UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
 
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
For the quarterly period ended February 28, 201929, 2020.
or
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
For the transition period from [            ] to [            ].
Commission File No. 001-09195
KB HOME
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware95-3666267
(State of incorporation)(IRS employer identification number)
10990 Wilshire Boulevard
Los Angeles, California90024
(310) (310) 231-4000
(Address and telephone number of principal executive offices)
Securities registered pursuant to section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)
Name of each exchange
on which registered
Common Stock (par value $1.00 per share)KBHNew York Stock Exchange
Rights to Purchase Series A Participating Cumulative Preferred Stock
New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.   Yes      No  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes      No  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filerAccelerated FilerAccelerated filer
Non-accelerated filer
Smaller reporting company
Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes    No 
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock as of February 28, 2019.
There were 87,134,10890,448,228 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $1.00 per share, outstanding on February 28, 201929, 2020. The registrant’s grantor stock ownership trust held an additional 7,859,9757,317,336 shares of the registrant’s common stock on that date.






KB HOME
FORM 10-Q
INDEX
 
 
Page
Number
 
  
 
  
Consolidated Statements of Operations -

Three Months Ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019 and 2018
  
Consolidated Balance Sheets -

February 28, 201929, 2020 and November 30, 20182019
  
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows -

Three Months Ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019 and 2018
  
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
  
  


PART I.    FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.Financial Statements


KB HOME
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts – Unaudited)
 


 Three Months Ended February 28, Three Months Ended
 2019 2018 February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Total revenues $811,483
 $871,623
 $1,075,935
 $811,483
Homebuilding:        
Revenues $808,788
 $869,205
 $1,072,382
 $808,788
Construction and land costs (670,855) (729,478) (886,053) (670,855)
Selling, general and administrative expenses (106,594) (95,724) (126,134) (106,594)
Operating income 31,339
 44,003
 60,195
 31,339
Interest income 1,105
 1,003
 935
 1,105
Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures (406) (845)
Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated joint ventures 1,905
 (406)
Homebuilding pretax income 32,038
 44,161
 63,035
 32,038
Financial services:        
Revenues 2,695
 2,418
 3,553
 2,695
Expenses (1,024) (953) (962) (1,024)
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures 802
 419
 3,222
 802
Financial services pretax income 2,473
 1,884
 5,813
 2,473
Total pretax income 34,511
 46,045
 68,848
 34,511
Income tax expense (4,500) (117,300) (9,100) (4,500)
Net income (loss) $30,011
 $(71,255)
Earnings (loss) per share:    
Net income $59,748
 $30,011
Earnings per share:    
Basic $.34
 $(.82) $.66
 $.34
Diluted $.31
 $(.82) $.63
 $.31
Weighted average shares outstanding:        
Basic 86,972
 87,155
 89,842
 86,972
Diluted 96,962
 87,155
 94,205
 96,962
Cash dividends declared per common share $.025
 $.025
 $.090
 $.025
See accompanying notes.


KB HOME
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In Thousands – Unaudited)
 


February 28,
2019
 November 30,
2018
February 29,
2020
 November 30,
2019
Assets      
Homebuilding:      
Cash and cash equivalents$511,690
 $574,359
$429,706
 $453,814
Receivables313,609
 292,830
297,215
 249,055
Inventories3,683,763
 3,582,839
3,728,616
 3,704,602
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures57,134
 61,960
57,147
 57,038
Property and equipment, net55,330
 24,283
64,453
 65,043
Deferred tax assets, net433,295
 441,820
312,166
 364,493
Other assets89,560
 83,100
129,719
 83,041
5,144,381
 5,061,191
5,019,022
 4,977,086
Financial services29,275
 12,380
33,812
 38,396
Total assets$5,173,656
 $5,073,571
$5,052,834
 $5,015,482
      
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity      
Homebuilding:      
Accounts payable$209,015
 $258,045
$236,981
 $262,772
Accrued expenses and other liabilities631,381
 666,268
621,558
 618,783
Notes payable2,203,589
 2,060,263
1,749,148
 1,748,747
3,043,985
 2,984,576
2,607,687
 2,630,302
Financial services1,174
 1,495
2,043
 2,058
Stockholders’ equity:      
Common stock119,258
 119,196
122,291
 121,593
Paid-in capital755,341
 753,570
803,420
 793,954
Retained earnings1,936,523
 1,897,168
2,211,851
 2,157,183
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(9,565) (9,565)(17,149) (15,506)
Grantor stock ownership trust, at cost(85,246) (88,472)(79,359) (82,758)
Treasury stock, at cost(587,814) (584,397)(597,950) (591,344)
Total stockholders’ equity2,128,497
 2,087,500
2,443,104
 2,383,122
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$5,173,656
 $5,073,571
$5,052,834
 $5,015,482
See accompanying notes.


KB HOME
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In Thousands – Unaudited)
 
Three Months Ended February 28,Three Months Ended
2019 2018February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Cash flows from operating activities:      
Net income (loss)$30,011
 $(71,255)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities:   
Equity in (income) loss of unconsolidated joint ventures(396) 426
Net income$59,748
 $30,011
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:   
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures(5,127) (396)
Distributions of earnings from unconsolidated joint ventures2,400
 1,300
8,150
 2,400
Amortization of discounts, premiums and issuance costs1,468
 1,552
613
 1,468
Depreciation and amortization6,446
 628
7,316
 6,446
Deferred income taxes4,501
 117,068
8,500
 4,501
Stock-based compensation4,152
 3,829
4,950
 4,152
Inventory impairments and land option contract abandonments3,555
 4,985
5,672
 3,555
Changes in assets and liabilities:      
Receivables(19,495) (6,024)(4,195) (19,495)
Inventories(154,083) (135,311)(17,941) (154,083)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities(70,057) (54,016)(60,996) (70,057)
Other, net(6,712) (4,862)(16,556) (6,712)
Net cash used in operating activities(198,210) (141,680)(9,866) (198,210)
Cash flows from investing activities:      
Contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures(2,527) (8,025)(1,668) (2,527)
Return of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures5,001
 1,099
500
 5,001
Proceeds from sale of building5,804
 

 5,804
Purchases of property and equipment, net(10,025) (1,924)(6,671) (10,025)
Net cash used in investing activities(1,747) (8,850)(7,839) (1,747)
Cash flows from financing activities:      
Proceeds from issuance of debt405,250
 

 405,250
Payment of debt issuance costs(5,209) 

 (5,209)
Repayment of senior notes(230,000) 

 (230,000)
Borrowings under revolving credit facility140,000
 

 140,000
Repayments under revolving credit facility(140,000) 

 (140,000)
Payments on mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans(28,020) (3,362)
 (28,020)
Issuance of common stock under employee stock plans832
 2,946
8,226
 832
Tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards(3,342) (6,787)(6,219) (3,342)
Payments of cash dividends(2,266) (2,322)(8,233) (2,266)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities137,245
 (9,525)(6,226) 137,245
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents(62,712) (160,055)(23,931) (62,712)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period575,119
 720,861
454,858
 575,119
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$512,407
 $560,806
$430,927
 $512,407
See accompanying notes.






KB HOME
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)




1.Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted.
In our opinion, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring accruals) necessary to present fairly our consolidated financial position as of February 28, 2019,29, 2020, the results of our consolidated operations for the three months ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019, and 2018, and our consolidated cash flows for the three months ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019 and 2018.2019. The results of our consolidated operations for the three months ended February 28, 201929, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year due to seasonal variations in operating results and other factors. The consolidated balance sheet at November 30, 20182019 has been taken from the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended November 30, 2018,2019, which are contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for that period.
Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “we,” “our,” and “us” used in this report refer to KB Home, a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries.
Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents. We consider all highly liquid short-term investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Our cash equivalents totaled $367.3$244.5 million at February 28, 201929, 2020 and $385.2$302.5 million at November 30, 20182019. At February 28, 201929, 2020 and November 30, 2018, the majority of2019, our cash and cash equivalents waswere invested in interest-bearing bank deposit accounts.accounts and money market funds.
Comprehensive Income (Loss). Income. Our comprehensive income was $30.0$59.7 million for the three months ended February 28, 2019. For the29, 2020 and $30.0 million for three months ended February 28, 2018, our comprehensive loss was $71.3 million.2019. Our comprehensive income (loss) for each of the three-month periods ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019 and 2018 was equal to our net income (loss) for the respective periods.
Adoption of New Accounting PronouncementPronouncements. In May 2014,February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers2016-02, “Leases (Topic 606)842)” (“ASU 2014-09”2016-02”). ASU 2014-09 supersedes the revenue guidance in Accounting Standards Codification Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition,” and most industry-specific revenue and cost guidance in the accounting standards codification, including some cost guidance related to construction-type and production-type contracts. The core principle, which requires leases with original lease terms of ASU 2014-09 is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expectsmore than 12 months to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.
recorded on the balance sheet. On December 1, 2018,2019, we adopted ASU 2014-092016-02 and its related amendments (collectively, “ASC 606”842”), using the modified retrospective method applied to contracts that were not completed as of the adoption date.method. Results for reporting periods beginning December 1, 20182019 and after are presented under ASC 606,842, while results for prior reporting periods have not been adjusted and continue to be presented under the accounting guidance in effect for those periods. We elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which allowed us to carry forward our original assessment of (1) whether contracts are or contain leases, (2) lease classification and (3) initial direct costs. We also elected the practical expedient that allows lessees the option to account for lease and non-lease components together as a single component for all classes of underlying assets. The adoption of ASC 842 resulted in our recording lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities of $31.2 million on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 1, 2019. Lease right-of-use assets are classified within other assets on our consolidated balance sheet, and lease liabilities are classified within accrued expenses and other liabilities. At the December 1, 2019 adoption date, we also recorded the followinga cumulative effect adjustment to increase beginning retained earnings asby $1.5 million, net of December 1, 2018 (in thousands):

Balance Sheet Balance at November 30, 2018 Adjustments due to ASC 606 Balance at December 1, 2018
Assets      
Homebuilding:      
Inventories $3,582,839
 $(35,288) $3,547,551
Deferred tax assets, net 441,820
 (4,024) 437,796
Property and equipment, net 24,283
 31,194
 55,477
Financial services 12,380
 19,728
 32,108
Stockholders’ equity:      
Retained earnings 1,897,168
 11,610
 1,908,778
Withintax, to recognize a previously deferred gain on our homebuilding operations, ASC 606 impacts the classificationsale and timingleaseback of recognitionan office building in our consolidated financial statements of certain community sales office and other marketing- and model home-related costs, which we previously capitalized to inventories and amortized through construction and land costs with each home delivered in a community. With our2019. The adoption of ASC 606, these costs are capitalized to property and equipment and depreciated to selling, general and administrative expenses, or expensed to selling, general and administrative expenses as incurred. Upon adopting ASC 606, we reclassified these community sales office and other marketing- and model home-related costs and related accumulated amortization from inventories to either property and equipment, net or retained earnings in our consolidated balance sheet. Forfeited deposits related to cancelled home sale and land sale contracts, which were previously reflected as other income within selling, general and administrative expenses, are included in homebuilding revenues under ASC 606.
Within our financial services operations, ASC 606 impacts the timing of recognition in our consolidated financial statements of insurance commissions for insurance policy renewals. We previously recognized such insurance commissions as revenue when policies were renewed. With our adoption of ASC 606, insurance commissions for future policy renewals are estimated and recognized as revenue when the insurance carrier issues an initial insurance policy to our homebuyer, which generally occurs at the time each applicable home sale is closed. Upon adopting ASC 606, we recognized contract assets for the estimated future renewal commissions related to existing insurance policies as of December 1, 2018.
There were no significant changes to our business processes or internal control over financial reporting as a result of adopting ASC 606.
The impacts of adopting ASC 606 on our consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended February 28, 2019 and consolidated balance sheet as of February 28, 2019 were as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):
  Three Months Ended February 28, 2019
Statement of Operations As Reported Amounts without the Adoption of ASC 606 
Effect of Change
Higher/(Lower)
Homebuilding:      
Revenues $808,788
 $808,155
 $633
Construction and land costs (670,855) (676,115) (5,260)
Selling, general and administrative expenses (106,594) (99,281) 7,313
Operating income 31,339
 32,759
 (1,420)
Financial services:      
Revenues 2,695
 2,590
 105
Total pretax income 34,511
 35,826
 (1,315)
Income tax expense (4,500) (4,800) (300)
Net income 30,011
 31,026
 (1,015)
Diluted earnings per share .31
 .32
 (.01)

  As of February 28, 2019
Balance Sheet As Reported Amounts without the Adoption of ASC 606 
Effect of Change
Higher/(Lower)
Assets      
Homebuilding:      
Inventories $3,683,763
 $3,722,475
 $(38,712)
Deferred tax assets, net 433,295
 437,019
 (3,724)
Property and equipment, net 55,330
 22,132
 33,198
Financial services 29,275
 9,442
 19,833
Stockholders’ equity:      
Retained earnings 1,936,523
 1,925,928
 10,595
As a result of our adoption of ASC 606, we updated our significant accounting policies as follows:
Homebuilding Revenues. We apply the following steps in determining the timing and amount of revenue to recognize: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, if applicable; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy a performance obligation.
Our home sale transactions are made pursuant to contracts under which we typically have a single performance obligation to deliver a completed home to the homebuyer when closing conditions are met. Revenues from home sales are recognized when we have satisfied the performance obligation within the sales contract, which is generally when title to and possession of the home and the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to the homebuyer on the closing date. Under our home sale contracts, we typically receive an initial cash deposit from the homebuyer at the time the sales contract is executed and receive the remaining consideration to which we are entitled, through a third-party escrow agent, at closing. Customer deposits related to sold but undelivered homes, totaled $20.1 million and $19.5 million at February 28, 2019 and November 30, 2018, respectively, and are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities.
Concurrent with the recognition of revenues in842 did not materially impact our consolidated statements of operations sales incentives in the form of price concessions on the selling price of a home are recorded as a reduction of revenues, while the costs of sales incentives in the form of free or discounted products or services to homebuyers, including option upgrades and closing cost allowances used to cover a portion of the fees and costs charged to a homebuyer, are reflected as construction and land costs. Cash proceeds from home sale closings held by third-party escrow agents forconsolidated cash flows. Further information regarding our benefit, typically for less than five days, are considered deposits in-transit and classified as cash.
Land sale transactions are made pursuant to contracts under which we typically have a performance obligation(s) to deliver specified land parcels to the buyer when closing conditions are met. Revenues from land sales are recognized when we have satisfied the performance obligation(s) within the sales contract, whichleases is generally when title to and possession of the land and the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to the land buyer on the closing date. Under our land sale contracts, we typically receive an initial cash deposit from the buyer at the time the contract is executed and receive the remaining consideration to which we are entitled, through a third-party escrow agent, at closing. In limited circumstances where we provide financing to the land buyer, we determine that collectibility of the receivable is reasonably assured before we recognize revenue.
In instances where we have a material performance obligation(s) under a land sale contract to perform land development work after the closing date, a portion of the transaction price is allocated to such performance obligation(s) and is recognized as revenue when and as such obligation(s) is (are) completed. While the payment terms for such a performance obligation(s) vary, the final payment is generally received when we have completed our land development work and it has been accepted by the land buyer.
Homebuilding revenues include forfeited deposits, which occur when home sale or land sale contracts that include a nonrefundable deposit are cancelled. Revenues from forfeited deposits are immaterial.
Within our homebuilding operations, substantially all of our contracts with customers and the related performance obligations have an original expected duration of one year or less.

Community Sales Office and Other Marketing- and Model Home-Related Costs. Community sales office and other marketing- and model home-related costs are either recorded as inventories, capitalized as property and equipment, or expensed to selling, general and administrative expenses as incurred. Costs related to the construction of a model home, inclusive of upgrades that will be sold as part of the home, are recorded as inventories and recognized as construction and land costs when the model home is delivered to a homebuyer. Costs to furnish and ready a model home or on-site community sales facility that will not be sold as part of the model home, such as model furnishings, community sales office and model complex grounds, sales office construction and sales office furniture and equipment, are capitalized as property and equipment under “model furnishings and sales office improvements.” Model furnishings and sales office improvements are depreciated to selling, general and administrative expenses over their estimated useful lives. Other costs incurred related to the marketing of a community, removing the on-site community sales facility and readying a completed (model) home for sale are expensed to selling, general and administrative expenses as incurred.
Financial Services Revenues. Our financial services reporting segment generates revenues primarily from title services and insurance commissions. Revenues from title services are recognized when policies are issued, which generally occurs at the time each applicable home sale is closed. We receive insurance commissions from various third-party insurance carriers for arranging for the carriers to provide homeowner and other insurance policies for our homebuyers that elect to obtain such coverage. In addition, each time a homebuyer renews their insurance policy with the insurance carrier, we receive a renewal commission. Revenues from insurance commissions are recognized when the insurance carrier issues an initial insurance policy to our homebuyer, which generally occurs at the time each applicable home sale is closed. As our performance obligations for policy renewal commissions are satisfied upon issuance of the initial insurance policy, insurance commissions for renewals are considered variable consideration under ASC 606. Accordingly, we estimate the probable future renewal commissions when an initial policy is issued and record a corresponding contract asset and insurance commission revenues. We estimate the amount of variable consideration based on historical renewal trends and constrain the estimate such that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative recognized revenue will not occur. We also consider the likelihood and magnitude of a potential future reversal of revenue and update our assessment at the end of each reporting period. The contract assets for estimated future renewal commissions are included in other assets within financial services and totaled $19.8 million at February 28, 2019. Contract assets totaling $19.7 million were recognized on December 1, 2018 in connection with the adoption of ASC 606.
Disaggregation of Revenues. Our homebuilding operations accounted for 99.7% of our total revenues for the year ended November 30, 2018, with most of those revenues generated from home sale contracts with customers. Our financial services operations accounted for the remaining .3% of total revenues for the year ended November 30, 2018. Due to the nature of our revenue-generating activities, we believe the disaggregation of revenues as reported in our consolidated statement of operations, and as disclosed by homebuilding reporting segmentprovided in Note 213Segment Information and for our financial services reporting segment in Note 3 – Financial Services, fairly depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows are affected by economic factors.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted. In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 will require lessees to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. Under this guidance, a lessee will be required to recognize assets and liabilities for leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. Lessor accounting remains substantially similar to current GAAP. In addition, disclosures of leasing activities are to be expanded to include qualitative along with specific quantitative information. ASU 2016-02 is effective for us beginning December 1, 2019 (with early adoption permitted). Originally, entities were required to adopt ASU 2016-02 using a modified retrospective transition method. However, in July 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-11, “Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements” (“ASU 2018-11”), which provides entities with an additional transition method. Under ASU 2018-11, entities have the option of recognizing the cumulative effect of applying the new standard as an adjustment to beginning retained earnings in the year of adoption while continuing to present all prior periods under previous lease accounting guidance. In July 2018, the FASB also issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-10, “Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases” (“ASU 2018-10”), which clarifies how to apply certain aspects of ASU 2016-02. We expect to adopt ASU 2016-02, ASU 2018-10 and ASU 2018-11 beginning December 1, 2019. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.Leases.
In February 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-02, “Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income” (“ASU 2018-02”), which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”), and requires certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. We adopted ASU 2018-02 effective December 1, 2019 and elected to reclassify the income tax

effects of the TCJA from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings, which resulted in an increase of $1.6 million to both retained earnings and accumulated other comprehensive loss, with no impact on total stockholders’ equity. Amounts for prior reporting periods have not been adjusted and continue to be presented under the accounting guidance in effect for those periods.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted. In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU 2016-13”), which changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments from an incurred loss approach to a new expected credit loss methodology. ASU 2016-13 is effective for us beginning December 1, 2019 (with2020, with early adoption permitted), and shall be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period (or periods) in which the effect of the change in the corporate

income tax rate in the TCJA is recognized. We expect to adopt ASU 2018-02 beginning December 1, 2019.permitted. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.
Reclassifications. Certain amounts inIn December 2019, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes” (“ASU 2019-12”), which simplifies the accounting for income taxes, eliminates certain exceptions within Accounting Standards Codification Topic 740, “Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”), and clarifies certain aspects of ASC 740 to promote consistency among reporting entities.  ASU 2019-12 is effective for us beginning December 1, 2022, with early adoption permitted. Most amendments within ASU 2019-12 are required to be applied on a prospective basis, while certain amendments must be applied on a retrospective or modified retrospective basis.  We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting the guidance on our consolidated financial statements of prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.statements.
2.Segment Information
We have identified five5 operating reporting segments, comprised of four4 homebuilding reporting segments and one1 financial services reporting segment. As of February 28, 201929, 2020, our homebuilding reporting segments conducted ongoing operations in the following states:
West Coast: California and Washington
Southwest: Arizona and Nevada
Central: Colorado and Texas
Southeast: Florida and North Carolina
Our homebuilding reporting segments are engaged in the acquisition and development of land primarily for residential purposes and offer a wide variety of homes that are designed to appeal to first-time, first move-up and active adult homebuyers. Our homebuilding operations generate most of their revenues from the delivery of completed homes to homebuyers. They also earn revenues from the sale of land.
Our homebuilding reporting segments were identified based primarily on similarities in economic and geographic characteristics, product types, regulatory environments, methods used to sell and construct homes and land acquisition characteristics. Management evaluates segment performance primarily based on segment pretax results.
Our financial services reporting segment offers property and casualty insurance and, in certain instances, earthquake, flood and personal property insurance to our homebuyers in the same markets as our homebuilding reporting segments, and provides title services in the majority of our markets located within our Southwest, Central and Southeast homebuilding reporting segments. ThisOur financial services reporting segment earns revenues primarily from insurance commissions and from the provision of title services.
We offer mortgage banking services, including residential consumer mortgage loan (“mortgage loan”) originations, to our homebuyers indirectly through KBHS Home Loans, LLC (“KBHS”), an unconsolidated joint venture we formed with Stearns Lending,Ventures, LLC (“Stearns”). We and Stearns each have a 50.0% ownership interest, with Stearns providing management oversight of KBHS’ operations. The financial services reporting segment is separately reported in our consolidated financial statements.
Corporate and other is a non-operating segment that develops and oversees the implementation of company-wide strategic initiatives and provides support to our reporting segments by centralizing certain administrative functions. Corporate management is responsible for, among other things, evaluating and selecting the geographic markets in which we operate, consistent with our overall business strategy; allocating capital resources to markets for land acquisition and development activities; making major personnel decisions related to employee compensation and benefits; and monitoring the financial and operational performance of our divisions. Corporate and other includes general and administrative expenses related to operating our corporate headquarters. A portion of the expenses incurred by Corporate and other is allocated to our homebuilding reporting segments.
Our reporting segments follow the same accounting policies used for our consolidated financial statements. The results of each reporting segment are not necessarily indicative of the results that would have occurred had the segment been an independent, stand-alone entity during the periods presented, nor are they indicative of the results to be expected in future periods.

The following tables present financial information relating to our homebuilding reporting segments (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
 February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Revenues:   
West Coast$484,497
 $305,810
Southwest191,318
 157,656
Central283,513
 241,592
Southeast113,054
 103,730
Total$1,072,382
 $808,788
    
Pretax income (loss):   
West Coast$34,029
 $17,916
Southwest32,112
 22,072
Central22,678
 18,583
Southeast2,630
 (545)
Corporate and other(28,414) (25,988)
Total$63,035
 $32,038
  Three Months Ended February 28,
  2019 2018
Revenues:    
West Coast $305,810
 $386,652
Southwest 157,656
 151,899
Central 241,592
 244,181
Southeast 103,730
 86,473
Total $808,788
 $869,205
     
Pretax income (loss):    
West Coast $17,916
 $31,593
Southwest 22,072
 14,977
Central 18,583
 19,095
Southeast (545) 1,320
Corporate and other (25,988) (22,824)
Total $32,038
 $44,161

Inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment charges:   
West Coast$4,392
 $3,251
Southwest171
 59
Central984
 245
Southeast125
 
Total$5,672
 $3,555
Inventory impairment charges:    
West Coast $3,196
 $4,699
Southwest 
 
Central 
 
Southeast 
 
Total $3,196
 $4,699
 
Land option contract abandonment charges:    
West Coast $55
 $208
Southwest 59
 
Central 245
 78
Southeast 
 
Total $359
 $286

 February 29,
2020
 November 30,
2019
Assets:   
West Coast$1,936,066
 $1,925,192
Southwest732,656
 674,310
Central1,045,352
 1,035,563
Southeast438,274
 441,451
Corporate and other866,674
 900,570
Total$5,019,022
 $4,977,086
 February 28,
2019
 November 30,
2018
Inventories:   
Homes under construction   
West Coast$560,514
 $514,099
Southwest170,760
 173,036
Central319,931
 312,366
Southeast138,705
 125,651
Subtotal1,189,910
 1,125,152
    

 February 28,
2019
 November 30,
2018
Land under development   
West Coast1,053,533
 1,059,432
Southwest426,106
 404,201
Central561,979
 543,472
Southeast209,351
 212,831
Subtotal2,250,969
 2,219,936
    
Land held for future development or sale   
West Coast159,644
 154,462
Southwest30,761
 21,137
Central7,835
 9,346
Southeast44,644
 52,806
Subtotal242,884
 237,751
Total$3,683,763
 $3,582,839
Assets:   
West Coast$1,983,539
 $1,880,516
Southwest672,264
 631,509
Central1,021,616
 1,017,490
Southeast442,982
 463,224
Corporate and other1,023,980
 1,068,452
Total$5,144,381
 $5,061,191



3.Financial Services
The following tables present financial information relating to our financial services reporting segment (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
 February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Revenues   
Insurance commissions$1,953
 $1,472
Title services1,600
 1,217
Interest income
 6
Total3,553
 2,695
Expenses   
General and administrative(962) (1,024)
Operating income2,591
 1,671
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures3,222
 802
Pretax income$5,813
 $2,473
  Three Months Ended February 28,
  2019 2018
Revenues    
Insurance commissions $1,472
 $1,352
Title services 1,217
 1,066
Interest income 6
 
Total 2,695
 2,418
     
Expenses    
General and administrative (1,024) (953)
Operating income 1,671
 1,465
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures 802
 419
Pretax income $2,473
 $1,884


 February 29,
2020
 November 30,
2019
Assets   
Cash and cash equivalents$1,221
 $1,044
Receivables1,589
 2,232
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures9,446
 14,374
Other assets (a)21,556
 20,746
Total assets$33,812
 $38,396
Liabilities   
Accounts payable and accrued expenses$2,043
 $2,058
Total liabilities$2,043
 $2,058
 February 28,
2019
 November 30,
2018
Assets   
Cash and cash equivalents$717
 $760
Receivables1,602
 2,885
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures6,995
 8,594
Other assets (a)19,961
 141
Total assets$29,275
 $12,380
Liabilities   
Accounts payable and accrued expenses$1,174
 $1,495
Total liabilities$1,174
 $1,495

(a)Other assets at February 28,29, 2020 and November 30, 2019 included $19.8$21.1 million and $20.6 million, respectively, of contract assets for estimated future renewal commissions duerelated to our adoption of ASC 606 effective December 1, 2018, as described in Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies.then-existing insurance policies.
4.Earnings (Loss) Per Share
Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share were calculated as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):
  Three Months Ended
  February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Numerator:    
Net income $59,748
 $30,011
Less: Distributed earnings allocated to nonvested restricted stock (44) (14)
Less: Undistributed earnings allocated to nonvested restricted stock (281) (176)
Numerator for basic earnings per share 59,423
 29,821

  Three Months Ended February 28,
  2019 2018
Numerator:    
Net income (loss) $30,011
 $(71,255)
Less: Distributed earnings allocated to nonvested restricted stock (14) 
Less: Undistributed earnings allocated to nonvested restricted stock (176) 
Numerator for basic earnings (loss) per share 29,821
 (71,255)
Effect of dilutive securities:    
Interest expense and amortization of debt issuance costs associated with convertible senior notes, net of taxes 541
 
Add: Undistributed earnings allocated to nonvested restricted stock 176
 
Less: Undistributed earnings reallocated to nonvested restricted stock (158) 
Numerator for diluted earnings (loss) per share $30,380
 $(71,255)
     
Denominator:    
Weighted average shares outstanding — basic 86,972
 87,155
Effect of dilutive securities:    
Share-based payments 4,202
 
Convertible senior notes 5,788
 
Weighted average shares outstanding — diluted 96,962
 87,155
Basic earnings (loss) per share $.34
 $(.82)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share $.31
 $(.82)

  Three Months Ended
  February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Effect of dilutive securities:    
Interest expense and amortization of debt issuance costs associated with convertible senior notes, net of taxes 
 541
Add: Undistributed earnings allocated to nonvested restricted stock 281
 176
Less: Undistributed earnings reallocated to nonvested restricted stock (268) (158)
Numerator for diluted earnings per share $59,436
 $30,380
     
Denominator:    
Weighted average shares outstanding — basic 89,842
 86,972
Effect of dilutive securities:    
Share-based payments 4,363
 4,202
Convertible senior notes 
 5,788
Weighted average shares outstanding — diluted 94,205
 96,962
Basic earnings per share $.66
 $.34
Diluted earnings per share $.63
 $.31

We compute earnings (loss) per share using the two-class method, which is an allocation of earnings (losses) between the holders of common stock and a company’s participating security holders. Our outstanding nonvested shares of restricted stock contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends and, therefore, are considered participating securities for purposes of computing earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method. We had no other participating securities at February 29, 2020 or February 28, 2019 or 2018.2019.

For the three months ended February 29, 2020, 0 outstanding stock options were excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation. For the three-month period ended February 28, 2019, outstanding stock options to purchase .8 million shares of our common stock were excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation because the effect of their inclusion would be antidilutive. The diluted earnings per share calculation for the three months ended February 28, 2019 included the dilutive effect of the $230.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 1.375% convertible senior notes due 2019 (“1.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2019”) based on the number of days they were outstanding during the period. We repaid thethese notes at their February 1, 2019 maturity.
For the three months ended February 28, 2018, all outstanding stock options, contingentlyContingently issuable shares associated with outstanding performance-based restricted stock units (each, a “PSU”), and the impact of our 1.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2019 were excluded from the diluted loss per share calculation because the effect of their inclusion would have been antidilutive. Contingently issuable shares associated with outstanding PSUs were not included in the basic earnings per share calculations for the periods presented as the applicable vesting conditions had not been satisfied.
5.Receivables
Receivables consisted of the following (in thousands):
 February 29,
2020
 November 30,
2019
Due from utility companies, improvement districts and municipalities$129,234
 $128,047
Recoveries related to self-insurance and other legal claims77,217
 80,729
Income taxes receivable44,304
 
Refundable deposits and bonds11,494
 10,925
Other43,317
 37,846
Subtotal305,566
 257,547
Allowance for doubtful accounts(8,351) (8,492)
Total$297,215
 $249,055
 February 28,
2019
 November 30,
2018
Recoveries related to self-insurance and other legal claims$149,719
 $138,261
Due from utility companies, improvement districts and municipalities115,250
 113,434
Refundable deposits and bonds13,734
 14,115
Recoveries related to warranty and other claims4,111
 4,750
Other42,086
 33,775
Subtotal324,900
 304,335
Allowance for doubtful accounts(11,291) (11,505)
Total$313,609
 $292,830

6.Inventories
Inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):
 February 29,
2020
 November 30,
2019
Homes completed or under construction$1,306,344
 $1,340,412
Land under development2,271,073
 2,213,713
Land held for future development or sale (a)151,199
 150,477
Total$3,728,616
 $3,704,602
 February 28,
2019
 November 30,
2018
Homes under construction$1,189,910
 $1,125,152
Land under development2,250,969
 2,219,936
Land held for future development or sale (a)242,884
 237,751
Total$3,683,763
 $3,582,839

(a)    Land held for sale totaled $27.8$21.3 million at February 28, 201929, 2020 and $9.8$19.3 million at November 30, 2018.2019.
Interest is capitalized to inventories while the related communities or land parcels are being actively developed and until homes are completed or the land is available for immediate sale. Capitalized interest is amortized to construction and land costs as the related inventories are delivered to homebuyers or land buyers (as applicable). For land held for future development or sale, applicable interest is expensed as incurred.

Our interest costs were as follows (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
 February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Capitalized interest at beginning of period$195,738
 $209,129
Interest incurred30,962
 34,788
Interest amortized to construction and land costs (a)(34,575) (30,547)
Capitalized interest at end of period (b)$192,125
 $213,370
  Three Months Ended February 28,
  2019 2018
Capitalized interest at beginning of period $209,129
 $262,191
Interest incurred 34,788
 39,944
Interest amortized to construction and land costs (a) (30,547) (42,350)
Capitalized interest at end of period (b) $213,370
 $259,785

(a)Interest amortized to construction and land costs for the three months ended February 28, 2019 and 2018 included $.6 million and $1.0 million, respectively, related to land sales during the periods.period. There was 0 such interest amortized for the three months ended February 29, 2020.
(b)Capitalized interest amounts reflect the gross amount of capitalized interest, as inventory impairment charges recognized, if any, are not generally allocated to specific components of inventory.
7.Inventory Impairments and Land Option Contract Abandonments
Each community or land parcel in our owned inventory is assessed on a quarterly basis to determine if indicators of potential impairment exist. We record an inventory impairment charge on a community or land parcel that is active or held for future development when indicators of potential impairment exist and the carrying value of the real estate asset is greater than the undiscounted future net cash flows the asset is expected to generate. These real estate assets are written down to fair value, which is primarily determined based on the estimated future net cash flows discounted for inherent risk associated with each such asset, or other valuation techniques. We record an inventory impairment charge on land held for sale when the carrying value of a land parcel is greater than its fair value. These real estate assets are written down to fair value, less associated costs to sell. The estimated fair values of such assets are generally based on bona fide letters of intent from outside parties, executed sales contracts, broker quotes or similar information.
We evaluated 1813 and 2918 communities or land parcels for recoverability during the three months endedat February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019, and 2018, respectively. The carrying value of those communities or land parcels evaluated during the three months ended February 28, 2019 and 2018 was $96.2 million and $200.1 million, respectively. The communities or land parcels evaluated during the three months ended February 28, 2019 and 2018 includedrespectively, including certain communities or land parcels previously held for future development that were reactivated as part of our ongoing efforts to improve our asset efficiency under our Returns-Focused Growth Plan.efficiency. The carrying values of the communities or land parcels evaluated were $116.3 million at February 29, 2020 and $96.2 million at February 28, 2019.
Based on the results of our evaluations, we recognized inventory impairment charges of $5.1 million for the three months ended February 29, 2020 and $3.2 million for the three months ended February 28, 2019 and $4.7 million2019. The impairment charges for the three months ended February 28, 2018. The impairment charges for the three-month periods ended29, 2020 and February 28, 2019 and 2018 reflected our decisions to make changes in our operational

strategies aimed at more quickly monetizing our investment in certain communities by accelerating the overall pace for selling, building and delivering homes therein, including communities on land previously held for future development.
The following table summarizes significant quantitative unobservable inputs we utilized in our fair value measurements with respect to the impaired communities written down to fair value during the periods presented:
Three Months Ended
Unobservable Input (a)February 29, 2020February 28, 2019
Average selling price$302,700 - $915,500$1,045,400
Deliveries per month1 - 41
Discount rate17% - 18%17%

  Three Months Ended February 28,
Unobservable Input 2019 2018
Average selling price $1,045,400 $774,100
Deliveries per month 1 3
Discount rate 17% 18%
(a)The ranges of inputs used in each period primarily reflect differences between the housing markets where each impacted community is located, rather than fluctuations in prevailing market conditions.
As of February 28,29, 2020, the aggregate carrying value of our inventory that had been impacted by inventory impairment charges was $106.5 million, representing 18 communities and various other land parcels. As of November 30, 2019, the aggregate carrying value of our inventory that had been impacted by inventory impairment charges was $159.1$115.6 million, representing 22 communities and various other land parcels. As of November 30, 2018, the aggregate carrying value of our inventory that had been impacted by inventory impairment charges was $156.1 million, representing 2219 communities and various other land parcels.
Our inventory controlled under land option contracts and other similar contracts is assessed on a quarterly basis to determine whether it continues to meet our investment return standards. When a decision is made not to exercise certain land option contracts and other similar contracts due to market conditions and/or changes in our marketing strategy, we write off the

related inventory costs, including non-refundable deposits and unrecoverable pre-acquisition costs. Based on the results of our assessments, we recognized land option contract abandonment charges of $.4 million and $.3$.6 million for the three-month periodsthree months ended February 29, 2020 and $.4 million for the three months ended February 28, 2019 and 2018, respectively.2019.
Due to the judgment and assumptions applied in our inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment assessment processes, particularly as to land held for future development, it is possible that actual results could differ substantially from those estimated.
8.Variable Interest Entities
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. We participate in joint ventures from time to time that conduct land acquisition, land development and/or other homebuilding activities in various markets where our homebuilding operations are located. Our investments in these joint ventures may create a variable interest in a variable interest entity (“VIE”), depending on the contractual terms of the arrangement. We analyze our joint ventures under the variable interest model to determine whether they are VIEs and, if so, whether we are the primary beneficiary. Based on our analyses, we determined that one1 of our joint ventures at February 28, 201929, 2020 and November 30, 20182019 was a VIE, but we were not the primary beneficiary of the VIE. AllTherefore, all of our joint ventures at February 28, 201929, 2020 and November 30, 20182019 were unconsolidated and accounted for under the equity method because we did not have a controlling financial interest.
Land Option Contracts and Other Similar Contracts. In the ordinary course of our business, we enter into land option contracts and other similar contracts with third parties and unconsolidated entities to acquire rights to land for the construction of homes. Under these contracts, we typically make a specified option payment or earnest money deposit in consideration for the right to purchase land in the future, usually at a predetermined price. We analyze each of our land option contracts and other similar contracts under the variable interest model to determine whether the land seller is a VIE and, if so, whether we are the primary beneficiary. Although we do not have legal title to the underlying land, we are required to consolidate a VIE if we are the primary beneficiary. As a result of our analyses, we determined that as of February 28, 201929, 2020 and November 30, 20182019, we were not the primary beneficiary of any VIEs from which we have acquired rights to land under land option contracts and other similar contracts. We perform ongoing reassessments of whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE.
The following table presents a summary of our interests in land option contracts and other similar contracts (in thousands):

February 28, 2019 November 30, 2018February 29, 2020 November 30, 2019
Cash
Deposits
 
Aggregate
Purchase Price
 
Cash
Deposits
 
Aggregate
Purchase Price
Cash
Deposits
 
Aggregate
Purchase Price
 
Cash
Deposits
 
Aggregate
Purchase Price
Unconsolidated VIEs$22,733
 $758,458
 $26,542
 $784,334
$34,070
 $793,439
 $34,595
 $823,427
Other land option contracts and other similar contracts27,069
 475,740
 27,288
 586,904
41,536
 599,426
 40,591
 600,092
Total$49,802
 $1,234,198
 $53,830
 $1,371,238
$75,606
 $1,392,865
 $75,186
 $1,423,519

In addition to the cash deposits presented in the table above, our exposure to loss related to our land option contracts and other similar contracts with third parties and unconsolidated entities consisted of pre-acquisition costs of $43.632.0 million at February 28, 201929, 2020 and $46.932.8 million at November 30, 20182019. These pre-acquisition costs and cash deposits were included in inventories in our consolidated balance sheets.
For land option contracts and other similar contracts where the land seller entity is not required to be consolidated under the variable interest model, we consider whether such contracts should be accounted for as financing arrangements. Land option contracts and other similar contracts that may be considered financing arrangements include those we enter into with third-party land financiers or developers in conjunction with such third parties acquiring a specific land parcel(s) on our behalf, at our direction, and those with other landowners where we or our designee make improvements to the optioned land parcel(s) during the applicable option period. For these land option contracts and other similar contracts, we record the remaining purchase price of the associated land parcel(s) in inventories in our consolidated balance sheets with a corresponding financing obligation if we determine that we are effectively compelled to exercise the option to purchase the land parcel(s). In making this determination with respect to a land option contract or other similar contract, we consider the non-refundable deposit(s) we have made and any non-reimbursable expenditures we have incurred for land improvement activities or other items up to the assessment date; additional costs associated with abandoning the contract; and our commitments, if any, to incur non-reimbursable costs associated with the contract. As a result of our evaluations of land option contracts and other similar contracts for financing arrangements, we recorded inventories in our consolidated balance sheets, with a corresponding increase to accrued expenses and other liabilities, of $5.520.9 million at February 28, 201929, 2020 and $21.8$12.2 million at November 30, 20182019.

9.Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
We have investments in unconsolidated joint ventures that conduct land acquisition, land development and/or other homebuilding activities in various markets where our homebuilding operations are located. We and our unconsolidated joint venture partners make initial and/or ongoing capital contributions to these unconsolidated joint ventures, typically on a pro rata basis, according to our respective equity interests. The obligations to make capital contributions are governed by each such unconsolidated joint venture’s respective operating agreement and related governing documents. For distributions we receive from these unconsolidated joint ventures, we have elected to use the cumulative earnings approach for our consolidated statements of cash flows. Under the cumulative earnings approach, distributions up to the amount of cumulative equity in earnings recognized are treated as returns on investment within operating cash flows and those in excess of that amount are treated as returns of investment within investing cash flows.
We typically have obtained rights to acquire portions of the land held by the unconsolidated joint ventures in which we currently participate. When an unconsolidated joint venture sells land to our homebuilding operations, we defer recognition of our share of such unconsolidated joint venture’s earnings (losses) until a home sale is closed and title passes to a homebuyer, at which time we account for those earnings (losses) as a reduction (increase) to the cost of purchasing the land from the unconsolidated joint venture. We defer recognition of our share of such unconsolidated joint venture losses only to the extent profits are to be generated from the sale of the home to a homebuyer.
We share in the earnings (losses) of these unconsolidated joint ventures generally in accordance with our respective equity interests. In some instances, we recognize earnings (losses) related to our investment in an unconsolidated joint venture that differ from our equity interest in the unconsolidated joint venture. This typically arises from our deferral of the unconsolidated joint venture’s earnings (losses) from land sales to us, or other items.
The following table presents combined condensed information from the statements of operations of our unconsolidated joint ventures (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
 February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Revenues$27,547
 $12,192
Construction and land costs(21,543) (12,220)
Other expense, net(2,107) (628)
Income (loss)$3,897
 $(656)

  Three Months Ended February 28,
  2019 2018
Revenues $12,192
 $8,797
Construction and land costs (12,220) (8,816)
Other expense, net (628) (1,372)
Loss $(656) $(1,391)
The higher combined revenues and income for the three months ended February 29, 2020, as compared to the year-earlier period, mainly reflected homes delivered from an unconsolidated joint venture in California. In the three months ended February 28, 2019, our unconsolidated joint ventures did not deliver any homes.
The following table presents combined condensed balance sheet information for our unconsolidated joint ventures (in thousands):

February 28,
2019
 November 30,
2018
February 29,
2020
 November 30,
2019
Assets      
Cash$16,598
 $18,567
$38,454
 $23,965
Inventories127,377
 131,074
126,240
 139,536
Other assets446
 530
730
 792
Total assets$144,421
 $150,171
$165,424
 $164,293
   
Liabilities and equity      
Accounts payable and other liabilities$11,254
 $11,374
$13,352
 $13,282
Notes payable (a)22,045
 17,956
39,463
 40,672
Equity111,122
 120,841
112,609
 110,339
Total liabilities and equity$144,421
 $150,171
$165,424
 $164,293

(a)As of both February 28, 201929, 2020 and November 30, 2018, one of our2019, we had investments in 5 unconsolidated joint ventures, 1 of which had a construction loan agreement with a third-party lender to finance its land development activities, with theactivities. The outstanding debt is secured by the underlying property and related project assets and is non-recourse to us. All of the outstanding secured debt at February 28,29, 2020 is scheduled to mature in February 2021. However, the loan agreement provides for a one-year extension beyond this date. None of our other unconsolidated joint ventures had outstanding debt at February 29, 2020 or November 30, 2019.

2019 is scheduled to mature in February 2020. None of our other unconsolidated joint ventures had outstanding debt at February 28, 2019 or November 30, 2018.
The following table presents additional information relating to our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures (dollars in thousands):
  February 28,
2019
 November 30,
2018
Number of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures 6
 6
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures $57,134
 $61,960
Number of unconsolidated joint venture lots controlled under land option contracts and other similar contracts 25
 36
We and our partner in the unconsolidated joint venture that has the above-noted outstanding construction loan agreement at February 28, 201929, 2020 provide certain guarantees and indemnities to the lender, including a guaranty to complete the construction of improvements for the project; a guaranty against losses the lender suffers due to certain bad acts or failures to act by the unconsolidated joint venture or its partners; and an indemnity of the lender from environmental issues. Our actual responsibility under the foregoing guaranty and indemnity obligations is limited to our pro rata interest in the unconsolidated joint venture. We do not have a guaranty or any other obligation to repay or to support the value of the collateral underlying the outstanding secured debt. However, various financial and non-financial covenants apply with respect to the outstanding secured debt and the related guaranty and indemnity obligations, and a failure to comply with such covenants could result in a default and cause the lender to seek to enforce such guaranty and indemnity obligations, if and as may be applicable. As of February 28, 2019, we were in compliance with the applicable terms of our relevant covenants with respect to the construction loan agreement. We do not believe that our existing exposure under our guaranty and indemnity obligations related to the outstanding secured debt is material to our consolidated financial statements.
We are committed to purchase all 25 unconsolidated joint venture lots controlled under land option and other similar contracts at February 28, 2019 from one of our unconsolidated joint ventures. The purchase will be made in quarterly takedowns over the next year for an aggregate purchase price of $11.8 million under agreements that we entered into with the unconsolidated joint venture in 2016.
10.Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):
  February 29,
2020
 November 30,
2019
Computer software and equipment $28,114
 $27,091
Model furnishings and sales office improvements 84,624
 82,117
Leasehold improvements, office furniture and equipment 16,686
 16,173
Subtotal 129,424
 125,381
Less accumulated depreciation (64,971) (60,338)
Total $64,453
 $65,043

  February 28,
2019
 November 30,
2018
Computer software and equipment $22,953
 $20,940
Model furnishings and sales office improvements (a) 61,747
 
Leasehold improvements, office furniture and equipment (b) 15,385
 23,491
Subtotal 100,085
 44,431
Less accumulated depreciation (a) (44,755) (20,148)
Total $55,330
 $24,283


(a)The balance at February 28, 2019 reflects a change in the classification of certain community sales office and marketing- and model home-related costs and related accumulated amortization from inventories to property and equipment, net due to our adoption of ASC 606 effective December 1, 2018, as described in Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies.

(b)In January 2019, we completed the sale and leaseback of our office building in San Antonio, Texas. The sale generated net cash proceeds of $5.8 million and a gain of $2.2 million, which will be recognized on a straight-line basis over a 10-year lease term until our adoption of ASU 2016-02, when the remaining gain will be recognized as a transition adjustment to retained earnings.

11.Other Assets
Other assets consisted of the following (in thousands):
 February 29,
2020
 November 30,
2019
Cash surrender value and benefit receivable from corporate-owned life insurance contracts$74,010
 $73,849
Lease right-of-use assets32,036
 
Prepaid expenses20,637
 5,944
Debt issuance costs associated with unsecured revolving credit facility, net3,036
 3,248
Total$129,719
 $83,041
 February 28,
2019
 November 30,
2018
Cash surrender value of corporate-owned life insurance contracts$74,649
 $73,721
Prepaid expenses and other14,911
 9,379
Total$89,560
 $83,100

12.Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
 February 29,
2020
 November 30,
2019
Self-insurance and other legal liabilities$231,299
 $229,483
Employee compensation and related benefits114,379
 163,646
Warranty liability90,213
 88,839
Accrued interest payable36,435
 32,507
Inventory-related obligations (a)34,130
 26,264
Lease liabilities33,538
 
Customer deposits32,888
 22,382
Real estate and business taxes11,870
 14,872
Other36,806
 40,790
Total$621,558
 $618,783
 February 28,
2019
 November 30,
2018
Self-insurance and other litigation liabilities$297,361
 $283,651
Employee compensation and related benefits101,444
 148,549
Warranty liability84,191
 82,490
Accrued interest payable46,498
 31,180
Inventory-related obligations (a)23,319
 40,892
Customer deposits20,122
 19,491
Real estate and business taxes9,529
 16,639
Other48,917
 43,376
Total$631,381
 $666,268

(a)Represents liabilities for financing arrangements discussed in Note 8 – Variable Interest Entities, as well as liabilities for fixed or determinable amounts associated with tax increment financing entity (“TIFE”) assessments. As homes are delivered, our obligation to pay the remaining TIFE assessments associated with each underlying lot is transferred to the homebuyer. As such, these assessment obligations will be paid by us only to the extent we do not deliver homes on applicable lots before the related TIFE obligations mature.
13.Leases
We lease certain property and equipment for use in our operations. We recognize lease expense for these leases generally on a straight-line basis over the lease term and combine lease and non-lease components for all leases. Lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets for leases with an expected term at the commencement date of more than 12 months. Some of our leases include one or more renewal options, the exercise of which is generally at our discretion. Such options are excluded from our calculations of lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities until we determine it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised. Lease liabilities are equal to the present value of the remaining lease payments while the amount of lease right-of-use assets is based on the lease liabilities, subject to adjustment, such as for lease incentives. Our leases do not provide a readily determinable implicit interest rate; therefore, we estimate our incremental borrowing rate to calculate the present value of remaining lease payments. In determining our incremental borrowing rate, we considered the lease term, market interest rates, current interest rates on our senior notes and the effects of collateralization. Our lease population at February 29, 2020 was comprised of operating leases where we are the lessee, primarily real estate leases for our corporate office, division offices and design studios, as well as certain equipment leases. Our lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
Lease expense is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations and includes costs for leases with terms of more than 12 months as well as short-term leases with terms of 12 months or less. For

the three months ended February 29, 2020, our total lease expense was $5.0 million, which included short-term lease costs of $2.1 million. Variable lease costs and external sublease income for the three months ended February 29, 2020 were immaterial.
The following table presents our lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities as of February 29, 2020 and other information about our leases for the three months ended February 29, 2020 (dollars in thousands):
Lease right-of-use assets (a)  $32,388
Lease liabilities (b)  33,918
Lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities

  3,640
Non-cash operating lease expense  
Cash payments on lease liabilities  2,743
Weighted-average remaining lease term  5.0 years
Weighted-average discount rate (incremental borrowing rate)  5.1%

(a)Represents lease right-of-use assets of $32.0 million within our homebuilding operations and $.4 million within our financial services operations.
(b)Represents lease liabilities of $33.5 million within our homebuilding operations and $.4 million within our financial services operations.
As of February 29, 2020, the future minimum lease payments required under our leases are as follows (in thousands):
Years Ending November 30,   
2020  $7,826
2021  8,342
2022  7,058
2023  5,234
2024  4,289
Thereafter  5,875
Total lease payments  38,624
Less: Interest  (4,706)
Present value of lease liabilities  $33,918

14.Income Taxes
Income Tax Expense. Our income tax expense and effective tax rates were as follows (dollars in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
 February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Income tax expense$9,100
 $4,500
Effective tax rate13.2% 13.0%

 Three Months Ended February 28,
 2019 2018
Income tax expense$4,500
 $117,300
Effective tax rate13.0% 254.8%
Our income tax expense and effective tax rate for the three months ended February 29, 2020 included the favorable effects of $5.6 million of excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation and $4.0 million of federal energy tax credits that we earned from building energy-efficient homes. Our income tax expense and effective tax rate for the three months ended February 28, 2019 included the favorable effectsimpacts of a $3.3 million reversal of a deferred tax asset valuation allowance related to refundable alternative minimum tax credits and $2.0 million of excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation, which were partly offset by $.8 million of other items.
Our income tax expense and effective tax rate for the three months ended February 28, 2018 included a non-cash charge of $111.2 million for the estimated impacts of the TCJA, which was enacted into law on December 22, 2017. Of the total charge, $107.9 million related to the accounting re-measurement of our deferred tax assets based on the reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018, under the TCJA. The remaining $3.3 million was due to our establishing a federal deferred tax asset valuation allowance for the sequestration of refundable alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) credits. Our income tax expense and effective tax rate for the three months ended February 28, 2018 also reflected the favorable net impacts of federal energy tax credits of $4.0 million and excess tax benefits of $2.2 million related to stock-based compensation.
The federal energy tax credits for the three-month periodthree months ended February 28, 201829, 2020 resulted from legislation enacted on February 9, 2018,in December 2019, which among other things, extended the availability of a business tax credit for

building new energy efficientenergy-efficient homes through December 31, 2017.2020. Prior to this legislation, the tax credit expired on December 31, 2016.2017. This extension is expected to benefit our income tax provision in future periods.
Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowance. We evaluate our deferred tax assets quarterly to determine if adjustments to our valuation allowance are required based on the consideration of all available positive and negative evidence using a “more likely than not” standard with respect to whether deferred tax assets will be realized. Our evaluation considers, among other factors, our historical operating results, our expectation of future profitability, the duration of the applicable statutory carryforward periods, and conditions in the housing market and the broader economy. The ultimate realization of our deferred tax assets depends primarily on our ability to generate future taxable income during the periods in which the related deferred tax assets become deductible. The value of our deferred tax assets depends on applicable income tax rates.
Our deferred tax assets of $453.6$331.4 million as of February 28, 201929, 2020 and $465.4$383.7 million as of November 30, 20182019 were both partly offset by valuation allowances of $20.3 million and $23.6 million, respectively. During the three-month period ended February 28, 2019, we reversed the above-mentioned $3.3 million federal$19.2 million. Our deferred tax asset valuation allowanceassets as of February 29, 2020 reflected the reclassification of $43.3 million of alternative minimum tax credits from deferred tax assets to receivables due to the Internal Revenue Service’s announcement in Januaryfiling of our 2019 that refundable AMT credits will not be subject to sequestration for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017.federal income tax return claiming a refund of these credits. The deferred tax asset valuation allowances as of February 28, 201929, 2020 and November 30, 20182019 were primarily related to certain state net operating losses (“NOLs”) that had not met the “more likely than not” realization standard at those dates. Based on ourthe evaluation of our deferred tax assets as of February 28, 2019,29, 2020, we determined that most of our deferred tax assets would be realized. Therefore, other than the $3.3 million reversal discussed above, no0 adjustments to our deferred tax valuation allowance were needed for the three months ended February 28, 2019.29, 2020.
We will continue to evaluate both the positive and negative evidence on a quarterly basis in determining the need for a valuation allowance with respect to our deferred tax assets. The accounting for deferred tax assets is based upon estimates of future results. Changes in positive and negative evidence, including differences between estimated and actual results, could result in changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets that could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Changes in existing federal and state tax laws and corporate income tax rates could also affect actual tax results and the realization of deferred tax assets over time.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits. As of February 28, 201929, 2020 and November 30, 2018,2019, we had no0 gross unrecognized tax benefits (including interest and penalties).benefits. The fiscal years ending 20152016 and later remain open to federal examinations, while 20142015 and later remain open to state examinations.
14.15.Notes Payable
Notes payable consisted of the following (in thousands):
 February 29,
2020
 November 30,
2019
Mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans$7,889
 $7,889
7.00% Senior notes due December 15, 2021448,375
 448,164
7.50% Senior notes due September 15, 2022348,408
 348,267
7.625% Senior notes due May 15, 2023351,633
 351,748
6.875% Senior notes due June 15, 2027296,471
 296,379
4.80% Senior notes due November 15, 2029296,372
 296,300
Total$1,749,148
 $1,748,747
 February 28,
2019
 November 30,
2018
Mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans$12,018
 $40,038
4.75% Senior notes due May 15, 2019399,764
 399,483
8.00% Senior notes due March 15, 2020348,199
 347,790
7.00% Senior notes due December 15, 2021447,554
 447,359
7.50% Senior notes due September 15, 2022347,861
 347,731
7.625% Senior notes due May 15, 2023352,081
 248,074
6.875% Senior notes due June 15, 2027296,112
 
1.375% Convertible senior notes due February 1, 2019
 229,788
Total$2,203,589
 $2,060,263

The carrying amounts of our senior notes listed above are net of unamortized debt issuance costs, premiums and discounts, which totaled $8.4$8.7 million at February 28, 201929, 2020 and $9.8$9.1 million at November 30, 2018.2019.
Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility. We have a $500.0an $800.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility with various banks (“Credit Facility”) that will mature on July 27, 2021.October 7, 2023. The Credit Facility contains an uncommitted accordion feature under which theits aggregate principal amount of available loans can be increased to a maximum of $600.0 million$1.00 billion under certain conditions, including obtaining additional bank commitments. The Credit Facility also contains a sublimit of $250.0 million for the issuance of letters of credit. Interest on amounts borrowed under the Credit Facility is payable at least quarterly in arrears at

a rate based on either a Eurodollar or a base rate, plus a spread that depends on our consolidated leverage ratio (“Leverage Ratio”), as defined under the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility also requires the payment of a commitment fee at a per

annum rate ranging from .30%.20% to .45%.35% of the unused commitment, based on our Leverage Ratio. Under the terms of the Credit Facility, we are required, among other things, to maintain compliance with various covenants, including financial covenants relating to our consolidated tangible net worth, Leverage Ratio, and either a consolidated interest coverage ratio (“Interest Coverage Ratio”) or minimum level of liquidity, each as defined therein. The amount of the Credit Facility available for cash borrowings or the issuance of letters of credit depends on the total cash borrowings and letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility and the maximum available amount under the terms of the Credit Facility. As of February 28, 2019,29, 2020, we had no0 cash borrowings and $33.1$12.4 million of letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility. Therefore, as of February 28, 2019,29, 2020, we had $466.9$787.6 million available for cash borrowings under the Credit Facility, with up to $216.9$237.6 million of that amount available for the issuance of letters of credit.
Letter of Credit Facilities. On February 13, 2019,we entered into a newFacility. We have an unsecured letter of credit agreement with a financial institution (“New LOC Facility”). Under the New LOC Facility, which expires on February 13, 2022, we may issue up to $50.0 million of letters of credit. We maintain the New LOC Facility and a cash-collateralized letter of credit facility (together, the “LOC Facilities”) to obtain letters of credit from time to time in the ordinary course of operating our business. As of February 28, 201929, 2020, we had $.3$33.4 million of letters of credit outstanding under the LOC Facility. We had $15.8 million letters of credit outstanding under the LOC Facilities. We had no lettersFacility as of credit outstanding under the LOC Facilities at November 30, 2018.2019.
Mortgages and Land Contracts Due to Land Sellers and Other Loans. As of February 28, 201929, 2020, inventories having a carrying value of $138.2$30.8 million were pledged to collateralize mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans.
Shelf Registration. We have an automatically effective universal shelf registration statement that was filed with the SEC on July 14, 2017 (“2017 Shelf Registration”). Issuances of securities under our 2017 Shelf Registration require the filing of a prospectus supplement identifying the amount and termsSenior Notes. All of the securities to be issued. Our ability to issue securities is subject to market conditions and other factors impacting our borrowing capacity.
Senior Notes. On February 1, 2019, we repaid the entire $230.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 1.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2019 at their maturity.
On February 20, 2019, pursuant to the 2017 Shelf Registration, we completed concurrent public offerings of $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.875% senior notes due 2027 (“6.875% Senior Notes due 2027”) at 100.000% of their aggregate principal amount, and an additional $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our existing series of 7.625% senior notes due 2023 (“7.625% Senior Notes due 2023”) at 105.250% of their aggregate principal amount plus accrued interest from November 15, 2018 (the last date on which interest was paid on the existing 2023 senior notes) to the date of delivery. Net proceeds from these offerings totaled $400.0 million, after deducting the underwriting discount and our expenses relating to the offerings, and were applied towards the optional redemption of the entire $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 4.75% senior notes due 2019 (“4.75% Senior Notes due 2019”) before their May 15, 2019 maturity date, which redemption we announced on February 5, 2019 and completed on March 8, 2019.
All of our senior notes outstanding at February 28, 201929, 2020 and November 30, 20182019 represent senior unsecured obligations that are guaranteed on an unsecured basis by certain of our subsidiaries that guarantee our obligations under the Credit Facility and rank equally in right of payment with all of our otherand our guarantor subsidiaries’ existing unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. Interest on each of these senior notes is payable semi-annually.
The indenture governing our senior notes does not contain any financial covenants. Subject to specified exceptions, the indenture contains certain restrictive covenants that, among other things, limit our ability to incur secured indebtedness, or engage in sale and leaseback transactions involving property above a certain specified value. In addition, the indenture contains certain limitations related to mergers, consolidations, and sales of assets.
As of February 28, 201929, 2020, we were in compliance with the applicable terms of all our covenants and other requirements under the Credit Facility, the senior notes, the indenture, and the mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans. Our ability to access the Credit Facility for cash borrowings and letters of credit and our ability to secure future debt financing depend, in part, on our ability to remain in such compliance.
As of February 28, 2019,29, 2020, principal payments on senior notes, mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans are due during each year ending November 30 as follows: 2019 – $412.0 million; 2020 – $350.0$7.9 million; 2021 – $0; 2022 – $800.0 million; 2023 – $350.0 million; 2024 – $0; and thereafter – $300.0$600.0 million.

15.16.Fair Value Disclosures
Fair value measurements of assets and liabilities are categorized based on the following hierarchy:
Level 1 Fair value determined based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 Fair value determined using significant observable inputs, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities or quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data, by correlation or other means.
Level 3 Fair value determined using significant unobservable inputs, such as pricing models, discounted cash flows, or similar techniques.

Fair value measurements are used for inventories on a nonrecurring basis when events and circumstances indicate that their carrying value is not recoverable. The following table presents the fair value hierarchy pre-impairment value, inventory impairment charges and fair value for our assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis for the three months ended February 28, 201929, 2020 and the year ended November 30, 20182019 (in thousands):

 February 28, 2019 November 30, 2018 February 29, 2020 November 30, 2019
Description Fair Value Hierarchy Pre-Impairment Value Inventory Impairment Charges Fair Value (a) Pre-Impairment Value Inventory Impairment Charges Fair Value (a) Fair Value Hierarchy Pre-Impairment Value Inventory Impairment Charges Fair Value (a) Pre-Impairment Value Inventory Impairment Charges Fair Value (a)
Inventories Level 3 $9,917
 $(3,196) $6,721
 $70,156
 $(26,104) $44,052
 Level 3 $14,394
 $(5,105) $9,289
 $41,160
 $(14,031) $27,129
(a)Amounts represent the aggregate fair value for real estate assets impacted by inventory impairment charges during the applicable period as of the date that the fair value measurements were made. The carrying value for these real estate assets may have subsequently increased or decreased from the fair value reflected due to activity that has occurred since the measurement date.
The fair values for inventories that were determined using Level 3 inputs were based on the estimated future net cash flows discounted for inherent risk associated with each underlying asset.
The following table presents the fair value hierarchy, carrying values and estimated fair values of our financial instruments, except those for which the carrying values approximate fair values (in thousands):
   February 29, 2020 November 30, 2019
 
Fair Value
Hierarchy
 
Carrying
Value (a)
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Carrying
Value (a)
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial Liabilities:         
Senior notesLevel 2 $1,741,259
 $1,936,250
 $1,740,858
 $1,921,563
   February 28, 2019 November 30, 2018
 
Fair Value
Hierarchy
 
Carrying
Value (a)
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Carrying
Value (a)
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial Liabilities:         
Senior notesLevel 2 $2,191,571
 $2,298,750
 $1,790,437
 $1,853,438
Convertible senior notesLevel 2 
 
 229,788
 229,425

(a)The carrying values for the senior notes and convertible senior notes, as presented, include unamortized debt issuance costs. Debt issuance costs are not factored into the estimated fair values of these notes.
The fair values of our senior notes and convertible senior notes are generally estimated based on quoted market prices for these instruments. The carrying values reported for cash and cash equivalents, and mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans approximate fair values. The carrying value of corporate-owned life insurance is based on the cash surrender value of the policies and, accordingly, approximates fair value.
16.17.Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments and contingencies include typical obligations of homebuilders for the completion of contracts and those incurred in the ordinary course of business.
Warranty. We provide a limited warranty on all of our homes. The specific terms and conditions of our limited warranty program vary depending upon the markets in which we do business. We generally provide a structural warranty of 10 years,

a warranty on electrical, heating, cooling, plumbing and certain other building systems each varying from two years to five years based on geographic market and state law, and a warranty of one year for other components of the home. Our limited warranty program is ordinarily how we respond to and account for homeowners’ requests to local division offices seeking repairs of certain conditions or defects, including claims where we could have liability under applicable state statutes or tort law for a defective condition in or damages to a home. Our warranty liability covers our costs of repairs associated with homeowner claims made under our limited warranty program. These claims are generally made directly by a homeowner and involve their individual home.
We estimate the costs that may be incurred under each limited warranty and record a liability in the amount of such costs at the time the revenue associated with the sale of each home is recognized. Our primary assumption in estimating the amounts we accrue for warranty costs is that historical claims experience is a strong indicator of future claims experience. Factors that affect our warranty liability include the number of homes delivered, historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims, and cost per claim. We periodically assess the adequacy of our accrued warranty liability, which is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets, and adjust the amount as necessary based on our assessment. Our assessment includes the review of our actual warranty costs incurred to identify trends and changes in our warranty claims experience, and considers our home construction quality and customer service initiatives and outside events. While we believe the warranty liability currently reflected in our consolidated balance sheets to be adequate, unanticipated changes or developments in the legal environment, local weather, land or environmental conditions, quality of materials or methods used in the construction of homes or customer service practices and/or our warranty claims experience could have a significant impact on our actual warranty costs in future periods and such amounts could differ significantly from our current estimates.

The changes in our warranty liability were as follows (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
 February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Balance at beginning of period$88,839
 $82,490
Warranties issued8,363
 6,294
Payments(6,989) (4,593)
Balance at end of period$90,213
 $84,191

  Three Months Ended February 28,
  2019 2018
Balance at beginning of period $82,490
 $69,798
Warranties issued 6,294
 7,764
Payments (4,593) (5,717)
Balance at end of period $84,191
 $71,845
Guarantees. In the normal course of our business, we issue certain representations, warranties and guarantees related to our home sales and land sales. Based on historical experience, we do not believe any potential liability with respect to these representations, warranties or guarantees would be material to our consolidated financial statements.
Self-Insurance. We maintain, and require the majority of our independent subcontractors to maintain, general liability insurance (including construction defect and bodily injury coverage) and workers’ compensation insurance. These insurance policies protect us against a portion of our risk of loss from claims related to our homebuilding activities, subject to certain self-insured retentions, deductibles and other coverage limits. We also maintain certain other insurance policies. In Arizona, California, Colorado and Nevada, our subcontractors’ general liability insurance primarily takes the form of a wrap-up policy under a program where eligible independent subcontractors are enrolled as insureds on each community. Enrolled subcontractors contribute toward the cost of the insurance and agree to pay a contractual amount in the future if there is a claim related to their work. To the extent provided under the wrap-up program, we absorb the enrolled subcontractors’ general liability associated with the work performed on our homes within the applicable community as part of our overall general liability insurance and our self-insurance.
We self-insure a portion of our overall risk through the use of a captive insurance subsidiary, which provides coverage for our exposure to construction defect, bodily injury and property damage claims and related litigation or regulatory actions, up to certain limits. Our self-insurance liability generally covers the costs of settlements and/or repairs, if any, as well as our costs to defend and resolve the following types of claims:
Construction defect: Construction defect claims, which represent the largest component of our self-insurance liability, typically originate through a legal or regulatory process rather than directly by a homeowner and involve the alleged occurrence of a condition affecting two or more homes within the same community, or they involve a common area or homeowners association property within a community. These claims typically involve higher costs to resolve than individual homeowner warranty claims, and the rate of claims is highly variable.
Bodily injury: Bodily injury claims typically involve individuals (other than our employees) who claim they were injured while on our property or as a result of our operations.

Property damage: Property damage claims generally involve claims by third parties for alleged damage to real or personal property as a result of our operations. Such claims may occasionally include those made against us by owners of property located near our communities.
Construction defect: Construction defect claims, which represent the largest component of our self-insurance liability, typically originate through a legal or regulatory process rather than directly by a homeowner and involve the alleged occurrence of a condition affecting 2 or more homes within the same community, or they involve a common area or homeowners association property within a community. These claims typically involve higher costs to resolve than individual homeowner warranty claims, and the rate of claims is highly variable.
Bodily injury: Bodily injury claims typically involve individuals (other than our employees) who claim they were injured while on our property or as a result of our operations.
Property damage: Property damage claims generally involve claims by third parties for alleged damage to real or personal property as a result of our operations. Such claims may occasionally include those made against us by owners of property located near our communities.
Our self-insurance liability at each reporting date represents the estimated costs of reported claims, claims incurred but not yet reported, and claim adjustment expenses. The amount of our self-insurance liability is based on an analysis performed by a third-party actuary that uses our historical claim and expense data, as well as industry data to estimate these overall costs. Key assumptions used in developing these estimates include claim frequencies, severities and resolution patterns, which can occur over an extended period of time. These estimates are subject to variability due to the length of time between the delivery of a home to a homebuyer and when a construction defect claim is made, and the ultimate resolution of such claim; uncertainties regarding such claims relative to our markets and the types of product we build; and legal or regulatory actions and/or interpretations, among other factors. Due to the degree of judgment involved and the potential for variability in these underlying assumptions, our actual future costs could differ from those estimated. In addition, changes in the frequency and severity of reported claims and the estimates to resolve claims can impact the trends and assumptions used in the actuarial analysis, which could be material to our consolidated financial statements. Though state regulations vary, construction defect claims are reported and resolved over a long period of time, which can extend for 10 years or more. As a result, the majority of the estimated self-insurance liability based on the actuarial analysis relates to claims incurred but not yet reported. Therefore, adjustments related to individual existing claims generally do not significantly impact the overall estimated liability.

Adjustments to our liabilities related to homes delivered in prior years are recorded in the period in which a change in our estimate occurs.
Our self-insurance liability is presented on a gross basis for all periods without consideration of insurance recoveries and amounts we have paid on behalf of and expect to recover from other parties, if any. Estimated probable insurance and other recoveries of $57.2$50.8 million and $56.9$50.6 million are included in receivables in our consolidated balance sheets at February 28, 201929, 2020 and November 30, 2018,2019, respectively. These self-insurance recoveries are principally based on actuarially determined amounts and depend on various factors, including, among other things, the above-described claim cost estimates, our insurance policy coverage limits for the applicable policy year(s), historical third-party recovery rates, insurance industry practices, the regulatory environment and legal precedent, and are subject to a high degree of variability from period to period. Because of the inherent uncertainty and variability in these assumptions, our actual insurance recoveries could differ significantly from amounts currently estimated.
The changes in our self-insurance liability were as follows (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended February 28,Three Months Ended
 2019 2018February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Balance at beginning of period $176,841
 $177,695
$177,765
 $176,841
Self-insurance expense (a) 3,747
 4,401
4,634
 3,747
Payments (b) (2,726) (1,401)(918) (2,726)
Balance at end of period $177,862
 $180,695
$181,481
 $177,862
(a)These expenses are included in selling, general and administrative expenses and are largely offset by contributions from subcontractors participating in the wrap-up policy.
(b)Includes net changes in estimated probable insurance and other recoveries, which are recorded in receivables, to present our self-insurance liability on a gross basis.
For most of our claims, there is no interaction between our warranty liability and self-insurance liability. Typically, if a matter is identified at its outset as either a warranty or self-insurance claim, it remains as such through its resolution. However, there can be instances of interaction between the liabilities, such as where individual homeowners in a community separately request warranty repairs to their homes to address a similar condition or issue and subsequently join together to initiate, or potentially initiate, a legal process with respect to that condition or issue and/or the repair work we have undertaken. In these instances, the claims and related repair work generally are initially covered by our warranty liability, and the costs associated with resolving the legal matter (including any additional repair work) are covered by our self-insurance liability.
The payments we make in connection with claims and related repair work, whether covered within our warranty liability and/or our self-insurance liability, may be recovered from our insurers to the extent such payments exceed the self-insured retentions or deductibles under our general liability insurance policies. Also, in certain instances, in the course of resolving a claim, we pay amounts in advance of and/or on behalf of a subcontractor(s) or their insurer(s) and believe we will be reimbursed for

such payments. Estimates of all such amounts, if any, are recorded as receivables in our consolidated balance sheets when any such recovery is considered probable. Such receivables associated with our warranty and other claims totaled $4.1 million at February 28, 2019 and $4.8 million at November 30, 2018. We believe the collection of these receivables is probable based on our history of collections for similar claims.
Northern California Claims. In the 2017 third quarter, we received claims from a homeowners association alleging approximately $100.0 million of damages from purported construction defects at a completed townhome community in Northern California. We continue to investigate these allegations, and to exchange information with the association, whose claims for damages have increased to $142.0 million in December 2018. Arbitral discovery begins in the second quarter of 2019 and we will be evaluating information revealed in discovery in the second and third quarters of 2019. At February 28, 2019, we had an accrual for our estimated probable loss in this matter and a receivable for estimated probable insurance recoveries. While it is reasonably possible that our loss could exceed the amount accrued and our recoveries could be less than the amount recorded, at this stage of our investigation into these allegations, we are unable to estimate the total amount of the loss in excess of the accrued amount and/or associated with a shortfall in the recoveries that is reasonably possible. Our investigation has involved identifying potentially responsible parties, including insurers, to pay for or perform any necessary repairs. In September 2018, a binding arbitration proceeding on this matter was scheduled to begin on July 1, 2019.
Florida Chapter 558 Actions (Individual and Homeowner Association Claims). We and certain of our subcontractors have received a growing number of claims from attorneys on behalf of individual owners of our homes and/or homeowners’ associations that allege, pursuant to Chapter 558 of the Florida Statutes, various construction defects, with most relating to stucco and water-intrusion issues. The claims primarily involve homes in our Jacksonville, Orlando, and Tampa operations. Under Chapter 558, homeowners must serve written notice of a construction defect(s) and provide the served construction and/or design contractor(s) with an opportunity to respond to the noticed issue(s) before they can file a lawsuit. Although we have resolved many of these claims without litigation, and a number of others have been resolved with applicable subcontractors or their insurers covering the related costs, as of February 28, 2019,29, 2020, we had approximately 560480 outstanding noticed claims, and some are scheduled for trial over the next few quarters and beyond. In addition, some of our subcontractors’ insurers in some of these cases have informed us of their inability to continue to pay claims-related costs. At February 28, 2019,29, 2020, we had an accrual for our estimated probable loss for these matters and a receivable for estimated probable insurance recoveries. While it is reasonably possible that our loss could exceed the amount accrued and our recoveries could be less than the amount recorded, at this time, we are unable to estimate the total amount of the loss in excess of the accrued amount and/or associated with a shortfall in the recoveries that is reasonably possible.

Townhome Community Construction Defect Claims. In the 2016 fourth quarter, we received claims from a homeowners association alleging there were construction defects, primarily involving roofing and stucco issues, at a completed townhome community in Northern California totaling approximately $25.0 million. We, along with our outside consultants, have continued to investigate these allegations and we currently expect it may take additional quarters to fully evaluate them. At February 29, 2020, we had an accrual for our estimated probable loss in this matter and a receivable for estimated probable insurance recoveries that reflected the status of our investigation to such date. At this stage of our investigation into these allegations, it is reasonably possible that our loss could exceed the amount accrued by an estimated range of $0 to $8.0 million. Our investigation will also involve identifying potentially responsible parties, including insurers, to pay for or perform any necessary repairs. We are in discussions with the homeowners association regarding the claims and their resolution.
Performance Bonds and Letters of Credit. We are often required to provide to various municipalities and other government agencies performance bonds and/or letters of credit to secure the completion of our projects and/or in support of obligations to build community improvements such as roads, sewers, water systems and other utilities, and to support similar development activities by certain of our unconsolidated joint ventures. At February 28, 201929, 2020, we had $707.6$817.5 million of performance bonds and $33.4$45.8 million of letters of credit outstanding. At November 30, 2018,2019, we had $689.3793.9 million of performance bonds and $28.0$34.7 million of letters of credit outstanding. If any such performance bonds or letters of credit are called, we would be obligated to reimburse the issuer of the performance bond or letter of credit. We do not believe that a material amount of any currently outstanding performance bonds or letters of credit will be called. Performance bonds do not have stated expiration dates. Rather, we are released from the performance bonds as the underlying performance is completed. The expiration dates of some letters of credit issued in connection with community improvements coincide with the expected completion dates of the related projects or obligations. Most letters of credit, however, are issued with an initial term of one year and are typically extended on a year-to-year basis until the related performance obligations are completed.
Land Option Contracts and Other Similar Contracts. In the ordinary course of our business, we enter into land option contracts and other similar contracts to acquire rights to land for the construction of homes. At February 28, 201929, 2020, we had total cash deposits of $49.8$75.6 million to purchase land having an aggregate purchase price of $1.23$1.39 billion. Our land option contracts and other similar contracts generally do not contain provisions requiring our specific performance.
17.18.Legal Matters
We are involved in litigation and regulatory proceedings incidental to our business that are in various procedural stages. We believe that the accruals we have recorded for probable and reasonably estimable losses with respect to these proceedings are adequate and that, as of February 28, 2019,29, 2020, it was not reasonably possible that an additional material loss had been incurred in an amount in excess of the estimated amounts already recognized or disclosed in our consolidated financial statements. We evaluate our accruals for litigation and regulatory proceedings at least quarterly and, as appropriate, adjust them to reflect (a) the facts and circumstances known to us at the time, including information regarding negotiations, settlements, rulings and other relevant events and developments; (b) the advice and analyses of counsel; and (c) the assumptions and judgment of management. Similar factors and considerations are used in establishing new accruals for proceedings as to which losses

have become probable and reasonably estimable at the time an evaluation is made. Our accruals for litigation and regulatory proceedings are presented on a gross basis without consideration of recoveries and amounts we have paid on behalf of and expect to recover from other parties, if any. Estimates of recoveries and amounts we have paid on behalf of and expect to recover from other parties, if any, are recorded as receivables when such recoveries are considered probable. Based on our experience, we believe that the amounts that may be claimed or alleged against us in these proceedings are not a meaningful indicator of our potential liability. The outcome of any of these proceedings, including the defense and other litigation-related costs and expenses we may incur, however, is inherently uncertain and could differ significantly from the estimate reflected in a related accrual, if made. Therefore, it is possible that the ultimate outcome of any proceeding, if in excess of a related accrual or if an accrual had not been made, could be material to our consolidated financial statements.

18.19.Stockholders’ Equity
A summary of changes in stockholders’ equity is presented below (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019
 Number of Shares              
 
Common
Stock
 
Grantor
Stock
Ownership
Trust
 
Treasury
Stock
 Common Stock Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss 
Grantor Stock
Ownership Trust
 Treasury Stock Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at November 30, 2019121,593
 (7,631) (24,356) $121,593
 $793,954
 $2,157,183
 $(15,506) $(82,758) $(591,344) $2,383,122
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASC 842
 
 
 
 
 1,510
 
 
 
 1,510
Reclassification of stranded tax effects (ASU 2018-02)
 
 
 
 
 1,643
 (1,643) 
 
 
Net income
 
 
 
 
 59,748
 
 
 
 59,748
Dividends on common stock
 
 
 
 
 (8,233) 
 
 
 (8,233)
Employee stock options/other698
 
 
 698
 7,528
 
 
 
 
 8,226
Stock awards
 314
 (15) 
 (3,012) 
 
 3,399
 (387) 
Stock-based compensation
 
 
 
 4,950
 
 
 
 
 4,950
Tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards
 
 (155) 
 
 
 
 
 (6,219) (6,219)
Balance at February 29, 2020122,291
 (7,317) (24,526) $122,291
 $803,420
 $2,211,851
 $(17,149) $(79,359) $(597,950) $2,443,104
                    
Balance at November 30, 2018119,196
 (8,157) (24,113) $119,196
 $753,570
 $1,897,168
 $(9,565) $(88,472) $(584,397) $2,087,500
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASC 606
 
 
 
 
 11,610
 
 
 
 11,610
Net income
 
 
 
 
 30,011
 
 
 
 30,011
Dividends on common stock
 
 
 
 
 (2,266) 
 
 
 (2,266)
Employee stock options/other62
 
 
 62
 770
 
 
 
 
 832
Stock awards
 297
 (4) 
 (3,151) 
 
 3,226
 (75) 
Stock-based compensation
 
 
 
 4,152
 
 
 
 
 4,152
Tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards
 
 (147) 
 
 
 
 
 (3,342) (3,342)
Balance at February 28, 2019119,258
 (7,860) (24,264) $119,258
 $755,341
 $1,936,523
 $(9,565) $(85,246) $(587,814) $2,128,497
 Three Months Ended February 28, 2019
 Number of Shares              
 
Common
Stock
 
Grantor
Stock
Ownership
Trust
 
Treasury
Stock
 Common Stock Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss 
Grantor Stock
Ownership Trust
 Treasury Stock Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at November 30, 2018119,196
 (8,157) (24,113) $119,196
 $753,570
 $1,897,168
 $(9,565) $(88,472) $(584,397) $2,087,500
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASC 606
 
 
 
 
 11,610
 
 
 
 11,610
Net income
 
 
 
 
 30,011
 
 
 
 30,011
Dividends on common stock
 
 
 
 
 (2,266) 
 
 
 (2,266)
Employee stock options/other62
 
 
 62
 770
 
 
 
 
 832
Stock awards
 297
 (151) 
 (3,151) 
 
 3,226
 (75) 
Stock-based compensation
 
 
 
 4,152
 
 
 
 
 4,152
Tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (3,342) (3,342)
Balance at February 28, 2019119,258
 (7,860) (24,264) $119,258
 $755,341
 $1,936,523
 $(9,565) $(85,246) $(587,814) $2,128,497
                    
 Three Months Ended February 28, 2018
 Number of Shares              
 
Common
Stock
 
Grantor
Stock
Ownership
Trust
 
Treasury
Stock
 Common Stock Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss 
Grantor Stock
Ownership Trust
 Treasury Stock Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at November 30, 2017117,946
 (8,898) (22,021) $117,946
 $727,483
 $1,735,695
 $(16,924) $(96,509) $(541,380) $1,926,311
Net loss
 
 
 
 
 (71,255) 
 
 
 (71,255)
Dividends on common stock
 
 
 
 
 (2,322) 
 
 
 (2,322)
Employee stock options/other268
 
 
 268
 2,678
 
 
 
 
 2,946
Stock awards
 438
 (10) 
 (4,551) 
 
 4,749
 (198) 
Stock-based compensation
 
 
 
 3,829
 
 
 
 
 3,829
Tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards
 
 (217) 
 
 
 
 
 (6,787) (6,787)
Balance at February 28, 2018118,214
 (8,460) (22,248) $118,214
 $729,439
 $1,662,118
 $(16,924) $(91,760) $(548,365) $1,852,722

On February 15, 2019,20, 2020, the management development and compensation committee of our board of directors approved the payout of 297,260313,246 shares of our common stock in connection with the vesting of PSUs that were granted to certain employees on October 8, 2015.6, 2016. The shares paid out under the PSUs reflected our achievement of certain performance measures that were based on cumulative earnings per share, average return on invested capital, and cumulative earnings per share, and revenue growth relative to a peer group of high-production public homebuilding companies over the three-year period from December 1, 20152016 through November 30, 2018.2019. Of the shares of common stock paid out, 147,382155,307 shares or $3.3$6.2 million, were purchased by us in the 20192020 first quarter to satisfy the recipients’ withholding taxes on the vesting of the PSUs. The shares purchased were not considered repurchases under the authorizations described below.
As of February 28, 2019,29, 2020, we were authorized to repurchase 2,193,947 shares of our common stock under a board of directors approved share repurchase program. We did not repurchase any of our common stock under this program in the three months ended February 28, 2019.

29, 2020.
Unrelated to the share repurchase program, our board of directors authorized in 2014 the repurchase of not more than 680,000 shares of our outstanding common stock, and also authorized potential future grants of up to 680,000 stock payment awards under the KB Home 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (“2014 Plan”), in each case solely as necessary to settlefor director elections in respect of outstanding stock appreciation rights awards granted under our Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan. The 2014 Plan was amended in April 2016. As of February 28, 2019,29, 2020, we have not repurchased any shares and no stock payment awards have been granted under the 2014 Plan, as amended, pursuant to the respective board of directors’ authorizations.
During the three-month period ended February 29, 2020, our board of directors authorization.
declared, and we paid, a quarterly cash dividend of $.090 per share of common stock. During each of the three-month periodsperiod ended February 28, 2019, and 2018, our board of directors declared, and we paid, a quarterly cash dividend of $.025 per share of common stock.

19.20.Stock-Based Compensation
Stock Options. We estimate the grant-date fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The following table summarizes stock option transactions for the three months ended February 28, 2019:29, 2020:
 Options 
Weighted
Average Exercise
Price
Options outstanding at beginning of period4,163,481
 $13.00
Granted
 
Exercised(698,372) 11.78
Cancelled(6,000) 45.16
Options outstanding at end of period3,459,109
 $13.20
Options exercisable at end of period3,459,109
 $13.20

 Options 
Weighted
Average Exercise
Price
Options outstanding at beginning of period7,237,544
 $16.02
Granted
 
Exercised(62,292) 13.36
Cancelled
 
Options outstanding at end of period7,175,252
 $16.04
Options exercisable at end of period6,886,378
 $16.04
We have not granted any new stock option awards since 2016. As of February 28, 201929, 2020, the weighted average remaining contractual life of stock options outstanding and stock options exercisable each had a weighted average remaining contractual life of 4.4 years. At February 29, 2020, there was 3.8 years and 3.6 years, respectively. There was $.1 million of total0 unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock option awards as all of February 28, 2019 that is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.6 years.these awards were fully vested. For the three monthsthree-month period ended February 28, 201929, 2020, there was 0 stock-based compensation expense was nominal compared to $.2 million forassociated with stock options. For the three months ended February 28, 2018. The aggregate intrinsic values of2019, stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options was nominal. Stock options outstanding and stock options exercisable were $62.3each had an aggregate intrinsic value of $67.1 million and $60.4 million, respectively, at February 28, 2019.29, 2020. (The intrinsic value of a stock option is the amount by which the market value of a share of the underlying common stock exceeds the exercise price of the stock option.)
Other Stock-Based Awards. From time to time, we grant restricted stock and PSUs to various employees as a compensation benefit. We recognized total compensation expense of $4.15.0 million and $3.7$4.1 million for the three months ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019, and 2018, respectively, related to restricted stock and PSUs.
20.21.Supplemental Disclosure to Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
The following are supplemental disclosures to the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
 February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Summary of cash and cash equivalents at end of period:   
Homebuilding$429,706
 $511,690
Financial services1,221
 717
Total$430,927
 $512,407
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:   
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized$(3,928) $(15,318)
Income taxes paid139
 113
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash activities:   
Reclassification of federal tax refund from deferred tax assets to receivables$43,322
 $
Increase in operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities due to adoption of ASC 84231,199
 
Increase (decrease) in consolidated inventories not owned8,781
 (16,262)
Increase in inventories due to distributions of land and land development from an unconsolidated joint venture2,964
 1,946
Decrease in inventories due to adoption of ASC 606
 (35,288)
Increase in property and equipment, net due to adoption of ASC 606
 31,194
 Three Months Ended February 28,
 2019 2018
Summary of cash and cash equivalents at end of period:   
Homebuilding$511,690
 $560,255
Financial services717
 551
Total$512,407
 $560,806
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:   
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized$(15,318) $(9,696)
Income taxes paid113
 1,639

 Three Months Ended February 28,
 2019 2018
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash activities:   
Decrease in inventories due to adoption of ASC 606$(35,288) $
Increase in property and equipment, net due to adoption of ASC 60631,194
 
Increase (decrease) in consolidated inventories not owned(16,262) 8,466
Increase in inventories due to distributions of land and land development from an unconsolidated joint venture1,946
 2,699
Inventories acquired through seller financing
 36,697


21.22.Supplemental Guarantor Information
Our obligations to pay principal, premium, if any, and interest on the senior notes and borrowings, if any, under the Credit Facility are guaranteed on a joint and several basis by certain of our subsidiaries (“Guarantor Subsidiaries”). The guarantees are full and unconditional and the Guarantor Subsidiaries are 100% owned by us. Pursuant to the terms of the indenture governing the senior notes and the terms of the Credit Facility, if any of the Guarantor Subsidiaries ceases to be a “significant subsidiary” as defined by Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X using a 5% rather than a 10% threshold (provided that the assets of our non-guarantor subsidiaries do not in the aggregate exceed 10% of an adjusted measure of our consolidated total assets), it will be automatically and unconditionally released and discharged from its guaranty of the senior notes and the Credit Facility so long as all guarantees by such Guarantor Subsidiary of any other of our or our subsidiaries’ indebtedness are terminated at or prior to the time of such release. We have determined that separate, full financial statements of the Guarantor Subsidiaries would not be material to investors and, accordingly, supplemental financial information for the Guarantor Subsidiaries is presented.
The supplemental financial information for all periods presented below reflects the relevant subsidiaries that were Guarantor Subsidiaries as of February 28, 201929, 2020.

Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations (in thousands)
 Three Months Ended February 29, 2020
 
KB Home
Corporate
 
Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating
Adjustments
 Total
Total revenues$
 $992,545
 $83,390
 $
 $1,075,935
Homebuilding:         
Revenues$
 $992,545
 $79,837
 $
 $1,072,382
Construction and land costs
 (815,558) (70,495) 
 (886,053)
Selling, general and administrative expenses(27,650) (93,012) (5,472) 
 (126,134)
Operating income (loss)(27,650) 83,975
 3,870
 
 60,195
Interest income884
 
 51
 
 935
Interest expense(29,555) 
 (1,407) 30,962
 
Intercompany interest80,580
 (45,836) (3,782) (30,962) 
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures
 1,905
 
 
 1,905
Homebuilding pretax income (loss)24,259
 40,044
 (1,268) 
 63,035
Financial services pretax income
 
 5,813
 
 5,813
Total pretax income24,259
 40,044
 4,545
 
 68,848
Income tax expense(3,100) (5,100) (900) 
 (9,100)
Equity in net income of subsidiaries38,589
 
 
 (38,589) 
Net income$59,748
 $34,944
 $3,645
 $(38,589) $59,748
          
 Three Months Ended February 28, 2019
 
KB Home
Corporate
 
Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating
Adjustments
 Total
Total revenues$
 $744,453
 $67,030
 $
 $811,483
Homebuilding:         
Revenues$
 $744,453
 $64,335
 $
 $808,788
Construction and land costs
 (611,041) (59,814) 
 (670,855)
Selling, general and administrative expenses(25,382) (75,540) (5,672) 
 (106,594)
Operating income (loss)(25,382) 57,872
 (1,151) 
 31,339
Interest income1,014
 
 91
 
 1,105
Interest expense(33,195) (321) (1,272) 34,788
 
Intercompany interest77,972
 (41,738) (1,446) (34,788) 
Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures
 (406) 
 
 (406)
Homebuilding pretax income (loss)20,409
 15,407
 (3,778) 
 32,038
Financial services pretax income
 
 2,473
 
 2,473
Total pretax income (loss)20,409
 15,407
 (1,305) 
 34,511
Income tax expense(700) (3,400) (400) 
 (4,500)
Equity in net income of subsidiaries10,302
 
 
 (10,302) 
Net income (loss)$30,011
 $12,007
 $(1,705) $(10,302) $30,011
          


 Three Months Ended February 28, 2019
 
KB Home
Corporate
 
Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating
Adjustments
 Total
Total revenues$
 $744,453
 $67,030
 $
 $811,483
Homebuilding:         
Revenues$
 $744,453
 $64,335
 $
 $808,788
Construction and land costs
 (611,041) (59,814) 
 (670,855)
Selling, general and administrative expenses(25,382) (75,540) (5,672) 
 (106,594)
Operating income (loss)(25,382) 57,872
 (1,151) 
 31,339
Interest income1,014
 
 91
 
 1,105
Interest expense(33,195) (321) (1,272) 34,788
 
Intercompany interest77,972
 (41,738) (1,446) (34,788) 
Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures
 (406) 
 
 (406)
Homebuilding pretax income (loss)20,409
 15,407
 (3,778) 
 32,038
Financial services pretax income
 
 2,473
 
 2,473
Total pretax income (loss)20,409
 15,407
 (1,305) 
 34,511
Income tax expense(700) (3,400) (400) 
 (4,500)
Equity in net income of subsidiaries10,302
 
 
 (10,302) 
Net income (loss)$30,011
 $12,007
 $(1,705) $(10,302) $30,011
          
 Three Months Ended February 28, 2018
 
KB Home
Corporate
 
Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating
Adjustments
 Total
Total revenues$
 $794,689
 $76,934
 $
 $871,623
Homebuilding:         
Revenues$
 $794,689
 $74,516
 $
 $869,205
Construction and land costs
 (664,096) (65,382) 
 (729,478)
Selling, general and administrative expenses(22,166) (67,117) (6,441) 
 (95,724)
Operating income (loss)(22,166) 63,476
 2,693
 
 44,003
Interest income998
 5
 
 
 1,003
Interest expense(37,972) (689) (1,283) 39,944
 
Intercompany interest72,846
 (30,954) (1,948) (39,944) 
Equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures
 (845) 
 
 (845)
Homebuilding pretax income (loss)13,706
 30,993
 (538) 
 44,161
Financial services pretax income
 
 1,884
 
 1,884
Total pretax income13,706
 30,993
 1,346
 
 46,045
Income tax expense(44,700) (48,100) (24,500) 
 (117,300)
Equity in net loss of subsidiaries(40,261) 
 
 40,261
 
Net loss$(71,255) $(17,107) $(23,154) $40,261
 $(71,255)
          

          
          


Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheets (in thousands)
February 28, 2019February 29, 2020
KB Home
Corporate
 
Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating
Adjustments
 Total
KB Home
Corporate
 
Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating
Adjustments
 Total
Assets                  
Homebuilding:                  
Cash and cash equivalents$415,471
 $80,346
 $15,873
 $
 $511,690
$309,983
 $92,853
 $26,870
 $
 $429,706
Receivables4,291
 228,879
 80,439
 
 313,609
44,583
 184,288
 68,344
 
 297,215
Inventories
 3,435,361
 248,402
 
 3,683,763

 3,391,612
 337,004
 
 3,728,616
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
 57,134
 
 
 57,134

 57,147
 
 
 57,147
Property and equipment, net20,363
 32,002
 2,965
 
 55,330
25,185
 36,047
 3,221
 
 64,453
Deferred tax assets, net80,339
 299,769
 53,187
 
 433,295
93,510
 203,661
 14,995
 
 312,166
Other assets84,083
 3,419
 2,058
 
 89,560
102,826
 19,198
 7,695
 
 129,719
604,547
 4,136,910
 402,924
 
 5,144,381
576,087
 3,984,806
 458,129
 
 5,019,022
Financial services
 
 29,275
 
 29,275

 
 33,812
 
 33,812
Intercompany receivables3,757,220
 
 174,018
 (3,931,238) 
3,630,262
 
 196,703
 (3,826,965) 
Investments in subsidiaries104,040
 
 
 (104,040) 
162,105
 
 
 (162,105) 
Total assets$4,465,807
 $4,136,910
 $606,217
 $(4,035,278) $5,173,656
$4,368,454
 $3,984,806
 $688,644
 $(3,989,070) $5,052,834
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity                  
Homebuilding:                  
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities$122,161
 $443,269
 $274,966
 $
 $840,396
$137,855
 $429,680
 $291,004
 $
 $858,539
Notes payable2,166,461
 12,018
 25,110
 
 2,203,589
1,716,149
 7,889
 25,110
 
 1,749,148
2,288,622
 455,287
 300,076
 
 3,043,985
1,854,004
 437,569
 316,114
 
 2,607,687
Financial services
 
 1,174
 
 1,174

 
 2,043
 
 2,043
Intercompany payables48,688
 3,666,215
 216,335
 (3,931,238) 
71,346
 3,507,195
 248,424
 (3,826,965) 
Stockholders’ equity2,128,497
 15,408
 88,632
 (104,040) 2,128,497
2,443,104
 40,042
 122,063
 (162,105) 2,443,104
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$4,465,807
 $4,136,910
 $606,217
 $(4,035,278) $5,173,656
$4,368,454
 $3,984,806
 $688,644
 $(3,989,070) $5,052,834





 November 30, 2019
 
KB Home
Corporate
 
Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating
Adjustments
 Total
Assets         
Homebuilding:         
Cash and cash equivalents$357,966
 $65,434
 $30,414
 $
 $453,814
Receivables1,934
 181,047
 66,074
 
 249,055
Inventories
 3,400,307
 304,295
 
 3,704,602
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
 57,038
 
 
 57,038
Property and equipment, net24,250
 37,539
 3,254
 
 65,043
Deferred tax assets, net96,301
 237,877
 30,315
 
 364,493
Other assets78,686
 2,666
 1,689
 
 83,041
 559,137
 3,981,908
 436,041
 
 4,977,086
Financial services
 
 38,396
 
 38,396
Intercompany receivables3,624,081
 
 186,022
 (3,810,103) 
Investments in subsidiaries115,753
 
 
 (115,753) 
Total assets$4,298,971
 $3,981,908
 $660,459
 $(3,925,856) $5,015,482
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity         
Homebuilding:         
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities$139,137
 $453,929
 $288,489
 $
 $881,555
Notes payable1,715,748
 7,889
 25,110
 
 1,748,747
 1,854,885
 461,818
 313,599
 
 2,630,302
Financial services
 
 2,058
 
 2,058
Intercompany payables60,964
 3,520,090
 229,049
 (3,810,103) 
Stockholders’ equity2,383,122
 
 115,753
 (115,753) 2,383,122
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$4,298,971
 $3,981,908
 $660,459
 $(3,925,856) $5,015,482

 November 30, 2018
 
KB Home
Corporate
 
Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating
Adjustments
 Total
Assets         
Homebuilding:         
Cash and cash equivalents$429,977
 $114,269
 $30,113
 $
 $574,359
Receivables5,135
 198,465
 89,230
 
 292,830
Inventories
 3,314,386
 268,453
 
 3,582,839
Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
 61,960
 
 
 61,960
Property and equipment, net18,450
 5,523
 310
 
 24,283
Deferred tax assets, net84,564
 303,669
 53,587
 
 441,820
Other assets77,288
 4,007
 1,805
 
 83,100
 615,414
 4,002,279
 443,498
 
 5,061,191
Financial services
 
 12,380
 
 12,380
Intercompany receivables3,569,422
 
 158,760
 (3,728,182) 
Investments in subsidiaries67,657
 
 
 (67,657) 
Total assets$4,252,493
 $4,002,279
 $614,638
 $(3,795,839) $5,073,571
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity         
Homebuilding:         
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities$126,176
 $584,321
 $213,816
 $
 $924,313
Notes payable1,995,115
 40,038
 25,110
 
 2,060,263
 2,121,291
 624,359
 238,926
 
 2,984,576
Financial services
 
 1,495
 
 1,495
Intercompany payables43,702
 3,377,920
 306,560
 (3,728,182) 
Stockholders’ equity2,087,500
 
 67,657
 (67,657) 2,087,500
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$4,252,493
 $4,002,279
 $614,638
 $(3,795,839) $5,073,571





Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands)
Three Months Ended February 28, 2019Three Months Ended February 29, 2020
KB Home
Corporate
 
Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating
Adjustments
 Total
KB Home
Corporate
 
Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating
Adjustments
 Total
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities$13,062
 $(337,286) $126,014
 $
 $(198,210)$(21,949) $31,705
 $(19,622) $
 $(9,866)
Cash flows from investing activities:                  
Contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures
 (2,527) 
 
 (2,527)
 (1,668) 
 
 (1,668)
Return of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
 5,001
 
 
 5,001

 500
 
 
 500
Proceeds from sale of building
 5,804
 
 
 5,804
Purchases of property and equipment, net(2,068) (2,032) (5,925) 
 (10,025)(1,048) (4,432) (1,191) 
 (6,671)
Intercompany(190,765) 
 
 190,765
 
(18,760) 
 
 18,760
 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(192,833) 6,246
 (5,925) 190,765
 (1,747)
Net cash used in investing activities(19,808) (5,600) (1,191) 18,760
 (7,839)
Cash flows from financing activities:                  
Proceeds from issuance of debt405,250
 
 
 
 405,250
Payment of debt issuance costs(5,209) 
 
 
 (5,209)
Repayment of senior notes(230,000) 
 
 
 (230,000)
Borrowings under revolving credit facility140,000
 
 
 
 140,000
Repayments under revolving credit facility(140,000) 
 
 
 (140,000)
Payments on mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans
 (28,020) 
 
 (28,020)
Issuance of common stock under employee stock plans832
 
 
 
 832
8,226
 
 
 
 8,226
Tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards(3,342) 
 
 
 (3,342)(6,219) 
 
 
 (6,219)
Payments of cash dividends(2,266) 
 
 
 (2,266)(8,233) 
 
 
 (8,233)
Intercompany
 325,137
 (134,372) (190,765) 

 1,314
 17,446
 (18,760) 
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities165,265
 297,117
 (134,372) (190,765) 137,245
(6,226) 1,314
 17,446
 (18,760) (6,226)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents(14,506) (33,923) (14,283) 
 (62,712)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents(47,983) 27,419
 (3,367) 
 (23,931)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period429,977
 114,269
 30,873
 
 575,119
357,966
 65,434
 31,458
 
 454,858
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$415,471
 $80,346
 $16,590
 $
 $512,407
$309,983
 $92,853
 $28,091
 $
 $430,927



 Three Months Ended February 28, 2019
 
KB Home
Corporate
 
Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating
Adjustments
 Total
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities$13,062
 $(337,286) $126,014
 $
 $(198,210)
Cash flows from investing activities:         
Contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures
 (2,527) 
 
 (2,527)
Return of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
 5,001
 
 
 5,001
Proceeds from sale of building
 5,804
 
 
 5,804
Purchases of property and equipment, net(2,068) (2,032) (5,925) 
 (10,025)
Intercompany(190,765) 
 
 190,765
 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(192,833) 6,246
 (5,925) 190,765
 (1,747)
Cash flows from financing activities:         
Proceeds from issuance of debt405,250
 
 
 
 405,250
Payment of debt issuance costs(5,209) 
 
 
 (5,209)
Repayment of senior notes(230,000) 
 
 
 (230,000)
Borrowings under revolving credit facility140,000
 
 
 
 140,000
Repayments under revolving credit facility(140,000) 
 
 
 (140,000)
Payments on mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans
 (28,020) 
 
 (28,020)
Issuance of common stock under employee stock plans832
 
 
 
 832
Tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards(3,342) 
 
 
 (3,342)
Payments of cash dividends(2,266) 
 
 
 (2,266)
Intercompany
 325,137
 (134,372) (190,765) 
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities165,265
 297,117
 (134,372) (190,765) 137,245
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents(14,506) (33,923) (14,283) 
 (62,712)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period429,977
 114,269
 30,873
 
 575,119
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$415,471
 $80,346
 $16,590
 $
 $512,407
 Three Months Ended February 28, 2018
 
KB Home
Corporate
 
Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating
Adjustments
 Total
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities$3,066
 $(137,254) $(7,492) $
 $(141,680)
Cash flows from investing activities:         
Contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures
 (8,025) 
 
 (8,025)
Return of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
 1,099
 
 
 1,099
Sale (purchases) of property and equipment, net(1,776) (177) 29
 
 (1,924)
Intercompany(114,691) 
 
 114,691
 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(116,467) (7,103) 29
 114,691
 (8,850)
Cash flows from financing activities:         
Payments on mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans
 (2,442) (920) 
 (3,362)
Issuance of common stock under employee stock plans2,946
 
 
 
 2,946
Tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards(6,787) 
 
 
 (6,787)
Payments of cash dividends(2,322) 
 
 
 (2,322)
Intercompany
 118,004
 (3,313) (114,691) 
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities(6,163) 115,562
 (4,233) (114,691) (9,525)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents(119,564) (28,795) (11,696) 
 (160,055)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period575,193
 104,120
 41,548
 
 720,861
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$455,629
 $75,325
 $29,852
 $
 $560,806

22.23.Subsequent Event
On March 8, 2019,11, 2020, the World Health Organization characterized the outbreak of the coronavirus disease known as COVID-19 as a global pandemic and recommended containment and mitigation measures. On March 13, 2020, the United States declared a national emergency concerning the outbreak, and several states and municipalities have declared public health emergencies. Along with these declarations, there have been extraordinary and wide-ranging actions taken by international, federal, state and local public health and governmental authorities to contain and combat the outbreak and spread of COVID-19 in regions across the United States and the world, including quarantines, and “stay-at-home” orders and similar mandates for many individuals to substantially restrict daily activities and for many businesses to curtail or cease normal operations.
In response to these steps, in mid-March, we optionally redeemedtemporarily closed our sales centers, model homes and design studios to the entire $400.0 milliongeneral public. During this time, we have shifted to an appointment-only personalized home sales process where permitted, following recommended distancing and other health and safety protocols when meeting in aggregate principal amount of our 4.75% Senior Notes due 2019, which were scheduled to mature on May 15, 2019.person with a customer, and we

are leveraging our virtual sales tools to give customers the ability to shop for a new KB home from their mobile device or personal computer. Combined with our limiting construction operations largely to authorized activities and a reduction in the availability, capacity and efficiency of municipal and private services necessary to the progress of land development, homebuilding, completing mortgage loans and delivering homes, which in each case has varied by market depending on the scope of the restrictions local authorities have established, these appropriate measures have tempered our sales pace and delayed home deliveries in the latter part of March and through the date of this report. Although we are uncertain of the potential full magnitude or duration of the business and economic impacts from the unprecedented public health effort to contain and combat the spread of COVID-19, which include, among other things, significant volatility in financial markets and a sharp decrease in the value of equity securities, including our common stock, we expect this situation will have a negative impact on our consolidated financial statements in the second quarter and in later periods of 2020 that may be material, but cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.

Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Results of Operations
OVERVIEW
Revenues are generated from our homebuilding and financial services operations. The following table presents a summary of our consolidated results of operations (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):
  Three Months Ended February 28,
  2019 2018 Variance
Revenues:      
Homebuilding $808,788
 $869,205
 (7) %
Financial services 2,695
 2,418
 11
Total revenues $811,483
 $871,623
 (7) %
Pretax income:      
Homebuilding $32,038
 $44,161
 (27) %
Financial services 2,473
 1,884
 31
Total pretax income 34,511
 46,045
 (25)
Income tax expense (4,500) (117,300) (96) %
Net income (loss) $30,011
 $(71,255) (a)
Basic earnings (loss) per share $.34
 $(.82) (a)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share $.31
 $(.82) (a)
(a)Percentage not meaningful.

 Three Months Ended
 February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019 Variance
Revenues:     
Homebuilding$1,072,382
 $808,788
 33 %
Financial services3,553
 2,695
 32
Total revenues$1,075,935
 $811,483
 33 %
Pretax income:     
Homebuilding$63,035
 $32,038
 97 %
Financial services5,813
 2,473
 135
Total pretax income68,848
 34,511
 99
Income tax expense(9,100) (4,500) (102)
Net income$59,748
 $30,011
 99 %
Basic earnings per share$.66
 $.34
 94 %
Diluted earnings per share$.63
 $.31
 103 %
While fundamental housing
Housing market factorsconditions were generally favorablehealthy through the three months ended February 29, 2020, and we continued to execute on our long-standing, customer-centric operating strategy. Among other things, this strategy focuses on giving our customers the ability to personalize their homes at prices that are affordable relative to local median household income levels in order to appeal to a wide array of consumers, primarily first-time homebuyers, as well as to move-up and active adult homebuyers. In the 20192020 first quarter, with strong employment levels, relatively high consumer confidence and a limited supplyapproximately 57% of homes available for sale, affordability concerns, stemming from several years of home price appreciation and a rise in mortgage interest rates, that emerged in the latter part of 2018 continued to temper homebuyer demand. The year-over-year decline in our net order and backlog values for the second half of 2018, which primarily resulted from our lower overall average community count for the year, together with the related homebuyer demand dynamics, negatively impacted our results for the 2019 first quarter compared to the year-earlier quarter, including with respect to our homes delivered revenues, pretax income, net orders and backlog. In light of consumers’ heightened affordability concerns, we are implementing targeted product refinements in certain communities, including the addition of smaller square footage plans that offer comparable room count and livability, while retaining a wide range of choice for our customers. At the same time, we are encouraged that our net order activity improved over the course of the quarter as mortgage interest rates stabilized and moderated. We believe a continuation of these trends would enable uswere to generate year over year revenue growthfirst-time homebuyers, compared to approximately 52% in the 2019 second half.year-earlier quarter.
Within our homebuilding operations, housing revenues for the 20192020 first quarter declined 8% year over year to $798.2 million, asgrew from the year-earlier quarter, reflecting a 28% increase in the number of homes we delivered decreased 3% to 2,1522,752 and a 5% rise in the overall average selling price of those homes declined 5% to $370,900.$389,500. Homebuilding operating income for the current quarter decreased 29%increased 92% year over year to $31.3$60.2 million, and, as a percentage of related revenues, declined 120improved 170 basis points to 3.9%5.6%. Our housing gross profits for the quarter decreasedincreased compared to the year-earlier period, mainly due to the lower volume of homes delivered and corresponding lowerhigher housing revenues partially offset byand a 100 basis30-basis point increase in our housing gross profit margin to 17.1%17.4%.
The expansion ofyear-over-year increase in our housing gross profit margin primarily reflected a reduction in theimproved operating leverage due to higher housing revenues, and lower relative amortization of previously capitalized interest, and accounting changes resulting from our adoption of ASC 606, effective December 1, 2018, partlypartially offset by other items.a shift in the mix of homes

delivered. Our selling, general and administrative expense ratio increased 240improved 160 basis points to 13.4%11.8% of housing revenues, also reflecting our adoptionmainly as a result of ASC 606, as well as increased marketing expensesoperating leverage due to support new community openingshigher housing revenues in the quarter and the impact of legal recoveries and favorable legal settlements in the prior-year quarter. Further information regarding the accounting impacts resulting from our adoption of ASC 606 is provided in Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
Reflecting the continued effective execution of our three-year Returns-Focused Growth Plan, which is centered around enhancing asset efficiency, reducing leverage and improving returns, we invested $384.2 million in land and land development during the

2019 first quarter and repaid the entire $230.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 1.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2019 at their February 1, 2019 maturity.
On February 20, 2019, we completed concurrent public offerings of $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.875% Senior Notes due 2027 and an additional $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our existing series of 7.625% Senior Notes due 2023. Net proceeds from these offerings totaled $400.0 million, after deducting the underwriting discount and our expenses relating to the offerings, and were applied towards the optional redemption of the entire $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 4.75% Senior Notes due 2019 before their May 15, 2019 maturity date, which redemption we announced on February 5, 2019 and completed on March 8, 2019.
Our financial leverage, as measured by the ratio of debt to capital, was 50.9% at February 28, 2019, compared to 49.7% at November 30, 2018. Our ratio of net debt to capital (a calculation that is described below under “Non-GAAP Financial Measures”) at February 28, 2019 was 44.3%, compared to 41.6% at November 30, 2018, within the targeted range of 35% to 45% under our Returns-Focused Growth Plan.
The following table presents information concerning our net orders, cancellation rates, ending backlog and community count for the three-month periods ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019 and 2018 (dollars in thousands):
 Three Months Ended February 28, Three Months Ended
 2019 2018 February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Net orders 2,675
 2,784
 3,495
 2,675
Net order value (a) $1,022,087
 $1,173,092
 $1,382,654
 $1,022,087
Cancellation rates (b) 20% 20% 14% 20%
Ending backlog — homes 4,631
 4,972
 5,821
 4,631
Ending backlog — value $1,658,284
 $1,966,683
 $2,124,551
 $1,658,284
Ending community count 248
 219
 250
 248
Average community count 244
 222
 251
 244
(a)Net order value represents the potential future housing revenues associated with net orders generated during athe period, as well as homebuyer selections of lot and product premiums and design studio options and upgrades for homes in backlog during the same period.
(b)Cancellation rates represent the total number of contracts for new homes cancelled during a period divided by the total (gross) orders for new homes generated during the same period.
Net Orders. For the three months ended February 28, 2019,29, 2020, net orders from our homebuilding operations declined 4%increased 31% from the year-earlier period reflectingdue to a 12% decrease3% expansion of our overall average community count and an increase in monthly net orders per community to 3.7, partly offset by4.6 from 3.7. The value of our 2020 first quarter net orders rose 35% from the year-earlier quarter as a 10% increaseresult of the growth in our overall average community count. The combination of fewer net orders and a 9% decreasean increase in the overall average selling price of those orders, mainly stemming from a shiftorders. The year-over-year increase in geographic mix, resulted in the value of our 2019 first quarter net orders decreasing 13% from the year-earlier quarter. The year-over-year decline inand overall net order value reflected decreasesimprovements in all four of our West Coast, Southwest and Central homebuilding reporting segments, that were partly offset by a 27% increasewith net order value increases ranging from 5% in our Southeast segment. The largest decrease occurredsegment to 51% in our West CoastSouthwest segment. In our Southwest segment, which posted a 28% year-over-year decline in net order value reflectingrose due to a 13% decrease44% increase in net orders, primarily due to the segment’s higher monthly net orders per community and a 16% decline5% increase in the average selling price of those orders mainly due to a mix shift, with a higher percentage of net orders generated from markets with lower average selling prices, andorders. In our Southeast segment, the close-out of certain higher priced communities in 2018. While the average community count in our West Coast segment increased, the decline in net orders reflected a 26% year-over-year decrease in net orders per community that was partly due to softer market conditions amid consumer affordability concerns. The year-over-year increaseimprovement in net order value in our Southeast segment reflected 25%3% growth in net orders due toas a result of the segment’s higher averagemonthly net orders per community count in the segment and a slight increase in the average selling price of those orders. Our cancellation rate as a percentage of gross orders for the three months ended February 28, 2019 was flat with29, 2020 improved from the year-earlier quarter.
Backlog. The number of homes in our backlog at February 28, 2019 decreased 7%29, 2020 increased 26% from February 28, 2018.2019. The potential future housing revenues in our backlog at February 28, 2019 declined 16%29, 2020 grew 28% from the prior-year period, reflecting the lowerhigher number of homes in our backlog and a 9% decreaseslight increase in the overall average selling price of those homes. The increases in the number of homes primarily due to a shift in geographic mix. The decline inbacklog and our backlog value reflected year-over-year decreasesgrowth in each of our West Coast, Southwest and Centralfour homebuilding reporting segments, partly offset by an increase in our Southeast segment. Our backlog value declined largely as a result of the 14% year-over-year decrease we had at the beginning of the quarter, which primarily reflected our lower overall average communitysegments.

count for 2018, along with the impact from certain West Coast segment communities with average selling prices of $1.1 million to $1.8 million that closed out in 2018.
Community Count. We use the term “community count” to refer to the number of communities with at least five homes/lots left to sell at the end of a reporting period. Our average community count for the 20192020 first quarter increased 10%grew 3% from the year-earlier period, withreflecting increases of 21% in all four of our West Coast homebuilding reporting segments.segment and 3% in our Southwest segment that were partly offset by decreases of 5% and 4% in our Central and Southeast segments, respectively. Our ending community count rose 13% year over year, withslightly from the prior-year quarter. The year-over-year increases in all four of our homebuilding reporting segments, ranging from 4% in our Central segment to 26% in our Southeast segment. Sequentially, our overall 2019 first quarter average community count increased 5% and ending community count increased 3%, both as compared tocounts reflected the 2018 fourth quarter.
To drive future community openings in the remainder of 2019 and beyond, we invested $384.2 millioninvestments in land and land development duringwe have made over the three months ended February 28, 2019,past several quarters.
COVID-19 Impact. While we produced strong results in our 2020 first quarter, and mortgage interest rates fell, the significant and wide-ranging response of international, federal, state and local public health and governmental authorities to the COVID-19 pandemic in regions across the United States and the world, including quarantines, and “stay-at-home” orders and similar mandates for many individuals to substantially restrict daily activities and for many businesses to curtail or cease normal operations, and the volatile economic, business and financial market conditions resulting therefrom, are expected to negatively impact our consolidated financial statements in the second quarter and in later periods of 2020. Although we are uncertain of the potential full magnitude or duration of the business and economic impacts from the unprecedented public health efforts to contain and combat the spread of COVID-19, we could experience material declines in our net orders, homes delivered, average selling prices, revenues, cash flow and/or profitability in one or more periods in 2020 (in addition to the second quarter) compared to $465.0 million inthe

corresponding prior-year periods and compared to our expectations at the corresponding 2018 period.beginning of our 2020 fiscal year. Further discussion of the potential impacts on our business from the COVID-19 pandemic is provided below under Part II, Item 1A – Risk Factors.
HOMEBUILDING
The following table presents a summary of certain financial and operational data for our homebuilding operations (dollars in thousands, except average selling price):
 Three Months Ended February 28,Three Months Ended
 2019 2018February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Revenues:       
Housing $798,171
 $866,540
$1,071,810
 $798,171
Land 10,617
 2,665
572
 10,617
Total 808,788
 869,205
1,072,382
 808,788
Costs and expenses:       
Construction and land costs       
Housing (661,328) (727,080)(885,481) (661,328)
Land (9,527) (2,398)(572) (9,527)
Total (670,855) (729,478)(886,053) (670,855)
Selling, general and administrative expenses (106,594) (95,724)(126,134) (106,594)
Total (777,449) (825,202)(1,012,187) (777,449)
Operating income $31,339
 $44,003
$60,195
 $31,339
Homes delivered 2,152
 2,223
2,752
 2,152
Average selling price $370,900
 $389,800
$389,500
 $370,900
Housing gross profit margin as a percentage of housing revenues 17.1% 16.1%17.4% 17.1%
Housing gross profit margin excluding inventory-related charges as a percentage of housing revenues 17.6% 16.7%17.9% 17.6%
Adjusted housing gross profit margin as a percentage of housing revenues 21.3% 21.4%21.1% 21.3%
Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues 13.4% 11.0%11.8% 13.4%
Operating income as a percentage of homebuilding revenues 3.9% 5.1%5.6% 3.9%
For reporting purposes, we organize our homebuilding operations into four segments — West Coast, Southwest, Central and Southeast. As of February 28, 201929, 2020, our homebuilding reporting segments consisted of ongoing operations located in the following states: West Coast — California and Washington; Southwest — Arizona and Nevada; Central — Colorado and Texas; and Southeast — Florida and North Carolina. The following tables present homes delivered, net orders, cancellation rates as a percentage of gross orders, net order value, average community count and ending backlog (number of homes and value) by homebuilding reporting segment (dollars in thousands):

 Three Months Ended February 28, Three Months Ended
 Homes Delivered Net Orders Cancellation Rates Homes Delivered Net Orders Cancellation Rates
Segment 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019 February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019 February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
West Coast 497
 592
 699
 807
 20% 12 % 794
 497
 979
 699
 11% 20 %
Southwest 483
 500
 533
 568
 13
 16
 603
 483
 765
 533
 11
 13
Central 824
 821
 926
 996
 24
 26
 968
 824
 1,217
 926
 16
 24
Southeast 348
 310
 517
 413
 20
 22
 387
 348
 534
 517
 18
 20
Total 2,152
 2,223
 2,675
 2,784
 20% 20 % 2,752
 2,152
 3,495
 2,675
 14% 20 %
                        
                
 Net Order Value Average Community Count Net Order Value Average Community Count
Segment 2019 2018 Variance 2019 2018 Variance February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019 Variance February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019 Variance
West Coast $420,461
 $580,422
 (28) % 61
 52
 17 % $598,416
 $420,461
 42% 74
 61
 21 %
Southwest 170,839
 176,942
 (3) 38
 36
 6
 257,220
 170,839
 51
 39
 38
 3
Central 284,266
 299,928
 (5) 95
 94
 1
 373,481
 284,266
 31
 90
 95
 (5)
Southeast 146,521
 115,800
 27
 50
 40
 25
 153,537
 146,521
 5
 48
 50
 (4)
Total $1,022,087
 $1,173,092
 (13) % 244
 222
 10 % $1,382,654
 $1,022,087
 35% 251
 244
 3 %
 
 
 
     
            
             February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019
 February 28, Backlog – Homes Backlog – Value
 Backlog – Homes Backlog – Value
Segment 2019 2018 Variance 2019 2018 Variance February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019 Variance February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019 Variance
West Coast 917
 1,097
 (16) % $533,076
 $800,065
 (33) % 1,228
 917
 34% $712,218
 $533,076
 34 %
Southwest 976
 1,156
 (16) 315,797
 352,560
 (10) 1,400
 976
 43
 456,024
 315,797
 44
Central 1,816
 1,957
 (7) 537,351
 599,690
 (10) 2,237
 1,816
 23
 680,904
 537,351
 27
Southeast 922
 762
 21
 272,060
 214,368
 27
 956
 922
 4
 275,405
 272,060
 1
Total 4,631
 4,972
 (7) % $1,658,284
 $1,966,683
 (16) % 5,821
 4,631
 26% $2,124,551
 $1,658,284
 28 %
Revenues. Homebuilding revenues for the three months ended February 28, 2019 declined 7%29, 2020 rose 33% from the year-earlier period to $808.8 million due to an increase in housing revenues, partly offset by a decrease in housing revenues that was partly offset by an increase in land sale revenues.
Housing revenues for the three months ended February 28, 2019 decreased 8%29, 2020 grew 34% year over year, to $798.2 million due toreflecting a lower28% increase in the number of homes delivered and a decrease5% increase in the overall average selling price of those homes. We delivered 2,152 homesThe growth in the 2019number of homes delivered for the 2020 first quarter down 3%, largely due to the 7% lowerprimarily reflected our higher backlog level we had at the beginning of the quarter asperiod (“beginning backlog”), which was up 24% compared to the year-earlier quarter, which reflected our lower overall average community count for 2018.period. The lower number of homes delivered was primarily from our West Coast homebuilding reporting segment due to softer market conditions amid consumer affordability concerns that impacted net ordersincrease in the latter half of 2018, along with specific community mix impacts. The overall average selling price of homes delivered decreased 5%, reflecting a shift in thewas mainly due to community and geographic mix of homes delivered,shifts, with increases in both our Southwest and Southeast homebuilding reporting segments that were more than offset by a lowerhigher proportion of homes delivered from our West Coast segment, and the absence of certain West Coast segment communities with average selling prices of $1.1 million to $1.8 million that closed out in 2018. In addition, there was a mix shift within our Central segment, with a lower proportion of deliveries from our Colorado operations.homebuilding reporting segment.
Land sale revenues totaled $10.6 million for the three monthsquarter ended February 28, 2019 and $2.7 million for29, 2020 decreased 95% from the three months ended February 28, 2018.year-earlier period to $.6 million. Generally, land sale revenues fluctuate with our decisions to maintain or decrease our land ownership position in certain markets based upon the volume of our holdings, our business strategy, the strength and number of developers and other land buyers in particular markets at given points in time, the availability of opportunities to sell land at acceptable prices and prevailing market conditions.
Operating Income. Our homebuilding operating income decreased 29% year over year to $31.3 million for the three months ended February 28, 2019. Homebuilding operating income for the 2019 first quarter included total inventory-related charges of $3.6 million, compared to $5.0 million in the corresponding 2018 quarter. As a percentage of homebuilding revenues, our

homebuilding operating income for the three months ended February 28,29, 2020 increased 92% from the year-earlier period. Homebuilding operating income for the 2020 first quarter included total inventory-related charges of $5.7 million, compared to $3.6 million in the 2019 declined 120first quarter. As a percentage of homebuilding revenues, our homebuilding operating income for the three months ended February 29, 2020 increased 170 basis points year over year to 3.9%5.6%. Excluding inventory-related charges, our homebuilding operating income margin wasimproved to 6.1% for the 2020 first quarter compared to 4.3% for the three months ended February 28, 2019 and 5.6% for the three months ended February 28, 2018.year-earlier quarter.

The year-over-year declineincrease in our homebuilding operating income for the three months ended February 28, 201929, 2020 primarily reflected lowerhigher housing gross profits, andpartly offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses.
Housing gross profits of $136.8$186.3 million for the three months ended February 28, 2019 decreased 2%29, 2020 grew 36% from $139.5$136.8 million for the year-earlier period, reflecting decreasesincreases in the number of homes delivered and housing revenues that were partly offset by a higherand housing gross profit margin. Our housing gross profit margin for the 20192020 first quarter increased 100rose 30 basis points year over year to 17.1%. The improvement in our17.4% primarily as a result of the favorable impacts of improved operating leverage due to higher housing gross profit margin reflected a decrease in therevenues (approximately 70 basis points) and lower amortization of previously capitalized interest as a percentage of housing revenues resulting from a reduction in interest incurred (approximately 10050 basis points). These items were partly offset by higher construction and land costs (approximately 90 basis points), the impact of our adoption of ASC 606 (approximately 70 basis points) andprimarily reflecting a decreaseshift in inventory-related charges (approximately 10 basis points), partly offset by decreased operating leverage on fixed costs (approximately 60 basis points) and an increase in sales incentives (approximately 20 basis points). In addition, the improvement partly resulted from shifts in the geographic mix of homes delivered between and within our homebuilding reporting segments.delivered.
We incur interest principally from our borrowings to finance land acquisitions, land development, home construction and other operating and capital needs. Interest incurred decreased to $34.8totaled $31.0 million for the three months ended February 28, 201929, 2020, decreasing from $39.9$34.8 million for the year-earlier period, largelymainly due to our lower average debt level. All interest incurred during the three-month periods ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019 and 2018 was capitalized, asdue to the average amount of our inventory qualifying for interest capitalization was higher thanexceeding our average debt level for theeach period. As a result, we had no interest expense for these periods.
Interest amortized to construction and land costs associated with housing operations was $30.0$34.6 million and $41.4$30.0 million for the three-month periods ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019, and 2018, respectively. As a percentage of housing revenues, the amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations was 3.7%3.2% and 4.7%3.7% for the three months ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019, and 2018, respectively.
Excluding the amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations and the above-mentioned inventory-related charges in the three months ended February 29, 2020 and February 28, 2019, and 2018, our adjusted housing gross profit margin declined 10decreased 20 basis points from the year-earlier quarter to 21.3%21.1%. The calculation of adjusted housing gross profit margin, which we believe provides a clearer measure of the performance of our business, is described below under “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the 20192020 first quarter rose to $106.6 million18% from $95.7 million for the year-earlier quarter, mainly due to the above-mentioned accounting changes resulting from the adoptionhigher volume of ASC 606,homes delivered and increased marketing expenses to support new community openings in the quarter and the impact of legal recoveries and favorable legal settlements in the prior-year quarter.openings. As a percentage of housing revenues, our selling, general and administrative expenses increased 240improved 160 basis points, largely as a result of increased operating leverage due to 13.4%, reflecting lowerhigher housing revenues and higher expenses in the 2019 first quarter as compared to the year-earlier quarter.
Land sale profits totaled $1.1 million for the three months ended February 28, 2019, compared to $.3 million for the year-earlier period.
The estimated remaining life of each community or land parcel in our inventory depends on various factors, such as the total number of lots remaining; the expected timeline to acquire and entitle land and develop lots to build homes; the anticipated future net order and cancellation rates; and the expected timeline to build and deliver homes sold. While it is difficult to determine a precise timeframe for any particular inventory asset, based on current market conditions and expected delivery timelines, we estimate our inventory assets’ remaining operating lives to range generally from one year to in excess of 10 years and expect to realize, on an overall basis, the majority of our inventory balance as of February 28, 2019 within five years. The following table presents as of February 28, 2019, the estimated timeframe of delivery for the last home in an applicable community or land parcel and the corresponding percentage of total inventories such categories represent within our inventory balance (dollars in millions):
 0-2 years 3-5 years 6-10 years 
Greater than
10 years
  
 $ % $ % $ % $ % Total
Inventories$1,867.1
 50% $1,538.3
 42% $259.6
 7% $18.8
 1% $3,683.8
The inventory balances in the 0-2 years and 3-5 years categories were located in all of our homebuilding reporting segments, though mostly in our West Coast and Central segments. These categories collectively represented 92% of our total inventories at February 28, 2019, compared to 91% at November 30, 2018. The inventory balances in the 6-10 years and greater than 10 years

categories were primarily located in our West Coast, Southwest and Central homebuilding reporting segments, and together totaled $278.4 million at February 28, 2019, compared to $309.7 million at November 30, 2018. The inventories in the 6-10 years and greater than 10 years categories were generally comprised of land held for future development and active, multi-phase communities with large remaining land positions.
Due to the judgment and assumptions applied in our inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment assessment processes, and in our estimations of the remaining operating lives of our inventory assets and the realization of our inventories, particularly as to land held for future development, it is possible that actual results could differ substantially from those estimated.
Deterioration in the supply and demand factors in the overall housing market or in an individual market or submarket, or changes to our operational or selling strategy at certain communities may lead to additional inventory impairment charges, future charges associated with land sales or the abandonment of land option contracts or other similar contracts related to certain assets. Due to the nature or location of the projects, land held for future development that we activate as part of our strategic growth initiatives or to accelerate sales and/or our return on investment, or that we otherwise monetize to help increase our asset efficiency, may have a somewhat greater likelihood of being impaired than other of our active inventory.
We believe that the carrying value of our inventory balance as of February 28, 2019 is recoverable. Our considerations in making this determination include the factors and trends incorporated into our inventory impairment analyses and, as applicable, the prevailing regulatory environment, competition from other homebuilders, inventory levels and sales activity of resale homes, and the local economic conditions where an asset is located. In addition, we consider the financial and operational status and expectations of our inventories as well as unique attributes of each community or land parcel that could be indicators for potential future impairments. However, if conditions in the overall housing market or in a specific market or submarket worsen in the future beyond our current expectations, if future changes in our business strategy significantly affect any key assumptions used in our projections of future cash flows, or if there are material changes in any of the other items we consider in assessing recoverability, we may recognize charges in future periods for inventory impairments or land option contract abandonments, or both, related to our current inventory assets. Any such charges could be material to our consolidated financial statements.
Interest Income. Interest income, which is generated from short-term investments, totaled $.9 million for the three months ended February 29, 2020 and $1.1 million for the three months ended February 28, 2019 and $1.0 million for the three months ended February 28, 2018.2019. Generally, increases and decreases in interest income are attributable to changes in the interest-bearing average balances of short-term investments and fluctuations in interest rates.
Equity in LossIncome (Loss) of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. Our equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures was $1.9 million for the three months ended February 29, 2020, compared to equity in loss of unconsolidated joint ventures improved slightly toof $.4 million for the three months ended February 28, 2019,2019. The improved results primarily reflected 20 homes delivered from an unconsolidated joint venture in California during the 2020 first quarter, compared to $.8 million forno homes delivered from unconsolidated joint ventures in the three months ended February 28, 2018. year-earlier quarter.
Further information regarding our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures is provided in Note 9 – Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
This report contains information about our adjusted housing gross profit margin adjusted income tax expense, adjusted net income, adjusted diluted earnings per share, adjusted effective tax rate and ratio of net debt to capital, noneneither of which areis calculated in accordance with GAAP. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures are relevant and useful to investors in understanding our operations and the leverage employed in our operations, and may be helpful in comparing us with other companies in the homebuilding industry to the extent they provide similar information. However, because they are not calculated in accordance with GAAP, these non-GAAP financial measures may not be completely comparable to other companies in the homebuilding industry and, thus, should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to operating performance and/or financial measures prescribed by GAAP. Rather, these non-GAAP financial measures should be used to supplement their respective most directly comparable GAAP financial measures in order to provide a greater understanding of the factors and trends affecting our operations.

Adjusted Housing Gross Profit Margin. The following table reconciles our housing gross profit margin calculated in accordance with GAAP to the non-GAAP financial measure of our adjusted housing gross profit margin (dollars in thousands):

Three Months Ended February 28,Three Months Ended
2019 2018February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Housing revenues$798,171
 $866,540
$1,071,810
 $798,171
Housing construction and land costs(661,328) (727,080)(885,481) (661,328)
Housing gross profits136,843
 139,460
186,329
 136,843
Add: Inventory-related charges (a)3,555
 4,985
5,672
 3,555
Housing gross profits excluding inventory-related charges140,398
 144,445
192,001
 140,398
Add: Amortization of previously capitalized interest (b)29,986
 41,369
34,575
 29,986
Adjusted housing gross profits$170,384
 $185,814
$226,576
 $170,384
Housing gross profit margin as a percentage of housing revenues17.1% 16.1%17.4% 17.1%
Housing gross profit margin excluding inventory-related charges as a percentage of housing revenues17.6% 16.7%17.9% 17.6%
Adjusted housing gross profit margin as a percentage of housing revenues21.3% 21.4%21.1% 21.3%
(a)Represents inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment charges associated with housing operations.
(b)Represents the amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations.
Adjusted housing gross profit margin is a non-GAAP financial measure, which we calculate by dividing housing revenues less housing construction and land costs excluding (1) housing inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment charges (as applicable) recorded during a given period and (2) amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations, by housing revenues. The most directly comparable GAAP financial measure is housing gross profit margin. We believe adjusted housing gross profit margin is a relevant and useful financial measure to investors in evaluating our performance as it measures the gross profits we generated specifically on the homes delivered during a given period. This non-GAAP financial measure isolates the impact that the housing inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment charges, and the amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations, have on housing gross profit margins, and allows investors to make comparisons with our competitors that adjust housing gross profit margins in a similar manner. We also believe investors will find adjusted housing gross profit margin relevant and useful because it represents a profitability measure that may be compared to a prior period without regard to variability of housing inventory impairment and land option contract abandonment charges, and amortization of previously capitalized interest associated with housing operations. This financial measure assists us in making strategic decisions regarding community location and product mix, product pricing and construction pace.
Adjusted Income Tax Expense, Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted Diluted Earnings Per Share and Adjusted Effective Tax Rate. The following table reconciles our income tax expense, net income (loss), diluted earnings (loss) per share and effective tax rate calculated in accordance with GAAP to the non-GAAP financial measures of our adjusted income tax expense, adjusted net income, adjusted diluted earnings per share and adjusted effective tax rate, respectively (in thousands, except per share amounts and percentages):

 Three Months Ended February 28,
 2019 2018
 As Reported As Reported TCJA Adjustment As Adjusted
Total pretax income$34,511
 $46,045
 $
 $46,045
Income tax expense (a)(4,500) (117,300) 111,200
 (6,100)
Net income (loss)$30,011
 $(71,255) $111,200
 $39,945
Diluted earnings (loss) per share$.31
 $(.82)   $.40
Weighted average shares outstanding — diluted96,962
 87,155
   101,401
Effective tax rate (a)13.0% 254.8%   13.2%
(a)For the three months ended February 28, 2019, income tax expense and the related effective tax rate included the favorable impacts of a $3.3 million reversal of a deferred tax asset valuation allowance and $2.0 million of excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation, partly offset by $.8 million of other items. For the three months ended February 28, 2018, income tax expense and adjusted income tax expense, as well as the related effective tax rate and adjusted effective tax rate, included the favorable impacts of $4.0 million of federal energy tax credits we earned from building energy efficient homes and $2.2 million of excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation.
Our adjusted income tax expense, adjusted net income, adjusted diluted earnings per share and adjusted effective tax rate are non-GAAP financial measures, which we calculate by excluding a non-cash charge of $111.2 million recorded in the 2018 first quarter from our reported income tax expense, net loss, diluted loss per share and effective tax rate, respectively. This charge was primarily due to our accounting re-measurement of our deferred tax assets based on the reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018, under the TCJA. The most directly comparable GAAP financial measures are our income tax expense, net income (loss), diluted earnings (loss) per share and effective tax rate. We believe these non-GAAP measures are meaningful to investors as they allow for an evaluation of our operating results without the impact of the TCJA-related charge.
Ratio of Net Debt to Capital. The following table reconciles our ratio of debt to capital calculated in accordance with GAAP to the non-GAAP financial measure of our ratio of net debt to capital (dollars in thousands):
February 28,
2019
 November 30,
2018
February 29,
2020
 November 30,
2019
Notes payable$2,203,589
 $2,060,263
$1,749,148
 $1,748,747
Stockholders’ equity2,128,497
 2,087,500
2,443,104
 2,383,122
Total capital$4,332,086
 $4,147,763
$4,192,252
 $4,131,869
Ratio of debt to capital50.9% 49.7%41.7% 42.3%
      
Notes payable$2,203,589
 $2,060,263
$1,749,148
 $1,748,747
Less: Cash and cash equivalents(511,690) (574,359)(429,706) (453,814)
Net debt1,691,899
 1,485,904
1,319,442
 1,294,933
Stockholders’ equity2,128,497
 2,087,500
2,443,104
 2,383,122
Total capital$3,820,396
 $3,573,404
$3,762,546
 $3,678,055
Ratio of net debt to capital44.3% 41.6%35.1% 35.2%

The ratio of net debt to capital is a non-GAAP financial measure, which we calculate by dividing notes payable, net of homebuilding cash and cash equivalents, by capital (notes payable, net of homebuilding cash and cash equivalents, plus stockholders’ equity). The most directly comparable GAAP financial measure is the ratio of debt to capital. We believe the ratio of net debt to capital is a relevant and useful financial measure to investors in understanding the degree of leverage employed in our operations.

HOMEBUILDING REPORTING SEGMENTS
Below is a discussion of the financial results forof each of our homebuilding reporting segments. Further information regarding these segments, including their pretax income (loss), is included in Note 2 – Segment Information in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report. The difference between each homebuilding reporting segment’s operating income (loss) and pretax income (loss) is generally due to the equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated joint ventures and/or interest income and expense.
West Coast. The following table presents financial information related to our West Coast segment for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands, except average selling price):
Three Months Ended February 28,Three Months Ended
2019 2018 VarianceFebruary 29, 2020 February 28, 2019 Variance
Revenues$305,810
 $386,652
 (21) %$484,497
 $305,810
 58  %
Construction and land costs(259,013) (327,760) 21
(416,657) (259,013) (61)
Selling, general and administrative expenses(28,721) (26,997) (6)(35,854) (28,721) (25)
Operating income$18,076
 $31,895
 (43) %$31,986
 $18,076
 77  %
          
Homes delivered497
 592
 (16) %794
 497
 60  %
Average selling price$607,500
 $652,800
 (7) %$610,200
 $607,500
 
Housing gross profit margin15.5% 15.2% 30bps14.0% 15.5% (150)bps
This segment’s revenues for the three months ended February 28, 2019 and29, 2020 were generated solely from housing operations. Revenues for the three months ended February 28, 20182019 were generated from both housing operations and land sales. Housing revenues for the 20192020 first quarter declined 22% toincreased 60% year over year from $301.9 million, from $386.5 million for the year-earlier quarter, reflecting decreasesmainly due to an increase in both the number of homes delivered and the average selling price of those homes.delivered. The decreaseyear-over-year growth in the number of homes delivered for the three months ended February 29, 2020 was primarily due to a 46% year-over-year increase in the 19% lower number of homes in beginning backlog at the beginning ofas well as homes delivered from our recently-established Seattle operations, which had no deliveries in the 2019 first quarter, compared to the prior-year period, which resulted from the lower average community count and softer market conditions amid consumer affordability concerns that impacted net orders in the second half of 2018. The decline in the average selling price of homes delivered was due to a shift in product and geographic mix, particularly the absence of certain communities with average selling prices between $1.1 million and $1.8 million that closed out in 2018. Land sale revenues totaled $3.9 million and $.2 million for the three-month periods ended February 28, 2019 and 2018, respectively.quarter.
Operating income for the three months ended February 28, 2019 decreased by $13.8 million, or 43%,29, 2020 increased from the year-earlier period primarily reflecting a decline indue to higher housing gross profits, and an increase inpartly offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses. HousingThe year-over-year growth in housing gross profits decreased as a result of a declinereflected an increase in both the number of homes delivered and the average selling price of those homes,housing revenues that was partly offset by a 30 basis point improvementdecrease in the housing gross profit margin. The growthdecline in the housing gross profit margin mainly reflected a reduction in the amortization of previously capitalized interest, accounting changes resulting from the above-described adoption of ASC 606 and a decrease in inventory-related charges impacting the housing gross profit marginwas primarily due to $3.3 million in the 2019 first quarter, compared to $4.9 million in the year-earlier quarter. These favorable impacts on housing gross profit margin were largely offset by an increase in construction and land costs as a percentage of housing revenues and decreasedmainly as a result of a mix shift of homes delivered. These cost increases were partly offset by improved operating leverage on fixed costs due to the lower volume of homes delivered and corresponding lowerhigher housing revenues. Sales incentivesInventory-related charges totaled $4.4 million in the 2020 first quarter, compared to $3.3 million in the year-earlier quarter. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues infor the 20192020 first quarter also increasedimproved from the year-earlier quarter. Land sales generated break-even results in the 2019 first quarter compared to profits of $.2 million in the 2018 first quarter. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended February 28, 2019 increased from the year-earlier period, primarilylargely due to the above-described adoptionincreased operating leverage as a result of ASC 606 and increased marketing expenses to support new community openings, partly offset by lower variable expenses associated with reducedhigher housing revenues.
Southwest. The following table presents financial information related to our Southwest segment for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands, except average selling price):
 Three Months Ended
 February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019 Variance
Revenues$191,318
 $157,656
 21  %
Construction and land costs(142,899) (121,218) (18)
Selling, general and administrative expenses(16,169) (14,120) (15)
Operating income$32,250
 $22,318
 45  %
      

 Three Months Ended February 28,
 2019 2018 Variance
Revenues$157,656
 $151,899
 4  %
Construction and land costs(121,218) (124,608) 3
Selling, general and administrative expenses(14,120) (11,774) (20)
Operating income$22,318
 $15,517
 44  %
      
      
Homes delivered483
 500
 (3) %
Average selling price$326,400
 $303,800
 7  %
Housing gross profit margin23.1% 18.0% 510bps
 Three Months Ended
 February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019 Variance
Homes delivered603
 483
 25  %
Average selling price$316,400
 $326,400
 (3) %
Housing gross profit margin25.4% 23.1% 230bps
This segment’s revenues for the three-month period ended February 29, 2020 were from both housing operations and land sales. For the three months ended February 28, 2019, and 2018revenues were generated solely from housing operations. Housing revenues for the 20192020 first quarter increased from the corresponding year-earlier period,21% year over year to $190.8 million, reflecting an increase in the average selling price that was partlynumber of homes delivered, partially offset by a decrease in the number of homes delivered. The average selling price rose primarily due to a shift in product and geographic mix and generally favorable market conditions.of those homes. The declinegrowth in the number of homes delivered primarily reflected a larger beginning backlog, which was up 34% compared to the year-earlier period. The year-over-year decrease in the average selling price for the three months ended February 29, 2020 was primarily due to the 15% lower numberproduct and geographic mix shifts of homes in backlog at the beginning of the 2019 first quarter compared to the prior-year period, which primarily resulted from the lower average community count for 2018, and was attributable to our Arizona operations.delivered.
Operating income for the three months ended February 28, 201929, 2020 increased from the corresponding 20182019 period due to higher housing gross profits, partly offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses. The increase in housing gross profits primarily reflected a higher average selling pricegrowth in housing revenues and a 510 basis pointan increase in the housing gross profit margin. The increaseimprovement in the housing gross profit margin was largelymainly due to a greater proportionlower amortization of homes delivered from newer, higher-margin communities,previously capitalized interest, a decrease in construction and land costs as a percentage of housing revenues, a decrease in the number of homes delivered from reactivated communities which typically have lower margins, a reduction in the amortization of previously capitalized interest and the above-described adoption of ASC 606. Inventory-related charges impacting theincreased operating leverage due to higher housing gross profit margin totaled $.1 million for the three months ended February 28, 2019, compared to no such charges in the year-earlier period.revenues. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues for the 20192020 first quarter increasedimproved from the corresponding 20182019 quarter, mainly as a result of increased operating leverage due to the above-described adoption of ASC 606 andhigher housing revenues, partly offset by increased marketing expenses to support new community openings. In addition, selling, general and administrative expenses for the 2018 first quarter also included legal recoveries.costs.
Central. The following table presents financial information related to our Central segment for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands, except average selling price):
Three Months Ended February 28,Three Months Ended
2019 2018 VarianceFebruary 29, 2020 February 28, 2019 Variance
Revenues$241,592
 $244,181
 (1) %$283,513
 $241,592
 17  %
Construction and land costs(198,104) (201,134) 2
(229,123) (198,104) (16)
Selling, general and administrative expenses(24,905) (23,954) (4)(31,712) (24,905) (27)
Operating income$18,583
 $19,093
 (3) %$22,678
 $18,583
 22  %
          
Homes delivered824
 821
 
968
 824
 17  %
Average selling price$285,000
 $294,700
 (3) %$292,900
 $285,000
 3  %
Housing gross profit margin18.1% 17.8% 30bps19.2% 18.1% 110bps
This segment’s revenues for the three months ended February 29, 2020 were generated solely from housing operations. Revenues for the three-month period ended February 28, 2019 and 2018 were generated from both housing operations and land sales. Housing revenues for the 20192020 first quarter declined 3% toincreased 21% from $234.8 million from $241.9 million for the year-earlier quarter, reflecting increases in both the number of homes delivered and the average selling price of those homes. The growth in the number of homes delivered primarily reflectingreflected a decreaselarger beginning backlog, which was up 16% as compared to the year-earlier period. The year-over-year increase in the average selling price for three-month period ended February 29, 2020 was due to shifts in the product and geographic mix of homes delivered as the number of homes delivered was essentially flat. The average selling price declined primarily due to a shift in product mix and a lower proportion of deliveries from our Colorado operations. Land sale revenues totaled $6.8 million for the three months ended February 28, 2019, compared to $2.3 million for the year-earlier period.

delivered.
Operating income for the three months ended February 28, 2019 decreased $.5 million29, 2020 rose from the year-earlier period, mainly due to higher selling, general and administrative expenses and a slight decreasean increase in housing gross profits, partly offset by increased profits from land sales.higher selling, general and administrative expenses. Housing gross profits decreasedincreased primarily due to a lower average selling price, partly offset bygrowth in housing revenues and an increase in the housing gross profit margin as the number of homes delivered was flat year over year.margin. The housing gross profit margin improved primarily due to the above-described adoption of ASC 606increase mainly resulted from a decrease in construction and a reduction in the amortization of previously capitalized interest, partly offset by decreased operating leverage on fixedland costs as a percentage of housing revenues. In addition, inventory-related charges impacting therevenues, improved operating leverage due to higher housing gross profit margin totaled $.2 million for the three months ended February 28, 2019, compared to $.1 million in the year-earlier period. Land sales generated profitsrevenues, and lower amortization of $1.1 million and $.1 million in the three months ended February 28, 2019 and 2018, respectively.previously capitalized interest. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues for the 20192020 first quarter increased from the year-earlier quarter, mainly reflecting higher overhead costs, partly offset by increased operating leverage due to the above-described adoption of ASC 606.higher housing revenues.

Southeast. The following table presents financial information related to our Southeast segment for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands, except average selling price):
Three Months Ended February 28,Three Months Ended
2019 2018 VarianceFebruary 29, 2020 February 28, 2019 Variance
Revenues$103,730
 $86,473
 20 %$113,054
 $103,730
 9  %
Construction and land costs(90,778) (74,322) (22)(95,610) (90,778) (5)
Selling, general and administrative expenses(13,497) (10,831) (25)(14,814) (13,497) (10)
Operating income (loss)$(545) $1,320
 (a)
$2,630
 $(545) (a)
          
Homes delivered348
 310
 12 %387
 348
 11  %
Average selling price$298,100
 $278,200
 7 %$292,000
 $298,100
 (2) %
Housing gross profit margin12.5% 14.1% (160)bps15.4% 12.5% 290bps
(a)Percentage not meaningful.
This segment’s revenues for the three-month period ended February 29, 2020 were generated from housing operations and nominal land sales. Revenues for the three months ended February 28, 2019 were generated solely from housing operations. Revenues for the three months ended February 28, 2018 were generated from bothThe year-over-year increase in housing operations and land sales. Housing revenues for the three months ended February 28, 2019 rose 20% year over year from $86.3 million for the 2018 first quarter, reflecting increases29, 2020 reflected an increase in both the number of homes delivered, andpartly offset by a decrease in the average selling price of those homes, largely attributable to our Florida operations.homes. The growth in the number of homes delivered primarily reflected a larger beginning backlog, which was primarily due to the 14% increase in the number of homes in backlog at the beginning of the 2019 first quarter asup 7% compared to the year-earlier quarter and an increase in homes delivered from newer communities.period. The increaseyear-over-year decrease in the average selling price for the three months ended February 29, 2020 was mainly due to a greaterlower proportion of homes delivered from higher-priced communities. Land sale revenues
Operating income for the three months ended February 28, 2018 totaled $.2 million.
This segment generated29, 2020 increased compared to an operating loss for the three months ended February 28, 2019, compared to operating income in the year-earlier period mainly due to an increasegrowth in housing gross profits, partially offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses. HousingThe year-over-year growth in housing gross profits increased slightly from the prior-year period as a 160 basis point declinereflected increases in both housing revenues and the housing gross profit margin was more than offset by an increase in the number of homes delivered and a higher average selling price.margin. The housing gross profit margin decreased mainlyincreased primarily due to higherlower construction and land costs as a percentage of housing revenues, partly offset by a reduction in theand lower amortization of previously capitalized interestinterest. Selling, general and the above-described adoption of ASC 606. Sales incentivesadministrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues infor the 20192020 first quarter increased slightly fromwere essentially the same as for the year-earlier quarter. Land sales generated nominal income for the 2018 first quarter. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased in the 2019 first quarter from the year-earlier period, primarily due to the above-described adoption of ASC 606 as well as increased variable expenses associated with higher housing revenues, higher marketing costs from opening a greater number of new communities in the current period, the recent expansion of our Jacksonville, Florida operations and the impact of favorable legal settlements in the prior-year quarter.period.
FINANCIAL SERVICES REPORTING SEGMENT
The following table presents a summary of selected financial and operational data for our financial services reporting segment (dollars in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
 February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Revenues$3,553
 $2,695
Expenses(962) (1,024)
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures3,222
 802
Pretax income$5,813
 $2,473
    
Total originations:   
Loans1,764
 1,209
Principal$558,537
 $339,264
Percentage of homebuyers using KBHS71% 64%
Average FICO score722
 718
    

 Three Months Ended February 28,
 2019 2018
Revenues$2,695
 $2,418
Expenses(1,024) (953)
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures802
 419
Pretax income$2,473
 $1,884
    
Total originations:   
Loans1,209
 1,003
Principal$339,264
 $273,305
Percentage of homebuyers using KBHS64% 50%
Average FICO score718
 720
    
Loans sold:   
Loans sold to Stearns1,161
 1,039
Principal$333,353
 $295,698
Loans sold to third parties244
 138
Principal$62,355
 $37,090
 Three Months Ended
 February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Loans sold:   
Loans sold to Stearns2,289
 1,161
Principal$700,037
 $333,353
Loans sold to third parties72
 244
Principal$23,299
 $62,355
Revenues. Financial services revenues for the three monthsthree-month period ended February 28, 2019 rose to $2.7 million29, 2020 increased from $2.4 million for the year-earlier period primarily due to an increaseincreases in both title services revenues and insurance commissions.
Expenses. General and administrative expenses totaled $1.0 million for each of the three-month periodsthree months ended February 29, 2020 decreased from the three months ended February 28, 2019 and 2018.2019.
Equity in Income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. The equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures was $.8 million forincreased on a year-over-year basis in the three monthsthree-month period ended February 28, 201929, 2020 primarily due to a 28% increase in the number of homes we delivered and $.4 million fora substantial increase in the three months ended February 28, 2018.percentage of homebuyers using KBHS.
INCOME TAXES
Income Tax Expense. Our income tax expense and effective tax rates were as follows (dollars in thousands):
Three Months Ended February 28,Three Months Ended
2019 2018February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Income tax expense$4,500
 $117,300
$9,100
 $4,500
Effective tax rate13.0% 254.8%13.2% 13.0%
Our income tax expense and effective tax rate for the three months ended February 29, 2020 included the favorable effects of $5.6 million of excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation and $4.0 million of federal energy tax credits that we earned from building energy-efficient homes. Our income tax expense and effective tax rate for the three months ended February 28, 2019 included the favorable effects ofimpacts a $3.3 million reversal of a deferred tax asset valuation allowance and $2.0 million of excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation, which were partly offset by $.8 million of other items. Excluding all of these items, our effective tax rate for the three months ended February 28, 2019 was approximately 26%. For the three months ended February 28, 2018, our income tax expense and effective tax rate included a non-cash charge of $111.2 million for TCJA-related impacts, as discussed in Note 13 – Income Taxes in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report; the favorable net impact of federal energy tax credits of $4.0 million; and excess tax benefits of $2.2 million related to stock-based compensation.
The federal energy tax credits for the three-month periodthree months ended February 28, 201829, 2020 resulted from legislation enacted on February 9, 2018,in December 2019, which among other things, extended the availability of a business tax credit for building new energy efficientenergy-efficient homes through December 31, 2017.2020. Prior to this legislation, the tax credit expired on December 31, 2016.
Excluding the above-mentioned charge of $111.2 million,2017. This extension is expected to benefit our adjusted income tax expense and adjusted effective tax rate for the three months ended February 28, 2018 were $6.1 million and 13.2%, respectively. The calculations of our adjusted income tax expense and adjusted effective tax rate are described above under “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.” Without the above-mentioned federal energy tax credits and excess stock-based compensation tax benefits, our adjusted effective tax rate for the three months ended February 28, 2018 would have approximated 27%.

At February 28, 2019 and November 30, 2018, we had deferred tax assets of $453.6 million and $465.4 million, respectively, that were partly offset by valuation allowances of $20.3 million and $23.6 million, respectively. During the three-month period ended February 28, 2019, we reversed the $3.3 million federal deferred tax asset valuation allowance establishedprovision in the 2018 first quarter due to the Internal Revenue Service’s announcement in January 2019 that refundable AMT credits will not be subject to sequestration for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. The deferred tax asset valuation allowances as of February 28, 2019 and November 30, 2018 were primarily related to certain state NOLs that had not met the “more likely than not” realization standard at those dates.future periods.
Further information regarding our income taxes is provided in Note 1314 – Income Taxes in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview. We have funded our homebuilding and financial services activities over the last several years with:
internally generated cash flows;
public issuances of debt securities;
borrowings under the Credit Facility;
public issuances of our common stock;
public issuances of debt securities;
land option contracts and other similar contracts and seller notes;
public issuances of our common stock; and
letters of credit and performance bonds.
We manage our use of cash in the operation of our business to support the execution of our primary strategic goals. Over the past several years, we have primarily used cash for:

land acquisition and land development;
home construction;

operating expenses;
principal and interest payments on notes payable; and
repayments of borrowings under the Credit Facility.
Our investments in land and land development decreased 17%increased 5% to $384.2$405.0 million for the three months endedFebruary 28, 201929, 2020, compared to $465.0384.2 million for the corresponding 2018prior-year period. Approximately 49%48% of our total investments in the three months ended February 28, 201929, 2020 related to land acquisition, compared to approximately 61%49% in the year-earlier period. While we made strategic investments in land and land development in each of our homebuilding reporting segments during the first three months of 2020 and 2019, approximately 49% and 2018, approximately 50% and 68%, respectively, of these investments for each period were made in our West Coast homebuilding reporting segment. OurDue to the impacts and uncertainties resulting from the public health and governmental efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19, as noted above under “Overview,” we plan to curtail our investments in land and land development in the future will depend significantly on market conditions2020 second quarter and available opportunities that meetlikely beyond. In this regard, we are discussing with certain land sellers delaying the acquisition of land, and we are activating more targeted development phases of land we own to align with expected slower sales and construction paces. These actions are expected to reduce the growth, and may cause a decline, of our investment return standards to support home deliverylot count and revenue growththe volume of homes delivered in the remainder of 20192020 second quarter and beyond.future periods.
The following table presents the number of lots and the carrying value of inventory we owned or controlled under land option contracts and other similar contracts and the carrying value of inventory by homebuilding reporting segment (dollars in thousands):
 February 28, 2019 November 30, 2018 Variance February 29, 2020 November 30, 2019 Variance
Segment Lots $ Lots $ Lots $ Lots $ Lots $ Lots $
West Coast 12,611
 $1,773,691
 12,680
 $1,727,993
 (69) $45,698
 15,010
 $1,751,958
 15,186
 $1,795,088
 (176) $(43,130)
Southwest 9,616
 627,627
 9,815
 598,374
 (199) 29,253
 11,459
 680,161
 11,191
 629,811
 268
 50,350
Central 23,025
 889,745
 22,237
 865,184
 788
 24,561
 24,472
 900,013
 25,871
 889,179
 (1,399) 10,834
Southeast 9,492
 392,700
 8,895
 391,288
 597
 1,412
 12,293
 396,484
 12,662
 390,524
 (369) 5,960
Total 54,744
 $3,683,763
 53,627
 $3,582,839
 1,117
 $100,924
 63,234
 $3,728,616
 64,910
 $3,704,602
 (1,676) $24,014
The carrying value of the lots we owned or controlled under land option contracts and other similar contracts at February 28, 201929, 2020 increased slightly from November 30, 2018 primarily due to2019. Over the investments in land and land development we made during the three months ended February 28, 2019, and an increase in the number of homes under construction. Overall,same period, the number of lots we controlleddecreased 3% mainly due to fewer lots under land option contracts and other similar contracts with refundable deposits, reflecting ordinary course fluctuation in the number of such contracts. The number of lots in inventory as of February 29, 2020 included 6,695 lots under contract where the associated deposits were refundable at our discretion, compared to 9,212 of such lots at November 30, 2019. Our land under contract as a percentage of total lots was 26%38% at both February 28, 201929, 2020 and 41% at November 30, 2018.2019. Generally, this percentage fluctuates with our decisions to control (or abandon) lots under land option contracts and other similar contracts or to purchase (or sell owned) lots based on available opportunities and our investment return standards.

Liquidity. The table below summarizes our total cash and cash equivalents, and total liquidity (in thousands):
 February 28,
2019
 November 30,
2018
 February 29,
2020
 November 30,
2019
Total cash and cash equivalents $511,690
 $574,359
 $429,706
 $453,814
Credit Facility commitment 500,000
 500,000
 800,000
 800,000
Borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility 
 
Letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility (33,144) (28,010) (12,429) (18,884)
Credit Facility availability 466,856
 471,990
 787,571
 781,116
Total liquidity $978,546
 $1,046,349
 $1,217,277
 $1,234,930
    
The majority of our cash andOur cash equivalents at February 28, 201929, 2020 and November 30, 2018 was2019 were invested in interest-bearing bank deposit accounts.accounts and money market funds.

Capital Resources. Our notes payable consisted of the following (in thousands):
 February 28,
2019
 November 30,
2018
 Variance
Mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans$12,018
 $40,038
 $(28,020)
Senior notes2,191,571
 1,790,437
 401,134
Convertible senior notes
 229,788
 (229,788)
Total$2,203,589
 $2,060,263
 $143,326
The change in our notes payable balance at February 28, 2019 compared to November 30, 2018 primarily reflected our completion of the following financing activities in the 2019 first quarter:
On February 1, 2019, we repaid the entire $230.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 1.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2019 at their maturity.
On February 20, 2019, pursuant to the 2017 Shelf Registration, we completed concurrent public offerings of $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.875% Senior Notes due 2027 and an additional $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our existing series of 7.625% Senior Notes due 2023. Net proceeds from these offerings totaled $400.0 million, after deducting the underwriting discount and our expenses relating to the offering, and were applied towards the optional redemption of the entire $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 4.75% Senior Notes due 2019 before their May 15, 2019 maturity date, which redemption we announced on February 5, 2019 and completed on March 8, 2019.
Further information regarding our notes payable is provided in Note 14 – Notes Payable in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
 February 29,
2020
 November 30,
2019
 Variance
Mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans$7,889
 $7,889
 $
Senior notes1,741,259
 1,740,858
 401
Total$1,749,148
 $1,748,747
 $401
Our financial leverage, as measured by the ratio of debt to capital, was 50.9%41.7% at February 28, 2019,29, 2020, compared to 49.7%42.3% at November 30, 2018.2019. Our ratio of net debt to capital (a calculation that is described above under “Non-GAAP Financial Measures”) at February 28, 201929, 2020 was 44.3%35.1%, compared to 41.6%35.2% at November 30, 2018.2019.
LOC FacilitiesFacility. We had $.3$33.4 million and $15.8 million of letters of credit outstanding under the LOC FacilitiesFacility at February 28, 201929, 2020 and no letters of credit outstanding under the LOC Facilities at November 30, 2018.2019, respectively. Further information regarding our LOC FacilitiesFacility is provided in Note 1415 – Notes Payable in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility. We have a $500.0an $800.0 million Credit Facility that will mature on July 27, 2021.October 7, 2023. The amount of the Credit Facility available for cash borrowings and the issuance of letters of credit depends on the total cash borrowings and letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility and the maximum available amount under the terms of the Credit Facility. As of February 28, 2019,29, 2020, we had no cash borrowings and $33.1$12.4 million of letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility. Therefore, as of February 28, 2019,29, 2020, we had $466.9$787.6 million available for cash borrowings under the Credit Facility, with up to $216.9$237.6 million of that amount available for the issuance of additional letters of credit. The Credit Facility is further described in Note 1415 – Notes Payable in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.

There have been no changes to the terms of the Credit Facility during the three months ended February 28, 201929, 2020 from those disclosed in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2018.2019.
The covenants and other requirements under the Credit Facility represent the most restrictive covenants that we are subject to with respect to our notes payable. The following table summarizes the financial covenants and other requirements under the Credit Facility, and our actual levels or ratios (as applicable) with respect to those covenants and other requirements, in each case as of February 28, 201929, 2020:
Financial Covenants and Other Requirements Covenant Requirement Actual Covenant Requirement Actual
Consolidated tangible net worth >$1.46 billion $2.13 billion >$1.67 billion $2.44 billion
Leverage Ratio <.650 .509 <.650 .418
Interest Coverage Ratio (a) >1.500 4.158 >1.500 4.340
Minimum liquidity (a) >$140.2 million $511.7 million >$137.2 million $429.7 million
Investments in joint ventures and non-guarantor subsidiaries <$530.5 million $145.8 million <$593.4 million $179.2 million
Borrowing base in excess of borrowing base indebtedness (as defined)  n/a $799.3 million  n/a $1.29 billion
(a)Under the terms of the Credit Facility, we are required to maintain either a minimum Interest Coverage Ratio or a minimum level of liquidity, but not both. As of February 28, 2019,29, 2020, we met both the Interest Coverage Ratio and the minimum liquidity requirements.
The indenture governing our senior notes does not contain any financial covenants. Subject to specified exceptions, the indenture contains certain restrictive covenants that, among other things, limit our ability to incur secured indebtedness, or engage in sale and leaseback transactions involving property above a certain specified value. In addition, the indenture contains certain limitations related to mergers, consolidations, and sales of assets.
Our obligations to pay principal, premium, if any, and interest under our senior notes and borrowings, if any, under the Credit Facility are guaranteed on a joint and several basis by the Guarantor Subsidiaries. The guarantees are full and unconditional and the Guarantor Subsidiaries are 100% owned by us. We may also cause other subsidiaries of ours to become Guarantor Subsidiaries if we believe it to be in our or the relevant subsidiary’s best interests. Condensed consolidating financial information for our subsidiaries considered to be Guarantor Subsidiaries is provided in Note 2122 – Supplemental Guarantor Information in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.

As of February 28, 2019,29, 2020, we were in compliance with the applicable terms of all our covenants and other requirements under the Credit Facility, the senior notes, the indenture, and the mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans. Our ability to access the Credit Facility for cash borrowings and letters of credit and our ability to secure future debt financing depend, in part, on our ability to remain in such compliance. There are no agreements that restrict our payment of dividends other than the Credit Facility, which would restrict our payment of dividends (other than common stock dividends) if a default under the Credit Facility exists at the time of any such payment, or if any such payment would result in such a default (other than dividends paid within 60 days after declaration, if there was no default at the time of declaration).
Depending on available terms, we finance certain land acquisitions with purchase-money financing from land sellers or with other forms of financing from third parties. At February 28, 2019,29, 2020, we had outstanding mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans payable in connection with such financing of $12.0$7.9 million, secured primarily by the underlying property, which had an aggregate carrying value of $138.2$30.8 million.
Credit Ratings. Our credit ratings are periodically reviewed by rating agencies. In January 2020, Standard and Poor’s Financial Services upgraded our credit rating to BB from BB-, and changed the rating outlook to stable from positive.
Consolidated Cash Flows. The following table presents a summary of net cash provided by (used in) our operating, investing and financing activities (in thousands):

Three Months Ended February 28,Three Months Ended
2019 2018February 29, 2020 February 28, 2019
Net cash provided by (used in):      
Operating activities$(198,210) $(141,680)$(9,866) $(198,210)
Investing activities(1,747) (8,850)(7,839) (1,747)
Financing activities137,245
 (9,525)(6,226) 137,245
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents$(62,712) $(160,055)$(23,931) $(62,712)
Operating Activities. Operating activities used net cash of $198.2 million in the three months ended February 28, 2019 and $141.7 million in the three months ended February 28, 2018. Generally, our net operating cash flows fluctuate primarily based on changes in our inventories and our profitability.
Our net cash used by operating activities for the three months ended February 29, 2020 primarily reflected a net decrease in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities of $61.0 million, net cash of $17.9 million used for investments in inventories and an increase in receivables of $4.2 million, partly offset by net income of $59.7 million. In the three months ended February 28, 2019, primarilyour net cash used by operating activities mainly reflected net cash of $154.1 million used for investments in inventories, a net decrease in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities of $70.1 million and a net increase in receivables of $19.5 million, partly offset by net income of $30.0 million.
Investing Activities. In the three months ended February 28, 2018,29, 2020, our uses of cash included $6.7 million for net purchases of property and equipment and $1.7 million for contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures. These uses of cash usedwere partially offset by operating activities mainly reflected net casha $.5 million return of $135.3 million used for investments in inventories, a net decrease in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities of $54.0 million, and a net increase in receivables of $6.0 million, partly offset by our net loss of $71.3 million adjusted for various non-cash items, including a net decrease of $117.1 million in our deferred tax assets.
Investing Activities. Investing activities used net cash of $1.7 million in the three months ended February 28, 2019 and $8.9 million in the year-earlier period.unconsolidated joint ventures. In the three months ended February 28, 2019, our uses ofthe net cash includedused for investing activities reflected $10.0 million for net purchases of property and equipment and $2.5 million for contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures. These uses of cash were partially offset by $5.8 million of proceeds from the sale of a building and a $5.0 million return of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures. In the three months ended February 28, 2018, the
Financing Activities. The year-over-year change in net cash used for investingin financing activities reflected $8.0 million for contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures and $1.9 million for net purchases of property and equipment, which were partially offset by a $1.1 million return of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.
Financing Activities. Financing activities provided net cash of $137.2 million in the three months ended February 28, 2019 and used net cash of $9.5 million in the three months ended February 28, 2018. The year-over-year change was mainly due to the financing transactions we completed in the 2019 first quarter, including our concurrent public offerings of senior notes in the 2019 first quarter, partly offset byand our repayment of certain senior notes. In the 1.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2019.three months ended February 29, 2020, net cash was used for dividend payments on our common stock of $8.2 million and tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards of $6.2 million. The cash used was partially offset by $8.2 million of issuances of common stock under employee stock plans. In the three months ended February 28, 2019, net cash was provided by our concurrent public offerings of $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.875% Senior Notessenior notes due 2027 and an additional $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our existing series of 7.625% Senior Notessenior notes due 2023, and $.8 million of issuances of common stock under employee stock plans. The cash provided was partiallypartly offset by cash used for our repayment of $230.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 1.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2019, payments on mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans of $28.0 million, tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards of $3.3 million, and dividend payments on our common stock of $2.3 million. In
During the three monthsthree-month period ended February 29, 2020, our board of directors declared, and we paid, a cash dividend of $.090 per share on our common stock. During the three-month period ended February 28, 2018, cash was used for tax payments associated with stock-based compensation awards of $6.8 million, payments on mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans of $3.4 million, and dividend payments on our common stock of $2.3 million. The cash used was partly offset by $2.9 million of issuances of common stock under employee stock plans.
During the three months ended February 28, 2019, and 2018, our board of directors declared, and we paid, a quarterly cash dividend of $.025 per share of common stock. The declaration and payment of future cash dividends on

our common stock, whether at current levels or at all, are at the discretion of our board of directors and depend upon, among other things, our expected future earnings, cash flows, capital requirements, access to external financing, debt structure and any adjustments thereto, operational and financial investment strategy and general financial condition, as well as general business conditions.
WeWhile the unprecedented public health and governmental efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19 have created significant uncertainty as to general economic and housing market conditions for the remainder of 2020 and beyond, as of the date of this report, we believe we have adequate capital resources and sufficient access to the credit and capital markets and external financing sources to satisfy our current and reasonably anticipated long-term requirements for funds to acquire assets and land, to use and/or develop acquired assets and land, to construct homes, to financeconduct our financial services operations and to meet other needs in the ordinary course of our business. In addition to acquiring and/or developing land that meetsWhile we have had no cash borrowings under the Credit Facility in our investment return standards, in2020 fiscal year through the date of this report, for the remainder of 2019,2020, we mayexpect to use or redeploy our cash resources or cash borrowings under the Credit Facility to support otherour business purposes that are aligned with our primary strategic growth goals. Wewithin the context of prevailing market conditions, which, given recent developments in the second quarter-to-date period, could rapidly and materially deteriorate or otherwise change. During this time, we may also arrange or engage in capital markets, bank loan, project debt or other financial transactions. These transactions, may include repurchases from time to timeincluding the repurchase of our outstanding common stock. They may also include repurchases from time to time of our outstanding senior notesdebt or other debt through redemptions, tender offers, exchange offers, private exchanges, open marketequity securities or private purchases or other means, as well as potential new

issuances of debt or equity or senior or convertible senior notes or other debt through public offerings, private placements or other arrangements to raise or access additional capitalsecurities to support our current land and land development investment targets, to complete strategic transactions and for other business purposes and/or to effect repurchases or additional redemptions of our outstanding senior notes or other debt.needs. The amounts involved in these transactions, if any, may be material. AsIn addition, as necessary or desirable, we may adjust or amend the terms of and/or expand the capacity of the Credit Facility or the LOC Facilities,Facility, or enter into additional letter of credit facilities, or other similar facility arrangements, in each case with the same or other financial institutions, or allow any such facilities to mature or expire. OurHowever, with the uncertainty surrounding COVID-19, our ability to engage in such transactions however, may be constrained by volatile or tight economic, capital, credit and/or financial market conditions, as well as moderated investor and/or lender interest or capacity and/or our currentliquidity, leverage ratios,and net worth, and we can provide no assurance as to successfully completing, the costs of, or the operational limitations arising from any one or series of such transactions. Further discussion of the success or costs of any such transactions.potential impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic on our capital resources and liquidity is provided below under Part II, Item 1A – Risk Factors.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. As discussed in Note 9 – Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report, we have investments in unconsolidated joint ventures in various markets where our homebuilding operations are located. Our unconsolidated joint ventures had total combined assets of $144.4 million at At February 28, 201929, 2020 and$150.2 million at November 30, 2018. Our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures totaled $57.1 million at February 28, 2019 and $62.0 million at November 30, 2018. At February 28, 2019, one of our unconsolidated joint ventures had outstanding secured debt totaling $22.0$39.5 million and $40.7 million, respectively, under a construction loan agreement with a third-party lender to finance its land development activities, with theactivities. The outstanding debt is secured by the underlying property and related project assets and is non-recourse to us. At November 30, 2018, this unconsolidated joint venture had outstanding debt totaling $18.0 million. TheAll of the secured debt is scheduled to mature in February 2020.2021. However, the loan agreement provides for a one-year extension beyond this date. None of our other unconsolidated joint ventures had outstanding debt at February 28, 201929, 2020 or November 30, 2018.2019. While we and our partner in the unconsolidated joint venture that has the outstanding construction loan agreement at February 28, 201929, 2020 provide certain guarantees and indemnities to the lender, we do not have a guaranty or any other obligation to repay or to support the value of the collateral underlying the outstanding secured debt. We do not believe that our existing exposure under our guaranty and indemnity obligations related to the outstanding secured debt is material to our consolidated financial statements. As discussed in Note 8 – Variable Interest Entities in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report, we determined that one of our joint ventures at February 28, 2019 and November 30, 2018 was a VIE, but we were not the primary beneficiary of this VIE. All of our joint ventures were unconsolidated and accounted for under the equity method because we did not have a controlling financial interest.
We are committed to purchase all 25 unconsolidated joint venture lots controlled under land option and other similar contracts at February 28, 2019 from one of our unconsolidated joint ventures. The purchase will be made in quarterly takedowns over the next year for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $11.8 million under agreements that we entered into with the joint venture in 2016.
Land Option Contracts and Other Similar Contracts. As discussed in Note 8 – Variable Interest Entities in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report, in the ordinary course of our business, we enter into land option contracts and other similar contracts with third parties and unconsolidated entities to acquire rights to land for the construction of homes. At February 28, 2019, we had total cash deposits of $49.8 million to purchase land having an aggregate purchase price of $1.23 billion. At November 30, 2018, we had total deposits of $53.8 million to purchase land having an aggregate purchase price of $1.37 billion. Our land option contracts and other similar contracts generally do not contain provisions requiring our specific performance. Our decision to exercise a particular land option contract or other similar contract depends on the results of our due diligence reviews and ongoing market and project feasibility analysis that we conduct after entering into such a contract. In some cases, our decision to exercise a land option contract or other similar contract may be conditioned on the land seller obtaining necessary entitlements, such as zoning rights and environmental and development approvals, and/or physically developing the underlying land by a pre-determined date. We typically have the ability not to exercise our rights to the underlying land for any reason and forfeit our deposits without further penalty or obligation to the sellers. If we were to acquire all of the land we controlledhad under our land option contracts and other similar contracts at February 28, 201929, 2020, we estimate the remaining purchase price to be paid would be as follows: 2019 – $523.0 million; 2020 – $260.9$811.4 million; 2021 – $239.8$271.9 million; 2022 – $46.2$83.6 million; 2023 – $39.5$60.1 million; 2024 – $45.7 million; and thereafter – $75.0$44.6 million.
In addition to the cash deposits, our exposure to loss related to our land option contracts and other similar contracts consisted of pre-acquisition costs of $43.6 million at February 28, 2019 and $46.9 million at November 30, 2018. These pre-acquisition costs and cash deposits were included in inventories in our consolidated balance sheets.
We determined that as of February 28, 2019 and November 30, 2018 we were not the primary beneficiary of any VIEs from which we have acquired rights to land under land option contracts and other similar contracts. We also evaluated our land option contracts and other similar contracts for financing arrangements and, as a result of our evaluations, increased inventories, with a corresponding increase to accrued expenses and other liabilities, in our consolidated balance sheets by $5.5 million at February 28, 2019 and

$21.8 million at November 30, 2018, as further discussed in Note 8 – Variable Interest Entities in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
Contractual Obligations. Due to our repayment of the entire $230.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 1.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2019 upon maturity, and our completion of concurrent public offerings of $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.875% Senior Notes due 2027 and an additional $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our existing series of 7.625% Senior Notes due 2023, all of which are further described in Note 14 – Notes Payable in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report, our contractual obligations as of February 28, 2019 have changed materially from those reported in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2018. The following table sets forth our future cash requirements related to the contractual obligations of our long-term debt and interest as of February 28, 2019 (in millions):
 Total 2019 2020-2021 2022-2023 Thereafter
Contractual obligations:         
Long-term debt$2,212.0
 $412.0
 $350.0
 $1,150.0
 $300.0
Interest546.5
 122.8
 227.4
 123.3
 73.0
Total$2,758.5
 $534.8
 $577.4
 $1,273.3
 $373.0
There have been no other significant changes in our contractual obligations from those reported in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2018.2019.

Critical Accounting Policies
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires the use of judgment in the application of accounting policies and estimates of uncertain matters. Except for accounting policies related to our adoption of ASC 606, as described in Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report, thereThere have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates during the three months ended February 28, 201929, 2020 from those disclosed in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2018.2019.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recent accounting pronouncements are discussed in Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
Outlook
ForWhile we believe long-term housing market fundamentals remain positive, including low interest rates and a relatively constrained supply of homes available for sale, we expect that overall economic conditions in the United States will be negatively impacted by the spread of COVID-19, as discussed above under “Overview,” though the magnitude and duration of any such impact is unknown and highly uncertain. In light of this uncertainty, we have withdrawn guidance for our 2020 fiscal year. In addition, if conditions in the overall housing market or in a specific market or submarket worsen in the future beyond our current expectations, if future changes in our business strategy significantly affect any key assumptions used in our projections of future cash flows, or if there are material changes in any of the other items we consider in assessing recoverability, we may recognize charges in future periods for inventory impairments or land option contract abandonments, or both, related to our current inventory assets. Any such charges could be material to our consolidated financial statements.
While we have had no cash borrowings under the Credit Facility in our 2020 fiscal year through the date of this report, for the remainder of 2019,2020, we intendexpect to continue to execute onuse or redeploy our Returns-Focused Growth Plan, which is described incash resources or cash borrowings under the “Business” section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2018. We believe that doing so will enable us to generate cash flows that we can deploy in a targeted mannerCredit Facility to support our business and enhance our return on invested capital, as well as manage our debt, withwithin the principal aimcontext of driving long-term stockholder value. Our present 2019 second quarter outlook is as follows:
2019 Second Quarter:
We expect to generate housing revenuesprevailing market conditions, which, given recent developments in the rangesecond quarter-to-date period, could rapidly and materially deteriorate or otherwise change. During this time, we may also engage in capital markets, bank loan, project debt or other financial transactions, including the repurchase of $900.0 milliondebt or equity securities or potential new issuances of debt or equity securities to $950.0 million, compared to $1.09 billion in the year-earlier quarter, and anticipate our average selling price to be in the range of $375,000 to $380,000, representing a decrease in the range of 5% to 7% as compared to the year-earlier period.
We expect our housing gross profit margin to be in the range of 17.0% to 17.6%, assuming no inventory-related charges.
We expect our selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of housing revenues to be in the range of 12.3% to 12.9%.
We expect our homebuilding operating income margin, excluding inventory-related charges, to range from 4.2% to 5.2%.
We expect an effective tax rate, excluding potential impacts from stock-based compensation and/or tax credits, of approximately 26%.
We expect a diluted weighted average share count of approximately 92 million.

We expect our average community count will be up approximately 15% to 20% from the 2018 second quarter.
We believe we are well positioned for 2019 due to, among other things, our planned new home community openings, community reactivations, investments in land and land development and current positive economic and demographic trends, to varying degrees, in many of our served markets, and that we will be able to grow our average community count in the range of 10% to 15% for the 2019 full year. However, in the latter part of 2018, the homebuilding industry andsupport our business saw a distinct tempering of homebuyer demand largely driven by several years of home price appreciation coupled with rising mortgage interest rates. In turn, the decreaseneeds. The amounts involved in demand has increased new home inventories.these transactions, if any, may be material. In addition, the industry is experiencing labor constraints and volatile raw material prices, exacerbated by U.S. trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs and duties on homebuilding materials and products. If these demand, inventory and cost trends continue for an extended period beyond the 2019 first quarter, or worsen during 2019, our business would be negatively impacted. In this regard, we believe the strength of the full spring selling season will be an important factor for our overall performance for the year and with respect to our Returns-Focused Growth Plan, and we are encouraged by signs of improving demand and the moderation of mortgage interest rates in recent weeks.
Our future performance and the strategies we implement (and adjust or refine as necessary or appropriate) will depend significantly on prevailing economic and capital, credit and financial market conditions and on a fairly stable and constructivethe public health, political and regulatory environment (particularly(including in regards to housing and mortgage loan financing policies), among other factors.
Forward-Looking Statements
Investors are cautioned that certain statements contained in this report, as well as some statements by us in periodic press releases and other public disclosures and some oral statements by us to securities analysts, stockholders and others during presentations, are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Act”). Statements that are predictive in nature, that depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, or that include words such as “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate,” “hope,” and similar expressions constitute forward-looking statements. In addition, any statements that we may make or provide concerning future financial or operating performance (including without limitation future revenues, community count, homes delivered, net orders, selling prices, sales pace per new community, expenses, expense ratios, housing gross profits, housing gross profit margins, earnings or earnings per share, or growth or growth rates), future market conditions, future interest rates, and other economic conditions, ongoing business strategies or prospects, future dividends and changes in dividend levels, the value of our backlog (including amounts that we expect to realize upon delivery of homes included in our backlog and the timing of those deliveries), the value of our net orders, potential future asset acquisitions and the impact of completed acquisitions, future share issuances or repurchases, future debt issuances, repurchases or redemptions and other possible future actions are also forward-looking statements as defined by the Act. Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and projections about future events and are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions about our operations, economic and market factors, and the homebuilding industry, among other things. These statements are not guarantees of future performance, and we have no specific policy or intention to update these statements. In addition, forward-looking and other statements in this report and in other public or oral disclosures that express or contain opinions, views or assumptions about market or economic conditions; the success, performance, effectiveness and/or relative positioning of our strategies, initiatives or operational activities; and other matters, may be based in whole or in part on general observations of our management, limited or anecdotal evidence and/or business or industry experience without in-depth or any particular empirical investigation, inquiry or analysis.
Actual events and results may differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in forward-looking statements due to a number of factors. The most important risk factors that could cause our actual performance and future events and actions to differ materially from such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

general economic, employment and business conditions;
population growth, household formations and demographic trends;
conditions in the capital, credit and financial markets;
our ability to access external financing sources and raise capital through the issuance of common stock, debt or other securities, and/or project financing, on favorable terms;
the execution of any share repurchases pursuant to our board of directors’ authorization;
material and trade costs and availability;
changes in interest rates;
our debt level, including our ratio of debt to capital, and our ability to adjust our debt level and maturity schedule;

our compliance with the terms of the Credit Facility;
volatility in the market price of our common stock;
volatility in the market price of our common stock;
weak or declining consumer confidence, either generally or specifically with respect to purchasing homes;
competition from other sellers of new and resale homes;
weather events, significant natural disasters and other climate and environmental factors;
any failure of lawmakers to agree on a budget or appropriation legislation to fund the federal government’s operations, and financial markets’ and businesses’ reactions to that failure;
government actions, policies, programs and regulations directed at or affecting the housing market (including the TCJA, the Dodd-Frank Act, tax benefits associated with purchasing and owning a home, and the standards, fees and size limits applicable to the purchase or insuring of mortgage loans by government-sponsored enterprises and government agencies), the homebuilding industry, or construction activities;
changes in existing tax laws or enacted corporate income tax rates, including those resulting from regulatory guidance and interpretations issued with respect to the TCJA;thereto;
changes in U.S. trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs and duties on homebuilding materials and products, and related trade disputes with and retaliatory measures taken by other countries;
the adoption of new or amended financial accounting standards and the guidance and/or interpretations with respect thereto;
the availability and cost of land in desirable areas and our ability to timely develop acquired land parcels and open new home communities;
our warranty claims experience with respect to homes previously delivered and actual warranty costs incurred;
costs and/or charges arising from regulatory compliance requirements or from legal, arbitral or regulatory proceedings, investigations, claims or settlements, including unfavorable outcomes in any such matters resulting in actual or potential monetary damage awards, penalties, fines or other direct or indirect payments, or injunctions, consent decrees or other voluntary or involuntary restrictions or adjustments to our business operations or practices that are beyond our current expectations and/or accruals;
our ability to use/realize the net deferred tax assets we have generated;
our ability to successfully implement our current and planned strategies and initiatives related to our product, geographic and market positioning, gaining share and scale in our served markets and in entering into new markets;
our operational and investment concentration in markets in California;
consumer interest in our new home communities and products, particularly from first-time homebuyers andhigher-income consumers;
our ability to generate orders andconvert our backlog of orders to home deliveries and revenues, particularly in key markets in California;
consumer interest in our new home communities and products, particularly from first-time homebuyers andhigher-income consumers;
our ability to generate orders andconvert our backlog of orders to home deliveries and revenues, particularly in key markets in California;
our ability to successfully implement our Returns-Focused Growth Planbusiness strategies and achieve theany associated revenue, margin, profitability, cash flow, community reactivation, land sales, business growth, asset efficiency, return on invested capital, return on equity, net debt to capital ratio and other financial and operational targets and objectives;

income tax expense volatility associated with stock-based compensation;
the ability of our homebuyers to obtain residential mortgage loans and mortgage banking services;
the performance of mortgage lenders to our homebuyers;
the performance of KBHS;
information technology failures and data security breaches;
an epidemic or pandemic (such as the outbreak and worldwide spread of COVID-19), and the measures that international, federal, state and local governments, agencies, law enforcement and/or health authorities implement to address it, which may (as with COVID-19) precipitate or exacerbate one or more of the above-mentioned and/or other risks, and significantly disrupt or prevent us from operating our business in the ordinary course for an extended period; and
other events outside of our control.

Please see our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 20182019 and other filings with the SEC for a further discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties applicable to our business.
Item 3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We enter into debt obligations primarily to support general corporate purposes, including the operations of our subsidiaries. We are subject to interest rate risk on our senior notes. For fixed rate debt,There have been no material changes in interest rates generally affect the fair value of the debt instrument, but not our earnings or cash flows. We generally have no obligation to prepay our debt before maturity, and, as a result, interest ratemarket risk and changes in fair market value should not have a significant impact on our fixed rate debt until we are required or elect to refinance or repurchase such debt. Under our current policies, we do not use interest rate derivative instruments to manage our exposure to changes in interest rates.
The following table presents principal cash flows by scheduled maturity, weighted average effective interest rates and the estimated fair value of our long-term fixed rate debt obligations as of February 28, 2019 (dollars in thousands):
Fiscal Year of Expected Maturity Fixed Rate Debt 
Weighted Average
Effective Interest Rate
2019 $400,000
 5.0%
2020 350,000
 8.5
2021 
 
2022 800,000
 7.4
2023 350,000
 7.6
Thereafter 300,000
 7.1
Total $2,200,000
 7.1
Fair value at February 28, 2019 $2,298,750
  
since November 30, 2019. For additional information regarding our market risk, refer to the “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2018.2019.
Item 4.Controls and Procedures
We have established disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“Principal Executive Officer”) and Chief Financial Officer (“Principal Financial Officer”), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Under the supervision and with the participation of senior management, including our Principal Executive Officer and our Principal Financial Officer, we evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of February 28, 201929, 2020.
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended February 28, 201929, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.Legal Proceedings
For a discussion of our legal proceedings, see Note 1718 – Legal Matters in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report.
Item 1A.
Risk Factors
ThereExcept as set forth below, as of the date of this report, there have been no material changes to the risk factors we previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2018.2019.
Our business could be materially and adversely disrupted by an epidemic or pandemic (such as the present outbreak and worldwide spread of COVID-19), or similar public threat, or fear of such an event, and the measures that international, federal, state and local governments, agencies, law enforcement and/or health authorities implement to address it.
An epidemic, pandemic or similar serious public health issue, and the measures undertaken by governmental authorities to address it, could significantly disrupt or prevent us from operating our business in the ordinary course for an extended period, and thereby, and/or along with any associated economic and/or social instability or distress, have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial statements.
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization characterized the outbreak of COVID-19 as a global pandemic and recommended containment and mitigation measures. On March 13, 2020, the United States declared a national emergency

concerning the outbreak, and several states and municipalities have declared public health emergencies. Along with these declarations, there have been extraordinary and wide-ranging actions taken by international, federal, state and local public health and governmental authorities to contain and combat the outbreak and spread of COVID-19 in regions across the United States and the world, including quarantines, and “stay-at-home” orders and similar mandates for many individuals to substantially restrict daily activities and for many businesses to curtail or cease normal operations.
In response to these steps, in mid-March, we temporarily closed our sales centers, model homes and design studios to the general public. During this time, we have shifted to an appointment-only personalized home sales process where permitted, following recommended distancing and other health and safety protocols when meeting in person with a customer, and we are leveraging our virtual sales tools to give customers the ability to shop for a new KB home from their mobile device or personal computer. In addition, we shifted our corporate and division office functions to work remotely. Combined with our limiting construction operations largely to authorized activities and a reduction in the availability, capacity and efficiency of municipal and private services necessary to the progress of land development, homebuilding, completing mortgage loans and delivering homes, which in each case has varied by market depending on the scope of the restrictions local authorities have established, these appropriate measures have tempered our sales pace and delayed home deliveries in the latter part of March and through the date of this report. We also prioritized our warranty service activities to respond to emergency repair requests, and otherwise on a by-exception basis. We are uncertain of the potential full magnitude or duration of the business and economic impacts from the unprecedented public health effort to contain and combat the spread of COVID-19, which include, among other things, significant volatility in financial markets and a sharp decrease in the value of equity securities, including our common stock. In addition, we can provide no assurance as to whether the COVID-19 public health effort will be intensified to such an extent that we will not be able to conduct any business operations in certain of our served markets or at all for an indefinite period.
Our business could also be negatively impacted over the medium-to-longer term if the disruptions related to COVID-19 decrease consumer confidence generally or with respect to purchasing a home; cause civil unrest; or precipitate a prolonged economic downturn and/or an extended rise in unemployment or tempering of wage growth, any of which could lower demand for our products; impair our ability to sell and build homes in a typical manner or at all, generate revenues and cash flows, and/or access the Credit Facility or the capital or lending markets (or significantly increase the costs of doing so), as may be necessary to sustain our business; increase the costs or decrease the supply of building materials or the availability of subcontractors and other talent, including as a result of infections or medically necessary or recommended self-quarantining, or governmental mandates to direct production activities to support public health efforts; and/or result in our recognizing charges in future periods, which may be material, for inventory impairments or land option contract abandonments, or both, related to our current inventory assets. The inherent uncertainty surrounding COVID-19, due in part to rapidly changing governmental directives, public health challenges and progress, and market reactions thereto, also makes it more challenging for our management to estimate the future performance of our business and develop strategies to generate growth or achieve our initial or any revised objectives for 2020.
Should the adverse impacts described above (or others that are currently unknown) occur, whether individually or collectively, we would expect to experience, among other things, decreases in our net orders, homes delivered, average selling prices, revenues and profitability, as we have in the first few weeks of our second quarter, and such impacts could be material to our consolidated financial statements in the second quarter and beyond. In addition, should the COVID-19 public health effort intensify to such an extent that we cannot operate in most or all of our served markets, we could generate few or no orders and deliver few, if any homes during the applicable period, which could be prolonged. Along with a potential increase in cancellations of home purchase contracts, if there are prolonged government restrictions on our business and our customers, and/or an extended economic recession, we could be unable to produce revenues and cash flows sufficient to conduct our business; meet the terms of our covenants and other requirements under the Credit Facility, our senior notes and the related indenture, and/or mortgages and land contracts due to land sellers and other loans; service our outstanding debt; or pay any dividends to our stockholders. Such a circumstance could, among other things, exhaust our available liquidity (and ability to access liquidity sources) and/or trigger an acceleration to pay a significant portion or all of our then-outstanding debt obligations, which we may be unable to do.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
The following table summarizes our purchases of our own equity securities during the three months ended February 28, 2019:29, 2020:

Period Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
December 1-31 
 $
 
 2,193,947
 
 $
 
 2,193,947
January 1-31 
 
 
 2,193,947
 
 
 
 2,193,947
February 1-28 147,382
 22.67
 
 2,193,947
February 1-29 155,307
 40.04
 
 2,193,947
Total 147,382
 $22.67
 
   155,307
 $40.04
 
  
In January 2016,May 2018, our board of directors authorized us to repurchase a total of up to 10,000,0004,000,000 shares of our outstanding common stock.  As of November 30, 2016, we had repurchased 8,373,000 shares of our common stock pursuant to this authorization, at a total cost of $85.9 million. On May 14, 2018 our board of directors reaffirmed the remainder of the 2016 authorization and approved and authorized the repurchase of 2,373,000 additional shares of our outstanding common stock, for a total of up to 4,000,000 shares authorized for repurchase. As of November 30,In 2018, we had repurchased 1,806,053 shares of our common stock pursuant to this authorization, at a total cost of $35.0 million. As of November 30, 2019, we had 2,193,947 shares authorized for repurchase. During the three months ended February 28, 2019,29, 2020, no shares were repurchased pursuant to this authorization.
The shares purchased during the three months ended February 28, 2019, as reflected in the above table,29, 2020 were previously issued shares delivered to us by employees to satisfy withholding taxes on the vesting of PSUs. These transactions are not considered repurchases under the board of directors’ authorization.
Item 6.    Exhibits
Exhibits  
   
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
   
31.1 
   
31.2 
   
32.1 
   
32.2 
   
101101.INS The following materials from KB Home’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q forXBRL Instance Document - the quarter ended February 28, 2019, formattedinstance document does not appear in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (a) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended February 28, 2019Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and 2018, (b) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of February 28, 2019 and November 30, 2018, (c) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended February 28, 2019 and 2018, and (d) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.included in Exhibit 101).


SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 


 
KB HOME
Registrant
 








DatedApril 5, 20191, 2020 By:/s/ JEFF J. KAMINSKI
    
Jeff J. Kaminski
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
 














DatedApril 5, 20191, 2020 By:/s/ WILLIAM R. HOLLINGER
    
William R. Hollinger
Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)


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