NOTE 1

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The accounting and reporting policies of Southwest Georgia Financial Corporation (the “Corporation”) and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, including its wholly-owned banking subsidiary, Southwest Georgia Bank (the “Bank”), conform to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and to general practices within the banking industry. The following is a description of the more significant of those policies.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Corporation and its direct and indirect subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidation.

Nature of Operations

The Corporation offers comprehensive financial services to consumer, business, and governmental entity customers through its banking offices in southwest Georgia. Its primary deposit products are money market, NOW, savings and certificates of deposit, and its primary lending products are consumer and commercial mortgage loans. In addition to conventional banking services, the Corporation provides investment planning and management, trust management, and commercial and individual insurance products. Insurance products and advice are provided by the Bank’s Southwest Georgia Insurance Services Division.

The Corporation’s primary business is providing banking services through the Bank to individuals and businesses principally in the counties of Colquitt, Baker, Worth, Lowndes, Tift and the surrounding counties of southwest Georgia. The Bank operates six branch offices in its trade area. In Valdosta, Georgia, lending services are offered at our Commercial Banking Center at 3520 N Valdosta Road, located next door to the branch. Trust and retail brokerage services are offered at an office building located at 25 2^nd2nd Avenue SW in Moultrie, and lending services are offered in Valdosta at 3520 North Valdosta Road.Moultrie.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change relate to the determination of the valuation of the investment portfolio, deferred taxes, estimated liabilities, allowance for loan losses and the valuation of real estate acquired in connection with foreclosures or in satisfaction of loans. In connection with these acquired real estate evaluations, management obtains independent appraisals for significant properties.

A substantial portion of the Corporation’s loans are secured by real estate located primarily in Georgia. Accordingly, the ultimate collection of these loans is susceptible to changes in the real estate market conditions of this market area

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Statement of Cash Flows

For purposes of reporting cash flows, the Corporation considers cash and cash equivalents to include all cash on hand, deposit amounts due from banks, interest-bearing deposits in other banks, and federal funds sold. The Corporation maintains its cash balances in several financial institutions. Accounts at the financial institutions are secured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) up to $250,000. There were uninsured deposits of $-0- at$282,543 as of September 30, 2018.

2019.

Investment Securities

DebtInvestment securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as “held to maturity” and recorded at amortized cost. Securities not classified as held to maturity or trading including equity securities with readily determinable fair values, are classified as “availableavailable for sale”sale and recorded at fair value with unrealized gains and losses (net of tax effect) reported in other comprehensive income.

Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the terms of the securities. Declines in the fair value of held to maturity and available for sale securities below their cost that are deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired are reflected in earnings as realized losses. In estimating other-than-temporary impairment losses, management considers (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and (3) the intent and ability of the Corporation to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. Gains and losses on the sale of securities are recorded on the trade date and are determined using the specific identification method.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation has been calculated primarily using the straight-line method for buildings and building improvements over the assets estimated useful lives. Equipment and furniture are depreciated using the modified accelerated recovery system method over the assets estimated useful lives for financial reporting and income tax purposes for assets purchased on or before December 31, 2003. For assets acquired after 2003, the Corporation used the straight-line method of depreciation. The following estimated useful lives are used for financial statement purposes:

All of the Corporation’s leases are operating leases and are not capitalized as assets for financial reporting purposes. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense and betterments are capitalized.

Long-lived assets are evaluated regularly for other-than-temporary impairment. If circumstances suggest that their value may be impaired and the write-down would be material, an assessment of recoverability is performed prior to any write-down of the asset. Impairment on intangibles is evaluated at each balance sheet date or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount should be assessed. Impairment, if any, is recognized through a valuation allowance with a corresponding charge recorded in the income statement.

During second quarter 2019, the Corporation sold a parcel of vacant land in Moultrie, Georgia, for $430,000 and recorded a gain on the sale in the amount of $266,225.

Bank Property Held for Sale

In 2016, the Bank’s former branch in Pavo, Georgia, was transferred from premises to bank property held for sale and depreciation was discontinued. The property was booked at $211,500 which was the lower of cost or market value based on a recent appraisal. Thethe current appraisal of $211,500. On November 30, 2018, the Corporation hassold this property available for sale.and recorded a loss in the amount of $96,750.

Loans and Allowances for Loan Losses

Loans are stated at principal amounts outstanding less unearned income and the allowance for loan losses. Interest income is credited to income based on the principal amount outstanding at the respective rate of interest except for interest on certain installment loans made on a discount basis which is recognized in a manner that results in a level-yield on the principal outstanding.

Accrual of interest income is discontinued on loans when, in the opinion of management, collection of such interest income becomes doubtful. Accrual of interest on such loans is resumed when, in management’s judgment, the collection of interest and principal becomes probable.

Fees on loans and costs incurred in origination of most loans are recognized at the time the loan is placed on the books. Because loan fees are not significant, the results on operations are not materially different from the results which would be obtained by accounting for loan fees and costs as amortized over the term of the loan as an adjustment of the yield.

A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Corporation will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Impairment is measured on a loan by loan basis for commercial and construction loans by either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s obtainable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent.

Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Accordingly, the Corporation does not separately identify individual consumer and residential loans for impairment disclosures.

The allowance for loan losses is established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense. Loans are charged against the allowance for loan losses when management believes the collection of the principal is unlikely. The allowance is an amount which management believes will be adequate to absorb estimated losses on existing loans that may become uncollectible based on evaluation of the collectability of loans and prior loss experience. This evaluation takes into consideration such factors as changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolios, current economic conditions that may affect the borrowers’ ability to pay, overall portfolio quality, and review of specific problem loans. A substantial portion of the Corporation’s loans are secured by real estate located primarily in Georgia. Accordingly, the ultimate collection of these loans is susceptible to changes in the real estate market conditions of this market area.

Management believes that the allowance for loan losses is adequate. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, future additions to the allowance may be necessary based upon changes in economic conditions. Also, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Corporation’s allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require the Corporation to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgments of information available to them at the time of their examination.

Foreclosed Assets

In accordance with policy guidelines and regulations, properties acquired through, or in lieu of, loan foreclosure are held for sale and are initially recorded at the fair market value less costs to sell at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. Subsequent to foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management and the assets are carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. A valuation allowance is established to record market value changes in foreclosed assets. Revenue and expenses from operations and changes in the valuation allowance are included in net expenses from foreclosed assets. There was no valuation allowance for foreclosed asset losses at September 30, 2018.2019. Foreclosed assets included $37,605 and $0 of residential real estate as oftotaled $169,550 at September 30, 20182019 and $127,605 at December 31, 2017, respectively.2018.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are amortized over a determined useful life using the straight-line basis. These assets are evaluated annually as to the recoverability of the carrying value. The remainingAll intangibles have a remaining lifewere fully amortized as of less than one year.September 30, 2019.

Credit Related Financial Instruments

In the ordinary course of business, the Corporation has entered into commitments to extend credit, including commitments under credit card arrangements, commercial letters of credit, and standby letters of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.

Retirement Plans

The Corporation and its direct and indirect subsidiaries have post-retirement plans covering substantially all employees. The Corporation makes annual contributions to the plans in amounts not exceeding the regulatory requirements.

Bank Owned Life Insurance

The Bank owns life insurance policies on a group of employees. Banking laws and regulations allow the Bank to purchase life insurance policies on certain employees in order to help offset the Bank’s overall employee compensation costs. The beneficial aspects of these life insurance policies are tax-free earnings and a tax-free death benefit, which are realized by the Bank as the owner of the policies. The cash surrender value of these policies is included as an asset on the balance sheet, and any increases in cash surrender value are recorded as noninterest income on the statement of income. At September 30, 2018,2019, and December 31, 2017,2018, the policies had a value of $6,676,559$6,879,976 and $6,553,318,$6,779,242, respectively, and were 15.7%14.2% and 15.9%15.5%, respectively, of shareholders’ equity. These values are within regulatory guidelines.

Income Taxes

The Corporation and its direct and indirect subsidiaries file a consolidated income tax return. Each subsidiary computes its income tax expense as if it filed an individual return except that it does not receive any portion of the surtax allocation. Any benefits or disadvantages of the consolidation are absorbed by the parent company.  Each subsidiary pays its allocation of federal income taxes to the parent company or receives payment from the parent company to the extent that tax benefits are realized.

The Corporation reports income under the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 740, Income Taxes, which requires recognition of deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Recognition of deferred tax assets is based on management’s belief that it is more likely than not that the tax benefit associated with certain temporary differences and tax credits will be realized.

The Corporation will recognize a tax position as a benefit only if it is more likely than not that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with an examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of a tax benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized on examination. No benefit is recorded for tax positions that do not meet the more than likely than not test.

The Corporation recognizes penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.  The Corporation is subject to U.S. federal and Georgia state income tax audit for returns for the tax period ending December 31, 20152016 and subsequent years. 

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) includes all changes in shareholders’ equity during a period, except those resulting from transactions with shareholders. Besides net income, other components of the Corporation’s accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) includes the after tax effect of changes in the net unrealized gain/loss on securities available for sale and the unrealized gain/loss on pension plan benefits.

Trust Department

Trust income is included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements on the cash basis in accordance with established industry practices. Reporting of such fees on the accrual basis would have no material effect on reported income.

Advertising Costs

It is the policy of the Corporation to expense advertising costs as they are incurred. The Corporation does not engage in any direct-response advertising and accordingly has no advertising costs reported as assets on its balance sheet. Costs expensed were $63,066$34,903 and $180,613$191,690 for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2018,2019, respectively.

Recent Market and Regulatory Developments

The Corporation and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Corporation and the Bank’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Corporation and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items, as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the federal banking agencies about components, risk weightings and other factors.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Corporation and the Bank to maintain minimum Tier 1 leverage, Tier 1 risk-based capital and Total risk-based capital ratios. In July 2013, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System published the Basel III Capital Rules. These rules establish a comprehensive capital framework applicable to all depository institutions, certain bank holding companies with total consolidated assets below a certain threshold and all and savings and loan holding companies except for those that are substantially engaged in insurance underwriting or commercial activities. These rules implement higher minimum capital requirements for banks and certain bank holding companies, include a new common equity Tier 1 capital requirement and establish criteria that instruments must meet to be considered common equity Tier 1 capital, additional Tier 1 capital or Tier 2 capital.

The Basel III Capital Rules became effective for the Bank on January 1, 2015, subject to a phase-in period, but are not applicable to bank holding companies, like the Corporation, with less than $1 billion in total consolidated assets that meet certain criteria.

The minimum capital level requirements applicable to the Bank under the Basel III Capital Rules are: (i) a common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 4.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6% (increased from 4%); (iii) a Total risk-based capital ratio of 8% (unchanged from the rules effective for the year ended December 31, 2014); and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4% for all institutions. Common equity Tier 1 capital will consist of retained earnings and common stock instruments, subject to certain adjustments.

The Basel III Capital Rules set forth changes in the methods of calculating certain risk-weighted assets, which in turn affect the calculation of risk-based ratios. The new risk weightings are more punitive for assets held by banks that are deemed to be of higher risk. These changes were also effective beginning January 1, 2015.

The Basel III Capital Rules also introduce a “capital conservation buffer”, which is in addition to each capital ratio and is phased-in over a three-year period beginning in January 2016.

As of September 30, 2018,2019, the Bank is considered to be well-capitalized under the Basel III Capital Rules. There have been no conditions or events since September 30, 2018,2019, that management believes has changed the Bank’s status as “well-capitalized.” The capital ratios of the Corporation and Bank are presented in Management Discussion and Analysis of the Corporation’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

In March 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2018-05,Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118.118. The purpose of this ASU is to codify the SEC's guidance issued in Staff Accounting Bulletin 118. The amendments in this update were effective upon issuance. The adoption of ASU 2018-05 had no material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-04,Investment - Debt Securities (Topic 320) and Regulated Operations (Topic 980): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 117 and SEC Release No. 33-9273.33-9273. The purpose of this ASU is to codify the SEC's guidance issued in Staff Accounting Bulletin 117. The amendments in this update were effective upon issuance. The adoption of ASU 2018-04 had no material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-03,Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10). This Update clarifies certain aspects of the guidance issued in ASU 2016-01 including (i) an entity measuring an equity security using the measurement alternative may make an irrevocable election to change its measurement approach to a fair value method under Topic 820 for that security and any identical or similar investments of the same issuer, (ii) fair value adjustments under the measurement alternative should be as of the date the observable transaction for a similar security occurred, (iii) requiring the remeasurement of the entire value of forward contracts and purchased options when observable transactions occur on the underlying equity securities, (iv) financial liabilities for which the fair value option is elected should follow the guidance in paragraph 825-10-45-5, (v) changes in the fair value of financial liabilities for which the fair value option is elected relating to the instrument-specific credit risk should first be measured in the currency of denomination and then both components of the change in fair value should be remeasured into the reporting entity's functional currency using end-of-period spot rates, and (vi) the prospective transition approach should only be applied for instances in which the measurement alternative is applied. The guidance was effective for interim periods beginning after June 15, 2018 and may be early adopted provided ASU 2016-01 was adopted. The Company adopted the amendments in this ASU effective January 1, 2018. The adoption of ASU 2018-03 had no material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09,“Stock “Stock Compensation, Scope of Modification Accounting.”This ASU clarifies when changes to the terms of conditions of a share-based payment award must be accounted for as modifications. Companies will apply the modification accounting guidance if the value, vesting conditions or classification of the award changes. The new guidance should reduce diversity in practice and result in fewer changes to the terms of an award being accounted for as modifications, as the guidance will allow companies to make certain non-substantive changes to awards without accounting for them as modifications. It does not change the accounting for modifications. ASU No. 2017-09 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017; early adoption is permitted. The adoption of ASU 2017-09 had no material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-08, Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Topic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. This ASU shortens the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium. The premium on individual callable debt securities shall be amortized to the earliest call date. This guidance does not apply to securities for which prepayments are estimated on a large number of similar loans where prepayments are probable and reasonable estimable. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. This update should be adopted on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings on the date of adoption. The adoption of ASU 2017-08 had no material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07,Compensation-Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost.Cost. The updated accounting guidance requires changes to the presentation of the components of net periodic benefit cost on the income statement by requiring service cost to be presented with other employee compensation costs and other components of net periodic pension cost to be presented outside of any subtotal of operating income. This ASU also stipulates that only the service cost component of net benefit cost is eligible for capitalization. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years.

The adoption of ASU 2017-07 had no material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01,Business Combinations (Topic 805), which provides a new framework for determining whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions or disposals of assets or businesses. This ASU is effective for public business entities for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption will be permitted and should apply it to transactions that have not been reported in financial statements that have been issued or made available for issuance. The adoption of ASU 2017-01 had no material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10):Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.Liabilities. The amendments in this ASU (i) requires equity investments, with certain exceptions, to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income, (ii) simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment, (iii) eliminates the requirement for public business entities to disclose the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet, (iv) requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes, (v) requires an entity to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments, (vi) requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements and (vii) clarifies that an entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale securities in combination with the entity's other deferred tax assets. The accounting guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Corporation adopted the amendments in this ASU effective January 1, 2018. The adoption of 2016-01 had no material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB began issuing guidance to change the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers. The last guidance was issued in February 2017. The standards issued during this time are as follows: ASU 2014-09,Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), ASU 2015-14Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606):Deferral of the Effective Date,, ASU 2016-08Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606):Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net), ASU 2016-10Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606):Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing,, ASU 2016-11Revenue Recognition (Topic 605) andDerivatives and Hedging (Topic 815):Rescission of SEC Guidance Because of Accounting Standards Updates 2014-09 and 2014-16Pursuant to Staff Announcements at the March 3, 2016 EITF Meeting,, ASU 2016-12Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606):Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients,, ASU 2016-20Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers,, and ASU 2017-05Other Income - Gains and losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20) -Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets. This new guidance, which does not apply to financial instruments, provides that revenue should be recognized for the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount equal to the consideration it receives or expects to receive. The guidance also includes expanded disclosure requirements that provide comprehensive information about the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Corporation adopted the amendments in this ASU effective January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective method. Since there was no change to net income upon adoption of the new guidance, a cumulative effect adjustment to opening retained earnings was not necessary. See below for additional information related to revenue generated from contracts with customers.

In 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 – Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02 amends the existing standards for lease accounting effectively requiring most leases be carried on the balance sheets of the related lessees by requiring them to recognize a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability. ASU 2016-02 includes qualitative and quantitative disclosure requirements intended to provide greater insight into the nature of an entity’s leasing activities. The standard must be adopted using a modified retrospective transition with a cumulative-effect adjustment to equity as of the beginning of the period in which it is adopted. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 had no material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

On January 1, 2018, the Corporation adopted ASC Topic 606, using the modified retrospective method. Disclosures of revenue from contracts with customers for periods beginning after January 1, 2018, are presented under ASC Topic 606 and have not materially changed from the prior year amounts. Noninterest income, within the scope of this guidance, is recognized as services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the considerations expected to be entitled to in exchange for those services. The Corporation's revenue streams that were in scope include service charges on deposit accounts, income from insurance services, income from trust services, Automated Teller Machine (“ATM”) surcharge and other noninterest income.

Services Charges on Deposit Accounts - Service charges on deposit accounts primarily consist of monthly maintenance charges, analysis charges and Non-sufficient funds (“NSF”) charges. The NSF charges and certain service charges are fixed and the performance obligation is typically satisfied at the time of the related transaction. The consideration for analysis charges and monthly maintenance charges are variable as the fee can be reduced if the customer meets certain qualifying metrics. The Corporation's performance obligations are satisfied either at the time of the transaction or over the course of a month.

Income from Insurance Services – Income from insurance services consists primarily of property and casualty insurance, life, health, and disability insurance. Property and casualty, life, health, and disability insurance includes the brokerage of both personal and commercial coverages. The placement of the policy is completion of the Corporation's performance obligation and revenue is recognized at that time. The Corporation's commission is primarily a percentage of the premium.

Income from Trust Services – Income from Trust services consists of revenue generated from services provided for corporate, pension, and personal trusts, trustee services, and administrative services for employee benefit plans. The Corporation’s performance obligation and revenue is recognized once the service has been performed.

ATM Surcharge - ATM surcharge represents revenues earned from certain terminal activity. ATM surcharges primarily consist of charges assessed to our customers for using a non-Bank ATM or a non-Bank customer using our ATM. Such surcharges generally are recognized concurrently with the delivery of services on a daily basis.

Other - Other noninterest income primarily consists of transaction based revenue where the performance obligation is satisfied concurrent with the revenue recognition.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14,Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans. ASU 2018-14 removes the requirements to disclose the amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year, the amount and timing of plan assets expected to be returned to the employer, related party disclosures about the amount of future annual benefits covered by insurance and annuity contracts and significant transactions between the employer or related parties and the plan, and the effects of a one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates on the (a) aggregate of the service and interest cost components of net periodic benefit costs and (b) benefit obligation for postretirement health care benefits. The ASU adds requirements to disclose the weighted-average interest crediting rates for cash balance plans and other plans with promised interest crediting rates and the reasons for significant gains and losses related to changes in the benefit obligation for the period. The update also clarifies the requirements to disclose the projected benefit obligation (PBO) and fair value of plan assets for plans with PBOs in excess of plan assets, and the accumulated benefit obligation (ABO) and fair value of plan assets for plans with ABOs in excess of plan assets. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The adoption of ASU 2018-14 is not expected to have a material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13,Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. ASU 2018-13 removes the requirements for public entities to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the policy for timing of transfers between levels, and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The ASU modifies the disclosure requirement for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value, and clarifies that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate measurement uncertainties as of the reporting date. The ASU also requires public entities to disclose the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period, and the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The adoption of ASU 2018-13 is not expected to have a material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02,Income Statement – Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.ASU 2018-02 provides guidance on accounting for the effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which was enacted in December, 2017. The guidance allows reclassification of the tax effects that were stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income as a result of the tax rate change from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of ASU 2018-02 is not expected to have a material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements. 

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-08,Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Topic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. This ASU shortens the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium. The premium on individual callable debt securities shall be amortized to the earliest call date. This guidance does not apply to securities for which prepayments are estimated on a large number of similar loans where prepayments are probable and reasonable estimable. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. This update should be adopted on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings on the date of adoption. The adoption of ASU 2017-08 is not expected to have a material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04,Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350),which requires an entity to no longer perform a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment. Rather, impairment will be measured using the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the reporting unit. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Entities may early adopt the standard for goodwill impairment tests with measurement dates after January 1, 2017. The adoption of ASU 2017-04 is not expected to have a material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-03,Recent Accounting Changes and Error Corrections (Topic 250) and Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323),which incorporates into the FASB ASC recent SEC guidance about disclosing, under SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin, Topic 11.M, the effect on financial statements of adopting the revenue, leases, and credit losses standards. The effective date varies as each topic addressed in this ASU has its own effective date. The adoption of ASU 2017-03 is not expected to have a material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13,Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,, which is essentially the final rule on use of the so-called CECL“CECL” model, or current expected credit losses. Among other things, the amendments in this ASU require the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better inform their credit loss estimates. Many of the loss estimation techniques applied today will still be permitted, although the inputs to those techniques will change to reflect the full amount of expected credit losses. In addition, the ASU amends the accounting for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. For SEC filers, the amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, with later effective dates for non-SEC registrant public companies and other organizations. Early adoption will be permitted for all organizations for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 is being reviewed for any material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

In 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 –Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02 amends the existing standards for lease accounting effectively requiring most leases be carried on the balance sheets of the related lessees by requiring them to recognize a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability. ASU 2016-02 includes qualitative and quantitative disclosure requirements intended to provide greater insight into the nature of an entity’s leasing activities. The standard must be adopted using a modified retrospective transition with a cumulative-effect adjustment to equity as of the beginning of the period in which it is adopted. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 is being reviewed for any material impact on the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements.

NOTE 2

Fair Value Measurements

The Corporation utilizes fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures.  Securities available for sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.  From time to time, the Corporation may be required to record at fair value other assets on a nonrecurring basis, such as impaired loans and foreclosed real estate. Additionally, the Corporation is required to disclose, but not record, the fair value of other financial instruments.

Fair Value Hierarchy:

Under ASC Topic 820, the Corporation groups assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value.  These levels are:

Following is a description of valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities which are either recorded or disclosed at fair value.

Cash and Cash Equivalents:

For disclosure purposes for cash and due from banks, interest bearing deposits in other banks and federal funds sold, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Certificates of Deposit in Other Banks:

For disclosure purposes for certificates of deposit in other banks, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Investment Securities Available for Sale:

Investment securities available for sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.  Fair value measurement is based upon quoted prices, if available.  If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security’s credit rating, prepayment assumptions and other factors such as credit loss assumptions.  Level 1 securities include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange and U.S. Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active over-the-counter market funds.  Level 2 securities include mortgage-backed securities issued by government sponsored enterprises and state, county and municipal bonds.  Other securities classified as available for sale are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. Securities classified as Level 3 include asset-backed securities in less liquid markets.

Investment Securities Held to Maturity:

Investment securities held to maturity are not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. For disclosure purposes, fair value measurement is based upon quoted prices, if available.

Federal Home Loan Bank Stock:

For disclosure purposes, the carrying value of other investments approximate fair value.

Loans:

The Corporation does not record loans at fair value on a recurring basis.  However, from time to time, a loan is considered impaired and a specific allocation is established within the allowance for loan losses.  Loans for which it is probable that payment of interest and principal will not be made in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement are considered impaired.  Once a loan is identified as individually impaired, management measures impairment in accordance with ASC Topic 310, Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan.  The fair value of impaired loans is estimated using one of three methods, including collateral value, market value of similar debt, and discounted cash flows.  Those impaired loans not requiring an allowance represent loans for which the fair value of the expected repayments or collateral exceed the recorded investments in such loans.  In accordance with ASC Topic 820, impaired loans where an allowance is established based on the fair value of collateral require classification in the fair value hierarchy.  When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price or a current appraised value, the Corporation records the impaired loan as nonrecurring Level 2.  When an appraised value is not available or management determines the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value and there is no observable market price, the Corporation records the impaired loan as nonrecurring Level 3.

For disclosure purposes, the fair value of fixed rate loans which are not considered impaired, is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings. For unimpaired variable rate loans, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value for disclosure purposes.

Foreclosed Assets:

Other real estate properties are adjusted to fair value upon transfer of the loans to other real estate. Subsequently, other real estate assets are carried at the lower of carrying value or fair value.  Fair value is based upon independent market prices, appraised values of the collateral or management’s estimation of the value of the collateral.  When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price or a current appraised value, the Corporation records the other real estate as nonrecurring Level 2.  When the appraised value is reduced by costs to sell, thean appraised value is not available or management determines the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the appraised value and there is no observable market price, the Corporation records the other real estate asset as nonrecurring Level 3.

Bank Owned Life Insurance:

For disclosure purposes, for cash surrender value of life insurance, the carrying value is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Deposits:

For disclosure purposes, the fair value of demand deposits, savings accounts, NOW accounts and money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date, while the fair value of fixed maturity certificates of deposit is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current rates at which comparable certificates would be issued.

FHLB Advances:

For disclosure purposes, the fair value of the FHLB fixed rate borrowing is estimated using discounted cash flows, based on the current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements.

Commitments to Extend Credit and Standby Letters of Credit:

Because commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit are made using variable rates and have short maturities, the carrying value and the fair value are immaterial for disclosure.

Assets Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis:

The table below presents the recorded amount of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2018,2019, and December 31, 2017.2018.

Assets Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis:

The Corporation may be required, from time to time, to measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP.  These include assets that are measured at the lower of cost or market that were recognized at fair value below cost at the end of the period.  Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis are included in the table below as of September 30, 2018,2019, and December 31, 2017.2018.

Foreclosed properties that are included above as measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis are those properties that resulted from a loan that had been foreclosed and charged down or have been written down subsequent to foreclosure. Foreclosed properties are generally recorded at the appraised value less estimated selling costs in the range of 15 – 20%. Loans that are reported above as being measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis are generally impaired loans that have been either partially charged off or have specific reserves assigned to them. Nonaccrual impaired loans that are collateral dependent are generally written down to the present valuea range of expected payments from all sources, but not more than the discounted80 – 85% of appraised value less selling costs.which considers the estimated costs to sell. Specific reserves are established for impaired loans based on appraised value of collateral or discounted cash flows.

The carrying amount and estimated fair values of the Corporation’s assets and liabilities which are required to be either disclosed or recorded at fair value at September 30, 2018,2019, and December 31, 2017:2018: