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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
     
(Mark One)      
 x
  QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)   
  OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934   
   For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017   
   
 
OR
 
   
 ¨
  TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)   
  OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934   
   
 
Commission File Number 1-11848
   
REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
MISSOURI                          43-1627032
(State or other jurisdiction                    (IRS employer
of incorporation or organization)    identification number)
16600 Swingley Ridge Road
Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
(Address of principal executive offices)
(636) 736-7000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes xNo o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
Yes x  No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “smaller reporting“emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer x     Accelerated filer o     Non-accelerated filer o
Smaller reporting companyo     Emerging growth company o
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes o  No

x
As of October 31, 2016,April 30, 2017, 64,207,73064,392,144 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding.


Table of Contents


REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
Item     Page     Page
  
  PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION     PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION   
  
1          
    
    
        
        
        
      
      
 
     3. Equity
   
 
     4. Investments
   
   
     3. Equity
 
   
     4. Investments
 
    
    
 
     9. Income Tax
   
    
   
     9. Income Tax
 
 
     12. Reinsurance
   
   
     11. Reinsurance
 
    
2        
3        
4        
  
  PART II – OTHER INFORMATION     PART II – OTHER INFORMATION   
  
1        
1A        
2        
6        
        
        

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PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. Financial Statements

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)
 September 30,
2016
 December 31,
2015
 March 31,
2017
 December 31,
2016
 (Dollars in thousands, except share data) (Dollars in thousands, except share data)
Assets
        
Fixed maturity securities:        
Available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $30,097,896 and $28,322,977) $33,536,419
 $29,642,905
Mortgage loans on real estate (net of allowances of $6,746 and $6,813) 3,607,700
 3,129,951
Available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $30,540,567 and $30,211,787) $32,694,793
 $32,093,625
Mortgage loans on real estate (net of allowances of $7,786 and $7,685) 3,871,309
 3,775,522
Policy loans 1,414,963
 1,468,796
 1,402,940
 1,427,602
Funds withheld at interest 5,922,656
 5,880,203
 5,943,450
 5,875,919
Short-term investments 126,702
 558,284
 54,288
 76,710
Other invested assets 1,777,065
 1,298,120
 1,429,175
 1,591,940
Total investments 46,385,505
 41,978,259
 45,395,955
 44,841,318
Cash and cash equivalents 1,379,693
 1,525,275
 1,178,114
 1,200,718
Accrued investment income 391,837
 339,452
 360,225
 347,173
Premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances 1,834,362
 1,797,504
 2,008,409
 1,930,755
Reinsurance ceded receivables 694,906
 637,859
 760,715
 683,972
Deferred policy acquisition costs 3,406,093
 3,392,437
 3,300,548
 3,338,605
Other assets 740,102
 712,366
 801,854
 755,338
Total assets $54,832,498
 $50,383,152
 $53,805,820
 $53,097,879
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity        
Future policy benefits $19,634,157
 $19,612,251
 $19,832,483
 $19,581,573
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities 14,217,831
 13,663,873
 14,039,919
 14,029,354
Other policy claims and benefits 4,304,491
 4,094,640
 4,649,192
 4,263,026
Other reinsurance balances 353,426
 296,899
 390,019
 388,989
Deferred income taxes 3,071,995
 2,218,328
 2,863,744
 2,770,640
Other liabilities 1,321,017
 1,165,071
 996,288
 1,041,880
Short-term debt 299,876
 
Long-term debt 2,788,834
 2,297,548
 2,788,619
 3,088,635
Collateral finance and securitization notes 847,389
 899,161
 825,526
 840,700
Total liabilities 46,839,016
 44,247,771
 46,385,790
 46,004,797
Commitments and contingent liabilities (See Note 8) 

 

 

 

Stockholders’ Equity:        
Preferred stock - par value $.01 per share, 10,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding 
 
 
 
Common stock - par value $.01 per share, 140,000,000 shares authorized, 79,137,758 shares issued at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 791
 791
Additional paid-in capital 1,842,390
 1,816,142
Common stock - par value $.01 per share, 140,000,000 shares authorized, 79,137,758 shares issued at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 791
 791
Additional paid-in-capital 1,858,226
 1,848,611
Retained earnings 5,039,470
 4,620,303
 5,329,464
 5,199,130
Treasury stock, at cost - 14,931,485 and 13,933,232 shares (1,101,495) (1,010,139)
Treasury stock, at cost - 14,749,207 and 14,835,256 shares (1,089,606) (1,094,779)
Accumulated other comprehensive income 2,212,326
 708,284
 1,321,155
 1,139,329
Total stockholders’ equity 7,993,482
 6,135,381
 7,420,030
 7,093,082
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $54,832,498
 $50,383,152
 $53,805,820
 $53,097,879
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(Unaudited)
 
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, Three months ended March 31,
 2016 2015 2016 2015 2017 2016
Revenues: (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Net premiums $2,251,758
 $2,089,345
 $6,755,708
 $6,242,240
 $2,365,696
 $2,157,005
Investment income, net of related expenses 489,727
 389,597
 1,414,659
 1,267,027
 514,364
 417,266
Investment related gains (losses), net:            
Other-than-temporary impairments on fixed maturity securities 
 (23,111) (34,663) (29,775) (17,189) (33,817)
Other investment related gains (losses), net 86,624
 (88,235) 118,665
 (90,166) 77,712
 (87,069)
Total investment related gains (losses), net 86,624
 (111,346) 84,002
 (119,941) 60,523
 (120,886)
Other revenues 72,468
 71,038
 197,844
 200,261
 68,157
 59,183
Total revenues 2,900,577
 2,438,634
 8,452,213
 7,589,587
 3,008,740
 2,512,568
Benefits and Expenses:            
Claims and other policy benefits 1,993,064
 1,831,819
 5,877,330
 5,473,453
 2,106,145
 1,886,764
Interest credited 116,848
 34,008
 300,602
 231,932
 107,684
 87,905
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses 300,962
 249,702
 940,406
 827,157
 379,389
 233,763
Other operating expenses 152,556
 142,270
 469,875
 395,488
 158,506
 157,424
Interest expense 43,063
 35,565
 96,201
 107,043
 42,402
 32,807
Collateral finance and securitization expense 6,484
 5,133
 19,396
 16,462
 6,770
 6,325
Total benefits and expenses 2,612,977
 2,298,497
 7,703,810
 7,051,535
 2,800,896
 2,404,988
Income before income taxes
 287,600
 140,137
 748,403
 538,052
 207,844
 107,580
Provision for income taxes 88,881
 56,603
 237,109
 199,013
 62,332
 31,108
Net income $198,719
 $83,534
 $511,294
 $339,039
 $145,512
 $76,472
Earnings per share:            
Basic earnings per share $3.10
 $1.26
 $7.95
 $5.07
 $2.26
 $1.18
Diluted earnings per share $3.07
 $1.25
 $7.87
 $5.01
 $2.22
 $1.17
Dividends declared per share $0.41
 $0.37
 $1.15
 $1.03
 $0.41
 $0.37
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Unaudited)
 
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, Three months ended March 31,
 2016 2015 2016 2015 2017 2016
Comprehensive income (loss) (Dollars in thousands)
Comprehensive income (Dollars in thousands)
Net income $198,719
 $83,534
 $511,294
 $339,039
 $145,512
 $76,472
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:        
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:    
Foreign currency translation adjustments (28,233) (105,504) 59,442
 (201,340) (22,213) 77,733
Net unrealized investment gains 254,658
 (139,066) 1,445,776
 (552,783) 203,115
 547,225
Defined benefit pension and postretirement plan adjustments 527
 1,685
 (1,176) 3,473
 924
 (2,859)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 226,952
 (242,885) 1,504,042
 (750,650)
Total comprehensive income (loss) $425,671
 $(159,351) $2,015,336
 $(411,611)
Total other comprehensive income, net of tax 181,826
 622,099
Total comprehensive income $327,338
 $698,571
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
 Nine months ended September 30, Three months ended March 31,
 2016 2015 2017 2016
 
 (Dollars in thousands)
 
 (Dollars in thousands)
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:        
Net income $511,294
 $339,039
 $145,512
 $76,472
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:        
Change in operating assets and liabilities:        
Accrued investment income (58,863) (47,088) (10,501) (24,379)
Premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances (3,619) (100,804) (54,845) (51,778)
Deferred policy acquisition costs (15,059) (42,855) 58,962
 (79,468)
Reinsurance ceded receivable balances (77,741) (42,620) (81,046) (68,918)
Future policy benefits, other policy claims and benefits, and other reinsurance balances 479,606
 594,389
 396,459
 375,670
Deferred income taxes 165,988
 128,557
 50,110
 23,406
Other assets and other liabilities, net 29,343
 (14,670) (11,101) (18,513)
Amortization of net investment premiums, discounts and other (55,967) (61,714) (23,471) (15,782)
Depreciation and amortization expense 6,845
 6,128
Investment related (gains) losses, net (84,002) 119,941
 (60,523) 120,886
Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangement 
 (2,884)
Other, net 128,892
 9,175
 964
 24,848
Net cash provided by operating activities 1,019,872
 878,466
 417,365
 368,572
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:        
Sales of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale 3,649,187
 3,904,948
 1,563,956
 977,314
Maturities of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale 349,836
 342,126
 201,515
 116,644
Sales of equity securities 331,978
 63,797
 152,509
 40,426
Principal payments on mortgage loans on real estate 377,671
 223,807
 88,835
 141,228
Principal payments on policy loans 59,518
 531
 24,663
 16,939
Purchases of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale (5,938,302) (3,746,290) (1,933,120) (1,768,881)
Purchases of equity securities (523,499) (75,396) (14,646) (20,288)
Cash invested in mortgage loans on real estate (857,445) (686,878) (184,575) (305,252)
Cash invested in policy loans (5,685) (6,628)
Cash invested in funds withheld at interest (31,222) (63,390) (2,753) (4,980)
Purchase of businesses, net of cash acquired of $19,377 
 (195,151)
Purchases of property and equipment 
 (24,240) (16,893) 
Cash paid under securities repurchase agreements 
 (101,203)
Change in short-term investments 418,625
 35,014
 23,668
 124,653
Change in other invested assets (78,068) 144,011
 (14,126) (27,400)
Net cash used in investing activities (2,247,406) (184,942) (110,967) (709,597)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:        
Dividends to stockholders (74,034) (69,111) (26,381) (24,019)
Repayment of collateral finance and securitization notes (60,971) (19,732) (16,908) (6,877)
Proceeds from issuance of collateral finance and securitization notes 
 160,060
Proceeds from long-term debt issuance 799,984
 
Debt issuance costs (9,026) (1,074)
Principal payments of long-term debt (1,850) (1,776) (300,636) (610)
Purchases of treasury stock (121,896) (333,432) (3,067) (105,803)
Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangement 
 2,884
Exercise of stock options, net 11,752
 12,551
 1,719
 3,239
Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements 24,749
 60,202
 (3,628) 40,392
Deposits on universal life and other investment type policies and contracts 874,708
 204,456
 202,850
 432,684
Withdrawals on universal life and other investment type policies and contracts (386,900) (556,821) (201,784) (41,613)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 1,056,516
 (541,793) (347,835) 297,393
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash 25,436
 (49,708) 18,833
 20,439
Change in cash and cash equivalents (145,582) 102,023
 (22,604) (23,193)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 1,525,275
 1,645,669
 1,200,718
 1,525,275
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $1,379,693
 $1,747,692
 $1,178,114
 $1,502,082
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:        
Interest paid $114,043
 $103,481
 $46,401
 $29,112
Income taxes paid, net of refunds $47,312
 $13,494
 $12,132
 $12,322
Non-cash transactions:        
Transfer of invested assets $3,621
 $342,082
 $1,653
 $689
Accrual for capitalized assets $
 $804
Purchase of businesses:    
Assets acquired, excluding cash acquired $
 $3,685,708
Liabilities assumed 
 (3,490,557)
Net cash paid on purchase $
 $195,151
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
 
1.Business and Basis of Presentation
Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated (“RGA”) is an insurance holding company that was formed on December 31, 1992. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of RGA and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Results for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2016.2017. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of RGA and its subsidiaries, and all intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. These condensed consolidated statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s 20152016 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 29, 201628, 2017 (the "2015“2016 Annual Report"Report”).
2.Earnings Per Share
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share on net income (in thousands, except per share information):
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,Three months ended March 31,
 2016 2015 2016 20152017 2016
Earnings:           
Net income (numerator for basic and diluted calculations) $198,719
 $83,534
 $511,294
 $339,039
$145,512
 $76,472
Shares:           
Weighted average outstanding shares (denominator for basic calculation) 64,146
 66,205
 64,281
 66,895
64,353
 64,568
Equivalent shares from outstanding stock options 669
 677
 663
 749
1,318
 649
Denominator for diluted calculation 64,815
 66,882
 64,944
 67,644
65,671
 65,217
Earnings per share:           
Basic $3.10
 $1.26
 $7.95
 $5.07
$2.26
 $1.18
Diluted $3.07
 $1.25
 $7.87
 $5.01
$2.22
 $1.17
The calculation of common equivalent shares does not include the impact of options having a strike or conversion price that exceeds the average stock price for the earnings period, as the result would be antidilutive. The calculation of common equivalent shares also excludes the impact of outstanding performance contingent shares, as the conditions necessary for their issuance have not been satisfied as of the end of the reporting period. For the three months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, noapproximately 0.2 million stock options and approximately 0.70.5 million performance contingent shares were excluded from the calculation. For the three months ended September 30, 2015March 31, 2016, noapproximately 0.8 million stock options and approximately 0.70.9 million performance contingent shares were excluded from the calculation. Year-to-date amounts for equivalent shares from outstanding stock options and performance contingent shares are the weighted average of the individual quarterly amounts.

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3.Equity
Common Stockstock
The changes in number of common stock shares, issued, held in treasury and outstanding are as follows for the periods indicated:
  Issued Held In Treasury Outstanding
Balance, December 31, 2015 79,137,758
 13,933,232
 65,204,526
Common stock acquired 
 1,356,892
 (1,356,892)
Stock-based compensation (1)
 
 (358,639) 358,639
Balance, September 30, 2016 79,137,758
 14,931,485
 64,206,273
  Issued Held In Treasury Outstanding
Balance, December 31, 2016 79,137,758
 14,835,256
 64,302,502
Stock-based compensation (1)
 
 (86,049) 86,049
Balance, March 31, 2017 79,137,758
 14,749,207
 64,388,551
 Issued Held In Treasury Outstanding Issued Held In Treasury Outstanding
Balance, December 31, 2014 79,137,758
 10,364,797
 68,772,961
Balance, December 31, 2015 79,137,758
 13,933,232
 65,204,526
Common stock acquired 
 3,573,797
 (3,573,797) 
 1,232,684
 (1,232,684)
Stock-based compensation (1)
 
 (550,237) 550,237
 
 (93,568) 93,568
Balance, September 30, 2015 79,137,758
 13,388,357
 65,749,401
Balance, March 31, 2016 79,137,758
 15,072,348
 64,065,410
(1)Represents net shares issued from treasury pursuant to the Company'sCompany’s equity-based compensation programs.
Common Stock Held in Treasury
Common stock held in treasury is accounted for at average cost. Gains resulting from the reissuance of common stock held in treasury are credited to additional paid-in capital. Losses resulting from the reissuance of common stock held in treasury are charged first to additional paid-in capital to the extent the Company has previously recorded gains on treasury share transactions, then to retained earnings.
On January 21, 2016, RGA's26, 2017, RGA’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $400.0 million of RGA'sRGA’s outstanding common stock. The authorization was effective immediately and does not have an expiration date. In connection with this new authorization, the board of directors terminated the stock repurchase authority granted in 2015.2016. During the first ninethree months of 2016, RGA repurchased 1.4 million shares ofended March 31, 2017, no common stock was repurchased by RGA under this program for $116.5 million.program.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The balance of and changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016 and 2015 are as follows (dollars in thousands):
 AOCI, Net of Income Tax Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Income Tax
 
Accumulated
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
 
Unrealized
Appreciation
(Depreciation)
of Investments(1)
 
Pension and
Postretirement
Benefits
 Total 
Accumulated
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
 
Unrealized
Appreciation
(Depreciation)
of Investments(1)
 
Pension and
Postretirement
Benefits
 Total
Balance, December 31, 2015 $(181,151) $935,697
 $(46,262) $708,284
Balance, December 31, 2016 $(172,541) $1,355,033
 $(43,163) $1,139,329
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 68,271
 2,191,823
 (6,079) 2,254,015
 (50,735) 283,443
 (27) 232,681
Amounts reclassified to (from) AOCI 
 (109,145) 4,253
 (104,892) 
 5,762
 1,456
 7,218
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) (8,829) (636,902) 650
 (645,081) 28,522
 (86,090) (505) (58,073)
Balance, September 30, 2016 $(121,709) $2,381,473
 $(47,438) $2,212,326
Balance, March 31, 2017 $(194,754) $1,558,148
 $(42,239) $1,321,155
 AOCI, Net of Income Tax Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Income Tax
 
Accumulated
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
 
Unrealized
Appreciation
(Depreciation)
of Investments(1)
 
Pension and
Postretirement
Benefits
 Total 
Accumulated
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
 
Unrealized
Appreciation
(Depreciation)
of Investments(1)
 
Pension and
Postretirement
Benefits
 Total
Balance, December 31, 2014 $81,847
 $1,624,773
 $(49,491) $1,657,129
Balance, December 31, 2015 $(181,151) $935,697
 $(46,262) $708,284
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (176,562) (843,541) 1,254
 (1,018,849) 72,695
 781,293
 (5,932) 848,056
Amounts reclassified to (from) AOCI 
 34,790
 4,002
 38,792
 
 10,237
 1,551
 11,788
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) (24,778) 255,968
 (1,783) 229,407
 5,038
 (244,305) 1,522
 (237,745)
Balance, September 30, 2015 $(119,493) $1,071,990
 $(46,018) $906,479
Balance, March 31, 2016 $(103,418) $1,482,922
 $(49,121) $1,330,383
(1)Includes cash flow hedges of $(40,597)$7,690 and $(2,496) as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, and $(21,794) and $(29,397) as of September 30,March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, and $(37,167) and $(31,591) as of September 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively. See Note 5 - “Derivative Instruments” for additional information on cash flow hedges.





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The following table presents the amounts of AOCI reclassifications for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016 and 2015 (dollars in thousands):
 Amount Reclassified from AOCI  Amount Reclassified from AOCI 
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,  Three months ended March 31, 
Details about AOCI Components 2016 2015 2016 2015 
Affected Line Item in 
Statements of Income
 2017 2016 
Affected Line Item in 
Statement of Income
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):              
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities $72,351
 $(31,506) $84,250
 $(26,598) Investment related gains (losses), net
Cash flow hedges - Interest rate swaps 200
 (60) 454
 231
 (1)
Net unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities $(11,857) $(18,291) Investment related gains (losses), net
Cash flow hedges - Currency/Interest rate 197
 160
 (1)
Cash flow hedges - Forward bond purchase commitments 137
 127
 (120) 1,094
 (1) 50
 788
 (1)
Deferred policy acquisition costs attributed to unrealized gains and losses 12,090
 (9,543) 24,561
 (9,517) (2) 5,848
 7,106
 (2)
Total 84,778
 (40,982) 109,145
 (34,790)  (5,762) (10,237) 
Provision for income taxes (27,680) 13,948
 (32,676) 13,410
  3,194
 4,649
 
Net unrealized gains (losses), net of tax $57,098
 $(27,034) $76,469
 $(21,380)  $(2,568) $(5,588) 
Amortization of defined benefit plan items:              
Prior service cost $391
 $(82) $238
 $(245) (3)
Actuarial gains (losses) (1,177) (1,955) (4,491) (3,757) (3)
Prior service cost (credit) $82
 $(78) (3)
Actuarial gains/(losses) (1,538) (1,473) (3)
Total (786) (2,037) (4,253) (4,002)  (1,456) (1,551) 
Provision for income taxes 276
 713
 1,489
 1,401
  510
 543
 
Amortization of defined benefit plans, net of tax $(510) $(1,324) $(2,764) $(2,601)  $(946) $(1,008) 
              
Total reclassifications for the period $56,588
 $(28,358) $73,705
 $(23,981)  $(3,514) $(6,596) 
(1)See Note 5 - "Derivative Instruments"“Derivative Instruments” for additional information on cash flow hedges.
(2)This AOCI component is included in the computation of the deferred policy acquisition cost. See Note 8 – “Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs” of the 20152016 Annual Report for additional details.
(3)This AOCI component is included in the computation of the net periodic pension cost. See Note 10 – “Employee Benefit Plans” for additional details.

Equity Based Compensation
Equity compensation expense was $9.6 million and $11.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In the first quarter of 2017, the Company granted 0.2 million stock appreciation rights at $129.72 weighted average exercise price per share and 0.2 million performance contingent units to employees. Additionally, non-employee directors were granted a total of 8,177 shares of common stock. As of March 31, 2017, 1.8 million share options at a weighted average strike price per share of $60.33 were vested and exercisable, with a remaining weighted average exercise period of 5.0 years.

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4.Investments
Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale
The following tables provide information relating to investments in fixed maturity and equity securities by sector as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 (dollars in thousands):
September 30, 2016: Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Estimated Fair % of Other-than-
temporary impairments
March 31, 2017: Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Estimated Fair % of Other-than-
temporary impairments
 Cost Gains Losses Value Total in AOCI Cost Gains Losses Value Total in AOCI
Available-for-sale:                        
Corporate securities $18,762,648
 $1,498,816
 $96,616
 $20,164,848
 60.2% $
 $19,281,539
 $1,037,337
 $157,423
 $20,161,453
 61.8% $
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments 2,598,625
 1,541,754
 
 4,140,379
 12.3
 
 2,601,403
 1,122,418
 3,457
 3,720,364
 11.4
 
Residential mortgage-backed securities 1,247,677
 67,854
 3,839
 1,311,692
 3.9
 (300) 1,281,171
 34,382
 11,676
 1,303,877
 4.0
 
Asset-backed securities 1,388,263
 13,706
 19,395
 1,382,574
 4.1
 275
 1,379,251
 14,480
 13,141
 1,380,590
 4.2
 275
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,402,249
 73,402
 618
 1,475,033
 4.4
 (1,609) 1,272,020
 24,353
 7,035
 1,289,338
 3.9
 
U.S. government and agencies 1,479,295
 80,402
 161
 1,559,536
 4.7
 
 1,522,651
 15,135
 55,334
 1,482,452
 4.5
 
State and political subdivisions 549,669
 72,598
 4,418
 617,849
 1.8
 
 566,553
 40,471
 11,567
 595,457
 1.8
 
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 2,669,470
 220,274
 5,236
 2,884,508
 8.6
 
 2,635,979
 136,850
 11,567
 2,761,262
 8.4
 
Total fixed maturity securities $30,097,896
 $3,568,806
 $130,283
 $33,536,419
 100.0% $(1,634) $30,540,567
 $2,425,426
 $271,200
 $32,694,793
 100.0% $275
Non-redeemable preferred stock $56,944
 $2,512
 $6,604
 $52,852
 12.6%   $33,656
 $360
 $2,801
 $31,215
 28.0%  
Other equity securities 360,839
 7,013
 456
 367,396
 87.4
   83,473
 532
 3,604
 80,401
 72.0
  
Total equity securities $417,783
 $9,525
 $7,060
 $420,248
 100.0%   $117,129
 $892
 $6,405
 $111,616
 100.0%  
 

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December 31, 2015: Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Estimated Fair % of Other-than-
temporary impairments
December 31, 2016: Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Estimated Fair % of Other-than-
temporary impairments
 Cost Gains Losses Value Total in AOCI Cost Gains Losses Value Total in AOCI
Available-for-sale:                        
Corporate securities $17,575,507
 $599,718
 $467,069
 $17,708,156
 59.7% $
 $18,924,711
 $911,618
 $217,245
 $19,619,084
 61.1% $
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments 2,469,009
 1,110,282
 2,532
 3,576,759
 12.1
 
 2,561,605
 1,085,982
 3,541
 3,644,046
 11.4
 
Residential mortgage-backed securities 1,277,998
 45,152
 11,673
 1,311,477
 4.4
 (300) 1,258,039
 33,917
 13,380
 1,278,576
 4.0
 (375)
Asset-backed securities 1,219,000
 12,052
 18,376
 1,212,676
 4.1
 354
 1,443,822
 9,350
 23,828
 1,429,344
 4.5
 275
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,456,848
 37,407
 11,168
 1,483,087
 5.0
 (1,609) 1,342,440
 28,973
 7,759
 1,363,654
 4.2
 
U.S. government and agencies 1,423,791
 15,586
 57,718
 1,381,659
 4.7
 
 1,518,702
 12,644
 63,044
 1,468,302
 4.6
 
State and political subdivisions 480,067
 40,014
 9,067
 511,014
 1.7
 
 566,761
 37,499
 12,464
 591,796
 1.8
 
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 2,420,757
 78,964
 41,644
 2,458,077
 8.3
 
 2,595,707
 123,054
 19,938
 2,698,823
 8.4
 
Total fixed maturity securities $28,322,977
 $1,939,175
 $619,247
 $29,642,905
 100.0% $(1,555) $30,211,787
 $2,243,037
 $361,199
 $32,093,625
 100.0% $(100)
Non-redeemable preferred stock $85,645
 $7,837
 $5,962
 $87,520
 69.5%   $55,812
 $1,648
 $6,337
 $51,123
 18.6%  
Other equity securities 40,584
 
 2,242
 38,342
 30.5
   229,767
 1,792
 7,321
 224,238
 81.4
  
Total equity securities $126,229
 $7,837
 $8,204
 $125,862
 100.0%   $285,579
 $3,440
 $13,658
 $275,361
 100.0%  
The Company enters into various collateral arrangements with counterparties that require both the pledging and acceptance of fixed maturity securities as collateral. Pledged fixed maturity securities are included in fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Fixed maturity securities received as collateral are held in separate custodial accounts and are not recorded on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract to sell or repledge collateral it receives; however, as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016, none of the collateral received had been sold or repledged. The Company also holds assets in trust to satisfy collateral requirements under certain third-party reinsurance treaties. The following table includes fixed maturity securities pledged and received as collateral and assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements under derivative transactions and certain third-party reinsurance treaties as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 (dollars in thousands):


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September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
Amortized
Cost
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Amortized
Cost
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities pledged as collateral$191,791
 $201,124
 $169,678
 $176,782
$183,860
 $189,387
 $207,066
 $210,676
Fixed maturity securities received as collateraln/a
 320,838
 n/a
 242,914
n/a
 414,893
 n/a
 300,925
Assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements12,258,854
 13,525,565
 10,535,729
 10,928,393
12,157,811
 13,015,274
 12,135,258
 12,874,370
The Company monitors its concentrations of financial instruments on an ongoing basis and mitigates credit risk by maintaining a diversified investment portfolio which limits exposure to any one issuer. The Company’s exposure to concentrations of credit risk from single issuers greater than 10% of the Company’s stockholders’ equity included securities of the U.S. government and its agencies as well as the securities disclosed below as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 (dollars in thousands).
September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
Amortized
Cost
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Amortized
Cost
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities guaranteed or issued by:              
Canadian province of Quebec$1,020,682
 $1,644,422
 $1,004,261
 $1,612,957
Canadian province of Ontario$843,239
 $1,254,701
 $864,444
 $1,199,080
852,739
 1,157,169
 832,764
 1,126,433
Canadian province of Quebec1,021,325
 1,877,335
 943,484
 1,525,903
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 are shown by contractual maturity in the table below (dollars in thousands). Actual maturities can differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Asset and mortgage-backed securities are shown separately in the table below, as they are not due at a single maturity date.

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 Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value Amortized Cost Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale:        
Due in one year or less $728,318
 $733,750
 $837,801
 $849,530
Due after one year through five years 6,519,471
 6,847,608
 6,853,278
 7,132,145
Due after five years through ten years 8,991,047
 9,689,531
 9,113,078
 9,548,835
Due after ten years 9,820,871
 12,096,231
 9,803,968
 11,190,478
Asset and mortgage-backed securities 4,038,189
 4,169,299
 3,932,442
 3,973,805
Total $30,097,896
 $33,536,419
 $30,540,567
 $32,694,793
Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities
The tables below show the major industry types of the Company’s corporate fixed maturity holdings as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 (dollars in thousands): 
September 30, 2016:   Estimated  
March 31, 2017:   Estimated  
 Amortized Cost     Fair Value % of Total            Amortized Cost     Fair Value % of Total           
Finance $6,530,758
 $6,916,195
 34.4% $6,862,721
 $7,103,865
 35.2%
Industrial 10,241,489
 11,028,232
 54.6
 10,398,548
 10,889,185
 54.0
Utility 1,990,401
 2,220,421
 11.0
 2,020,270
 2,168,403
 10.8
Total $18,762,648
 $20,164,848
 100.0% $19,281,539
 $20,161,453
 100.0%
            
December 31, 2015:   Estimated  
December 31, 2016:   Estimated  
 Amortized Cost Fair Value % of Total Amortized Cost Fair Value % of Total
Finance $5,408,791
 $5,555,044
 31.4% $6,725,199
 $6,888,968
 35.2%
Industrial 10,211,426
 10,129,917
 57.2
 10,228,813
 10,639,613
 54.2
Utility 1,955,290
 2,023,195
 11.4
 1,970,699
 2,090,503
 10.6
Total $17,575,507
 $17,708,156
 100.0% $18,924,711
 $19,619,084
 100.0%

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Other-Than-Temporary Impairments - Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities
As discussed in Note 2 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the 20152016 Annual Report, a portion of certain other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) losses on fixed maturity securities is recognized in AOCI. For these securities, the net amount recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of income (“credit loss impairments”) represents the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the net present value of its projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security prior to impairment. Any remaining difference between the fair value and amortized cost is recognized in AOCI. The following table sets forth the amount of pre-tax credit loss impairments on fixed maturity securities held by the Company as of the dates indicated, for which a portion of the OTTI loss was recognized in AOCI, and the corresponding changes in such amounts (dollars in thousands):
  Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
  2016 2015 2016 2015
Balance, beginning of period $6,974
 $7,284
 $7,284
 $7,284
Credit loss OTTI previously recognized on securities which matured, paid down, prepaid or were sold during the period 
 
 (310) 
Balance, end of period $6,974
 $7,284
 $6,974
 $7,284













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  Three months ended March 31,
  2017 2016
Balance, beginning of period $6,013
 $7,284
Credit loss OTTI previously recognized on securities impaired to fair value during the period (2,336) 
Balance, end of period $3,677
 $7,284
Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale
The following table presents the total gross unrealized losses for the 7551,308 and 2,0801,535 fixed maturity and equity securities as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015,2016, respectively, where the estimated fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost by the indicated amount (dollars in thousands):
 September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 % of Total     
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 % of Total     
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 % of Total     
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 % of Total    
Less than 20% $88,034
 64.1% $463,109
 73.8% $251,640
 90.7% $337,831
 90.1%
20% or more for less than six months 12,551
 9.1
 142,495
 22.7
 4,113
 1.5
 19,438
 5.2
20% or more for six months or greater 36,758
 26.8
 21,847
 3.5
 21,852
 7.8
 17,588
 4.7
Total $137,343
 100.0% $627,451
 100.0% $277,605
 100.0% $374,857
 100.0%
The Company’s determination of whether a decline in value is other-than-temporary includes analysis of the underlying credit and the extent and duration of a decline in value. The Company’s credit analysis of an investment includes determining whether the issuer is current on its contractual payments, evaluating whether it is probable that the Company will be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the security and analyzing the overall ability of the Company to recover the amortized cost of the investment. In the Company’s impairment review process, the duration and severity of an unrealized loss position for equity securities are given greater weight and consideration given the lack of contractual cash flows or deferability features.
The following tables present the estimated fair values and gross unrealized losses, including other-than-temporary impairment losses reported in AOCI, for 7551,308 and 2,0801,535 fixed maturity and equity securities that have estimated fair values below amortized cost as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016, respectively (dollars in thousands). These investments are presented by class and grade of security, as well as the length of time the related fair value has remained below amortized cost.
 
  Less than 12 months 12 months or greater Total
    Gross   Gross   Gross
September 30, 2016: Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized
  Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses
Investment grade securities:            
Corporate securities $775,973
 $11,522
 $567,398
 $29,794
 $1,343,371
 $41,316
Residential mortgage-backed securities 85,970
 593
 107,240
 3,236
 193,210
 3,829
Asset-backed securities 341,260
 4,816
 314,518
 11,488
 655,778
 16,304
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 51,965
 193
 22,415
 425
 74,380
 618
U.S. government and agencies 86,499
 161
 
 
 86,499
 161
State and political subdivisions 53,229
 841
 13,141
 3,577
 66,370
 4,418
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 131,702
 1,077
 51,862
 2,340
 183,564
 3,417
Total investment grade securities 1,526,598
 19,203
 1,076,574
 50,860
 2,603,172
 70,063
 
Below investment grade securities:
            
Corporate securities 314,962
 9,132
 168,865
 46,168
 483,827
 55,300
Residential mortgage-backed securities 
 
 369
 10
 369
 10
Asset-backed securities 5,858
 731
 14,707
 2,360
 20,565
 3,091
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 6,194
 22
 42,501
 1,797
 48,695
 1,819
Total below investment grade securities 327,014
 9,885
 226,442
 50,335
 553,456
 60,220
Total fixed maturity securities $1,853,612
 $29,088
 $1,303,016
 $101,195
 $3,156,628
 $130,283
Non-redeemable preferred stock $3,413
 $96
 $23,786
 $6,508
 $27,199
 $6,604
Other equity securities 96,635
 210
 6,806
 246
 103,441
 456
Total equity securities $100,048
 $306
 $30,592
 $6,754
 $130,640
 $7,060

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 Less than 12 months 12 months or greater Total Less than 12 months 12 months or greater Total
   Gross   Gross   Gross   Gross   Gross   Gross
December 31, 2015: Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized
March 31, 2017: Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized
 Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses
Investment grade securities:                        
Corporate securities $6,388,148
 $323,961
 $294,755
 $40,861
 $6,682,903
 $364,822
 $3,658,776
 $89,271
 $412,413
 $33,285
 $4,071,189
 $122,556
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments 122,746
 2,532
 
 
 122,746
 2,532
 137,014
 3,457
 
 
 137,014
 3,457
Residential mortgage-backed securities 452,297
 7,036
 82,314
 4,057
 534,611
 11,093
 467,812
 9,394
 101,886
 2,277
 569,698
 11,671
Asset-backed securities 581,701
 9,825
 199,298
 7,100
 780,999
 16,925
 381,219
 4,213
 270,456
 8,248
 651,675
 12,461
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 514,877
 9,806
 31,177
 997
 546,054
 10,803
 370,152
 6,816
 7,398
 111
 377,550
 6,927
U.S. government and agencies 1,010,387
 57,718
 
 
 1,010,387
 57,718
 1,122,884
 55,334
 
 
 1,122,884
 55,334
State and political subdivisions 157,837
 5,349
 13,016
 3,718
 170,853
 9,067
 155,720
 7,963
 13,086
 3,604
 168,806
 11,567
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 702,962
 18,279
 38,379
 4,206
 741,341
 22,485
 432,726
 9,041
 40,431
 1,985
 473,157
 11,026
Total investment grade securities 9,930,955
 434,506
 658,939
 60,939
 10,589,894
 495,445
 6,726,303
 185,489
 845,670
 49,510
 7,571,973
 234,999
Below investment grade securities:                        
Corporate securities 554,688
 71,171
 114,427
 31,076
 669,115
 102,247
 195,427
 3,023
 110,909
 31,844
 306,336
 34,867
Residential mortgage-backed securities 22,646
 282
 7,679
 298
 30,325
 580
 
 
 122
 5
 122
 5
Asset-backed securities 6,772
 201
 9,335
 1,250
 16,107
 1,451
 
 
 11,463
 680
 11,463
 680
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 3,253
 248
 767
 117
 4,020
 365
 1,891
 108
 
 
 1,891
 108
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 60,668
 7,356
 31,693
 11,803
 92,361
 19,159
 9,704
 84
 14,163
 457
 23,867
 541
Total below investment grade securities 648,027
 79,258
 163,901
 44,544
 811,928
 123,802
 207,022
 3,215
 136,657
 32,986
 343,679
 36,201
Total fixed maturity securities $10,578,982
 $513,764
 $822,840

$105,483
 $11,401,822
 $619,247
 $6,933,325
 $188,704
 $982,327
 $82,496
 $7,915,652
 $271,200
Non-redeemable preferred stock $12,331
 $2,175
 $12,191
 $3,787
 $24,522
 $5,962
 $
 $
 $24,289
 $2,801
 $24,289
 $2,801
Other equity securities 38,327
 2,242
 
 
 38,327
 2,242
 70,591
 3,604
 
 
 70,591
 3,604
Total equity securities $50,658
 $4,417
 $12,191

$3,787
 $62,849
 $8,204
 $70,591
 $3,604
 $24,289
 $2,801
 $94,880
 $6,405
  Less than 12 months 12 months or greater Total
    Gross   Gross   Gross
December 31, 2016: Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized Estimated Unrealized
  Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses Fair Value Losses
Investment grade securities:            
Corporate securities $4,661,706
 $124,444
 $549,273
 $43,282
 $5,210,979
 $167,726
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments 101,578
 3,541
 
 
 101,578
 3,541
Residential mortgage-backed securities 490,473
 9,733
 112,216
 3,635
 602,689
 13,368
Asset-backed securities 563,259
 12,010
 257,166
 9,653
 820,425
 21,663
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 368,465
 6,858
 10,853
 166
 379,318
 7,024
U.S. government and agencies 1,056,101
 63,044
 
 
 1,056,101
 63,044
State and political subdivisions 187,194
 9,396
 13,635
 3,068
 200,829
 12,464
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 524,236
 13,372
 51,097
 2,981
 575,333
 16,353
Total investment grade securities 7,953,012
 242,398
 994,240
 62,785
 8,947,252
 305,183
Below investment grade securities:            
Corporate securities 330,757
 7,914
 163,152
 41,605
 493,909
 49,519
Residential mortgage-backed securities 
 
 412
 12
 412
 12
Asset-backed securities 5,904
 700
 12,581
 1,465
 18,485
 2,165
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 5,815
 735
 
 
 5,815
 735
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 32,355
 1,258
 39,763
 2,327
 72,118
 3,585
Total below investment grade securities 374,831
 10,607
 215,908
 45,409
 590,739
 56,016
Total fixed maturity securities $8,327,843
 $253,005
 $1,210,148

$108,194
 $9,537,991
 $361,199
Non-redeemable preferred stock $10,831
 $831
 $21,879
 $5,506
 $32,710
 $6,337
Other equity securities 202,068
 7,020
 6,751
 301
 208,819
 7,321
Total equity securities $212,899
 $7,851
 $28,630

$5,807
 $241,529
 $13,658

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The Company has no intention to sell, nor does it expect to be required to sell, the securities outlined in the table above, as of the dates indicated. However, unforeseen facts and circumstances may cause the Company to sell fixed maturity and equity securities in the ordinary course of managing its portfolio to meet certain diversification, credit quality and liquidity guidelines.
Unrealized losses on below investment grade securities as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 are primarily related to high-yield corporate securities. UnrealizedChanges in unrealized losses decreased across most security types as treasury rates decreased during the first nine months of 2016.are primarily being driven by changes in credit spreads and interest rates.

Investment Income, Net of Related Expenses
Major categories of investment income, net of related expenses, consist of the following (dollars in thousands):
 
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
 2016 2015 2016 2015
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale$325,089
 $298,376
 $961,096
 $871,936
Mortgage loans on real estate39,802
 36,547
 121,494
 108,440
Policy loans15,391
 16,475
 47,897
 46,763
Funds withheld at interest104,609
 40,382
 273,482
 239,967
Short-term investments952
 576
 2,912
 2,085
Other invested assets21,938
 13,696
 61,249
 48,141
Investment income507,781
 406,052
 1,468,130
 1,317,332
Investment expense(18,054) (16,455) (53,471) (50,305)
Investment income, net of related expenses$489,727
 $389,597
 $1,414,659
 $1,267,027

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 Three months ended March 31,
 2017 2016
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale$324,500
 $312,414
Mortgage loans on real estate44,347
 39,792
Policy loans15,272
 16,134
Funds withheld at interest127,578
 55,980
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents1,510
 2,191
Other19,827
 8,608
Investment income533,034
 435,119
Investment expense(18,670) (17,853)
Investment income, net of related expenses$514,364
 $417,266
Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net
Investment related gains (losses), net consist of the following (dollars in thousands): 
Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,Three months ended March 31,
2016 2015 2016 20152017 2016
Fixed maturity and equity securities available for sale:          
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturity securities recognized in earnings$
 $(23,111) $(34,663) $(29,775)$(17,189) $(33,817)
Gain on investment activity46,346
 13,792
 127,153
 53,002
17,893
 27,192
Loss on investment activity(9,054) (22,186) (43,397) (50,257)(12,563) (11,787)
Other impairment losses and change in mortgage loan provision(262) (636) (2,111) (4,661)(99) (2,060)
Derivatives and other, net49,594
 (79,205) 37,020
 (88,250)72,481
 (100,414)
Total investment related gains (losses), net$86,624
 $(111,346) $84,002
 $(119,941)$60,523
 $(120,886)
The fixed maturity impairments for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016 were largely related to high-yield energy and emerging market corporate securities. The fixed maturity impairments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 were largely related to high-yield energy and emerging market corporate securities. The fluctuations in investment related gains (losses) for derivatives and other for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015,2016, are primarily due to changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives and interest rate swaps.
During the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016, and 2015, the Company sold fixed maturity and equity securities with fair values of $317.3$576.2 million and $404.1$242.6 million at losses of $9.1$12.6 million and $22.2 million, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company sold fixed maturity and equity securities with fair values of $903.1 million and $1,255.0 million at losses of $43.4 million and $50.3$11.8 million, respectively. The Company generally does not buy and sell securities on a short-term basis.
Securities Borrowing, Lending and Other
The Company participates in securities borrowing programs whereby securities, which are not reflected on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, are borrowed from third parties. The borrowed securities are used to provide collateral under affiliated reinsurance transactions. The Company is required to maintain a minimum of 100% of the fair value, or par value, under certain programs, of the borrowed securities as collateral. The collateral consists of rights to reinsurance treaty cash flows. If cash flows from the reinsurance treaties are insufficient to maintain the minimum collateral requirement, the Company may substitute cash or securities to meet the requirement. No cash or securities have been pledged by the Company for this purpose.
The Company also participates in a securities lending program whereby securities, reflected as investments on the Company's condensedCompany’s consolidated balance sheets, are loaned to a third party. The Company receives securities as collateral, in an amount equal to a minimum of 105% of the fair value of the securities lent. The securities received are not reflected on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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The Company also participates in a repurchase/reverse repurchase programprograms in which securities, reflected as investments on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, are pledged to a third party.parties. In return, the Company receives securities from the third partyparties with an estimated fair value equal to a minimum of 100% of the securities pledged. The securities received are not reflected on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The Company also participates in a repurchase program in which securities, reflected as investments on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, are pledged to a third party. In return, the Company receives cash from the third party, which is reflected as a payable to the third party and included in other liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company is required to maintain a minimum collateral balance with a fair value of 102% of the cash received.
The following table includes the amount of borrowed securities, securities lent and securities collateral received as part of the securities lending program and repurchased/reverse repurchased securities pledged and received as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 (dollars in thousands).
September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
Amortized
Cost
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Amortized
Cost
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Borrowed securities$267,360
 $288,310
 $259,540
 $266,297
$265,180
 $279,637
 $263,820
 $279,186
Securities lending:              
Securities loaned60,375
 62,104
 
 
87,865
 88,486
 74,389
 73,625
Securities receivedn/a
 65,000
 n/a
 
n/a
 94,000
 n/a
 80,000
Repurchase program/reverse repurchase program:              
Securities pledged442,510
 475,820
 443,435
 465,889
480,965
 504,645
 476,531
 499,891
Securities receivedn/a
 514,052
 n/a
 481,197
n/a
 518,358
 n/a
 515,200

14

TableThe Company also held cash collateral for repurchase program/reverse repurchase programs of Contents


$30.5 million and $28.8 million at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
The following table presents information on the Company'sCompany’s securities lending and repurchase transactions as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 (dollars in thousands). Collateral associated with certain borrowed securities is not included within the table, as the collateral pledged to each counterparty is the right to reinsurance treaty cash flows.
 September 30, 2016
 Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
 Overnight and Continuous Up to 30 Days 30-90 Days Greater than 90 Days Total
Securities lending transactions:         
Corporate securities$
 $
 $
 $62,104
 $62,104
Total
 
 
 62,104
 62,104
Repurchase transactions:         
Corporate securities
 3,906
 5,239
 133,551
 142,696
Residential mortgage-backed securities
 
 
 98,884
 98,884
U.S. government and agencies
 
 30,011
 181,754
 211,765
Foreign government
 
 
 15,941
 15,941
Other6,534
 
 
 
 6,534
Total6,534
 3,906
 35,250
 430,130
 475,820
Total transactions$6,534
 $3,906
 $35,250
 $492,234
 $537,924
          
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending and repurchase transactions in preceding table $579,052
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure $41,128
December 31, 2015March 31, 2017
Remaining Contractual Maturity of the AgreementsRemaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
Overnight and Continuous Up to 30 Days 30-90 Days Greater than 90 Days TotalOvernight and Continuous Up to 30 Days 30-90 Days Greater than 90 Days Total
Securities lending transactions:         
Corporate securities$
 $
 $
 $88,486
 $88,486
Total$
 $
 $
 $88,486
 $88,486
Repurchase transactions:                  
Corporate securities$
 $2,951
 $
 $147,324
 $150,275
$
 $
 $2,531
 $172,119
 $174,650
Residential mortgage-backed securities
 
 
 97,639
 97,639

 
 
 90,422
 90,422
U.S. government and agencies
 
 
 199,431
 199,431

 
 30,006
 185,811
 215,817
Foreign government
 
 
 3,358
 3,358

 
 
 20,411
 20,411
Other15,186
 
 
 
 15,186
3,345
 
 
 
 3,345
Total transactions$15,186
 $2,951
 $
 $447,752
 $465,889
Total3,345
 
 32,537
 468,763
 504,645
Total borrowings$3,345
 $
 $32,537
 $557,249
 $593,131
        
         
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreement in preceding table $481,197
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending and repurchase transactions in preceding tableGross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending and repurchase transactions in preceding table $642,874
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosureAmounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure $15,308
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure $49,743

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 December 31, 2016
 Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
 Overnight and Continuous Up to 30 Days 30-90 Days Greater than 90 Days Total
Securities lending transactions:         
Corporate securities$
 $
 $4,017
 $69,608
 $73,625
Total$
 $
 $4,017
 $69,608
 $73,625
Repurchase transactions:         
Corporate securities$
 $
 $3,220
 $166,979
 $170,199
Residential mortgage-backed securities
 
 
 92,546
 92,546
U.S. government and agencies
 
 
 216,000
 216,000
Foreign government
 
 
 19,900
 19,900
Other1,246
 
 
 
 1,246
Total1,246
 
 3,220
 495,425
 499,891
Total borrowings$1,246
 $
 $7,237
 $565,033
 $573,516
         
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending and repurchase transactions in preceding table $624,032
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure $50,516
The Company has elected to offset amounts recognized as receivables and payables resulting from the repurchase/reverse repurchase program.programs. After the effect of offsetting, the net amount presented on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2016sheets was a liability of $3.3 million.$2.5 million and $5.5 million as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company recognized payables resulting from cash received as collateral associated with a repurchase agreement, as discussed above. Amounts owed to and due from the counterparties may be settled in cash or offset, in accordance with the agreements.









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Table of Contents


Mortgage Loans on Real Estate
Mortgage loans represented approximately 7.8%8.5% and 7.5%8.4% of the Company’s total investments as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016. The Company makes mortgage loans on income producing properties that are geographically diversified throughout the U.S. with the largest concentration being in the state of California, which represented 23.4%23.5% and 22.3%22.1% of mortgage loans on real estate as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016, respectively. Loan-to-value ratios at the timeThe recorded investment in mortgage loans on real estate presented below is gross of unamortized deferred loan approval are origination fees and expenses, and valuation allowances.
75% or less. The distribution of mortgage loans by property type gross of valuation allowances, is as follows as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 (dollars in thousands):
 
 September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
Property type: 
Recorded
Investment
 % of Total Recorded
Investment
 % of Total Carrying Value % of Total Carrying Value % of Total
Office building $1,173,087
 32.4% $980,858
 31.3% $1,329,399
 34.2% $1,270,113
 33.6%
Retail 1,116,602
 30.9
 1,026,018
 32.7
 1,202,317
 31.0
 1,179,936
 31.2
Industrial 703,407
 19.5
 527,485
 16.8
 750,978
 19.4
 713,461
 18.8
Apartment 436,290
 12.1
 420,014
 13.4
 425,614
 11.0
 447,088
 11.8
Other commercial 185,060
 5.1
 182,389
 5.8
 171,461
 4.4
 172,609
 4.6
Total $3,614,446
 100.0% $3,136,764
 100.0%
Recorded investment 3,879,769
 100.0% $3,783,207
 100.0%
Unamortized balance of loan origination fees and expenses (674)   
  
Valuation allowances (7,786)   (7,685)  
Total mortgage loans on real estate $3,871,309
   $3,775,522
  

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The maturities of the mortgage loans gross of valuation allowances, as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 are as follows (dollars in thousands):
 September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
 
Recorded
Investment
 % of Total 
Recorded
Investment
 % of Total 
Recorded
Investment
 % of Total 
Recorded
Investment
 % of Total
Due within five years $793,736
 22.0% $873,280
 27.8% $907,453
 23.4% $822,073
 21.7%
Due after five years through ten years 1,952,001
 54.0
 1,561,535
 49.8
 2,144,303
 55.3
 2,099,559
 55.5
Due after ten years 868,709
 24.0
 701,949
 22.4
 828,013
 21.3
 861,575
 22.8
Total $3,614,446
 100.0% $3,136,764
 100.0% $3,879,769
 100.0% $3,783,207
 100.0%
Information regarding the Company’sThe following tables set forth certain key credit quality indicators as determined byof the Company's internal evaluation methodology for itsCompany’s recorded investment in mortgage loans gross of valuation allowances, as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015 is as follows2016 (dollars in thousands):
  September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015
Internal credit quality grade: 
Recorded
Investment
 % of Total 
Recorded
Investment
 % of Total
High investment grade $2,097,202
 58.0% $1,621,601
 51.7%
Investment grade 1,430,439
 39.6
 1,397,996
 44.6
Average 44,097
 1.2
 87,196
 2.8
Watch list 35,794
 1.0
 13,550
 0.4
In or near default 6,914
 0.2
 16,421
 0.5
Total $3,614,446
 100.0% $3,136,764
 100.0%
 Recorded Investment
 Debt Service Ratios    
 >1.20x 1.00x - 1.20x <1.00x Total % of Total
March 31, 2017:         
Loan-to-Value Ratio         
0% - 59.99%$1,967,449
 $64,541
 $1,183
 $2,033,173
 52.3%
60% - 69.99%1,259,650
 34,584
 
 1,294,234
 33.4
70% - 79.99%368,504
 20,734
 24,207
 413,445
 10.7
Greater than 80%103,896
 
 35,021
 138,917
 3.6
Total$3,699,499
 $119,859
 $60,411
 $3,879,769
 100.0%
 Recorded Investment
 Debt Service Ratios    
 >1.20x 1.00x - 1.20x <1.00x Total % of Total
December 31, 2016:         
Loan-to-Value Ratio         
0% - 59.99%$1,859,640
 $64,749
 $1,366
 $1,925,755
 50.8%
60% - 69.99%1,257,788
 34,678
 
 1,292,466
 34.2
70% - 79.99%370,092
 20,869
 24,369
 415,330
 11.0
Greater than 80%114,297
 
 35,359
 149,656
 4.0
Total$3,601,817
 $120,296
 $61,094
 $3,783,207
 100.0%
None of the payments due to the Company on its recorded investment in mortgage loans were delinquent as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015.

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2016.
The following table presents the recorded investment in mortgage loans, by method of measuring impairment, and the related valuation allowances as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 (dollars in thousands):
 September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
Mortgage loans:        
Individually measured for impairment $6,913
 $16,421
 $2,099
 $2,216
Collectively measured for impairment 3,607,533
 3,120,343
 3,877,670
 3,780,991
Mortgage loans, gross of valuation allowances 3,614,446
 3,136,764
Recorded investment $3,879,769
 $3,783,207
Valuation allowances:        
Individually measured for impairment 
 588
 $
 $
Collectively measured for impairment 6,746
 6,225
 7,786
 7,685
Total valuation allowances 6,746
 6,813
 $7,786
 $7,685
Mortgage loans, net of valuation allowances
 $3,607,700
 $3,129,951

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Information regarding the Company’s loan valuation allowances for mortgage loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and 20152016 is as follows (dollars in thousands):
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,Three months ended March 31,
 2016 2015 2016 20152017 2016
Balance, beginning of period $6,499
 $5,942
 $6,813
 $6,471
$7,685
 $6,813
Provision (release) 247
 (290) (67) (819)101
 11
Balance, end of period $6,746
 $5,652
 $6,746
 $5,652
$7,786
 $6,824
Information regarding the portion of the Company’s mortgage loans that were impaired as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 is as follows (dollars in thousands):
 
Unpaid
Principal
Balance
 
Recorded
Investment
 
Related
Allowance
 
Carrying
Value
 
Unpaid
Principal
Balance
 
Recorded
Investment
 
Related
Allowance
 
Carrying
Value
September 30, 2016:        
March 31, 2017:        
Impaired mortgage loans with no valuation allowance recorded $7,416
 $6,913
 $
 $6,913
 $2,641
 $2,099
 $
 $2,099
Impaired mortgage loans with valuation allowance recorded 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total impaired mortgage loans $7,416
 $6,913
 $
 $6,913
 $2,641
 $2,099
 $
 $2,099
December 31, 2015:        
December 31, 2016:        
Impaired mortgage loans with no valuation allowance recorded $4,033
 $4,033
 $
 $4,033
 $2,758
 $2,216
 $
 $2,216
Impaired mortgage loans with valuation allowance recorded 12,898
 12,388
 588
 11,800
 
 
 
 
Total impaired mortgage loans $16,931
 $16,421
 $588
 $15,833
 $2,758
 $2,216
 $
 $2,216
                
The Company’s average investment in impaired mortgage loans and the related interest income are reflected in the table below for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):
The Company’s average investment balance of impaired mortgage loans and the related interest income are reflected in the table below for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):The Company’s average investment balance of impaired mortgage loans and the related interest income are reflected in the table below for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):
 Three months ended September 30, Three months ended March 31,
 2016 2015 2017 2016
 
Average
Recorded
Investment
(1)
 
Interest
Income
 
Average
Recorded
  Investment(1)
 
Interest
Income
 
Average
Recorded
Investment
(1)
 
Interest
Income
 
Average
Recorded
Investment
(1)
 
Interest
Income
Impaired mortgage loans with no valuation allowance recorded $6,953
 $107
 $6,364
 $71
 $2,157
 $33
 $2,421
 $12
Impaired mortgage loans with valuation allowance recorded
 
 
 12,495
 194
 
 
 10,918
 144
Total impaired mortgage loans $6,953
 $107
 $18,859
 $265
 $2,157
 $33
 $13,339
 $156
        
 Nine months ended September 30,
 2016 2015
 
Average
Recorded
Investment
(1)
 
Interest
Income
 
Average
Recorded
Investment
(1)
 
Interest
Income
Impaired mortgage loans with no valuation allowance recorded $4,687
 $324
 $6,533
 $212
Impaired mortgage loans with valuation allowance recorded
 5,459
 
 11,392
 578
Total impaired mortgage loans $10,146
 $324
 $17,925
 $790
(1) Average recorded investment represents the average loan balances as of the beginning of period and all subsequent quarterly end of period balances.


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The Company did not acquire any impaired mortgage loans during the ninethree months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and 2015.2016. The Company had no mortgage loans that were on a nonaccrual status at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016.
Policy Loans
Policy loans comprised approximately 3.1% and 3.5%3.2% of the Company’s total investments as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016, respectively, the majority of which are associated with one client. These policy loans present no credit risk because the amount of the loan cannot exceed the obligation due to the ceding company upon the death of the insured or surrender of the underlying policy. The provisions of the treaties in force and the underlying policies determine the policy loan interest rates. The Company earns a spread between the interest rate earned on policy loans and the interest rate credited to corresponding liabilities.
Funds Withheld at Interest
Funds withheld at interest comprised approximately 12.8% and 14.0%13.1% of the Company’s total investments as offor both September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016, respectively.. Of the $5.9 billion funds withheld at interest balance, net of embedded derivatives, as of September 30, 2016, $4.0March 31, 2017, $4.1 billion of the balance is associated with one client. For reinsurance agreements written on a modified coinsurance basis and certain agreements written on a coinsurance funds withheld basis, assets equal to the net statutory reserves are withheld and legally owned and managed by the ceding company and are reflected as funds withheld at interest on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. In the event of a ceding company’s insolvency, the Company would need to assert a claim on the assets supporting its reserve liabilities. However, the risk of loss to the Company is mitigated by its ability to offset amounts it owes the ceding company for claims or allowances against amounts owed to the Company from the ceding company.
Other Invested Assets
Other invested assets include equity securities, limited partnership interests, joint ventures (other than operating joint ventures), derivative contracts and fair value option ("FVO"(“FVO”) contractholder-directed unit-linked investments. Other invested assets also

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include Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines ("FHLB"(“FHLB”) common stock, real estate held-for-investment, equity release mortgages and structured loans, all of which are included in other in the table below. The fair value option was elected for contractholder-directed investments supporting unit-linked variable annuity type liabilities which do not qualify for presentation and reporting as separate accounts. Other invested assets represented approximately 3.8%3.1% and 3.1%3.6% of the Company’s total investments as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015,2016, respectively. Carrying values of these assets as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 are as follows (dollars in thousands):
 September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
Equity securities $420,248
 $125,862
 $111,616
 $275,361
Limited partnership interests and real estate joint ventures 671,577
 567,697
 706,143
 687,522
Derivatives 310,168
 256,178
 170,183
 229,108
FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments 200,208
 197,547
 193,600
 190,120
Other 174,864
 150,836
 247,633
 209,829
Total other invested assets $1,777,065
 $1,298,120
 $1,429,175
 $1,591,940


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5.    Derivative Instruments
Derivatives, except for embedded derivatives and longevity and mortality swaps, are carried on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets in other invested assets or other liabilities, at fair value. Longevity and mortality swaps are included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets in other assets or other liabilities, at fair value. Embedded derivative assets and liabilities on modified coinsurance or funds withheld arrangements are included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in funds withheld at interest, at fair value. Embedded derivative liabilities on indexed annuity and variable annuity products are included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in interest-sensitive contract liabilities, at fair value. The following table presents the notional amounts and gross fair value of derivative instruments prior to taking into account the netting effects of master netting agreements as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 (dollars in thousands):
 September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
 Notional Carrying Value/Fair Value Notional Carrying Value/Fair Value Notional Carrying Value/Fair Value Notional Carrying Value/Fair Value
 Amount Assets Liabilities Amount Assets Liabilities Amount Assets Liabilities Amount Assets Liabilities
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:                        
Interest rate swaps $1,062,745
 $175,123
 $821
 $1,123,057
 $85,075
 $4,196
 $956,480
 $59,926
 $763
 $949,556
 $78,405
 $5,949
Financial futures 552,384
 
 
 420,665
 
 
 466,519
 
 
 475,968
 
 
Foreign currency forwards 30,000
 173
 2,733
 45,000
 44
 6,768
 25,000
 142
 3,380
 25,000
 
 5,070
Consumer price index swaps 30,043
 13
 460
 28,561
 
 292
 21,819
 
 244
 20,615
 
 262
Credit default swaps 909,000
 10,605
 3,430
 897,000
 8,230
 11,053
 935,000
 6,507
 714
 926,000
 12,012
 2,871
Equity options 610,792
 48,162
 
 453,435
 46,653
 
 570,713
 26,439
 
 525,894
 33,459
 
Longevity swaps 898,800
 27,029
 
 868,960
 15,003
 7
 852,160
 29,170
 
 841,360
 26,958
 
Mortality swaps 50,000
 
 2,068
 50,000
 
 2,619
 50,000
 
 2,857
 50,000
 
 2,462
Synthetic guaranteed investment contracts 8,726,370
 
 
 7,098,825
 
 
 8,971,610
 
 
 8,834,700
 
 
Embedded derivatives in:                        
Modified coinsurance or funds withheld arrangements 
 
 42,903
 
 
 76,698
 
 46,173
 
 
 
 22,529
Indexed annuity products 
 
 854,564
 
 
 878,114
 
 
 810,657
 
 
 805,672
Variable annuity products 
 
 275,560
 
 
 192,470
 
 
 162,273
 
 
 184,636
Total non-hedging derivatives 12,870,134
 261,105
 1,182,539
 10,985,503
 155,005
 1,172,217
 12,849,301
 168,357
 980,888
 12,649,093
 150,834
 1,029,451
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:                        
Interest rate swaps 435,000
 
 41,306
 120,000
 
 29,986
 435,000
 
 23,854
 435,000
 27,901
 31,223
Foreign currency swaps 937,284
 102,667
 1,205
 823,486
 146,265
 
 977,958
 100,243
 2,583
 928,505
 104,359
 734
Total hedging derivatives 1,372,284
 102,667
 42,511
 943,486
 146,265
 29,986
 1,412,958
 100,243
 26,437
 1,363,505
 132,260
 31,957
Total derivatives $14,242,418
 $363,772
 $1,225,050
 $11,928,989
 $301,270
 $1,202,203
 $14,262,259
 $268,600
 $1,007,325
 $14,012,598
 $283,094
 $1,061,408
Netting Arrangements
Certain of the Company’s derivatives are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements and reported as a net asset or liability in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company nets all derivatives that are subject to such arrangements.

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The Company has elected to include all derivatives, except embedded derivatives, in the tables below, irrespective of whether they are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or a similar agreement. See Note 4 – "Investments"“Investments” for information regarding the Company’s securities borrowing, lending, repurchase and repurchase/reverse repurchase programs. See “Embedded Derivatives” below for information regarding the Company’s bifurcated embedded derivatives.
The following table provides information relating to the Company’s derivative instruments as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 (dollars in thousands):
       
Gross Amounts Not
Offset in the Balance Sheet
         
Gross Amounts Not
Offset in the Balance Sheet
  
 
Gross Amounts   
Recognized
 
Gross Amounts
Offset in the
Balance Sheet   
 
Net Amounts
Presented in the
Balance Sheet   
 
Financial
Instruments (1)    
 
Cash Collateral   
Pledged/
Received
 Net Amount    
Gross Amounts   
Recognized
 
Gross Amounts
Offset in the
Balance Sheet   
 
Net Amounts
Presented in the
Balance Sheet   
 
Financial
Instruments (1)    
 
Cash Collateral   
Pledged/
Received
 Net Amount   
September 30, 2016:            
March 31, 2017:            
Derivative assets $363,772
 $(26,575) $337,197
 $(48,024) $(305,658) $(16,485) $222,427
 $(23,074) $199,353
 $(18,439) $(194,125) $(13,211)
Derivative liabilities 52,023
 (26,575) 25,448
 (74,680) (20,078) (69,310) 34,395
 (23,074) 11,321
 (76,173) (1,111) (65,963)
December 31, 2015:            
December 31, 2016:            
Derivative assets $301,270
 $(30,096) $271,174
 $(20,888) $(245,038) $5,248
 $283,094
 $(27,028) $256,066
 $(16,913) $(254,498) $(15,345)
Derivative liabilities 54,921
 (30,096) 24,825
 (47,149) (12,540) (34,864) 48,571
 (27,028) 21,543
 (95,863) (1,441) (75,761)
(1)Includes initial margin posted to a central clearing partner.


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Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
The Company does not enter into derivative instruments for speculative purposes. As discussed below under “Non-qualifying Derivatives and Derivatives for Purposes Other Than Hedging,” the Company uses various derivative instruments for risk management purposes that either do not qualify or have not been qualified for hedge accounting treatment, including derivatives used to economically hedge changes in the fair value of liabilities associated with the reinsurance of variable annuities with guaranteed living benefits.treatment. As of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016, the Company held interest rate swaps that were designated and qualified as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, for variable rate liabilities and foreign currency assets, foreign currency swaps that were designated and qualified as hedges of a portion of its net investment in its foreign operations, foreign currency swaps that were designated and qualified as fair value hedges of foreign currency risk, and derivative instruments that were not designated as hedging instruments. See Note 2 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the Company’s 20152016 Annual Report for a detailed discussion of the accounting treatment for derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives. Derivative instruments are carried at fair value and generally require an insignificant amount of cash at inception of the contracts.
Fair Value Hedges
The Company designates and reports certain foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency fair value exposure of foreign currency denominated assets as fair value hedges when they meet the requirements of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging. The gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to a change in foreign currency and the offsetting gain or loss on the related foreign currency swaps as of September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016, were (dollars in thousands):
Type of Fair Value Hedge Hedged Item Gains (Losses) Recognized for Derivatives Gains (Losses) Recognized for Hedged Items Ineffectiveness Recognized in Investment Related Gains (Losses), net Hedged Item Gains (Losses) Recognized for Derivatives Gains (Losses) Recognized for Hedged Items Ineffectiveness Recognized in Investment Related Gains (Losses)
For the three months ended September 30, 2016:      
For the three months ended March 31, 2017:For the three months ended March 31, 2017:      
Foreign currency swaps Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities $3,205
 $(3,205) $
 Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities $6,536
 $(6,536) $
For the nine months ended September 30, 2016:      
For the three months ended March 31, 2016:For the three months ended March 31, 2016:
Foreign currency swaps Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities $5,317
 $(5,317) $
 Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities $5,867
 $(5,867) $
A regression analysis was used, both at inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, to determine whether each derivative used in a hedged transaction is highly effective in offsetting changes in the hedged item. For the foreign currency swaps, the change in fair value related to changes in the benchmark interest rate and credit spreads are excluded from the hedge effectiveness. For the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016, $1.6$1.0 million and $(5.4)$4.6 million, respectively, of the change in the estimated fair value of derivatives, was excluded from hedge effectiveness. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, $2.1 million of the change in the estimated fair value of derivatives, was excluded from hedge effectiveness.
Cash Flow Hedges
Certain derivative instruments are designated as cash flow hedges when they meet the requirements of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging.Hedging. The Company designates and accounts for the following as cash flow hedges:flows: (i) certain interest rate swaps, in which the cash flows of liabilities are variable based on a benchmark rate; (ii) certain interest rate swaps, in which the cash flows of assets are denominated in different currencies, commonly referred to as cross-currency swaps; (ii) certain interest rate swaps, in which the cash flows of liabilities are variable based on a benchmark rate (LIBOR); and (iii) forward bond purchase commitments.











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The following table presents the components of AOCI, before income tax, and the condensed consolidated income statement classification where the gain or loss is recognized related to cash flow hedges for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016 and 2015 (dollars in thousands):
 Three months ended September 30, Three months ended March 31,
 2016 2015 2017 2016
Balance beginning of period $(41,192) $(23,901) $(2,496) $(29,397)
Gains (losses) deferred in other comprehensive income (loss) on the effective portion of cash flow hedges 932
 (13,199) 10,433
 8,551
Amounts reclassified to investment related (gains) losses, net (116) (179) 
 (841)
Amounts reclassified to investment income (221) 112
 (247) (107)
Balance end of period $(40,597) $(37,167) $7,690
 $(21,794)
    
 Nine months ended September 30,
 2016 2015
Balance beginning of period $(29,397) $(31,591)
Gains (losses) deferred in other comprehensive income (loss) on the effective portion of cash flow hedges (10,866) (4,251)
Amounts reclassified to investment related (gains) losses, net 53
 (834)
Amounts reclassified to investment income (387) (491)
Balance end of period $(40,597) $(37,167)
As of September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, the before-tax deferred net gains (losses) on derivative instruments recorded in AOCI that are expected to be reclassified to earnings during the next twelve months are approximately $0.6 million.$0.2 million. This expectation is based on the anticipated interest payments on hedged investments in fixed maturity securities that will occur over the next twelve months, at which time the Company will recognize the deferred net gains (losses) as an adjustment to investment income over the term of the investment cash flows.
The following table presents the effective portion of derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships on the condensed consolidated statements of income and the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016 and 2015 (dollars in thousands):
 Effective Portion Effective Portion
Derivative Type Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI Gain (Loss) Reclassified into Income from OCI Gain (Loss) Deferred in AOCI Gain (Loss) Reclassified into Income from AOCI
   Investment Related Gains (Losses), net Investment Income   Investment Related Gains (Losses) Investment Income
For the three months ended September 30, 2016:
Interest rate swaps $932
 $
 $200
For the three months ended March 31, 2017:For the three months ended March 31, 2017:
Interest rate $2,216
 $
 $
Currency/Interest rate 8,217
 
 197
Forward bond purchase commitments 
 116
 21
 
 
 50
Total $932
 $116
 $221
 $10,433
 $
 $247
For the three months ended September 30, 2015:      
Interest rate swaps $(13,199) $
 $(60)
For the three months ended March 31, 2016:      
Interest rate $5,129
 $
 $
Currency/Interest rate 3,422
 
 160
Forward bond purchase commitments 
 179
 (52) 
 841
 (53)
Total $(13,199) $179
 $(112) $8,551
 $841
 $107
      
For the nine months ended September 30, 2016:      
Interest rate swaps $(10,866) $
 $454
Forward bond purchase commitments 
 (53) (67)
Total $(10,866) $(53) $387
For the nine months ended September 30, 2015:      
Interest rate swaps $(18,349) $
 $231
Forward bond purchase commitments 14,098
 834
 260
Total $(4,251) $834
 $491
All components of each derivative'sderivative’s gain or loss were included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness. For the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016, and 2015, the ineffective portion of derivatives reported as cash flow hedges was not material to the Company'sCompany’s results of operations. Also, there were no material amounts reclassified into earnings relating to instances in which the Company discontinued cash flow hedge accounting because the forecasted transaction did not occur by the anticipated date or within the additional time period permitted by the authoritative guidance for the accounting for derivatives and hedging.

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Hedges of Net Investments in Foreign Operations
The Company uses foreign currency swaps to hedge a portion of its net investment in certain foreign operations against adverse movements in exchange rates. The following table illustrates the Company’s net investments in foreign operations (“NIFO”) hedges for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016 and 2015 (dollars in thousands):
 
 Derivative Gains (Losses) Deferred in AOCI      Derivative Gains (Losses) Deferred in AOCI     
 For the three months ended September 30, For the nine months ended September 30, For the three months ended March 31,
Type of NIFO Hedge (1) (2)
 2016 2015 2016 2015 2017 2016
Foreign currency swaps $8,341
 $42,702
 $(23,151) $79,723
 $(7,606) $(31,794)
 
(1)There were no sales or substantial liquidations of net investments in foreign operations that would have required the reclassification of gains or losses from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into investment income during the periods presented.
(2)There was no ineffectiveness recognized for the Company’s hedges of net investments in foreign operations.


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The cumulative foreign currency translation gain recorded in AOCI related to these hedges was $148.7154.0 million and $171.9161.6 million at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016, respectively. If a foreign operation was sold or substantially liquidated, the amounts in AOCI would be reclassified to the condensed consolidated statements of income. A pro rata portion would be reclassified upon partial sale of a foreign operation.
Non-qualifying Derivatives and Derivatives for Purposes Other Than Hedging
The Company uses various other derivative instruments for risk management purposes that either do not qualify or have not been qualified for hedge accounting treatment. The gain or loss related to the change in fair value for these derivative instruments is recognized in investment related gains (losses), net in the condensed consolidated statements of income, except where otherwise noted.




















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A summary of the effect of non-hedging derivatives, including embedded derivatives, on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016 and 2015 is as follows (dollars in thousands):
   
Gain (Loss) for the three months ended        
September 30,
   
Gain (Loss) for the three months ended        
March 31,
Type of Non-hedging Derivative Income Statement Location of Gain (Loss) 2016 2015 Income Statement Location of Gain (Loss) 2017 2016
Interest rate swaps Investment related gains (losses), net $4,122
 $42,014
 Investment related gains (losses), net $(2,612) $62,527
Financial futures Investment related gains (losses), net (11,677) 16,654
 Investment related gains (losses), net (12,775) (11,051)
Foreign currency forwards Investment related gains (losses), net 507
 708
 Investment related gains (losses), net 904
 2,500
CPI swaps Investment related gains (losses), net 76
 (250) Investment related gains (losses), net (5) (180)
Credit default swaps Investment related gains (losses), net 6,672
 (8,407) Investment related gains (losses), net 7,358
 3,346
Equity options Investment related gains (losses), net (13,648) 15,150
 Investment related gains (losses), net (17,189) (2,703)
Longevity swaps Other revenues 8,921
 2,404
 Other revenues 1,865
 87
Mortality swaps Other revenues (400) (442) Other revenues (395) (424)
Subtotal (5,427) 67,831
 (22,849) 54,102
Embedded derivatives in:        
Modified coinsurance or funds withheld arrangements Investment related gains (losses), net 49,078
 (46,169) Investment related gains (losses), net 68,702
 (92,250)
Indexed annuity products Interest credited (20,104) 50,246
 Interest credited (16,402) 1,394
Variable annuity products Investment related gains (losses), net 7,988
 (95,372) Investment related gains (losses), net 22,363
 (62,940)
Total non-hedging derivatives $31,535
 $(23,464) $51,814
 $(99,694)
    
   
Gain (Loss) for the nine months ended        
September 30,
Type of Non-hedging Derivative Income Statement Location of Gain (Loss) 2016 2015
Interest rate swaps Investment related gains (losses), net $108,149
 $29,629
Interest rate options Investment related gains (losses), net 
 3,275
Financial futures Investment related gains (losses), net (30,285) 7,141
Foreign currency forwards Investment related gains (losses), net 6,584
 (946)
CPI swaps Investment related gains (losses), net (624) (153)
Credit default swaps Investment related gains (losses), net 13,536
 (5,936)
Equity options Investment related gains (losses), net (19,576) 4,477
Longevity swaps Other revenues 11,402
 6,136
Mortality swaps Other revenues 222
 (1,399)
Subtotal 89,408
 42,224
Embedded derivatives in:    
Modified coinsurance or funds withheld arrangements Investment related gains (losses), net 33,795
 (71,592)
Indexed annuity products Interest credited (20,730) 28,999
Variable annuity products Investment related gains (losses), net (83,089) (69,628)
Total non-hedging derivatives $19,384
 $(69,997)
Types of Derivatives Used by the Company
Interest Rate Swaps
Interest rate swaps are used by the Company primarily to reduce market risks from changes in interest rates, to alter interest rate exposure arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities (duration mismatches) and to manage the risk of cash flows of liabilities that are variable based on a benchmark rate (LIBOR).rate. With an interest rate swap, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between two rates, which can be either fixed-rate or floating-rate interest amounts, tied to an agreed-upon notional principal amount. These transactions are executed pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment or individual gross payments at each due date. The Company utilizes interest rate swaps in cash flow and non-qualifying hedging relationships.

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Interest Rate Options
Interest rate options, commonly referred to as swaptions, have been used by the Company primarily to hedge living benefit guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products. A swaption, used to hedge against adverse changes in interest rates, is an option to enter into a swap with a forward starting effective date. The Company pays an upfront premium for the right to exercise this option in the future.
Financial Futures
Exchange-traded futures are used primarily to economically hedge liabilities embedded in certain variable annuity products. With exchange-traded futures transactions, the Company agrees to purchase or sell a specified number of contracts, the value of which is determined by the relevant indices, and to post variation margin on a daily basis in an amount equal to the difference between the daily estimated fair values of those contracts. The Company enters into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commission merchants that are members of the exchange.
Equity Options
Equity index options are used by the Company primarily to hedge minimum guarantees embedded in certain variable annuity products. To hedge against adverse changes in equity indices volatility, the Company buys put options. The contracts are net settled in cash based on differentials in the indices at the time of exercise and the strike price. Equity warrants are also used by the Company to economically hedge the variability in anticipated cash flows for the acquisition of investment securities.

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Consumer Price Index Swaps
Consumer price index (“CPI”) swaps are used by the Company primarily to economically hedge liabilities embedded in certain insurance products where value is directly affected by changes in a designated benchmark consumer price index. With a CPI swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to exchange the actual amount of inflation realized over a specified period of time for a fixed amount of inflation determined at inception. These transactions are executed pursuant to master agreements that provide for a single net payment or individual gross payments to be made by the counterparty at each due date. Most of these swaps will require a single payment to be made by one counterparty at the maturity date of the swap.
Foreign Currency Swaps
Foreign currency swaps are used by the Company to reduce the risk from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates associated with its assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. With a foreign currency swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between one currency and another at a forward exchange rate calculated by reference to an agreed upon principal amount. The principal amount of each currency is exchanged at the termination of the currency swap by each party. The Company uses foreign currency swaps to hedge a portion of its net investment in certain foreign operations and foreign currency securities against adverse movements in exchange rates. The Company also uses foreign currency swaps to hedge its exposure to market risks from changes in currency exchange rates with respect to investments denominated in foreign currencies that the Company either holds or intends to acquire or sell.
Foreign Currency Forwards
Foreign currency forwards are used by the Company to reduce the risk from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates associated with its assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. With a foreign currency forward transaction, the Company agrees with another party to deliver a specified amount of an identified currency at a specified future date. The price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such a contract is made in a different currency at the specified future date.
Forward Bond Purchase Commitments
Forward bond purchase commitments have been used by the Company to hedge against the variability in the anticipated cash flows required to purchase securities. With forward bond purchase commitments, the forward price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment for such contract is made at the future specified settlement date of the securities.
Credit Default Swaps
The Company sells protection under single name credit default swaps and credit default swap index tranches to diversify its credit risk exposure in certain portfolios and, in combination with purchasing securities, to replicate characteristics of similar investments based on the credit quality and term of the credit default swap. Credit default triggers for indexed reference entities and single name reference entities are defined in the contracts. The Company’s maximum exposure to credit loss equals the notional value for credit default swaps. In the event of default of a referencing entity, the Company is typically required to pay the protection holder the full notional value less a recovery amount determined at auction.

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The following table presents the estimated fair value, maximum amount of future payments and weighted average years to maturity of credit default swaps sold by the Company at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 (dollars in thousands):
 September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
Rating Agency Designation of Referenced Credit Obligations(1)
 
Estimated Fair
Value of Credit  
Default Swaps
 
Maximum
Amount of Future
Payments under
Credit Default
Swaps(2)
 
Weighted
Average
Years to
Maturity(3)
 
Estimated Fair
Value of Credit  
Default Swaps
 
Maximum
Amount of Future
Payments under
Credit Default
Swaps(2)
 
Weighted
Average
Years to
Maturity(3)  
 
Estimated Fair
Value of Credit  
Default Swaps
 
Maximum
Amount of Future
Payments under
Credit Default
Swaps(2)
 
Weighted
Average
Years to
Maturity(3)
 
Estimated Fair
Value of Credit  
Default Swaps
 
Maximum
Amount of Future
Payments under
Credit Default
Swaps(2)
 
Weighted
Average
Years to
Maturity(3)  
AA/AA-/A+/A/A-         
AAA/AA+/AA/AA-/A+/A/A-         
Single name credit default swaps $1,625
 $145,500
 4.0 $1,689
 $152,500
 3.9 $2,704
 $155,500
 3.6 $1,726
 $150,500
 3.8
Credit default swaps referencing indices 
 
  
 
 
Subtotal 1,625
 145,500
 4.0 1,689
 152,500
 3.9 2,704
 155,500
 3.6 1,726
 150,500
 3.8
BBB+/BBB/BBB-                  
Single name credit default swaps 75
 339,200
 4.0 (5,066) 315,200
 4.2 2,822
 355,200
 3.5 1,426
 347,200
 3.7
Credit default swaps referencing indices 5,165
 416,000
 5.2 2,274
 416,000
 5.0 126
 416,000
 4.7 6,295
 416,000
 5.0
Subtotal 5,240
 755,200
 4.7 (2,792) 731,200
 4.6 2,948
 771,200
 4.2 7,721
 763,200
 4.4
BB+/BB         
BB+/BB/BB-         
Single name credit default swaps (56) 5,000
 2.7 (2,900) 10,000
 4.1 9
 5,000
 2.2 (477) 9,000
 3.5
Credit default swaps referencing indices 
 
  
 
 
Subtotal (56) 5,000
 2.7 (2,900) 10,000
 4.1 9
 5,000
 2.2 (477) 9,000
 3.5
Total $6,809
 $905,700
 4.6 $(4,003) $893,700
 4.5 $5,661
 $931,700
 4.1 $8,970
 $922,700
 4.3
 
(1)The rating agency designations are based on ratings from Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”).
(2)Assumes the value of the referenced credit obligations is zero.
(3)The weighted average years to maturity of the credit default swaps is calculated based on weighted average notional amounts.

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The Company also purchases credit default swaps to reduce its risk against a drop in bond prices due to credit concerns of certain bond issuers. If a credit event, as defined by the contract, occurs, the Company is able to put the bond back to the counterparty at par.
Longevity Swaps
The Company enters into longevity swaps in the form of out-of-the-money options, which provide protection against changes in mortality improvement to retirement plans and insurers of such plans. With a longevity swap transaction, the Company agrees with another party to exchange a proportion of a notional value. The proportion is determined by the difference between a predefined benefit, and the realized benefit plus the future expected benefit, calculated by reference to a population index for a fixed premium.
Mortality Swaps
Mortality swaps are used by the Company to hedge risk from changes in mortality experience associated with its reinsurance of life insurance risk. The Company agrees with another party to exchange, at specified intervals, a proportion of a notional value determined by the difference between a predefined expected and realized claim amount on a designated index of reinsured lives, for a fixed percentage (premium) each term.
Synthetic Guaranteed Investment Contracts
The Company sells fee-based synthetic guaranteed investment contracts to retirement plans which include investment-only, stable value contracts. The assets are owned by the trustees of such plans, who invest the assets under the terms of investment guidelines to which the Company agrees. The contracts contain a guarantee of a minimum rate of return on participant balances supported by the underlying assets, and a guarantee of liquidity to meet certain participant-initiated plan cash flow requirements. These contracts are reported as derivatives, recorded at fair value and classified as interest rate derivatives.
Embedded Derivatives
The Company has certain embedded derivatives which are required to be separated from their host contracts and reported as derivatives. Host contracts include reinsurance treaties structured on a modified coinsurance ("modco"(“modco”) or funds withheld basis. Additionally, the Company reinsures equity-indexed annuity and variable annuity contracts with benefits that are considered embedded derivatives, including guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits, guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits, and guaranteed minimum income benefits. The changes in fair values of embedded derivatives on equity-indexed annuities described below relate to changes in the fair value associated with capital market and other related assumptions. The Company’s utilization of a credit valuation adjustment ("CVA"(“CVA”) did not have a material effect on the change in fair value of its embedded derivatives for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and 2015.

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2016.
The related gains (losses) and the effect on net income after amortization of deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) and income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016 and 2015 are reflected in the following table (dollars in thousands):
Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,Three months ended March 31,
2016 2015 2016 20152017 2016
Embedded derivatives in modco or funds withheld arrangements included in investment related gains$49,078
 $(46,169) $33,795
 $(71,592)$68,702
 $(92,250)
After the associated amortization of DAC and taxes, the related amounts included in net income9,653
 (11,783) 1,683
 (18,287)25,844
 (26,777)
Embedded derivatives in variable annuity contracts included in investment related gains7,988
 (95,372) (83,089) (69,628)22,363
 (62,940)
After the associated amortization of DAC and taxes, the related amounts included in net income2,595
 (116,994) (63,415) (106,796)28,836
 (25,843)
Amounts related to embedded derivatives in equity-indexed annuities included in benefits and expenses(20,104) 50,246
 (20,730) 28,999
(16,402) 1,394
After the associated amortization of DAC and taxes, the related amounts included in net income(13,397) 27,861
 (9,979) 13,095
(21,396) 11,234
Credit Risk
The Company manages its credit risk related to over-the-counter ("OTC"(“OTC”) derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master netting agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination.
The credit exposure of the Company'sCompany’s OTC derivative transactions is represented by the contracts with a positive fair value (market value) at the reporting date. To reduce credit exposures, the Company seeks to (i) enter into OTC derivative transactions pursuant to master netting agreements that provide for a netting of payments and receipts with a single counterparty, and (ii) enter into agreements that allow the use of credit support annexes, which are bilateral rating-sensitive agreements that require collateral postings at established threshold levels. Certain of the Company'sCompany’s OTC derivatives are cleared derivatives, which are bilateral transactions between the Company and a counterparty where the transactions are cleared through a clearinghouse, such that each derivative counterparty is only exposed to the default of the clearinghouse. These cleared transactions require initial and daily variation margin collateral postings and include certain interest rate swaps and credit default swaps entered into on or after June

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10, 2013, related to guidelines implemented under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Also, the Company enters into exchange-traded futures through regulated exchanges and these transactions are settled on a daily basis, thereby reducing credit risk exposure in the event of non-performance by counterparties to such financial instruments.
The Company enters into various collateral arrangements, which require both the posting and accepting of collateral in connection with its derivative instruments. Collateral agreements contain attachment thresholds that may vary depending on the posting party’s ratings. Additionally, a decline in the Company’s or the counterparty’s credit ratings to specified levels could result in potential settlement of the derivative positions under the Company’s agreements with its counterparties. The Company also has exchange-traded futures, which require the maintenance of a margin account. As exchange-traded futures are affected through regulated exchanges, and positions are marked to market on a daily basis, the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties.

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The Company’s credit exposure related to derivative contracts is generally limited to the fair value at the reporting date plus or minus any collateral posted or held by the Company. The Company’s credit exposure to mortality swaps is minimal, as they are fully collateralized by a counterparty. Information regarding the Company’s credit exposure related to its over-the-counter derivative contracts, centrally cleared derivative contracts and margin account for exchange-traded futures, excluding mortality swaps, at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 are reflected in the following table (dollars in thousands):
 September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
Estimated fair value of derivatives in net asset position $313,817
 $248,968
 $190,889
 $236,985
Cash provided as collateral(1)
 20,078
 12,540
 1,111
 1,441
Securities pledged to counterparties as collateral(2)
 74,680
 47,149
 76,173
 95,863
Cash pledged from counterparties as collateral(3)
 (305,658) (245,038) (194,125) (254,498)
Securities pledged from counterparties as collateral(4)
 (48,024) (20,888) (18,439) (16,913)
Initial margin for cleared derivatives(2)
 (63,056) (34,898) (66,063) (73,571)
Net amount after application of master netting agreements and collateral $(8,163) $7,833
 $(10,454) $(10,693)
Margin account related to exchange-traded futures(5)
 $10,101
 $11,004
 $9,474
 $9,687
(1)Consists of receivable from counterparty, included in other assets.
(2)Included in available-for-sale securities, primarily consists of U.S. Treasury and government agency securities.
(3)Included in cash and cash equivalents, with obligation to return cash collateral recorded in other liabilities.
(4)Consists of U.S. Treasury and government securities.
(5)Included in other assets.

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6.    Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities
Fair Value Measurement
General accounting principles for Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures define fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. These principles also establish a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value and describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The Company’s Level 1 assets include assets and liabilities that are traded in active exchange markets.
Level 2 - Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or market standard valuation techniques and assumptions that use significant inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the related assets or liabilities. Prices are determined using valuation methodologies such as discounted cash flow models and other similar techniques that require management’s judgment or estimation in developing inputs that are consistent with those other market participants would use when pricing similar assets and liabilities. Additionally, the Company’s embedded derivatives, all of which are associated with reinsurance treaties and longevity and mortality swaps, are classified in Level 3 since their values include significant unobservable inputs.
When inputs used to measure the fair value of an asset or liability fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the level within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety, except for fair value measurements using net asset value. For example, a Level 3 fair value measurement may include inputs that are observable (Levels 1 and 2) and unobservable (Level 3). Therefore, gains and losses for such assets and liabilities categorized within Level 3 may include changes in fair value that are attributable to both observable inputs (Levels 1 and 2) and unobservable inputs (Level 3).


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Assets and Liabilities by Hierarchy Level
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 are summarized below (dollars in thousands):
September 30, 2016:   Fair Value Measurements Using:
March 31, 2017:   Fair Value Measurements Using:
 Total     Level 1         Level 2     Level 3     Total     Level 1         Level 2     Level 3    
Assets:                
Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale:                
Corporate securities $20,164,848
 $302,603
 $18,606,341
 $1,255,904
 $20,161,453
 $426,837
 $18,470,691
 $1,263,925
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments 4,140,379
 
 3,566,760
 573,619
 3,720,364
 
 3,236,804
 483,560
Residential mortgage-backed securities 1,311,692
 
 1,120,999
 190,693
 1,303,877
 
 1,160,447
 143,430
Asset-backed securities 1,382,574
 
 1,158,923
 223,651
 1,380,590
 
 1,172,154
 208,436
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,475,033
 
 1,437,526
 37,507
 1,289,338
 
 1,287,415
 1,923
U.S. government and agencies 1,559,536
 1,427,369
 106,334
 25,833
 1,482,452
 1,360,357
 98,621
 23,474
State and political subdivisions 617,849
 
 580,086
 37,763
 595,457
 
 561,599
 33,858
Other foreign government supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 2,884,508
 326,297
 2,544,785
 13,426
 2,761,262
 313,644
 2,435,274
 12,344
Total fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale 33,536,419
 2,056,269
 29,121,754
 2,358,396
 32,694,793
 2,100,838
 28,423,005
 2,170,950
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives (42,903) 
 
 (42,903) 46,173
 
 
 46,173
Cash equivalents 423,457
 378,980
 44,477
 
 367,562
 367,562
 
 
Short-term investments 92,151
 56,017
 36,134
 
 24,929
 1,615
 20,038
 3,276
Other invested assets:                
Non-redeemable preferred stock 52,852
 39,735
 13,117
 
 31,215
 31,215
 
 
Other equity securities 367,396
 367,396
 
 
 80,401
 80,401
 
 
Derivatives:                
Interest rate swaps 161,008
 
 161,008
 
 50,011
 
 50,011
 
CPI swaps (447) 
 (447) 
Foreign currency forwards 139
 
 139
 
Credit default swaps 7,429
 
 7,429
 
 5,128
 
 5,128
 
Equity options 40,021
 
 40,021
 
 17,245
 
 17,245
 
Foreign currency swaps 102,157
 
 102,157
 
 97,660
 
 97,660
 
FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments 200,208
 198,925
 1,283
 
 193,600
 192,266
 1,334
 
Other 37
 37
 
 
 8,192
 8,192
 
 
Total other invested assets 930,661
 606,093
 324,568
 
 483,591
 312,074
 171,517
 
Other assets - longevity swaps 27,029
 
 
 27,029
 29,170
 
 
 29,170
Total $34,966,814
 $3,097,359
 $29,526,933
 $2,342,522
 $33,646,218
 $2,782,089
 $28,614,560
 $2,249,569
Liabilities:                
Interest sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives $1,130,124
 $
 $
 $1,130,124
 $972,930
 $
 $
 $972,930
Other liabilities:                
Derivatives:                
Interest rate swaps 28,012
 
 28,012
 
 14,702
 
 14,702
 
Foreign currency forwards 2,560
 
 2,560
 
 3,377
 
 3,377
 
CPI swaps 244
 
 244
 
Credit default swaps 254
 
 254
 
 (665) 
 (665) 
Equity options (8,141) 
 (8,141) 
 (9,194) 
 (9,194) 
Foreign currency swaps 695
 
 695
 
Mortality swaps 2,068
 
 
 2,068
 2,857
 
 
 2,857
Total $1,155,572
 $
 $23,380
 $1,132,192
 $984,251
 $
 $8,464
 $975,787

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December 31, 2015:   Fair Value Measurements Using:
December 31, 2016:   Fair Value Measurements Using:
 Total     Level 1         Level 2     Level 3     Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Assets:                
Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale:                
Corporate securities $17,708,156
 $269,039
 $16,212,147
 $1,226,970
 $19,619,084
 $310,995
 $18,035,836
 $1,272,253
Canadian and Canadian provincial governments 3,576,759
 
 3,160,683
 416,076
 3,644,046
 
 3,168,081
 475,965
Residential mortgage-backed securities 1,311,477
 
 980,828
 330,649
 1,278,576
 
 1,118,285
 160,291
Asset-backed securities 1,212,676
 
 908,840
 303,836
 1,429,344
 
 1,210,064
 219,280
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,483,087
 
 1,414,524
 68,563
 1,363,654
 
 1,342,509
 21,145
U.S. government and agencies 1,381,659
 1,227,858
 127,536
 26,265
 1,468,302
 1,345,755
 98,059
 24,488
State and political subdivisions 511,014
 
 472,672
 38,342
 591,796
 
 550,130
 41,666
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 2,458,077
 260,552
 2,183,460
 14,065
 2,698,823
 276,729
 2,409,225
 12,869
Total fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale 29,642,905
 1,757,449
 25,460,690
 2,424,766
 32,093,625
 1,933,479
 27,932,189
 2,227,957
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives (76,698) 
 
 (76,698) (22,529) 
 
 (22,529)
Cash equivalents 406,521
 406,521
 
 
 338,601
 338,601
 
 
Short-term investments 530,773
 524,946
 5,827
 
 44,241
 8,276
 32,619
 3,346
Other invested assets:                
Non-redeemable preferred stock 87,520
 81,809
 5,711
 
 51,123
 38,317
 12,806
 
Other equity securities 38,342
 38,342
 
 
 224,238
 224,238
 
 
Derivatives:                
Interest rate swaps 71,882
 
 71,882
 
 93,508
 
 93,508
 
Foreign currency forwards 20
 
 20
 
CPI swaps (292) 
 (292) 
Credit default swaps 2,567
 
 2,567
 
 9,136
 
 9,136
 
Equity options 40,644
 
 40,644
 
 26,070
 
 26,070
 
Foreign currency swaps 141,357
 
 141,357
 
 100,394
 
 100,394
 
FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments 197,547
 195,317
 2,230
 
 190,120
 188,891
 1,229
 
Other 8,170
 8,170
 
 
 11,036
 11,036
 
 
Total other invested assets 587,757
 323,638
 264,119
 
 705,625
 462,482
 243,143
 
Other assets - longevity swaps 14,996
 
 
 14,996
 26,958
 
 
 26,958
Total $31,106,254
 $3,012,554
 $25,730,636
 $2,363,064
 $33,186,521
 $2,742,838
 $28,207,951
 $2,235,732
Liabilities: 
 
 
 
        
Interest sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives $1,070,584
 $
 $
 $1,070,584
 $990,308
 $
 $
 $990,308
Other liabilities: 
 
 
 
        
Derivatives: 
 
 
 
        
Interest rate swaps 20,989
 
 20,989
 
 24,374
 
 24,374
 
Foreign currency forwards 6,744
 
 6,744
 
 5,070
 
 5,070
 
CPI swaps 262
 
 262
 
Credit default swaps 5,390
 
 5,390
 
 (5) 
 (5) 
Equity options (6,009) 
 (6,009) 
 (7,389) 
 (7,389) 
Foreign currency swaps (4,908) 
 (4,908) 
 (3,231) 
 (3,231) 
Mortality swaps 2,619
 
 
 2,619
 2,462
 
 
 2,462
Total $1,095,409
 $
 $22,206
 $1,073,203
 $1,011,851
 $
 $19,081
 $992,770
The Company may utilize information from third parties, such as pricing services and brokers, to assist in determining the fair value for certain assets and liabilities; however, management is ultimately responsible for all fair values presented in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. This includes responsibility for monitoring the fair value process, ensuring objective and reliable valuation practices and pricing of assets and liabilities, and approving changes to valuation methodologies and pricing sources. The selection of the valuation technique(s) to apply considers the definition of an exit price and the nature of the asset or liability being valued and significant expertise and judgment is required.

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The Company performs initial and ongoing analysis and review of the various techniques utilized in determining fair value to ensure that they are appropriate and consistently applied, and that the various assumptions are reasonable. The Company analyzes and reviews the information and prices received from third parties to ensure that the prices represent a reasonable estimate of the fair value and to monitor controls around pricing, which includes quantitative and qualitative analysis and is overseen by the Company’s investment and accounting personnel. Examples of procedures performed include, but are not limited to, review of pricing trends, comparison of a sample of executed prices of securities sold to the fair value estimates, comparison of fair value estimates to management’s knowledge of the current market, and ongoing confirmation that third party pricing services use, wherever possible, market-based parameters for valuation. In addition, the Company utilizes both internal and external cash flow models to analyze the reasonableness of fair values utilizing credit spread and other market assumptions, where appropriate. As a result of the analysis, if the Company determines there is a more appropriate fair value based upon the available market data, the price received from the third party is adjusted accordingly. The Company also determines if the inputs used in estimated fair values received from pricing services are observable by assessing whether these inputs can be corroborated by observable market data.
For assets and liabilities reported at fair value, the Company utilizes, when available, fair values based on quoted prices in active markets that are regularly and readily obtainable. Generally, these are very liquid investments and the valuation does not require management judgment. When quoted prices in active markets are not available, fair value is based on market valuation techniques, market comparable pricing and the income approach. The use of different techniques, assumptions and inputs may have a material effect on the estimated fair values of the Company’s securities holdings. For the periods presented, the application of market standard valuation techniques applied to similar assets and liabilities has been consistent.
The methods and assumptions the Company uses to estimate the fair value of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below.
Fixed Maturity Securities – The fair values of the Company’s publicly-traded fixed maturity securities are generally based on prices obtained from independent pricing services. Prices from pricing services are sourced from multiple vendors, and a vendor hierarchy is maintained by asset type based on historical pricing experience and vendor expertise. The Company generally receives prices from multiple pricing services for each security, but ultimately uses the price from the vendor that is highest in the hierarchy for the respective asset type. To validate reasonableness, prices are periodically reviewed as explained above. Consistent with the fair value hierarchy described above, securities with quotes from pricing services are generally reflected within Level 2, as they are primarily based on observable pricing for similar assets and/or other market observable inputs. If the pricing information received from third party pricing services is not reflective of market activity or other inputs observable in the market, the Company may challenge the price through a formal process with the pricing service.
If the Company ultimately concludes that pricing information received from the independent pricing service is not reflective of fair value, non-binding broker quotes are used, if available. If the Company concludes that the values from both pricing services and brokers are not reflective of fair value, an internally developed valuation may be prepared; however, this occurs infrequently. Internally developed valuations or non-binding broker quotes are also used to determine fair value in circumstances where vendor pricing is not available. These valuations may use significant unobservable inputs, which reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset. Observable market data may not be available in certain circumstances, such as market illiquidity and credit events related to the security. Pricing service overrides, internally developed valuations and non-binding broker quotes are generally based on significant unobservable inputs and are reflected as Level 3 in the valuation hierarchy.
The inputs used in the valuation of corporate and government securities include, but are not limited to standard market observable inputs which are derived from, or corroborated by, market observable data including market yield curve, duration, call provisions, observable prices and spreads for similar publicly traded or privately traded issues that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer. For structured securities, valuation is based primarily on matrix pricing or other similar techniques using standard market inputs including spreads for actively traded securities, spreads off benchmark yields, expected prepayment speeds and volumes, current and forecasted loss severity, rating, weighted average coupon, weighted average maturity, average delinquency rates, geographic region, debt-service coverage ratios and issuance-specific information including, but not limited to: collateral type, payment terms of the underlying assets, payment priority within the tranche, structure of the security, deal performance and vintage of loans.
When observable inputs are not available, the market standard valuation techniques for determining the estimated fair value of certain types of securities that trade infrequently, and therefore have little or no price transparency, rely on inputs that are significant to the estimated fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. These unobservable inputs can be based in large part on management judgment or estimation, and cannot be supported by reference to market activity. Even though unobservable, these inputs are based on assumptions deemed appropriate given the circumstances and are believed to be consistent with what other market participants would use when pricing such securities.

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The fair values of private placement securities are primarily determined using a discounted cash flow model. In certain cases these models primarily use observable inputs with a discount rate based upon the average of spread surveys collected from private market intermediaries who are active in both primary and secondary transactions, taking into account, among other factors, the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer and the reduced liquidity associated with private placements. Generally, these securities have been reflected within Level 3. For certain private fixed maturities, the discounted cash flow model may also incorporate significant unobservable inputs, which reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the inputs market participants would use in pricing the security. To the extent management determines that such unobservable inputs are not significant to the price of a security, a Level 2 classification is made. Otherwise, a Level 3 classification is used.

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Embedded Derivatives – The fair value of embedded derivative liabilities, including those calculated by third parties, are monitored through the use of attribution reports to quantify the effect of underlying sources of fair value change, including capital market inputs based on policyholder account values, interest rates and short-term and long-term implied volatilities, from period to period. Actuarial assumptions are based on experience studies performed internally in combination with available industry information and are reviewed on a periodic basis, at least annually.
For embedded derivative liabilities associated with the underlying products in reinsurance treaties, primarily equity-indexed and variable annuity treaties, the Company utilizes a discounted cash flow model, which includes an estimate of future equity option purchases and an adjustment for a CVA. The variable annuity embedded derivative calculations are performed by third parties based on methodology and input assumptions provided by the Company. To validate the reasonableness of the resulting fair value, the Company’s internal actuaries perform reviews and analytical procedures on the results. The capital market inputs to the model, such as equity indexes, short-term equity volatility and interest rates, are generally observable. The valuation also requires certain significant inputs, which are generally not observable and accordingly, the valuation is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, see “Level 3 Measurements and Transfers” below for a description.
The fair value of embedded derivatives associated with funds withheld reinsurance treaties is determined based upon a total return swap technique with reference to the fair value of the investments held by the ceding company that support the Company’s funds withheld at interest asset with an adjustment for a CVA. The fair value of the underlying assets is generally based on market observable inputs using industry standard valuation techniques. The valuation also requires certain significant inputs, which are generally not observable and accordingly, the valuation is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, see “Level 3 Measurements and Transfers” below for a description.
Credit Valuation Adjustment – The Company uses a structural default risk model to estimate a CVA. The input assumptions are a combination of externally derived and published values (default threshold and uncertainty), market inputs (interest rate, equity price per share, debt per share, equity price volatility) and insurance industry data (Loss Given Default), adjusted for market recoverability.
Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments – Cash equivalents and short-term investments include money market instruments, commercial paper and other highly liquid debt instruments. Money market instruments are generally valued using unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible for identical assets and are primarily classified as Level 1. The fair value of certain other cash equivalents and short-term investments, such as floating rate notes and bonds with original maturities less than twelve months, are based upon other market observable data and are typically classified as Level 2. However, certain short-term investments may incorporate significant unobservable inputs resulting in a Level 3 classification. Various time deposits carried as cash equivalents or short-term investments are not measured at estimated fair value and therefore are excluded from the tables presented.
Equity Securities – Equity securities consist principally of exchange-traded funds and preferred stock of publicly and privately traded companies. The fair values of publicly traded equity securities are primarily based on quoted market prices in active markets and are classified within Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair values of preferred equity securities, for which quoted market prices are not readily available, are based on prices obtained from independent pricing services and these securities are generally classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Non-binding broker quotes for equity securities are generally based on significant unobservable inputs and are reflected as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
FVO Contractholder-Directed Unit-Linked Investments – FVO contractholder-directed investments supporting unit-linked variable annuity type liabilities primarily consist of exchange-traded funds and, to a lesser extent, fixed maturity securities and cash and cash equivalents. The fair values of the exchange-traded securities are primarily based on quoted market prices in active markets and are classified within Level 1 of the hierarchy. The fair value of the fixed maturity contractholder-directed securities is determined on a basis consistent with the methodologies described above for fixed maturity securities and are classified within Level 2 of the hierarchy.

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Derivative Assets and Derivative Liabilities – All of the derivative instruments utilized by the Company, except for longevity and mortality swaps, are classified within Level 2 on the fair value hierarchy. These derivatives are principally valued using an income approach. Valuations of interest rate contracts are based on present value techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, LIBORLondon Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) basis curves, and repurchase rates. Valuations of foreign currency contracts, are based on present value techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, LIBOR basis curves, currency spot rates, and cross currency basis curves. Valuations of credit contracts are based on present value techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, credit curves, and recovery rates. Valuations of equity market contracts, are based on present value techniques, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, spot equity index levels, and dividend yield curves. Valuations of equity market contracts, option-based, are based on option pricing models, which utilize significant inputs that may include the swap yield curve, spot equity index levels, dividend yield curves, and equity volatility. The Company does not currently have derivatives, except for longevity and mortality swaps, included in Level 3 measurement.

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Longevity and Mortality Swaps – The Company utilizes a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of longevity and mortality swaps. The fair value of these swaps includes an accrual for premiums payable and receivable. Some inputs to the valuation model are generally observable, such as interest rates and actual population mortality experience. The valuation also requires significant inputs that are generally not observable and, accordingly, the valuation is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
Level 3 Measurements and Transfers
As of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016, the Company classified approximately 7.0%6.6% and 8.2%6.9%, respectively, of its fixed maturity securities in the Level 3 category. These securities primarily consist of private placement corporate securities and bank loans as well as Canadian provincial strips with inactive trading markets. Additionally, the Company has included asset-backed securities with subprime exposure and mortgage-backed securities with below investment grade ratings in the Level 3 category due to market uncertainty associated with these securities and the Company’s utilization of unobservable information from third parties for the valuation of these securities.

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s corporate, sovereign, government-backed, and other political subdivision investments are probability of default, liquidity premium and subordination premium. Significant increases (decreases) in any of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Generally, a change in the assumption used for the probability of default is accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumptions used for the liquidity premium and subordination premium. For securities with a fair value derived using the market comparable pricing valuation technique, liquidity premium is the only significant unobservable input.
The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s asset and mortgage-backed securities are prepayment rates, probability of default, liquidity premium and loss severity in the event of default. Significant increases (decreases) in any of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Generally, a change in the assumption used for the probability of default is accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumption used for the liquidity premium and loss severity and a directionally opposite change in the assumption used for prepayment rates.
The actuarial assumptions used in the fair value of embedded derivatives which include assumptions related to lapses, withdrawals, and mortality, are based on experience studies performed by the Company in combination with available industry information and are reviewed on a periodic basis, at least annually. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of embedded derivatives are assumptions associated with policyholder experience and selected capital market assumptions for equity-indexed and variable annuities. The selected capital market assumptions, which include long-term implied volatilities, are projections based on short-term historical information. Changes in interest rates, equity indices, equity volatility, CVA, and actuarial assumptions regarding policyholder experience may result in significant fluctuations in the value of embedded derivatives.
Fair value measurements associated with funds withheld reinsurance treaties are generally not materially sensitive to changes in unobservable inputs associated with policyholder experience. The primary drivers of change in these fair values are related to movements of credit spreads, which are generally observable. Increases (decreases) in market credit spreads tend to decrease (increase) the fair value of embedded derivatives. Increases (decreases) in the CVA assumption tend to decrease (increase) the magnitude of the fair value of embedded derivatives.
Fair value measurements associated with variable annuity treaties are sensitive to both capital markets inputs and policyholder experience inputs. Increases (decreases) in lapse rates tend to decrease (increase) the value of the embedded derivatives associated with variable annuity treaties. Increases (decreases) in the long-term volatility assumption tend to increase (decrease) the fair value of embedded derivatives. Increases (decreases) in the CVA assumption tend to decrease (increase) the magnitude of the fair value of embedded derivatives.

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The actuarial assumptions used in the fair value of longevity and mortality swaps include assumptions related to the level and volatility of mortality. The assumptions are based on studies performed by the Company in combination with available industry information and are reviewed on a periodic basis, at least annually.

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The following table presents quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements that are developed internally by the Company as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 (dollars in thousands):
 
Estimated Fair Value       Valuation Technique Unobservable Inputs Range (Weighted Average) Estimated Fair Value       Valuation Technique Unobservable Inputs Range (Weighted Average) 
September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
Assets:              
Corporate securities$175,706
 $195,557
 Market comparable securities Liquidity premium 0-2% (1%)
 0-2%  (1%)
$158,772 $167,815 Market comparable securities Liquidity premium 0-2% (1%)
 0-2%  (1%)
U.S. government and agencies25,833
 26,265
 Market comparable securities Liquidity premium 0-1% (1%)
 0-1%  (1%)
23,474
 24,488
 Market comparable securities Liquidity premium 0-1% (1%)
 0-1%  (1%)
State and political subdivisions5,011
 4,770
 Market comparable securities     Liquidity premium 1% 1%4,653
 4,670
 Market comparable securities     Liquidity premium 1% 1%
Funds withheld at interest- embedded derivatives(42,903) (76,698) Total return swap Mortality 0-100%  (2%)
 0-100%  (2%)
46,173
 (22,529) Total return swap Mortality 0-100%  (2%)
 0-100%  (2%)
    Lapse 0-35%  (8%)
 0-35%  (7%)
    Lapse 0-35%  (8%)
 0-35%  (8%)
    Withdrawal 0-5%  (3%)
 0-5%  (3%)
    Withdrawal 0-5%  (3%)
 0-5%  (3%)
    CVA 0-5%  (1%)
 0-5%  (1%)
    CVA 0-5%  (1%)
 0-5%  (1%)
    Crediting rate 2-4%  (2%)
 2-4%  (3%)
    Crediting rate 2-4%  (2%)
 2-4%  (2%)
Longevity swaps27,029
 14,996
 Discounted cash flow Mortality 0-100%  (2%)
 0-100%  (2%)
29,170
 26,958
 Discounted cash flow Mortality 0-100%  (2%)
 0-100%  (2%)
    Mortality improvement (10%)-10%  (3%)
 (10%)-10%  (3%)
    Mortality improvement (10%)-10%  (3%)
 (10%)-10%  (3%)
Liabilities:              
Interest sensitive contract liabilities- embedded derivatives- indexed annuities854,564
 878,114
 Discounted cash flow Mortality 0-100%  (2%)
 0-100% (2%)
810,657
 805,672
 Discounted cash flow Mortality 0-100%  (2%)
 0-100% (2%)
    Lapse 0-35%  (8%)
 0-35% (7%)
    Lapse 0-35%  (8%)
 0-35% (8%)
    Withdrawal 0-5%  (3%)
 0-5% (3%)
    Withdrawal 0-5%  (3%)
 0-5% (3%)
    Option budget projection 2-4%  (2%)
 2-4% (3%)
    Option budget projection 2-4%  (2%)
 2-4% (2%)
       
Interest sensitive contract liabilities- embedded derivatives- variable annuities275,560
 192,470
 
Discounted cash 
flow
 Mortality 0-100% (2%)
 0-100% (2%)
162,273
 184,636
 
Discounted cash 
flow
 Mortality 0-100% (2%)
 0-100% (2%)
    Lapse 0-25% (6%)
 0-25% (7%)
    Lapse 0-25% (6%)
 0-25% (6%)
    Withdrawal 0-7% (3%)
 0-7% (3%)
    Withdrawal 0-7% (3%)
 0-7% (3%)
    CVA 0-5% (1%)
 0-5% (1%)
    CVA 0-5% (1%)
 0-5% (1%)
    Long-term volatility 0-27% (14%)
 0-27% (14%)
    Long-term volatility 0-27% (9%)
 0-27% (14%)
Mortality swaps2,068
 2,619
 Discounted cash flow Mortality 0-100%  (1%)
 0-100%  (1%)
2,857
 2,462
 Discounted cash flow Mortality 0-100%  (1%)
 0-100%  (1%)
The Company recognizes transfers of assets and liabilities into and out of levels within the fair value hierarchy at the beginning of the quarter in which the actual event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer occurs. Assets and liabilities transferred into Level 3 are due to a lack of observable market transactions and price information. Assets and liabilities are transferred out of Level 3 when circumstances change such that significant inputs can be corroborated with market observable data. This may be due to a significant increase in market activity for the asset or liability, a specific event, one or more significant input(s) becoming observable. Transfers out of Level 3 were primarily the result of the Company obtaining observable pricing information or a third party pricing quotation that appropriately reflects the fair value of those assets and liabilities. In addition, certain transfers out of Level 3 were also due to ratings upgrades on mortgage-backed securities that had previously had below investment-grade ratings.

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Transfers from Level 1 to Level 2 are due to the lack of observable market data when pricing these securities, while transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 are due to an increase in the availability of market observable data in an active market. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2016. The following tables presenttable presents the transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015March 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 2015 2017
 
Transfers from    
Level 1 to
Level 2
 
Transfers from    
Level 2 to
Level 1
 
Transfers from    
Level 1 to
Level 2
 
Transfers from    
Level 2 to
Level 1
Three months ended September 30:    
Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale:        
Corporate securities $
 $47,199
 $
 $38,675
    
Nine months ended September 30:    
Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale:    
Corporate securities $625
 $84,195
The tables below provide a summary of the changes in fair value of Level 3 assets and liabilities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as well as the portion of gains or losses included in income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 attributable to unrealized gains or losses related to those assets and liabilities still held at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):
For the three months ended September 30, 2016: Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale
For the three months ended March 31, 2017: Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale
 
Corporate
securities
 Canadian and Canadian provincial governments 
Residential
mortgage-
backed
securities
 
Asset-backed
securities
 
Commercial    
mortgage-
backed
securities
 
U.S. government
and agencies
 
Corporate
securities
 Canadian and Canadian provincial governments 
Residential
mortgage-
backed
securities
 
Asset-backed
securities
 
Commercial    
mortgage-
backed
securities
 
U.S. government
and agencies
Fair value, beginning of period $1,297,382
 $554,192
 $165,979
 $298,816
 $37,935
 $26,255
 $1,272,253
 $475,965
 $160,291
 $219,280
 $21,145
 $24,488
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)                        
Included in earnings, net:                        
Investment income, net of related expenses (567) 3,085
 (40) 173
 304
 (122) (423) 3,070
 (245) 1,018
 709
 (117)
Investment related gains (losses), net 17,917
 
 
 
 
 
 (1,231) 
 365
 
 (595) 
Claims & other policy benefits 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest credited 
 
 
 
 
 
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses 
 
 
 
 
 
Included in other comprehensive income (19,635) 16,342
 2,597
 3,410
 (94) (135) 4,948
 4,525
 650
 5,767
 (83) 52
Other revenues 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Purchases(1)
 54,492
 
 27,548
 5,013
 
 147
 45,914
 
 16,499
 10,849
 
 104
Sales(1)
 (26,320) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (10,604) 
 (3,720) 
Settlements(1)
 (44,110) 
 (6,935) (18,602) (1) (312) (71,470) 
 (6,784) (18,154) (5,401) (1,053)
Transfers into Level 3 
 
 1,544
 28,285
 
 
 13,934
 
 77
 35,258
 
 
Transfers out of Level 3 (23,255) 
 
 (93,444) (637) 
 
 
 (16,819) (45,582) (10,132) 
Fair value, end of period $1,255,904
 $573,619
 $190,693
 $223,651
 $37,507
 $25,833
 $1,263,925
 $483,560
 $143,430
 $208,436
 $1,923
 $23,474
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period                        
Included in earnings, net:                        
Investment income, net of related expenses $(489) $3,085
 $(40) $173
 $304
 $(122) $(423) $3,070
 $(91) $161
 $
 $(117)
Investment related gains (losses), net 
 
 
 
 
 
 (1,293) 
 (346) 
 
 
Interest credited 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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For the three months ended September 30, 2016 (continued): 
Fixed maturity securities
available-for-sale
        
  State
and political
subdivisions
 Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 
Funds withheld
at interest-
embedded
derivatives
 Other assets - longevity swaps Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives Other liabilities - mortality swaps
Fair value, beginning of period $35,246
 $13,706
 $(91,981) $17,781
 $(1,125,380) $(1,997)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)            
Included in earnings, net:            
Investment income, net of related expenses 10
 
 
 

 
 
Investment related gains (losses), net 
 
 49,078
 

 7,988
 
Interest credited 
 
 
 
 (20,104) 
Included in other comprehensive income 553
 48
 
 327
 
 
Other revenues 
 
 
 8,921
 
 (400)
Purchases(1)
 1,986
 
 
 

 (11,853) 
Sales(1)
 
 
 
 

 
 
Settlements(1)
 (32) (328) 
 

 19,225
 329
Transfers into Level 3 
 
 
 

 
 
Transfers out of Level 3 
 
 
 

 
 
Fair value, end of period $37,763
 $13,426
 $(42,903) $27,029
 $(1,130,124) $(2,068)
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period            
Included in earnings, net:            
Investment income, net of related expenses $10
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
Investment related gains (losses), net 
 
 49,078
 
 3,969
 
Other revenues 
 
 
 8,921
 
 (400)
Interest credited 
 
 
 
 (39,329) 
For the nine months ended September 30, 2016: Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale
  
Corporate
securities
 Canadian and Canadian provincial governments 
Residential
mortgage-
backed
securities
 
Asset-backed
securities
 
Commercial    
mortgage-
backed
securities
 
U.S. government
and agencies
Fair value, beginning of period $1,226,970
 $416,076
 $330,649
 $303,836
 $68,563
 $26,265
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)            
Included in earnings, net:            
Investment income, net of related expenses (1,986) 9,136
 (411) 599
 1,437
 (367)
Investment related gains (losses), net (3,939) 
 (1,922) 1,101
 (3,289) 
Interest credited 
 
 
 
 
 
Included in other comprehensive income 36,438
 148,407
 2,104
 (4,324) (2,453) 922
Other revenues 
 
 
 
 
 
Purchases(1)
 195,070
 
 99,776
 102,063
 1,545
 404
Sales(1)
 (36,803) 
 (167,684) (38,681) (25,976) 
Settlements(1)
 (141,065) 
 (31,839) (26,523) (138) (1,391)
Transfers into Level 3 10,206
 
 1,544
 53,081
 
 
Transfers out of Level 3 (28,987) 
 (41,524) (167,501) (2,182) 
Fair value, end of period $1,255,904
 $573,619
 $190,693
 $223,651
 $37,507
 $25,833
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period            
Included in earnings, net:            
Investment income, net of related expenses $(1,917) $9,136
 $2
 $523
 $1,335
 $(367)
Investment related gains (losses), net 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest credited 
 
 
 
 
 

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For the nine months ended September 30, 2016 (continued): 
Fixed maturity securities
available-for-sale
        
For the three months ended March 31, 2017 (continued): 
Fixed maturity securities
available-for-sale
          
 State
and political
subdivisions
 Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 
Funds withheld
at interest-
embedded
derivatives
 Other assets - longevity swaps Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives Other liabilities - mortality swaps State
and political
subdivisions
 Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises Short-term Investments 
Funds withheld
at interest-
embedded
derivatives
 Other assets - longevity swaps Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives Other liabilities - mortality swaps
Fair value, beginning of period $38,342
 $14,065
 $(76,698) $14,996
 $(1,070,584) $(2,619) $41,666
 $12,869
 $3,346
 $(22,529) $26,958
 $(990,308) $(2,462)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)                          
Included in earnings, net:                          
Investment income, net of related expenses 205
 
 
 
 
 
 (88) 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment related gains (losses), net 
 
 33,795
 
 (83,089) 
 
 
 
 68,702
 
 22,362
 
Interest credited 
 
 
 
 (20,730) 
 
 
 
 
 
 (16,402) 
Included in other comprehensive income 1,725
 336
 
 631
 
 
 (843) (191) 33
 
 347
 
 
Other revenues 
 
 
 11,402
 
 222
 
 
 
 
 1,865
 
 (395)
Purchases(1)
 1,986
 
 
 
 (9,817) 
 
 
 32
 
 
 (6,393) 
Sales(1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Settlements(1)
 (290) (975) 
 
 54,096
 329
 (33) (334) (135) 
 
 17,811
 
Transfers into Level 3 
 
 
 
 
 
Transfers out of Level 3 (4,205) 
 
 
 
 
 (6,844) 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair value, end of period $37,763
 $13,426
 $(42,903) $27,029
 $(1,130,124) $(2,068) $33,858
 $12,344

$3,276
 $46,173
 $29,170
 $(972,930) $(2,857)
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period                          
Included in earnings, net:                          
Investment income, net of related expenses $205
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $(88) $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
Investment related gains (losses), net 
 
 33,795
 
 (92,842) 
 
 
 
 68,702
 
 20,300
 
Other revenues 
 
 
 11,402
 
 222
 
 
 
 
 1,865
 
 (395)
Interest credited 
 
 
 
 (74,826) 
 
 
 
 
 
 (34,214) 

(1)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.


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The tables below provide a summary of the changes in fair value of Level 3 assets and liabilities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015March 31, 2016, as well as the portion of gains or losses included in income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015March 31, 2016 attributable to unrealized gains or losses related to those assets and liabilities still held at September 30, 2015March 31, 2016 (dollars in thousands):
For the three months ended September 30, 2015: Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale
For the three months ended March 31, 2016: Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale
 
Corporate
securities
 
Residential
mortgage-
backed
securities
 
Asset-backed
securities
 
Commercial    
mortgage-
backed
securities
 
U.S. government
and agencies
 State
and political
subdivisions
 
Corporate
securities
 Canadian and Canadian provincial governments 
Residential
mortgage-
backed
securities
 
Asset-backed
securities
 
Commercial    
mortgage-
backed
securities
 
U.S. government
and agencies
Fair value, beginning of period $1,237,317
 $298,376
 $580,510
 $77,819
 $27,359
 $40,186
 $1,226,970
 $416,076
 $330,649
 $303,836
 $68,563
 $26,265
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)                        
Included in earnings, net:                        
Investment income, net of related expenses (891) (378) 1,609
 896
 (92) 7
 (827) 3,002
 (487) 174
 643
 (123)
Investment related gains (losses), net (35) (143) 265
 (466) (37) (5) (21,868) 
 (31) 278
 (620) 
Claims & other policy benefits 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest credited 
 
 
 
 
 
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses 
 
 
 
 
 
Included in other comprehensive income (1,125) 829
 (3,924) (1,265) 200
 (1,164) 25,682
 68,305
 (4,332) (10,527) (2,812) 596
Purchases(1)
 66,137
 86,748
 57,120
 
 157
 
 67,596
 
 29,315
 37,271
 1,545
 113
Sales(1)
 
 (271) (174) (3,197) 
 
 (9,582) 
 (448) (8,500) (3,638) 
Settlements(1)
 (47,248) (12,263) (26,776) (1,144) (267) (30) (49,494) 
 (11,440) (3,725) (69) (971)
Transfers into Level 3 3,050
 453
 
 
 
 
 5,183
 
 38
 6,398
 
 
Transfers out of Level 3 (9,515) (3,684) (4,427) 
 
 
 
 
 (10,011) (39,985) (38) 
Fair value, end of period $1,247,690
 $369,667
 $604,203
 $72,643
 $27,320
 $38,994
 $1,243,660
 $487,383
 $333,253
 $285,220
 $63,574
 $25,880
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period                        
Included in earnings, net:                        
Investment income, net of related expenses $(841) $(378) $373
 $841
 $(92) $7
 $(820) $3,002
 $(488) $163
 $546
 $(123)
Investment related gains (losses), net 
 
 
 
 
 
 (21,726) 
 
 
 (657) 
Claims & other policy benefits 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest credited 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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For the three months ended September 30, 2015 (continued): 
Fixed maturity securities
available-for-sale
          
  Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 
Funds withheld
at interest-
embedded
derivatives
 Other invested assets - non-redeemable preferred stock Other assets longevity swaps Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives Other liabilities mortality swaps
Fair value, beginning of period $14,657
 $(3,329) $12,388
 $10,853
 $(1,069,154) $(1,754)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)            
Included in earnings, net:            
Investment income, net of related expenses 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment related gains (losses), net 
 (46,169) 
 
 (95,373) 
Claims & other policy benefits 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest credited 
 
 
 
 50,245
 
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses 
 
 
 
 
 
Included in other comprehensive income 273
 
 (396) 41
 
 
Other revenues 
 
 
 2,404
 
 (442)
Purchases(1)
 
 
 
 
 (9,333) 
Sales(1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Settlements(1)
 (316) 
 
 
 17,205
 
Transfers into Level 3 
 
 
 
 
 
Transfers out of Level 3 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair value, end of period $14,614
 $(49,498) $11,992
 $13,298
 $(1,106,410) $(2,196)
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period            
Included in earnings, net:            
Investment income, net of related expenses $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
Investment related gains (losses), net 
 (46,169) 
 
 (97,696) 
Other revenues 
 
 
 2,404
 
 (442)
Claims & other policy benefits 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest credited 
 
 
 
 33,040
 

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For the nine months ended September 30, 2015: Fixed maturity securities - available-for-sale
  
Corporate
securities
 
Residential
mortgage-
backed
securities
 
Asset-backed
securities
 
Commercial    
mortgage-
backed
securities
 
U.S. government
and agencies
 State
and political
subdivisions
Fair value, beginning of period $1,310,427
 $188,094
 $572,960
 $86,746
 $28,529
 $42,711
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)            
Included in earnings, net:            
Investment income, net of related expenses (2,745) (674) 4,539
 2,167
 1
 22
Investment related gains (losses), net (606) (208) 621
 (1,149) (154) (14)
Claims & other policy benefits 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest credited 
 
 
 
 
 
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses 
 
 
 
 
 
Included in other comprehensive income (11,958) 61
 (593) (1,961) (183) (2,619)
Purchases(1)
 180,019
 217,055
 142,292
 42
 432
 
Sales(1)
 (3,949) (985) (9,145) (6,153) 
 
Settlements(1)
 (210,544) (26,599) (94,649) (7,157) (1,305) (271)
Transfers into Level 3 3,463
 2,853
 9,055
 12,828
 
 
Transfers out of Level 3 (16,417) (9,930) (20,877) (12,720) 
 (835)
Fair value, end of period $1,247,690
 $369,667
 $604,203
 $72,643
 $27,320
 $38,994
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period            
Included in earnings, net:            
Investment income, net of related expenses $(2,641) $(675) $2,478
 $2,070
 $1
 $22
Investment related gains (losses), net 
 
 
 
 
 
Claims & other policy benefits 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest credited 
 
 
 
 
 

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For the nine months ended September 30, 2015 (continued): 
Fixed maturity securities
available-for-sale
          
For the three months ended March 31, 2016 (continued): 
Fixed maturity securities
available-for-sale
        
 Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 
Funds withheld
at interest-
embedded
derivatives
 Other invested assets - non-redeemable preferred stock Other assets longevity swaps Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives Other liabilities mortality swaps State
and political
subdivisions
 Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 
Funds withheld
at interest-
embedded
derivatives
 Other assets - longevity swaps Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives Other liabilities - mortality swaps
Fair value, beginning of period $19,663
 $22,094
 $7,904
 $7,727
 $(1,085,166) $(797) $38,342
 $14,065
 $(76,698) $14,996
 $(1,070,584) $(2,619)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)                        
Included in earnings, net:                        
Investment income, net of related expenses 
 
 
 
 
 
 183
 
 
 
 
 
Investment related gains (losses), net 
 (71,592) 
 
 (69,628) 
 
 
 (92,250) 
 (62,940) 
Claims & other policy benefits 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest credited 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,394
 
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses 
 
 
 
 28,999
 
Included in other comprehensive income 223
 
 (412) (565) 
 
 333
 193
 
 723
 
 
Other revenues 
 
 
 6,136
 
 (1,399) 
 
 
 87
 
 (424)
Purchases(1)
 
 
 4,529
 
 (34,901) 
 
 
 
 
 (2,668) 
Sales(1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Settlements(1)
 (939) 
 
 
 54,286
 
 (31) (322) 
 
 16,729
 
Transfers into Level 3 
 
 
 
 
 
Transfers out of Level 3 (4,333) 
 (29) 
 
 
 (4,203) 
 
 
 
 
Fair value, end of period $14,614
 $(49,498) $11,992
 $13,298
 $(1,106,410) $(2,196) $34,624
 $13,936
 $(168,948) $15,806
 $(1,118,069) $(3,043)
Unrealized gains and losses recorded in earnings for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period                        
Included in earnings, net:                        
Investment income, net of related expenses $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $183
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
Investment related gains (losses), net 
 (71,592) 
 
 (77,338) 
 
 
 (92,250) 
 (65,479) 
Other revenues 
 
 
 6,136
 
 (1,399) 
 
 
 87
 
 (424)
Claims & other policy benefits 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest credited 
 
 
 
 (25,288) 
 
 
 
 
 (15,335) 

(1)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

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Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company did not have any adjustments to its assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The following table presents information for assets measured at estimated fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the periods presented; they are subject to fair value adjustments only in certain circumstancesthree months ended March 31, 2016 and still held at the reporting date (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). The estimated fair values for these assets were determined using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).
 Carrying Value After Measurement Net Investment Gains (Losses)  
 At September 30, Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands) 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 
Carrying Value
After Measurement
 
Net Investment
Gains (Losses)
Mortgage loans(1)
 $6,913
 $11,750
 $747
 $67
 $45
 $106
 $9,663
 $(302)
Limited partnership interests(2)
 4,460
 12,550
 
 (924) (2,039) (5,433) 4,298
 (2,053)
 
(1)Mortgage loans — The impaired mortgage loans presented above were written down to their estimatedEstimated fair values at the date the impairments were recognized and are reported as losses above. Subsequent improvements in estimated fair value on previouslyfor impaired loans recorded through a reduction in the previously established valuation allowance are reported as gains above. Nonrecurring fair value adjustments on mortgage loans are based on internal valuation models using unobservable inputs or, if the fair valueloans are in foreclosure or are otherwise determined to be collateral dependent, are based on external appraisals of the underlying collateral or discounted cash flows.collateral.
(2)Limited partnership interests — The impaired limited partnership interests presented above were accounted for using the cost method. Impairments on these cost method investments were recognized at estimated fair value determined using the net asset values of the Company’s ownership interest as provided in the financial statements of the investees. The market for these investments has limited activity and price transparency.





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Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company is required by general accounting principles for Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures to disclose the fair value of certain financial instruments including those that are not carried at fair value. The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments, which were not measured at fair value on a recurring basis, at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 (dollars in thousands). This table excludes any payables or receivables for collateral under repurchase agreements and other transactions. The estimated fair value of the excluded amount approximates carrying value as they equal the amount of cash collateral received/paid.
September 30, 2016: Carrying Value     
Estimated 
Fair Value
 Fair Value Measurement Using:
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 NAV
Assets:            
Mortgage loans on real estate $3,607,700
 $3,787,558
 $
 $
 $3,787,558
 $
Policy loans 1,414,963
 1,414,963
 
 1,414,963
 
 
Funds withheld at interest(1)
 5,958,025
 6,417,638
 
 
 6,417,638
 
Cash and cash equivalents(2)
 956,236
 956,236
 956,236
 
 
 
Short-term investments(2)
 34,551
 34,551
 34,551
 
 
 
Other invested assets(2)
 441,792
 470,669
 13,932
 51,765
 119,301
 285,671
Accrued investment income 391,837
 391,837
 
 391,837
 
 
Liabilities:            
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities(1)
 $10,258,427
 $10,711,363
 $
 $
 $10,711,363
 $
Short-term debt 299,876
 305,181
 
 
 305,181
 
Long-term debt 2,788,834
 2,986,195
 
 
 2,986,195
 
Collateral finance and securitization notes 847,389
 752,494
 
 
 752,494
 
            
December 31, 2015: Carrying Value 
Estimated
Fair Value
 Fair Value Measurement Using:
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 NAV
March 31, 2017: Carrying Value     
Estimated 
Fair Value
 Fair Value Measurement Using:
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 NAV
Assets:                        
Mortgage loans on real estate $3,129,951
 $3,197,808
 $
 $
 $3,197,808
 $
 $3,871,309
 $3,909,506
 $
 $
 $3,909,506
 $
Policy loans 1,468,796
 1,468,796
 
 1,468,796
 
 
 1,402,940
 1,402,940
 
 1,402,940
 
 
Funds withheld at interest(1)
 5,956,380
 6,311,780
 
 
 6,311,780
 
 5,895,159
 6,202,931
 
 
 6,202,931
 
Cash and cash equivalents(2)
 1,118,754
 1,118,754
 1,118,754
 
 
 
 810,552
 810,552
 810,552
 
 
 
Short-term investments(2)
 27,511
 27,511
 27,511
 
 
 
 29,359
 29,359
 29,359
 
 
 
Other invested assets(2)
 399,799
 444,342
 4,445
 34,886
 111,412
 293,599
 523,365
 555,707
 26,802
 60,492
 167,947
 300,466
Accrued investment income 339,452
 339,452
 
 339,452
 
 
 360,225
 360,225
 
 360,225
 
 
Liabilities:                        
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities(1)
 $9,746,870
 $9,841,576
 $
 $
 $9,841,576
 $
 $10,279,136
 $10,237,636
 $
 $
 $10,237,636
 $
Long-term debt 2,297,548
 2,415,119
 
 
 2,415,119
 
 2,788,619
 2,964,610
 
 
 2,964,610
 
Collateral finance and securitization notes 899,161
 791,275
 
 
 791,275
 
 825,526
 732,353
 
 
 732,353
 
            
            
December 31, 2016: Carrying Value 
Estimated
Fair Value
 Fair Value Measurement Using:
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 NAV
Assets:            
Mortgage loans on real estate $3,775,522
 $3,786,987
 $
 $
 $3,786,987
 $
Policy loans 1,427,602
 1,427,602
 
 1,427,602
 
 
Funds withheld at interest(1)
 5,893,381
 6,193,166
 
 
 6,193,166
 
Cash and cash equivalents(2)
 862,117
 862,117
 862,117
 
 
 
Short-term investments(2)
 32,469
 32,469
 32,469
 
 
 
Other invested assets(2)
 477,132
 510,640
 26,294
 55,669
 131,904
 296,773
Accrued investment income 347,173
 347,173
 
 347,173
 
 
Liabilities:            
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities(1)
 $10,225,099
 $10,234,544
 $
 $
 $10,234,544
 $
Long-term debt 3,088,635
 3,186,173
 
 
 3,186,173
 
Collateral finance and securitization notes 840,700
 745,805
 
 
 745,805
 
 

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(1)Carrying values presented herein differ from those presented in the condensed consolidated balance sheets because certain items within the respective financial statement caption are embedded derivatives and are measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
(2)Carrying values presented herein differ from those presented in the condensed consolidated balance sheets because certain items within the respective financial statement caption are measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
Mortgage Loans on Real Estate – The fair value of mortgage loans on real estate is estimated by discounting cash flows, both principal and interest, using current interest rates for mortgage loans with similar credit ratings and similar remaining maturities. As such, inputs include current treasury yields and spreads, which are based on the credit rating and average life of the loan, corresponding to the market spreads. The valuation of mortgage loans on real estate is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
Policy Loans – Policy loans typically carry an interest rate that is adjusted annually based on an observable market index and therefore carrying value approximates fair value. The valuation of policy loans is considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

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Table of Contents


Funds Withheld at Interest – The carrying value of funds withheld at interest approximates fair value except where the funds withheld are specifically identified in the agreement. When funds withheld are specifically identified in the agreement, the fair value is based on the fair value of the underlying assets which are held by the ceding company. Ceding companies use a variety of sources and pricing methodologies, which are not transparent to the Company and may include significant unobservable inputs, to value the securities that are held in distinct portfolios, therefore the valuation of these funds withheld assets are considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Short-term Investments – The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments approximates fair values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments and are considered Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.
Other Invested Assets – This primarily includes limited partnership interests accounted for using the cost method, structured loans, FHLB common stock, cash collateral and equity release mortgages. The fair value of limited partnership interests and other investments accounted for using the cost method is determined using the net asset value ("NAV"(“NAV”) of the Company’s ownership interest as provided in the financial statements of the investees. The fair value of structured loans is estimated based on a discounted cash flow analysis using discount rates applicable to each structured loan, this is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the Company’s common stock investment in the FHLB is considered to be the carrying value and it is considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the Company'sCompany’s cash collateral is considered to be the carrying value and considered to be Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the Company’s equity release mortgage loan portfolio, considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, is estimated by discounting cash flows, both principal and interest, using a risk free rate plus an illiquidity premium. The cash flow analysis considers future expenses, changes in property prices, and actuarial analysis of borrower behavior, mortality and morbidity.
Accrued Investment Income – The carrying value for accrued investment income approximates fair value as there are no adjustments made to the carrying value. This is considered Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
Interest-Sensitive Contract Liabilities – The carrying and fair values of interest-sensitive contract liabilities reflected in the table above exclude contracts with significant mortality risk. The fair value of the Company’s interest-sensitive contract liabilities utilizes a market standard technique with both capital market inputs and policyholder behavior assumptions, as well as cash values adjusted for recapture fees. The capital market inputs to the model, such as interest rates, are generally observable. Policyholder behavior assumptions are generally not observable and may require use of significant management judgment. The valuation of interest-sensitive contract liabilities is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
Short- and Long-term Debt/Collateral Finance and Securitization Notes – The fair value of the Company’s short- and long-term debt, and collateral finance and securitization notes is generally estimated by discounting future cash flows using market rates currently available for debt with similar remaining maturities and reflecting the credit risk of the Company, including inputs when available, from actively traded debt of the Company or other companies with similar credit quality. The valuation of short- and long-term debt, and collateral finance and securitization notes are generally obtained from brokers and is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The Company's short-term debt represents the portion of long-term debt maturing within one year.
 

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7.Segment Information
The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements accompanying the 20152016 Annual Report. The Company measures segment performance primarily based on profit or loss from operations before income taxes. There are no intersegment reinsurance transactions and the Company does not have any material long-lived assets. Investment income is allocated to the segments based upon average assets and related capital levels deemed appropriate to support the segment business volumes.
The Company allocates capital to its segments based on an internally developed economic capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model considers the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in the Company’s businesses. As a result of the economic capital allocation process, a portion of investment income is attributed to the segments based on the level of allocated capital. In addition, the segments are charged for excess capital utilized above the allocated economic capital basis. This charge is included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses.
The Company’s reportable segmentsCompany has geographic-based and business-based operational segments. Geographic-based operations are strategic business units that are primarily segregated by geographic region.further segmented into traditional and financial solutions businesses. Information related to revenues, income (loss) before income taxes and total assets of the Company for each reportable segment are summarized below (dollars in thousands).
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,Three months ended March 31,
Revenues: 2016 2015 2016 20152017 2016
U.S. and Latin America:           
Traditional $1,444,917
 $1,312,638
 $4,339,737
 $3,910,176
$1,488,503
 $1,400,817
Non-Traditional 276,135
 87,099
 620,117
 471,547
Financial Solutions298,846
 38,905
Total 1,721,052
 1,399,737
 4,959,854
 4,381,723
1,787,349
 1,439,722
Canada:           
Traditional 280,959
 241,438
 827,871
 776,532
264,275
 258,000
Non-Traditional 12,359
 11,040
 34,897
 34,372
Financial Solutions11,807
 10,684
Total 293,318
 252,478
 862,768
 810,904
276,082
 268,684
Europe, Middle East and Africa:           
Traditional 289,070
 284,350
 880,346
 863,774
318,086
 289,634
Non-Traditional 99,752
 69,238
 248,485
 199,922
Financial Solutions79,989
 67,756
Total 388,822
 353,588
 1,128,831
 1,063,696
398,075
 357,390
Asia Pacific:           
Traditional 427,647
 421,970
 1,299,417
 1,227,159
505,230
 394,199
Non-Traditional 19,037
 11,420
 56,153
 38,066
Financial Solutions20,452
 20,071
Total 446,684
 433,390
 1,355,570
 1,265,225
525,682
 414,270
Corporate and Other 50,701
 (559) 145,190
 68,039
21,552
 32,502
Total $2,900,577
 $2,438,634
 $8,452,213
 $7,589,587
$3,008,740
 $2,512,568
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, Three months ended March 31,
Income (loss) before income taxes: 2016 2015 2016 2015 2017 2016
U.S. and Latin America:            
Traditional $77,081
 $55,652
 $239,609
 $156,288
 $29,960
 $51,098
Non-Traditional 102,714
 36,255
 196,672
 161,153
Financial Solutions 103,586
 (14,896)
Total 179,795
 91,907
 436,281
 317,441
 133,546
 36,202
Canada:            
Traditional 34,275
 34,072
 97,679
 79,535
 19,328
 20,095
Non-Traditional 1,160
 3,257
 3,880
 10,482
Financial Solutions 3,592
 592
Total 35,435
 37,329
 101,559
 90,017
 22,920
 20,687
Europe, Middle East and Africa:            
Traditional 8,515
 15,910
 14,233
 35,551
 13,976
 (1,116)
Non-Traditional 43,786
 29,234
 96,679
 80,300
Financial Solutions 31,918
 25,424
Total 52,301
 45,144
 110,912
 115,851
 45,894
 24,308
Asia Pacific:            
Traditional 19,822
 11,276
 95,464
 68,239
 41,688
 41,160
Non-Traditional 7,549
 5,412
 16,029
 14,152
Financial Solutions 5,872
 8,553
Total 27,371
 16,688
 111,493
 82,391
 47,560
 49,713
Corporate and Other (7,302) (50,931) (11,842) (67,648) (42,076) (23,330)
Total $287,600
 $140,137
 $748,403
 $538,052
 $207,844
 $107,580

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Assets: September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
U.S. and Latin America:        
Traditional $17,883,476
 $16,554,509
 $18,237,867
 $18,140,825
Non-Traditional 14,094,435
 13,405,878
Financial Solutions 13,715,786
 13,712,106
Total 31,977,911
 29,960,387
 31,953,653
 31,852,931
Canada:        
Traditional 3,820,039
 3,604,344
 3,843,409
 3,846,682
Non-Traditional 84,287
 27,543
Financial Solutions 83,533
 85,405
Total 3,904,326
 3,631,887
 3,926,942
 3,932,087
Europe, Middle East and Africa:        
Traditional 2,703,577
 2,757,593
 2,670,923
 2,559,124
Non-Traditional 4,127,806
 4,162,703
Financial Solutions 3,908,594
 3,876,131
Total 6,831,383
 6,920,296
 6,579,517
 6,435,255
Asia Pacific:        
Traditional 4,010,298
 3,227,530
 4,267,498
 3,968,081
Non-Traditional 748,822
 742,528
Financial Solutions 686,523
 676,281
Total 4,759,120
 3,970,058
 4,954,021
 4,644,362
Corporate and Other 7,359,758
 5,900,524
 6,391,687
 6,233,244
Total $54,832,498
 $50,383,152
 $53,805,820
 $53,097,879
 
8.Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees
Commitments
Funding of Investments
The Company'sCompany’s commitments to fund investments as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 are presented in the following table (dollars in thousands):
 September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures$318,932
 $263,163
Commercial mortgage loans143,870
 86,325
Bank loans50,986
 48,686
Equity release mortgages51,671
 8,504
Private placements8,969
 
 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
Limited partnership interests and real estate joint ventures$360,498
 $332,169
Commercial mortgage loans170,890
 126,248
Bank loans and private placements67,994
 58,318
Equity release mortgages100,158
 130,324
The Company anticipates that the majority of its current commitments will be invested over the next five years; however, these commitments could become due any time at the request of the counterparties. Investments in limited partnershipspartnership interests and real estate joint ventures and private placements are carried at cost or reported using the equity method and included in other invested assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Bank loans and private placements are carried at fair value and included in fixed maturity securities available-for-sale. Equity release mortgages are carried at unpaid principal balances, net of any amortized premium or discount and valuation allowance and included in other invested assets.
Contingencies
Litigation
The Company is subject to litigation in the normal course of its business. The Company currently has no material litigation. A legal reserve is established when the Company is notified of an arbitration demand or litigation or is notified that an arbitration demand or litigation is imminent, it is probable that the Company will incur a loss as a result and the amount of the probable loss is reasonably capable of being estimated.
Other Contingencies
The Company indemnifies its directors and officers as provided in its charters and by-laws. Since this indemnity generally is not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount due under this indemnity in the future.
Guarantees
Statutory Reserve Support
RGA, through wholly-owned subsidiaries, has committed to provide statutory reserve support to third parties, in exchange for a fee, by funding loans if certain defined events occur. Such statutory reserves are required under the U.S. Valuation of Life Policies Model Regulation (commonly referred to as Regulation XXX for term life insurance policies and Regulation A-XXX for universal life secondary guarantees). The third parties have recourse to RGA should the subsidiary fail to provide the required funding,

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however, as of September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, the Company does not believe that it will be required to provide any funding under these commitments as the occurrence of the defined events is considered remote. The following table presents the maximum potential obligation for these commitments as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 (dollars in millions):
Commitment Period:September 30, 2016
Commitment PeriodMaximum Potential Obligation
2023$500.0
$500.0
2033950.0
450.0
20343,000.0
2,000.0
20351,314.2
1,314.2
20361,432.0
2,932.0
20371,750.0
Other Guarantees
RGA has issued guarantees to third parties on behalf of its subsidiaries for the payment of amounts due under certain securities borrowing arrangements, financing arrangements and office lease obligations, whereby, if a subsidiary fails to meet an obligation, RGA or one of its other subsidiaries will make a payment to fulfill the obligation. Additionally, in limited circumstances, treaty guarantees are granted to ceding companies in order to provide them additional security, particularly in cases where RGA’s subsidiary is relatively new, unrated, or not of a significant size, relative to the ceding company. Liabilities supported by the treaty guarantees, before consideration for any legally offsetting amounts due from the guaranteed party are reflected on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets in future policy benefits. Potential guaranteed amounts of future payments will vary depending on production levels and underwriting results. Guarantees related to borrowed securities provide additional security to third parties should a subsidiary fail to return the borrowed securities when due. RGA’s guarantees issued as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 are reflected in the following table (dollars in thousands):
September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
Treaty guarantees$782,812
 $765,505
$950,809
 $902,216
Treaty guarantees, net of assets in trust654,215
 634,909
822,680
 780,786
Borrowed securities267,360
 259,540
190,090
 263,820
Financing arrangements131,431
 100,000
114,064
 119,073
Lease obligations2,792
 5,217
2,238
 2,428
9.Income Tax
Provision for income tax expense differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax statutory rate of 35% to pre-tax income as a result of the following for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016 and 2015 (dollars in thousands):
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, Three months ended March 31,
 2016 2015 2016 2015 2017 2016
Tax provision at U.S. statutory rate $100,660
 $49,048
 $261,941
 $188,318
 $72,745
 $37,653
Increase (decrease) in income taxes resulting from:            
Foreign tax rate differing from U.S. tax rate (2,335) (96) (14,617) (5,685) (6,153) (3,884)
Differences in tax bases in foreign jurisdictions (7,078) (16,221) (21,567) (29,822) (3,383) (8,935)
Deferred tax valuation allowance 4,411
 10,239
 13,698
 21,997
 1,182
 4,999
Amounts related to tax audit contingencies (3,979) (2,580) (175) (675) 611
 602
Corporate rate changes 
 
 
 58
 (1,237) (65)
Subpart F 1,779
 12,188
 3,212
 30,074
 186
 696
Foreign tax credits (1,934) (1,106) (2,655) (4,554) (126) (293)
Return to provision adjustments (1,996) 3,747
 (2,227) (1,774) 229
 125
Equity compensation excess benefit (1,856) 
Other, net (647) 1,384
 (501) 1,076
 134
 210
Total provision for income taxes $88,881
 $56,603
 $237,109
 $199,013
 $62,332
 $31,108
Effective tax rate 30.9% 40.4% 31.7% 37.0% 30.0% 28.9%
The third quarter of 2016 effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was lower than the U.S. Statutory rate of 35.0% primarily as a result of effectively settling uncertainincome in non-U.S. jurisdictions with lower tax positions duringrates than the quarterU.S., and adjustmentsthe impact of adopting newly-effective accounting guidance related to the filingstock compensation as of January 1, 2017. As a result of the U.S. Federal Incomeadoption, the excess tax return.benefits related to share-

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based awards are now recorded in income tax expense rather than deferred tax liabilities. See Note 12 - “New Accounting Standards” for additional information. The first nine months of 2016 effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2016 was lower than the U.S. Statutory rate of 35.0% primarily as a result of tax benefits

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from income in non-U.S. jurisdictions with lower tax rates than the U.S. The third quarter and first nine months effective tax rates were further reduced by differences in tax bases in foreign jurisdictions.
The third quarter and first nine months of 2015 effective tax rates were higher than the U.S. Statutory rate of 35.0% primarily as a result of a tax accrual related to the Active Financing Exception business extender provision that the U.S. Congress did not pass prior to the end of the quarter and a loss in Australia which has a lower tax rate than the U.S. The higher rate was partially offset by tax benefits associated with claims experience on certain treaties and income in other jurisdictions with rates lower than the U.S.
10.    Employee Benefit Plans
The components of net periodic benefit costs, included in other operating expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of income, for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016 and 2015 were as follows (dollars in thousands):
  Pension Benefits Other Benefits
  Three months ended September 30, Three months ended September 30,
  2016 2015 2016 2015
Service cost $2,479
 $2,307
 $131
 $1,868
Interest cost 1,168
 1,262
 408
 947
Expected return on plan assets (1,285) (1,224) 
 
Amortization of prior service cost 76
 82
 (467) 
Amortization of prior actuarial loss 1,040
 636
 137
 1,319
Net periodic benefit cost $3,478
 $3,063
 $209
 $4,134
 Pension Benefits Other Benefits Pension Benefits Other Benefits
 Nine months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, Three months ended March 31, Three months ended March 31,
 2016 2015 2016 2015 2017 2016 2017 2016
Service cost $7,437
 $6,923
 $2,162
 $3,046
 $2,580
 $2,306
 $721
 $1,016
Interest cost 3,503
 3,788
 1,694
 1,929
 1,198
 1,259
 565
 643
Expected return on plan assets (3,854) (3,673) 
 
 (1,285) (1,224) 
 
Amortization of prior service cost 229
 245
 (467) 
 74
 78
 (156) 
Amortization of prior actuarial loss 3,121
 1,908
 1,370
 1,849
 1,081
 857
 457
 616
Settlements 257
 
 
 
Net periodic benefit cost $10,436
 $9,191
 $4,759
 $6,824
 $3,905
 $3,276
 $1,587
 $2,275
The Company has made $8.0 million inno pension contributions during the first ninethree months of 20162017, and expects to make total pension contributions between $8.0$5.0 million and $10.0 million in 2016.2017.
11.Equity Based Compensation
Equity compensation expense was $8.3 million and $5.7 million in the third quarter of 2016 and 2015, respectively. In the first quarter of 2016, the Company granted 0.3 million stock appreciation rights at $93.53 weighted average exercise price per share and 0.2 million performance contingent units to employees. Additionally, non-employee directors were granted a total of 8,908 shares of common stock. As of September 30, 2016, 1.6 million share options at a weighted average strike price per share of $56.55 were vested and exercisable, with a remaining weighted average exercise period of 4.7 years. As of September 30, 2016, the total compensation cost of non-vested awards not yet recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements was $33.4 million. It is estimated that these costs will vest over a weighted average period of 1.9 years.
12.Reinsurance
The Company generally reports retrocession activity on a gross basis. Amounts paid or deemed to have been paid for reinsurance are reflected in reinsurance ceded receivables. The cost of reinsurance related to long-duration contracts is recognized over the terms of the reinsured policies on a basis consistent with the reporting of those policies.
Retrocession reinsurance treaties do not relieve the Company from its obligations to direct writing companies. Failure of retrocessionaires to honor their obligations could result in losses to the Company. Consequently, allowances would be established for amounts deemed uncollectible. At September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015,2016, no allowances were deemed necessary. The Company regularly evaluates the financial condition of the insurance companies from which it assumes and to which it cedes reinsurance.
Retrocessions are arranged through the Company’s retrocession pools for amounts in excess of the Company’s retention limit. As of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015,2016, all rated retrocession pool participants followed by the A.M. Best Company were rated “A- (excellent)” or better. The Company verifies retrocession pool participants’ ratings on a quarterly basis. For a majority of the retrocessionaires that were not rated, security in the form of letters of credit or trust assets has been posted. In addition, the

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Company performs annual financial reviews of its retrocessionaires to evaluate financial stability and performance. In addition to its third party retrocessionaires, various RGA reinsurance subsidiaries retrocede amounts in excess of their retention to affiliated subsidiaries.
The following table presents information for the Company'sCompany’s reinsurance ceded receivable assets, including the respective amount and A.M. Best rating for each reinsurer representing in excess of five percent of the total as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 (dollars in thousands):
 September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
Reinsurer A.M. Best Rating Amount % of Total Amount % of Total A.M. Best Rating Amount % of Total Amount % of Total
Reinsurer A A+ $242,364
 34.9% $199,479
 31.3% A+ $273,387
 35.9% $240,894
 35.2%
Reinsurer B A+ 189,424
 27.3
 179,522
 28.1
 A+ 187,880
 24.7
 183,881
 26.9
Reinsurer C A+ 69,819
 10.0
 72,836
 11.4
 A+ 72,191
 9.5
 68,832
 10.1
Reinsurer D A 37,634
 5.4
 37,138
 5.8
 A++ 45,327
 6.0
 36,202
 5.3
Reinsurer E A++ 34,387
 4.9
 41,807
 6.6
 A 41,797
 5.5
 35,484
 5.2
Other reinsurers 121,278
 17.5
 107,077
 16.8
 140,133
 18.4
 118,679
 17.3
Total $694,906
 100.0% $637,859
 100.0% $760,715
 100.0% $683,972
 100.0%
Included in the total reinsurance ceded receivables balance were $267.4$278.4 million and $233.7$242.0 million of claims recoverable, of which $3.5$4.4 million and $2.0$4.0 million were in excess of 90 days past due, as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015,2016, respectively.

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13.Financing Activities
Table of Contents

In June 2016, RGA issued 3.95% Senior Notes due September 15, 2026 with a face amount of $400.0 million and 5.75% Fixed-To-Floating Rate Subordinated Debentures due June 15, 2056 with a face amount of $400.0 million. These securities have been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The net proceeds from these offerings were approximately $791.0 million and will be used in part to repay upon maturity the Company’s $300.0 million 5.625% Senior Notes that mature in March 2017. The remainder will be used for general corporate purposes. Capitalized issue costs were approximately $9.0 million.

14.12.New Accounting Standards
Changes to the general accounting principles are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"(“FASB”) in the form of accounting standards updates to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification™. Accounting standards updates not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.
Adoption of New Accounting Standards
Transfers and ServicingStock Compensation

In June 2014,March 2016, the FASB amendedupdated the general accounting principlesprincipal for TransfersStock Compensation which changed how companies account for certain aspects of share-based payment awards to employees. The updated guidance requires excess tax benefits and Servicing as it relates todeficiencies from share-based payment awards be recorded in income tax expense in the income statement. Previously, excess tax benefits and deficiencies were recognized in shareholders’ equity or deferred taxes on the balance sheet depending on the tax situation of the Company. In addition, the updated guidance also changes the accounting for repurchase-to-maturity transactions, repurchase financings,forfeitures and disclosures. This amendment requires entities to account for repurchase-to-maturity transactionsstatutory tax withholding requirements, as secured borrowings, eliminates guidance on linked repurchase financing transactions, and expands disclosure requirements related to certain transfers of financial assets that are accounted forwell as sales and certain transfers accounted for as secured borrowings. These amendments are effective for annual years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2014. Certain interim period disclosures for repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions were not required until the second quarter of 2015. The adoption of this amendment did not have an impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements other than the addition of the required disclosures. The Company adopted these amendments and the required disclosures are provided in Note 4 "Investments."
Business Combinations
In September 2015, the FASB amended the general accounting principles for Business Combinations as it relates to measurement period adjustments. This amendment requires that an acquirer recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined, including the cumulative effect of the change in provisional amount as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. The adjustments related to previous reporting periods since the acquisition date must be disclosed by income statement line item either on the face of the income statement or in the notes. The Company adopted this amendment during the three months ended September 30, 2015. Accordingly, the Company applied the amendments in this update to the measurement period adjustments made during the three months ended September 30, 2015 with no material effect on previous-period or current-period earnings.


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Debt Issuance Costs
In April 2015, the FASB issued accounting guidance, “Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs” which requires capitalized debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presentedclassification in the statement of financial position ascash flows. The new standard generally requires a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt. This standard is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015, with early adoption permitted for financial statements not yet issued. The Company elected to adopt this standardmodified retrospective transition through a cumulative-effect adjustment as of December 31, 2015,the beginning of the period of adoption, with certain provisions requiring either a prospective or retrospective application to all balance sheets presented.
Fair Value Measurement
In May 2015, the FASB issued amended guidance on the disclosures for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value ("NAV") per share (or its equivalent). The amendments remove the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy all investments for which fair value is measured using the NAV per share practical expedient. The amendments also remove the requirement to make certain disclosures for all investments that are eligible to be measured at fair value using the NAV per share practical expedient. Rather, those disclosures are limited to investments for which the entity has elected to measure the fair value using that practical expedient. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015 and for interim periods within those years. Early application is permitted.transition. The Company adopted the new guidance on January 1, 2017. Upon adoption, the Company recognized excess tax benefits of approximately $17.7 million in deferred tax assets that were previously not recognized in a cumulative-effect adjustment increasing retained earnings by $17.7 million. The Company also recorded a tax benefit associated with the excess tax benefits of approximately $1.9 million in the provision for income taxes for the yearthree-month period ended DecemberMarch 31, 2015 and applied2017. The number of weighted average diluted shares outstanding were also adjusted to exclude excess tax benefits from the guidance retrospectively. Adoptionassumed proceeds in the diluted shares calculation resulting in an immaterial increase in the number of dilutive shares outstanding. The Company also elected to continue estimating forfeitures for purposes of recognizing share-based compensation. Other aspects of the adoption of the updated guidance did not have a material impact onto the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.
Future Adoption of New Accounting Standards
Financial Services - Insurance
In May 2015, the FASB amended the general accounting principle for Financial Services - Insurance which expanded the breadth of disclosures that an insurance entity must provide about its short-duration insurance contracts. This amendment requires insurance entities to disclose for annual reporting periods information about the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses. The amendment also requires insurance entities to disclose information about significant changes in methodologies and assumptions used to calculate the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses, including reasons for the change and the effects on the financial statements. In addition, the amendment requires insurance entities to disclose for annual and interim reporting periods a roll-forward of the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses. This amendment focuses only on disclosure; it does not change the accounting model for short-duration contracts. The update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The new guidance should be applied retrospectively by providing comparative disclosures for each period presented, except for those requirements that apply only to the current period. The adoption of this amendment is not expected to have an impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements other than the addition of the required disclosures.
Financial Instruments
In January 2016, the FASB amended the general accounting principle for Financial Instruments,, effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. The amendment revises the accounting related to (1) the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities, (2) the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities measured at fair value, (3) certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments. The new guidance should be applied by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The amendments related to equity securities without readily determinable fair values (including disclosure requirements) should be applied prospectively to equity investments that exist as of the date of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its condensed consolidated financial statements.
In June 2016, the FASB amended the existing impairment guidance of Financial Instruments.Instruments. The amendment adds to U.S. GAAP an impairment model, known as current expected credit loss ("CECL"(“CECL”) model that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. For traditional and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, loans and other instruments entities will be required to use the new forward-looking "expected loss"“expected loss” model that generally will result in earlier recognition of allowance for losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will measure credit losses similar to what they do today, except the losses will be recognized as allowances rather than reduction to the amortized cost of the securities. This guidance is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The guidance will be adopted through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective (that is, a modified-retrospective approach). The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its condensed consolidated financial statements.
Leases
In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance which will replace most existing lease accounting guidance. The new standard, based on the principle that entities should recognize assets and liabilities arising from leases, does not significantly change the lessees’ recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses and cash flows from the previous accounting standard. Leases are classified

48



as finance or operating. The new standard'sstandard’s primary change is the requirement for entities to recognize a lease liability for payments and a right of use asset representing the right to use the leased asset during the term of operating lease arrangements. Lessees are permitted to make an accounting policy election to not recognize the asset and liability for leases with a term of twelve months or less. Lessors’ accounting is largely unchanged from the previous accounting standard. In addition, the new standard expands the disclosure requirements of lease arrangements. Lessees and lessors will use a modified retrospective transition approach, which

42



includes a number of practical expedients. This guidance is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal yearsyear beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its condensed consolidated financial statements.
Stock Compensation
In March 2016, the FASB updated the general accounting principal for Stock Compensation. This update was issued as part of the FASB’s simplification initiative and affects all entities that issue share-based payment awards to their employees. The amendments in this update cover such areas as the recognition of excess tax benefits and deficiencies, the classification of those excess tax benefits on the statement of cash flows, an accounting policy election for forfeitures, the amount an employer can withhold to cover income taxes and still qualify for equity classification and the classification of those taxes paid on the statement of cash flows. This update is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016. This guidance will be applied either prospectively, retrospectively or using a modified retrospective transition method, depending on the area covered in this update. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its condensed consolidated financial statements.
Income Taxes
In October 2016, the FASB amended the general accounting principal for Income Taxes, effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The amendment requires entities to recognize the tax consequences of intercompany asset transfers, except for inventory, at the transaction date. Current U.S. GAAP prohibits entities from recognizing the income tax consequences from intercompany asset transfers. The seller defers any net tax effect, and the buyer is prohibited from recognizing a deferred tax asset on the difference between the newly created tax basis of the asset in its tax jurisdiction and its financial statement carrying amount as reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements. The amendment requires entities to recognize these tax consequences in the period in which the transfer occurred. There will be an immediate effect on earnings if the tax rates in the seller’s and buyer’s tax jurisdictions are different. This amendment will be applied using a modified retrospective transition method with a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its condensed consolidated financial statements.



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ITEM 2.        MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking and Cautionary Statements
This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 including, among others, statements relating to projections of the strategies, earnings, revenues, income or loss, ratios, future financial performance, and growth potential of the Company. The words “intend,” “expect,” “project,” “estimate,” “predict,” “anticipate,” “should,” “believe,” and other similar expressions also are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified. Future events and actual results, performance, and achievements could differ materially from those set forth in, contemplated by, or underlying the forward-looking statements.
Numerous important factors could cause actual results and events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements including, without limitation, (1) adverse capital and credit market conditions and their impact on the Company’s liquidity, access to capital and cost of capital, (2) the impairment of other financial institutions and its effect on the Company’s business, (3) requirements to post collateral or make payments due to declines in market value of assets subject to the Company’s collateral arrangements, (4) the fact that the determination of allowances and impairments taken on the Company’s investments is highly subjective, (5) adverse changes in mortality, morbidity, lapsation or claims experience, (6) changes in the Company’s financial strength and credit ratings and the effect of such changes on the Company’s future results of operations and financial condition, (7) inadequate risk analysis and underwriting, (8) general economic conditions or a prolonged economic downturn affecting the demand for insurance and reinsurance in the Company’s current and planned markets, (9) the availability and cost of collateral necessary for regulatory reserves and capital, (10) market or economic conditions that adversely affect the value of the Company’s investment securities or result in the impairment of all or a portion of the value of certain of the Company’s investment securities, that in turn could affect regulatory capital, (11) market or economic conditions that adversely affect the Company’s ability to make timely sales of investment securities, (12) risks inherent in the Company’s risk management and investment strategy, including changes in investment portfolio yields due to interest rate or credit quality changes, (13) fluctuations in U.S. or foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, or securities and real estate markets, (14) adverse litigation or arbitration results, (15) the adequacy of reserves, resources and accurate information relating to settlements, awards and terminated and discontinued lines of business, (16) the stability of and actions by governments and economies in the markets in which the Company operates, including ongoing uncertainties regarding the amount of United StatesU.S. sovereign debt and the credit ratings thereof, (17) competitive factors and competitors’ responses to the Company’s initiatives, (18) the success of the Company’s clients, (19) successful execution of the Company’s entry into new markets, (20) successful development and introduction of new products and distribution opportunities, (21) the Company’s ability to successfully integrate acquired blocks of business and entities, (22) action by regulators who have authority over the Company’s reinsurance operations in the jurisdictions in which it operates, (23) the Company’s dependence on third parties, including those insurance companies and reinsurers to which the Company cedes some reinsurance, third-party investment managers and others, (24) the threat of natural disasters, catastrophes, terrorist attacks, epidemics or pandemics anywhere in the world where the Company or its clients do business, (25) interruption or failure of the Company'sCompany’s telecommunication, information technology or other operational systems, or the Company'sCompany’s failure to maintain adequate security to protect the confidentiality or privacy of personal or sensitive data stored on such systems, (26) changes in laws, regulations, and accounting standards applicable to the Company, its subsidiaries, or its business, (27) the effect of the Company’s status as an insurance holding company and regulatory restrictions on its ability to pay principal of and interest on its debt obligations, and (28) other risks and uncertainties described in this document and in the Company’s other filings with the SEC.
Forward-looking statements should be evaluated together with the many risks and uncertainties that affect the Company’s business, including those mentioned in this document and the cautionary statements described in the periodic reports the Company files with the SEC. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. The Company does not undertake any obligations to update these forward-looking statements, even though the Company’s situation may change in the future. The Company qualifies all of its forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. For a discussion of these risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements, you are advised to see Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in the 20152016 Annual Report, as updated by Part II, Item 1A - “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016.Report.
Overview
RGA is an insurance holding company that was formed on December 31, 1992. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the assets, liabilities and results of operations of RGA and its subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned (collectively, the Company).
The Company providesis one of the leading life reinsurers in North America based on premiums and the amount of life reinsurance in force, providing traditional reinsurance and non-traditional reinsurancefinancial solutions to its clients. Traditional reinsurance includes individual and group life and health, disability, and critical illness reinsurance. Non-traditional reinsuranceFinancial solutions includes longevity reinsurance, asset-intensive reinsurance, and financial reinsurance.

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The Company derives revenues primarily from renewal premiums from existing reinsurance treaties, new business premiums from existing or new reinsurance treaties, fee income from non-traditional reinsurancefinancial solutions business and income earned on invested assets.
Historically, the Company’s primary business has been traditional life reinsurance, which involves reinsuring life insurance policies that are often in force for the remaining lifetime of the underlying individuals insured, with premiums earned typically over a

44



period of 10 to 30 years. Each year, however, a portion of the business under existing treaties terminates due to, among other things, lapses or voluntary surrenders of underlying policies, deaths of insureds, and the exercise of recapture options by ceding companies. The Company has expanded its non-traditional reinsurancefinancial solutions business, including significant asset-intensive or annuity, transactions, which allow its clients to take advantage of growth opportunities and manage their capital, longevity and investment risk.
The Company’s long-term profitability largely depends on the volume and amount of death- and health-related claims incurred and the ability to adequately price the risks it assumes. While death claims are reasonably predictable over a period of many years, claims become less predictable over shorter periods and are subject to significant fluctuation from quarter to quarter and year to year. Additionally, the Company generates profits on investment spreads associated with the reinsurance of investment type contracts and generates fees from financial reinsurance transactions which are typically shorter duration than its traditional life reinsurance business. The Company believes its sources of liquidity are sufficient to cover potential claims payments on both a short-term and long-term basis.
As is customary in the reinsurance business, clients continually update, refine, and revise reinsurance information provided to the Company. Such revised information is used by the Company in preparation of its condensed consolidated financial statements and the financial effects resulting from the incorporation of revised data are reflected in the current period.
The Company’s long-term profitability primarily depends on the volume and amount of death and health-related claims incurred and the ability to adequately price the risks it assumes. While death claims are reasonably predictable over a period of many years, claims become less predictable over shorter periods and are subject to significant fluctuation from quarter to quarter and year to year. The Company believes its sources of liquidity are sufficient to cover potential claims payments on both a short-term and long-term basis.Segment Presentation
The Company has geographic-based and business-based operational segments: U.S. and Latin America; Canada; Europe, Middle East and Africa; Asia Pacific; and Corporate and Other.segments. Geographic-based operations are further segmented into traditional and non-traditionalfinancial solutions businesses. The Company’s segments primarily write reinsurance business that is wholly or partially retained in one or more of RGA’s reinsurance subsidiaries.
The Company allocates capital to its segments based on an internally developed economic capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a consistent basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model considers the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in RGA’s businesses.
As a result of the economic capital allocation process, a portion of investment income is credited to the segments based on the level of allocated capital. In addition, the segments are charged for excess capital utilized above the allocated economic capital basis. This charge is included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses. Segment investment performance varies with the composition of investments and the relative allocation of capital to the operating segments.
Segment premium levels can be significantly influenced by currency fluctuations, large transactions, mix of business and reporting practices of ceding companies, and therefore may fluctuate from period to period. Although reasonably predictable over a period of years, segment claims experience can be volatile over shorter periods. See “Results of Operations by Segment” below for further information about the Company’s segments.

Results of Operations
Consolidated
The following table summarizes net income for the periods presented.
  Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
  2016 2015 2016 2015
Revenues: (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Net premiums $2,251,758
 $2,089,345
 $6,755,708
 $6,242,240
Investment income, net of related expenses 489,727
 389,597
 1,414,659
 1,267,027
Investment related gains (losses), net 86,624
 (111,346) 84,002
 (119,941)
Other revenues 72,468
 71,038
 197,844
 200,261
Total revenues 2,900,577
 2,438,634
 8,452,213
 7,589,587
Benefits and Expenses:        
Claims and other policy benefits 1,993,064
 1,831,819
 5,877,330
 5,473,453
Interest credited 116,848
 34,008
 300,602
 231,932
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses 300,962
 249,702
 940,406
 827,157
Other operating expenses 152,556
 142,270
 469,875
 395,488
Interest expense 43,063
 35,565
 96,201
 107,043
Collateral finance and securitization expense 6,484
 5,133
 19,396
 16,462
Total benefits and expenses 2,612,977
 2,298,497
 7,703,810
 7,051,535
 Income before income taxes
 287,600
 140,137
 748,403
 538,052
Provision for income taxes 88,881
 56,603
 237,109
 199,013
Net income $198,719
 $83,534
 $511,294
 $339,039


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Consolidated net income increased $115.2 million, or 137.9%, and $172.3 million, or 50.8%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2015. Results of Operations
  Three months ended March 31,
  2017 2016
Revenues: (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Net premiums $2,365,696
 $2,157,005
Investment income, net of related expenses 514,364
 417,266
Investment related gains (losses), net:    
Other-than-temporary impairments on fixed maturity securities (17,189) (33,817)
Other investment related gains (losses), net 77,712
 (87,069)
Total investment related gains (losses), net 60,523
 (120,886)
Other revenues 68,157
 59,183
Total revenues 3,008,740
 2,512,568
Benefits and Expenses:    
Claims and other policy benefits 2,106,145
 1,886,764
Interest credited 107,684
 87,905
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses 379,389
 233,763
Other operating expenses 158,506
 157,424
Interest expense 42,402
 32,807
Collateral finance and securitization expense 6,770
 6,325
Total benefits and expenses 2,800,896
 2,404,988
 Income before income taxes
 207,844
 107,580
Provision for income taxes 62,332
 31,108
Net income $145,512
 $76,472
Earnings per share:    
Basic earnings per share $2.26
 $1.18
Diluted earnings per share $2.22
 $1.17
Dividends declared per share $0.41
 $0.37
Consolidated income before income taxes increased $147.5$100.3 million, or 105.2%, and $210.4 million, or 39.1%93.2%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The increasesincrease in income before income taxes for the third quarter and first ninethree months wereof 2017 was primarily due to an increase in investment related gains higher investment income and improved mortality experience in the U.S. operations compared to the prior year. The increase inassociated with fair value changes on embedded derivatives. Current-period investment related gains was largely due toprimarily reflect favorable changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives on modco or funds withheld treaties, withinprimarily due to changes in interest rates and credit spreads. Additionally, the U.S. segment. The effect of the change in fair value of these embedded derivatives on income is discussed below. The increase in income before income taxes for the third quarter also reflectsCompany reported a decrease in impairments on fixed maturity and equity securities of $23.1$16.6 million in the first three months of 2017, as compared to the same period in 2015. Results for the first nine months of 2016 also benefited from a $15.4 million reduction in interest expense due to the effective settlement of uncertain tax positions recognized2016. Adverse mortality experience in the second quarter.U.S. and Canada partially offset the favorable investment related variances. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations relative to the prior year unfavorably affecteddid not have a material effect on income before income taxes by approximately $4.4 million and $19.3 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2016, as compared to the same periods in 2015.taxes.
The Company recognizes in consolidated income, any changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives on modco or funds withheld treaties, equity-indexed annuity treaties (“EIAs”) and variable annuity products. The combined changes in these three types of embedded derivatives, after adjustment for deferred acquisition costs and retrocession, resulted in an increase in consolidated income before income taxes of approximately $212.8 million and $88.7$189.8 million in the third quarter and first ninethree months of 2016, respectively,2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. This fluctuation does not affect current cash flows, crediting rates or spread performance on the underlying treaties. Therefore, management believes it is helpful to distinguish between the effects of changes in these embedded derivatives, net of related hedging activity and deferred acquisition costs, and the primary factors that drive profitability of the underlying treaties, namely investment income, fee income, and interest credited. The individual effect on income before income taxes for these three types of embedded derivatives is as follows:
The change in the value of embedded derivatives related to reinsurance treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis are subject to the general accounting principles for derivatives and hedging related to embedded derivatives. The unrealized gains and losses associated with these embedded derivatives, after adjustment for deferred acquisition costs, resulted in an increase inincreased income before income taxes of $33.0 million and $30.7by $81.0 million in the third quarter and first ninethree months of 2016, respectively,2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016.
Changes in risk-free rates used in the fair value estimates of embedded derivatives associated with EIAs affect the amount of unrealized gains and losses the Company recognizes. The unrealized gains and losses associated with EIAs, after adjustment for deferred acquisition costs and retrocession, resulted in a decrease inincreased income before income taxes of $4.2 million and $8.8by $24.7 million in the third quarter and first ninethree months of 2016, respectively,2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016.

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The change in the Company’s liability for variable annuities associated with guaranteed minimum living benefits affects the amount of unrealized gains and losses the Company recognizes. The unrealized gains and losses associated with guaranteed minimum living benefits, after adjustment for deferred acquisition costs, increased income before income taxes by $184.0 million and $66.8$84.1 million in the third quarter and first ninethree months of 2016, respectively,2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. After consideration of the change in fair value of freestanding derivatives used to hedge this liability, income before income taxes increased by $7.5 million, as compared to the same period in 2016.
Consolidated net premiums increased $162.4$208.7 million, or 7.8%, and $513.5 million, or 8.2%9.7%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015, primarily2016, due to growth in life reinsurance in force and large in force block transactions entered into during the latter part of 2015.force. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations unfavorably affected net premiums by approximately $21.0 million and $136.9 million for the third quarter and first nine months of 2016, as comparedrelative to the same periods in 2015.prior year did not have a material effect on net premiums. Consolidated assumed life insurance in force increased to $3,082.8$3,136.8 billion as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 from $2,849.4$3,068.4 billion as of September 30, 2015March 31, 2016 due to new business production and in force transactions, partially offset by adverse foreign currency exchange fluctuations. The Company added new business production, measured by face amount of insurance in force, of $81.3$91.6 billion and $84.6 billion during the third quarter of 2016 and 2015, respectively, and $296.4 billion and $262.1$107.8 billion during the first ninethree months of 20162017 and 2015,2016, respectively. Adverse foreign currency exchange fluctuations offset the increase in assumed life insurance in force from September 30, 2015March 31, 2016 by $22.3$68.5 billion. Management believes industry consolidation, regulatory changes and the established practice of reinsuring mortality and morbidity risks should continue to provide opportunities for growth, albeit at rates less than historically experienced in some markets.
Consolidated investment income, net of related expenses, increased $100.1$97.1 million, or 25.7%, and $147.6 million, or 11.7%23.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The increase in marketfair value changes relatedattributed to the Company’s funds withheld at interest investment associated with the reinsurance of certain EIAs increased investment income by $59.9 million and $24.7$79.0 million in the third quarter and first ninethree months of 2016, respectively,2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The effect on investment income of the EIA's marketfair value changes is substantially offset by a corresponding change in interest credited to policyholder account balances resulting in an insignificant effect on net income. The increase for the first nine months of 2016 also reflects strong variable investment income on alternative investments and investment prepayments and fees.

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Also contributing to the increase in investment income is a larger average invested asset base, excluding spread related business, partially offset by a decrease in the average investment yield. Average invested assets at amortized cost, excluding spread related business, for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 totaled $23.0$25.2 billion, a 10.6%12.7% increase over September 30, 2015.March 31, 2016. The average yield earned on investments, excluding spread related business, was 4.43%4.41% and 4.66%4.46% for the third quarter of 2016 and 2015, respectively, and 4.53% and 4.77% for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016, and 2015, respectively. The average yield will vary from quarter to quarter and year to year depending on a number of variables, including the prevailing interest rate and credit spread environment, prepayment fees and make-whole premiums, changes in the mix of the underlying investments and cash balances, prepayment fees recorded on the early payoff of certain investments and the timing of dividends and distributions on certain investments. A continued low interest rate environment is expected to put downward pressure on this yield in future reporting periods. A portion of investment income is allocated to the operating segments based upon average assets and related capital levels deemed appropriate to support the segment operations.
Total investment related gains (losses), net improved by $198.0 million and $203.9$181.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The improvement in the third quarter of 2016 wasis primarily due to a favorable change in the value of embedded derivatives related to reinsurance treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis of $95.2$161.0 million, reflecting the impact of changes in interest rates and credit spreads on the calculation of fair value. In addition, impairments on fixed maturity and equity securities decreased by $16.6 million in the first three months of 2017, as compared to the same period in 2015. During the first nine months of 2016, the favorable change in the value of these embedded derivatives was $105.4 million, as compared to the same period in 2015. The third quarter also reflects a decrease in impairments on fixed maturity and equity securities of $23.1 million, compared to the same period in 2015.2016. See Note 4 - “Investments” and Note 5 - “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the impairment losses and derivatives.
The effective tax rate on a consolidated basis was 30.9%30.0% and 40.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and 31.7% and 37.0%28.9% for the first ninequarter 2017 and 2016, respectively. The effective tax rate for the first three months of 2016 and 2015, respectively. The third quarter of 2016 effective tax rate2017 was lower than the U.S. Statutory rate of 35.0%35% primarily due to income generated in non-U.S. jurisdictions with lower tax rates than the U.S., and the impact of adopting newly-effective accounting guidance related to stock compensation as of January 1, 2017. As a result of effectively settling uncertainthe adoption, the excess tax positions during the quarter and adjustmentsbenefits related to share-based awards are now recorded in income tax expense rather than the filing ofbalance sheet. See Note 12 - “New Accounting Standards” in the U.S. Federal Income tax return.Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. The first nine months of 2016 effective tax rate for the first quarter of 2016 was lower than the U.S. Statutory rate of 35.0%35% primarily as a result of tax benefits from income in non-U.S. jurisdictions with lower tax rates than the U.S. The third quarter and first nine months effective tax rates were further reduced by differences in tax bases in foreign jurisdictions. The third quarter and first nine months of 2015 effective tax rates were higher than the U.S. Statutory rate of 35.0% primarily as a result of a tax accrual related to the Active Financing Exception business extender provision that the U.S. Congress did not pass prior to the end of the quarter and a loss in Australia which has a lower tax rate than the U.S. The high rate was partially offset with tax benefits associated with claims experience on certain treaties and income in other jurisdictions with rates lower than the U.S.

Critical Accounting Policies
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires the application of accounting policies that often involve a significant degree of judgment. Management, on an ongoing basis, reviews estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of financial statements. If management determines that modifications in assumptions and estimates are appropriate given current facts and circumstances, results of operations and financial position as reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements could change significantly.

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Management believes the critical accounting policies relating to the following areas are most dependent on the application of estimates and assumptions:
Premiums receivable;
Deferred acquisition costs;
Liabilities for future policy benefits and incurred but not reported claims;
Valuation of investments and other-than-temporary impairments to specific investments;
Valuation of embedded derivatives; and
Income taxes.
A discussion of each of the critical accounting policies may be found in the Company’s 20152016 Annual Report under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies.”
Further discussion and analysis of the results for 2016 compared to 2015 are presented by segment.


5348



Results of Operations by Segment

U.S. and Latin America Operations
The U.S. and Latin America operations include business generated by its offices in the U.S., Mexico and Brazil. The offices in Mexico and Brazil provide services to clients in other Latin American countries. U.S. and Latin America operations consist of two major segments: Traditional and Non-Traditional.Financial Solutions. The Traditional segment primarily specializes in individual mortality-risk reinsurance and to a lesser extent, group, health and long-term care reinsurance. The Non-TraditionalFinancial Solutions segment consists of Asset-Intensive and Financial Reinsurance. Asset-Intensive within the Non-TraditionalFinancial Solutions segment provides coinsurance of annuities and corporate-owned life insurance policies and to a lesser extent also issues fee-based synthetic guaranteed investment contracts, which include investment-only, stable value contracts. Financial Reinsurance within the Non-TraditionalFinancial Solutions segment primarily involves assisting ceding companies in meeting applicable regulatory requirements by enhancing the ceding companies’ financial strength and regulatory surplus position through relatively low risk reinsurance transactions. Typically these transactions do not qualify as reinsurance under GAAP, due to the low-risk nature of the transactions, so only the related net fees are reflected in other revenues on the condensed consolidated statements of income.
For the three months ended September 30, 2016:   Non-Traditional  
For the three months ended March 31, 2017:   Financial Solutions  
(dollars in thousands)   Asset-Intensive 
Financial
Reinsurance
 Total U.S. and Latin America   Asset-Intensive 
Financial
Reinsurance
 Total U.S. and Latin America
 Traditional  Traditional 
Revenues:                
Net premiums $1,277,491
 $5,369
 $
 $1,282,860
 $1,304,345
 $4,635
 $
 $1,308,980
Investment income, net of related expenses 167,898
 167,683
 1,038
 336,619
 178,995
 187,153
 1,664
 367,812
Investment related gains (losses), net (3,394) 59,661
 
 56,267
 1,965
 57,771
 
 59,736
Other revenues 2,922
 23,417
 18,967
 45,306
 3,198
 23,214
 24,409
 50,821
Total revenues 1,444,917
 256,130
 20,005
 1,721,052
 1,488,503
 272,773
 26,073
 1,787,349
Benefits and expenses:                
Claims and other policy benefits 1,131,507
 18,927
 
 1,150,434
 1,225,640
 17,536
 
 1,243,176
Interest credited 20,628
 86,742
 
 107,370
 20,289
 79,157
 
 99,446
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses 184,766
 56,497
 3,492
 244,755
 180,810
 83,653
 5,941
 270,404
Other operating expenses 30,935
 5,232
 2,531
 38,698
 31,804
 6,657
 2,316
 40,777
Total benefits and expenses 1,367,836
 167,398
 6,023
 1,541,257
 1,458,543
 187,003
 8,257
 1,653,803
Income before income taxes $77,081
 $88,732
 $13,982
 $179,795
 $29,960
 $85,770
 $17,816

$133,546
                
For the three months ended September 30, 2015:   Non-Traditional  
For the three months ended March 31, 2016:   Financial Solutions  
(dollars in thousands)   Asset-Intensive 
Financial
Reinsurance
 Total U.S. and Latin America   Asset-Intensive 
Financial
Reinsurance
 Total U.S. and Latin America
 Traditional  Traditional 
Revenues:                
Net premiums $1,150,936
 $5,177
 $
 $1,156,113
 $1,234,394
 $6,219
 $
 $1,240,613
Investment income, net of related expenses 154,210
 104,055
 1,438
 259,703
 165,023
 117,215
 2,607
 284,845
Investment related gains (losses), net 926
 (68,990) 
 (68,064) (2,100) (128,551) 
 (130,651)
Other revenues 6,566
 28,973
 16,446
 51,985
 3,500
 22,834
 18,581
 44,915
Total revenues 1,312,638
 69,215
 17,884
 1,399,737
 1,400,817
 17,717
 21,188
 1,439,722
Benefits and expenses:                
Claims and other policy benefits 1,049,973
 16,832
 
 1,066,805
 1,119,442
 19,833
 
 1,139,275
Interest credited 20,999
 18,535
 
 39,534
 21,400
 62,558
 
 83,958
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses 158,452
 4,773
 2,535
 165,760
 177,078
 (39,656) 2,568
 139,990
Other operating expenses 27,562
 4,893
 3,276
 35,731
 31,799
 5,812
 2,686
 40,297
Total benefits and expenses 1,256,986
 45,033
 5,811
 1,307,830
 1,349,719
 48,547
 5,254
 1,403,520
Income before income taxes $55,652
 $24,182
 $12,073
 $91,907
 $51,098
 $(30,830) $15,934

$36,202

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Table of Contents


For the nine months ended September 30, 2016:   Non-Traditional  
(dollars in thousands)   Asset-Intensive 
Financial
Reinsurance
 Total U.S. and Latin America
  Traditional 
Revenues:        
Net premiums $3,819,280
 $17,250
 $
 $3,836,530
Investment income, net of related expenses 515,159
 462,579
 6,031
 983,769
Investment related gains (losses), net (6,376) 7,940
 
 1,564
Other revenues 11,674
 70,806
 55,511
 137,991
Total revenues 4,339,737
 558,575
 61,542
 4,959,854
Benefits and expenses:        
Claims and other policy benefits 3,400,614
 58,267
 
 3,458,881
Interest credited 62,873
 217,736
 
 280,609
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses 544,129
 113,919
 9,145
 667,193
Other operating expenses 92,512
 16,772
 7,606
 116,890
Total benefits and expenses 4,100,128
 406,694
 16,751
 4,523,573
Income before income taxes $239,609
 $151,881
 $44,791
 $436,281
         
For the nine months ended September 30, 2015:   Non-Traditional  
(dollars in thousands)   Asset-Intensive 
Financial
Reinsurance
 Total U.S. and Latin America
  Traditional 
Revenues:        
Net premiums $3,435,961
 $16,159
 $
 $3,452,120
Investment income, net of related expenses 460,605
 407,256
 3,777
 871,638
Investment related gains (losses), net 1,813
 (87,264) 
 (85,451)
Other revenues 11,797
 82,151
 49,468
 143,416
Total revenues 3,910,176
 418,302
 53,245
 4,381,723
Benefits and expenses:        
Claims and other policy benefits 3,130,770
 43,541
 
 3,174,311
Interest credited 55,818
 172,562
 
 228,380
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses 486,054
 65,803
 7,473
 559,330
Other operating expenses 81,246
 14,324
 6,691
 102,261
Total benefits and expenses 3,753,888
 296,230
 14,164
 4,064,282
Income before income taxes $156,288
 $122,072
 $39,081
 $317,441
Income before income taxes increased by $87.9$97.3 million, or 95.6%, and $118.8 million, or 37.4%268.9%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015. For both the third quarter and first nine months, as compared2016. The increase in income before income taxes was primarily due to same periods in 2015, the favorable increases were driven by changes in the value of the embedded derivatives associated with reinsurance treaties structured on a modco or funds withheld basis improvedcombined with a decrease in other-than-temporary impairments. The increase in income was partially offset by unfavorable claims experience in the U.S. Traditional segment, and a higher asset base, driven largely by acquisitions of in force blocks late in 2015. Additionally, quarter over quarter the Asset Intensive segment benefited from higher investment related gains.segment.
Traditional Reinsurance
The U.S. and Latin America Traditional segment provides life and health reinsurance to clients for a variety of products through yearly renewable term, coinsurance and modified coinsurance agreements. These reinsurance arrangements may involve either facultative or automatic agreements.

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Income before income taxes for the U.S. and Latin America Traditional segment increaseddecreased by $21.4$21.1 million, or 38.5%, and $83.3 million, or 53.3%41.4%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The increases were primarilydecrease is due to improved claimsunfavorable mortality experience andresulting in an increase in the overall asset base primarily associated with large in force block transactions executedloss ratio to 94.0% in the fourthfirst quarter of 2015.2017 compared to 90.7% in the same period in 2016. A majority of the increase is attributed to large claim volatility; specifically an increase in the number of large claims reported.
Net premiums increased $126.6$70.0 million, or 11.0%, and $383.3 million, or 11.2%5.7%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The increases wereincrease was primarily due to large in force block transactions executed during the latter part of 2015, significant individual health and group life transactions executed in the first six months of 2016, and expected organic premium growth.growth and additional premiums associated with a large individual health treaty. The segment added new individual life business production, measured by face amount of insurance in force of $19.7$26.8 billion and $26.4 billion for the third quarter and $93.0 billion and $61.8$41.3 billion for the first ninethree months of 2017 and 2016, and 2015, respectively.

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Net investment income increased $13.7$14.0 million, or 8.9%, and $54.6 million, or 11.8%8.5%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The increases were primarilyincrease was due to both an increase in the average invested asset base primarilyand higher yields. The higher yields were mainly the result of larger variable income associated with the aforementioned in force block transactions along with strong variable investment income during the nine months ended September 30, 2016.joint ventures and limited partnerships. Investment related gains (losses), net decreased $4.3 million and $8.2increased $4.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015. A portion of investment income is allocated to the various operating segments based on average assets and related capital levels deemed appropriate to support segment operations. Investment performance varies with the composition of investments and the relative allocation of capital to the operating segments.2016.
Claims and other policy benefits as a percentage of net premiums (“loss ratios”) were 88.6%94.0% and 91.2%90.7% for the third quarter and 89.0% and 91.1%, for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and 2015,2016, respectively. The decreasesincrease in the loss ratios wereratio for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016 was primarily due to a higher than normal adverse volatility in the total count and sizenumber of individual mortality claims during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015.in excess of $1.0 million. Although reasonably predictable over a period of years, claims can be volatile over short-term periods.
Interest credited expense decreased $0.4$1.1 million, or 1.8%, and increased $7.1 million, or 12.6%5.2%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. Interest credited in this segment relates to amounts credited on cash value products which also have a significant mortality component. The increase in the first nine months relates primarily to the interest sensitive whole life products acquired in the acquisition of Aurora National Life Assurance Company ("Aurora") in the second quarter of 2015. Income before income taxes is affected by the spread between the investment income and the interest credited on the underlying products.
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums were 14.5%13.9% and 13.8%14.3% for the third quarter and 14.2% and 14.1% for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and 2015,2016, respectively. Overall, while these ratios are expected to remain in a predictable range, they may fluctuate from period to period due to varying allowance levels within coinsurance-type arrangements. In addition, the amortization pattern of previously capitalized amounts, which are subject to the form of the reinsurance agreement and the underlying insurance policies, may vary. Also, the mix of first year coinsurance business versus yearly renewable term business can cause the percentage to fluctuate from period to period.
Other operating expenses, increased $3.4 million, or 12.2%, and $11.3 million, or 13.9%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, as compared to the same periods in 2015. Contributing to the increase was an expansion in underwriting personnel to support clients. Other operating expenses, as a percentage of net premiums remained constant atwere 2.4% and 2.6% for the third quarterthree month periods ended March 31, 2017 and first nine months2016, respectively. The expense ratio tends to fluctuate only slightly from period to period due to the maturity and scale of 2016 and 2015.this segment.
Non-TraditionalFinancial Solutions - Asset-Intensive Reinsurance
Asset-Intensive reinsurance within the U.S. and Latin America Non-TraditionalFinancial Solutions segment primarily involves assuming investment risk within underlying annuities and corporate-owned life insurance policies. Most of these agreements are coinsurance, coinsurance with funds withheld or modco. The Company recognizes profits or losses primarily from the spread between the investment income earned and the interest credited on the underlying deposit liabilities, income associated with longevity risk and fees associated with variable annuity account values and guaranteed investment contracts.
Impact of certain derivatives:
Income from the asset-intensive business tends to be volatile due to changes in the fair value of certain derivatives, including embedded derivatives associated with reinsurance treaties structured on a modco or funds withheld basis, as well as embedded derivatives associated with the Company’s reinsurance of equity-indexed annuities and variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefit riders. Fluctuations occur period to period primarily due to changing investment conditions including, but not limited to, interest rate movements (including risk-free rates and credit spreads), implied volatility, the Company’s own credit risk and equity market performance, all of which are factors in the calculations of fair value. Therefore, management believes it is helpful to distinguish between the effects of changes in these derivatives, net of related hedging activity, and the primary factors that drive profitability of the underlying treaties, namely investment income, fee income (included in other revenues), and interest credited. These fluctuations are considered unrealized by management and do not affect current cash flows, crediting rates or spread performance on the underlying treaties.




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The following table summarizes the asset-intensive results and quantifies the impact of these embedded derivatives for the periods presented. Revenues before certain derivatives, benefits and expenses before certain derivatives, and income before income taxes and certain derivatives, should not be viewed as substitutes for GAAP revenues, GAAP benefits and expenses, and GAAP income before income taxes.

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(dollars in thousands) Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, Three months ended March 31,
 2016 2015 2016 2015 2017 2016
Revenues:            
Total revenues $256,130
 $69,215
 $558,575
 $418,302
 $272,773
 $17,717
Less:            
Embedded derivatives – modco/funds withheld treaties 52,540
 (47,094) 40,174
 (73,403) 66,738
 (90,214)
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders and related free standing derivatives (12,647) (18,436) (24,710) (12,384) (6,895) (14,986)
Revenues before certain derivatives 216,237
 134,745
 543,111
 504,089
 212,930
 122,917
Benefits and expenses:            
Total benefits and expenses 167,398
 45,033
 406,694
 296,230
 187,003
 48,547
Less:            
Embedded derivatives – modco/funds withheld treaties 34,226
 (28,042) 31,206
 (43,459) 28,942
 (51,053)
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders and related free standing derivatives (3,135) (4,886) (3,439) (2,695) (2,282) (2,849)
Equity-indexed annuities 549
 (3,612) 6,449
 (2,317) (11,443) 13,260
Benefits and expenses before certain derivatives 135,758
 81,573
 372,478
 344,701
 171,786
 89,189
Income before income taxes:            
Income before income taxes 88,732
 24,182
 151,881
 122,072
 85,770
 (30,830)
Less:            
Embedded derivatives – modco/funds withheld treaties 18,314
 (19,052) 8,968
 (29,944) 37,796
 (39,161)
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders and related free standing derivatives (9,512) (13,550) (21,271) (9,689) (4,613) (12,137)
Equity-indexed annuities (549) 3,612
 (6,449) 2,317
 11,443
 (13,260)
Income before income taxes and certain derivatives $80,479
 $53,172
 $170,633
 $159,388
 $41,144
 $33,728
Embedded Derivatives - Modco/Funds Withheld Treaties - Represents the change in the fair value of embedded derivatives on funds withheld at interest associated with treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis. The fair value changes of embedded derivatives on funds withheld at interest associated with treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis are reflected in revenues, while the related impact on deferred acquisition expenses is reflected in benefits and expenses. The Company'sCompany’s utilization of a credit valuation adjustment did not have a material effect on the change in fair value of these embedded derivatives for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and 2015.2016.
The change in fair value of the embedded derivatives - modco/funds withheld treaties increased (decreased) income before income taxes by $18.3$37.8 million and $(19.1)$(39.2) million for the third quarter and $9.0 million and $(29.9) million for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016, and 2015, respectively. The increase (decrease) in income for the third quarterthree months ended March 31, 2017 was primarily due to tightening credit spreads and a divergence in 2016 and widening credit spreads in 2015.the interest rate swap curve relative to treasury rates. The increasedecrease in income for the ninethree months ended March 31, 2016 was primarily due to declining risk free rates in 2016 and widening credit spreads in 2015.spreads.
Guaranteed Minimum Benefit Riders - Represents the impact related to guaranteed minimum benefits associated with the Company’s reinsurance of variable annuities. The fair value changes of the guaranteed minimum benefits along with the changes in fair value of the free standing derivatives (interest rate swaps, financial futures and equity options), purchased by the Company to substantially hedge the liability are reflected in revenues, while the related impact on deferred acquisition expenses is reflected in benefits and expenses. The Company'sCompany’s utilization of a credit valuation adjustment did not have a material effect on the change in fair value of these embedded derivatives for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and 2015.2016.
The change in fair value of the guaranteed minimum benefits, after allowing for changes in the associated free standing derivatives, decreased income before income taxes by $9.5$4.6 million and $13.6$12.1 million for the third quarter and $21.3 million and $9.7 million for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016, and 2015, respectively. The decrease in income for all periods isthe three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016 was primarily due to the annual updateresult of best estimate actuarial assumptions to account for lowershifts in policyholder termination experience.behavior.

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Equity-Indexed Annuities - Represents changes in the liability for equity-indexed annuities in excess of changes in account value, after adjustments for related deferred acquisition expenses. The change in fair value of embedded derivative liabilities associated with equity-indexed annuities increased (decreased) income before income taxes by $(0.5)$11.4 million and $3.6$(13.3) million for the third quarterthree months ended March 31, 2017 and $(6.4) million and $2.3 million2016, respectively.  The increase in income for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.March 31, 2017 was primarily due to rising equity markets. The decrease in income for the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2016 was primarily due to decreasing interest rates, while the increase in income for the three months ended September 30, 2015 was primarily due to increasing interest rates. The decrease in income for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily due rising equity markets and decreasing interest rates. The increase in income for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 was primarily due to declining equity markets, which was partially offset by decreasing interest rates.

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The changes in derivatives discussed above are considered unrealized by management and do not affect current cash flows, crediting rates or spread performance on the underlying treaties. Fluctuations occur period to period primarily due to changing investment conditions including, but not limited to, interest rate movements (including benchmark rates and credit spreads), credit valuation adjustments, implied volatility and equity market performance, all of which are factors in the calculations of fair value. Therefore, management believes it is helpful to distinguish between the effects of changes in these derivatives and the primary factors that drive profitability of the underlying treaties, namely investment income, fee income (included in other revenues) and interest credited.
Discussion and analysis before certain derivatives:
Income before income taxes and certain derivatives increased by $27.3 million and $11.2$7.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The increase in the third quarter was primarily due to higher investment related gains (losses), net of the corresponding impact to deferred acquisition costs. The increaserising equity markets in the first nine months was primarily due to the impact from the acquisition of Aurora2017 and declining equity markets in the second quarter of 2015.2016.
Revenue before certain derivatives increased by $81.5 million and $39.0$90.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The increase in the thirdfirst quarter was primarily due to the change in fair value of equity options associated with the reinsurance of certain EIAs and higher investment related gains (losses).other-than-temporary impairments on investments in the first quarter of 2016. The effect on investment income related to equity options is substantially offset by a corresponding change in interest credited. The increase in the first nine months was primarily due to the change in fair value of equity options associated with the reinsurance of certain EIAs and the impact from the acquisition of Aurora in the second quarter of 2015.
Benefits and expenses before certain derivatives increased by $54.2 million and $27.8$82.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2015.2016. The increase in the thirdfirst quarter of 2017 was primarily due to higher interest credited associated with the reinsurance of certain EIAs. The increase in the first nine months was primarily due higher interest credited associated with the reinsurance of certain EIAs and the impact from the acquisition of Aurora in the second quarter of 2015. The effect on interest credited related to equity options is substantially offset by a corresponding change in investment income.
The invested asset base supporting this segment increased to $13.2 billion as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 from $13.1 billion as of September 30, 2015. The increase in the asset base was due primarily to growth in existing coinsurance transactions open to new production which was partially offset by the expected run-off from closed block transactions.March 31, 2016. As of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, $4.1 billion of the invested assets were funds withheld at interest, of which greater than 90% is associated with one client.
Non-TraditionalFinancial Solutions - Financial Reinsurance
Financial Reinsurance within the U.S. and Latin America Non-TraditionalFinancial Solutions segment income before income taxes consists primarily of net fees earned on financial reinsurance transactions. Additionally, a portion of the business is brokered business in which the Company does not participate in the assumption of risk. The fees earned from financial reinsurance contracts and brokered business are reflected in other revenues, and the fees paid to retrocessionaires are reflected in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses.
Income before income taxes increased $1.9 million, or 15.8%, and $5.7 million, or 14.6%11.8%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The increase was primarily due to growth infrom new transactions and organic growth on existing transactions which was partially offset by the termination of certain agreements.transactions.
At September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016, and 2015, the amount of reinsurance assumed from client companies, as measured by pre-tax statutory surplus, risk based capital and other financial structures was $7.9$10.6 billion and $6.5$7.4 billion, respectively. The increase was primarily due to a number of new transactions, as well as organic growth on existing transactions. Fees earned from this business can vary significantly depending on the size of the transactions and the timing of their completion and therefore can fluctuate from period to period.

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Canada Operations
The Company conducts reinsurance business in Canada primarily through RGA Canada, which assists clients with capital management activity and mortality and morbidity risk management. The Canada operations are primarily engaged in Traditional reinsurance, which consists mainly of traditional individual life reinsurance, as well as creditor, group life and health, critical illness and living benefits (disability and critical illness)disability reinsurance. Creditor insurance covers the outstanding balance on personal, mortgage or commercial loans in the event of death, disability or critical illness and is generally shorter in duration than traditional individual life insurance. The Canada operations are also engaged in Non-Traditional reinsurance whichFinancial Solutions segment consists of longevity and financial reinsurance.

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(dollars in thousands)Three months ended September 30,Three months ended March 31,
2016 20152017 2016
Revenues:Traditional Non-Traditional Total Canada Traditional Non-Traditional Total CanadaTraditional Financial Solutions Total Canada Traditional Financial Solutions Total Canada
Net premiums$231,154
 $9,946
 $241,100
 $200,000
 $9,275
 $209,275
$215,762
 $9,410
 $225,172
 $215,463
 $8,951
 $224,414
Investment income, net of related expenses45,239
 1,037
 46,276
 44,492
 230
 44,722
44,506
 1,044
 45,550
 42,023
 384
 42,407
Investment related gains (losses), net3,832
 
 3,832
 (3,821) 
 (3,821)3,843
 
 3,843
 1,640
 
 1,640
Other revenues734
 1,376
 2,110
 767
 1,535
 2,302
164
 1,353
 1,517
 (1,126) 1,349
 223
Total revenues280,959
 12,359
 293,318
 241,438
 11,040
 252,478
264,275
 11,807
 276,082
 258,000
 10,684
 268,684
Benefits and expenses:                      
Claims and other policy benefits175,618
 10,567
 186,185
 152,640
 7,340
 159,980
191,052
 7,619
 198,671
 172,401
 9,604
 182,005
Interest credited8
 
 8
 5
 
 5
4
 
 4
 2
 
 2
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses61,019
 285
 61,304
 46,581
 152
 46,733
45,682
 144
 45,826
 57,138
 204
 57,342
Other operating expenses10,039
 347
 10,386
 8,140
 291
 8,431
8,209
 452
 8,661
 8,364
 284
 8,648
Total benefits and expenses246,684
 11,199
 257,883
 207,366
 7,783
 215,149
244,947
 8,215
 253,162
 237,905
 10,092
 247,997
Income before income taxes$34,275
 $1,160
 $35,435
 $34,072
 $3,257
 $37,329
$19,328
 $3,592
 $22,920
 $20,095
 $592
 $20,687
(dollars in thousands)Nine months ended September 30,
 2016 2015
Revenues:Traditional Non-Traditional Total Canada Traditional Non-Traditional Total Canada
Net premiums$686,724
 $29,089
 $715,813
 $637,510
 $28,967
 $666,477
Investment income, net of related expenses134,121
 1,649
 135,770
 139,683
 1,108
 140,791
Investment related gains (losses), net7,757
 
 7,757
 (2,530) 
 (2,530)
Other revenues(731) 4,159
 3,428
 1,869
 4,297
 6,166
Total revenues827,871
 34,897
 862,768
 776,532
 34,372
 810,904
Benefits and expenses:           
Claims and other policy benefits524,497
 29,005
 553,502
 521,916
 22,543
 544,459
Interest credited17
 
 17
 14
 
 14
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses178,178
 1,002
 179,180
 149,503
 407
 149,910
Other operating expenses27,500
 1,010
 28,510
 25,564
 940
 26,504
Total benefits and expenses730,192
 31,017
 761,209
 696,997
 23,890
 720,887
Income before income taxes$97,679
 $3,880
 $101,559
 $79,535
 $10,482
 $90,017
Income before income taxes decreasedincreased by $1.9$2.2 million, or 5.1%, and increased by $11.5 million, or 12.8%10.8%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, as compared to the same periods in 2015. The decrease in income for the third quarter is primarily due to less favorable traditional individual life mortality experience and unfavorable experience on longevity business which was partially offset by an increase in investment related gains (losses), net,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2015.2016. The increase in income forin the first ninethree months of 2017 is primarily due to favorable experience on longevity business, offset by unfavorable traditional individual life mortality experience andexperience. A strengthening Canadian dollar resulted in an increase in investment related gains (losses), net, partially offset by unfavorable experience on longevity business,income before income taxes of $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2015. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations in the Canadian dollar resulted in an increase (decrease) in income before income taxes of $0.1 million and $(6.0) million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, as compared to the same periods in 2015.2016.
Traditional Reinsurance
Income before income taxes for the Canada Traditional segment increaseddecreased by $0.2$0.8 million, or 0.6%3.8%, and $18.1for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The decrease in income before income taxes in 2017 is primarily due to unfavorable traditional individual life mortality experience, as compared to the same period in 2016. A strengthening Canadian dollar resulted in an increase in income before income taxes of $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016.
Net premiums increased $0.3 million, or 22.8%0.1%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015. The increase in income before income taxes for the third quarter is primarily due to a $7.7 million increase in investment related gains (losses), net, offset by less favorable traditional individual life mortality experience. The increase in income before income taxes for the first nine months, is primarily due to favorable traditional individual life mortality experience and a $10.3 million increase in investment related gains (losses), net. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations in the Canadian dollar resulted in an increase (decrease) in income before income taxes of $0.1 million and $(5.3) million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, as compared to the same periods in 2015.

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Net premiums increased $31.2 million, or 15.6%, and $49.2 million, or 7.7%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, as compared to the same periods in 2015. The increases in net premiums were primarily due to an increase from creditor business of $20.3 million and $52.4 million, as compared to the same periods in 2015. Also contributing to the increase in net premiums for the third quarter and first nine months is the underlying yearly renewable term structure on a significant portion of the block of business, which generally increases over time.2016. Foreign currency exchange fluctuation in the Canadian dollar resulted in an increase (decrease) in net premiums of approximately $0.7 million and $(32.9)$7.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, as compared to the same periods in 2015. Premium levels can be significantly influenced by currency fluctuations, large transactions, mix of business and reporting practices of ceding companies and therefore may fluctuate from period to period.
Net investment income increased $0.7 million, or 1.7%, and decreased $5.6 million, or 4.0%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, as compared to the same periods in 2015. The increase in the third quarter was primarily due to growth in the invested asset base. The decrease in net investment income for the first nine months ended September 30, 2016, was primarily due to adverse foreign currency fluctuations of approximately $6.6 million. A portion of investment income is allocated to the segments based upon average assets and related capital levels deemed appropriate to support the segment business volumes. Investment performance varies with the composition of investments and the relative allocation of capital to the operating segments.
Other revenues decreased by $2.6 million, or 139.1%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2015.2016. In addition, traditional individual life business premiums increased over the same period in 2016. Largely offsetting these increases was an anticipated decrease in creditor premiums of $20.3 million.
Net investment income increased $2.5 million, or 5.9%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. Foreign currency exchange fluctuation in the Canadian dollar resulted in an increase in net investment income of approximately $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. Also contributing to the increase was an increase in the invested asset base.
Other revenues increased by $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The decreaseincrease in other revenues in the first ninethree months of 2016 was due2017 relates to unfavorablegains on foreign currency exchange fluctuations.exchange.
Loss ratios for this segment were 76.0%88.5% and 76.3%80.0% for the third quarter and 76.4% and 81.9% for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016, and 2015, respectively. The decreaseincrease in the loss ratio for the first nine monthsquarter of 2016,2017, as compared to the same period in 2015,2016, is due to favorableunfavorable traditional individual life mortality experience.experience and a decrease in creditor business premiums. Loss ratios for the traditional individual life mortality business were 94.4%102.4% and 86.8% for the third quarter and 93.4% and 95.3%99.4% for the first ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Excluding creditor business, claims as a percentage of net premiums for this segment were 81.8% and 2015,78.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Historically, the loss ratio increased primarily as the result of several large permanent level premium in force blocks assumed in 1997 and 1998. These blocks are mature blocks of long-term permanent level premium

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business in which mortality as a percentage of net premiums is expected to be higher than historical ratios. The nature of permanent level premium policies requires the Company to set up actuarial liabilities and invest the amounts received in excess of early-year claims costs to fund claims in later years when premiums, by design, continue to be level as compared to expected increasing mortality or claim costs. As such, investment income becomes a more significant component of profitability of these in force blocks. Excluding creditor business, claims and other policy benefits, as a percentage of net premiums and investment income were 73.7%81.9% and 67.8%79.2% for the third quarter and 73.5% and 74.3% for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016, and 2015, respectively.
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums were 26.4%21.2% and 23.3%26.5% for the third quarter and 25.9% and 23.5% for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016, and 2015, respectively. Overall, while these ratios are expected to remain in a predictable range, they may fluctuate from period to period due to varying allowance levels and product mix. The current period decrease reflects a lower level of creditor business. In addition, the amortization patterns of previously capitalized amounts, which are subject to the form of the reinsurance agreement and the underlying insurance policies, may vary.
Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums were 4.3%3.8% and 4.1%3.9% for the third quarter and 4.0% for both nine month periodsthree months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and 2015,2016, respectively. Foreign currency exchange fluctuation in the Canadian dollar resulted in a decrease in operating expenses of approximately $1.2
Financial Solutions Reinsurance
Income before income taxes increased by $3.0 million for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2015.
Non-Traditional Reinsurance
Income2016. The increase in income in the first three months was primarily due to favorable experience on longevity business. A strengthening Canadian dollar resulted in an increase in income before income taxes decreased by $2.1of $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016.
Net premiums increased $0.5 million, or 64.4%, and $6.6 million, or 63.0%5.1%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The decreases in income for both the three and nine month periods areincrease was primarily due to unfavorable experience on longevity business. A weakera strengthening Canadian dollar resulted in a decreasean increase in income before income taxesnet premiums of $0.7approximately $0.4 million for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2015.2016.
Net premiumsinvestment income increased $0.7 million or 7.2%, and $0.1 million, or 0.4%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015. A weaker Canadian dollar resulted2016 primarily due to an increase in a decrease in net premiums of approximately $1.4the invested asset base.
Claims and other policy benefits decreased $2.0 million, or 20.7%, for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017 as compared to the same period in 2015. Premium levels can be significantly influenced by currency fluctuations, large transactions, mix2016. The decrease was primarily a result of business and reporting practices of ceding companies and therefore may fluctuate from period to period.
Claims and other policy benefits increased $3.2 million, or 44.0%, and $6.5 million, or 28.7%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 as compared to the same periods in 2015. The increases for the third quarter and first nine months are primarily due to unfavorablefavorable experience on longevity business. Although reasonably predictable over a period of years, claims can be volatile over shorter periods particularly on a small base of business. Management views recent experience as normal short-term volatility that is inherent in the business.

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Europe, Middle East and Africa Operations
The Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”) segment includes business generated by its offices principally in the United Kingdom (“UK”), South Africa, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain and the United Arab Emirates. EMEA consists of two major segments: Traditional and Non-Traditional.Financial Solutions. The Traditional segment primarily provides reinsurance through yearly renewable term and coinsurance agreements on a variety of life, health and critical illness products. Reinsurance agreements may be facultative or automatic agreements covering primarily individual risks and, in some markets, group risks. The Non-TraditionalFinancial Solutions segment consists of reinsurance and other transactions associated with longevity closed blocks, payout annuities, capital management solutions and financial reinsurance.
(dollars in thousands)Three months ended September 30,Three months ended March 31,
2016 20152017 2016
Revenues:Traditional Non-Traditional Total EMEA Traditional Non-Traditional Total EMEATraditional Financial Solutions Total EMEA Traditional Financial Solutions Total EMEA
Net premiums$275,514
 $47,018
 $322,532
 $276,111
 $44,584
 $320,695
$304,672
 $41,995
 $346,667
 $276,435
 $35,606
 $312,041
Investment income, net of related expenses13,067
 33,187
 46,254
 12,066
 17,305
 29,371
12,720
 29,681
 42,401
 12,168
 28,684
 40,852
Investment related gains (losses), net
 8,159
 8,159
 (6,878) 8
 (6,870)7
 4,575
 4,582
 5
 (1,004) (999)
Other revenues489
 11,388
 11,877
 3,051
 7,341
 10,392
687
 3,738
 4,425
 1,026
 4,470
 5,496
Total revenues289,070
 99,752
 388,822
 284,350
 69,238
 353,588
318,086
 79,989
 398,075
 289,634
 67,756
 357,390
Benefits and expenses:                      
Claims and other policy benefits241,763
 45,805
 287,568
 232,473
 37,923
 270,396
266,401
 35,936
 302,337
 251,243
 36,443
 287,686
Interest credited
 5,540
 5,540
 (6,798) 
 (6,798)
 4,113
 4,113
 
 408
 408
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses14,133
 (304) 13,829
 17,680
 (511) 17,169
15,163
 289
 15,452
 14,782
 (193) 14,589
Other operating expenses24,659
 4,925
 29,584
 25,085
 2,592
 27,677
22,546
 7,733
 30,279
 24,725
 5,674
 30,399
Total benefits and expenses280,555
 55,966
 336,521
 268,440
 40,004
 308,444
304,110
 48,071
 352,181
 290,750
 42,332
 333,082
Income before income taxes$8,515
 $43,786
 $52,301
 $15,910
 $29,234
 $45,144
Income (loss) before income taxes$13,976
 $31,918
 $45,894
 $(1,116) $25,424
 $24,308

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(dollars in thousands)Nine months ended September 30,
 2016 2015
Revenues:Traditional Non-Traditional Total EMEA Traditional Non-Traditional Total EMEA
Net premiums$838,810
 $126,108
 $964,918
 $821,602
 $124,678
 $946,280
Investment income, net of related expenses38,556
 95,288
 133,844
 37,247
 49,964
 87,211
Investment related gains (losses), net5
 8,623
 8,628
 870
 909
 1,779
Other revenues2,975
 18,466
 21,441
 4,055
 24,371
 28,426
Total revenues880,346
 248,485
 1,128,831
 863,774
 199,922
 1,063,696
Benefits and expenses:           
Claims and other policy benefits745,342
 126,252
 871,594
 708,722
 109,853
 818,575
Interest credited
 8,914
 8,914
 1,503
 
 1,503
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses46,465
 226
 46,691
 43,871
 (775) 43,096
Other operating expenses74,306
 16,414
 90,720
 74,127
 10,544
 84,671
Total benefits and expenses866,113
 151,806
 1,017,919
 828,223
 119,622
 947,845
Income before income taxes$14,233
 $96,679
 $110,912
 $35,551
 $80,300
 $115,851

Income before income taxes increased by $7.2$21.6 million, or 15.9%, and decreased by $4.9 million, or 4.3%88.8%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 20152016. The increase in income for the third quarter was due to increased payout annuity business and longevity closed block income offset partly by reduced fee income associated with treaties terminated at the end of 2015. The decrease in income before income taxes for the first ninethree months was primarily due to reduced fee income business and poor mortality and morbidity experience, partially offset by increased payout annuity business.improved claims experience. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in a decrease in income before income taxes of $6.0 million and $10.1totaling $5.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015, primarily due to weakness in the British pound.2016.
Traditional Reinsurance
Income before income taxes decreasedincreased by $7.4$15.1 million, or 46.5%, and $21.3 million, or 60.0%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 20152016. The decreasesincrease in income before income taxes werewas primarily due to unfavorable mortalityimproved claims experience over a poor prior-year period. Individual life claims experience improved across many markets in the segment and morbidity experience.critical illness experience in the UK and South Africa also improved as compared to the same period in 2016. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations had minimal effect onresulted in a decrease in income before income taxes totaling $0.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016.

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Net premiums decreased $0.6increased $28.2 million, or 0.2%, and increased by $17.2 million, or 2.1%10.2%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015. The decrease in the third quarter was due to unfavorable foreign currency exchange fluctuations.2016. The increase for the first nine monthsin net premiums was primarily due to increased individual life and health premiums somewhat offset by unfavorable foreign currency exchange fluctuations.business volumes, most notably in South Africa related to a treaty entered into during the second quarter of 2016. Unfavorable foreign currency exchange fluctuations primarily due to the British pound and the South African rand weakening against the U.S. dollar, decreased net premiums by approximately $32.6 million and $75.8$17.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,of 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015. Premiums from new business and growth in existing business offset the negative currency effect.2016.
A portion of the net premiums for the segment, in each period presented, relates to reinsurance of critical illness coverage, primarily in the UK. This coverage provides a benefit in the event of the diagnosis of a pre-defined critical illness. Net premiums earned from this coverage totaled $49.5$46.0 million and $58.1 million for the third quarter and $157.0 million and $174.6$53.6 million for the first ninethree months of 2017 and 2016, and 2015, respectively. Premium levels can be significantly influenced by currency fluctuations, large transactions and reporting practices of ceding companies and therefore can fluctuate from period to period.
Net investment income increased $1.0$0.6 million, or 8.3%, and $1.3 million, or 3.5%4.5%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The increases wereincrease for the first three months of 2017 was primarily due to an increase in the invested asset base related to increased business volumes and a higher investment yield.base. Foreign currency exchange fluctuationsfluctuation resulted in a decrease in net investment income of approximately $1.3 million and $3.2$0.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015. A portion of investment income is allocated to the various operating segments based on average assets and related capital levels deemed appropriate to support the segment business volumes. Investment performance varies with the composition of investments and the relative allocation of capital to the operating segments.2016.
Loss ratios for this segment were 87.7%87.4% and 84.2%90.9% for the third quarterthree month periods ended March 31, 2017 and 88.9% and 86.3%2016, respectively. The decrease in the loss ratio for the first ninethree months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increases in the loss ratios reflect unfavorable mortality and morbidityof 2017 reflects improved claims experience compared to the same periods in 2015. Although reasonably predictable over a period of years, claims can be volatile over shorter periods.prior year. Management views recent experience as normal short-term volatility that is inherent in the business.
Interest credited in 2015 relates to amounts credited to the contractholders of unit-linked products. In 2016, interest credited related to unit-linked products and the related investment income is reflected in Non-Traditional Reinsurance.
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums were 5.1% and 6.4% for the third quarter and 5.5%5.0% and 5.3% for the first ninethree months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and 2015,2016, respectively. These percentages fluctuate due to timing of client company reporting, variations in the mixture of business and the relative maturity of the business.
Other operating expenses decreased $0.4$2.2 million, or 1.7%, and increased by $0.2 million, or 0.2%8.8%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The decrease for the third quarter was primarily due to a decrease inexpense timing variability and the effect of foreign currency exchange fluctuations of $1.8 million. The increase in the first nine months was in line with expected expense levels to support business growth.fluctuations. Foreign currency exchange fluctuationsfluctuation resulted in a decrease in operating expenses of approximately $1.8 million and $5.8$0.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums totaled 9.0%7.4% and 9.1%8.9% for the third quarter and 8.9% and 9.0% for the first ninethree months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and 2015,2016, respectively.
Non-TraditionalFinancial Solutions Reinsurance
Income before income taxes increased by $14.6$6.5 million, or 49.8%, and $16.4 million, or 20.4%25.5%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 20152016. The increasesincrease in income before income taxes werefor the first three months was primarily relateddue to a payout annuity reinsurance transaction executed in the fourth quarter of 2015 partially offset by a decrease in fee income.favorable longevity experience. Unfavorable foreign currency exchange fluctuations, primarily due to a weaker British Pound, resulted in a decrease in income before income taxes totaling $6.2 million and $10.1$4.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016.
Net premiums increased by $2.4$6.4 million, or 5.5%, and $1.4 million, or 1.1%17.9%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015. The increases in net premiums were primarily2016 due to growth in longevity business. Net premiums onincreased due to increased volumes related to closed block longevity closed blocks.business. Unfavorable foreign currency exchange fluctuations primarily in the British pound, decreased net premiums by approximately $8.3 million and $13.4$6.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015. Premium levels can be significantly influenced by currency fluctuations, large transactions and reporting practices of ceding companies and therefore can fluctuate from period to period.2016.

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Net investment income increased $15.9$1.0 million, or 91.8%, and $45.3 million, or 90.7%3.5%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015. These increases were2016. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the invested asset base related to the aforementioned payout annuity treaty executed in the fourth quarter of 2015. A portion of investment income is allocated to the various operating segments based on average assets and related capital levels deemed appropriate to support the segment business volumes. Investment performance varies with the composition of investments and the relative allocation of capital to the operating segments.new business.
Other revenues increaseddecreased by $4.0$0.7 million, or 55.1%, and decreased by $5.9 million, or 24.2%16.4%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015. The increase in the third quarter was due to the valuation impact of recent mortality experience on certain longevity transactions. The decrease in the first nine months in other revenues relate to reduced fee income associated with treaties terminated at the end of 2015.2016. Fees earned from this business can vary significantly depending on the size of the transactions and the timing of their completion and, therefore, can fluctuate from period to period.

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Claims and other policy benefits increased $7.9decreased $0.5 million, or 20.8%, and $16.4 million, or 14.9%1.4%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015. Claims2016. An increase in claims and other policy benefits increased due to increased benefits associated with payout annuity reinsurance transactions executed in the fourth quarterbusiness volumes was more than offset by unfavorable foreign currency exchange fluctuations of 2015. Although reasonably predictable over a period of years, claims can vary over shorter periods and will vary with large transactions. Management views recent experience as normal.$5.4 million.
Interest credited expense increased by $3.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 20162016. Interest credited in this segment relates to amounts credited to the contractholders of unit-linked products. In 2015, interest credited related to unit-linked products was reflected in Traditional Reinsurance. The effect on interest credited related to unit-linked products is substantially offset by a corresponding change in investment income and investment related gains (losses), net.income.
Other operating expenses increased $2.3$2.1 million, or 90.0%, and $5.9 million, or 55.7%36.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The increases areincrease is primarily due to increased administration costs related to increased longevity businesstransactions and an increase in expenses related to an acquisition inare offset partially by the Netherlands completed in the fourth quartereffect of 2015.foreign currency exchange fluctuations. Foreign currency exchange fluctuationsfluctuation resulted in a decrease in operating expenses of approximately $0.3 million and $0.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016.
Asia Pacific Operations
The Asia Pacific operations include business generated by its offices principally in Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. The Traditional segment’s principal types of reinsurance include individual and group life and health, critical illness, disability superannuation, which are reported within the Traditional segment.and superannuation. Superannuation is the Australian government mandated compulsory retirement savings program. Superannuation funds accumulate retirement funds for employees, and, in addition, typically offer life and disability insurance coverage. The Non-TraditionalFinancial Solutions segment includes financial reinsurance, asset-intensive and certain disability and life blocks sourced by the Global Financial Solutions unit.blocks. Reinsurance agreements may be facultative or automatic agreements covering primarily individual risks and in some markets, group risks.
(dollars in thousands)Three months ended September 30,Three months ended March 31,
2016 20152017 2016
Revenues:Traditional Non-Traditional Total Asia Pacific Traditional Non-Traditional Total Asia PacificTraditional Financial Solutions Total Asia Pacific Traditional Financial Solutions Total Asia Pacific
Net premiums$404,451
 $743
 $405,194
 $400,322
 $2,807
 $403,129
$483,307
 $1,526
 $484,833
 $374,142
 $5,686
 $379,828
Investment income, net of related expenses21,273
 5,827
 27,100
 19,626
 4,482
 24,108
21,902
 5,536
 27,438
 19,867
 6,374
 26,241
Investment related gains (losses), net
 6,108
 6,108
 (1,706) (175) (1,881)
 7,185
 7,185
 14
 1,687
 1,701
Other revenues1,923
 6,359
 8,282
 3,728
 4,306
 8,034
21
 6,205
 6,226
 176
 6,324
 6,500
Total revenues427,647
 19,037
 446,684
 421,970
 11,420
 433,390
505,230
 20,452
 525,682
 394,199
 20,071
 414,270
Benefits and expenses:                      
Claims and other policy benefits365,115
 3,777
 368,892
 333,739
 903
 334,642
355,439
 6,495
 361,934
 274,298
 3,473
 277,771
Interest credited
 3,308
 3,308
 
 1,023
 1,023

 2,997
 2,997
 
 3,030
 3,030
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses4,157
 1,482
 5,639
 41,982
 292
 42,274
72,857
 1,917
 74,774
 44,367
 1,287
 45,654
Other operating expenses38,553
 2,921
 41,474
 34,973
 3,790
 38,763
35,246
 3,171
 38,417
 34,374
 3,728
 38,102
Total benefits and expenses407,825
 11,488
 419,313
 410,694
 6,008
 416,702
463,542
 14,580
 478,122
 353,039
 11,518
 364,557
Income (loss) before income taxes$19,822
 $7,549
 $27,371
 $11,276
 $5,412
 $16,688
Income before income taxes$41,688
 $5,872
 $47,560
 $41,160
 $8,553
 $49,713

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(dollars in thousands)Nine months ended September 30,
 2016 2015
Revenues:Traditional Non-Traditional Total Asia Pacific Traditional Non-Traditional Total Asia Pacific
Net premiums$1,233,222
 $4,936
 $1,238,158
 $1,162,923
 $13,987
 $1,176,910
Investment income, net of related expenses61,601
 18,086
 79,687
 60,273
 12,019
 72,292
Investment related gains (losses), net14
 14,322
 14,336
 (1,706) (1,202) (2,908)
Other revenues4,580
 18,809
 23,389
 5,669
 13,262
 18,931
Total revenues1,299,417
 56,153
 1,355,570
 1,227,159
 38,066
 1,265,225
Benefits and expenses:           
Claims and other policy benefits977,860
 15,487
 993,347
 924,715
 11,344
 936,059
Interest credited
 9,474
 9,474
 
 1,376
 1,376
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses116,432
 4,436
 120,868
 138,229
 1,257
 139,486
Other operating expenses109,661
 10,727
 120,388
 95,976
 9,937
 105,913
Total benefits and expenses1,203,953
 40,124
 1,244,077
 1,158,920
 23,914
 1,182,834
Income before income taxes$95,464
 $16,029
 $111,493
 $68,239
 $14,152
 $82,391
Income before income taxes increaseddecreased by $10.7 million, or 64.0%, and $29.1$2.2 million, or 35.3%4.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The increasesdecrease in income before income taxes arefor the first three months is primarily attributable to improvedless favorable mortality experience in Asia and gains on derivatives associated with the hedging programs to mitigate currency risks. Unfavorable individual disability claimsmorbidity experience in Australia partially offsetas compared to the increasesame period in 2016. This decrease in income was largely offset by higher income from offices in the third quarter of 2016.Asia primarily driven by business growth. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in an increase to income before income taxes totaling approximately $1.2 million and $0.1$0.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016.
Traditional Reinsurance
Income before income taxes increased by $8.5$0.5 million, or 75.8%, and $27.2 million, or 39.9%1.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The increasesincrease in income before income taxes werein 2017 was primarily drivendue to business growth in Asia, offset by improvedless favorable mortality and morbidity experience in Asia. Unfavorable claims experience in Australia partially offset the increase in income in the third quarter of 2016.Australia. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in an increase to income before income taxes totaling approximately $0.3 million and a decrease of $1.9$0.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,of 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 20152016.
Net premiums increased by $4.1$109.2 million, or 1.0%, and $70.3 million, or 6.0%29.2%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The increases wereincrease for the three month period in 2017 was driven by both new and existing business written throughout the segment. The increases were dampened bysegment as well as a higher than normal level of premium refunds linked to treaty performance in Australia during the third quarter of 2016.accrual true-up based on client reporting. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in an increase in net premiums of approximately $20.1 million and a decrease in $9.3$11.8 million for the three and nine months of 2016,2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016.

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A portion of the net premiums for the segment, in each period presented, relates to reinsurance of critical illness coverage. This coverage provides a benefit in the event of the diagnosis of a pre-defined critical illness. Reinsurance of critical illness in the segment is offered primarily in South Korea, Australia and Hong Kong. Net premiums earned from this coverage totaled $100.6$141.9 million and $86.3 million for the third quarter and $312.3 million and $231.3$98.4 million for the first ninethree months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and 20152016, respectively. Premium levels can be significantly influenced by currency fluctuations, large transactions and reporting practices of ceding companies and can fluctuate from period to period.
Net investment income increased $1.6$2.0 million, or 8.4%, and $1.3 million, or 2.2%10.2%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The increases wereincrease was primarily due to a higheran increase in the invested asset base. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in an increase in net investment income of approximately $0.8 million and a decrease of $0.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015. A portion of investment income is allocated to the various operating segments based on average assets and related capital levels deemed appropriate to support the segment business volumes. Investment performance varies with the composition of investments and the relative allocation of capital to the operating segments.2016.
Other revenues decreased by $1.8$0.2 million, or 48.4%, and $1.1 million, or 19.2%88.1%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The decreasesdecrease in other revenues werefor the first three months of 2017 was due to foreign currency gains recognizedexchange losses as a result of the appreciation of certain Asian currencies in the comparable periods of 2015.

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current quarter.
Loss ratios for this segment were 90.3%relatively unchanged at 73.5% and 83.4%73.3% for the third quarter and 79.3% and 79.5% for the first ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016, and 2015, respectively. The increase in the loss ratio for the third quarter for 2016 was primarily due to unfavorable individual disability claims experience in Australia and additional benefit expense associated with a large treaty in Hong Kong due to adjustments associated with delays in client reporting. The decrease in the loss ratio for the first nine months of 2016 was primarily due to improved mortality experience in Asia. Although reasonably predictable over a period of years, claims can be volatile over shorter periods. Management views recent experience as normal short-term volatility that is inherent in the business.
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums were 1.0% and 10.5% for the third quarter and 9.4%15.1% and 11.9% for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016, and 2015, respectively. The decreases in the three and nine month periodsratio of 2016 are due primarily to a $40.0 million decrease in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses due to adjustments associated with delays in client reporting on one large treaty in Hong Kong. The impactas a percentage of this decrease in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses was partially offset by a $29.3 million increase in claims and policy benefits associated with this treaty. These percentagesnet premiums should generally decline as the business matures; however, the percentage does fluctuate periodically due to timing of client company reporting premium refunds,and variations in the mixture of business andbusiness. The increase in the relative maturitycurrent quarter is primarily due to the true-up of the business.In addition, as the segment grows, renewal premiums, which have lower allowances than first-year premiums, represent a greater percentage of the total net premiums.based on client reporting.
Other operating expenses increased $3.6$0.9 million or 10.2%, and $13.7 million, or 14.3%2.5%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 20152016 mainly due to increased compensation costs, relating to new positions filled during the second half of 2015, primarily in the growing Asian operations based in Hong Kong. Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums totaled 9.5%7.3% and 8.7%9.2% for the third quarter and 8.9% and 8.3% for the first ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016, and 2015, respectively. The timing of premium flows and the level of costs associated with the entrance into and development of new markets within the segment may cause other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums to fluctuate over periods of time.
Non-TraditionalFinancial Solutions Reinsurance
Income before income taxes increaseddecreased by $2.1$2.7 million, or 39.5%, and $1.9 million, or 13.3%31.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 20152016. The increases are primarily due to gains on derivatives associated with the hedging programs to mitigate currency risks, partially offset by unfavorable lapse experience from a closed block of business associated with a treatydecrease in Japan. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in an increase to income before income taxes totaling approximately $0.9 million and $1.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, as comparedis primarily attributable to the same periods in 2015.
Net premiums decreased $2.1 million, or 73.5%, and $9.1 million, or 64.7%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, as compared to the same periods in 2015. The decreases were primarily due to the aforementioned policy lapses on a closed block of business in Japan. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in an increase in net premiums of approximately $0.1 millionhad a negligible affect on income before income taxes for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015. Premium levels can be significantly influenced by currency fluctuations, large transactions and reporting practices2016.
Net premiums decreased $4.2 million, or 73.2%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The decrease was primarily due to the aforementioned policy lapses on a closed block of ceding companies and can fluctuate from period to period.business associated with a treaty in Japan.
Net investment income increased $1.3decreased $0.8 million, or 30.0%, and $6.1 million, or 50.5%13.1%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015 mainly due to growth in the invested asset base partially offset2016. The decrease is primarily driven by a lower investment yield.invested asset base. Foreign currency exchange fluctuationsfluctuation resulted in an increase in net investment income of approximately $0.4 million and a decrease of $0.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015. A portion of investment income is allocated to the various operating segments based on average assets and related capital levels deemed appropriate to support the segment business volumes. Investment performance varies with the composition of investments and the relative allocation of capital to the operating segments.2016.
Other revenues increaseddecreased by $2.1$0.1 million, or 47.7%, and $5.5 million, or 41.8%1.9%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015. The increases in other revenues were primarily due to new transactions.2016. At September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and 2015,2016, the amount of reinsurance assumed from client companies, as measured by pre-tax statutory surplus, risk based capital and other financial reinsurance structures was $1.0$1.5 billion and $1.2$1.0 billion, respectively. Fees earned from this business can vary significantly depending on the size of the transactions and the timing of their completion and, therefore, can fluctuate from period to period.
Claims and other policy benefits increased by $2.9$3.0 million, or 318.3%, and $4.1 million, or 36.5%87.0%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015. These increases are2016. This increase is attributable to higher benefits paid out related to the aforementioned unfavorable lapse experience on a closed block of business associated with a treaty in Japan. Although reasonably predictable over a period of years, claims can be volatile over shorter periods. Management views recent experience as normal short-term volatility that is inherent in the business.

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Other operating expenses decreased by $0.9$0.6 million, or 22.9%, and increased by $0.8 million, or 8.0%14.9%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015,2016, respectively. The timing of premium flows and the level of costs associated with the entrance into and development of new markets within the segment may cause other operating expenses to fluctuate over periods of time.

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Corporate and Other
Corporate and Other revenues primarily include investment income from unallocated invested assets and investment related gains and losses. Corporate and Other benefits and expenses consist of the offset to capital charges allocated to the operating segments within the policy acquisition costs and other insurance income line item, unallocated overhead and executive costs, interest expense related to debt, and the investment income and expense associated with the Company’s collateral finance and securitization transactions. Additionally, Corporate and Other includes results from certain wholly-owned subsidiaries and joint ventures that, among others, RGA Technology Partners, a wholly-owned subsidiary that developsother activities, develop and marketsmarket technology solutions for the insurance industry.
(dollars in thousands) Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, Three months ended March 31,
 2016 2015 2016 2015 2017 2016
Revenues:            
Net premiums $72
 $133
 $289
 $453
 $44
 $109
Investment income, net of related expenses 33,478
 31,693
 81,589
 95,095
 31,163
 22,921
Investment related gains (losses), net 12,258
 (30,710) 51,717
 (30,831) (14,823) 7,423
Other revenues 4,893
 (1,675) 11,595
 3,322
 5,168
 2,049
Total revenues 50,701
 (559) 145,190
 68,039
 21,552
 32,502
Benefits and expenses:            
Claims and other policy benefits (15) (4) 6
 49
 27
 27
Interest credited 622
 244
 1,588
 659
 1,124
 507
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance income (24,565) (22,234) (73,526) (64,665) (27,067) (23,812)
Other operating expenses 32,414
 31,668
 113,367
 76,139
 40,372
 39,978
Interest expense 43,063
 35,565
 96,201
 107,043
 42,402
 32,807
Collateral finance and securitization expense 6,484
 5,133
 19,396
 16,462
 6,770
 6,325
Total benefits and expenses 58,003
 50,372
 157,032
 135,687
 63,628
 55,832
Income (loss) before income taxes $(7,302) $(50,931) $(11,842) $(67,648)
Loss before income taxes $(42,076) $(23,330)
Income (loss)Loss before income taxes improvedincreased by $43.6$18.7 million, or 85.7%, and $55.8 million, or 82.5%80.4%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, as compared to the same periodsperiod in 2015.2016. The increase in loss before income fortaxes in the thirdfirst quarter is primarily due to increased neta decrease of $22.2 million in investment related gains increased investment income(losses), net, and an increase in other revenues, partially offset by increased interest expense. The increase in income for the first nine months is primarily due to increased net investment related gains, an increase in other revenues, higher insurance income and lower interest expense, partially offset by lower investment income and higher operating expenses.
Total revenues increased by $51.3a $9.6 million and $77.2 million, or 113.4%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, as compared to the same periods in 2015. These increases were primarily due to increases in net investment related gains, which include a reduction in impairments on fixed maturity securities of $20.2 million and $13.0 million for the third quarter and first nine months, respectively. Net investment income increased by $1.8 million and decreased by $13.5 million for the third quarter and first nine months, respectively. The increase in investment income for the third quarter was primarily due to an increase in the asset base partially offset by a lower investment yield. The decrease in investment income for the first nine months is primarily due to the effect of a lower investment yield. The increases in other revenues for the third quarter and first nine months were primarily related to favorable foreign currency exchange fluctuations and increases in the cash surrender value of corporate owned life insurance policies.

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Total benefits and expenses increased by $7.6 million, or 15.1%, and $21.3 million, or 15.7%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, as compared to the same periods in 2015. The increase in the third quarter is primarily due to an increase in interest expense partially offset by an increase of $8.2 million in investment income.
Total revenues decreased by $11.0 million, or 33.7%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The decrease for the first three months is primarily caused by a decrease of $22.2 million in investment related gains (losses), net, primarily due to an increase in other-than-temporary impairments of $2.6 million and a decrease in net gains on the sale of securities of $17.6 million. This increase was partially offset by an increase of $8.2 million in investment income related to an increase in unallocated invested assets and an increase in other insurance income.revenues of $3.1 million.
Total benefits and expenses increased by $7.8 million, or 14.0%, for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to the same period in 2016. The increase in the first three months is primarily due to a $9.6 million increase in interest expense in the third quarter is primarily duerelated to the issuance of $800.0 million in long-term debt in June 2016. The increase in other insurance income induring the thirdsecond quarter is primarily related to the offset to capital charges allocated to the operating segments. The increase in the first nine months is primarily due to higher other operating expenses partiallyof 2016, offset by a decrease of $3.3 million in interest expensepolicy acquisition costs and an increase in other insurance income. The increase in other operating expenses in the first nine months is primarily due to increased compensation, including incentive compensation accruals, and general expenses. The reduction in interest expense is mainly attributable to a reduction in tax-related interest expense resulting from the effective settlement of uncertain tax positions of $15.4 million recognized in the second quarter of 2016. The increase in other insurance income in the first nine months is primarily related to the offset to capital charges allocated to the operating segments.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
The Company believes that cash flows from the source of funds available to it will provide sufficient cash flows for the next twelve months to satisfy the current liquidity requirements of RGA, Inc. and its subsidiaries under various scenarios that include the potential risk of early recapture of reinsurance treaties, market events and higher than expected claims. The Company performs periodic liquidity stress testing to ensure its asset portfolio includes sufficient high quality liquid assets that could be utilized to bolster its liquidity position under stress scenarios. These assets could be utilized as collateral for secured borrowing transactions with various third parties or by selling the securities in the open market if needed. The Company’s liquidity requirements have been and will continue to be funded through net cash flows from operations. However, in the event of significant unanticipated cash requirements beyond normal liquidity needs, the Company has multiple liquidity alternatives available based on market conditions and the amount and timing of the liquidity need. These alternatives include borrowings under committed credit facilities, secured borrowings, the ability to issue long-term debt, preferred securities or common equity and, if necessary, the sale of invested assets subject to market conditions.

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Current Market Environment
The current interest rate environment in select markets, primarily the U.S. and Canada, continues to negatively affect the Company's earnings. The Company’s average investment yield, excluding spread business, decreased 24for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was 4.41%, 5 basis points for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 as compared tobelow the same period in 2015.2016. The Company’s insurance liabilities, in particular its annuity products, are sensitive to changing market factors. Lower interest rates for the first six months of 2016 have significantly increased grossGross unrealized gains on fixed maturity and equity securities available-for-sale which totaled $3,578.3 million and $1,947.0increased from $2,246.5 million at September 30, 2016, and December 31, 2015, respectively.2016 to$2,426.3 million at March 31, 2017. Similarly, gross unrealized losses decreased from $627.5$374.9 million at December 31, 20152016 to $137.3$277.6 million at September 30, 2016.March 31, 2017.
The Company continues to be in a position to hold any investment security showing an unrealized loss until recovery, provided it remains comfortable with the credit of the issuer. As indicated above, gross unrealized gains on investment securities of $3,578.3$2,426.3 million remain well in excess of gross unrealized losses of $137.3$277.6 million as of September 30, 2016.March 31, 2017. Historically low interest rates continued to put pressure on the Company’s investment yield. The Company does not rely on short-term funding or commercial paper and to date it has experienced no liquidity pressure, nor does it anticipate such pressure in the foreseeable future.
As a result of the June 23, 2016 referendum by British voters to exit the European Union (“Brexit”), global markets and foreign currencies have been adversely affected. In particular, the value of the British pound has sharply declined as compared to the U.S. dollar and other currencies. It is possible this volatility in foreign currencies could continue as the UK negotiates and executes its exit from the European Union. It is also possible that there will be greater restrictions, requirements and regulatory complexities on reinsurance provided in the UK by entities located outside the UK. These changes may adversely affect the Company’s operations and financial results.
The Company projects its reserves to be sufficient, and it would not expect to write down deferred acquisition costs or be required to take any actions to augment capital, even if interest rates remain at current levels for the next five years, assuming all other factors remain constant. While the Company has felt the pressures of sustained low interest rates and volatile equity markets and may continue to do so, its business operations are not overly sensitive to these risks. Although management believes the Company’s current capital base is adequate to support its business at current operating levels, it continues to monitor new business opportunities and any associated new capital needs that could arise from the changing financial landscape.
The Holding Company
RGA is an insurance holding company whose primary uses of liquidity include, but are not limited to, the immediate capital needs of its operating companies, dividends paid to its shareholders, repurchase of common stock and interest payments on its

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indebtedness. The primary sources of RGA’s liquidity include proceeds from its capital-raising efforts, interest income on undeployed corporate investments, interest income received on surplus notes with RGA Reinsurance, RCM and Rockwood Re and dividends from operating subsidiaries. As the Company continues its expansion efforts, RGA will continue to be dependent upon these sources of liquidity. The following tables provide comparative information for RGA (dollars in thousands):
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30, Three months ended March 31,
 2016 2015 2016 2015 2017 2016
Interest expense $50,826
 $43,965
 $119,700
 $132,217
 $50,221
 $40,523
Capital contributions to subsidiaries 46,002
 
 87,002
 2,504
 7,500
 
Dividends to shareholders 26,288
 24,592
 74,034
 69,111
 26,381
 24,019
Interest and dividend income 227,819
 22,949
 283,712
 84,643
 26,073
 23,049
Issuance of unaffiliated debt 
 
 799,984
 
 September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015
Cash and invested assets$1,459,505
 $720,068
  March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
Cash and invested assets $1,055,713
 $1,443,755
See Item 15, Schedule II - “Condensed Financial Information of the Registrant” in the 20152016 Annual Report for additional financial information related to RGA.
The undistributed earnings of substantially all of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries have been reinvested indefinitely in such non-U.S. operations, as described in Note 9 - “Income Tax” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the 20152016 Annual Report. Under current tax laws, should the Company repatriate such earnings, it may be subject to additional U.S. income taxes and foreign withholding taxes.
RGA endeavors to maintain a capital structure that provides financial and operational flexibility to its subsidiaries, credit ratings that support its competitive position in the financial services marketplace, and shareholder returns. As part of the Company’s capital deployment strategy, is has in recent years repurchased shares of RGA common stock and paid dividends to RGA shareholders, as authorized by the board of directors. RGA’s current share repurchase program, which was approved by the board of directors in January 2016,2017, authorizes the repurchase of up to $400.0 million of common stock. The pace of repurchase activity depends on various factors such as the level of available cash, an evaluation of the costs and benefits associated with alternative uses of excess capital, such as acquisitions and in force reinsurance transactions, and RGA’s stock price.

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Details underlying dividend and share repurchase program activity were as follows (in thousands, except share data):
Nine months ended September 30,Three months ended March 31,
2016 20152017 2016
Dividends to shareholders$74,034
 $69,111
$26,381
 $24,019
Repurchases of treasury stock116,522
 324,306

 105,144
Total amount paid to shareholders$190,556
 $393,417
$26,381
 $129,163
      
Number of shares repurchased1,356,892
 3,573,797

 1,232,684
Average price per share$85.87
 $90.75
$
 $85.30
In October 2016, RGA'sApril 2017, RGA’s board of directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.41 per share. All future payments of dividends are at the discretion of RGA’s board of directors and will depend on the Company’s earnings, capital requirements, insurance regulatory conditions, operating conditions, and other such factors as the board of directors may deem relevant. The amount of dividends that RGA can pay will depend in part on the operations of its reinsurance subsidiaries. See Note 3 - "Equity"“Equity” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the Company'sCompany’s share repurchase program.

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Debt
Certain of the Company’s debt agreements contain financial covenant restrictions related to, among others, liens, the issuance and disposition of stock of restricted subsidiaries, minimum requirements of consolidated net worth, maximum ratios of debt to capitalization and change of control provisions. The Company is required to maintain a minimum consolidated net worth, as defined in the debt agreements, of $3.5 billion, calculated as of the last day of each fiscal quarter. Also, consolidated indebtedness, calculated as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, cannot exceed 35% of the sum of the Company’s consolidated indebtedness plus adjusted consolidated stockholders'stockholders’ equity. A material ongoing covenant default could require immediate payment of the amount due, including principal, under the various agreements. Additionally, the Company’s debt agreements contain cross-default covenants, which would make outstanding borrowings immediately payable in the event of a material uncured covenant default under any of the agreements, including, but not limited to, non-payment of indebtedness when due for an amount in excess of $100.0 million, bankruptcy proceedings, or any other event which results in the acceleration of the maturity of indebtedness. As of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016, the Company had $3,111.3 million$2.8 billion and $2,312.6 million,$3.1 billion, respectively, in outstanding borrowings under its debt agreements and was in compliance with all covenants under those agreements. The ability of the Company to make debt principal and interest payments depends on the earnings and surplus of subsidiaries, investment earnings on undeployed capital proceeds, available liquidity at the holding company, and the Company’s ability to raise additional funds.
The Company enters into derivative agreements with counterparties that reference either the Company’s debt rating or its financial strength rating. If either rating is downgraded in the future, it could trigger certain terms in the Company’s derivative agreements, which could negatively affect overall liquidity. For the majority of the Company’s derivative agreements, there is a termination event, at the Company’s option, should the long-term senior debt ratings drop below either BBB+ (S&P) or Baa1 (Moody’s) or the financial strength ratings drop below either A- (S&P) or A3 (Moody’s).
In June 2016, RGA issued 3.95% Senior Notes due September 15, 2026 with a face amount of $400.0 million and 5.75% Fixed-To-Floating Rate Subordinated Debentures due June 15, 2056 with a face amount of $400.0 million. These securities have been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The net proceeds from these offerings were approximately $791.0 million and will be used in part to repay upon maturity the Company’s $300.0 million 5.625% senior notes that mature in March 2017. The remainder will be used for general corporate purposes. Capitalized issue costs were approximately $9.0 million.
The Company may borrow up to $850.0 million in cash and obtain letters of credit in multiple currencies on aits revolving credit facility that expires in September 2019. As of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017, the Company had no cash borrowings outstanding and $97.4$125.4 million in issued, but undrawn, letters of credit under this facility. As of both September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016, the average interest rate on short-term and long-term debt outstanding was 5.14%5.12% and 5.20%5.16%, respectively.
Based on the historic cash flows and the current financial results of the Company, management believes RGA’s cash flows will be sufficient to enable RGA to meet its obligations for at least the next 12 months.
Credit and Committed Facilities
At September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, the Company maintained an $850.0 million syndicated revolving credit facility and certain committed letter of credit facilities aggregating $890.3$754.8 million. See noteNote 13 - “Debt” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the 20152016 Annual Report for further information about these facilities.
The Company has obtained bank letters of credit in favor of various affiliated and unaffiliated insurance companies from which the Company assumes business. These letters of credit represent guarantees of performance under the reinsurance agreements and allow ceding companies to take statutory reserve credits. Certain of these letters of credit contain financial covenant restrictions similar to those described in the “Debt” discussion above. At September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, there were approximately $217.5$169.6 million of outstanding bank letters of credit in favor of third parties. Additionally, in accordance with applicable regulations, the Company utilizes letters of credit to secure statutory reserve credits when it retrocedes business to its affiliated subsidiaries. The Company

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cedes business to its affiliates to help reduce the amount of regulatory capital required in certain jurisdictions, such as the U.S. and the UK. The Company believes the capital required to support the business in the affiliates reflects more realistic expectations than the original jurisdiction of the business, where capital requirements are often considered to be quite conservative. As of September 30, 2016, $907.9 millionMarch 31, 2017, $1.4 billion in letters of credit from various banks were outstanding, but undrawn, backing reinsurance between the various subsidiaries of the Company.
Cash Flows
The Company’s principal cash inflows from its reinsurance operations include premiums and deposit funds received from ceding companies. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are early recapture of the reinsurance contract by the ceding company and lapses of annuity products reinsured by the Company. The Company’s principal cash inflows from its invested assets result from investment income and the maturity and sales of invested assets. The primary liquidity concern with respect to

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these cash inflows relates to the risk of default by debtors and interest rate volatility. The Company manages these risks very closely. See “Investments” and “Interest Rate Risk” below.
Additional sources of liquidity to meet unexpected cash outflows in excess of operating cash inflows and current cash and equivalents on hand include selling short-term investments or fixed maturity securities and drawing funds under a revolving credit facility, under which the Company had availability of $752.6$724.6 million as of September 30, 2016.March 31, 2017. The Company also has $838.3$1,154.7 million of funds available through collateralized borrowings from the FHLB as of September 30, 2016.March 31, 2017. As of September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, the Company could have borrowed these additional amounts without violating any of its existing debt covenants.
The Company’s principal cash outflows relate to the payment of claims liabilities, interest credited, operating expenses, income taxes, dividends to shareholders, purchases of treasury stock, and principal and interest under debt and other financing obligations. The Company seeks to limit its exposure to loss on any single insured and to recover a portion of benefits paid by ceding reinsurance to other insurance enterprises or reinsurers under excess coverage and coinsurance contracts (See Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” ofin the Company's 2015Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2016 Annual Report). The Company performs annual financial reviews of its retrocessionaires to evaluate financial stability and performance. The Company has never experienced a material default in connection with retrocession arrangements, nor has it experienced any difficulty in collecting claims recoverable from retrocessionaires; however, no assurance can be given as to the future performance of such retrocessionaires nor to the recoverability of future claims. The Company’s management believes its current sources of liquidity are adequate to meet its cash requirements for the next 12 months.
Summary of Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital
The Company'sCompany’s primary sources and uses of liquidity and capital are summarized as follows:
 For the nine months ended September 30, For the three months ended March 31,
 2016 2015 2017 2016
 (Dollars in thousands) (Dollars in thousands)
Sources:Sources:   Sources:   
Net cash provided by operating activities$1,019,872
 $878,466
Proceeds from issuance of collateral finance and securitization notes
 160,060
Proceeds from long-term debt issuance799,984
 
Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangement
 2,884
Net cash provided by operating activities$417,365
 $368,572
Exercise of stock options, net11,752
 12,551
Exercise of stock options, net1,719
 3,239
Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements24,749
 60,202
Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements
 40,392
Cash provided by changes in universal life and other   Cash provided by changes in universal life and other   
investment type policies and contracts487,808
 
investment type policies and contracts1,066
 391,071
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash25,436
 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash18,833
 20,439
Total sources2,369,601
 1,114,163
Total sources438,983
 823,713
        
Uses:Uses:   Uses:   
Net cash used in investing activities2,247,406
 184,942
Net cash used in investing activities110,967
 709,597
Dividends to stockholders74,034
 69,111
Dividends to stockholders26,381
 24,019
Repayment of collateral finance and securitization notes60,971
 19,732
Repayment of collateral finance and securitization notes16,908
 6,877
Debt issuance costs9,026
 1,074
Principal payments of long-term debt300,636
 610
Principal payments of long-term debt1,850
 1,776
Purchases of treasury stock3,067
 105,803
Purchases of treasury stock121,896
 333,432
Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements3,628
 
Cash used for changes in universal life and other   Total uses461,587
 846,906
investment type policies and contracts
 352,365
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash
 49,708
Total uses2,515,183
 1,012,140
Net change in cash and cash equivalentsNet change in cash and cash equivalents$(145,582) $102,023
Net change in cash and cash equivalents$(22,604) $(23,193)
Cash Flows from Operations - The principal cash inflows from the Company’s reinsurance activities come from premiums, investment and fee income, annuity considerations and deposit funds and income tax refunds.funds. The principal cash outflows relate to the liabilities associated with various life and health insurance, annuity and disability products, operating expenses, income tax payments and interest on outstanding debt obligations. The primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is the risk of shortfalls in premiums and investment income, particularly in periods with abnormally high claims levels.
Cash Flows from Investments - The principal cash inflows from the Company’s investment activities come from repayments of principal on invested assets, proceeds from maturities of invested assets, sales of invested assets and settlements of freestanding

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derivatives. The principal cash outflows relate to purchases of investments, issuances of policy loans and settlements of freestanding derivatives. The Company typically has a net cash outflow from investing activities because cash inflows from insurance operations are reinvested in accordance with its asset/liability management discipline to fund insurance liabilities. The Company closely monitors and manages these risks through its credit risk management process. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are the risk of default by debtors and market disruption.

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Financing Cash Flows - The principal cash inflows from the Company’s financing activities come from issuances of RGA debt and equity securities, and deposit funds associated with universal life and other investment type policies and contracts. The principal cash outflows come from repayments of debt, payments of dividends to stockholders, purchases of treasury stock, and withdrawals associated with universal life and other investment type policies and contracts. A primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is the risk of early contractholder and policyholder withdrawal.
Contractual Obligations
The Company’s obligation for long-term debt, including interest, increased by $1,779.9 million since December 31, 2015 primarily related to the June 2016 issuance of senior notes and subordinated debentures as previously discussed. There were no other material changes in the Company’s contractual obligations from those reported in the 20152016 Annual Report.
Asset / Liability Management
The Company actively manages its cash and invested assets using an approach that is intended to balance quality, diversification, asset/liability matching, liquidity and investment return. The goals of the investment process are to optimize after-tax, risk-adjusted investment income and after-tax, risk-adjusted total return while managing the assets and liabilities on a cash flow and duration basis.
The Company has established target asset portfolios for each major insurance product, which represent the investment strategies intended to profitably fund its liabilities within acceptable risk parameters. These strategies include objectives and limits for effective duration, yield curve sensitivity and convexity, liquidity, asset sector concentration and credit quality.
The Company’s asset-intensive products are primarily supported by investments in fixed maturity securities reflected on the Company’s balance sheet and under funds withheld arrangements with the ceding company. Investment guidelines are established to structure the investment portfolio based upon the type, duration and behavior of products in the liability portfolio so as to achieve targeted levels of profitability. The Company manages the asset-intensive business to provide a targeted spread between the interest rate earned on investments and the interest rate credited to the underlying interest-sensitive contract liabilities. The Company periodically reviews models projecting different interest rate scenarios and their effect on profitability. Certain of these asset-intensive agreements, primarily in the U.S. and Latin America Non-TraditionalFinancial Solutions operating segment, are generally funded by fixed maturity securities that are withheld by the ceding company.
The Company’s liquidity position (cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments) was $1,506.4$1,232.4 million and $2,083.6$1,277.4 million at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015,2016, respectively. Cash and cash equivalents includes cash collateral received from derivative counterparties of $305.7$194.1 million and $245.0$254.5 million as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015,2016, respectively. This unrestricted cash collateral is included in cash and cash equivalents and the obligation to return it is included in other liabilities in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Liquidity needs are determined from valuation analyses conducted by operational units and are driven by product portfolios. Periodic evaluations of demand liabilities and short-term liquid assets are designed to adjust specific portfolios, as well as their durations and maturities, in response to anticipated liquidity needs.
See “Securities Borrowing, Lending and Other” in Note 4 - “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to the Company’s securities borrowing, lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase programs. In addition to its security agreements with third parties, certain RGA’s subsidiaries have entered into intercompany securities lending agreements to more efficiently source securities for lending to third parties and to provide for more efficient regulatory capital management.
The Company is a member of the FHLB and holds $51.8$60.5 million of FHLB common stock, which is included in other invested assets on the Company'sCompany’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Membership provides the Company access to borrowing arrangements (“advances”) and funding agreements, discussed below, with the FHLB. RGA ReinsuranceThe Company did not have any advances from the FHLB at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015.2016. The Company’s average outstanding balance of advances was $0.5$3.1 million and $29.5 million during the third quarter andfor the first ninethree months of 2016, respectively,2017, and was $6.1$35.5 million and $10.7 million during the third quarter andfor the first ninethree months of 2015, respectively.2016. Interest on advances is reflected in interest expense on the Company'sCompany’s condensed consolidated statements of income.
In addition, the Company has also entered into funding agreements with the FHLB under guaranteed investment contracts whereby the Company has issued the funding agreements in exchange for cash and for which the FHLB has been granted a blanket lien on the Company'sCompany’s commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities and commercial mortgage loans used to collateralize the Company'sCompany’s obligations under the funding agreements. The Company maintains control over these pledged assets, and may use, commingle, encumber or dispose of any portion of the collateral as long as there is no event of default and the remaining qualified collateral is sufficient to satisfy the collateral maintenance level. The funding agreements and the related security agreements

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represented by this blanket lien provide that upon any event of default by the Company, the FHLB'sFHLB’s recovery is limited to the amount of the Company'sCompany’s liability under the outstanding funding agreements. The amount of the Company'sCompany’s liability for the funding agreements with the FHLB under guaranteed investment contracts was $956.2$1.2 million and $622.1 million$1.1 billion at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015,2016, respectively, which is included in interest sensitive contract liabilities on the Company'sCompany’s condensed

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consolidated balance sheets. The advances on these agreements are collateralized primarily by commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage loans, and U.S. Treasury and government agency securities. The amount of collateral exceeds the liability and is dependent on the type of assets collateralizing the guaranteed investment contracts.
Investments
Management of Investments
The Company’s investment and derivative strategies involve matching the characteristics of its reinsurance products and other obligations and to seek to closely approximate the interest rate sensitivity of the assets with estimated interest rate sensitivity of the reinsurance liabilities. The Company achieves its income objectives through strategic and tactical asset allocations, security and derivative strategies within an asset/liability management and disciplined risk management framework. Derivative strategies are employed within the Company’s risk management framework to help manage duration, currency, and other risks in assets and/or liabilities and to replicate the credit characteristics of certain assets. For a discussion of the Company’s risk management process see “Market Risk” in the “Enterprise Risk Management” section below.
The Company’s portfolio management groups work with the Enterprise Risk Management function to develop the investment policies for the assets of the Company’s domestic and international investment portfolios. All investments held by the Company, directly or in a funds withheld at interest reinsurance arrangement, are monitored for conformance with the Company’s stated investment policy limits as well as any limits prescribed by the applicable jurisdiction’s insurance laws and regulations. See Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Company’s investments.
Portfolio Composition
The Company had total cash and invested assets of $47.8$46.6 billion and $43.5$46.0 billion at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015,2016, respectively, as illustrated below (dollars in thousands):
 September 30, 2016 % of Total December 31, 2015 % of Total March 31, 2017 % of Total December 31, 2016 % of Total
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale $33,536,419
 70.2% $29,642,905
 68.1% $32,694,793
 70.2% $32,093,625
 69.6%
Mortgage loans on real estate 3,607,700
 7.5
 3,129,951
 7.2
 3,871,309
 8.3
 3,775,522
 8.2
Policy loans 1,414,963
 3.0
 1,468,796
 3.4
 1,402,940
 3.0
 1,427,602
 3.1
Funds withheld at interest 5,922,656
 12.4
 5,880,203
 13.5
 5,943,450
 12.8
 5,875,919
 12.8
Short-term investments 126,702
 0.3
 558,284
 1.3
 54,288
 0.1
 76,710
 0.2
Other invested assets 1,777,065
 3.7
 1,298,120
 3.0
 1,429,175
 3.1
 1,591,940
 3.5
Cash and cash equivalents 1,379,693
 2.9
 1,525,275
 3.5
 1,178,114
 2.5
 1,200,718
 2.6
Total cash and invested assets $47,765,198
 100.0% $43,503,534
 100.0% $46,574,069
 100.0% $46,042,036
 100.0%
Investment Yield
The following table presents consolidated average invested assets at amortized cost, net investment income and investment yield, excluding spread related business. Spread related business is primarily associated with contracts on which the Company earns an interest rate spread between assets and liabilities. To varying degrees, fluctuations in the yield on other spread related business is generally subject to corresponding adjustments to the interest credited on the liabilities (dollars in thousands).
Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,Three months ended March 31,
2016 2015 
  Increase/  
  (Decrease)  
 2016 2015 
  Increase/  
  (Decrease)  
2017 2016 
  Increase/  
  (Decrease)  
Average invested assets at amortized cost$24,128,430
 $20,988,046
 15.0% $22,982,245
 $20,783,655
 10.6%$25,212,377
 $22,379,003
 12.7%
Net investment income263,111
 240,168
 9.6% 777,157
 739,538
 5.1%273,208
 245,299
 11.4%
Investment yield (ratio of net investment income to average invested assets)4.43% 4.66% (23) bps
 4.53% 4.77% (24) bps
4.41% 4.46% (5) bps

Investment yield decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 in comparison to the same period in the prior year due to the effect of low interest rate environment.

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Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale
See “Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables that provide the amortized cost, unrealized gains and losses, estimated fair value of fixed maturity and equity securities, and the other-than-temporary impairments in AOCI by sector as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015.2016.
The Company’s fixed maturity securities are invested primarily in corporate bonds, mortgage- and asset-backed securities, and U.S. and foreign government securities. As of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015,2016, approximately 95.0%95.1% and 94.6%95.0%, respectively, of the Company’s consolidated investment portfolio of fixed maturity securities were investment grade.
Important factors in the selection of investments include diversification, quality, yield, call protection and total rate of return potential. The relative importance of these factors is determined by market conditions and the underlying reinsurance liability and existing portfolio characteristics. The largest asset class in which fixed maturity securities were invested was corporate securities, which represented approximately 60.2%61.8% and 59.7%61.1% of total fixed maturity securities as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015,2016, respectively. See “Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables showing the major industry types, which comprise the corporate fixed maturity holdings at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015.2016.
As of September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, the Company’s investments in Canadian and Canadian provincial government securities represented 12.3%remains unchanged from December 31, 2016, representing 11.4% of the fair value of total fixed maturity securities compared to 12.1% of the fair value of total fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2015.securities. These assets are primarily high quality, long duration provincial strips, the valuation of which is closely linked to the interest rate curve. These assets are longer in duration and held primarily for asset/liability management to meet Canadian regulatory requirements. See “Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables showing the various sectors as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015.2016.
The Company references rating agency designations in some of its investments disclosures. These designations are based on the ratings from nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, primarily those assigned by S&P. In instances where a S&P rating is not available the Company references the rating provided by Moody’s and in the absence of both the Company will assign equivalent ratings based on information from the NAIC. The NAIC assigns securities quality ratings and uniform valuations called “NAIC Designations” which are used by insurers when preparing their U.S. statutory filings. Structured securities (mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities) held by the Company'sCompany’s insurance subsidiaries that maintain the NAIC statutory basis of accounting utilize the NAIC rating methodology. The NAIC assigns designations to publicly traded as well as privately placed securities. The designations assigned by the NAIC range from class 1 to class 6, with designations in classes 1 and 2 generally considered investment grade (BBB or higher rating agency designation). NAIC designations in classes 3 through 6 are generally considered below investment grade (BB or lower rating agency designation).
The quality of the Company’s available-for-sale fixed maturity securities portfolio, as measured at fair value and by the percentage of fixed maturity securities invested in various ratings categories, relative to the entire available-for-sale fixed maturity security portfolio, at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 was as follows (dollars in thousands):
 
   September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015   March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
NAIC
Designation
 
Rating Agency
Designation
 Amortized Cost  
Estimated
Fair Value
 % of Total      Amortized Cost  
Estimated
     Fair  Value     
 % of Total      
Rating Agency
Designation
 Amortized Cost  
Estimated
Fair Value
 % of Total      Amortized Cost  
Estimated
     Fair  Value     
 % of Total     
1 AAA/AA/A $19,794,556
 $22,594,066
 67.3% $17,801,017
 $19,231,535
 64.8% AAA/AA/A $19,816,139
 $21,521,758
 65.8% $19,813,653
 $21,369,081
 66.5%
2 BBB 8,660,225
 9,296,652
 27.7
 8,838,444
 8,830,172
 29.8
 BBB 9,159,294
 9,571,666
 29.3
 8,834,469
 9,162,483
 28.5
3 BB 1,010,694
 1,027,001
 3.1
 1,054,449
 1,001,614
 3.4
 BB 1,079,371
 1,109,172
 3.4
 944,839
 955,735
 3.0
4 B 451,456
 441,887
 1.3
 399,417
 359,591
 1.2
 B 383,254
 377,469
 1.2
 414,087
 411,138
 1.3
5 CCC and lower 157,857
 151,182
 0.5
 207,351
 197,498
 0.7
 CCC and lower 91,245
 105,749
 0.3
 187,744
 177,481
 0.6
6 In or near default 23,108
 25,631
 0.1
 22,299
 22,495
 0.1
 In or near default 11,264
 8,979
 
 16,995
 17,707
 0.1
 Total $30,097,896
 $33,536,419
 100.0% $28,322,977
 $29,642,905
 100.0% Total $30,540,567
 $32,694,793
 100.0% $30,211,787
 $32,093,625
 100.0%









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The Company’s fixed maturity portfolio includes structured securities. The following table shows the types of structured securities the Company held at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 20152016 (dollars in thousands): 
 September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
 Amortized Cost 
Estimated
Fair Value
 Amortized Cost 
Estimated
Fair Value
 Amortized Cost 
Estimated
Fair Value
 Amortized Cost 
Estimated
Fair Value
Residential mortgage-backed securities:                
Agency $590,881
 $642,041
 $602,524
 $634,077
 $584,067
 $608,066
 $579,686
 $602,549
Non-agency 656,796
 669,651
 675,474
 677,400
 697,104
 695,811
 678,353
 676,027
Total residential mortgage-backed securities 1,247,677
 1,311,692
 1,277,998
 1,311,477
 1,281,171
 1,303,877
 1,258,039
 1,278,576
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 1,402,249
 1,475,033
 1,456,848
 1,483,087
 1,272,020
 1,289,338
 1,342,440
 1,363,654
Asset-backed securities 1,388,263
 1,382,574
 1,219,000
 1,212,676
 1,379,251
 1,380,590
 1,443,822
 1,429,344
Total $4,038,189
 $4,169,299
 $3,953,846
 $4,007,240
 $3,932,442
 $3,973,805
 $4,044,301
 $4,071,574
The residential mortgage-backed securities include agency-issued pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations. A majority of the agency-issued pass-through securities are guaranteed or otherwise supported by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, Federal National Mortgage Association, or the Government National Mortgage Association. The principal risks inherent in holding mortgage-backed securities are prepayment and extension risks, which will affect the timing of when cash will be received and are dependent on the level of mortgage interest rates. Prepayment risk is the unexpected increase in principal payments from the expected, primarily as a result of owner refinancing. Extension risk relates to the unexpected slowdown in principal payments from the expected. In addition, non-agency mortgage-backed securities face credit risk should the borrower be unable to pay the contractual interest or principal on their obligation. The Company monitors its mortgage-backed securities to mitigate exposure to the cash flow uncertainties associated with these risks.
Asset-backed securities include credit card and automobile receivables, student loans, home equity loans and collateralized debt obligations (primarily collateralized loan obligations). The Company owns floating rate securities that represent approximately 12.4%13.0% and 12.9% of the total fixed maturity securities at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015.2016, respectively. These investments have a higher degree of income variability than the other fixed income holdings in the portfolio due to the floating rate nature of the interest payments. The Company holds these investments to match specific floating rate liabilities primarily reflected in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as collateral finance notes, as well as to enhance asset management strategies. In addition to the risks associated with floating rate securities, principal risks in holding asset-backed securities are structural, credit and capital market risks. Structural risks include the securities’ cash flow priority in the capital structure and the inherent prepayment sensitivity of the underlying collateral. Credit risks include the adequacy and ability to realize proceeds from the collateral. Credit risks are mitigated by credit enhancements which include excess spread, over-collateralization and subordination. Capital market risks include general level of interest rates and the liquidity for these securities in the marketplace.
The Company monitors its fixed maturity and equity securities to determine impairments in value and evaluates factors such as financial condition of the issuer, payment performance, the length of time and the extent to which the market value has been below amortized cost, compliance with covenants, general market and industry sector conditions, current intent and ability to hold securities, and various other subjective factors. Based on management'smanagement’s judgment, securities determined to have an other-than-temporary impairment in value are written down to fair value. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, other-than-temporary impairments on corporate and other fixed maturity securities related primarily to emerging market and high-yield debt exposures. See “Investments – Other-than-Temporary Impairment” in Note 2 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the 20152016 Annual Report for additional information. The table below summarizes other-than-temporary impairments and changes in the mortgage loan provision for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016 and 2015 (dollars in thousands).
Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,Three months ended March 31,
2016 2015 2016 20152017 2016
Impairment losses on fixed maturity securities$
 $23,111
 $34,663
 $29,775
$17,189
 $33,817
Other impairment losses15
 926
 2,178
 5,480
(2) 2,049
Change in mortgage loan provision247
 (290) (67) (819)101
 11
Total$262
 $23,747
 $36,774
 $34,436
$17,288
 $35,877
The fixed maturity impairments for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2017 and 2016 and 2015 were largely related to high-yield energy and emerging market corporate securities. In addition, other impairment losses for the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2016 and September 30, 2015 are due to impairments on limited partnerships and changes in the provision for equity release mortgages.partnerships.


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There has been increased focus on the energy sector spurred by lower prices for oil. The Company’s exposure to lower oil prices includes fixed maturity and equity securities, funds withheld at interest, credit default swaps and other investments. The fixed maturity and equity securities, and funds withheld at interest consist of corporate bonds, foreign agency bonds and non-redeemable preferred stock. The following table presents information regarding the Company's exposure to these investments as of September 30, 2016At March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015 (dollars in thousands):
  September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015
Total energy sector investments, estimated fair value $2,498,188
 $2,342,803
Fixed maturity and equity securities: 

 

Amortized cost $2,254,682
 $2,378,775
Net unrealized gains (losses) 130,002
 (157,813)
Estimated fair value $2,384,684
 $2,220,962
Percentage investment grade 90.2% 89.0%
Net written credit default swaps, notional amount $99,236
 $110,608
At September 30, 2016, and December 31, 2015, the Company had $137.3$277.6 million and $627.5$374.9 million, respectively, of gross unrealized losses related to its fixed maturity and equity securities. The distribution of the gross unrealized losses related to these securities is shown below.
 September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
Sector:        
Corporate securities 75.6% 75.8% 59.0% 61.6%
Canadian and Canada provincial governments 
 0.4
 1.2
 0.9
Residential mortgage-backed securities 2.8
 1.9
 4.2
 3.6
Asset-backed securities 14.1
 2.9
 4.7
 6.4
Commercial mortgage-backed securities 0.4
 1.8
 2.5
 2.1
State and political subdivisions 3.2
 9.2
 4.2
 16.8
U.S. government and agencies 0.1
 1.4
 20.0
 3.3
Other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises 3.8
 6.6
 4.2
 5.3
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Industry:        
Finance 14.2% 8.8% 17.0% 20.1%
Asset-backed 14.1
 2.9
 4.7
 6.4
Industrial 51.5
 62.1
 36.9
 32.9
Mortgage-backed 3.2
 3.7
 6.7
 5.7
Government 7.1
 17.6
 29.6
 26.3
Utility 9.9
 4.9
 5.1
 8.6
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
See “Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents the total gross unrealized losses for fixed maturity and equity securities at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015,2016, respectively, where the estimated fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost by less than 20% or more than 20%.
The Company’s determination of whether a decline in value is other-than-temporary includes analysis of the underlying credit and the extent and duration of a decline in value. The Company’s credit analysis of an investment includes determining whether the issuer is current on its contractual payments, evaluating whether it is probable that the Company will be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the security and analyzing the overall ability of the Company to recover the amortized cost of the investment. In the Company’s impairment review process, the duration and severity of an unrealized loss position for equity securities are given greater weight and consideration given the lack of contractual cash flows and the deferability features of these securities.
See “Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables that present the estimated fair values and gross unrealized losses, including other-than-temporary impairment losses reported in AOCI, for fixed maturity and equity securities that have estimated fair values below amortized cost, by class and grade security, as well as the length of time the related market value has remained below amortized cost as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015.

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2016.
As of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015,2016, the Company classified approximately 7.0%6.6% and 8.2%6.9%, respectively, of its fixed maturity securities in the Level 3 category (refer to Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information). These securities primarily consist of private placement corporate securities, bank loans, Canadian provincial strips, below investment grade commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities, collateralized loan obligations and subprime asset-backed securities with inactive trading markets.
See “Securities Borrowing and Other” in Note 4 - “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to the Company’s securities borrowing, repurchase and repurchase/reverse repurchase programs.
Mortgage Loans on Real Estate
Mortgage loans represented approximately 7.5%8.3% and 7.2%8.2% of the Company’s cash and invested assets as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015,2016, respectively. The Company’s mortgage loan portfolio consists of U.S. and Canada based investments primarily in commercial offices, light industrial properties and retail locations. The mortgage loan portfolio is diversified by geographic region and property type. Additional information on geographic concentration and property type can be found under "Mortgage“Mortgage Loans on Real Estate"Estate” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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As of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015,2016, the Company’s mortgage loans, gross of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses and valuation allowances, were distributed geographically as follows (dollars in thousands):
 September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
 
Recorded
Investment
 % of Total 
Recorded
Investment
 % of Total 
Recorded
Investment
 % of Total 
Recorded
Investment
 % of Total
U.S. Region:        
Pacific $1,094,576
 30.3% $894,411
 28.5% $1,190,378
 30.7% $1,112,636
 29.4%
South Atlantic 695,783
 19.2
 663,528
 21.2
 780,802
 20.1
 782,509
 20.7
Mountain 593,835
 16.4
 486,699
 15.5
 630,895
 16.3
 615,915
 16.3
East North Central 409,324
 11.3
 337,002
 10.7
 421,809
 10.9
 422,512
 11.2
West North Central 319,937
 8.9
 274,760
 8.8
 309,860
 8.0
 318,212
 8.4
West South Central 288,569
 8.0
 237,549
 7.6
 318,497
 8.2
 317,194
 8.4
Middle Atlantic 96,813
 2.7
 151,084
 4.8
 81,858
 2.1
 92,683
 2.4
East South Central 66,862
 1.8
 59,630
 1.9
 65,884
 1.7
 57,216
 1.5
New England 13,836
 0.4
 32,101
 1.0
 9,288
 0.2
 9,346
 0.2
Subtotal - U.S. 3,579,535
 99.0
 3,136,764
 100.0
 3,809,271
 98.2
 3,728,223
 98.5
Canada 34,911
 1.0
 
 
 70,498
 1.8
 54,984
 1.5
Total $3,614,446
 100.0% $3,136,764
 100.0% $3,879,769
 100.0% $3,783,207
 100.0%
Valuation allowances on mortgage loans are established based upon inherent losses expected by management to be realized in connection with future dispositions or settlement of mortgage loans, including foreclosures. The valuation allowances are established after management considers, among other things, the value of underlying collateral and payment capabilities of debtors. Any subsequent adjustments to the valuation allowances will be treated as investment gains or losses. See “Mortgage Loans on Real Estate” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding valuation allowances and impairments.
Policy Loans
Policy loans comprised approximately 3.0% and 3.4%3.1% of the Company’s cash and invested assets as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015,2016, respectively, the majority of which are associated with one client. These policy loans present no credit risk because the amount of the loan cannot exceed the obligation due the ceding company upon the death of the insured or surrender of the underlying policy. The provisions of the treaties in force and the underlying policies determine the policy loan interest rates. The Company earns a spread between the interest rate earned on policy loans and the interest rate credited to corresponding liabilities.






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Funds Withheld at Interest
Funds withheld at interest comprised approximately 12.4% and 13.5%12.8% of the Company’s cash and invested assets as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015, respectively.2016. For reinsurance agreements written on a modified coinsurance basis and certain agreements written on a coinsurance basis, assets equal to the net statutory reserves are withheld and legally owned and managed by the ceding company, and are reflected as funds withheld at interest on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. In the event of a ceding company’s insolvency, the Company would need to assert a claim on the assets supporting its reserve liabilities. However, the risk of loss to the Company is mitigated by its ability to offset amounts it owes the ceding company for claims or allowances against amounts owed by the ceding company. Interest accrues to the total funds withheld at interest assets at rates defined by the treaty terms. Additionally, under certain treaties the Company is subject to the investment performance on the withheld assets, although it does not directly control them. These assets are primarily fixed maturity investment securities and pose risks similar to the fixed maturity securities the Company owns. To mitigate this risk, the Company helps set the investment guidelines followed by the ceding company and monitors compliance. Ceding companies with funds withheld at interest had an average financial strength rating of “A” at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015.2016. Certain ceding companies maintain segregated portfolios for the benefit of the Company.
Other Invested Assets
Other invested assets include equity securities, limited partnership interests, joint ventures (other than operating joint ventures), structured loans, derivative contracts, FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments, FHLB common stock, real estate held-for-investment and equity release mortgages. Other invested assets represented approximately 3.7%3.1% and 3.0%3.5% of the Company’s cash and invested assets as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015,2016, respectively. See “Other Invested Assets” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents the carrying value of the Company’s other invested assets by type as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015.2016.

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The Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to protect the Company against possible changes in the fair value of its investment portfolio as a result of interest rate changes, to hedge against risk of changes in the purchase price of securities, to hedge liabilities associated with the reinsurance of variable annuities with guaranteed living benefits and to manage the portfolio’s effective yield, maturity and duration. In addition, the Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to reduce the risk associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. The Company uses both exchange-traded, centrally cleared, and customized over-the-counter derivative financial instruments.
See Note 5 - “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents the notional amounts and fair value of investment related derivative instruments held at September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015.2016.
The Company may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to derivative financial instruments. Generally, the credit exposure of the Company’s derivative contracts is limited to the fair value at the reporting date plus or minus any collateral posted or held by the Company. The Company had no credit exposure related to its derivative contracts, excluding futures and mortality swaps, at September 30,March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, as the net amount of collateral pledged to the Company from counterparties exceeded the fair value of the derivative contracts. The Company had credit exposure related to its derivative contracts, excluding futures and mortality swaps, of $7.8 million at December 31, 2015.
The Company manages its credit risk related to over-the-counter derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. Certain of the Company'sCompany’s OTC derivatives are cleared derivatives, which are bilateral transactions between the Company and a counterparty where the transactions are cleared through a clearinghouse, such that each derivative counterparty is only exposed to the default of the clearinghouse. As exchange-traded futures are affected through regulated exchanges, and positions are marked to market on a daily basis, the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties. See Note 5 - “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments.
Enterprise Risk Management
RGA maintains a dedicated Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) function that is responsible for analyzing and reporting the Company’s risks on an aggregated basis; facilitating monitoring to ensure the Company’s risks remain within its appetites, limits and tolerances; and ensuring, on an ongoing basis, that RGA’s ERM objectives are met. This includes ensuring proper risk controls are in place; risks are effectively identified, assessed, and managed; and key risks to which the Company is exposed are disclosed to appropriate stakeholders. The ERM function plays an important role in fostering the Company’s risk management culture and practices.

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Enterprise Risk Management Structure and Governance
The Board of Directors (“the Board”) oversees enterprise risk through its standing committees. The Finance, Investments, and Risk Management (FIRM)(“FIRM”) Committee of the Board oversees the management of the Company’s ERM program and policies. The FIRM receives regular reports and assessments which describe the Company’s key risk exposures and include quantitative and qualitative assessments and information about breaches, exceptions, and waivers.
The Company’s Global Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”) leads the dedicated ERM function. The CRO reports to the PresidentChief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and has direct access to the Board through the FIRM Committee with formal reporting occurring quarterly. The CRO is supported by a network of Business Unit Chief Risk Officers and Risk Management Officers throughout the business who are responsible for the analysis and management of risks within their scope. A Lead Risk Management Officer is assigned to each risk to take overall responsibility to monitor and assess the risk consistently across all markets.
In addition to leading the ERM function, the CRO also chairs the Company’s Risk Management Steering Committee (“RMSC”), which is made up of senior management executives, including the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"), the President,CEO, the Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"(“CFO”), and the Chief Operating Officer, among others. The RMSC approves targets and limits for each material risk at the consolidated level and reviews these limits at least annually. Exposure to these risks is calculated and presented to the RMSC at least quarterly. Any waiver or exception to established risk limits needs to be approved by the RMSC. The Company also has risk-focused committees such as the Business Continuity and Information Governance Steering Committee, Consolidated Investment Committee, Derivatives Risk Oversight Committee, Asset Liability Management Committee, Actuarial Standards Group, Collateral and Liquidity Committee, and the Currency Risk Management Committee. These committees are comprised of various risk and technical experts and have overlapping membership, enabling consistent and holistic management of risks. These committees report directly or indirectly to the RMSC. In addition to the risk committees at a consolidated level, some of RGA’s operating entities have risk management committees that oversee relevant risks relative to segment-level risk targets and limits.



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Enterprise Risk Management Framework
RGA’s ERM framework provides a platform to assess the risk / return profiles of risks throughout the organization to enable enhanced decision making by business leaders. The ERM framework also guides the development and implementation of mitigation strategies to reduce exposures to these risks to acceptable levels.
RGA’s ERM framework includes the following elements:
1.Risk Culture: Risk management is an integral part of the Company’s culture and is embedded in RGA’s business processes in accordance with RGA’s risk philosophy. As the cornerstone of the ERM framework, a culture of prudent risk management reinforced by senior management plays a preeminent role in the effective management of risks assumed by RGA.
2.Risk Tolerance Statements: Describes the amount of risk the Company is willing to accept, which take into account the interactions and aggregation of risks across multiple risk areas. These statements provide a framework for managing the Company from an overall risk point of view.
3.Risk Targets and Limits: Risk Targets are established and managed in conjunction with strategic planning and set the desired range of risk that the Company seeks to assume. Risk Limits establish the maximum amount of each risk that the Company is willing to assume to remain within the Company’s risk tolerance.
4.Risk Assessment Process: RGA uses qualitative and quantitative methods to assess key risks through a portfolio approach, which analyzes established and emerging risks in conjunction with other risks.
5.Business Specific Limits/Controls: These limits/controls provide additional safeguards against undesired risk exposures and are embedded in business processes. Examples include: maximum retention limits, pricing and underwriting reviews, per issuer limits, concentration limits, and standard treaty language.
Proactive risk monitoring and reporting enable early detection and mitigation of emerging risks. The RMSC monitors adherence to risk targets and limits through the ERM function, which reports regularly to the RMSC and FIRM Committee. The frequency of monitoring is tailored to the volatility of each risk. Risk escalation channels coupled with open communication lines enhance the mitigants explained above. The Company has devoted significant resources to developing its ERM program and expects to continue to do so in the future. Nonetheless, the Company’s policies and procedures to identify, manage, and monitor risks may not be fully effective. Many of the Company’s methods for managing risk are based on historical information, which may not be a good predictor of future risk exposures, such as the risk of a pandemic causing a large number of deaths. Management of operational, legal, and regulatory risk relies on policies and procedures which may not be fully effective under all scenarios.
Risk Categories
The Company categorizes its main risks as insurance risk, market risk, credit risk and operational risk. Specific risk assessments and descriptions can be found below and in Item 1A – “Risk Factors” of the 20152016 Annual Report.

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Insurance Risk
Insurance risk is the risk of loss due to experience deviating adversely from expectations for mortality, morbidity, longevity and policyholder behavior or lost future profits due to treaty recapture by clients. The Company uses multiple approaches to managing insurance risk: active insurance risk assessment and pricing appropriately for the risks assumed, transferring undesired risks, and managing the retained exposure prudently. These strategies are explained below.
Insurance Risk Assessment and Pricing
The Company has developed extensive expertise in assessing insurance risks which ultimately forms an integral part of ensuring that it is compensated commensurately for the risks it assumes and that it does not overpay for the risks it transfers to third parties. This expertise includes a vast array of market and product knowledge supported by a large information database of historical experience which is closely monitored. Analysis and experience studies derived from this database help form the basis for the Company’s pricing assumptions which are used in developing rates for new risks. If actual mortality or morbidity experience is materially adverse, some reinsurance treaties allow for increases to future premium rates.
Misestimation of any key risk can threaten the long term viability of the enterprise. Further, the pricing process is a key operational risk and significant effort is applied to ensuring the appropriateness of pricing assumptions. Some of the safeguards the Company uses to ensure proper pricing are: experience studies, strict underwriting, sensitivity and scenario testing, pricing guidelines and controls, authority limits and internal and external pricing reviews. In addition, the ERM function provides pricing oversight which includes periodic pricing audits.
Specific stress scenarios and reverse stress tests are analyzed to better understand how the solvency and rating

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Risk Transfer
To minimize volatility in financial results and reduce the impact of large losses, the Company transfers some of its insurance risk to third parties using vehicles such as retrocession and catastrophe coverage.
Individual Exposure Retrocession
In the normal course of business, the Company seeks to limit its exposure to loss on any single insured and to recover a portion of claims paid by ceding reinsurance to other insurance enterprises (or retrocessionaires) under excess coverage and coinsurance contracts. In individual life markets, the Company retains a maximum of $8.0 million of coverage per individual life. In certain limited situations the Company has retained more than $8.0 million per individual life. The Company enters into agreements with other reinsurers to mitigate the residual risk related to the over-retained policies. Additionally, due to some lower face amount reinsurance coverages provided by the Company in addition to individual life, such as group life, disability and health, under certain circumstances, the Company could potentially incur claims totaling more than $8.0 million per individual life.
Catastrophic Excess Loss Retrocession
The Company seeks to limit its exposure to loss on its assumed catastrophic excess of loss reinsurance agreements by ceding a portion of its exposure to multiple retrocessionaires through retrocession line slips or directly to retrocession markets. The Company retains a maximum of $20.0 million of catastrophic loss exposure per agreement and retrocedes up to $50.0$30.0 million additional loss exposures to the retrocession markets. The Company limits its exposure on a country-by-country (and state-by-state in the U.S.) basis by managing its total exposure to all catastrophic excess of loss agreements bound within a given country to established maximum aggregate exposures. The maximum exposures are established and managed both on gross amounts issued prior to including retrocession and for amounts net of exposures retroceded.
Catastrophe Coverage
The Company accesses the markets each year for annual catastrophic coverages and reviews current coverage and pricing of current and alternate designs. Purchases vary from year to year based on the Company’s perceived value of such coverages. The current policy covers events involving 8 or more insured deaths from a single occurrence and covers $100.0 million of claims in excess of the Company’s $25.0 million deductible.






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Managing Retained Exposure
The Company retains most of the inbound insurance risk. The Company manages the retained exposure proactively using various mitigating factors such as diversification and limits. Diversification is the primary mitigating factor of short term volatility risk, but it also mitigates adverse impacts of changes in long term trends and catastrophic events. The Company’s insured populations are dispersed globally, diversifying the insurance exposure because factors that cause actual experience to deviate materially from expectations do not affect all areas uniformly and synchronously or in close sequence. A variety of limits mitigate retained insurance risk. Examples of these limits include geographic exposure limits, which set the maximum amount of business that can be written in a given locale, and jumbo limits, which prevent excessive coverage on a given individual.
In the event that mortality or morbidity experience develops in excess of expectations, some reinsurance treaties allow for increases to future premium rates. Other treaties include experience refund provisions, which may also help reduce RGA’s mortality risk.
RGA has various methods to manage its insurance risks, including access to the capital and reinsurance markets.
Market Risk
Market risk is the risk that net asset and liability values or results of operations will be affected adversely by changes in market conditions such as market prices, exchange rates, and nominal interest rates. The Company is primarily exposed to interest rate, foreign currency, inflation, real estate and equity risks.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is the potential for loss, on a net asset and liability basis, due to changes in interest rates, including both risk-free rate changes and credit spread changes. This risk arises from many of the Company’s primary activities, as the Company invests substantial funds in interest-sensitive assets, primarily fixed maturity securities, and also has certain interest-sensitive contract liabilities. A prolonged period where market yields are significantly below the book yields of the Company'sCompany’s asset portfolio puts downward pressure on portfolio book yields. The Company has been proactive in its investment strategies, reinsurance structures and overall asset-liability management practices to reduce the risk of unfavorable consequences in this type of environment.
The Company manages interest rate risk to optimize the return on the Company’s capital and to preserve the value created by its business operations within certain constraints. For example, certain management and monitoring processes are designed to minimize

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the effect of sudden and/or sustained changes in interest rates on fair value, cash flows, and net interest income. The Company manages its exposure to interest rates principally by managing the relative matching of the cash flows of its liabilities and assets.
The Company’s exposure to interest rate price risk and interest rate cash flow risk is reviewed on a quarterly basis. Interest rate price risk exposure is measured using interest rate sensitivity analysis to determine the change in fair value of the Company’s financial instruments in the event of a hypothetical change in interest rates. Interest rate cash flow risk exposure is measured using interest rate sensitivity analysis to determine the Company’s variability in cash flows in the event of a hypothetical change in interest rates.
In order to reduce the exposure to changes in fair values from interest rate fluctuations, the Company has developed strategies to manage the net interest rate sensitivity of its assets and liabilities. In addition, from time to time, the Company has utilized the swap market to manage the sensitivity of fair values to interest rate fluctuations.
Foreign Currency Risk
The Company is subject to foreign currency translation, transaction, and net income exposure. The Company manages its exposure to currency principally by currency matching invested assets with the underlying liabilities to the extent possible. The Company has in place net investment hedges for a portion of its investments in its Canadian operations to reduce excess exposure to these currencies. Translation differences resulting from translating foreign subsidiary balances to U.S. dollars are reflected in stockholders’ equity on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The Company generally does not hedge the foreign currency exposure of its subsidiaries transacting business in currencies other than their functional currency (transaction exposure). However, the Company has entered into cross currency swaps to manage exposure to specific currencies. The majority of the Company’s foreign currency transactions are denominated in Australian dollars, British pounds, Canadian dollars, Euros, Japanese yen, Korean won, and the South African rand. The maximum amount of assets held in a specific currency (with the exception of the U.S. dollar) is measured relative to risk targets and is monitored regularly.




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Inflation Risk
The primary direct effect on the Company of inflation is the increase in operating expenses. A large portion of the Company’s operating expenses consists of salaries, which are subject to wage increases at least partly affected by the rate of inflation. The rate of inflation also has an indirect effect on the Company. To the extent that a government’s policies to control the level of inflation result in changes in interest rates, the Company’s investment income is affected.
The Company reinsures annuities with benefits indexed to the cost of living. Some of these benefits are hedged with a combination of CPI swaps and indexed bonds when material.
Long Term Care products have an inflation component linked to the future cost of such services. If health care costs increase at a much larger rate than what is prevalent in the nominal interest rates available in the markets, the Company may not earn enough investment yield to pay future claims on such products.
Real Estate Risk
The Company has investments in direct real estate equity and debt instruments collateralized by real estate (“real estate loans”). Real estate equity risks include significant reduction in valuations, which could be caused by downturns in the broad economy or in specific geographic regions or sectors. In addition, real estate loan risks include defaults, natural disasters, borrower or tenant bankruptcy and reduced liquidity. Real estate loan risks are partially mitigated by the excess of the value of the property over the loan principle, which provides a buffer should the value of the real estate decrease. The Company manages its real estate loan risk by diversifying by property type and geography and through exposure limits.
Equity Risk
Equity risk is the risk that net asset and liability (e.g. variable annuities or other equity linked exposures) values or revenues will be affected adversely by changes in equity markets. The Company assumes equity risk from alternative investments, fixed indexed annuities and variable annuities. The Company uses derivatives to hedge its exposure to movements in equity markets that have a direct correlation with certain of its reinsurance products.
Alternative Investments
Alternative investments are investments in non-traditional asset classes that are most commonly backingprimarily back the Company’s capital and surplus. The Company generally restricts the alternative investments portfolio to non-liability supporting assets: that is, free surplus. For (re)insurance companies, alternative investments generally encompass: hedge funds, owned commercial real estate, emerging markets debt, distressed debt, commodities, infrastructure, tax credits, and equities, both public and private. The Company mitigates its exposure to alternative investments by limiting the size of the alternative investments holding.

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Fixed Indexed Annuities
The Company reinsures fixed indexed annuities ("FIAs"(“FIAs”). Credits for FIAs are affected by changes in equity markets. Thus the fair value of the benefit is primarily a function of primarily index returns and volatility. The Company hedges most of the underlying FIA equity exposure.
Variable Annuities
The Company reinsures variable annuities including those with guaranteed minimum death benefits (“GMDB”), guaranteed minimum income benefits (“GMIB”), guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (“GMAB”) and guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (“GMWB”). Strong equity markets, increases in interest rates and decreases in equity market volatility will generally decrease the fair value of the liabilities underlying the benefits. Conversely, a decrease in the equity markets along with a decrease in interest rates and an increase in equity market volatility will generally result in an increase in the fair value of the liabilities underlying the benefits, which has the effect of increasing reserves and lowering earnings. The Company maintains a customized dynamic hedging program that is designed to substantially mitigate the risks associated with income volatility around the change in reserves on guaranteed benefits, ignoring the Company’s own credit risk assessment. However, the hedge positions may not fully offset the changes in the carrying value of the guarantees due to, among other things, time lags, high levels of volatility in the equity and derivative markets, extreme swings in interest rates, unexpected contract holder behavior, and divergence between the performance of the underlying funds and hedging indices. These factors, individually or collectively, may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s net income, financial condition or liquidity. The table below provides a summary of variable annuity account values and the fair value of the guaranteed benefits as of September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2015.2016.
 

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(dollars in millions) September 30, 2016 December 31, 2015 March 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
No guarantee minimum benefits $739
 $782
 $727
 $731
GMDB only 58
 62
 58
 58
GMIB only 5
 5
 5
 5
GMAB only 29
 33
 29
 28
GMWB only 1,370
 1,425
 1,354
 1,334
GMDB / WB 342
 359
 339
 335
Other 20
 22
 20
 19
Total variable annuity account values $2,563
 $2,688
 $2,532
 $2,510
Fair value of liabilities associated with living benefit riders $276
 $192
 $162
 $185
Credit Risk
Credit risk is the risk of loss due to counterparty (obligor, client, retrocessionaire, or partner) credit deterioration or unwillingness to meet its obligations. Credit risk has two forms: investment credit risk (asset default and credit migration) and insurance counterparty risk.

Investment Credit Risk
Investment credit risk, which includes default risk, is risk of loss due to credit quality deterioration of an individual financial investment, derivative or non-derivative contract or instrument. Credit quality deterioration may or may not be accompanied by a ratings downgrade. Generally, the investment credit exposure for fixed maturity securities is limited to the fair value, net of any collateral received, at the reporting date.
The Company manages investment credit risk using per-issuer investment limits. In addition to per-issuer limits, the Company also limits the total amounts of investments per rating category. An automated compliance system checks for compliance for all investment positions and sends warning messages when there is a breach. The Company manages its credit risk related to over-the-counter derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. Because futures are transacted through regulated exchanges, and positions are marked to market on a daily basis, the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to such derivative instruments.

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The Company enters into various collateral arrangements, which require both the posting and accepting of collateral in connection with its derivative instruments. Collateral agreements contain attachment thresholds that vary depending on the posting party’s financial strength ratings. Additionally, a decrease in the Company’s financial strength rating to a specified level results in potential settlement of the derivative positions under the Company’s agreements with its counterparties. A committee is responsible for setting rules and approving and overseeing all transactions requiring collateral. See “Credit Risk” in Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on credit risk related to derivatives.
Insurance Counterparty Risk
Insurance counterparty risk is the potential for the Company to incur losses due to a client, retrocessionaire, or partner becoming distressed or insolvent. This includes run-on-the-bank risk and collection risk.
Run-on-the-Bank
The risk that a client’s in force block incurs substantial surrenders and/or lapses due to credit impairment, reputation damage or other market changes affecting the counterparty. Substantially higher than expected surrenders and/or lapses could result in inadequate in force business to recover cash paid out for acquisition costs.
Collection Risk
For clients and retrocessionaires, this includes their inability to satisfy a reinsurance agreement because the right of offset is disallowed by the receivership court; the reinsurance contract is rejected by the receiver, resulting in a premature termination of the contract; and/or the security supporting the transaction becomes unavailable to RGA.
The Company manages insurance counterparty risk by limiting the total exposure to a single counterparty and by only initiating contracts with creditworthy counterparties. In addition, some of the counterparties have set up trusts and letters of credit, reducing the Company’s exposure to these counterparties.

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Generally, RGA’s insurance subsidiaries retrocede amounts in excess of their retention to certain other RGA Reinsurance, Parkway Re, RGA Barbados, RGA Americas, Rockwood Re, Manor Re, RGA Worldwide or RGA Atlantic.insurance subsidiaries. External retrocessions are arranged through the Company’s retrocession pools for amounts in excess of its retention. As of September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, all retrocession pool members in this excess retention pool rated by the A.M. Best Company were rated “A-” or better. A rating of “A-” is the fourth highest rating out of fifteensixteen possible ratings. For a majority of the retrocessionaires that were not rated, letters of credit or trust assets have been given as additional security. In addition, the Company performs annual financial and in force reviews of its retrocessionaires to evaluate financial stability and performance.
The Company has never experienced a material default in connection with retrocession arrangements, nor has it experienced any material difficulty in collecting claims recoverable from retrocessionaires; however, no assurance can be given as to the future performance of such retrocessionaires or as to the recoverability of any such claims.
Aggregate Counterparty Limits
In addition to investment credit limits and insurance counterparty limits, there are aggregate counterparty risk limits which include counterparty exposures from reinsurance, financing and investment activities at an aggregated level to control total exposure to a single counterparty. Counterparty risk aggregation is important because it enables the Company to capture risk exposures at a comprehensive level and under more extreme circumstances compared to analyzing the components individually.
All counterparty exposures are calculated on a quarterly basis, reviewed by management and monitored by the ERM function.
Operational Risks
Operational risks represent the risk of loss, or lost business opportunities, due to inadequate or failed internal processes, people, or systems or due to external events. These risks are sometimes residual risks after insurance, market, and credit risks have been identified. Identified operational risks are divided into four areas and are evaluated through a quarterly qualitative assessment involving Risk Management Officers across RGA’s business units. The four areas include the following:
Process Risks
ProcessKey operational process risks include known factors within the Company’s key operational processes (such as administration, claims, underwriting, investment operations, retrocession, pricing process, disruption of operations, information security, and financial reporting) that could have potential effects on the Company’s ability to meet business objectives.
Legal/Regulatory Risks
Legal and regulatory risks include the variousVarious legal, compliance, sovereign, and regulatory risk obligations and concerns faced by the Company. This risk area often intersectsintersect with the Company'sCompany’s core operational process risk areas. Given the scope of the Company’s business and the number of countries in which it operates, this set of risks has the potential to affect the business locally, regionally, or globally.
Financial Risks
Financial risks take into account known factors related to fraud,Fraud, collateral, expenses, financing, liquidity, tax, and valuation. There are many aspects to this set ofvaluation risks that are important to the operations of the Company and its ability to meet obligations with its clients, shareholders, and regulators.
Intangibles Risks
Intangibles risks include human
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Human capital, ratings, reputation, and strategy. These risksstrategy are core risks to managing the Company’s brand and market confidence as well as maintaining its ability to acquire and retain the appropriate expertise to execute and operate the business.
New Accounting Standards
See Note 1312 — “New Accounting Standards” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

ITEM 3.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
There has been no significant change in the Company’s quantitative or qualitative aspects of market risk during the quarter ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 from that disclosed in the 20152016 Annual Report. See “Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Market Risk”, which is included herein, for additional information.

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ITEM 4.  Controls and Procedures
The Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
There was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) during the quarter ended September 30, 2016,March 31, 2017, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1.  Legal Proceedings
The Company is subject to litigation in the normal course of its business. The Company currently has no material litigation. A legal reserve is established when the Company is notified of an arbitration demand or litigation or is notified that an arbitration demand or litigation is imminent, it is probable that the Company will incur a loss as a result and the amount of the probable loss is reasonably capable of being estimated.
ITEM 1A.  Risk Factors
There were no material changes from the risk factors disclosed in the 20152016 Annual Report, as updated by the risk factors disclosed in the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2016.Report.
ITEM 2.  Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table summarizes RGA’s repurchase activity of its common stock during the quarter ended September 30, 2016:March 31, 2017:
 
  
Total Number of Shares
Purchased (1)
 
Average Price Paid per   
Share
 
Total Number of Shares
Purchased as Part of
Publicly Announced Plans
or Programs (1)
 
Maximum Number (or
Approximate Dollar
Value) of Shares that May
Yet Be Purchased Under
the Plan or Program
July 1, 2016 -
July 31, 2016
 4,873
 $92.81
 4,681
 $283,478,453
August 1, 2016 -
August 31, 2016
 5,989
 $102.33
 
 $283,478,453
September 1, 2016 -
September 30, 2016
 359
 $108.45
 
 $283,478,453
  
Total Number of Shares
Purchased (1)
 
Average Price Paid per   
Share
 
Total Number of Shares
Purchased as Part of
Publicly Announced Plans
or Programs (1)
 
Maximum Number (or
Approximate Dollar
Value) of Shares that May
Yet Be Purchased Under
the Plan or Program
January 1, 2017 -
January 31, 2017
 14,737
 $125.42
 
 $400,000,000
February 1, 2017 -
February 28, 2017
 6,559
 $127.21
 
 $400,000,000
March 1, 2017 -
March 31, 2017
 3,126
 $129.49
 
 $400,000,000
 
(1)RGA repurchased 4,681 shareshad no repurchases of common stock under its share repurchase program for $0.4 million during July 2016.January, February and March 2017. The Company net settled certain equity incentive awards - issuing 714, 17,14441,839, 19,529 and 1,0309,569 shares from treasury and repurchasing from recipients 192, 5,98914,737, 6,559 and 3593,126 shares in July, AugustJanuary, February and September,March, respectively, in settlement of income tax withholding requirements incurred by the recipients of ansuch equity incentive award.awards.
On January 21, 2016,26, 2017, RGA’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program, with no expiration date, for up to $400.0 million of the RGA’s outstanding common stock. In connection with this authorization, the board of directors terminated the stock repurchase authority granted in 2015.
ITEM 6.  Exhibits
See index to exhibits.2016.

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ITEM 6.  Exhibits
See index to exhibits.

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SIGNATURES
 
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

  
Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated
 
 
Date: November 2, 2016May 4, 2017 By: /s/ A. Greig WoodringAnna Manning
   A. Greig WoodringAnna Manning
   President & Chief Executive Officer
   
(Principal Executive Officer)
 
 
 
 
Date: November 2, 2016May 4, 2017 By:/s/ Todd C. Larson
   Todd C. Larson
   Senior Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer
   (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS
 
   
Exhibit
Number
 Description
  
3.1 Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 25, 2008.
  
3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 18, 2014.
4.1Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 8, 2016, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 8, 2016.
4.2Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 8, 2016, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 8, 2016.
4.3Form of 3.95% Senior Note due 2026, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 8, 2016.
4.4Form of 5.75% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Debenture due 2056, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 8, 2016.
   
31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
  
31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
  
32.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
  
32.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
  
101.INS XBRL Instance Document
  
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
  
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
  
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
  
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
  
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document


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