change % or Points	11		%		$	115.4			109.0		6	%
Renewal pure price increases	3.4			3.2	n/m				4.0				3.4		0.6
Retention	84		%	85	(1	)	pts		85			%	84		1	pts

The loss and loss expense ratio ~~decreased 2.9 points~~increased slightly in First Quarter ~~2019~~2020 compared to First Quarter ~~2018. This decrease was~~2019, driven, in part, by the following:



	First Quarter 2020						First Quarter 2019
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio			Change in Ratio
Catastrophe losses	$	20.7		4.0		pts	$	16.0		3.2		pts	0.8	pts
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses¹	79.6			15.4			74.4			15.0			0.4
(Favorable) prior year casualty reserve development	(10.0		)	(1.9	)		(10.0		)	(2.0	)		0.1
Total	90.3			17.5			80.4			16.2			1.3

¹Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses included an estimate of $10 million in response to COVID-19, which is discussed in "Current Events" above.

First Quarter 2019 First Quarter 2018
($ in millions) Loss and Loss Expense Incurred Impact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio Loss and Loss
Expense
Incurred Impact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio Change in Ratio
Catastrophe losses $ 16.0
3.2
pts $ 19.8
4.3
pts (1.1 ) pts
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses 74.4
15.0
77.4
16.6
(1.6 )
(Favorable) prior year casualty reserve development (10.0 ) (2.0 ) (8.0 ) (1.7 ) (0.3 )
Total 80.4
16.2
89.2
19.2
(3.0 )

For additional information regarding ~~the~~ favorable prior year casualty reserve development by line of business, see the "Financial Highlights of Results for First Quarter ~~2019~~2020 and First Quarter ~~2018"~~2019" section above and the line of business discussions below.

~~There was a 0.7-point decrease~~The 1.8-point increase in the underwriting expense ratio in First Quarter ~~2019~~2020 compared to First Quarter ~~2018,~~2019 was primarily driven by a 1.4-point increase in the ~~significant drivers of which were as follows:~~allowance for uncollectible premium receivable mentioned in "Current Events" above.

~~A 0.3-point reduction in employee-related expenses; and~~

~~A 0.2-point reduction in profit-based compensation to our distribution partners.~~

The following is a discussion of our most significant Standard Commercial Lines of business:

																General Liability
	Quarter ended March 31,				Change % or Points				Quarter Ended March 31,				Change % or Points
($ in thousands)	2019			2018				2020			2019		Change % or Points
NPW	$	178,699		164,509	Change % or Points	9		%
NPW¹									$	150,794		178,699	(16	)	%
Direct new business	32,185			29,717	8				35,886			32,185	11
Retention	85		%	85	—		pts		86		%	85	1		pts
Renewal pure price increases	2.4			2.5	n/m				3.8			2.4	1.4
NPE	$	161,525		149,829	8		%		$	164,580		161,525	2		%
Underwriting income	19,049			13,942	37				13,074			19,049	(31	)
Combined ratio	88.2		%	90.7	(2.5	)	pts		92.1		%	88.2	3.9		pts
% of total Standard Commercial Lines NPW	33			32					29			33

¹NPW was reduced by a $46 million estimated return audit and mid-term endorsement premium accrual.

The fluctuations in the combined ~~ratio decrease in First Quarter 2019 compared to First Quarter 2018 included the impact of favorable prior year casualty reserve development, as~~ratios illustrated in the table ~~below:~~above included the following:


	First Quarter 2019						First Quarter 2018							First Quarter 2020				First Quarter 2019
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Combined Ratio			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Change Points			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Combined Ratio			Change Points
(Favorable) prior year casualty reserve development	$	(2.0	)	(1.2	)	pts	$	—	—	pts	(1.2	)	pts	$	—	—	pts	$	(2.0	)	(1.2	)	pts	1.2	pts

The First Quarter 2019 reserve development was primarily attributable to favorable reserve development on loss severities in accident years 2015 and 2016.

In addition, the combined ratio ~~benefited from a lower~~increased due to the following: (i) an increase in the underwriting expense ratio ~~which decreased by 0.6 points~~ in First Quarter ~~2019~~2020 compared to First Quarter ~~2018.~~2019 due to a 1.4-point increase in the allowance for uncollectible premiums receivable discussed above; and (ii) a 0.8-point increase due to the lower earned premium resulting from our return audit and mid-term endorsement premium accrual in response to the COVID-19 pandemic discussed above.

																					Commercial Automobile
	Quarter ended March 31,						Change % or Points				Quarter Ended March 31,						Change % or Points
($ in thousands)	2019				2018					2020				2019			Change % or Points
NPW	$	147,245			129,845		Change % or Points	13		%		$	168,310			147,245		14		%
Direct new business	28,190				22,289		26				28,857				28,190		2
Retention	82			%	85		n/m				85			%	82		3		pts
Renewal pure price increases	7.3				7.3		—				7.6				7.3		0.3
NPE	$	131,186			118,231		11		%		$	149,690			131,186		14		%
Underwriting loss	(8,721		)		(13,364	)	35				(774		)		(8,721	)	91
Combined ratio	106.6			%	111.3		(4.7	)	pts		100.5			%	106.6		(6.1	)	pts
% of total Standard Commercial Lines NPW	27				26						32				27

The increases in NPW shown in the table above reflect renewal pure price increases, higher retention, and an increase in new business. The growth in NPW of 14% in First Quarter ~~2019~~2020 compared to First Quarter ~~2018~~2019 reflects a 7% growth in vehicle counts and a 7.6% renewal pure price ~~increases~~increase, due to our efforts to improve profitability on this line ~~coupled with an increase~~ in ~~new~~recent years.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated expected favorable claims frequency impact, this line of business ~~as we continue~~will be impacted by a premium-based credit to ~~write~~our commercial automobile ~~policies~~customers, which will be recorded as ~~part~~other insurance expenses in the second quarter of ~~our overall customer accounts.~~2020. For further details, see Note 16. "Subsequent Events" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q and "Current Events" above.

The combined ratio ~~improved 4.7 points in First Quarter 2019 compared to First Quarter 2018,~~improvements outlined above were driven by the following:


	First Quarter 2019				First Quarter 2018							First Quarter 2020				First Quarter 2019
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Change in Ratio			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Change in Ratio
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses	$	25.1	19.1	pts	$	22.6	19.1	pts	—		pts	$	23.0	15.4	pts	$	25.1	19.1	pts	(3.7	)	pts
Unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development	—		—		8.0		6.8		(6.8	)
Catastrophe losses	0.2		0.1		0.9		0.7		(0.6	)		0.3		0.2		0.2		0.1		0.1
Total	25.3		19.2		31.5		26.6		(7.4	)		23.3		15.6		25.3		19.2		(3.6	)

Partially offsetting ~~the items above~~these decreases was a ~~4.3-point~~1.6-point increase in ~~current year loss costs. This increase reflects~~ the elevated frequencies and severities we experienced during 2018 that are reflected in our 2019 accident year loss expectations. While very early in the 2019 accident year, reported claims frequencies are currently within our expectations.

As seen in the table above, this line of business did not experience any prior year casualty reserve development in First Quarter 2019, and the unfavorable development in First Quarter 2018 was primarilyallowance for uncollectible premium receivable due to ~~greater than expected claims frequencies and to a lesser extent, severities~~the COVID-19 pandemic discussed in ~~accident years 2015 through 2017. In First Quarter 2019, we have not seen pressure on the prior accident years' reserves, as frequencies and severities were within expectations.~~"Current Events" above.

This line of business remains an area of focus for both us and the industry, as profitability challenges continue to generate

combined ratios that are higher than ~~target levels.~~our risk-adjusted targeted combined ratio. To address profitability in this line, we have

been ~~actively~~ implementing significant price increases ~~which averaged 7.3%~~ in ~~First Quarter 2019. In addition~~recent years while working to ~~price increases, we~~enhance our underwriting tools to improve the accuracy of our rating information to prevent premium leakage. We have also been actively managing our new and renewal business, ~~in targeted industry segments,~~ which we expect will have a positive impact on profitability through business mix improvement. ~~Over the longer term, we expect accounts that adopt our recently introduced Selective~~^® ~~Drive program will have greater insight to their commercial auto risks and have the potential to reduce their loss experience.~~

																				Workers Compensation
	Quarter ended March 31,						Change % or Points				Quarter Ended March 31,						Change % or Points
($ in thousands)	2019				2018					2020				2019			Change % or Points
NPW	$	85,065			88,906		Change % or Points	(4	)	%
NPW¹											$	51,196			85,065		(40	)	%
Direct new business	16,948				17,348		(2	)			15,357				16,948		(9	)
Retention	84			%	85		(1	)	pts		84			%	84		—		pts
Renewal pure price (decreases) increases	(1.6		)		(0.1	)	n/m
Renewal pure price decreases											(2.6		)		(1.6	)	(1.0	)
NPE	$	78,715			78,823		—		%		$	66,706			78,715		(15	)	%
Underwriting income	10,719				16,426		(35	)			11,035				10,719		3
Combined ratio	86.4			%	79.2		7.2		pts		83.5			%	86.4		(2.9	)	pts
% of total Standard Commercial Lines NPW	16				18						10				16

¹NPW was reduced by a $29 million estimated return audit and mid-term endorsement premium accrual.

The ~~increase~~decrease in the combined ratio in First Quarter ~~2019~~2020 compared to ~~First Quarter 2018~~the same prior year period was primarily driven by ~~a lower level of~~ favorable prior year casualty reserve development, as follows:


	First Quarter 2019						First Quarter 2018								First Quarter 2020						First Quarter 2019
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Combined Ratio			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Combined Ratio			Change Points		Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Combined Ratio			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Combined Ratio			Change Points
(Favorable) prior year casualty reserve development	$	(8.0	)	(10.2	)	pts	$	(16.0	)	(20.3	)	pts	10.1	pts	$	(10.0	)	(15.0	)	pts	$	(8.0	)	(10.2	)	pts	(4.8	)	pts

The development in ~~both periods~~First Quarter 2020 was primarily due to lower severities in accident years 2017 and prior, and the development in First Quarter 2019 was primarily due to lower severities in accident years 2016 and prior.

~~Partially offsetting~~The favorable development was partially offset by the following impacts due to the COVID-19 pandemic discussed in "Current Events" above: (i) a 1.1-point increase in the allowance for uncollectible premium receivable; and (ii) a 0.9-point increase due to the lower ~~favorable prior year development was a 1.2-point reduction in the underwriting expense ratio.~~earned premium resulting from our return audit and mid-term endorsement premium accrual.

While reported profitability on this line remains strong due to favorable emergence on prior year reserves, current accident year margins do not support the continued negative pricing levels that are being set by the National Council on Compensation Insurance and independent state Rating Bureaus. A reduction or reversal in the trend of favorable frequencies and severities has the potential to significantly increase this line's combined ratio, which we are monitoring closely.


Commercial Property
	Quarter ended March 31,					Change % or Points				Quarter Ended March 31,						Change % or Points
($ in thousands)	2019			2018					2020				2019			Change % or Points
NPW	$	93,029		85,205		Change % or Points	9		%		$	103,126			93,029		11		%
Direct new business	21,042			19,484		8				24,586				21,042		17
Retention	83		%	84		(1	)	pts		84			%	83		1		pts
Renewal pure price increases	3.5			2.5		n/m				4.2				3.5		0.7
NPE	$	86,067		80,326		7		%		$	93,869			86,067		9		%
Underwriting (loss) income	1,903			(12,441	)	115				(8,552		)		1,903		(549	)
Combined ratio	97.8		%	115.5		(17.7	)	pts		109.1			%	97.8		11.3		pts
% of total Standard Commercial Lines NPW	17			17						20				17

The ~~decrease~~increase in the combined ratio in First Quarter ~~2019~~2020 compared to First Quarter ~~2018~~2019, was driven by the following:


	First Quarter 2019				First Quarter 2018							First Quarter 2020				First Quarter 2019
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Change % or Points			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Change % or Points
Catastrophe losses	$	12.5	14.6	pts	$	14.8	18.4	pts	(3.8	)	pts	$	19.7	20.9	pts	$	12.5	14.6	pts	6.3	pts
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses	39.1		45.5		47.1		58.7		(13.2	)
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses¹												45.6		48.6		39.1		45.5		3.1
Total	51.6		60.1		61.9		77.1		(17.0	)		65.3		69.5		51.6		60.1		9.4

¹Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses included an estimate of $10 million in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which is discussed in "Current Events" above.

~~First Quarter 2018 had elevated~~

Higher catastrophe losses ~~primarily related to a winter storm that impacted the east coast of the United States in early January and several Nor'easters in March, compared to less severe catastrophe activity~~ in First Quarter ~~2019. Additionally,~~2020 compared to First Quarter ~~2018 had elevated non-catastrophe property losses~~2019 were driven by a tornado and subsequent hail that ~~principally related~~impacted Tennessee in early-March 2020.

In addition, the underwriting expense ratio increased in First Quarter 2020 compared to First Quarter 2019 due to a ~~January deep freeze~~1.4-point increase in ~~our footprint states and a relatively large number of severe fire losses.~~the allowance for uncollectible premium receivable discussed in "Current Events" above.

Standard Personal Lines Segment


	Quarter ended March 31,					Change % or Points				Quarter Ended March 31,				Change % or Points
($ in thousands)	2019			2018					2020			2019		Change % or Points
Insurance Segments Results:						Change % or Points
NPW	$	69,369		67,861		2		%		$	67,640		69,369	(2	)	%
NPE	77,307			74,256		4				76,128			77,307	(2	)
Less:
Loss and loss expense incurred	53,070			55,439		(4	)			54,332			53,070	2
Net underwriting expenses incurred	21,070			20,323		4				21,409			21,070	2
Underwriting income	$	3,167		(1,506	)	310		%
Underwriting (loss) income										$	387		3,167	(88	)	%
Combined Ratios:
Loss and loss expense ratio	68.6		%	74.6		(6.0	)	pts		71.4		%	68.6	2.8		pts
Underwriting expense ratio	27.3			27.4		(0.1	)			28.1			27.3	0.8
Combined ratio	95.9			102.0		(6.1	)			99.5			95.9	3.6

NPW was lower in First Quarter 2020 compared to the same prior year period, reflecting the impact of a decrease in direct new business primarily as a result of the highly competitive personal automobile market. Retention decreased in First Quarter 2020 compared to last year, as we continue to achieve renewal pure price increases in line with expected loss trends. The ~~increase in NPW reflected in the table above was driven by the following:~~deteriorating competitive position of our automobile business also has led to lower new homeowners business because most personal lines policies are written on an account basis and include both automobile and homeowners policies.


	Quarter ended March 31,				Change % or Points			Quarter Ended March 31,				Change % or Points
($ in millions)	2019			2018	Change % or Points			2020			2019	Change % or Points
New business	$	10.3		11.8	(13	)	%
Direct new business								$	9.9		10.3	(4	)	%
Retention	84		%	85	(1	)	pts	83		%	84	(1	)	pts
Renewal pure price increases	5.2			3.8	n/m			3.7			5.2	(1.5	)

The loss and loss expense ratio ~~decreased 6.0~~increased 2.8 points in First Quarter ~~2019~~2020 compared to First Quarter ~~2018.~~2019. The drivers of ~~this fluctuation~~these fluctuations are as follows:


	First Quarter 2019				First Quarter 2018							First Quarter 2020				First Quarter 2019
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Change in Ratio			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Change in Ratio
Catastrophe losses												12.0		15.7		4.1		5.3		10.4		pts
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses	$	29.1	37.6	pts	$	29.0	39.0	pts	(1.4	)	pts	$	22.8	30.0	pts	$	29.1	37.6	pts	(7.6	)
Catastrophe losses	4.1		5.3		6.8		9.2		(3.9	)
Total	33.2		42.9		35.8		48.2		(5.3	)		34.8		45.7		33.2		42.9		2.8

~~In addition, current year loss costs were 0.7 points lower~~Higher catastrophe losses in First Quarter ~~2019~~2020 compared to First Quarter ~~2018, reflecting rate increases in excess of expected loss trend.~~

~~E&S Lines Segment~~

Quarter ended March 31,
Change
% or
Points

($ in thousands) 2019 2018
Insurance Segments Results:

NPW $ 56,895
47,623
19
%
NPE 58,082
52,208
11

Less:

Loss and loss expense incurred 34,700
35,996
(4 )
Net underwriting expenses incurred 18,803
16,777
12

Underwriting (loss) income $ 4,579
(565 ) 910
%
Combined Ratios:

Loss and loss expense ratio 59.7
% 69.0
(9.3 ) pts
Underwriting expense ratio 32.4
32.1
0.3

Combined ratio 92.1
101.1
(9.0 )

~~NPW increased 19% in the quarter compared to a year ago,~~2019 were driven by a ~~41% increase~~tornado that impacted Tennessee in ~~new business. Over the past year, we have taken steps to exit some underperforming classes of E&S business, while entering into new distribution relationships.~~ March 2020.

The ~~premium growth~~underwriting expense ratio increased 0.8 points in First Quarter ~~2019~~2020 compared to First Quarter ~~2018 continues~~2019, driven primarily by a 2.1-point increase in the allowance for uncollectible premiums receivable discussed in "Current Events" above.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated expected favorable claims frequency impact, this line of business will be impacted by a premium-based credit to ~~reflect the impact of one particularly large relationship that we reestablished~~our personal lines customers, which will be recorded as other insurance expenses in the second quarter of ~~2018.~~ 2020. For further details, see Note 16. "Subsequent Events" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q and "Current Events" above.

E&S Lines Segment



	Quarter Ended March 31,				Change % or Points
($ in thousands)	2020			2019	Change % or Points
Insurance Segments Results:
NPW	$	61,255		56,895	8		%
NPE	58,995			58,082	2
Less:
Loss and loss expense incurred	33,834			34,700	(2	)
Net underwriting expenses incurred	21,317			18,803	13
Underwriting income	$	3,844		4,579	(16	)	%
Combined Ratios:
Loss and loss expense ratio	57.4		%	59.7	(2.3	)	pts
Underwriting expense ratio	36.1			32.4	3.7
Combined ratio	93.5			92.1	1.4

NPW increased 8% in First Quarter 2020 compared to last year. After two consecutive years in which we exited underperforming business segments, our focus has shifted to profitably growing segments of our E&S book that have demonstrated long-term stability.

Quantitative information on the premium in this segment is as follows:


	Quarter ended March 31,				Change % or Points		Quarter Ended March 31,				Change % or Points
($ in millions)	2019			2018	Change % or Points		2020			2019	Change % or Points
Direct new business	$	25.7		18.3	41	%	$	27.5		25.7	7		%
Renewal pure price increases¹	5.6		%	5.0	n/m
Renewal pure price increases							3.9		%	4.2	(0.3	)	pts

The ~~E&S casualty renewal price increases were 5.9% for First Quarter 2019~~loss and ~~6.5% for First Quarter 2018.~~

While the relatively small size of this segment can lead to some volatility in results, improved underwriting, pricing, and claims outcomes have us on track to achieve our risk-adjusted profitability target for this segment by the end of 2020. The combinedloss expense ratio decreased 2.3 points in First Quarter ~~2019 improved 9.0 points~~2020 compared to First Quarter ~~2018,~~2019 primarily due to a decrease in the current year loss costs. This was partially offset by the items outlined in the tables below:



	First Quarter 2020		First Quarter 2019
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred	Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred	Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio	Change in Ratio
Catastrophe losses	0.5	0.8	0.8	1.4	(0.6	)	pts
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses	5.7	9.7	4.5	7.8	1.9
Total	6.2	10.5	5.3	9.2	1.3

The underwriting expense ratio increased 3.7 points in First Quarter 2020 compared to First Quarter 2019, primarily driven by ~~property losses, as outlined~~a 2.3-point increase in the ~~table below:~~allowance for uncollectible premium receivable due to the COVID-19 pandemic discussed in "Current Events" above.

First Quarter 2019 First Quarter 2018
($ in millions) Loss and Loss Expense Incurred Impact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio Loss and Loss
Expense
Incurred Impact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio Change in Ratio
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses 4.5
7.8 9.8
18.9
(11.1 )
Catastrophe losses 0.8
1.4 (0.6 ) (1.2 ) 2.6

Total 5.3
9.2 9.2
17.7
(8.5 )

Investments

~~The primary objective of~~We entered the COVID-19 crisis with our investment portfolio ~~is to maximize after-tax net investment income~~well-positioned from a risk and the overall total return of the portfolio, while maintaining a high credit quality core fixed income securities portfolio and managing our duration risk profile. The effective duration of the fixed income securities portfolio as of March 31, 2019 was 3.7 years, compared to the Insurance Subsidiaries’ liability duration as of December 31, 2018 of approximately 3.6 years. The effective duration of the fixed income securities portfolio is monitored and managed to maximize yield, while managing interest rate risk at an acceptable level. We maintain a well-diversified portfolio across sectors, credit quality, and maturities that affords us ample liquidity. Purchases and sales are made with the intent of maximizing investment returns in the current market environment while balancing capital preservation. Over time, we may seek to increase or decrease the duration and overall credit quality of the portfolio based on market conditions.

liquidity perspective. Our investment philosophy includes certain return and risk objectives for the fixed income, equity, and other investment portfolios. After-tax yield and net investment income generation are key drivers to our investment strategy, which we believe will be obtained through active management of the portfolio.

Total Invested Assets
($ in thousands) March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Change
Total invested assets $ 6,233,745
5,960,651
5
%
Invested assets per dollar of stockholders' equity 3.24
3.33
(3 )
Unrealized (loss) gain – before tax¹
123,871
11,916
940

Unrealized (loss) gain – after tax¹
97,858
9,414
939

¹~~Includes unrealized gains on fixed income securities and equity securities.~~

The increase in invested assets at March 31, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018 was driven by: (i) operating cash flow generated in First Quarter 2019 of $47 million; (ii) pre-tax unrealized gains in our fixed income and equity securities portfolios of $112 million due to a reduction in interest rates and tightening corporate credit spreads, as well as strong performance in U.S. equities during First Quarter 2019; and (iii) net proceeds of $106 million from the issuance of our 5.375% Senior Notes and the redemption of our 5.875% Senior Notes in March 2019. For additional information regarding these debt transactions, see Note 5. "Indebtedness" in Item 1. "Financial Statements" of this Form 10-Q.

~~At March 31, 2019, our~~ fixed income securities and short-term investment portfolios represented 95% of our ~~total~~ invested assets ~~consistent with~~at March 31, 2020, and 96% of our invested assets at December 31, ~~2018.~~2019. These portfolios had a weighted average credit rating of “ AA-,” as of both March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, with ~~98%~~97% of the securities in ~~the portfolio~~these portfolios being investment grade quality ~~at both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.~~as of such dates. The sector composition and credit quality of our major asset categories within our fixed income securities portfolio did not significantly change from December 31, ~~2018.~~2019. Our investment managers have been actively engaged in monitoring and managing the exposure to credit risk in our portfolio associated with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic conditions. They have also been managing the portfolio's exposure to floating rate securities which reset principally to 90-day LIBOR. Given the reduction in the valuation of U.S. public equities and the significant widening of high yield credit spreads since December 31, 2019, we expect to modestly increase our allocation to risk assets during the course of 2020, subject to market conditions.



Total Invested Assets
($ in thousands)	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019	Change
Total invested assets	$	6,842,077	6,688,654	2		%
Invested assets per dollar of stockholders' equity	3.26		3.05	7
Unrealized gain – before tax¹	67,195		216,564	(69	)
Unrealized gain – after tax¹	53,084		171,085	(69	)

¹Includes unrealized gains on fixed income and equity securities.

The increase in invested assets at March 31, 2020 compared to December 31, 2019, was driven by operating cash flow generated in First Quarter 2020 of $39 million and net proceeds of $302 million from short-term borrowings. This increase was partially offset by net unrealized losses on fixed income securities of approximately $132 million. For additional information regarding these short-term borrowings, see Note 5. "Indebtedness" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q.

For details regarding the credit quality of our portfolio, see Item ~~7A.~~3. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.” of ~~our 2018 Annual Report.~~this Form 10-Q.

Net Investment Income

The components of net investment income earned for the indicated periods were as follows:


	Quarter ended March 31,					Change % or Points			Quarter Ended March 31,					Change % or Points
($ in thousands)	2019			2018		Change % or Points			2020			2019		Change % or Points
Fixed income securities	$	49,033		42,041		17	%		$	50,253		49,033		2	%
Commercial mortgage loans ("CMLs")									62			—		NM
Equity securities	1,640			1,977		(17	)		1,552			1,640		(5	)
Short-term investments	2,044			523		291			1,166			2,044		(43	)
Other investments	660			1,563		(58	)		6,342			660		861
Investment expenses	(2,759		)	(2,873	)	4			(3,408		)	(2,759	)	(24	)
Net investment income earned – before tax	50,618			43,231		17			55,967			50,618		11
Net investment income tax expense	(9,295		)	(7,441	)	25			(10,484		)	(9,295	)	(13	)
Net investment income earned – after tax	$	41,323		35,790		15			$	45,483		41,323		10
Effective tax rate	18.4		%	17.2		1.2		pts	18.7		%	18.4		0.3		pts
Annualized after-tax yield on fixed income securities	3.0			2.7		0.3			2.7			3.0		(0.3	)
Annualized after-tax yield on investment portfolio	2.8			2.5		0.3			2.7			2.8		(0.1	)

The increase in pre-tax net investment income in First Quarter ~~2019~~2020, compared to the same period last year, was primarily driven by an increase in pre-tax income from our other investments portfolio, primarily driven by a $3.3 million increase in private equity strategy investment income in this portfolio compared to the prior year period. Our other investment portfolio largely consists of alternative investments that are recorded on a one quarter lag. The impact of the First Quarter ~~2018 was driven primarily by: (i) cash flow from operations that was 7%~~2020 financial market volatility on those alternative investments related to COVID-19 will not be reflected in our consolidated financial statements until the second quarter of ~~NPW; (ii) active management~~2020. For additional details on the impact of the ~~core fixed income portfolio; and (iii) the $106 million of net proceeds from~~COVID-19 pandemic on our ~~5.375% Senior Notes issuance.~~investment portfolio, see "Current Events" above.

Realized and Unrealized Gains and Losses

Our general philosophy for sales of securities is to reduce our exposure to securities and sectors based on economic evaluations ~~and~~ when the fundamentals for that security or sector have deteriorated, or to opportunistically trade out of securities to other securities with better economic return characteristics. Net realized and unrealized gains and losses for the indicated periods were as follows:

Quarter ended March 31,
($ in thousands) 2019 2018
Net realized gains on disposals, excluding OTTI $ 3,444
4,731
OTTI charges (104 ) (1,212 )
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized in income on equity securities 10,111
(14,068 )
Total net realized and unrealized gains (losses) $ 13,451
(10,549 )



	Quarter Ended March 31,					Change %
($ in thousands)	2020			2019		Change %
Net realized gains on disposals, excluding OTTI	$	4,100		3,444		19	%
Unrealized (losses) gains recognized in income on equity securities	(17,137		)	10,111		(269	)%
OTTI charges¹	(31,629		)	(104	)	NM
Total net realized and unrealized (losses) gains	$	(44,666	)	13,451		(432	)%

¹See Note 2. "Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of the Form 10-Q for additional information regarding our adoption of ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses.

~~The increase in net~~

Net realized and unrealized ~~gains~~investment losses in First Quarter ~~2019 compared~~2020 were $44.7 million, which included $31.6 million of OTTI. Approximately half of our OTTI represented impairments on securities we intend to sell, to provide our investment managers flexibility to trade and optimize our investment portfolio in response to the ~~same period last year was primarily driven~~COVID-19 pandemic. The remaining OTTI losses were credit-related impairment losses under the new credit loss accounting standard. The credit impairments were the result of increased default risk reflected in the significant widening of credit spreads, partially offset by ~~market value fluctuations~~a significant decline in benchmark risk-free rates. In addition, unrealized losses on our equity ~~portfolio.~~securities portfolio increased $27.2 million compared to First Quarter 2019, due to the financial disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Federal Income Taxes

The following table provides information regarding federal income taxes:


	Quarter ended March 31,				Quarter Ended March 31,
($ in millions)	2019			2018	2020			2019
Federal income tax expense	$	12.3		1.0	$	0.8		12.3
Effective tax rate	16.8		%	5.0	4.8		%	16.8

~~The~~During First Quarter 2020, we recorded federal income taxes based on our actual effective tax rate during the quarter instead of an estimate of our full-year effective tax rate. This approach gives consideration to the anticipated volatility in certain components of our net income. Estimating these components is challenging given the uncertainty around the future impact of the COVID-19-related governmental directives and their impact on the financial markets and potential volatility.

Our effective tax rate during First Quarter 2020 was 4.8%, down from 16.8% in the ~~table above differs from the statutory rate~~comparable prior year period. This decrease was driven by net realized and unrealized losses of ~~21% principally due~~$44.7 million, pre-tax, which provided a significant offset to the ~~benefit~~other components of ~~tax-advantaged interest and dividend~~pre-tax net income and reduced the ~~impact of excess~~effective tax ~~benefits~~rate. For further discussion on ~~our stock-based compensation awards, partially offset by the disallowance of certain executive compensation. The increase in~~ the effective tax rate, see Note 14. "Federal Income Taxes" in ~~First Quarter 2019 compared to First Quarter 2018 reflects the contribution~~Item 1. "Financial Statements." of ~~these benefits in relation to overall pre-tax income~~ this ~~year compared to last year.~~Form 10-Q.

We continue to expect a full-year effective tax rate of 19%, however, on a quarter-to-quarter basis, there are certain discrete items that cause the quarterly effective rate to differ from our annual expectation. Our effective tax rate in First Quarter 2019 is lower than our full-year expectation as the tax benefit on our stock-based compensation awards are recorded in the period in which they occur and the majority of these benefits occur in the first quarter of each year.

Financial Condition, Liquidity, and Capital Resources

Capital resources and liquidity reflect our ability to generate cash flows from business operations, borrow funds at competitive rates, and raise new capital to meet operating and growth needs.

We entered the COVID-19 crisis with our investment portfolio well-positioned from a risk and liquidity perspective. Overall, our primary focus has been increasing liquidity at both the Insurance Subsidiaries and the Parent. Through the COVID-19-related financial market disruption, we adopted a more defensive posture. We initially stopped reinvesting principal and interest from the fixed income portfolio to increase our liquidity and marginally reduce risk. Given our decision to initially suspend reinvestment activities, coupled with additional short-term borrowings in First Quarter 2020 of $302 million, our short-term investments and cash totaled $527 million at March 31, 2020, compared to $283 million as of December 31, 2019.

We increased our liquidity to reduce the likelihood of becoming a forced seller of invested assets to fund operations if there is a significant slowdown in premium payments as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The cost of the excess liquidity is about $0.1 million per month, and represents the additional interest expense on our short-term borrowings, net of the interest income we generate on the government and prime money market funds in which we have invested the proceeds.

In First Quarter 2020, we did not experience a meaningful decrease in daily cash collections. Given our geographic footprint and focus on small-to-medium size business, we expect many of our customers to have significant disruptions to their

businesses. This will result in potential premium collection issues as a result of recent insurance regulations that provided for the deferral of payments without cancellation for a period up to 90 days in certain states. The ultimate depth and duration of the economic slowdown, combined with the impact of the federal fiscal stimulus packages, and whether or not a business is considered essential or non-essential, will in part determine whether our customers' businesses are temporarily or permanently impaired. We continue to monitor our cash positions daily to ensure we remain well positioned from a liquidity perspective.

In addition, we continue to monitor closely market activity and the impact on our investment portfolio. Credit markets stabilized in late-March in response to the Federal Reserve Board’s actions, and conditions have continued to improve during the start of the second quarter of 2020. There have been a record level of new fixed income security issuances, and because of that activity and our strong liquidity position, starting in late-March we permitted our core fixed income security portfolio managers to begin reinvesting the interest and proceeds of maturities of fixed income securities into highly liquid and high credit quality securities.

The following discussion provides further details about the Company's financial condition, liquidity, and capital resources.

Liquidity

We manage liquidity with a focus on generating sufficient cash flows to meet the short-term and long-term cash requirements of our business operations. ~~Our cash, excluding restricted cash, and short-term investment position of $291 million at March 31, 2019 was comprised of $103 million~~We maintain liquidity at the ~~Parent and $188 million at the Insurance Subsidiaries. Short-term~~parent primarily through (i) short-term investments that are generally

maintained in ~~"AAA"~~“AAA” rated money market funds approved by the National Association of Insurance ~~Commissioners. The Parent maintains a fixed income security investment portfolio containing~~Commissioners,

(ii) high-quality, highly-liquid government and corporate fixed income ~~securities. This portfolio~~securities; and (iii) a cash balance. In the aggregate,

cash and investments at the Parent amounted to ~~$154~~$337 million at March 31, ~~2019~~2020 and ~~$110~~$278 million at December 31, ~~2018. The Parent had a total of $257 million of cash and liquid investments at March 31,~~ 2019, ~~compared to $146 million at December 31, 2018,~~ with the increase ~~being driven by~~principally due to $50 million in proceeds from a short-term borrowing under our ~~capital market activities discussed below.~~ Line of Credit.

The level of ~~cash and invested assets~~liquidity at the Parent may fluctuate based on various factors, including the amount and availability of dividends

from our Insurance Subsidiaries, investment income, expenses, ~~and~~ other liquidity needs of the ~~Parent.~~Parent, Parent borrowings, and asset allocation investment decisions. Our target is to maintain ~~the cash and~~ liquidity at the Parent toof at least two times its expected annual needs, which is currently estimated at approximately $160 million.

Sources of Liquidity

Sources of cash for the Parent have historically consisted of dividends from the Insurance Subsidiaries, the investment portfolio discussed above, borrowings under lines of credit and loan agreements with certain Insurance Subsidiaries, and the issuance of stock and debt securities. We continue to monitor these sources, giving consideration to our long-term liquidity and capital preservation strategies.

Insurance Subsidiary Dividends

We currently anticipate that the Insurance Subsidiaries may pay ~~$110~~$140 million in total dividends to the Parent in ~~2019,~~2020, a ~~$10~~$30 million increase from ~~$100~~$110 million paid in ~~2018,~~2019, of which ~~$28~~$35 million was paid during First Quarter ~~2019.~~2020. As of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, our allowable ordinary maximum dividend was ~~$210~~$267 million for ~~2019.~~2020.

Any dividends to the Parent are subject to the approval and/or review of the insurance regulators in the respective Insurance Subsidiaries' domiciliary states and are generally payable only from earned surplus as reported in the statutory annual statements of those subsidiaries as of the preceding December 31. Although past dividends have historically been met with regulatory approval, there is no assurance that future dividends that may be declared will be approved. For additional information regarding dividend restrictions, refer to Note ~~19.~~20. “Statutory Financial Information, Capital Requirements, and Restrictions on Dividends and Transfers of Funds” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of our ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report.

In addition to regulatory restrictions on the availability of dividends that our Insurance subsidiaries can pay to the Parent, the maximum amount of dividends the Parent can pay our shareholders is limited by certain New Jersey corporate law provisions that limit dividends if either: (i) the Parent would be unable to pay its debts as they became due in the usual course of business; or (ii) the Parent's total assets would be less than its total liabilities. The Parent's ability to pay dividends to shareholders also are impacted by covenants in the Line of Credit that obligate it to, among other things, maintain a minimum consolidated net worth and maximum ratio of consolidated debt to total capitalization.

The Insurance Subsidiaries generate liquidity through insurance float, which is created by collecting premiums and earning

investment income before ~~losses~~claims are paid. The period of the float can extend over many years. Our investment portfolio

consists of maturity dates that continually provide a source of cash ~~flows~~flow for claims payments in the ordinary course of business. The effective duration of the fixed income securities portfolio was 3.7 years as of March 31, 2019, while the liabilities of the Insurance Subsidiaries had a duration as of December 31, 2018 of 3.6 years.

As protection for the capital resources ofat the Insurance Subsidiaries, we purchase reinsurance coverage for any significantly

large claims or catastrophes that may occur during the year.

Line of Credit

~~The Parent's line~~On December 20, 2019, the Parent entered into a Line of ~~credit with Wells Fargo~~Credit among the Parent, the lenders named therein (the “Lenders”), and the Bank ~~National Association,~~of Montreal, Chicago Branch, as ~~administrative agent, and Branch Banking and Trust Company (BB&T) (referred~~Administrative Agent. Under the Line of Credit, the Lenders have agreed to ~~as our "Line of Credit"), was renewed effective December 1, 2015~~provide the Parent with a ~~borrowing capacity of $30~~$50 million revolving credit facility, which can be increased to ~~$50~~$125 million with the ~~approval~~consent of ~~both lending partners. This~~the Lenders. The Line of Credit ~~expires~~will mature on December ~~1, 2020~~20, 2022 and has an interest rate, ~~that~~which varies and is based on, among other factors, the ~~Parent's~~Parent’s debt ratings. ~~There were no balances outstanding~~On March 24, 2020, to bolster liquidity, the Parent borrowed $50 million under the Line of Credit for a six month term at ~~March 31, 2019 or at any time during 2019.~~an interest rate of approximately 2.25%.

For additional information regarding the Line of Credit agreement and corresponding representations, warranties, and covenants, refer to Note 10. "Indebtedness" in Item 8. "Financial Statements." of our ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report. We ~~continue to meet~~met all covenants under our Line of Credit agreement as of March 31, ~~2019.~~2020.

Several of our Insurance Subsidiaries are members of certain branches of the Federal Home Loan Bank, which provides those subsidiaries with additional access to liquidity. Membership is as follows:



Branch	Insurance Subsidiary Member
~~Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis ("FHLBI")~~FHLBI	Selective Insurance Company of South Carolina ("SICSC")¹ Selective Insurance Company of the Southeast ("SICSE")¹
~~Federal Home Loan Bank of New York ("FHLBNY")~~FHLBNY	Selective Insurance Company of America ("SICA") Selective Insurance Company of New York ("SICNY")

¹These subsidiaries are jointly referred to as the "Indiana Subsidiaries" as they are domiciled in Indiana.

The Line of Credit permits aggregate borrowings from the FHLBI and the FHLBNY up to 10% of the respective member company’s admitted assets for the previous year end. Additionally, as SICNY is domiciled in New York, this company's borrowings from the FHLBNY are limited to the lower of 5% of admitted assets for the most recently completed fiscal quarter or 10% of admitted assets for the previous year end. ~~Consistent with December 31, 2018, we~~We have a remaining capacity of ~~$288.5~~$62.1 million for Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings, with a ~~$12.9~~$2.8 million additional stock purchase requirement to allow the member companies to borrow their full remaining capacity amounts.

All borrowings from both the FHLBI and the FHLBNY are required to be secured by investments pledged as collateral. For additional information regarding collateral outstanding, refer to Note 4. "Investments" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q.

Short-term Borrowings

InWe significantly increased our short-term debt during First Quarter ~~2019, SICA borrowed~~2020 amid the COVID-19 pandemic, which has been followed by a period of extreme volatility and uncertainty in the financial markets. As was noted above, the $302 million of proceeds from these borrowings, including the $50 million borrowing from the ~~FHLBNY, which was repaid on March 28, 2019.~~Line of Credit, were invested in high-quality money market funds. For further information regarding ~~this borrowing,~~these borrowings, see Note 5. "Indebtedness" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q.

Intercompany Loan Agreements

The Parent has lending agreements with the Indiana Subsidiaries that have been approved by the Indiana Department of Insurance, which provide additional liquidity to the Parent. Similar to the Line of Credit agreement, these lending agreements limit borrowings by the Parent from the Indiana Subsidiaries to 10% of the admitted assets of the respective Indiana Subsidiary. The outstanding balance on these intercompany loans was $40.0 million as of both March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The remaining capacity under these intercompany loan agreements was ~~$77.5~~$89.4 million as of both March 31, ~~2019, compared to $76.2 million as of~~2020 and December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

Capital Market Activities

In First Quarter 2019, the Parent issued $300 million of 5.375% Senior Notes at a discount of $5.9 million which, when coupled with debt issuance costs of approximately $3.4 million, resulted in net proceeds from the offering of $290.7 million. The Parent used a portion of the proceeds to fully redeem the then outstanding $185 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.875% Senior Notes, with the remaining $106 million being used for general corporate purposes. For additional information on these transactions, refer to Note 5. "Indebtedness" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q. The Parent had no private or public issuances of stock during First Quarter ~~2019.~~2020.

Uses of Liquidity

The liquidity generated from the sources discussed above is used, among other things, to pay dividends to our shareholders. Dividends on shares of the Parent's common stock are declared and paid at the discretion of the Board of Directors based on our operating results, financial condition, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, and other relevant factors.

On May 5, 2020, our Board of Directors declared, for stockholders of record as of May 18, 2020, a $0.23 per share dividend to be paid on June 1, 2020.

Our ability to meet our interest and principal repayment obligations on our debt, as well as our ability to continue to pay dividends to our stockholders, is dependent on liquidity at the Parent coupled with the ability of the Insurance Subsidiaries to pay dividends, if necessary, and/or the availability of other sources of liquidity to the Parent. ~~Our~~Excluding the short-term borrowings described above, our next two principal

repayments each in the amount of $25 million, are due in 2021, and the next principal payment is due in 2026.

Restrictions on the ability of the Insurance Subsidiaries to declare and pay dividends, without alternative liquidity options, could materially affect our ability to service debt and pay dividends on common stock.

Capital Resources

Capital resources provide protection for policyholders, furnish the financial strength to support the business of underwriting insurance risks, and facilitate continued business growth. At March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, we had GAAP stockholders' equity of ~~$1.9~~$2.1 billion and statutory surplus of ~~$1.8~~$1.9 billion. With total debt of ~~$550.1~~$852.6 million and long-term debt of $550.6 million at March 31, 2020, our debt-to-capital ratio was ~~22.2% at March 31, 2019.~~28.9% and our long-term debt-to-capital ratio was 20.8%.

Our cash requirements include, but are not limited to, principal and interest payments on various notes payable, dividends to stockholders, payment of claims, payment of commitments under limited partnership agreements and capital expenditures, as well as other operating expenses, which include commissions to our distribution partners, labor costs, premium taxes, general and administrative expenses, and income taxes. For further details regarding our cash requirements, refer to the section below entitled, “Contractual Obligations, Contingent Liabilities, and Commitments.”

We continually monitor our cash requirements and the amount of capital resources that we maintain at the holding company and operating subsidiary levels. As part of our long-term capital strategy, we strive to maintain capital metrics, relative to the macroeconomic environment, that support our targeted financial strength. Based on our analysis and market conditions, we may take a variety of actions, including, but not limited to, contributing capital to the Insurance Subsidiaries in our insurance operations, issuing additional debt and/or equity securities, ~~calling~~repurchasing existing debt, repurchasing shares of the Parent’s common stock, and increasing stockholders’ dividends.

Our capital management strategy is intended to protect the interests of the policyholders of the Insurance Subsidiaries and our stockholders, while enhancing our financial strength and underwriting capacity.

Book value per share ~~increased~~decreased to ~~$32.51~~$35.11 as of March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, from ~~$30.40~~$36.91 as of December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, driven by ~~$1.02 in net income per share and $1.36~~$1.75 in unrealized ~~gains~~losses on our fixed income securities portfolio ~~partially offset by $0.20~~and $0.23 in dividends to our ~~shareholders.~~shareholders, partially offset by $0.25 in net income per share.

Ratings

We are rated by major rating agencies that issue opinions on our financial strength, operating performance, strategic position, and ability to meet policyholder obligations. We believe that our ability to write insurance business is most influenced by our rating from A.M. Best. We have been rated “A” or higher by A.M. Best for the past 88 years. A downgrade from A.M. Best to a rating below “A-” is an event of default under our Line of Credit and could affect our ability to write new business with customers and/or distribution partners, some of whom are required (under various third-party agreements) to maintain insurance with a carrier that maintains a specified A.M. Best minimum rating.

Our ratings ~~have not changed from those~~remain the same as reported in our ~~"Ratings"~~"Overview" section of Item ~~7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis~~1. "Business." of ~~Financial Condition and Results of Operations." in~~ our ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report and ~~continue to be~~are as follows:



NRSRO	Financial Strength Rating	Outlook
~~A.M.~~AM Best	A	~~Stable~~Positive
Moody's Investor Services ("Moody's")	A2	Stable
Fitch ~~Ratings ("Fitch")~~	A+	Stable
Standard & Poor's Global Ratings ("S&P")	A	Stable

On April ~~19, 2019,~~10, 2020, Fitch reaffirmed our "A+" rating with a "stable" outlook. In taking this action, Fitch cited our strong capitalization and financial performance ~~with~~and our stable underwriting results and return metrics that have remained favorable compared to our peers.

~~Our S&P, Moody's, and Fitch financial strength and associated credit~~ Fitch's review included its current assessment of COVID-19-related issues, including (i) economic impact under a set of ratings ~~affect our ability~~assumptions related to ~~access capital markets. The~~ interest rate on our Line of Credit varies and is based on, among other factors, the Parent's debt ratings. There can be no assurance that our ratings will continue for any given period of time or that they will not be changed. It is possible that positive or negative ratings actions by one or more of the rating agencies may occurlevels, (ii) declines in the ~~future.~~market values of stocks, bonds, derivatives and other capital market instruments typically owned or traded by insurance companies, (iii) market liquidity, and (iv) the magnitude of potential related claim/benefit exposures.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

At March 31, ~~2019~~2020, and December 31, ~~2018~~2019, we ~~did not have any~~had no material relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such ~~entities often referred to~~ as structured finance or special purpose entities, ~~which would have been~~ established ~~for the purpose of facilitating~~to facilitate off-balance sheet arrangements or ~~for~~ other contractually narrow or limited purposes. ~~As such,~~Consequently, we are not exposed to any material financing, liquidity, market, or credit risk ~~that could arise if we had engaged in such relationships.~~related to off-balance sheet arrangements.

Contractual Obligations, Contingent Liabilities, and Commitments

Our future cash payments associated ~~with:~~with (i) loss and loss expense ~~reserves;~~reserves and (ii) contractual obligations pursuant to operating and financing leases for office space and equipment have not materially changed since December 31, ~~2018.~~2019. The following table provides future cash payments on our notes payable as of March 31, ~~2019, giving consideration to the $300~~2020, including $302 million ~~5.375% Senior Notes issuance and the redemption~~ of ~~our $185 million 5.875% Senior Notes~~short-term borrowings in First Quarter ~~2019, the details of~~2020, which are ~~contained~~discussed in Note 5. "Indebtedness" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." inof this Form 10-Q:


Contractual Obligations	Payment Due by Period									Payment Due by Period
			Less than 1 year		1-3 years		3-5 years		More than 5 years			Less than 1 year		1-3 years		3-5 years		More than 5 years
($ in millions)	Total				1-3 years		3-5 years	Total				Less than 1 year		1-3 years		3-5 years		More than 5 years
Notes payable	$	560.0	Less than 1 year	—		50.0		—	More than 5 years		510.0	$	862.0		302.0		50.0		—	510.0
Interest on debt obligations	671.9		29.1		57.7		56.6		528.5	644.4		30.7		56.9		56.6		500.2
Total	$	1,231.9	29.1		107.7		56.6		1,038.5	$	1,506.4	332.7		106.9		56.6		1,010.2

~~As of~~At March 31, ~~2019,~~2020, we also had certain contractual obligations ~~that expire at various dates through 2036~~ that may require us to invest ~~up to $217.3 million~~additional amounts in ~~alternative investments.~~ our investment portfolio as follows:



($ in millions)	Amount of Obligation		Year of Expiration of Obligation
Alternative and other investments	$	227.8	2036
Non-publicly traded collateralized loan obligations in our fixed income securities portfolio	31.6		2030
Non-publicly traded common stock within our equity portfolio	2.4		2021
CMLs	2.9		Less than a year
Privately-placed corporate securities	$	2.0	Less than a year
Total	$	266.7

There is no certainty that any such additional investment will be required. Additionally, as of March 31, 2019, we had the following contractual obligations: (i) $15.0 million to further invest in non-publicly traded common stock within our equity portfolio that expire through 2023; and (ii) $37.8 million to further invest in non-publicly traded collateralized loan obligations in our fixed income securities portfolio that expire through 2030. We expect to have the capacity to repay and/or refinance these obligations as they come due.

We have issued no material guarantees on behalf of others and have no trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts accounted for at fair value. For additional details on transactions with related parties, see Note 16. "Related Party Transactions" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." inof our ~~2018~~2019 Annual Report.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

~~There have been no material changes in~~

While the information ~~about market risk~~provided in Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" as set forth in our ~~2018~~2019 Annual ~~Report.~~Report remains applicable, please refer to the following additional information regarding credit, liquidity, and equity price risk as of March 31, 2020.

Credit Risk

We entered the COVID-19 crisis with our investment portfolio well-positioned from a risk and liquidity perspective. With 8.4% of portfolio allocated to risk assets at March 31, 2020, we are underweight our longer-term risk asset allocation target of 12%. Our fixed income securities and short-term investment portfolios have an average credit quality of "AA-." Given the reduction in the valuation of U.S. public equities and the significant widening of high yield credit spreads since December 31, 2019, we expect to modestly increase our allocation to risk assets during the course of 2020, subject to market conditions.

Details on the credit quality of our invested assets are provided below:



March 31, 2020											Credit Rating
($ in millions)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Invested Assets		Yield to Worst		Effective Duration in Years	Average Life in Years	AAA			AA			A			BBB			Non-Investment Grade			Not Rated
Short-term investments	$	518	$	518	7.6	%	1.0	%	0.0	0.0	$	494		$	23		$	—		$	—		$	1		$	—

Fixed income securities:
U.S. government obligations	134		142		2.1		1.1		3.9	4.4	142			—			—			—			—			—
Foreign government obligations	13		13		0.2		4.0		3.6	4.2	—			1			4			8			—			—
State and municipal obligations	1,151		1,202		17.6		1.8		5.3	5.4	216			622			306			58			—			—
Corporate securities	1,927		1,927		28.2		4.1		4.0	5.5	14			89			803			837			184			—
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS"):
Agency RMBS	1,287		1,353		19.8		1.3		2.0	3.3	1,353			—			—			—			—			—
Non-agency RMBS	80		77		1.1		5.6		1.4	3.6	32			7			33			—			5			—
Total RMBS	1,367		1,430		20.9		1.6		2.0	3.3	1,385			7			33			—			5			—
Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS")	517		531		7.8		3.2		5.0	6.5	478			22			23			8			—			—
Total mortgage-backed securities	1,884		1,961		28.7		2.0		2.8	4.2	1,863			29			56			8			5			—
Collateralized loan obligations ("CLO") and other asset-backed securities ("ABS"):
Auto	45		45		0.7		3.8		2.5	2.4	36			5			4			—			—			—
Aircraft	57		42		0.6		13.3		3.3	4.2	—			2			40			—			—			—
CLOs	512		469		6.8		5.5		1.1	4.7	287			111			26			35			9			1
Credit cards	19		19		0.3		1.7		1.9	2.2	19			—			—			—			—			—
Other ABS	156		147		2.2		5.8		2.4	5.2	23			2			90			25			7			—
Total CLOs and Other ABS	789		722		10.5		5.8		1.6	4.5	365			120			160			60			16			1
Total securitized assets	2,673		2,683		39.2		3.0		2.5	4.3	2,228			149			216			68			21			1
Total fixed income securities and short-term investments	6,416		6,485		94.8		2.9		3.3	4.5	3,094			884			1,329			971			206			1
Total fixed income securities and short-term investments by credit rating percentage											47.7		%	13.6		%	20.5		%	15.0		%	3.2		%	—		%
Commercial mortgage loans	14		14		0.2		3.7		7.5	4.7	—			—			12			2			—			—
Equity securities:
Common stock¹	114		98		1.4		0.8		—	—	—			—			—			—			—			98
Preferred stock	2		2		—		5.4		—	—	—			—			—			—			2			—
Total equity securities	116		100		1.4		0.9		—	—	—			—			—			—			2			98
Other investments:
Alternative investments:
Private equity	132		132		1.9		—		—	—	—			—			—			—			—			132
Private credit	47		47		0.7		—		—	—	—			—			—			—			—			47
Real assets	23		23		0.3		—		—	—	—			—			—			—			—			23
Total alternative investments	202		202		2.9		—		—	—	—			—			—			—			—			202
Other investments	43		43		0.7		—		—	—	—			—			—			—			—			43
Total other investments	245		245		3.6		—		—	—	—			—			—			—			—			245
Total invested assets	$	6,791	$	6,844	100		—		—	—	$	3,094		$	884		$	1,341		$	973		$	208		$	344

⁽¹⁾Includes investments in exchange traded funds, mutual funds, business development corporations, and real estate investment trusts.

Equity Price Risk

Our other investment portfolio represented approximately 4% of total invested assets as of March 31, 2020, and primarily includes alternative investments in limited partnerships. We account for these investments under the equity method, and they typically report income on a one-quarter lag. In the second quarter of 2020, we expect to record after-tax net investment losses

of between $15 million and $20 million from our private equity, private credit, and real asset limited partnership investments in our alternative investments portfolio due to an expected reduction in the underlying investment valuations resulting from the COVID-19-related financial disruption in First Quarter 2020. However, while these are our current estimates, our second quarter net investment income will reflect the actual decrease reported by these alternative investments as of March 31, 2020. For additional information regarding these alternative investment strategies, see Note 5. “Investments” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of our 2019 Annual Report.

Liquidity Risk

Overall, our primary focus during the COVID-19 crisis has been on increasing liquidity at the holding company and operating subsidiary levels. We had initially stopped reinvesting interest and proceeds from maturities from our fixed income securities portfolio to bolster liquidity and reduce risk organically at the margin. However, credit markets stabilized in late March in response to targeted actions taken by the Federal Reserve Board, and there was a record level of new issuances in the marketplace. Given that activity and our strong liquidity position, which was aided by the short-term borrowings discussed in the "Indebtedness" section below, we have permitted our core fixed income securities managers to reinvest the interest and proceeds from maturities from fixed income securities into highly liquid and high credit quality securities.

We ended the quarter with strong liquidity with short-term investments and cash of $527.0 million, which provides us significant financial flexibility should we see a slowdown in premium collections, or an acceleration of payments, including commissions and loss payments. Additionally, our investment portfolio remains highly-liquid as illustrated in the table below:



	March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Asset Category	Percentage of Invested Assets		Percentage of Invested Assets
Highly-liquid assets	74	%	74	%
Generally liquid assets, may become less liquid with market stress¹	22		22
Generally illiquid assets²	4		4
Total	100	%	100	%

¹These exposures are concentrated within CMBS, CLO and other ABS.

²These exposures include our alternative investments and other non-traded securities.

Indebtedness

Our long-term debt balance did not materially change from December 31, 2019. However, as mentioned above, we significantly increased our short-term debt during the First Quarter 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the primary objective of increasing liquidity and operating flexibility in the short- to medium-term. The proceeds from the borrowings detailed in the table below, which were outstanding as of March 31, 2020, were invested in high-quality money market funds.



		March 31, 2020
($ in thousands)	Date of Maturity	Carrying Amount		Fair Value
Financial liabilities
Short-term debt
0.78% Borrowings from FHLBNY	9/14/2020	$	100,000	100,096
0.68% Borrowings from FHLBNY	9/18/2020	85,000		85,039
0.58% Borrowings from FHLBI	12/14/2020	67,000		67,006
2.244% Borrowings from Bank of Montreal "Line of Credit"¹	9/24/2020	50,000		—
Total short-term debt		302,000		252,141

¹Total short-term debt includes our $50 million Line of Credit borrowing. As there is no scheduled or definitive repayment plan for this borrowing as of March 31, 2020, the fair value cannot be calculated.

Refer to Note 10. "Indebtedness" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our 2019 Annual Report for additional information on our long-term borrowings and Note 5. "Indebtedness" in Part 1. "Financial Information" of this Form 10-Q for additional information regarding our short-term borrowing activity.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), as of the end of the period covered by this report. In performing this evaluation, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control – Integrated Framework ("COSO Framework")in 2013. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that ~~as of the end of such period,~~ our disclosure controls and procedures as of the

end of such period are: (i) effective in recording, processing, summarizing, and reporting information on a timely basis that we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act; and (ii) effective in ensuring that information that we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is appropriately accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, ~~as appropriate,~~ to allow timely decisions ~~regarding~~about required disclosure. No

Except for internal controls over financial reporting related to the implementation of ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) occurred during First Quarter ~~2019~~2020 that materially affected, or are reasonably

likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Management tested the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting related to the new processes regarding our allowances for credit losses and concluded they were effective.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

~~In the ordinary course~~

As of ~~conducting business,~~March 31, 2020, we ~~are named as defendants in various~~have no material pending legal ~~proceedings. Most of these~~ proceedings are claims litigation involving our Insurance Subsidiaries as either: (i) liability insurers defending or providing indemnity for third-party claims brought against our customers; or (ii) insurers defending first-party coverage claims brought against them. We account for such activity through the establishment of unpaid losses and loss expense reserves. We expect that ~~any potential ultimate liability in such ordinary course claims litigation will not be~~could have a material toadverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash ~~flows after consideration of provisions made for potential losses and costs of defense.~~

~~From time~~flows. Incidental to ~~time,~~ our insurance ~~subsidiaries also~~operations, we are ~~named as defendants~~engaged in ~~other~~ordinary routine legal actions, some of which assert claims for substantial amounts. These actions include, among others, putative class actions seeking certification of a state or national class. Such putative class actions have alleged, for example, improper reimbursement of medical providers paid under workers compensation and personal and commercial automobile insurance policies. Similarly, our Insurance Subsidiariesproceedings that, because litigation outcomes are also named from time-to-time in individual actions seeking extra-contractual damages, punitive damages, or penalties, some of which allege bad faith in the handling of insurance claims. We believe that we have valid defenses to these cases. We expect that any potential ultimate liability in any such lawsuit will not be material to our consolidated financial condition, after consideration of provisions made for estimated losses. Nonetheless, given the inherent unpredictability of litigation and the large or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these actions, an adverse outcome in certain mattersinherently unpredictable, could ~~possibly~~ have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods. For additional information regarding our legal risks, refer to Note 14. "Litigation" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q and Item 1A. “Risk Factors” below in Part II. “Other Information.”

As of March 31, 2019, we do not believe the Company was involved in any legal action that could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

~~Certain~~

There are certain risk factors ~~exist~~ that can have a significant impact on our business, liquidity, capital resources, results of operations, financial condition, and debt ratings. These risk factors might affect, alter, or change actions that we might take in executing our long-term capital strategy, including ~~but not limited to,~~without limitation, contributing capital to any or all of the Insurance Subsidiaries, issuing additional debt and/or equity securities, repurchasing our existing debt and/or equity ~~securities, redeeming our fixed income~~ securities, or increasing or decreasing stockholders' dividends. We operate in a continually changing business environment and new risk factors emerge from time to time. Consequently, we can neither predict such new risk factors nor assess the potential future impact, if any, they might have on our business. ~~There have been no material changes from the~~Our risk factors disclosed in Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” in our ~~2018~~2019 Annual ~~Report.~~Report remain accurate with the following addition:

Governmental actions to contain or delay the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic since early March 2020 have disrupted ordinary business commerce and impacted financial markets. These governmental actions, for which we cannot predict the extent, duration, and possible alteration based on future COVID-19-related developments, could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position, and liquidity.

Governmental (international, federal, state, and local) actions to contain or delay the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in directives requiring social distancing, operational alteration, or temporary closure of most non-essential businesses to limit public access, and the “sheltering-in-place” of everyone other than essential workers in many instances. These actions have generally:

Negatively impacted the global and United States domestic economies, with some sectors such as travel and leisure, retail, energy, and real estate more significantly affected than others;

Increased unemployment;

Increased international, federal, state, and local governmental budget deficits, which has led to adverse rating actions against certain governmental units and increased the general risk of governmental debt default that could impact the value of related fixed income securities;

Induced significant volatility in financial markets;

Decreased valuations in markets for equity, fixed income, and alternative investments;

Impacted individual income and business revenue, and increased the number of individuals and businesses experiencing financial distress with the potential for insolvency;

Decreased premium collections, late payment fees, and reinstatement fees;

Generated other state and federal legislative or executive branch proposals to (i) require insurance policies to retroactively cover COVID-19-related losses that were expressly excluded under the terms of some property insurance policies, and (ii) presume that COVID-19 is a work-related illness for certain employees under workers compensation policies;

Generated state insurance department bulletins or orders requesting or mandating premium credits and rebates on certain insurance policies that may exceed actual COVID-19-related frequency experience decreases;


•	Disrupted regular commerce, supply chains, and travel;

Increased expense management focus by individuals and all-sized businesses;

Increased the demand for and/or limited the availability of medical resources; and

Increased e-commerce, video, phone, and other methods of remote trade and business transaction.

The economic impacts of the COVID-19-related governmental actions may impact our revenue, loss and loss expense, liquidity, or regulatory capital and surplus, and operations, particularly as these relate, without limitation, to the following:

Impact on Our Insurance Operations

Because our general liability and workers compensation policies provide for premium audit, we must estimate the amount of return premium that we may owe policyholders for revenues and payrolls lowered due to the extent and duration of the COVID-19-related governmental directives and any related economic contraction. Such return premiums could be significant and will impact our underwriting results.

To help our customers maintain insurance coverages, we are offering - sometimes in collaboration with or at the direction of our regulators - individualized payment flexibility and suspension of policy cancellations, late payment notices, and late or reinstatement fees. Customers afforded this treatment have until the later of May 31, 2020 or the end of the grace period established by the customers’ home state insurance commissioner.

•

In the second quarter of 2020, we are offering a credit equal to 15% of insureds’ premiums for commercial automobile and personal automobile lines of insurance for April and May. This two-month premium-based credit was based on a limited amount of claim's reporting data about the impact of the COVID-19-related governmental directives on miles driven, which has reduced claims frequencies. We do not have traditional actuarial analysis to support these credits. The actual impact of the COVID-19-related governmental actions will not be fully known until some point in the future. Should the various governmental directives be extended beyond May 31, 2020, it is possible that we will give further premium credit to our customers to the extent supported by further data. Based on the continued COVID-19-related economic impact, it is possible that state insurance commissioners may take other regulatory actions requiring premium-based credit in lines other than commercial and personal automobile, and we face the risk that we may be required to return more premium than is warranted by our filed rating plans and actual loss experience.

All of our commercial property and businessowners policies require direct physical loss of or damage to insured property by a covered cause of loss. Whether COVID-19-related contamination, the existence of a pandemic, and/or the resulting government shutdown orders cause physical loss of or damage to property is already the subject of much debate and litigation. We cannot predict the outcome of that litigation. It also is our practice to attach to all standard lines commercial property and businessowners policies an exclusion that states that all loss or property damage caused by or resulting from any virus, bacterium or other microorganism that induces or is capable of inducing physical distress, illness, or disease is not a covered cause of loss. We offer some limited coverages that could apply in COVID-19-related claims and circumstances, primarily tied to clean-up and food-contamination that are subject to sub-limits. Approximately 95% of our commercial property and businessowners policies include the very specific and regulatory approved virus exclusion.

There currently are various public policy debates and legislative proposals at both the federal and state levels that would impose liability (including retroactively) for COVID-19-related business interruption losses on policies that do not provide such coverage terms. We cannot predict the outcome of such proposals, which may be influenced by media attention on and lobbying efforts by property and casualty insurance policyholders whose policies do not provide coverage for business interruption losses connected with the COVID-19-related governmental directives. We are aware of meritorious arguments that such proposals, if enacted, would be unconstitutional and impair future commercial activity. Nonetheless, if such proposals were enacted and upheld as constitutional, they would have a material impact on our profitability, liquidity and overall financial condition.

Limited availability of medical resources could result in medical inflation and complicate, delay and/or extend medical treatment that could impact exposure on workers’ compensation, general liability, and personal and commercial automobile claims.

We may have increased workers’ compensation loss and loss expenses if policyholder employees in high-risk roles with essential businesses contracted COVID-19 in the workplace. We may experience higher frequency in workers’ compensation claims, particularly if any of the various state legislative or executive order proposals are enacted to create presumptions that the contraction of COVID-19 by an essential industry employee who interacted with the public is work-related. We may also see an extension of workers' compensation benefits if employees do not have jobs to which they can return.

We may also experience elevated loss frequency and severity in our liability coverages from efforts by the plaintiff’s bar to generate COVID-19-related claim activity that impacts our policyholders.

Frequency and severity could also increase with respect to our auto and property coverages due to, among other things, disruptions in supply chains and changes in business practices and individual behaviors resulting from the stay-at-home and social distancing measures, such as arson and fraud.

Due to the COVID-19-related governmental orders, we may experience delayed reporting of losses, settlement negotiations, and trial of disputed claims that may disrupt our normal claims resolution trends.

•

Service levels could deteriorate if significant numbers of our remote employees or key business partners are unable to work effectively while sheltering-in-place. Examples of potential work impacts include local Internet disruption that prevents access to our virtual private network, widespread employee contraction of the COVID-19 illness, other governmental directives, or similar unavoidable events. Because our employees are working remotely, it also is possible that we will be subject to increased cybersecurity attacks from bad actors.

Impact on our Investment Operations

The significant equity and debt financial market volatility from the COVID-19 pandemic and the related governmental orders may impact our net investment income due to the following:

Financial market volatility is reflected in our alternative investment portfolio performance;

Increased spreads on fixed income securities may create mark-to-market investment valuation losses and reduce unrealized capital gains, which will impact GAAP equity;

OTTI losses may increase due to securities we intend to sell, as we give our third-party investment managers flexibility to take advantage of the spread widening in fixed income securities, particularly in asset classes more significantly impacted by COVID-19-related governmental directives and to which the Federal Reserve Board is providing liquidity and structural support; and

Inflation related to COVID-19 issues could be higher or lower than our expectations and impact our investment returns.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.

The following table provides information regarding our purchases of our common stock in First Quarter ~~2019~~2020:

Period
Total Number of
Shares Purchased¹

Average Price
Paid per Share

Total Number of
Shares Purchased
as Part of Publicly
Announced Programs
Maximum Number of
Shares that May Yet
Be Purchased Under the Announced Programs
January 1 – 31, 2019 9,570
$ 59.35
—
—
February 1 - 28, 2019 93,363
64.42
—
—
March 1 - 31, 2019 38
63.70
—
—
Total 102,971
$ 63.95
—
—



Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased¹	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs	Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Announced Programs
January 1 – 31, 2020	16	$	66.25	—	—
February 1 - 29, 2020	101,544	68.07		—	—
March 1 - 31, 2020	259	55.78		—	—
Total	101,819	$	68.04	—	—

¹~~These~~We purchased these shares ~~were purchased~~ from employees ~~in connection with the vesting of restricted stock units and option exercises. These repurchases were made~~ to satisfy tax withholding obligations ~~and/or option costs~~associated with ~~respect to those employees.~~the vesting of their restricted stock units.

~~ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION.~~

~~Our 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders was held on May 1, 2019. Voting was conducted in person and by proxy as follows:~~

~~(a) Stockholders voted to elect the following fourteen nominees for a term of one year as follows:~~

For Against Abstain
John C. Burville 47,100,809
942,323
32,626
Terrence W. Cavanaugh 47,912,263
133,337
30,158
Robert Kelly Doherty 47,815,623
222,401
37,734
John J. Marchioni 46,680,238
1,363,356
32,164
Thomas A. McCarthy 47,823,808
221,881
30,069
H. Elizabeth Mitchell 47,358,940
689,332
27,486
Michael J. Morrissey 46,820,167
1,225,720
29,871
Gregory E. Murphy 46,219,770
1,827,834
28,154
Cynthia S. Nicholson 47,594,299
457,231
24,228
Ronald L. O'Kelley 47,244,294
799,163
32,301
William M. Rue 47,203,590
842,061
30,107
John S. Scheid 47,804,166
241,182
30,410
J. Brian Thebault 46,500,517
1,538,006
37,235
Philip H. Urban 47,566,071
478,885
30,802

~~There were 4,595,502 broker non-votes for each nominee.~~

(b) Stockholders voted to approve, on an advisory basis, the 2018 compensation of our named executive officers as disclosed in our Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. The votes were as follows: 46,584,060 shares voted for this proposal; 1,375,755 shares voted against it; and 115,943 shares abstained. There were 4,595,502 broker non-votes.

(c) Stockholders voted to ratify the appointment of KPMG LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2019. The votes were as follows: 51,367,757 shares voted for this proposal; 1,269,785 shares voted against it; and 33,718 shares abstained.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS.



Exhibit No.
*4.1		Description of the Company's Securities Registered Under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
*10.1+		Amendment No. 2 to Selective Insurance Supplemental Pension Plan, As Amended and Restated Effective as of January 1, 2005.
10.2+		Employment Agreement between Selective Insurance Company of America and Michael H. Lanza, dated as of March 2, 2020 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 2, 2020, File No. 001-33067).
*11		Statement Re: Computation of Per Share Earnings.
*31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer in accordance with Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
*31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer in accordance with Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
**32.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer in accordance with Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
**32.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer in accordance with Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
* ~~101.INS~~101		~~XBRL Instance Document.~~The following financial statements from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
* ~~101.SCH~~104		~~XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.~~
* 101.CAL		~~XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.~~
* 101.LAB		~~XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.~~
* 101.PRE		~~XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.~~
* 101.DEF		~~XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.~~The cover page from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, formatted in iXBRL.

* Filed herewith.

** Furnished and not filed herewith.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC.

Registrant



Date:	May ~~2, 2019~~6, 2020	By: /s/ ~~Gregory E. Murphy~~John J. Marchioni
		~~Gregory E. Murphy~~John J. Marchioni
		~~Chairman of the Board~~President and Chief Executive Officer
		(principal executive officer)

Date:	May ~~2, 2019~~6, 2020	By: /s/ Mark A. Wilcox
		Mark A. Wilcox
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
		(principal financial officer)

4055



($ in thousands)	Quarter ended March 31, 2019
Operating lease cost, included in Other insurance expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income	$	2,152
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of assets, included in Other insurance expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income	284
Interest on lease liabilities, included in Interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income	—
Total finance lease cost	284

Variable lease cost, included in Other insurance expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income	788

Short-term lease cost, included in Other insurance expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income	739



($ in thousands)	Capital Leases		Operating Leases	Total
2019	$	728	7,762	8,490
2020	141		7,355	7,496
2021	22		5,083	5,105
2022	—		3,641	3,641
2023	—		2,900	2,900
Thereafter	—		9,698	9,698
Total minimum payment required	$	891	36,439	37,330



	For	Against	Abstain
John C. Burville	47,100,809	942,323	32,626
Terrence W. Cavanaugh	47,912,263	133,337	30,158
Robert Kelly Doherty	47,815,623	222,401	37,734
John J. Marchioni	46,680,238	1,363,356	32,164
Thomas A. McCarthy	47,823,808	221,881	30,069
H. Elizabeth Mitchell	47,358,940	689,332	27,486
Michael J. Morrissey	46,820,167	1,225,720	29,871
Gregory E. Murphy	46,219,770	1,827,834	28,154
Cynthia S. Nicholson	47,594,299	457,231	24,228
Ronald L. O'Kelley	47,244,294	799,163	32,301
William M. Rue	47,203,590	842,061	30,107
John S. Scheid	47,804,166	241,182	30,410
J. Brian Thebault	46,500,517	1,538,006	37,235
Philip H. Urban	47,566,071	478,885	30,802