UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
 FORM 10-Q 
(Mark One)
ýQUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 20172018
OR 
¨TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                 to                
Commission File Number 1-9977
 
 mhlogo1linetaga08.jpg
Meritage Homes Corporation
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
Maryland 86-0611231
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)
 
(IRS Employer
Identification No.)
  
8800 E. Raintree Drive, Suite 300,
Scottsdale, Arizona
 85260
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
(480) 515-8100
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
N/A
(Former Name, Former Address and Formal Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report)
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ý No  ¨
Indicate by a checkmark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Date File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ý    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filerýAccelerated filer¨
Non-accelerated filer
¨  (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
Smaller reporting company¨
  Emerging growth company¨
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by a checkmark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨    No  ý

Common shares outstanding as of April 27, 2017: 40,314,09226, 2018: 40,643,513


MERITAGE HOMES CORPORATION
FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED MARCH 31, 20172018
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Items 3-5. Not Applicable 
 
 
 
 






PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.    Financial Statements

MERITAGE HOMES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share amounts)
 
        
 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
Assets        
Cash and cash equivalents $85,689
 $131,702
 $172,552
 $170,746
Other receivables 86,232
 70,355
 74,380
 79,317
Real estate 2,512,853

2,422,063
 2,802,798

2,731,380
Real estate not owned 9,987
 
 38,864
 38,864
Deposits on real estate under option or contract 78,526
 85,556
 52,539
 59,945
Investments in unconsolidated entities 16,928
 17,097
 16,441
 17,068
Property and equipment, net 32,700
 33,202
 49,761
 33,631
Deferred tax asset 53,883
 53,320
 35,269
 35,162
Prepaids, other assets and goodwill 79,749
 75,396
 84,560
 85,145
Total assets $2,956,547
 $2,888,691
 $3,327,164
 $3,251,258
Liabilities        
Accounts payable $136,804
 $140,682
 $140,557
 $140,516
Accrued liabilities 158,666

170,852
 181,188

181,076
Home sale deposits 32,797
 28,348
 33,761
 34,059
Liabilities related to real estate not owned 8,489
 
 34,978
 34,978
Loans payable and other borrowings 75,820
 32,195
 16,854
 17,354
Senior and convertible senior notes, net 1,095,606
 1,095,119
Senior notes, net 1,294,494
 1,266,450
Total liabilities 1,508,182
 1,467,196
 1,701,832
 1,674,433
Stockholders’ Equity        
Preferred stock, par value $0.01. Authorized 10,000,000 shares; none issued and outstanding at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 
 
Common stock, par value $0.01. Authorized 125,000,000 shares; issued 40,314,092 and 40,030,518 shares at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively 403
 400
Preferred stock, par value $0.01. Authorized 10,000,000 shares; none issued and outstanding at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 
 
Common stock, par value $0.01. Authorized 125,000,000 shares; issued 40,632,316 and 40,330,741 shares at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively 406
 403
Additional paid-in capital 575,801
 572,506
 589,791
 584,578
Retained earnings 872,161
 848,589
 1,035,135
 991,844
Total stockholders’ equity 1,448,365
 1,421,495
 1,625,332
 1,576,825
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $2,956,547
 $2,888,691
 $3,327,164
 $3,251,258
See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements




MERITAGE HOMES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
 
 Three Months Ended March 31, Three Months Ended March 31,
 2017 2016 2018 2017
Homebuilding:        
Home closing revenue $660,617
 $595,617
 $728,532
 $660,617
Land closing revenue 12,155
 2,149
 14,032
 12,155
Total closing revenue 672,772
 597,766
 742,564
 672,772
Cost of home closings (553,349) (492,270) (604,202) (553,349)
Cost of land closings (9,660) (1,700) (15,242) (9,660)
Total cost of closings (563,009) (493,970) (619,444) (563,009)
Home closing gross profit 107,268
 103,347
 124,330
 107,268
Land closing gross profit 2,495
 449
Land closing gross (loss)/profit (1,210) 2,495
Total closing gross profit 109,763
 103,796
 123,120
 109,763
Financial Services:        
Revenue 2,944
 2,500
 3,048
 2,944
Expense (1,379) (1,246) (1,484) (1,379)
Earnings from financial services unconsolidated entities and other, net 2,725
 2,792
 2,656
 2,725
Financial services profit 4,290
 4,046
 4,220
 4,290
Commissions and other sales costs (48,320) (46,177) (52,752) (48,320)
General and administrative expenses (29,622) (29,618) (30,893) (29,622)
Earnings/(loss) from other unconsolidated entities, net 373
 (157)
(Loss)/earnings from other unconsolidated entities, net (46) 373
Interest expense (825) (3,288) (136) (825)
Other income, net 1,110
 283
 5,371
 1,110
Earnings before income taxes 36,769
 28,885
 48,884
 36,769
Provision for income taxes (13,197) (7,916) (5,010) (13,197)
Net earnings $23,572
 $20,969
 $43,874
 $23,572
Earnings per common share:        
Basic $0.59
 $0.53
 $1.08
 $0.59
Diluted $0.56
 $0.50
 $1.07
 $0.56
Weighted average number of shares:        
Basic 40,178
 39,839
 40,488
 40,178
Diluted 42,808
 42,363
 41,140
 42,808
See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements





MERITAGE HOMES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
 
 Three Months Ended March 31, Three Months Ended March 31,
 2017 2016 2018 2017
Cash flows from operating activities:        
Net earnings $23,572
 $20,969
 $43,874
 $23,572
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash used in operating activities:        
Depreciation and amortization 3,670
 3,402
 5,866
 3,670
Stock-based compensation 3,295
 4,758
 5,209
 3,295
Excess income tax provision from stock-based awards 
 516
Equity in earnings from unconsolidated entities (3,098) (2,635) (2,610) (3,098)
Distributions of earnings from unconsolidated entities 3,280
 3,477
 3,244
 3,280
Other (18) 1,048
 2,301
 (18)
Changes in assets and liabilities:        
Increase in real estate (89,222) (116,035) (87,732) (89,222)
Decrease/(increase) in deposits on real estate under option or contract 5,532
 (4,046)
Increase in other receivables, prepaids and other assets (20,162) (168)
(Decrease)/increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities (16,064) 455
Increase in home sale deposits 4,449
 6,442
Decrease in deposits on real estate under option or contract 7,406
 5,532
Decrease/(increase) in other receivables, prepaids and other assets 5,426
 (20,162)
Decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities (15) (16,064)
(Decrease)/increase in home sale deposits (298) 4,449
Net cash used in operating activities (84,766) (81,817) (17,329) (84,766)
Cash flows from investing activities:        
Investments in unconsolidated entities (10) (63) 
 (10)
Purchases of property and equipment (3,238) (3,940) (6,383) (3,238)
Proceeds from sales of property and equipment 49
 35
 30
 49
Maturities/sales of investments and securities 1,226
 645
 1,018
 1,226
Payments to purchase investments and securities (1,226) (645) (1,018) (1,226)
Net cash used in investing activities (3,199) (3,968) (6,353) (3,199)
Cash flows from financing activities:        
Proceeds from Credit Facility, net 45,000
 
 
 45,000
Repayment of loans payable and other borrowings (3,048) (3,893) (2,197) (3,048)
Excess income tax provision from stock-based awards 
 (516)
Proceeds from stock option exercises 
 161
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities 41,952
 (4,248)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents (46,013) (90,033)
Repayment of senior notes (175,000) 
Proceeds from issuance of senior notes 206,000
 
Payment of debt issuance costs (3,315) 
Net cash provided by financing activities 25,488
 41,952
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 1,806
 (46,013)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 131,702
 262,208
 170,746
 131,702
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $85,689
 $172,175
 $172,552
 $85,689
See Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information in Note 13.
See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements




MERITAGE HOMES CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1 — ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Organization. Meritage Homes is a leading designer and builder of single-family homes. We primarily build in historically high-growth regions of the United States and offer a variety of homes that are designed to appeal to a wide range of homebuyers includingprimarily focused on first-time and first move-up active adult and luxury.buyers. We have homebuilding operations in three regions: West, Central and East, which are comprised of nine states: Arizona, California, Colorado, Texas, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. We also operate a wholly-owned title company, Carefree Title Agency, Inc. ("Carefree Title"). Carefree Title's core business includes title insurance and closing/settlement services we offer to our homebuyers. Through our predecessors, we commenced our homebuilding operations in 1985. Meritage Homes Corporation was incorporated in 1988 in the state of Maryland.
Our homebuilding and marketing activities are conducted under the name of Meritage Homes in each of our homebuilding markets. WeIn limited cases, we also offer luxury homes under the brand name of Monterey Homes in some markets. At March 31, 20172018, we were actively selling homes in 256253 communities, with base prices ranging from approximately $168,000$175,000 to $1,400,0001,402,000.
Basis of Presentation. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.2017. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Meritage Homes Corporation and those of our consolidated subsidiaries, partnerships and other entities in which we have a controlling financial interest, and of variable interest entities (see Note 3) in which we are deemed the primary beneficiary (collectively, “us”, “we”, “our” and “the Company”). Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited financial statements include all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring entries), necessary for the fair presentation of our results for the interim periods presented. Results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year.
Cash and Cash Equivalents. Liquid investments with an initial maturity of three months or less are classified as cash equivalents. Amounts in transit from title companies or closing agents for home closings of approximately $37.568.9 million and $75.3$107.1 million are included in cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, respectively.

Real Estate. Real estate is stated at cost unless the asset is determined to be impaired, at which point the inventory is written down to fair value as required by Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 360-10, Property, Plant and Equipment (“ASC 360-10”). Inventory includes the costs of land acquisition, land development, home construction, capitalized interest, real estate taxes, capitalized direct overhead costs incurred during development and home construction that benefit the entire community, less impairments, if any. Land and development costs are typically allocated and transferred to homes under construction when construction begins. Home construction costs are accumulated on a per-home basis, while selling costs are expensed as incurred. Cost of home closings includes the specific construction costs of the home and all related allocated land acquisition, land development and other common costs (both incurred and estimated to be incurred) that are allocated based upon the total number of homes expected to be closed in each community or phase. Any changes to the estimated total development costs of a community or phase are allocated to the remaining homes in the community or phase. When a home closes, we may have incurred costs for goods and services that have not yet been paid. An accrued liability to capture such obligations is recorded in connection with the home closing and charged directly to cost of sales.

We rely on certain estimates to determine our construction and land development costs. Construction and land costs are comprised of direct and allocated costs, including estimated future costs. In determining these costs, we compile project budgets that are based on a variety of assumptions, including future construction schedules and costs to be incurred. It is possible that actual results could differ from budgeted amounts for various reasons, including construction delays, labor or material shortages, increases in costs that have not yet been committed, changes in governmental requirements, or other unanticipated issues encountered during construction and development and other factors beyond our control. To address uncertainty in these budgets, we assess, update and revise project budgets on a regular basis, utilizing the most current information available to estimate construction and land costs.



Typically, a community's life cycle ranges from three to five years, commencing with the acquisition of the land, continuing through the land development phase, if applicable, and concluding with the sale, construction and closing of the homes. Actual community lives will vary based on the size of the community, the sales absorption rate and whether the land purchased was raw, partially-developed or in finished status. Master-planned communities encompassing several phases and super-block land parcels may have significantly longer lives and projects involving smaller finished lot purchases may be shorter.

All of our land inventory and related real estate assets are reviewed for recoverability, as our inventory is considered “long-lived” in accordance with GAAP. Impairment charges are recorded to write down an asset to its estimated fair value if the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset are lower than its carrying amount. Our determination of fair value is based on projections and estimates. Changes in these expectations may lead to a change in the outcome of our impairment analysis, and actual results may also differ from our assumptions. Such an analysis is conducted if there is an indication of a decline in value of our land and real estate assets. The impairment of a community is allocated to each lot on a straight-line basis.

Deposits. Deposits paid related tofor land options and purchase contracts are recorded and classified as Deposits on real estate under option or contract until the related land is purchased. Deposits are reclassified as a component of real estate inventory at the time the deposit is usedapplied to offset the acquisition price of the lots based on the terms of the underlying agreements. To the extent they are non-refundable, deposits are charged to expense if the land acquisition contract is terminated or no longer considered probable. Since our acquisition contracts typically do not require specific performance, we do not consider such contracts to be contractual obligations to purchase the land and our total exposure under such contracts is limited to the loss of the non-refundable deposits and any ancillary capitalized costs. Our deposits on real estate under option or contract were $78.5$52.5 million and $85.6$59.9 million as of March 31, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, respectively.

Goodwill. In accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles, Goodwill and Other ("ASC 350"), we analyze goodwill on an annual basis (or whenever indication of impairment exists) through a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform a two-step goodwill impairment test. ASC 350 states that an entity may first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform a two-step goodwill impairment test. Such qualitative factors include: (1) macroeconomic conditions, such as a deterioration in general economic conditions, (2) industry and market considerations such as deterioration in the environment in which the entity operates, (3) cost factors such as increases in raw materials and labor costs, and (4) overall financial performance such as negative or declining cash flows or a decline in actual or planned revenue or earnings. If the qualitative analysis determines that additional impairment testing is required, the two-step impairment testing in accordance with ASC 350 would be initiated. We continually evaluate our qualitative inputs to assess whether events and circumstances have occurred that indicate the goodwill balance may not be recoverable.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements - Joint Ventures. We may participate in land development joint ventures as a means of accessing larger parcels of land and lot positions, expanding our market opportunities, managing our risk profile and leveraging our capital base. See Note 4 for additional discussion of our investments in unconsolidated entities.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements - Other. In the normal course of business, we may acquire lots from various development entities pursuant to option and purchase agreements. The purchase price generally approximates the market price at the date the contract is executed (with possible future escalators). See Note 3 for additional information on off-balance sheet arrangements.
Surety Bonds and Letters of Credit. We provide surety bonds or letters of credit in support of our obligations relating to the development of our projects and other corporate purposes. Surety bonds are generally posted in lieu of letters of credit or cash deposits. The amount of these obligations outstanding at any time varies depending on the stage and level of completion of our development activities. Bonds are generally not released until all development activities under the bond are complete. In the event a bond or letter of credit is drawn upon, we would be obligated to reimburse the issuer for any amounts advanced under the bond.bond or letter of credit. We believe it is unlikely that any significant amounts of these bonds or letters of credit will be drawn upon.



The table below outlines our surety bond and letter of credit obligations (in thousands):
As ofAs of
March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
Outstanding 
Estimated work
remaining to
complete
 Outstanding 
Estimated work
remaining to
complete
Outstanding 
Estimated work
remaining to
complete
 Outstanding 
Estimated work
remaining to
complete
Sureties:              
Sureties related to owned projects and lots under contract236,764
 81,245
 239,246
 85,706
$316,905
 $139,025
 $296,387
 $120,320
Total Sureties$236,764
 $81,245
 $239,246
 $85,706
$316,905
 $139,025
 $296,387
 $120,320
Letters of Credit (“LOCs”):              
LOCs in lieu of deposits for contracted lots$5,250
 N/A
 $250
 N/A
LOCs for land development38,245
 N/A
 39,839
 N/A
91,607
 N/A
 70,922
 N/A
LOCs for general corporate operations3,750
 N/A
 3,750
 N/A
3,750
 N/A
 3,750
 N/A
Total LOCs$47,245
 N/A
 $43,839
 N/A
$95,357
 N/A
 $74,672
 N/A

Accrued Liabilities. Accrued liabilities at March 31, 20172018 and December 31, 20162017 consisted of the following (in thousands):
 As of As of
 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
Accruals related to real estate development and construction activities $51,050
 $53,778
 $56,537
 $53,522
Payroll and other benefits 30,660
 52,941
 31,313
 58,186
Accrued interest 34,370
 15,369
Accrued taxes 12,143
 9,637
 18,959
 14,067
Warranty reserves 22,477

22,660
 23,812

23,328
Legal reserves (1) 875
 673
Other accruals 41,461
 31,163
 16,197
 16,604
Total $158,666
 $170,852
 $181,188
 $181,076

(1)See Note 15 for additional information related to our legal reserves.
Revenue Recognition. In accordance with ASC 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, we apply the following steps in determining the timing and amount of revenue to recognize: (1) identify the contract with our customer; (2) identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, if applicable; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligation. The performance obligation and subsequent revenue recognition for our three sources of revenue are outlined below:

Revenue from closings of residential real estate is recognized when closings have occurred, the buyer has made the required minimum down payment, obtained necessary financing, the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to the buyer, and we have no continuing involvement with the property, which is generally upon the close of escrow. Revenue is reported net of any discounts and incentives.    
Revenue from land sales is recognized when a significant down payment is received, title passes and collectability of the receivable is reasonably assured, and we have no continuing involvement with the property, which is generally upon the close of escrow.
Revenue from financial services is recognized when closings have occurred and all financial services have been rendered, which is generally upon the close of escrow.
Revenue expected to be recognized in any future year related to remaining performance obligations (if any) and contract liabilities expected to be recognized as revenue, excluding revenue pertaining to contracts that have an original expected duration of one year or less, is not material. Our three sources of revenue are disaggregated by type in the accompanying unaudited consolidated income statements.

Warranty Reserves. We provide home purchasers with limited warranties against certain building defects and we have certain obligations related to those post-construction warranties for closed homes. The specific terms and conditions of these limited warranties vary by state, but overall the nature of the warranties include a complete workmanship and materials


warranty typically during the first one to two years after the close of the home and a structural warranty that typically extends up to 10 years subsequent to the close of the home. With the assistance of an actuary, we have estimated thesethe reserves for the structural warranty based on the number of homes still under warranty and historical data and trends for our communities. We also use industry data with respect to similar product types and geographic areas in markets where our experience is incomplete to draw a meaningful conclusion. We regularly review our warranty reserves and adjust them, as necessary, to reflect changes in trends as information becomes available. No adjustments were made to ourIncluded in the warranty reserve balancebalances at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 reflected in the table below are case-specific reserves for three months ended March 31, 2017. In the three months ended March 31, 2016 we increased our warranty reserve balancematters related to (1) alleged stucco defects in Florida; (2) a potentially faulty solar component provided in various locations by $441,000, which increased our cost of sales. a bankrupt manufacturer; and (3) a possible foundation design matter affecting a single community in Texas.

A summary of changes in our warranty reserves follows (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,
2017 20162018 2017
Balance, beginning of period$22,660
 $21,615
$23,328
 $22,660
Additions to reserve from new home deliveries3,815
 3,094
3,407
 3,815
Warranty claims(3,998) (2,842)(2,923) (3,998)
Adjustments to pre-existing reserves
 441

 
Balance, end of period$22,477
 $22,308
$23,812

$22,477
Warranty reserves are included in Accrued liabilities on the accompanying unaudited consolidated balance sheets, and additions and adjustments to the reserves, if any, are included in Cost of home closings within the accompanying unaudited consolidated income statements. These reserves are intended to cover costs associated with our contractual and statutory


warranty obligations, which include, among other items, claims involving defective workmanship and materials. We believe that our total reserves, coupled with our contractual relationships and rights with our trades and the general liability insurance we maintain, are sufficient to cover our general warranty obligations. However, as unanticipated changes in legal, weather, environmental or other conditions could have an impact on our actual warranty costs, future costs could differ significantly from our estimates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements.
In August 2016,January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350), Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment ("ASU 2017-04"), which simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairments by eliminating the second step of the goodwill impairment test. Under the new guidance, an impairment loss will reflect the amount by which the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. ASU 2017-04 is effective for us beginning January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We have elected to early adopt ASU 2017-04 effective January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (Topic 230), ("ASU 2016-15"). ASU 2016-15 adds and clarifies guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows, reducing the existing diversity in practice that has resulted from the lack of consistent principles on this topic. ASU 2016-15 iswas effective for us beginning January 1, 2018. EarlyA retrospective transition method was required on adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating thedid not have a material impact adopting this guidance will have on classifications in our statement of cash flows.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU 2016-09"). ASU 2016-09 simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. In addition, ASU 2016-09 permits entities to make an election to either estimate forfeitures or recognize them as they occur. ASU 2016-09 was effective for us beginning January 1, 2017, and is reflected prospectively in the March 31, 2017 provision for income taxes in the accompanying unaudited consolidated income statement. The impact of the adoption was not material to our consolidated financial statements, including our prior year cash flow, which was not revised. We continue to estimate forfeitures in calculating stock-based compensation expense and have not elected to recognize forfeitures as they occur.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) ("ASU 2016-02"), which amends the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets. ASU 2016-02 will be effective for us beginning January 1, 2019, and early adoption is permitted.2019. ASU 2016-02 requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. We are currently evaluating the impact adopting this guidance will have on our financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09 requires entities to recognize revenue that depicts the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services by applying the following steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.services. We adopted ASU 2014-09 supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASU 605, Revenue Recognition, most industry-specific guidance throughout the industry topics of the ASC, and some cost guidance related to construction-type and production-type contracts. ASU 2014-09 is effective for us on January 1, 2018 and the guidance allows for full retrospective orusing a modified retrospective methods of adoption. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting this guidance on our consolidated financial statements. We do not believe themethod.
The adoption of ASU 2014-09 willdid not have an impact on the amount or timing of our homebuilding revenues. Werevenues, although forfeited customer deposits, typically an immaterial amount on an annual basis, that were previously included in Other income,


net are still evaluating the potential impactreported as Home closing revenue in our consolidated statements of operations effective January 1, 2018. Additionally, as a result of the adoption of ASU 2014-09, will have onthere was an immaterial adjustment to our opening balance of Retained earnings with respect to the timing and recognitionof expenses resulting from ceasing the capitalization of certain selling costs we incur as part of the selling process. The majority of these previously capitalized costs were allocated to obtaineither Real estate or Property and Equipment, net on our opening 2018 consolidated balance sheet, with an immaterial amount recognized as a sales contract.cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings.

As of and for the three months ended March 31, 2018 the adoption of ASU 2014-09 did not have a material impact on our balance sheet, net earnings, stockholders' equity or our statement of cash flows. The comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.


NOTE 2 — REAL ESTATE AND CAPITALIZED INTEREST
Real estate consists of the following (in thousands):
 As of As of
 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
Homes under contract under construction (1)
 $617,790
 $508,927
 $668,579
 $566,474
Unsold homes, completed and under construction (1)
 395,841
 431,725
 499,998
 516,577
Model homes (1)
 149,872
 147,406
 138,848
 142,026
Finished home sites and home sites under development (2)
 1,349,350
 1,334,005
 1,495,373
 1,506,303
Total $2,512,853

$2,422,063
 $2,802,798

$2,731,380

(1)Includes the allocated land and land development costs associated with each lot for these homes.
(2)Includes raw land, land held for development and land held for sale. Land held for development primarily reflects land and land development costs related to land where development activity is not currently underway but is expected to begin in the future. For these parcels, we may have chosen not to currently develop certain land holdings as they typically represent a portion or phases of a larger land parcel that we plan to build out over several years. We do not capitalize interest for inactive assets, and all ongoing costs of land ownership (i.e. property taxes, homeowner association dues, etc.) are expensed as incurred.
Subject to sufficient qualifying assets, we capitalize our development period interest costs incurred in connection with our real estate development and construction activities. Capitalized interest is allocated to active real estate when incurred and charged to cost of closings when the related property is delivered. A summary of our capitalized interest is as follows (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,
2017 20162018 2017
Capitalized interest, beginning of period$68,196
 $61,202
$78,564
 $68,196
Interest incurred17,895
 17,559
20,869
 17,895
Interest expensed(825) (3,288)(136) (825)
Interest amortized to cost of home and land closings(14,381) (11,347)(17,469) (14,381)
Capitalized interest, end of period (1)
$70,885
 $64,126
$81,828
 $70,885
 
(1)Approximately $47,000 and $130,000 of the capitalized interest is related to our joint venture investments and is a component of Investments in unconsolidated entities on our consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
NOTE 3 — VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES AND CONSOLIDATED REAL ESTATE NOT OWNED
We enter into purchase and option agreements for land or lots as part of the normal course of business. These purchase and option agreements enable us to acquire properties at one or multiple future dates at pre-determined prices. We believe these acquisition structures reduce our financial risk associated with land acquisitions and allow us to better leverage our balance sheet.
Based on the provisions of the relevant accounting guidance, we have concluded that when we enter into a purchase or option agreement to acquire land or lots from an entity, a variable interest entity, or “VIE”, may be created. We evaluate all


purchase and option agreements for land to determine whether they are a VIE. ASC 810, Consolidation, requires that for each VIE, we assess whether we are the primary beneficiary and, if so, consolidate the VIE in our financial statements and reflect such assets and liabilities as Real estate not owned. The liabilities related to consolidated VIEs are generally excluded from our debt covenant calculations.
In order to determine if we are the primary beneficiary, we must first assess whether we have the ability to control the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance. Such activities include, but are not limited to: the ability to determine the budget and scope of land development work, if any; the ability to control financing decisions for the


VIE; the ability of the VIE to acquire additional land or dispose of land not under contract with Meritage; and the ability to change or amend the existing option contract with the VIE. If we are not determined to control such activities, we are not considered the primary beneficiary of the VIE. If we do have the ability to control such activities, we will continue our analysis by determiningto determine if we are also expected to absorb a potentially significant amount of the VIE’s losses or, if no party absorbs the majority of such losses, if we will benefit from a potentially significant amount of the VIE’s expected gains.
In substantially all cases, creditors of the entities with which we have option agreements have no recourse against us and the maximum exposure to loss in our option agreements is limited to non-refundable option deposits and any capitalized pre-acquisition costs. Often, we are at risk for items over budget related to land development on property we have under option if we are the land developer. In these cases, we have contracted to complete development at a fixed cost for our benefit, but on behalf of the land owner, and any budget savings or shortfalls are typically borne by us. Some of our option deposits may be refundable to us if certain contractual conditions are not performed by the party selling the lots.
The table below presents a summary of our lots under option at March 31, 20172018 (dollars in thousands): 
Projected Number
of Lots
 
Purchase
Price
 
Option/
Earnest  Money
Deposits–Cash
 
Projected Number
of Lots
 
Purchase
Price
 
Option/
Earnest  Money
Deposits–Cash
 
Purchase and option contracts recorded on balance sheet as Real estate not owned65
 $9,987
 $1,498
 228
 $38,864
 $3,886
 
Option contracts — non-refundable deposits, committed (1)
4,903
 386,834
 49,858
 2,971
 217,204
 25,533
 
Purchase contracts — non-refundable deposits, committed (1)
5,336
 279,229
 21,795
 6,475
 263,419
 24,194
 
Purchase and option contracts —refundable deposits, committed1,173
 67,221
 2,663
 318
 12,059
 734
 
Total committed11,477
 743,271
 75,814
 9,992
 531,546
 54,347
 
Purchase and option contracts — refundable deposits, uncommitted (2)
8,632
 280,234
 4,210
 7,628
 193,388
 2,078
 
Total lots under contract or option20,109
 $1,023,505
 $80,024
 17,620
 $724,934
 $56,425
 
Total purchase and option contracts not recorded on balance sheet (3)
20,044
 $1,013,518
 $78,526
(4)17,392
 $686,070
 $52,539
(4)
 
(1)Deposits are non-refundable except if certain contractual conditions are not performed by the selling party.
(2)Deposits are refundable at our sole discretion. We have not completed our acquisition evaluation process and we have not internally committed to purchase these lots.
(3)Except for our specific performance contracts recorded on our balance sheet as Real estate not owned, none of our option agreements require us to purchase lots.
(4)Amount is reflected on our consolidated balance sheet in Deposits on real estate under option or contract as of March 31, 2017.2018.
Generally, our options to purchase lots remain effective so long as we purchase a pre-established minimum number of lots each month or quarter, as determined by the respective agreement. Although the pre-established number is typically structured to approximate our expected rate of home construction starts, during a weakened homebuilding market, we may purchase lots at an absorption level that exceeds our sales and home starts pace in order to meet the pre-established minimum number of lots or we will work to restructure our original contract to terms that more accurately reflect our revised salesorders pace expectations.

NOTE 4 - INVESTMENTS IN UNCONSOLIDATED ENTITIES
We may enter into land development joint ventures as a means of accessing larger parcels of land, expanding our market opportunities, managing our risk profile and leveraging our capital base. While purchasing land through a joint venture can be beneficial, currently we do not view joint ventures as critical to the success of our homebuilding operations. In 2016, we entered into our first new joint venture since 2008. Based on the structure of each joint venture, it may or may not be consolidated into our results. Our joint venture partners are generally other homebuilders, land sellers or other real estate investors. We generally do not have a controlling interest in these ventures, which means our joint venture partners could cause the venture to take actions we disagree with, or fail to take actions we believe should be undertaken, including the sale of the underlying property to repay debt or recoup all or part of the partners' investments. As of March 31, 20172018, we had three active equity-method land ventures.

As of March 31, 20172018, we also participated in one mortgage joint venture, which is engaged in mortgage activities and provides services to both our homebuyers as well as other buyers. Our investment in this mortgage joint venture as of March 31, 20172018 and December 31, 20162017 was $1.7 million and $2.3$2.2 million, respectively.
Summarized condensed combined financial information related to unconsolidated joint ventures that are accounted for using the equity method was as follows (in thousands):
As ofAs of
March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
Assets:      
Cash$7,533
 $7,446
$7,415
 $8,942
Real estate54,252
 54,319
56,373
 55,552
Other assets4,166
 6,461
3,446
 4,323
Total assets$65,951
 $68,226
$67,234
 $68,817
Liabilities and equity:      
Accounts payable and other liabilities$5,506
 $7,339
$5,700
 $7,516
Notes and mortgages payable23,332
 23,000
25,799
 25,194
Equity of:      
Meritage (1)
14,671
 14,245
14,475
 14,521
Other22,442
 23,642
21,260
 21,586
Total liabilities and equity$65,951
 $68,226
$67,234
 $68,817
 
Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,
2017 20162018 2017
Revenue$7,599
 $11,071
$7,332
 $7,599
Costs and expenses(4,480) (4,976)(3,935) (4,480)
Net earnings of unconsolidated entities$3,119
 $6,095
$3,397
 $3,119
Meritage’s share of pre-tax earnings (1) (2)
$3,182
 $2,635
$2,610
 $3,182

(1)Balance represents Meritage’s interest, as reflected in the financial records of the respective joint ventures. This balance may differ from the balance reported in our consolidated financial statements due to the following reconciling items: (i) timing differences for revenue and distributions recognition, (ii) step-up basis and corresponding amortization, (iii) capitalization of interest on qualified assets, (iv) income deferrals as discussed in Note (2) below and (v) the cessation of allocation of losses from joint ventures in which we have previously written down our investment balance to zero and where we have no commitment to fund additional losses. As discussed in Note 2 to these unaudited combined financial statements, balances do not include $47,000 and $130,000 of capitalized interest that is a component of our investment balances at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
(2)Our share of pre-tax earnings is recorded in Earnings from financial services unconsolidated entities and other, net and Earnings/(loss)(Loss)/earnings from other unconsolidated entities, net on our unaudited consolidated income statements and excludes joint venture profit related to lots we purchased from the joint ventures.ventures, if any. Such profit is deferred until homes are delivered by us and title passes to a homebuyer.

The joint venture assets and liabilities noted in the table above primarily represent three active land ventures, one mortgage venture and various inactive ventures. Our total investment in all of these joint ventures is $16.9$16.4 million and $17.1 million as of March 31, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, respectively. We believe these ventures are in compliance with their respective debt agreements, if applicable, and such debt is non-recourse to us.


NOTE 5 — LOANS PAYABLE AND OTHER BORROWINGS
Loans payable and other borrowings consist of the following (in thousands):
 As of As of
 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
Other borrowings, real estate notes payable (1)
 $15,820
 $17,195
 $16,854
 $17,354
$540 million unsecured revolving credit facility with interest approximating LIBOR (approximately 0.98% at March 31, 2017) plus 1.75% or Prime (4.00% at March 31, 2017) plus 0.75% 60,000
 15,000
$625 million unsecured revolving credit facility with interest approximating LIBOR (approximately 1.88% at March 31, 2018) plus 1.75% or Prime (4.75% at March 31, 2018) plus 0.75% 
 
Total $75,820
 $32,195
 $16,854
 $17,354
(1)Reflects balance of non-recourse notes payable in connection with land purchases, with interest rates ranging from 0% to 8%.
The Company has a $540.0 millionentered into an amended and restated unsecured revolving credit facility ("Credit Facility"), with in 2014. The Credit Facility has been amended from time to time to, among other things, increase the aggregate commitment to $625.0 million, initially consisting of $565 million of Class A commitments maturing in July 2021 and $60.0 million of Class B commitments maturing in July 2019. In January 2018, the sole Class B commitment lender assigned all of its rights and obligations under the Credit Facility to another lender. Subsequent to such assignment, the new lender converted the entire $60.0 million Class B commitment to a Class A commitment. As a result, the entire $625.0 million aggregate commitment now matures in July 2021. The Credit Facility has an accordion feature that permits the size of the facility to increase to a maximum of $600.0$725.0 million. In June 2016, the maturity date of a substantial portion of the credit facility was extended whereby $60.0 million matures in July 2019 with the remainder maturing in July 2020. Borrowings under the Credit Facility are unsecured but availability is subject to, among other things, a borrowing base. The Credit Facility also contains certain financial covenants, including (a) a minimum tangible net worth requirement of $670.3$987.4 million (which amount is subject to increase over time based on subsequent earnings and proceeds from equity offerings), and (b) a maximum leverage covenant that prohibits the leverage ratio (as defined therein) from exceeding 60%. In addition, we are required to maintain either (i) an interest coverage ratio (EBITDA to interest expense, as defined therein) of at least 1.50 to 1.00 or (ii) liquidity (as defined therein) of an amount not less than our consolidated interest incurred during the trailing 12 months.
We had $60.0 million ofno outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility as of March 31, 20172018 and $15.0December 31, 2017. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we had $285.0 million in gross borrowings at December 31, 2016.and repayments. During the three months ended March 31, 2017, we had $160.0 million of gross borrowings and $115.0 million of repayments. During the three months ended March 31, 2016, there were no gross borrowings or repayments. As of March 31, 20172018, we had outstanding borrowings of $60.0 million and outstanding letters of credit issued under the Credit Facility totaling $47.2$95.4 million, leaving $432.8$529.6 million available under the Credit Facility to be drawn.


NOTE 6 — SENIOR AND CONVERTIBLE SENIOR NOTES, NET
Senior and convertible senior notes, net consist of the following (in thousands):
 As of As of
 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
4.50% senior notes due 2018 $175,000
 $175,000
 $
 $175,000
7.15% senior notes due 2020. At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 there was approximately $1,707 and $1,849 in net unamortized premium, respectively 301,707
 301,849
7.15% senior notes due 2020. At March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 there was approximately $1,138 and $1,280 in net unamortized premium, respectively. 301,138
 301,280
7.00% senior notes due 2022 300,000
 300,000
 300,000
 300,000
6.00% senior notes due 2025 200,000
 200,000
1.875% convertible senior notes due 2032 126,500
 126,500
6.00% senior notes due 2025. At March 31, 2018 there was approximately $5,932 in net unamortized premium. (1)
 405,932
 200,000
5.125% senior notes due 2027 300,000
 300,000
Net debt issuance costs (7,601) (8,230) (12,576) (9,830)
Total $1,095,606
 $1,095,119
 $1,294,494
 $1,266,450
(1)The $200.0 million 6.00% Senior Notes due 2025 outstanding at December 31, 2017 were issued at par and had no unamortized premium.
In March 2018, the Company completed an offering of $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Notes due 2025 (the "Additional Notes"). The Additional Notes were issued as an add-on to the existing $200.0 million of 6.00% Senior Notes due 2025 that were issued in June 2015 which resulted in a combined $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Notes due 2025 outstanding as of March 31, 2018. The Additional Notes were issued at a premium of 103% of the principal amount and the net proceeds were used to repay outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility, which included borrowings used for the redemption of the Company's $175.0 million of 4.50% Senior Notes that were due to mature on March 1, 2018.
The indentures for all of our senior notes contain covenants including, among others, limitations on the amount of secured debt we may incur, and limitations on sale and leaseback transactions and mergers. We believe we are in compliance with all such covenants as of March 31, 2017. Our convertible senior notes ("Convertible Notes") do not have any financial covenants.
The Convertible Notes are convertible into shares of our common stock at an initial conversion rate of 17.1985 shares of our common stock per $1,000 principal amount of convertible senior notes. This corresponds to an initial conversion price of $58.14 per share and represented a 47.5% conversion premium based on the closing price of our common stock on the issue date of the convertible senior notes. The Convertible Notes may be redeemed by the note-holders on the fifth, tenth and fifteenth anniversary dates of the Convertible Notes. On such dates, the note-holders may require us to repurchase all or any portion of their outstanding notes. The fifth anniversary of the Convertible Notes is September 15, 2017. The amount due to


the note-holders in the event of a repurchase is equal to 100% of the principal amount plus any accrued and unpaid interest. We may call the Convertible Notes at any time after the fifth anniversary.2018.
Obligations to pay principal and interest on the senior and convertible notes are guaranteed by substantially all of our wholly-owned subsidiaries (each a “Guarantor” and, collectively, the “Guarantor Subsidiaries”), each of which is directly or indirectly 100% owned by Meritage Homes Corporation. Such guarantees are full and unconditional, and joint and several. In the event of a sale or other disposition of all of the assets of any Guarantor, by way of merger, consolidation or otherwise, or a sale or other disposition of all of the equity interests of any Guarantor then held by Meritage and its subsidiaries, then that Guarantor may be released and relieved of any obligations under its note guarantee. There are no significant restrictions on our ability or the ability of any Guarantor to obtain funds from their respective subsidiaries, as applicable, by dividend or loan. We do not provide separate financial statements of the Guarantor Subsidiaries because Meritage (the parent company) has no independent assets or operations and the guarantees are full and unconditional and joint and several. Subsidiaries of Meritage Homes Corporation that are nonguarantornon-guarantor subsidiaries are, individually and in the aggregate, minor.
NOTE 7 — FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES
We account for non-recurring fair value measurements of our non-financial assets and liabilities in accordance with ASC 820-10 Fair Value Measurement ("ASC 820"). This guidance defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and addresses required disclosures about fair value measurements. This standard establishes a three-level hierarchy for fair value measurements based upon the significant inputs used to determine fair value. Observable inputs are those which are obtained from market participants external to the company while unobservable inputs are generally developed internally, utilizing management’s estimates, assumptions and specific knowledge of the assets/liabilities and related markets. The three levels are defined as follows:
 
Level 1 — Valuation is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.
Level 2 — Valuation is determined from quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, or by model-based techniques in which all significant inputs are observable in the market.


Level 3 — Valuation is derived from model-based techniques in which at least one significant input is unobservable and based on the company’s own estimates about the assumptions that market participants would use to value the asset or liability.
If the only observable inputs are from inactive markets or for transactions which the company evaluates as “distressed”, the use of Level 1 inputs should be modified by the company to properly address these factors, or the reliance of such inputs may be limited, with a greater weight attributed to Level 3 inputs. Refer to Notes 1 and 2 for additional information regarding the valuation of our non-financial assets.
Financial Instruments: The fair value of our fixed-rate debt is derived from quoted market prices by independent dealers (level 2 inputs as per the discussion above) and is as follows (in thousands):
 As of As of
 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
 
Aggregate
Principal
 
Estimated  Fair
Value
 
Aggregate
Principal
 
Estimated  Fair
Value
 
Aggregate
Principal
 
Estimated  Fair
Value
 
Aggregate
Principal
 
Estimated  Fair
Value
4.50% senior notes $175,000
 $178,063
 $175,000
 $177,625
 N/A
 N/A
 $175,000
 $175,228
7.15% senior notes $300,000
 $328,080
 $300,000
 $325,500
 $300,000
 $316,500
 $300,000
 $326,250
7.00% senior notes $300,000
 $336,000
 $300,000
 $324,750
 $300,000
 $327,750
 $300,000
 $337,500
6.00% senior notes $200,000
 $208,380
 $200,000
 $202,500
 $400,000
 $410,080
 $200,000
 $214,000
1.875% convertible senior notes $126,500
 $126,026
 $126,500
 $126,105
5.125% senior notes $300,000
 $283,500
 $300,000
 $305,250
Due to the short-term nature of other financial assets and liabilities, including our Loans payable and other borrowings, we consider the carrying amounts of our other short-term financial instruments to approximate fair value.


NOTE 8 — EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic and diluted earnings per common share were calculated as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):
 
Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,
2017 20162018 2017
Basic weighted average number of shares outstanding40,178
 39,839
40,488
 40,178
Effect of dilutive securities:      
Convertible senior notes (1)
2,176
 2,176
Convertible debt (1)

 2,176
Unvested restricted stock454
 348
652
 454
Diluted average shares outstanding42,808
 42,363
41,140
 42,808
Net earnings as reported$23,572
 $20,969
$43,874
 $23,572
Interest attributable to convertible senior notes, net of income taxes387
 400
Interest attributable to Convertible Notes, net of income taxes (1)

 387
Net earnings for diluted earnings per share$23,959
 $21,369
$43,874
 $23,959
Basic earnings per share$0.59
 $0.53
$1.08
 $0.59
Diluted earnings per share (1)
$0.56
 $0.50
$1.07
 $0.56
Antidilutive stock not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share14
 68
1
 14
 
(1)
In accordance with ASC 260-10, Earnings Per Share, ("ASC 260-10") we calculate the dilutive effect of convertible securities using the "if-converted" method.method based on the number of days our Convertible Notes were outstanding during the period. All of the Convertible Notes were retired in the second half of 2017.


NOTE 9 — ACQUISITIONS AND GOODWILL
Goodwill. Over the past several years, we entered new markets through the acquisition of the homebuilding assets and operations of local/regional homebuilders in Georgia, South Carolina and Tennessee. As a result of these transactions, we recorded approximately $33.0 million of goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of our acquisitions over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Our acquisitions are recorded in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805") and ASC 820, using the acquisition method of accounting. The purchase price for acquisitions is allocated based on estimated fair value of the assets and liabilities at the date of the acquisition. The combined excess purchase price of our acquisitions over the fair value of the net assets is classified as goodwill and is included on our consolidated balance sheet in Prepaids, other assets and goodwill. In accordance with ASC 350, we assess the recoverability of goodwill annually, or more frequently, if impairment indicators are present.
A summary of the carrying amount of goodwill follows (in thousands):    
West Central East Financial Services Corporate TotalWest Central East Financial Services Corporate Total
Balance at December 31, 2016$
 $
 $32,962
 $
 $
 $32,962
Balance at December 31, 2017$
 $
 $32,962
 $
 $
 $32,962
Additions
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
Impairments
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
Balance at March 31, 2017$
 $
 $32,962
 $
 $
 $32,962
Balance at March 31, 2018$
 $
 $32,962
 $
 $
 $32,962


NOTE 10 — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
 
A summary of changes in stockholders’ equity is presented below (in thousands): 


 Three Months Ended March 31, 2017 Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
 (In thousands) (In thousands)
 
Number of
Shares
 
Common
Stock
 
Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 
Retained
Earnings
 Total 
Number of
Shares
 
Common
Stock
 
Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 
Retained
Earnings
 Total
Balance at December 31, 2016 40,031
 $400
 $572,506
 $848,589
 $1,421,495
Balance at December 31, 2017 40,331
 $403
 $584,578
 $991,844
 $1,576,825
Adoption of ASU 2014-09 (1)
 
 
 
 (583) (583)
Net earnings 
 
 
 23,572
 23,572
 
 
 
 43,874
 43,874
Exercise/vesting of stock-based awards 283
 3
 (3) 
 
 301
 3
 (3) 
 
Stock-based compensation expense 
 
 3,298
 
 3,298
 
 
 5,216
 
 5,216
Balance at March 31, 2017 40,314
 $403
 $575,801
 $872,161
 $1,448,365
Balance at March 31, 2018 40,632
 $406
 $589,791
 $1,035,135
 $1,625,332

(1)Refer to Note 1 for additional information related to the adoption of ASU 2014-09.
 Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 Three Months Ended March 31, 2017
 (In thousands) (In thousands)
 
Number of
Shares
 
Common
Stock
 
Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 
Retained
Earnings
 Total 
Number of
Shares
 
Common
Stock
 
Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 
Retained
Earnings
 Total
Balance at December 31, 2015 39,669
 $397
 $559,492
 $699,048
 $1,258,937
Balance at December 31, 2016 40,031
 $400
 $572,506
 $848,589
 $1,421,495
Net earnings 
 
 
 20,969
 20,969
 
 
 
 23,572
 23,572
Exercise/vesting of stock-based awards 316
 3
 158
 
 161
 283
 3
 (3) 
 
Excess income tax benefit from stock-based awards 
 
 (516) 
 (516) 
 
 
 
 
Stock-based compensation expense 
 
 4,758
 
 4,758
 
 
 3,298
 
 3,298
Balance at March 31, 2016 39,985
 $400
 $563,892
 $720,017
 $1,284,309
Balance at March 31, 2017 40,314
 $403
 $575,801
 $872,161
 $1,448,365


NOTE 11 — STOCK BASED AND DEFERRED COMPENSATION
We have a stockstock-based compensation plan, the Amended and Restated 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), that was adopted in 2006 and has been amended or restated from time to time. The Plan was approved by our stockholders and is administered by our Board of Directors. The provisions of the Plan allow for the grant of stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance share awards and performance-based awards in addition to non-qualified and incentive stock options. The Plan authorizes awards to officers, key employees, non-employee directors and consultants for up to 5,350,000 shares of common stock, of which 1,057,842605,183 shares remain available for grant at March 31, 20172018. The available shares include shares from expired, terminated or forfeited awards under prior plans that have since expired and are thus available for grant under the Plan. We believe that such awards provide a means of performance-based compensation to attract and retain qualified employees and better align the interests of our employees with those of our stockholders. Non-vested stock awards are usually granted with a five-year ratable vesting period for employees and with a three-year cliff vesting for both non-vested stock and performance-based awards granted to certain senior executive officers and non-employee directors.
    
Compensation cost related to time-based restricted stock awards is measured as of the closing price on the date of grant and is expensed, less forfeitures, on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the award. Compensation cost related to performance-based restricted stock awards is also measured as of the closing price on the date of grant but is expensed in accordance with ASC 718-10-25-20, Compensation – Stock Compensation ("ASC 718"), which requires an assessment of probability of attainment of the performance target. As our performance targets are dependent on performance over a specified measurement period, once we determine that the performance target outcome is probable, the cumulative expense is recorded immediately with the remaining expense recorded on a straight-line basis through the end of the award vesting period. Beginning with grants in 2014, aA portion of the performance-based restricted stock awards granted contain market conditions as defined by ASC 718. The guidance in ASC 718 requires that compensation expense for stock awards with market conditions be expensed based on a derived grant date fair value and expensed over the service period. We engaged a third party to perform a valuation analysis on the awards containing market conditions and our associated expense with those awards is based on the derived fair value from that analysis and is being expensed straight-line over the service period of the awards. Below is a summary of compensation expense and stock award activity (dollars in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,
2017 20162018 2017
Stock-based compensation expense$3,295
 $4,758
$5,209
 $3,295
Non-vested shares granted416,500
 493,865
306,164
 416,500
Performance-based non-vested shares granted154,120
 66,698
157,637
 154,120
Stock options exercised (1)

 11,200
Restricted stock awards vested (includes performance-based awards)283,574
 305,085
301,575
 283,574

(1)As of December 31, 2016, we have no remaining unexercised stock options.
The following table includes additional information regarding our Plan (dollars in thousands):
 As of As of
 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
Unrecognized stock-based compensation cost $27,472
 $18,528
 $26,696
 $18,439
Weighted average years expense recognition period 3.28
 2.56
 2.97
 2.48
Total stock-based awards outstanding (1)
 1,367,271
 1,147,271
Total equity awards outstanding (1)
 1,377,061
 1,269,657

(1)Includes unvested restricted stock, and performance-based awards (at target level) and restricted stock units.

We also offer a non-qualified deferred compensation plan ("deferred compensation plan") to highly compensated employees in order to allow them additional pre-tax income deferrals above and beyond the limits that qualified plans, such as 401k401(k) plans, impose on highly compensated employees. We do not currently offer a contribution match on the deferred compensation plan. All contributions to the plan to date have been funded by the employees and, therefore, we have no associated expense related to the deferred compensation plan for the three months ended March 31, 20172018 or 2016,2017, other than minor administrative costs.


NOTE 12 — INCOME TAXES
Components of the income tax provision are as follows (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,
2017 20162018 2017
Federal$11,573
 $6,541
$2,946
 $11,573
State1,624
 1,375
2,064
 1,624
Total$13,197
 $7,916
$5,010
 $13,197

The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017 was 10.2% and 35.9%, and for the three months ended March 31, 2016 was 27.4%. Our tax rate has been favorably impacted in both years by the homebuilding manufacturing deduction.respectively. The lower 20162018 effective tax rate reflects both the benefitlower corporate tax rates as a result of federalthe Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the "Tax Act") passed in December 2017 and was additionally impacted by the President signing the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 in February 2018, which included a retroactive extension of the Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") §45L new energy efficient homes credit that had previously expired in 2016. This extension provision provides for a single year extension of energy tax credits for homes sold in both 2016 and2017 that meet the qualification criteria. Under ASC 740, the effects of these tax credits were recorded in prior periods as a result2018, based on the date of enactment, regardless of the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes (PATH) Act of 2015. The PATH Act was the enabling legislation for claiming federal energy tax credits on homes qualifying in 2015 and 2016. This legislation has expired and has not yet been renewed for 2017. Accordingly, our effectiveretroactive treatment. Our tax rate for 2017 does not reflect a tax benefit from federalinclude energy credits, but was favorably impacted by the homebuilding manufacturing deduction, which was eliminated for homes sold2018 under the Tax Act. We anticipate that with the completion of our 2017 income tax returns, future guidance and additional information and interpretations with respect to the Tax Act will cause us to further adjust the provisional amounts recorded as of December 31, 2017. In accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, we will record such adjustments in 2017.

the period that relevant guidance or additional information becomes available and our analysis is completed.
At March 31, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, we have no unrecognized tax benefits due to the lapse of applicable statutes of limitations and completion of audits for prior years.benefits. We believe that our current income tax filing positions and deductions will be sustained on audit and do not anticipate any adjustments that will result in a material change. Our policy is to accrue interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits and include them in federal income tax expense.
We determine our deferred tax assets and liabilities in accordance with ASC 740-10, Income Taxes ("ASC 740"). We evaluate our deferred tax assets, including the benefit from NOLs,net operating losses ("NOLs"), by jurisdiction to determine if a valuation allowance is required. Companies must assess whether a valuation allowance should be established based on the consideration of all available evidence using a “more likely than not” standard with significant weight being given to evidence that can be objectively verified. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the length of statutory carry forward periods, experiences with operating losses and experiences of utilizing tax credit carry forwards and tax planning alternatives. We have no valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets and NOL carryovers at March 31, 2017.2018.
At March 31, 2017,2018, we had no remaining federal NOL carry forward or un-utilized federal tax credits. At March 31, 2017,2018, and December 31, 20162017 we had tax benefits for state NOL carry forwards of $1.4$1.8 million, net of federal benefit, that begin to expire in 2028.
At March 31, 2017,2018, we have income taxes payable of $6.4$12.2 million, which primarily consists of current federal and state tax accruals, net of estimated tax payments and tax credits. This amount is recorded in Accrued liabilities on the accompanying unaudited balance sheet at March 31, 2017.2018.
We conduct business and are subject to tax in the U.S. and several states. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, or local income tax examinations by taxing authorities for years prior to 2012.2013. We have one state income tax examination of multiple years under audit at this time and do not expect it to have a material outcome.
The tax benefits from NOLs, built-in losses, and tax credits would be materially reduced or potentially eliminated if we experience an “ownership change” as defined under Internal Revenue CodeIRC §382. Based on our analysis performed as of March 31, 20172018 we do not believe that we have experienced an ownership change. As a protective measure, our stockholders held a Special Meeting of Stockholders on February 16, 2009 and approved an amendment to our Articles of Incorporation that restricts certain transfers of our common stock. The amendment is intended to help us avoid an unintended ownership change and thereby preserve the value of any tax benefit for future utilization.


NOTE 13 — SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION
The following table presents certain supplemental cash flow information (in thousands):
 
 Three Months Ended March 31, Three Months Ended March 31,
 2017 2016 2018 2017
Interest capitalized, net $(10,930) $(8,811) $(15,961) $(10,930)
Income taxes paid $10,485
 $7,420
 $
 $10,485
Non-cash operating activities:        
Real estate not owned increase $9,987
 $
 $
 $9,987
Real estate acquired through notes payable $1,673
 $5,358
 $1,697
 $1,673
NOTE 14 — OPERATING AND REPORTING SEGMENTS
We operate with two principal business segments: homebuilding and financial services. As defined in ASC 280-10, Segment Reporting, we have nine homebuilding operating segments. The homebuilding segments are engaged in the business of acquiring and developing land, constructing homes, marketing and selling those homes and providing warranty and customer services. We aggregate our homebuilding operating segments into reporting segments based on similar long-term economic characteristics and geographical proximity. Our current reportable homebuilding segments are as follows:
 West:
Arizona, California and Colorado(1)
 
 Central:Texas 
 East:Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee 

(1)Activity for our wind-down Nevada operations is reflected in the West Region's results.
Management’s evaluation of segment performance is based on segment operating income, which we define as homebuilding and land revenues less cost of home construction, commissions and other sales costs, land development and other land sales costs and other costs incurred by or allocated to each segment, including impairments. Each reportable segment follows the same accounting policies described in Note 1, “Organization and Basis of Presentation.” Operating results for each segment may not be indicative of the results for such segment had it been an independent, stand-alone entity for the periods presented.


The following segment information is in thousands: 
Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,
2017 20162018 2017
Homebuilding revenue (1):
      
West$311,804
 $261,046
$317,228
 $311,804
Central174,831
 161,889
191,870
 174,831
East186,137
 174,831
233,466
 186,137
Consolidated total$672,772
 $597,766
$742,564
 $672,772
Homebuilding segment operating income:      
West$24,012
 $16,063
$21,121
 $24,012
Central13,890
 13,894
14,267
 13,890
East2,436
 5,859
11,359
 2,436
Total homebuilding segment operating income40,338
 35,816
46,747
 40,338
Financial services segment profit4,290
 4,046
4,220
 4,290
Corporate and unallocated costs (2)
(8,517) (7,815)(7,272) (8,517)
Earnings/(loss) from other unconsolidated entities, net373
 (157)
(Loss)/earnings from other unconsolidated entities, net(46) 373
Interest expense(825) (3,288)(136) (825)
Other income, net(3)1,110
 283
5,371
 1,110
Net earnings before income taxes$36,769
 $28,885
$48,884
 $36,769
 



(1)Homebuilding revenue includes the following land closing revenue, by segment, as outlined in the table below.below:
Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,
2017 20162018 2017
Land closing revenue:      
West$11,800
 $
$12,455
 $11,800
Central122
 1,918
125
 122
East233
 231
1,452
 233
Total$12,155
 $2,149
$14,032
 $12,155
(2)Balance consists primarily of corporate costs and numerous shared service functions such as finance and treasury that are not allocated to the homebuilding or financial services reporting segments.
(3)For the three months ended March 31, 2018, Other income, net includes a favorable $4.8 million legal settlement from long-standing litigation related to a previous joint venture in Nevada.
 At March 31, 2017 At March 31, 2018
 West Central East Financial Services 
Corporate  and
Unallocated
 Total West Central East Financial Services 
Corporate  and
Unallocated
 Total
Deposits on real estate under option or contract $21,757
 $25,217
 $31,552
 $
 $
 $78,526
 $12,528
 $17,135
 $22,876
 $
 $
 $52,539
Real estate 1,137,301
 639,624
 735,928
 
 
 2,512,853
 1,205,253
 730,016
 867,529
 
 
 2,802,798
Investments in unconsolidated entities 7,339
 7,856
 
 
 1,733
 16,928
 7,785
 7,000
 
 
 1,656
 16,441
Other assets 62,978
(1)85,600
(2)75,021
(3)724
 123,917
(4)348,240
 60,672
(1)97,937
(2)129,879
(3)1,141
 165,757
(4)455,386
Total assets $1,229,375
 $758,297
 $842,501
 $724
 $125,650
 $2,956,547
 $1,286,238
 $852,088
 $1,020,284
 $1,141
 $167,413
 $3,327,164

(1)Balance consists primarily of cash and property and equipment and real estate not owned.equipment.
(2)Balance consists primarily of development reimbursements from local municipalities and cash.
(3)Balance consists primarily of real estate not owned, goodwill (see Note 9), prepaid permits and fees to local municipalities and cash.
(4)
Balance consists primarily of cash and our deferred tax asset. 


 At December 31, 2016 At December 31, 2017
 West Central East Financial Services 
Corporate  and
Unallocated
 Total West Central East Financial Services 
Corporate  and
Unallocated
 Total
Deposits on real estate under option or contract $25,863
 $27,669
 $32,024
 $
 $
 $85,556
 $15,557
 $21,309
 $23,079
 $
 $
 $59,945
Real estate 1,120,038
 595,485
 706,540
 
 
 2,422,063
 1,174,285
 700,460
 856,635
 
 
 2,731,380
Investments in unconsolidated entities 7,362
 7,450
 
 
 2,285
 17,097
 7,833
 6,999
 
 
 2,236
 17,068
Other assets 45,624
 94,299
(1)93,245
(2)812
 129,995
(3)363,975
 58,470
(1)110,173
(2)144,681
(3)1,249
 128,292
(4)442,865
Total assets $1,198,887
 $724,903
 $831,809
 $812
 $132,280
 $2,888,691
 $1,256,145
 $838,941
 $1,024,395
 $1,249
 $130,528
 $3,251,258
(1)Balance consists primarily of cash and property and equipment.
(2)Balance consists primarily of development reimbursements from local municipalities and cash.
(2)(3)Balance consists primarily of real estate not owned, cash, and goodwill (see Note 9), prepaid permits and fees to local municipalities and cash..
(3)(4)
Balance consists primarily of cash and our deferred tax asset. 



NOTE 15 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

We are involved in various routine legal and regulatory proceedings, including, without limitation, warranty claims and litigation and arbitration proceedings alleging construction defects. In general, the proceedings are incidental to our business, and most exposure is subject to and should be covered by warranty and indemnity obligations of our consultants and subcontractors. Additionally, some such claims are also covered by insurance. With respect to the majority of such legal proceedings,pending litigation matters, our ultimate legal and financial responsibility, if any, cannot be estimated with certainty and, in most cases, any potential losses related to these matters are not considered probable. Historically, most disputes regarding warranty claims are resolved without the initiation of legal proceedings.prior to litigation. We believe there are not anyno pending legal or warranty matters that could have a material adverse impact upon our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows that have not been sufficiently reserved.

Joint Venture Litigation

From 2008 through January 2016, we were involved in litigation initiated by the lender group for a large Nevada-based land acquisition and development joint venture in which we held a 3.53% interest. We were the only builder joint venture partner to have fully performed its obligations with respect to takedowns of lots from the joint venture, having completed our first takedown in April 2007 and having tendered full performance of our second and final takedown in April 2008. The joint venture and the lender group rejected our tender of performance for our second and final takedown, and we contended, among other things, that the rejection by the joint venture and the lender group of our tender of full performance was wrongful and constituted a breach of contract and should release us of liability with respect to the takedown and extinguish or greatly reduce our exposure under all guarantees. On December 9, 2010, three of the lenders filed a petition seeking to place the venture into an involuntary bankruptcy (JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. South Edge, LLC (Case No. 10-32968-bam)). On June 6, 2011, we received a demand letter from the lenders requesting full payment of $13.2 million the lenders claimed to be owed under the springing repayment guarantee, including past-due interest and penalties. The lenders claimed that the involuntary bankruptcy filed by three of the co-lenders triggered the springing repayment guarantee. We contested the Lenders’ claim on the basis that the lenders breached their contract with us by refusing to accept the April 2008 tender of our performance, by refusing to release their lien in connection with our second and final takedown in this project, and the repayment guarantee was not properly triggered by the lenders' filing of the involuntary bankruptcy. On August 25, 2011, the U.S. District Court of Nevada entered judgments in favor of JP Morgan in a combined amount of $16.6 million, which included prejudgment interest and attorneys' fees. We paid the judgment amount in 2016, thus concluding the litigation with the lender group.
We believe that four of our co-venturers in the South Edge entity (KB Home, Toll Brothers, Pardee Homes and Beazer Homes) are liable to Meritage for certain amounts that Meritage has paid pursuant to or related to the above-mentioned litigation with the lender group, and we have filed an arbitration claim against those builders to recover such amounts from them based on breach of contract, unjust enrichment, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and other claims.


Special Note of Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
In passing the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”), Congress encouraged public companies to make “forward-looking statements” by creating a safe-harbor to protect companies from securities law liability in connection with forward-looking statements. We intend to qualify both our written and oral forward-looking statements for protection under the PSLRA.
The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “forecast,” “plan,” “intend,” "may," "will," "should," "could," “estimate,” “project” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date the statement was made. All statements we make other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements within the meaning of that term in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report include: statements concerning trends and economic factors in the homebuilding industry in general, and our markets and results specifically; our operating strategy and initiatives, including our strategy to expand intothe number of communities that target the first-time buyer segment; demand and pricing trends in the short-term throughout our geographies; that we may opportunistically repurchase our debt and equity securities; the benefits of our land acquisition strategy and structures, including the use and the benefits of option contracts and joint ventures; that we expect to redeploy cash generated from operations to acquire and develop lot positions; management estimates regarding joint venture exposure; expectations regarding our industry and our business for the remainder of 2017 and beyond; our expectation that existing guarantees, letters of credit and performance and surety bonds will not be drawn on; the adequacy of our insurance coverage and warranty reserves; our strategy, legal positions and the expected outcome of legal proceedings and tax examinations we are involved in and the sufficiency of our reserves relating thereto; the sufficiency of our liquidity and capital resources to support our business strategy; our ability and willingness to acquire land under option or contract; our strategy and trends and expectations concerning sales prices, sales pace, closings, orders, cancellations, material and labor costs for land development and home construction, gross margins, gross profit, revenues, net earnings, operating leverage, backlog, land prices, changes in and location of active communities, seasonality and the amount, type and timing of new community openings; seasonality; our future cash needs; that we may seek to raise additional debt and equity capital; and our intentions regarding the payment of dividends and the use of derivative contracts; our perceptions about the importance of joint ventures to our business; and the impact of seasonality and changes in interest rates.
Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in forward-looking statements, and that could negatively affect our business include, but are not limited to, the following: the availability and cost of finished lots and undeveloped land; shortages in the availability and cost of labor; changes in interest rates and the availability and pricing of residential mortgages; shortages in the availability and cost of labor; changes in tax laws that adversely impact us or our homebuyers; inflation in the cost of materials used to develop communities and construct homes; the success of our strategic initiatives; the ability of our potential buyers to sell their existing homes; cancellation rates; inflation in the cost of materials used to develop communities and construct homes; the adverse effect of slower orderslow absorption rates; a disruption or pause in the growth of first-time homebuyers; competition; impairments of our real estate inventory; a change to the feasibility of projects under option or contract that could result in the write-down or write-off of earnest money or option deposits; our potential exposure to and impacts from natural disasters or severe weather conditions; competition;home warranty and construction defect and home warranty claims; failures in health and safety performance; our success in prevailing on contested tax positions; our ability to obtain performance and surety bonds in connection with our development work; the loss of key personnel; our failure to comply with laws and regulations; our limited geographic diversification; fluctuations in quarterly operating results; our level of indebtedness; our ability to obtain financing;financing if our credit ratings are downgraded; our ability to successfully integrate acquired companies and achieve anticipated benefits from these acquisitions; our compliance with government regulations; the effect of legislative and other governmentgovernmental actions, orders, policies or initiatives that impact housing, labor availability, construction, mortgage availability, our access to capital, the cost of capital or the economy in general, or other initiatives that seek to restrain growth of new housing construction or similar measures; legislation relating to energy and climate change; the replication of our energy-efficient technologies by our competitors; our exposure to information technology failures and security breaches; negative publicity that affects our reputation; and other factors identified in documents filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including those set forth in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20162017 under the caption “Risk"Risk Factors," which can be found on our website.
Forward-looking statements express expectations of future events. All forward-looking statements are inherently uncertain as they are based on various expectations and assumptions concerning future events and they are subject to numerous known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual events or results to differ materially from those projected. Due to these inherent uncertainties, the investment community is urged not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. In addition, we undertake no obligations to update or revise forward-looking statements to reflect changed assumptions, the occurrence of unanticipated events or changes to projections over time, except as required by law.



Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Overview and Outlook
HousingThe strength the housing market fundamentals remained strong inexperienced throughout 2017 continued into the first three months of 2017,2018 as a solid economy assisted by steady job creation and the continuedwage growth and a historically low costlevel of existing home ownership has contributedsupply muted concerns from recent interest hikes and stock market volatility. We believe that these factors will continue to create a favorablepositive demand environment for our sector, particularly asamong the first-time homebuyer segment returns to the market. Despite the modest rise inwhere lower-priced homes still offer affordable solutions even as interest rates over the last six months, rates are still near historic lows and have not yet impacted demand. gradually rise.
The high demanddesire for new homes has resultedcontinues to be healthy across most of our markets, especially for our LiVE.NOW communities that target the first-time or move-down homebuyers looking for a lower priced product, and who represent a strong presence in rising average sales prices in some markets, however the increase in demand has also resulted in rising land and construction material costs. These cost increases continue to put pressure on margins; however, we believe the current steady trajectory of the homebuilding cycle should help align the rising land and material costs with consumer demand.market. We continue to focus on our key strategic initiatives such as home closing gross margin improvement, selling, general and administrative cost control and community count growth that are designed towe believe will position us for further growth and improve our margins.bottom line results, while pivoting to increase our focus on the first-time and first move-up buyer. We remain committedexpect first-time buyers to expandingcontinue to grow as a percentage of total homebuyers and we have shifted our presence in our markets by increasing our community countfocus to meet that demand with an increased number of communities that target that segment. Our entry-level product is also attracting move-down buyers with select floor plans and offering homes with energy-efficient features and appealing designs for today's homebuyer.price points that appeal to an age-targeted audience.
Summary Company Results
Our first quarter 2018 results reflected growth in our entry-level business, strong demand in our markets and performance gains from our strategic initiatives. Total home closing revenue was $660.6$728.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, representing a 10.9%2018, an increase of $67.9 million over the corresponding prior year period. $65.0period, due to 144 additional homes closed. The 10.3% increase in home closing revenue and 90-basis-point improvement in home closing gross margin provided $17.1 million in additional home closing revenue translated into higher home closing gross profit which, combined with a $4.3 million increase in Other income, net and was the principle driver of our improveda lower income tax provision, contributed to an 86.1% increase in net income of $23.6to $43.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 versus $23.6 million in the corresponding 2017 as compared to $21.0 million for the 2016 period. Net income also benefited from higher land closing profit andFirst quarter 2018 results reflect a lower interest expense than the prior year with an offsetting higher provision for income taxes due to a higherlower effective tax rate of 10.2% versus 35.9% in 2017 versus 2016. Theas a result of the Tax Act signed into law in December 2017, which resulted in a lower 2016 effectivecorporate tax rate reflects the benefit of federal energy creditscombined with a cumulative retroactive extension for homes soldclosed in both 2016 and in prior periods, as the legislation providing2017 for these credits expired in 2016 and has not yet been renewed for 2017. Accordingly, our effectiveenergy tax rate for 2017 does not reflect a tax benefit from federal energy credits for homes sold in 2017. The lower interest expense year over year is attributable to more real estate under development that qualifies for interest capitalization.credits.
On a consolidated basis, we experienced year-over-yearyear over year growth in closings and orders, both in units and value, for the three months ended March 31, 2017 as compared to2018 over the prior year. We ended the first quarter of 20172018 with 3,1813,508 homes in backlog, down nominally from 2016, although10.3% higher average sales prices contributed tothan 2017 providing a backlog value of $1.4$1.5 billion, a 1.6%an 8.4% increase over March 31, 2016.2017. The growth in year-over-year backlog is primarily the result of a 10.4% improvement in orders at March 31, 2018 compared to the prior year.
Company Positioning
We believe that the investments in our new communities, new marketsparticularly those designed for the first-time homebuyer, and industry-leading innovation in energy-efficient product offerings and automation create a differentiated strategy that has aided us in our growth in the highly competitive new home market. We remain focused on our main goals of growing our orders, revenue and profit, and maintaining a strong balance sheet. To help meet these goals, we continue to
Our focus onincludes the following strategic initiatives:
Continuing
Expanding the number of LiVE.NOW® communities that target the growing first-time homebuyer segment;
Improving the overall customer experience, most recently through a simplification of the customer selection and purchase process;
Improving our home closing gross margin by growing revenue while managing costs, allowing us to activelybetter leverage our overhead;
Actively acquire and develop land in key markets in order to maintain and grow our lot supply and active community count; and
Introducing LiVE.NOWTM, our newest 'entry-level plus' collection of product offerings that targets the growing first-time homebuyer segment;
Introducing newly designed plan offeringsIn order to meet homebuyers changing preferences inmaintain focus on growing our markets, most recently an entire new product library inbusiness, we also remain committed to the following:
Increasing orders and order pace through the use of our East Region;consumer and market research to build homes that offer our buyers their desired features and amenities;
Expanding market share in our smaller markets;
Continuing to innovate and promote our energy efficiency program and our M.Connected® Automation Suite to create differentiation for the Meritage brand;


Managing construction efficiencies and cost increases through national and regional vendor relationships with a focus on quality construction and warranty management;
Growing revenue while managing costs, allowing us to improve overhead operating leverage in all of our markets;
Generating additional working capital and maintaining adequate liquidity;
Increasing orders paceliquidity, most recently through the usea $200 million add-on to our existing $200.0 million of our consumer6.00% Senior Notes due 2025; and market research to build homes that offer our buyers their desired features and amenities;
Continuing to innovate and promote our energy efficiency program to drive sales;
Adapting sales and marketing efforts to increase traffic and allow us to favorably compete with both resale and new homes;
Actively monitoring and adjusting our sales, construction and closing processes to incorporate enhancements identified through customer satisfaction surveys; and


Promoting a positive environment for our employees in order to develop and motivate them and to minimize turnover.

Critical Accounting Policies
The accounting policies we deem most critical to us and that involve the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments include revenue recognition, valuation of real estate, goodwill, deferred tax assets and warranty reserves as well as the calculation of compensation cost relating to share-based payments. ThereOther than the adoption of ASU 2014-09, as described in Note 1 in the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements, there have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies during the three months ended March 31, 20172018 compared to those disclosed in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, included in our 20162017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.


Home Closing Revenue, Home Orders and Order Backlog
The composition of our closings, home orders and backlog is constantly changing and is based on a changing mix of communities with various price points between periods as new projects open and existing projects wind down. Further, individual homes within a community can range significantly in price due to differing square footage, option selections, lot sizes and quality and location of lots (e.g. cul-de-sac, view lots, greenbelt lots). These variations result in a lack of meaningful comparability between our home orders, closings and backlog due to the changing mix between periods. The tables on the following pages present operating and financial data that we consider most critical to managing our operations (dollars in thousands):
 Three Months Ended March 31, Quarter over Quarter Three Months Ended March 31, Quarter over Quarter
 2017 2016 Change $ Change % 2018 2017 Change $ Change %
Home Closing Revenue                
Total                
Dollars $660,617
 $595,617
 $65,000
 10.9 % $728,532
 $660,617
 $67,915
 10.3 %
Homes closed 1,581
 1,488
 93
 6.3 % 1,725
 1,581
 144
 9.1 %
Average sales price $417.8
 $400.3
 $17.5
 4.4 % $422.3
 $417.8
 $4.5
 1.1 %
West Region                
Arizona                
Dollars $100,550
 $74,999
 $25,551
 34.1 % $90,996
 $100,550
 $(9,554) (9.5)%
Homes closed 296
 217
 79
 36.4 % 275
 296
 (21) (7.1)%
Average sales price $339.7
 $345.6
 $(5.9) (1.7)% $330.9
 $339.7
 $(8.8) (2.6)%
California                
Dollars $132,094
 $120,720
 $11,374
 9.4 % $159,391
 $132,094
 $27,297
 20.7 %
Homes closed 210
 207
 3
 1.4 % 231
 210
 21
 10.0 %
Average sales price $629.0
 $583.2
 $45.8
 7.9 % $690.0
 $629.0
 $61.0
 9.7 %
Colorado                
Dollars $67,360
 $65,327
 $2,033
 3.1 % $54,386
 $67,360
 $(12,974) (19.3)%
Homes closed 128
 138
 (10) (7.2)% 94
 128
 (34) (26.6)%
Average sales price $526.3
 $473.4
 $52.9
 11.2 % $578.6
 $526.3
 $52.3
 9.9 %
West Region Totals                
Dollars $300,004
 $261,046
 $38,958
 14.9 % $304,773
 $300,004
 $4,769
 1.6 %
Homes closed 634
 562
 72
 12.8 % 600
 634
 (34) (5.4)%
Average sales price $473.2
 $464.5
 $8.7
 1.9 % $508.0
 $473.2
 $34.8
 7.4 %
Central Region - Texas                
Central Region Totals                
Dollars $174,709
 $159,971
 $14,738
 9.2 % $191,745
 $174,709
 $17,036
 9.8 %
Homes closed 495
 465
 30
 6.5 % 542
 495
 47
 9.5 %
Average sales price $352.9
 $344.0
 $8.9
 2.6 % $353.8
 $352.9
 $0.8
 0.2 %
East Region                
Florida                
Dollars $65,574
 $63,322
 $2,252
 3.6 % $112,787
 $65,574
 $47,213
 72.0 %
Homes closed 146
 156
 (10) (6.4)% 260
 146
 114
 78.1 %
Average sales price $449.1
 $405.9
 $43.2
 10.6 % $433.8
 $449.1
 $(15.3) (3.4)%
Georgia                
Dollars $20,475
 $22,014
 $(1,539) (7.0)% $24,973
 $20,475
 $4,498
 22.0 %
Homes closed 55
 65
 (10) (15.4)% 73
 55
 18
 32.7 %
Average sales price $372.3
 $338.7
 $33.6
 9.9 % $342.1
 $372.3
 $(30.2) (8.1)%
North Carolina                
Dollars $56,907
 $50,377
 $6,530
 13.0 % $50,673
 $56,907
 $(6,234) (11.0)%
Homes closed 131
 118
 13
 11.0 % 128
 131
 (3) (2.3)%
Average sales price $434.4
 $426.9
 $7.5
 1.8 % $395.9
 $434.4
 $(38.5) (8.9)%
South Carolina                
Dollars $26,055
 $21,171
 $4,884
 23.1 % $22,121
 $26,055
 $(3,934) (15.1)%
Homes closed 73
 67
 6
 9.0 % 66
 73
 (7) (9.6)%
Average sales price $356.9
 $316.0
 $40.9
 12.9 % $335.2
 $356.9
 $(21.8) (6.1)%
Tennessee                
Dollars $16,893
 $17,716
 $(823) (4.6)% $21,460
 $16,893
 $4,567
 27.0 %
Homes closed 47
 55
 (8) (14.5)% 56
 47
 9
 19.1 %
Average sales price $359.4
 $322.1
 $37.3
 11.6 % $383.2
 $359.4
 $23.8
 6.6 %
East Region Totals                
Dollars $185,904
 $174,600
 $11,304
 6.5 % $232,014
 $185,904
 $46,110
 24.8 %
Homes closed 452
 461
 (9) (2.0)% 583
 452
 131
 29.0 %
Average sales price $411.3
 $378.7
 $32.6
 8.6 % $398.0
 $411.3
 $(13.3) (3.2)%
         


 Three Months Ended March 31, Quarter over Quarter Three Months Ended March 31, Quarter over Quarter
 2017 2016 Change $ Change % 2018 2017 Change $ Change %
Home Orders (1)
                
Total                
Dollars $892,703
 $804,600
 $88,103
 10.9 % $962,796
 $892,703
 $70,093
 7.9 %
Homes ordered 2,135
 1,987
 148
 7.4 % 2,358
 2,135
 223
 10.4 %
Average sales price $418.1
 $404.9
 $13.2
 3.3 % $408.3
 $418.1
 $(9.8) (2.3)%
West Region                
Arizona                
Dollars $133,832
 $90,180
 $43,652
 48.4 % $153,161
 $133,832
 $19,329
 14.4 %
Homes ordered 403
 259
 144
 55.6 % 459
 403
 56
 13.9 %
Average sales price $332.1
 $348.2
 $(16.1) (4.6)% $333.7
 $332.1
 $1.6
 0.5 %
California                
Dollars $193,758
 $151,012
 $42,746
 28.3 % $160,398
 $193,758
 $(33,360) (17.2)%
Homes ordered 328
 270
 58
 21.5 % 219
 328
 (109) (33.2)%
Average sales price $590.7
 $559.3
 $31.4
 5.6 % $732.4
 $590.7
 $141.7
 24.0 %
Colorado                
Dollars $82,095
 $86,626
 $(4,531) (5.2)% $97,095
 $82,095
 $15,000
 18.3 %
Homes ordered 143
 169
 (26) (15.4)% 175
 143
 32
 22.4 %
Average sales price $574.1
 $512.6
 $61.5
 12.0 % $554.8
 $574.1
 $(19.3) (3.4)%
West Region Totals                
Dollars $409,685
 $327,818
 $81,867
 25.0 % $410,654
 $409,685
 $969
 0.2 %
Homes ordered 874
 698
 176
 25.2 % 853
 874
 (21) (2.4)%
Average sales price $468.7
 $469.7
 $(1.0) (0.2)% $481.4
 $468.7
 $12.7
 2.7 %
Central Region - Texas                
Central Region Totals                
Dollars $251,773
 $216,065
 $35,708
 16.5 % $279,503
 $251,773
 $27,730
 11.0 %
Homes ordered 693
 591
 102
 17.3 % 809
 693
 116
 16.7 %
Average sales price $363.3
 $365.6
 $(2.3) (0.6)% $345.5
 $363.3
 $(17.8) (4.9)%
East Region                
Florida                
Dollars $101,560
 $92,594
 $8,966
 9.7 % $112,670
 $101,560
 $11,110
 10.9 %
Homes ordered 239
 227
 12
 5.3 % 263
 239
 24
 10.0 %
Average sales price $424.9
 $407.9
 $17.0
 4.2 % $428.4
 $424.9
 $3.5
 0.8 %
Georgia                
Dollars $22,402
 $35,195
 $(12,793) (36.3)% $50,870
 $22,402
 $28,468
 127.1 %
Homes ordered 69
 105
 (36) (34.3)% 148
 69
 79
 114.5 %
Average sales price $324.7
 $335.2
 $(10.5) (3.1)% $343.7
 $324.7
 $19.0
 5.9 %
North Carolina                
Dollars $66,332
 $77,081
 $(10,749) (13.9)% $61,485
 $66,332
 $(4,847) (7.3)%
Homes ordered 150
 189
 (39) (20.6)% 157
 150
 7
 4.7 %
Average sales price $442.2
 $407.8
 $34.4
 8.4 % $391.6
 $442.2
 $(50.6) (11.4)%
South Carolina                
Dollars $25,538
 $34,221
 $(8,683) (25.4)% $28,674
 $25,538
 $3,136
 12.3 %
Homes ordered 72
 107
 (35) (32.7)% 80
 72
 8
 11.1 %
Average sales price $354.7
 $319.8
 $34.9
 10.9 % $358.4
 $354.7
 $3.7
 1.0 %
Tennessee                
Dollars $15,413
 $21,626
 $(6,213) (28.7)% $18,940
 $15,413
 $3,527
 22.9 %
Homes ordered 38
 70
 (32) (45.7)% 48
 38
 10
 26.3 %
Average sales price $405.6
 $308.9
 $96.7
 31.3 % $394.6
 $405.6
 $(11.0) (2.7)%
East Region Totals                
Dollars $231,245
 $260,717
 $(29,472) (11.3)% $272,639
 $231,245
 $41,394
 17.9 %
Homes ordered 568
 698
 (130) (18.6)% 696
 568
 128
 22.5 %
Average sales price $407.1
 $373.5
 $33.6
 9.0 % $391.7
 $407.1
 $(15.4) (3.8)%
(1)Home orders for any period represent the aggregate sales price of all homes ordered, net of cancellations. We do not include orders contingent upon the sale of a customer’s existing home as a sales contract until the contingency is removed.
         



Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,
2017 20162018 2017
Ending Average Ending AverageEnding Average Ending Average
Active Communities      
Total256 249.5 243
 247.0253 248.5 256
 249.5
West Region      
Arizona42 42.0 42
 41.537 37.5 42
 42.0
California29 28.5 24
 24.015 17.5 29
 28.5
Colorado10 10.0 14
 15.017 14.0 10
 10.0
West Region Totals81 80.5 80
 80.569 69.0 81
 80.5
Central Region - Texas      
Central Region Totals85 82.5 70
 71.097 94.5 85
 82.5
East Region      
Florida32 29.5 26
 27.028 28.0 32
 29.5
Georgia17 17.0 18
 17.521 20.0 17
 17.0
North Carolina18 17.5 24
 25.020 18.5 18
 17.5
South Carolina15 15.0 16
 17.012 12.5 15
 15.0
Tennessee8 7.5 9
 9.06 6.0 8
 7.5
East Region Totals90 86.5 93
 95.587 85.0 90
 86.5

        

 Three Months Ended March 31, Three Months Ended March 31,
 2017 2016 2018 2017
Cancellation Rates (1)
        
Total 12% 11% 14% 12%
West Region        
Arizona 13% 11% 12% 13%
California 11% 11% 19% 11%
Colorado 12% 9% 8% 12%
West Region Totals 12% 11% 13% 12%
Central Region - Texas        
Central Region Totals 13% 13% 16% 13%
East Region        
Florida 13% 11% 11% 13%
Georgia 17% 14% 11% 17%
North Carolina 7% 6% 16% 7%
South Carolina 8% 4% 9% 8%
Tennessee 17% 8% 2% 17%
East Region Totals 12% 9% 11% 12%
(1)Cancellation rates are computed as the number of canceled units for the period divided by the gross sales units for the same period.


 At March 31, Quarter over Quarter At March 31, Quarter over Quarter
 2017 2016 Change $ Change % 2018 2017 Change $ Change %
Order Backlog (1)
                
Total                
Dollars $1,367,844
 $1,346,664
 $21,180
 1.6 % $1,482,205
 $1,367,844
 $114,361
 8.4 %
Homes in backlog 3,181
 3,191
 (10) (0.3)% 3,508
 3,181
 327
 10.3 %
Average sales price $430.0
 $422.0
 $8.0
 1.9 % $422.5
 $430.0
 $(7.5) (1.7)%
West Region                
Arizona                
Dollars $194,625
 $133,087
 $61,538
 46.2 % $181,979
 $194,625
 $(12,646) (6.5)%
Homes in backlog 551
 359
 192
 53.5 % 510
 551
 (41) (7.4)%
Average sales price $353.2
 $370.7
 $(17.5) (4.7)% $356.8
 $353.2
 $3.6
 1.0 %
California                
Dollars $215,302
 $214,438
 $864
 0.4 % $223,982
 $215,302
 $8,680
 4.0 %
Homes in backlog 349
 352
 (3) (0.9)% 306
 349
 (43) (12.3)%
Average sales price $616.9
 $609.2
 $7.7
 1.3 % $732.0
 $616.9
 $115.1
 18.7 %
Colorado                
Dollars $168,819
 $183,450
 $(14,631) (8.0)% $157,602
 $168,819
 $(11,217) (6.6)%
Homes in backlog 288
 363
 (75) (20.7)% 280
 288
 (8) (2.8)%
Average sales price $586.2
 $505.4
 $80.8
 16.0 % $562.9
 $586.2
 $(23.3) (4.0)%
West Region Totals                
Dollars $578,746
 $530,975
 $47,771
 9.0 % $563,563
 $578,746
 $(15,183) (2.6)%
Homes in backlog 1,188
 1,074
 114
 10.6 % 1,096
 1,188
 (92) (7.7)%
Average sales price $487.2
 $494.4
 $(7.2) (1.5)% $514.2
 $487.2
 $27.0
 5.5 %
Central Region - Texas                
Central Region Totals                
Dollars $431,798
 $406,288
 $25,510
 6.3 % $470,392
 $431,798
 $38,594
 8.9 %
Homes in backlog 1,129
 1,068
 61
 5.7 % 1,287
 1,129
 158
 14.0 %
Average sales price $382.5
 $380.4
 $2.1
 0.6 % $365.5
 $382.5
 $(17.0) (4.4)%
East Region                
Florida                
Dollars $152,440
 $147,278
 $5,162
 3.5 % $196,470
 $152,440
 $44,030
 28.9 %
Homes in backlog 346
 358
 (12) (3.4)% 449
 346
 103
 29.8 %
Average sales price $440.6
 $411.4
 $29.2
 7.1 % $437.6
 $440.6
 $(3.0) (0.7)%
Georgia                
Dollars $35,290
 $46,607
 $(11,317) (24.3)% $76,358
 $35,290
 $41,068
 116.4 %
Homes in backlog 105
 135
 (30) (22.2)% 226
 105
 121
 115.2 %
Average sales price $336.1
 $345.2
 $(9.1) (2.6)% $337.9
 $336.1
 $1.8
 0.5 %
North Carolina                
Dollars $96,677
 $138,182
 $(41,505) (30.0)% $107,578
 $96,677
 $10,901
 11.3 %
Homes in backlog 212
 331
 (119) (36.0)% 272
 212
 60
 28.3 %
Average sales price $456.0
 $417.5
 $38.5
 9.2 % $395.5
 $456.0
 $(60.5) (13.3)%
South Carolina                
Dollars $40,119
 $43,161
 $(3,042) (7.0)% $42,027
 $40,119
 $1,908
 4.8 %
Homes in backlog 115
 128
 (13) (10.2)% 113
 115
 (2) (1.7)%
Average sales price $348.9
 $337.2
 $11.7
 3.5 % $371.9
 $348.9
 $23.1
 6.6 %
Tennessee                
Dollars $32,774
 $34,173
 $(1,399) (4.1)% $25,817
 $32,774
 $(6,957) (21.2)%
Homes in backlog 86
 97
 (11) (11.3)% 65
 86
 (21) (24.4)%
Average sales price $381.1
 $352.3
 $28.8
 8.2 % $397.2
 $381.1
 $16.1
 4.2 %
East Region Totals                
Dollars $357,300
 $409,401
 $(52,101) (12.7)% $448,250
 $357,300
 $90,950
 25.5 %
Homes in backlog 864
 1,049
 (185) (17.6)% 1,125
 864
 261
 30.2 %
Average sales price $413.5
 $390.3
 $23.2
 5.9 % $398.4
 $413.5
 $(15.1) (3.7)%
(1)Our backlog represents net sales that have not closed.



Operating Results

Companywide. Home closing revenue increased by 10.3% to $728.5 million from 1,725 closings for the three months ended March 31, 2017 increased 10.9%2018 compared to $660.6 million when compared tofrom 1,581 closings during the same quarter of the prior year, primarily driven by a 6.3%9.1% increase in volume for 93 additionalclosing volume. Average sales prices on home closings withincreased only $4,500 compared to the prior year, as price increases in some markets are being offset by a higher average sales pricespercentage of $17,500, or 4.4%.entry-level homes in our closing mix in many markets. Home orders also improved during10.4% to 2,358 homes valued at $962.8 million in the first quarter 2018 as compared to 2,135 homes valued at $892.7 million in the first quarter of 2017. We ended the quarter with order value growing by 10.9% to $892.7 million on 2,135 homes in 2017 as compared to $804.6 million on 1,987 homes in 2016. Improved home orders and higher average sales prices helped to partially offset the lower beginning backlog entering 2017 as compared to 2016. We achieved significant growth in our ending community count, opening 26 new communities during the first three months of 2017, ending the quarter with 256253 actively selling communities. Approximately 40% of new community openings in the first three months ofcommunities, down slightly from March 31, 2017 occurred during the last two weeks of March and, accordingly, did not provide a full quarter of order volume. Despite the late timing of community openings,although 3.7% higher than December 31, 2017. We improved our company-wide orders pace improved by 7.5% with 8.610.5% to 9.5 homes ordered per average community in 2017.the first quarter of 2018 compared to 8.6 in the comparable 2017 quarter. Orders pace was the primary driver for the increased order volume and units in backlog. We ended the quarter with 3,1813,508 homes in backlog, down ten unitsreflecting a $114.4 million, or 8.4%, increase from 2016, but with a slightly higher backlog value of $1.4 million,2017 driven entirely by volume as a result of the higher average sales prices.prices are beginning to temper as we shift toward a higher percentage of backlog from entry-level homes.

West.West. During the three months ended March 31, 2017,first quarter of 2018, the West region ledRegion closed 600 homes and generated $304.8 million home closing revenue compared to 634 homes and $300.0 million in the companyfirst quarter of 2017. The slight increase in home closing volume and revenue as well as year-over-year growth. Home closing revenue rose 14.9% over the 2016 period, primarily from the 72 additional units closed, along with an $8,700is due to a 7.4% increase in average sales prices, resultingoffset by a 5.4% decline in 634closings. Despite a strong shift to first-time buyers in the Region, the higher average sales price in the first quarter of 2018 is the result of a higher percentage of closings from high priced communities in California and Colorado contributing to the closing mix compared to the prior year. The Region ended the first quarter of 2018 with 853 orders valued at $300.0$410.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Order units and valuea 2.7% increase in average sales prices. Orders per average community in the West Region improved by 25.2% and 25.0%13.8%, respectively, endingnearly offsetting the quarter with 87414.3% decline in average community count, resulting in only a 2.4% reduction in orders valued at $409.7 million. Community count in the West was flat, accordingly the additional 176 units ordered over the prior year is attributable to the improved orders pace in the Region of 10.9 for the quarter ended March 31, 2017 as compared to 8.7 in 2016, demonstrating the high demand in the Region.

Arizona provided the largest improvements in home closing revenue in the Region during the first quarter with $100.6 million on 296 units, 34.1% and 36.4% increases over 2016, respectively. Orders improved significantly as well with a pace of 9.62018 compared to 2017. Strong demand has resulted in 2017, a 54.8% improvement overmany communities selling out faster than anticipated driving the prior year. The significant rise in orders pace and slight decline in average sales price are the direct result of the high demand communities at lower price points that are targeted to first-time buyers. The number of average actively-selling communities in Arizona was flat year over year, although the composition of communities is shifting more towards first-time buyers. The higher orders pace on a consistent community count combined for 55.6% higher order volume and 48.4% higher order value. California home closings were relatively flat year over year but home closing revenue grew by 9.4% from rising average sales prices. The state continues to be the highest producer in terms of home closing revenue and order value inorders. We opened 11 communities throughout the Region endingin the first quarter of 2017 with $132.1 million2018, however most of these communities were opened late in home closing revenuethe quarter and $193.8 million in order value. Average sales prices improved by $45,800 and $31,400 for closings and orders, respectively, as comparedonly minimally contributed to the first quarter of 2016. Our orders pace in California is the second highest2018 orders. We anticipate opening over 20 new communities in the Company and was slightly improved yearnext two quarters, with over year,60% of those targeted toward the first-time homebuyer where we are experiencing particularly strong demand. The Region ended the quarter with 11.5 homes ordered per average community in 2017 with approximately 19% more communities open for sale in the first three months of 2017 over 2016. Colorado closed ten fewer homes in the first three months of 2017 compared to 2016, largely due to the lower number of1,096 homes in backlog entering 2017. Orders volumevalued at $563.6 million, 7.7% and 2.6% declines from prior year, respectively, offset slightly by a $27,000 increase in Colorado was down 26 units or 15.4%, which is entirely attributed to the lower number of actively-selling communities year over year. Orders pace in Colorado at 14.3 remains the highest in the Company, and we are actively working to open additional communities in Colorado, as the pace at which we are currently selling is translating to faster community sell out than originally anticipated. The tremendous demand in this market is also evidenced in the rising average sales prices, which we expect to temper as we introduce more communities targeted to first time move-up homebuyers.

price.
Central.Central. In the first quarter of 2017,2018, the Central Region, made up of our Texas markets, closed 495542 homes and generated $174.7$191.7 million in home closing revenue, improvements of 6.5%9.5% and 9.2%9.8%, respectively, leading to overall year over yearyear-over-year home closing revenue growth of $14.7$17.0 million. Orders also improved ingrew by 16.7% to a total of 809 units valued at $279.5 million for the first quarter growing by 17.3%of 2018 as compared to a total of 693 units valued at $251.8 million as compared to 591 units valued at $216.1 million in the prior year. Average community count increased by 16.2%year period. We continue to see solid demand trends in the first quarter, although more than half of that growth came inCentral Region, evidenced by the last two weeks of the quarter. The end result was anrising orders pace that remained relatively flat with prior year, with 8.4 orders per average number of communities in the first quarter of 2017 versus 8.32018. The improved order volume is the result of a 14.5% increase in 2016. Althoughaverage communities and 2.4% increase in orders pace.We are responding to the Houston market continuesentry-level demand in this Region with a strong transition to perform below recent years, demand there appears to be stabilizing and we have begun to reinvest in that market.



East. Our East region generated 452 closings and $185.9 million in revenuefirst-time buyer product offerings, resulting in the first quarter of 2017, a unit decline of 2.0%, offset entirely by an 8.6% improvement inmarginally decreasing average sales prices year over year. Order volume dropped by 130 units, or 18.6%, although higher average sales prices of 9.0% partially offsetyear on orders and backlog. At March 31, 2018, the unit decline. The Region ended with 568 ordershad 1,287 homes in backlog valued at $231.2$470.4 million, resulting in a year-over-year decline in backlog of 185 units to end14.0% and 8.9% improvements over prior year, respectively.
East. During the first quarter with 864 units valued at $357.3 million. The lower order volume year over year is partially attributable to the 9.4% fewer number of average actively selling communities in 2017, combined with a 9.6% decline in orders pace. A contributor to the lower orders pace is late openings of new communities; of the 11 community openings during the first quarter of 2017, approximately half occurred in the last two weeks of the quarter. Our new community openings were intentionally timed to coincide with the roll-out of our new product offering throughout the majority ofthree months ended March 31, 2018, the East Region and we expect these new communities to provide more meaningful results moving forward; we also have a significant number of additional new communities anticipated to open in the next several months in the Region.

The Florida market, asgenerated the largest contributor to the Region's results, reported $65.6 million in home closing revenue on 146 closings. The 6.4% decrease in homes closed during the quarter was offset by an average sales price improvement of $43,200, resulting in a 3.6% increase in home closing volume and revenue compared to the same period in the prior year. The Florida market generated 239 orders for the three-month period ending March 31, 2017, a 5.3% increase from 2016, aided by a 4.2% increase in average sales price for a total order value of $101.6 million. The rise in average sales prices on bothRegion contributed 583 closings and orders during the quarter relates primarily to product mix, although we expect rising prices to temper, as several of our new communities scheduled to open in 2017 are at lower price points. The improved order volume was largely the result of the 9.3% higher average number of communities open for sale in 2017 versus 2016.Operations in North Carolina generated $56.9 million in home closing revenue, a 13.0% improvement from prior year on 131 closings. In addition, North Carolina contributed 150 home orders and $66.3 million in order value in the first quarter of 2017. Order volume and value decreased by 20.6% and 13.9%, respectively, over the prior year due to the 30% reduction in the average community count. Demand has remained strong and we experienced a 13% improvement in orders pace helping to offset some of the decline in actively selling communities. Communities with our new product offering are scheduled to come on line over the next several months to meet the demand in this market. Tennessee generated $16.9$232.0 million in home closing revenue in the first quarter of 2017 on 47 units, representing 4.6%2018, improvements of 29.0% and 14.5% declines over prior year.24.8%, respectively, from the same period in 2017. The 16.7%increase in closing volume was partially offset with a 3.2%, or $13,300, decrease in average actively-sellingsales price resulting from our strategic shift to product and communities year over year contributedthat appeal to the 45.7% lower number of units ordered and 28.7% decrease in order value. Community count growth is a strategic focus in Tennessee, and new community openings are expected over the next several months. Georgia generated 55 closings valued at $20.5 million duringfirst-time buyer. In the first quarter of 2017, decreases of 15.4% and 7.0% from prior year, respectively. The average sales price on closings rose by $33,600, or 9.9%, due to a shift in product mix. Orders in Georgia2018, orders pace in the first three monthsEast Region improved by 24.2% which we believe demonstrates the desirability of 2017 were tepid, 34.3% lower than 2016, largely attributable to a 31.7% decline in the orders pace during the quarter. As a result, total order value declined by $12.8 million year over year. Community count growth in Georgia stalled in anticipation of our new product line- up and we accordingly have a high volume of community openings scheduled over the coming months. We expect these new communities with updated plan offerings will capturein newer community locations. Simplifying our business and improving our buyers' experiences has been a key strategic focus and we believe our order improvements are reflective of that. Order volume increased by 22.5% compared to the strong market demand and provide improved orders pacesame period in this growing market for us. The South Carolina market provided 73 closings and $26.1 millionthe prior year which led to a 17.9% increase in home closing revenue duringorder value, ending the first quarter of 2017, up 9.0%2018 with 696 units valued at $272.6 million. Backlog units and 23.1%value improved in the Region by 30.2% and 25.5%, respectively, from prior year. Orders were downto end the quarter with 1,125 homes in South Carolina year over year; an 11.8% lower average number of actively-selling communities contributed to the 35 fewer orders in 2017 as compared to 2016. Despite the rising average sales prices, total order value dropped by 25.4% to $25.5backlog valued at $448.3 million.
Land Closing Revenue and Gross (Loss)/Profit
From time to time, we may sell certain lots or land parcels to other homebuilders, developers or investors if we feel the sale will provide a greater economic benefit to us than continuing home construction or where we are looking to diversify our land positions in the specific geography. As a result of such sales, we recognized land closing revenue of $12.2$14.0 million and $2.1$12.2 million for the three months ending March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, respectively. We recognized a net loss of $1.2 million from the sale of various land parcels in the first quarter of 2018. The net loss was primarily due to the sale of a previously mothballed community in California. The first quarter of 2017 results were mainly fromgenerated a net profit of $2.5 million primarily related to the sale of a single parcel of land in California that generated $2.5 million in gross profit in 2017 compared to only $0.4 million of gross profit for the three months ended March 31, 2016.California.


Other Operating Information (dollars in thousands)  
Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,
2017 20162018 2017
Dollars Percent of Home Closing Revenue Dollars Percent of Home Closing RevenueDollars Percent of Home Closing Revenue Dollars Percent of Home Closing Revenue
Home Closing Gross Profit (1)
              
Total$107,268
 16.2% $103,347
 17.4%$124,330
 17.1% $107,268
 16.2%
  
   
       
West$48,505
 16.2% $43,314
 16.6%$50,205
 16.5% $48,505
 16.2%


 
 

 
       
Central$33,276
 19.0% $32,102
 20.1%$36,276

18.9% $33,276
 19.0%
              
East$25,487
 13.7% $27,931
 16.0%$37,849
 16.3% $25,487
 13.7%
 
(1)Home closing gross profit represents home closing revenue less cost of home closings, including impairments. Cost of home closings includes land and lot development costs, direct home construction costs, an allocation of common community costs (such as model complex costs and architectural, legal and zoning costs), interest, sales tax, impact fees, warranty, construction overhead and closing costs.
Companywide. Home closing gross profitmargin for the three months ended March 31, 2017 increased $3.9 million versusfirst quarter of 2018 improved 90 basis points over the respectivesame prior year period, in 2016 as a result ofand combined with higher home closing revenue, from more units closed and higher average sales prices. The 120-basis-point declineresulted in a $17.1 million increase in home closing gross margin forprofit. With improved demand and pricing power and the three months ended March 31, 2017 is primarily from a combinationroll-out of higher construction material and land costs thannew, efficient product in the prior year period, partially offset by increasing average sales prices. In addition, as a resultEast region, we have been successful in minimizing the impact of the community count growth we experienced in the first quarterrising land and construction costs and improving our leverage of 2017, we incurred construction overhead costs to bring communities to market that we expect to begin contributing home closing revenue in the latter half of 2017. Charges incurred on asset write offs in the first quarter of 2017, mostly from terminated land purchase contracts, impacted home closing gross margin by approximately 30 basis points. Similar charges in 2016 had a 30-basis-point impact on the prior year period home closing gross margin, as well.increased revenues.
West. Our West Region reported lowerhigher year-over-year home closing gross margin for the first quarter of 20172018 of 16.2%16.5% compared to 16.6%16.2% in 2016.The year-over-year margin decline is largely the result of higher land prices in the Region, as we are focused on building communities in highly sought-after submarkets, which demand high land prices.2017. We are making concerted efforts to maximize margins in the Region and have been successful with raising average sales prices in certain markets to offset land and labor cost increases. Higher closing volume and simplified product, particularly in markets with a fast paced, entry-level focus, have helped us gain cost efficiencies and leverage construction overhead costs, improving home closing gross margin. Another contributor to the increase in home closing gross margin in the first quarter of 2018 stems from the close out of several low-margin communities that contributed a lower percentage of closings in the first quarter of 2018 compared to the prior year period.
Central. The Central Region produced the highest home closing gross margin in the company althoughduring the first quarter margins declined year over year,of 2018. Home closing gross margin of 18.9% for the first three months of 2018 was nearly consistent with 19.0% in 2017 versus 20.1%the prior year, the slight decline is attributable to the mix of closings. We were largely successful in 2016. While we have experienced somemaintaining pricing powerin alignment with improved average sales prices, the increases are at a slower pace than that of risinglabor, construction material and land costs. In addition, some marketscost increases. We continue to respond to the first-time buyer demand in the Region are shifting product mixand anticipate margin improvement as we open communities tailored to provide more homes designedthis segment that combine a streamlined construction process that enables cost control with the opportunity to appeal to first time homebuyers where we previously had a higher percentage of move up communities which typically generate a higher margin. We expect that the recent improving demand trends in this Region will allow us further pricing power and as volumes continue to improve, further leverage of our overhead costs.costs with increased absorptions.
East. The East Region experienced a 260 basis point improvement in year-over-year home closing gross marginsmargin in the three months ended March 31, 2018 of 16.3% versus 13.7% for the same period in 2017. This increase is largely due to the higher volume of closings and associated revenue in the Region that helped leverage construction overhead costs combined with our newly introduced product offerings contributing to our closing volume. We expect home closing gross margin to continue to improve as communities with our new product contribute a higher percentage of our closing mix in the Region. Margins in the first quarter of 2017 of 13.7% declined2018 were positively impacted 60 basis points from 16.0% for the 2016 period. As we area one-time recovery related to Chinese drywall costs incurred in a period of growth in several of the markets in this Region, we have an outlay of construction overhead costs to bring communitiesprior periods. Another contributor to the market with no associated revenues. Thisyear-over-year increase is creating a temporary drag on our gross margins as nearly every market is inthat the processfirst quarter of bringing multiple communities on line in a relatively short period of time. In addition,2017 was negatively impacted by asset write offs primarilywrite-offs associated with terminated land purchase contracts impacted home closing gross marginwith no similar charges in the East by approximately 70 basis points.first quarter of 2018.


Financial Services Profit (in thousands)
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 2017 2016
Financial services profit$4,290
 $4,046


 Three Months Ended March 31,
 2018 2017
Financial services profit$4,220
 $4,290
Financial services profit represents the net profit of our financial services operations, including the operating profit generated by our wholly-owned title company, Carefree Title, as well as our portion of earnings from a mortgage joint venture.The increaseprofit remained consistent despite a higher closing volume due to a decline in financial services profit year over year is the resultcapture rate of the increases in home closings and revenue.homebuyers by our mortgage joint venture.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses and Other Expenses ($ in thousands)
Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,
2017 20162018 2017
Commissions and Other Sales Costs   
Commissions and other sales costs   
Dollars$(48,320) $(46,177)$(52,752) $(48,320)
Percent of home closing revenue7.3% 7.8%7.2% 7.3%
General and Administrative Expenses   
General and administrative expenses   
Dollars$(29,622) $(29,618)$(30,893) $(29,622)
Percent of total closing revenue4.4% 5.0%
Earnings/(Loss) from Other Unconsolidated Entities, Net   
Percent of home closing revenue4.2% 4.5%
(Loss)/earnings from other unconsolidated entities, net   
Dollars$373
 $(157)$(46) $373
Interest Expense   
Interest expense   
Dollars$(825) $(3,288)$(136) $(825)
Other Income, Net   
Other income, net   
Dollars$1,110
 $283
$5,371
 $1,110
Provision for Income Taxes   
Provision for income taxes   
Dollars$(13,197) $(7,916)$(5,010) $(13,197)
Commissions and Other Sales Costs. Commissions and other sales costs are comprised of internal and external commissions and related sales and marketing expenses such as advertising and sales office costs. As a result of the additional revenues on homes closed, theseThese costs increased by $2.1$4.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 versus 2017 versus 2016.as a result of increased closing volume. As a percentage of home closing revenue, commissions and other sales costs declined by 5010 basis points to 7.3%7.2% during the three months ended March 31, 2017 compared2018 as we continue to 7.8% for the 2016 period as a result of improved overhead leverage and the revised commission structure we implemented in 2016.focus on leveraging these costs with increasing revenue.
General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses represent corporate and divisional overhead expenses such as salaries and bonuses, occupancy, insurance and travel expenses. For the three months ended March 31, 2017,2018, general and administrative expenses were flat at$30.9 million as compared to $29.6 million for boththe 2017 and 2016.period. As a percentage of totalhome closing revenue, these costs decreased by 6030 basis points for the three month period ending March 31, 20172018 to 4.4%4.2%. This improved leverage year to date is mainlyprimarily attributable to the additional closing revenue in 20172018 over 2016.2017. We continually strive to optimize overhead leverage through cost control efforts at both the corporate and divisional levels.
Earnings/(Loss)/Earnings from Other Unconsolidated Entities, Net. Earnings/(loss)Earnings from other unconsolidated entities, net represents our portion of pre-tax earnings/(losses) from non-financial services joint ventures. Included in this amount is both the pass through of earnings/(losses) from the joint ventures' most recently available financial statements as well as any accrued expected earnings/(losses) for the periods presented that might not have been reflected in the joint ventures' financial statements provided to us. The three-month period ended March 31, 20172018 reported a slight loss of $46,000 due to general and administrative expenses in a recently formed joint venture compared to earnings of $0.4 million comparedin the respective 2017 period related to losses for the prior year period of $0.2 million.land sales recorded in our land joint ventures.
Interest Expense. Interest expense is comprised of interest incurred, but not capitalized, on our senior notes, convertible senior notes,prior Convertible Notes, other borrowings, and our amended and restated unsecured revolving credit facility ("Credit Facility.Facility"). Interest expense decreased year over year forin the three-month period, as we have morefirst quarter to $0.1 million in 2018 compared to $0.8 million in 2017 due to a higher balance of inventory under development that qualifies for interest capitalization. During the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, our non-capitalizable interest expense was $0.8 million and $3.3 million, respectively.


Other Income, Net. Other income, net, primarily consists of (i) forfeited deposits from potential homebuyers who canceled their purchase contracts with us, (ii) sublease income, (iii)(ii) interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents, and (iv)(iii) payments and awards related to legal settlements. The $0.8 million increase overBeginning in 2018, forfeited deposits are reflected in Home closing revenue resulting from the prior year is mainlyadoption of ASU 2014-09. These are reflected as Other income, net in 2017 results. Other income, net was favorably impacted in the first quarter of 2018 as a result of interest income receivedreceiving a $4.8 million settlement from municipalitieslong-standing litigation related to a previous joint venture in 2017 as compared to nominal expenses incurred in 2016.Nevada.
Income Taxes. Our effective tax rate was 35.9%10.2% and 27.4%35.9% for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The reduced rate in the first quarter of 2018 was due to lower corporate rates under tax reform and 2016, respectively.was additionally impacted by the President signing the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 in February 2018, which included a retroactive extension of the Internal Revenue Code §45L new energy efficient homes credit, which had previously expired in 2016. This extension provision provides for a single year extension of energy tax credits for homes sold in 2017 that meet the qualification criteria. Under ASC 740, the effects of these tax credits were recorded in 2018, based on the date of enactment, regardless of the retroactive treatment. Our tax rate has beenwas favorably impacted in both years2017 by the homebuilding manufacturing deduction. Due to expiration of legislation related to federal energydeduction, which was eliminated under tax creditsreform for tax years after 2016, only the 2016 effective tax rate reflects the benefit of federal energy credits.2018.



Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
Our principal uses of capital in the first three months of 20172018 were acquisition and development of new and strategic lot positions, operating expenses, home construction and the payment of routine liabilities. We used funds generated by operations, our new senior notes, and borrowings under our Credit Facility to meet our short-term working capital requirements.requirements and to pay off our maturing senior notes. We remain focused on acquiring desirable land positions, generating increasing margins in our homebuilding operations and maintaining a strong balance sheet to support future needs and growth, while leveraging land options where possible.

Operating Cash Flow Activities

During the three months ended March 31, 20172018 and March 31, 2016,2017, net cash used in operations totaled $84.8$17.3 million and $81.8$84.8 million, respectively. Operating cash flows in both2018 and 2017 and 2016 benefited from cash generated by net earnings of $23.6$43.9 million and $21.0$23.6 million, respectively, offset mainly by increases in real estate of $89.2$87.7 million and $116.0$89.2 million, respectively, reflecting increased land and land development spending. 2017 results were also impacted by an increase in other receivables, prepaids and other assets of $20.2 million, primarily from increases in accounts receivable due from municipalities for land development costs incurred.

Investing Cash Flow Activities

During the three months ended March 31, 2017,2018, net cash used in investing activities totaled $3.2$6.4 million as compared to $4.0$3.2 million for the same period in 2016.2017. Cash used in investing activities in 2017the first three months of 2018 and 20162017 is mainly attributable to the purchases of property and equipment of $3.2$6.4 million and $3.9$3.2 million for the 2018 and 2017 and 2016,periods, respectively.

Financing Cash Flow Activities

During the three months ended March 31, 2017,2018, net cash provided by financing activities totaled $42.0$25.5 million as compared to net cash used in financing activities of $4.2$42.0 million for the same period in 2016.2017. The net cash provided by financing activities in 20172018 is primarily the result of $206.0 million in net proceeds received from our 6.00% bond issuance offset partially by the $175.0 million repayment of our 4.50% senior notes. Our 2017 results were mainly attributable to $45.0 million in proceeds received from our Credit Facility partially offset partially by repayments$3.0 million in payments of loans payable and other borrowings of $3.0 million. Our 2016 results were mainly attributable to $3.9 million in payments of notes payable and other borrowings.



Overview of Cash Management
    
Cash flows for each of our communities depend on their stage of the development cycle, and can differ substantially from reported earnings. Early stages of development or expansion require significant cash outlays for land acquisitions, zoning plat and other approvals, community and lot development, and construction of model homes, roads, utilities, landscape and other amenities. Because these costs are a component of our inventory and not recognized in our statement of operations until a home closes, we incur significant cash outlays prior to recognition of earnings. In the later stages of a community, cash inflows may significantly exceed earnings reported for financial statement purposes, as the cash outflow associated with home and land construction was previously incurred. From a liquidity standpoint, we are currently actively acquiring and developing lots in our markets to maintain and grow our lot supply and active community count. We are also using our cash on hand and draws under our Credit Facility, as needed, to fund operations in newer markets. As demandwe have spent the last several years building a pipeline of desirable land positions to position us for new homes improvesgrowth in an improving homebuilding environment and we continue to expandreplenish a depleted supply of lots, our business, we expect cash outlays for land purchases, land development and home construction will continue to exceedhave exceeded our cash generated from operations. We expect future cash needs to begin to moderate and for cash generated from on-going operations in the near term.to support our expected growth.

During the three months ended March 31, 2017,2018, we closed 1,5811,725 homes, purchased about 2,3002,700 lots for $134.0$112.0 million, spent $73.0$84.9 million on land development paid $17.2 million in lot purchase and option deposits, and started construction on approximately 1,9002,112 homes. The opportunity toWe primarily purchase substantially finished lots in desired locations continues to be more limited and competitive as compared to prior years. As a result, we are purchasing more undeveloped land andor partially-finished lots than in recent years and subsequently incurringrequiring development dollars in order to bring them to a finished status ready for home construction. We exercise strict controls and believe we have a prudent strategy for Company-wide cash management, including those related to cash outlays for land and inventory acquisition and development. We ended the first quarter of 20172018 with $85.7$172.6 million of cash and cash equivalents, a $46.0$1.8 million decreaseincrease from December 31, 2016. 2017.

We expect to generate cash from the sale of our inventory, but we intend to redeploy that cash to acquire and develop strategic and well-positioned lots to grow our business.



We believe that we currently have strong liquidity. Nevertheless, we may seek additional capital to strengthen our liquidity position, enable us to opportunistically acquire additional land inventory in anticipation of improving market conditions, and/or strengthen our long-term capital structure. Such additional capital may be in the form of equity or debt financing and may be from a variety of sources. There can be no assurances that we would be able to obtain such additional capital on terms acceptable to us, if at all, and such additional equity or debt financing could dilute the interests of our existing stockholders or increase our interest costs. Our Convertible NotesWe may be redeemed byalso from time to time engage in opportunistic repurchases of our common stock in open market or privately-negotiated transactions as well as repurchase our outstanding senior notes.

The Company's Credit Facility has been amended from time to time to, among other things, increase the note-holders onaggregate commitment to $625.0 million, initially consisting of $565 million of Class A commitments maturing in July 2021 and $60.0 million of Class B commitments maturing in July 2019. In January 2018, the fifth, tenth,sole Class B commitment lender assigned all of its rights and fifteenth anniversary datesobligations under the Credit Facility to another lender. Subsequent to such assignment, the new lender converted the entire $60.0 million Class B commitment to a Class A commitment. As a result, the entire $625.0 million aggregate commitment now matures in July 2021. The Credit Facility has an accordion feature that permits the size of the Convertible Notes.facility to increase to a maximum of $725.0 million. In addition, in March 2018, the Company completed an offering of $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Notes due 2025 (the "Additional Notes"). The fifth anniversary is September 15, 2017.Additional Notes were issued as an add-on to the existing $200.0 million of 6.00% Senior Notes due 2025 that were issued in June 2015 which resulted in a combined $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Notes due 2025 outstanding at March 31, 2018. The Additional Notes were issued at a premium of 103% of the principal amount and the net proceeds were used to repay outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility, which included borrowings used for the redemption of the Company's 4.50% Senior Notes that were due to mature on March 1, 2018. Reference is made to Notes 5 and 6 in the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements.



We believe that our leverage ratios provide useful information to the users of our financial statements regarding our financial position and cash and debt management. Debt-to-capital and net debt-to-capital are calculated as follows (dollars in thousands): 
 As of As of
 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
Notes payable and other borrowings $1,171,426
 $1,127,314
 $1,311,348
 $1,283,804
Stockholders’ equity 1,448,365
 1,421,495
 1,625,332
 1,576,825
Total capital $2,619,791
 $2,548,809
 $2,936,680
 $2,860,629
Debt-to-capital (1)
 44.7% 44.2% 44.7% 44.9%
Notes payable and other borrowings $1,171,426
 $1,127,314
 $1,311,348
 $1,283,804
Less: cash and cash equivalents (85,689) (131,702) (172,552) (170,746)
Net debt 1,085,737
 995,612
 1,138,796
 1,113,058
Stockholders’ equity 1,448,365
 1,421,495
 1,625,332
 1,576,825
Total net capital $2,534,102
 $2,417,107
 $2,764,128
 $2,689,883
Net debt-to-capital (2)
 42.8% 41.2% 41.2% 41.4%
 
(1)Debt-to-capital is computed as senior and convertible senior notes, net and loans payable and other borrowings divided by the aggregate of total senior and convertible senior notes (if applicable), net and loans payable and other borrowings and stockholders' equity.
(2)Net debt-to-capital is computed as net debt divided by the aggregate of net debt and stockholders' equity. Net debt is total senior and convertible senior notes, net and loans payable and other borrowings, less cash and cash equivalents. The most directly comparable GAAP financial measure is the ratio of debt to total capital. We believe the ratio of net debt-to-capital is a relevant financial measure for investors to understand the leverage employed in our operations and as an indicator of our ability to obtain financing.


Credit Facility Covenants
Borrowings under the Credit Facility are unsecured but availability is subject to, among other things, a borrowing base. The Credit Facility also contains certain financial covenants, including (a) a minimum tangible net worth requirement of $670.3$987.4 million (which amount is subject to increase over time based on subsequent earnings and proceeds from equity offerings), and (b) a maximum leverage covenant that prohibits the leverage ratio (as defined therein) from exceeding 60%. In addition, we are required to maintain either (i) an interest coverage ratio (EBITDA to interest expense, as defined therein) of at least 1.50 to 1.00 or (ii) liquidity (as defined therein) of an amount not less than our consolidated interest incurred during the trailing 12 months. We were in compliance with all Credit Facility covenants as of March 31, 2017.2018. Our actual financial covenant calculations as of March 31, 20172018 are reflected in the table below.
Financial Covenant (dollars in thousands):Covenant Requirement Actual
Minimum Tangible Net Worth> $881,430$1,069,186 $1,410,5821,586,334
Leverage Ratio< 60% 42%39%
Interest Coverage Ratio (1)
> 1.50 4.554.54
Minimum Liquidity (1)
> $70,684$82,019 $518,444702,195
Investments other than defined permitted investments< $423,175$475,901 $16,92816,441

(1)We are required to meet either the Interest Coverage Ratio or Minimum Liquidity, but not both.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Reference is made to Notes 1, 3, 4, and 15 in the accompanying Notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which are incorporated by reference herein. These Notes discuss our off-balance sheet arrangements with respect to land acquisition contracts and option agreements, and land development joint ventures, including the nature and amounts of financial obligations relating to these items. In addition, these Notes discuss the nature and amounts of certain types of commitments that arise in connection with the ordinary course of our land development and homebuilding operations, including commitments of land development joint ventures for which we might be obligated.


Seasonality
Historically, we have experienced seasonal variations in our quarterly operating results and capital requirements. We typically take orders for more homes in the first half of the fiscal year than in the second half, which creates additional working capital requirements in the second and third quarters to build our inventories to satisfy seasonally higher deliveries in the second half of the year. We expect this seasonal pattern to continue over the long term.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements included in this report for discussion of recently issued accounting standards.


Item 3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Our fixed rate debt is made up primarily of $175.0 million$1.3 billion in principal of our 4.50% senior notes, $300.0 million in principal of our 7.15% senior notes, $300.0 million in principal of our 7.00% senior notes, $200.0 million in principal of our 6.00% senior notes and $126.5 million in principal of our 1.875% convertible senior notes. Except in limited circumstances, or upon the occurrence of specific trigger events for our convertible notes, we do not have an obligation to prepay our fixed-rate debt prior to maturity and, as a result, interest rate risk and changes in fair value should not have a significant impact on our fixed rate borrowings until we would be required to repay such debt and access the capital markets to issue new debt. Our Credit Facility is subject to interest rate changes as the borrowing rates are based on LIBOR or PRIME (see Note 5 in the accompanying notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q).
Our operations are interest rate sensitive. As overall housing demand is adversely affected by increases in interest rates, a significant increase in mortgage interest rates may negatively affect the ability of homebuyers to secure adequate financing. Higher interest rates could adversely affect our revenues, gross margins and net income and would also increase our variable rate borrowing costs. We do not enter into, or intend to enter into, derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

Item 4.Controls and Procedures
In order to ensure that the information we must disclose in our filings with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported on a timely basis, we have developed and implemented disclosure controls and procedures. Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has reviewed and evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e), as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-Q (the “Evaluation Date”). Based on such evaluation, management has concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level in ensuring that information that is required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
During the fiscal quarter covered by this Form 10-Q, there has not been any change in our internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or that is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.



PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.Legal Proceedings
We are involved in various routine legal and regulatory proceedings, including, without limitation, warranty claims and litigation and arbitration proceedings alleging construction defects.defects for which we have approximately $377,000 of total reserves. In general, the proceedings are incidental to our business, and most exposure is subject to and should be covered by warranty and indemnity obligations of our consultants and subcontractors. Additionally, some such claims are also covered by insurance. With respect to the majority of pending legal proceedings,litigation matters, our ultimate legal and financial responsibility, if any, cannot be estimated with certainty and, in most cases, any potential losses related to these matters are not considered probable. Historically, most disputes regarding warranty claims are resolved prior to litigation.
As of December 31, 2017, we were involved in a unique personal injury matter originally filed on July 2, 2013 in the initiationCircuit Court of the Ninth Judicial Circuit in Orange County, Florida that was based on a claim of negligent security in one of our communities (Marcela Borges vs. Meritage Homes of Florida, Inc.). This matter went to jury trial in the first quarter of 2018 and and the jury returned a total defense ruling in our favor.
Since 2010, we have been involved in various legal proceedings. proceedings regarding a Nevada based land acquisition and
development joint venture known as South Edge, LLC relating to a Henderson, Nevada project known as Inspirada. In February 2018, we received $4.8 million to settle and conclude our legal claims against certain members of that venture.

We believe there are not anyno pending legal or warranty matters that could have a material adverse impact upon our unaudited consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows that have not been sufficiently reserved. Information related to pending legal proceedings is presented in Note 15 - Commitments on Contingencies, in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and is incorporated by reference herein.
Item 1A.Risk Factors
In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016,2017, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. The risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may eventually prove to materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results.

Item 2.Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities:
We did not acquire any of our own equity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2017.
We have never declared cash dividends, nor do we intend to declare cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We plan to retain our cash to finance the continuing development of the business. Future cash dividends, if any, will depend upon financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, statutory requirements, compliance with certain restrictive debt covenants, as well as other factors considered relevant by our Board of Directors.




Item 6.Exhibits

Exhibit
Number
DescriptionPage or Method of Filing
3.1Restated Articles of Incorporation of Meritage Homes CorporationIncorporated by reference to Exhibit 3 of Form 8-K dated June 20, 2002.2002
   
3.1.1Amendment to Articles of Incorporation of Meritage Homes CorporationIncorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form 8-K dated September 15, 2004.2004
   
3.1.2Amendment to Articles of Incorporation of Meritage Homes CorporationIncorporated by reference to Appendix A of the Proxy Statement for the Registrant's 2006 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.Stockholders
   
3.1.3Amendment to Articles of Incorporation of Meritage Homes CorporationIncorporated by reference to Appendix B of Proxy Statement for the Registrant's 2008 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.Stockholders
   
3.1.4Amendment to Articles of Incorporation of Meritage Homes CorporationIncorporated by reference to Appendix A of the Definitive Proxy Statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 9, 2009.2009
   
3.2Amended and Restated Bylaws of Meritage Homes CorporationIncorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form 8-K dated February 15,May 10, 2017
   
10.1Steven J. Hilton Fifth Amended and Restated EmploymentRegistration Rights Agreement relating to 6.00% Senior Notes due 2025Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K dated February 14, 2017filed on March 16, 2018
   
10.2C. TimothySteve Hilton - Notice of Additional LTI Opportunity and Additional Restricted Stock Unit AwardIncorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 8-K filed on March 26, 2018
10.3Tim White Third Amended and Restated Employment Agreement- Notice of Approved 2018 CompensationIncorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Form 8-K dated February 14, 2017
10.3Phillippe Lord Employment AgreementIncorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Form 8-K dated February 14, 2017filed on March 26, 2018
   
10.4Hilla Sferruzza Employment Agreement- Notice of Approved 2018 CompensationIncorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Form 8-K filed on March 26, 2018
10.5Philippe Lord - Notice of Approved 2018 CompensationIncorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of Form 8-K dated February 14, 2017filed on March 26, 2018
   
10.510.6Javier Feliciano Employment Agreement- Notice of Approved 2018 CompensationIncorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of Form 8-K dated February 14, 2017
10.6Executive Severance PlanIncorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of Form 8-K dated February 14, 2017filed on March 26, 2018
   
31.1Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Steven J. Hilton, Chief Executive OfficerFiled herewith.herewith
   
31.2Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Hilla Sferruzza, Chief Financial OfficerFiled herewith.herewith
   
32.1Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial OfficerFiled herewith.Furnished herewith
   
101.0The following financial statements from the Meritage Homes Corporation Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterthree and three months ended March 31, 2017,2018 were formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language); (i) Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Unaudited Consolidated Income Statements, (iii) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (iv) Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.




SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
    
 
MERITAGE HOMES CORPORATION,
a Maryland Corporation
 
  
By:/s/ HILLA SFERRUZZA  
 
Hilla Sferruzza
Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer
(Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial Officer)
 
    
Date:May 1, 2017April 30, 2018  

INDEX OF EXHIBITS             
3.1 
   
3.1.1 
   
3.1.2 
   
3.1.3 
   
3.1.4 
   
3.2 
   
10.1 Steven J. Hilton Fifth Amended and Restated Employment
   
10.2 C. Timothy White Third Amended
   
10.3 Phillippe Lord Employment Agreement
   
10.4 Hilla Sferruzza Employment Agreement
   
10.5 Javier Feliciano Employment Agreement
   
10.6 Executive Severance Plan
   
31.1 
   
31.2 
   
32.1 
   
101.0 The following financial statements from the Meritage Homes Corporation Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterthree and three months ended March 31, 2017,2018 were formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language); (i) Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Unaudited Consolidated Income Statements, (iii) Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (iv) Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.


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