eastmanlogo.jpg
 


UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC  20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark
One)
 
[X]QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018March 31, 2019
 OR
[   ]TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from ______________ to ______________


Commission file number 1-12626


EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware62-1539359
(State or other jurisdiction of(I.R.S. employer
incorporation or organization)identification no.)
  
200 South Wilcox Drive 
Kingsport, Tennessee37662
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)


Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (423) 229-2000


Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
YES [X]  NO  [  ]


Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
YES [X]  NO  [  ]


Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," and "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer[X] Accelerated filer[  ]
Non-accelerated filer[   ](Do not check if a smaller reporting company)Smaller reporting company[  ]
   Emerging growth company[  ]
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
YES [  ]  NO  [  ]


Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
YES [  ]  NO  [X]


Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
ClassNumber of Shares Outstanding at September 30, 2018March 31, 2019
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share140,042,105138,578,592
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
eastmanlogo.jpg
 


TABLE OF CONTENTS
ITEM PAGE
 


PART I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION


  
  
  
  
  


PART II.  OTHER INFORMATION


  
  
  


SIGNATURES


 


eastmanlogo.jpg
 


FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS


Certain statements made or incorporated by reference in this Quarterly Report are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and Section 21E of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Forward-looking statements are all statements, other than statements of historical fact, that may be made by Eastman Chemical Company ("Eastman" or the "Company") from time to time. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as "anticipates", "believes", "estimates", "expects", "intends", "may", "plans", "projects", "will", "would", and similar expressions or expressions of the negative of these terms. Forward-looking statements may relate to, among other things, such matters as planned and expected capacity increases and utilization; anticipated capital spending; expected depreciation and amortization; environmental matters; exposure to, and effects of hedging of, raw material and energy prices and costs; foreign currencies and interest rates; disruption or interruption of operations and of raw material or energy supply; global and regional economic, political, and business conditions; competition; growth opportunities; supply and demand, volume, price, cost, margin and sales; pending and future legal proceedings; earnings, cash flow, dividends, stock repurchases and other expected financial results, events, and conditions; expectations, strategies, and plans for individual assets and products, businesses, and operating segments, as well as for the whole of Eastman; cash requirements and uses of available cash; financing plans and activities; pension expenses and funding; credit ratings; anticipated and other future restructuring, acquisition, divestiture, and consolidation activities; cost reduction and control efforts and targets; the timing and costs of, and benefits from, the integration of, and expected business and financial performance of, acquired businesses; strategic and technology and product innovation initiatives and development, production, commercialization and acceptance of new products, services and technologies and related costs; asset, business, and product portfolio changes; and expected tax rates and net interest costs.


Forward-looking statements are based upon certain underlying assumptions as of the date such statements were made. Such assumptions are based upon internal estimates and other analyses of current market conditions and trends, management expectations, plans, and strategies, economic conditions, and other factors. Forward-looking statements and the assumptions underlying them are necessarily subject to risks and uncertainties inherent in projecting future conditions and results. Actual results could differ materially from expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements if one or more of the underlying assumptions and expectations proves to be inaccurate or is unrealized. The most significant known factors, risks, and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements are identified and discussed under "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 2 of this Quarterly Report. Other factors, risks or uncertainties of which management is not aware, or presently deems immaterial, could also cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements.


The Company cautions you not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date such statements are made. Except as may be required by law, the Company undertakes no obligation to update or alter these forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. Investors are advised, however, to consult any further public Company disclosures (such as filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission or in Company press releases) on related subjects.


eastmanlogo.jpg
 


PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS,
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME AND RETAINED EARNINGS
Third Quarter First Nine MonthsFirst Quarter
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)2018 2017 2018 20172019 2018
Sales$2,547
 $2,465
 $7,775
 $7,187
$2,380
 $2,607
Cost of sales1,819
 1,794
 5,762
 5,281
1,806
 2,026
Gross profit728
 671
 2,013
 1,906
574
 581
Selling, general and administrative expenses175
 180
 554
 540
187
 190
Research and development expenses60
 59
 176
 174
58
 56
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net
 
 6
 
32
 2
Other components of post-employment (benefit) cost, net(30) (28) (90) (86)(21) (30)
Other (income) charges, net6
 (4) (50) (7)(2) (46)
Earnings before interest and taxes517
 464
 1,417
 1,285
320
 409
Net interest expense58
 61
 178
 182
56
 59
Earnings before income taxes459
 403
 1,239
 1,103
264
 350
Provision for income taxes46
 79
 190
 206
55
 60
Net earnings413
 324
 1,049
 897
209
 290
Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest1
 1
 3
 4

 
Net earnings attributable to Eastman$412
 $323
 $1,046
 $893
$209
 $290
          
Basic earnings per share attributable to Eastman$2.93
 $2.24
 $7.38
 $6.15
$1.50
 $2.03
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Eastman$2.89
 $2.22
 $7.28
 $6.10
$1.49
 $2.00
Comprehensive Income     
  
   
Net earnings including noncontrolling interest$413
 $324
 $1,049
 $897
$209
 $290
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:

 

  
  


 

Change in cumulative translation adjustment(21) 17
 (28) 60
30
 27
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans:     
  
   
Amortization of unrecognized prior service credits(7) (7) (22) (20)(7) (7)
Derivatives and hedging:     
  
   
Unrealized gain (loss) during period37
 31
 78
 (8)10
 (23)
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income, net(10) 7
 (13) 11
(2) 
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(1) 48
 15
 43
31
 (3)
Comprehensive income including noncontrolling interest412
 372
 1,064
 940
240
 287
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest1
 1
 3
 4

 
Comprehensive income attributable to Eastman$411
 $371
 $1,061
 $936
$240
 $287
Retained Earnings 
  
  
  
 
  
Retained earnings at beginning of period$7,292
 $6,142
 $6,802
 $5,721
$7,573
 $6,802
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from adoption of new accounting standards
 
 16
 
(20) 16
Net earnings attributable to Eastman412
 323
 1,046
 893
209
 290
Cash dividends declared(78) (74) (238) (223)(87) (82)
Retained earnings at end of period$7,626
 $6,391
 $7,626
 $6,391
$7,675
 $7,026


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
eastmanlogo.jpg
 


UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
September 30, December 31,March 31, December 31,
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)2018 20172019 2018
Assets      
Current assets      
Cash and cash equivalents$193
 $191
$195
 $226
Trade receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts1,404
 1,026
1,297
 1,154
Miscellaneous receivables368
 360
285
 329
Inventories1,625
 1,509
1,704
 1,583
Other current assets57
 57
70
 73
Total current assets3,647
 3,143
3,551
 3,365
Properties      
Properties and equipment at cost12,604
 12,370
12,796
 12,731
Less: Accumulated depreciation7,034
 6,763
7,220
 7,131
Net properties5,570
 5,607
5,576
 5,600
Goodwill4,509
 4,527
4,477
 4,467
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization2,231
 2,373
2,130
 2,185
Other noncurrent assets405
 349
627
 378
Total assets$16,362
 $15,999
$16,361
 $15,995
      
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity      
Current liabilities      
Payables and other current liabilities$1,425
 $1,589
$1,490
 $1,608
Borrowings due within one year728
 393
862
 243
Total current liabilities2,153
 1,982
2,352
 1,851
Long-term borrowings5,898
 6,147
5,602
 5,925
Deferred income tax liabilities944
 893
892
 884
Post-employment obligations901
 963
915
 925
Other long-term liabilities471
 534
681
 532
Total liabilities10,367
 10,519
10,442
 10,117
Stockholders' equity      
Common stock ($0.01 par value – 350,000,000 shares authorized; shares issued – 219,119,060 and 218,369,992 for 2018 and 2017, respectively)2
 2
Common stock ($0.01 par value – 350,000,000 shares authorized; shares issued – 219,523,859 and 219,140,523 for 2019 and 2018, respectively)2
 2
Additional paid-in capital2,036
 1,983
2,060
 2,048
Retained earnings7,626
 6,802
7,675
 7,573
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(194) (209)(194) (245)
9,470
 8,578
9,543
 9,378
Less: Treasury stock at cost (79,127,753 shares for 2018 and 75,454,111 shares for 2017)3,550
 3,175
Less: Treasury stock at cost (80,996,065 shares for 2019 and 79,413,989 shares for 2018)3,700
 3,575
Total Eastman stockholders' equity5,920
 5,403
5,843
 5,803
Noncontrolling interest75
 77
76
 75
Total equity5,995
 5,480
5,919
 5,878
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity$16,362
 $15,999
$16,361
 $15,995


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
eastmanlogo.jpg
 


UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
First Nine MonthsFirst Three Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 20172019 2018
Operating activities      
Net earnings$1,049
 $897
$209
 $290
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:

 

Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash used in operating activities:

 

Depreciation and amortization451
 440
155
 152
Gain from sale of business
 (3)
Gain from property insurance(65) 

 (50)
Provision for deferred income taxes15
 70
4
 11
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of acquisitions and divestitures:      
(Increase) decrease in trade receivables(229) (188)(149) (223)
(Increase) decrease in inventories(261) (143)(122) (80)
Increase (decrease) in trade payables7
 (20)(42) 8
Pension and other postretirement contributions (in excess of) less than expenses(112) (81)(36) (36)
Variable compensation (in excess of) less than expenses23
 18
(77) (77)
Other items, net(75) 21
53
 (30)
Net cash provided by operating activities803
 1,011
Net cash used in operating activities(5) (35)
Investing activities      
Additions to properties and equipment(381) (438)(106) (128)
Proceeds from property insurance65
 

 50
Proceeds from sale of business and assets
 14
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired
 (4)(19) 
Other items, net1
 (2)
Net cash used in investing activities(315) (430)(125) (78)
Financing activities      
Net increase (decrease) in commercial paper and other borrowings339
 71
370
 199
Proceeds from borrowings490
 600
125
 275
Repayment of borrowings(693) (750)(175) (175)
Dividends paid to stockholders(240) (223)(87) (80)
Treasury stock purchases(375) (275)(125) (100)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest(3) (5)
Other items, net
 14
(6) (3)
Net cash used in financing activities(482) (568)
Net cash provided by financing activities102
 116
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents(4) 1
(3) 
Net change in cash and cash equivalents2
 14
(31) 3
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period191
 181
226
 191
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$193
 $195
$195
 $194


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS




  Page
   
PayablesDerivative and Other Current LiabilitiesNon-Derivative Financial Instruments
DerivativeEnvironmental Matters and Non-Derivative Financial InstrumentsAsset Retirement Obligations
Environmental MattersEarnings and Asset Retirement Obligations


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


1.SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES


Basis of Presentation


The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared by Eastman Chemical Company ("Eastman" or the "Company") in accordance and consistent with the accounting policies stated in the Company's 2017 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of that report, with the exception of the items noted below. The December 31, 20172018 financial position data included herein was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2017 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K but does not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP").


In the opinion of management, the unaudited consolidated financial statements include all normal recurring adjustments necessary for fair statement of the interim financial information in conformity with GAAP. These statements contain some amounts that are based upon management estimates and judgments. Future actual results could differ from such current estimates. The unaudited consolidated financial statements include assets, liabilities, sales revenue, and expenses of all majority-owned subsidiaries and joint ventures in which a controlling interest is maintained. Eastman accounts for other joint ventures and investments where it exercises significant influence on the equity basis. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.


CertainRecently Adopted Accounting Standards

Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-02 Leases: On January 1, 2019, Eastman adopted this standard, and related releases, under the modified retrospective optional transition method such that prior period data has been reclassified in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying footnoteshave not been adjusted to conform to current period presentation. Asreflect the impact of January 1, 2018:
Eastman's primary measure of operating performance for all periods presented is earnings before interest and taxes ("EBIT") on a consolidated and segment basis. Previously, the Company's primary measure of performance was operating earnings.
As discussed below, the new accounting standard forand adoption did not result in an impact to retained earnings. Upon adoption, operating right-to-use assets and lease liabilities were $208 million. The new standard establishes two types of leases: finance and operating. Both finance and operating leases will have associated right-to-use assets and lease liabilities that have been valued at the presentationpresent value of net periodic benefit costs requires the Company to present non-service cost components of net periodic benefit costs (interest cost, expected return on plan assets, curtailment gains or losses, amortization of prior service costs or credits,lease payments and mark-to-market gains or losses) separately from service cost. These non-service cost components were reclassified from "Cost of sales", "Selling, general and administrative expenses", and "Research and development expenses" line items and are now included in a new line item, "Other components of post-employment (benefit) cost, net"recognized on the Unaudited Consolidated StatementsStatement of Earnings,Financial Position. For further information, see Note 8, "Leases and Off Balance Sheet Items".

ASU 2018-02 Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive IncomeIncome: On January 1, 2019, Eastman adopted this standard in the current period resulting in the reclassification of $20 million of stranded tax expense from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI") to retained earnings as a result of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Retained EarningsJobs Act ("Tax Reform Act"). The amount of the reclassification is the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate on the gross deferred tax amounts and related valuation allowances related to items remaining in AOCI.

ASU 2018-15 Internal-Use Software - Customer's Accounting for all periods presented. This reclassification doesImplementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract: On January 1, 2019, Eastman adopted this standard prospectively which did not change prior period EBIT, earnings before income taxes, or net earnings and, accordingly, management does not consider this change to haveresult in a material impact on the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.


Recently AdoptedASU 2018-16 Derivatives and Hedging - Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") Overnight Index Swap ("OIS") Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Standards

Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2014-09 Revenue Recognition (Accounting Standards Codification "ASC" 606): Purposes:On January 1, 2018,2019, Eastman adopted this standard under the modified retrospective method, such that revenueprospectively for all periods prior to January 1, 2018 continue to be reported under the previous standard, which resulted in an increase to retained earnings of $53 million after tax for products shipped but not delivered as of December 31, 2017.

Under thequalifying new standard, the Company recognizes revenue when performance obligations of the sale are satisfied. The majority of the Company's terms of sale have a single performance obligation to transfer products. Accordingly, the Company recognizes revenue when control has been transferred to the customer, generally at the time of shipment of products. Under the previous revenue recognition accounting standard, the Company recognized revenue upon transfer of title and risk of loss, generally upon the delivery of goods.

or redesignated hedging relationships. Management does not expect that changes in its accounting required bythe adoption of this new standard will materially impact the Company's financial statements and related disclosures when comparing 2018 under the new revenue standard to previous years under the prior standard. However, the difference in timing of revenue recognition under the current and former accounting standards is expected to have some impact on seasonal revenue and EBIT trends during 2018 compared to previous years. For further information, see Note 18, "Revenue Recognition".disclosures.




NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


ASU 2016-01 Financial Instruments: On January 1, 2018, Eastman adopted this standard relating to the recognition and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities. This standard requires equity investments (except equity method and consolidated investments) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. Management has concluded that changes in its accounting required by the new standard did not materially impact the Company's financial statements and related disclosures. In February 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2018-03 as an update to the standard described above which was adopted on July 1, 2018. Management has concluded that changes in its accounting required by the update did not materially impact the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.

ASU 2016-16 Income Taxes - Intra-Entity Transfers: On January 1, 2018, Eastman adopted this standard under the modified retrospective method resulting in a beginning retained earnings decrease of $39 million. Under this standard, the Company is required to recognize the income tax consequence of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs.

ASU 2017-05 Other Income - Gains and Losses from Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets: On January 1, 2018, Eastman adopted this standard in conjunction with the revenue recognition standard mentioned above. This standard clarifies the scope of nonfinancial asset derecognition and the accounting for partial sales of nonfinancial assets. This adoption had no impact on the Company's financial statements and related disclosures in the current period.

ASU 2017-07 Compensation - Retirement Benefits: On January 1, 2018, Eastman adopted this standard retrospectively for income statement effects and prospectively for balance sheet effects. This standard is intended to improve the presentation of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs by requiring the reporting of the service cost component in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. The other components of net periodic benefit costs (interest cost, expected return on plan assets, curtailment gains or losses, amortization of prior service costs or credits, and mark-to-market gains or losses) are to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside the subtotal of income from operations, if presented. Management has concluded that changes in its accounting required by this new standard did not materially impact the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.

ASU 2017-12 Derivatives and Hedging: On January 1, 2018, Eastman adopted this standard on a modified retrospective basis for income statement impacts and prospectively for presentation and disclosure resulting in a beginning retained earnings increase of $2 million related to ineffectiveness recognized in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" ("AOCI") which was recognized in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position under the previous standard. This standard is intended to simplify the application of hedge accounting and improve the financial reporting of hedging relationships to better portray the economic results of an entity's risk management activities in the financial statements. Management has included the additional disclosures required by this standard in Note 6, "Derivative and Non-Derivative Financial Instruments".

Accounting Standards Issued But Not Adopted as of September 30, 2018March 31, 2019


ASU 2016-02 Leases: In February 2016, the FASB issued this standard on lease accounting. The new standard establishes two types of leases for lessees: finance and operating. Both finance and operating leases will have associated right-of-use assets and liabilities initially measured at the present value of the lease payments. This standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period and early adoption is permitted. The new standard is to be applied under a modified retrospective approach wherein practical expedients have been allowed that will not require reassessment of current leases at the effective date. In January 2018, the FASB issued an update to the new standard above in ASU 2018-01 that sets forth the requirement to assess land easements to determine if the arrangement should be accounted for as a lease. In July 2018, the FASB issued update ASU 2018-10 that provides narrow-scope improvements to the leases standard above including clarification on reassessment, change in a reference index or rate, and periods included in the lease term. Also in July 2018, the FASB issued update ASU 2018-11 to the leases standard above. This update allows entities to initially apply the new leases standard prospectively at the adoption date with a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption as necessary. The effective date for these updates are the same as that of the leases standard above. In preparation for adoption, management continues accounting system testing, development of internal controls, and the evaluation of implementation options and impact on the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: In June 2016, the FASBFinancial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued this standard relating to credit losses. The amendments require a financial asset (including trade receivables) to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected through the use of allowances for credit losses valuation account. The income statement will reflect the measurement of credit losses for newly recognized financial assets, as well as the expected increases or decreases of expected credit losses that have taken place during the period. This standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within that reporting period and early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period, beginning after December 15, 2018. In November 2018, the FASB issued amendment 2018-19 to clarify that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of this sub-topic but instead, impairment of such operating lease receivables should be accounted for in accordance with ASU 2016-02 Leases above. The new standard application is mixed among the various elements that include modified retrospective and prospective transition methods. Management does not expect that changes in its accounting required by the new standard will materially impact the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.


ASU 2017-04 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other: In January 2017, the FASB issued this standard as a part of its simplification initiative that bases the impairment of goodwill on any difference for which the carrying value is greater than the fair value of the reporting unit. This standard is effective for annual reporting periods, or interim period testing performed, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment testing performed after January 1, 2017. This standard is to be applied on a prospective basis for goodwill testing that occur after the effective date. Management does not expect that changes in its accounting required by the new standard will materially impact the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.

ASU 2018-02 Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income: In February 2018, the FASB issued this standard that allows the reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("Tax Reform Act"). The amount of the reclassification is the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate on the gross deferred tax amounts and related valuation allowances related to items remaining in AOCI. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period, for reporting periods for which financial statements have not yet been issued. The new standard is to be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period (or periods) in which the effects of the change in the income tax rate in the Tax Reform Act are recognized. Management is currently evaluating implementation options and impact on the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.

ASU 2018-13 Fair Value Measurement - Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement: In August 2018, the FASB issued this update as a part of its disclosure framework project to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements. This standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption was permitted upon issuance of this update and an entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of this update and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until the effective date. Certain disclosure amendments are to be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented, while other amendments are to be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. Management is currently evaluating implementation options and impact on the Company's related disclosures.


ASU 2018-14 Retirement Benefits - Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans: In August 2018, the FASB issued this update as a part of its disclosure framework project to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements. This standard is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020 and early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, this update is to be applied on a retrospective basis to all periods presented. Management is currently evaluating the impact on the Company's related disclosures.


ASU 2018-15 Internal-Use Software2018-18 Collaborative Arrangements - Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract:Clarifying the Interaction between Topic 808 (Collaborative Arrangements) and Topic 606 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers): In AugustNovember 2018, the FASB issued this update.clarification in regards to which contracts are accounted for under Topic 808 and Topic 606 as well as alignment of guidance between the two pronouncements. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, includingpermitted. Upon adoption, in any interim period. This standardthis update is to be applied either retrospectively or prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption.initial application of Topic 606. Management is currently evaluating implementation options andthe impact on the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.


ASU 2019-01 Leases - Codification Improvements: In March 2019, the FASB issued this update in response to stakeholder inquiries regarding transition to the new leasing standard. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, this update is to be applied as of the adoption date and using the same transition methodology of ASU 2016-02 Leases. Management is currently evaluating the impact on the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.



NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


2.INVENTORIES
 March 31, December 31,
(Dollars in millions)2019 2018
Finished goods$1,201
 $1,143
Work in process260
 262
Raw materials and supplies572
 515
Total inventories at FIFO or average cost2,033
 1,920
Less: LIFO reserve329
 337
Total inventories$1,704
 $1,583

 September 30, December 31,
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017
Finished goods$1,118
 $1,114
Work in process271
 213
Raw materials and supplies554
 470
Total inventories at FIFO or average cost1,943
 1,797
Less: LIFO reserve318
 288
Total inventories$1,625
 $1,509


Inventories valued on the last-in, first-out ("LIFO") method were approximately 55 percent and 60 percent of total inventories at September 30, 2018both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017, respectively.2018.


3.PAYABLES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES
 March 31, December 31,
(Dollars in millions)2019 2018
Trade creditors$857
 $914
Accrued payroll and variable compensation115
 197
Accrued taxes67
 94
Other451
 403
Total payables and other current liabilities$1,490
 $1,608

 September 30, December 31,
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017
Trade creditors$823
 $842
Accrued payrolls, vacation, and variable compensation191
 199
Accrued taxes82
 111
Other329
 437
Total payables and other current liabilities$1,425
 $1,589


"Other" consists primarily of accruals for post-employment obligations, dividends payable, post-employment obligations, interest payable, the current portion of operating lease liabilities, the current portion of environmental liabilities, and miscellaneous accruals.


4.INCOME TAXES
 First Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2019 2018
 $ % $ %
Provision for income taxes and tax rate$55
 21% $60
 17%

 Third Quarter First Nine Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 2018 2017
 $ % $ % $ % $ %
Provision for income taxes and tax rate$46
 10% $79
 20% $190
 15% $206
 19%


The thirdfirst quarter 2019 effective tax rate includes adjustments to the tax provision to reflect planned amendments to and expected finalization of a prior year's income tax return in a foreign jurisdiction. The first nine monthsquarter 2018 effective tax rates includerate included the impact of the U.S. corporate tax rate reduction resulting from the Tax Reform Act. In third quarter and first nine months 2018,

The U.S. Department of Treasury has issued a number of proposed regulations related to implementation of the Company also recognized a decreaseprovisions of $14 million and $4 million, respectively, to the provision for income taxes resulting from adjustments to the provisional net tax benefit recognized in fourth quarter 2017 resulting from the Tax Reform Act and certain states may issue clarifying guidance regarding state income tax impact of outside-U.S. entity reorganizations as part of the transition to an international treasury services center. Third quarter and first nine months 2018 adjustments resulting from the Tax Reform Act were due to a decreaseconformity to the provision for income taxes related to foreign income inclusion and associated foreigncurrent federal tax credits partially offset by an increasecode. Finalization of these regulations in 2019 or future periods may result in changes in the period of enactment to the provision for income taxes for a remeasurement of the deferred tax assets as a result of additional guidance releasedamounts currently reported in the third quarter 2018. Third quarter and first nine months 2018 effective tax rates also include a $14 million decrease to the provision for income taxes related to prior year income tax returns and a $17 million decrease to the provision for income taxes related to current year estimatesUnaudited Consolidated Statements of business tax credits. In addition, first nine months 2018, adjustment included a $10 million increase to the one-time transition tax on deferred foreign income resulting from the Tax Reform Act.Financial Position.


The first nine months 2017 effective tax rate included a $22 million tax decrease to reflect finalization of prior years' income tax returns and a $22 million tax decrease due to planned amendments to prior years' income tax returns.



NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As previously reported, the Company recognized a provisional net tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily resulting from the Tax Reform Act. The provisional net tax benefit included a benefit from the one-time revaluation of deferred tax liabilities, partially offset by a one-time transition tax on deferred foreign income and changes in valuation of deferred tax assets. The provisional net tax benefit was updated in 2018, as described above. As of September 30, 2018, the Company continues to consider the accounting for the following impacts of the Tax Reform Act to be provisional and, accordingly, subject to adjustment in future periods: the transition tax on deferred foreign income (which consists of post-1986 accumulated earnings and profits of controlled foreign corporations and the determination of cash versus non-cash balances), the impact of the change in income tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities, and the evaluation of gross foreign tax credit carryforwards and related valuation allowances. In preparing the provisional estimates as of September 30, 2018, the Company considered notices and revenue procedures issued by the Internal Revenue Service and authoritative accounting guidance.

Certain of the provisional amounts will be finalized in the fourth quarter 2018 following the filing of the Company's U.S. federal income tax return for the year ended December 31, 2017. While historically differences between amounts reported in the Company's consolidated financial statements and the Company's U.S. federal income tax return have resulted in offsetting changes in estimates in current and deferred taxes for items which are timing related, the reduction of the U.S. tax rate will result in adjustments to the Company's income tax provision when recognized. The Company also considers it likely that further technical guidance regarding certain aspects of the new provisions included in the Tax Reform Act, as well as clarity regarding state income tax conformity to current federal tax code, may be issued which could result in changes to the provisional amounts reported as of September 30, 2018.

Additionally, the Company continues to consider the future impact of the Tax Reform Act for the year beginning January 1, 2018, including the new provisions known as the base erosion anti-abuse tax ("BEAT") and global intangible low-tax income ("GILTI") tax, as well as other provisions. Under U.S. GAAP, companies can make an accounting policy election to either treat taxes resulting from GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred or factor such amounts into the measurement of deferred taxes. The Company has not completed its analysis of the effects of the GILTI provisions and will further consider the accounting policy election within the measurement period as provided under Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, "Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act".


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


5.BORROWINGS
 March 31, December 31,
(Dollars in millions)2019 2018
Borrowings consisted of:   
2.7% notes due January 2020$250
 $250
4.5% notes due January 2021185
 185
3.5% notes due December 2021298
 297
3.6% notes due August 2022739
 739
1.50% notes due May 2023 (1)
840
 855
7 1/4% debentures due January 2024197
 197
7 5/8% debentures due June 202443
 43
3.8% notes due March 2025692
 691
1.875% notes due November 2026 (1)
556
 566
7.60% debentures due February 2027195
 195
4.5% notes due December 2028492
 492
4.8% notes due September 2042493
 493
4.65% notes due October 2044872
 872
Commercial paper and short-term borrowings612
 243
Credit facilities borrowings
 50
Total borrowings6,464
 6,168
Borrowings due within one year862
 243
Long-term borrowings$5,602
 $5,925
 September 30, December 31,
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017
Borrowings consisted of:   
5.5% notes due November 2019$250
 $250
2.7% notes due January 2020798
 797
4.5% notes due January 2021185
 185
3.6% notes due August 2022739
 738
1.50% notes due May 2023 (1)
865
 895
7 1/4% debentures due January 2024198
 197
7 5/8% debentures due June 202443
 43
3.8% notes due March 2025688
 690
1.875% notes due November 2026 (1)
572
 592
7.60% debentures due February 2027195
 195
4.8% notes due September 2042493
 493
4.65% notes due October 2044872
 871
Commercial paper and short-term borrowings727
 389
Credit facilities borrowings
 200
Capital leases and other1
 5
Total borrowings6,626
 6,540
Borrowings due within one year728
 393
Long-term borrowings$5,898
 $6,147

(1) 
The carrying value of the euro-denominated 1.50% notes due May 2023 and 1.875% notes due November 2026 will fluctuate with changes in the euro exchange rate. The carrying value of these euro-denominated borrowings have been designated as non-derivative net investment hedges of a portion of the Company's net investments in euro functional-currency denominated subsidiaries to offset foreign currency fluctuations.


Credit Facilities and Commercial Paper Borrowings

In December 2016, the Company borrowed $300 million under a five-year term loan agreement ("2021 Term Loan"). Borrowings under the 2021 Term Loan agreement are subject to interest at varying spreads above quoted market rates. As of December 31, 2017, the 2021 Term Loan outstanding balance was $200 million with an interest rate of 2.60 percent. In second quarter 2018, $100 million of the borrowings under the 2021 Term Loan were repaid using available cash. In third quarter 2018, the Company repaid the remaining balance of $100 million using available cash.


The Company has access to a $1.25$1.50 billion revolving credit agreement (the "Credit Facility") expiring October 2021.2023. Borrowings under the Credit Facility are subject to interest at varying spreads above quoted market rates and a commitment fee is paid on the total unused commitment. The Credit Facility provides available liquidity for general corporate purposes and supports commercial paper borrowings. Commercial paper borrowings are classified as short-term. At September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017,2018, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility. At September 30, 2018,March 31, 2019, the Company's commercial paper borrowings were $605$502 million with a weighted average interest rate of 2.362.76 percent. At December 31, 2017,2018, the Company's commercial paper borrowings were $280$130 million with a weighted average interest rate of 1.612.91 percent. In October 2018, the Company amended the Credit Facility to increase the available borrowing amount to $1.50 billion and extend the maturity to October 2023.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


The Company has access to aup to $250 million under an accounts receivable securitization agreement (the "A/R Facility") that expires April 2020. Eastman Chemical Financial Corporation ("ECFC"), a subsidiary of the Company, has an agreement to sell interests in trade receivables under the A/R Facility to a third party purchaser. Third party creditors of ECFC have first priority claims on the assets of ECFC before those assets would be available to satisfy the Company's general obligations. Borrowings under the A/R Facility are subject to interest rates based on a spread over the lender's borrowing costs, and ECFC pays a fee to maintain availability of the A/R Facility. In first quarter 2018, $1002019, $125 million available under the A/R Facility was borrowed and $175 million repaid in second quarter 2018. In second quarter 2018, $25 millionusing available under the A/R Facility was borrowed and remained outstanding at June 30, 2018. In third quarter 2018, the outstanding balance of $25 million under the A/R Facility was repaid.cash. At September 30, 2018 and DecemberMarch 31, 2017,2019, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under the A/R Facility. At December 31, 2018, the Company's borrowings under the A/R Facility were $50 million with an interest rate of 3.39 percent.



NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Company has access to borrowings of up to €150 million ($174169 million) under a receivables facility based on the discounted value of selected customer accounts receivable. This facility expires December 2020 and renews for another one year period if not terminated with 90 days notice by either party. These arrangements include receivables in the United States, Belgium, and Finland, and are subject to various eligibility requirements. Borrowings under this facility are subject to interest at an agreed spread above EURIBOR for euro denominated drawingsLIBOR and the counterparty's cost of funds for drawings in any other currencies,EURIBOR plus administration and insurance fees and are classified as short-term. At September 30,March 31, 2019, the Company's outstanding borrowings under this facility were $110 million with a weighted average interest rate of 1.48 percent. At December 31, 2018, the Company's amount of outstanding borrowings under this facility were $122$112 million with a weighted average interest rate of 1.50 percent. At December 31, 2017, the Company's amount of outstanding borrowings under this facility were $109 million with a weighted average interest rate of 1.311.70 percent.


The Credit and A/R Facilities and other borrowing agreements contain customary covenants and events of default, some of which require the Company to maintain certain financial ratios that determine the amounts available and terms of borrowings. The Company was in compliance with all covenants at both September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017.2018.


Fair Value of Borrowings


Eastman has classified its total borrowings at September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 20172018 under the fair value hierarchy as defineddescribed in the accounting policies in Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies", to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the Company's 2017 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.10-K. The fair value for fixed-rate debt securities is based on currentquoted market prices for the same or similar debt instruments and is classified as Level 1.2. The fair value for the Company's other borrowings primarily under the commercial paper and a receivables facility equals the carrying value and is classified as Level 2. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the fair value of total borrowings was $6.720 billion and $6.216 billion, respectively. The Company had no borrowings classified as Level 3 as of September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017.2018.




   Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2018
(Dollars in millions) Recorded Amount Total Fair Value  Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Liabilities (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Total borrowings $6,626
 $6,791
 $6,062
 $729

    Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017
(Dollars in millions) Recorded Amount Total Fair Value  Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Liabilities (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Total borrowings $6,540
 $6,980
 $6,386
 $594


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

6.DERIVATIVE AND NON-DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS


Overview of Hedging Programs


Eastman is exposed to market risks, such as changes in foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, and interest rates. To mitigate these market risks and their effects on the cash flows of the underlying transactions and investments in foreign subsidiaries, the Company uses various derivative and non-derivative financial instruments, when appropriate, in accordance with the Company's hedging strategy and policies. Designation is performed on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The Company does not enter into derivative transactions for speculative purposes.


For further information on hedging programs, see Note 9, "Derivative and Non-Derivative Financial Instruments", to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the Company's 2017 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.10-K.


Cash Flow Hedges


Cash flow hedges are derivative instruments designated and used to hedge the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows that are attributable to a particular risk. The derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge are reported on the balance sheet at fair value and the changes in fair value of these hedging instruments are offset in part or in whole by corresponding changes in the anticipated cash flows of the underlying exposures being hedged. The net of the change in the hedge instrument and item being hedged for qualifying cash flow hedges is reported as a component of AOCI located in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and recognizedreclassified in earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.


Fair Value Hedges


Fair value hedges are defined as derivative or non-derivative instruments designated as and used to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset or a liability or an identified portion thereof that is attributable to a particular risk. The derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges are recognized on the balance sheet at fair value and the changes in fair value of these hedging instruments are offset in part or in whole by corresponding changes in the anticipated fair value of the underlying exposures being hedged. The net of the change in the hedge instrument and item being hedged for qualifying fair value hedges is recognized in earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.



NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Net Investment Hedges


Net investment hedges are defined as derivative or non-derivative instruments designated as and used to hedge the foreign currency exposure of the net investments in certain foreign operations. The net of the change in the hedge instrument and item being hedged for qualifying net investment hedges is reported as a component of the "Cumulative Translation Adjustment" ("CTA") within AOCI located in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Recognition in earnings of amounts previously recognized in CTA is limited to circumstances such as complete or substantially complete liquidation of the net investment in the hedged foreign operation.


For derivative cross-currency interest rate swap net investment hedges, gains and losses representing hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in CTA within AOCI and recognized in earnings through the periodic swap interest accruals. The cross-currency interest rate swaps designated as net investment hedges are included as part of "Other long-term liabilities" or "Other noncurrent assets" within the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.


In January 2018, Eastman entered into fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps and designated these swaps to hedge a portion of its net investment in a euro functional currency denominated subsidiary against foreign currency fluctuations. These contracts involve the exchange of fixed U.S. dollars with fixed euro interest payments periodically over the life of the contracts and an exchange of the notional amounts at maturity. The fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps include €150 million ($180 million) maturing January 2021 and €266 million ($320 million) maturing August 2022.


In October 2018, Eastman entered into fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps and designated these swaps to hedge a portion of its net investment in a euro functional currency denominated subsidiary against foreign currency fluctuations. These contracts involve the exchange of fixed U.S. dollars with fixed euro interest payments periodically over the life of the contracts and an exchange of the notional amounts at maturity. The fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps include €165 million ($190 million) maturing January 2024, €104 million ($120 million) maturing March 2025, and €165 million ($190 million) maturing February 2027.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


Summary of Financial Position and Financial Performance of Hedging Instruments


The following table presents the notional amounts outstanding at September 30, 2018 March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017 2018 associated with Eastman's hedging programs.
Notional Outstanding March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
      
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:    
Foreign Exchange Forward and Option Contracts (in millions)    
 EUR/USD (in EUR) €203 €263
Commodity Forward and Collar Contracts    
 Feedstock (in million barrels) 4
 5
 Energy (in million british thermal units) 31
 40
     
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges:    
Fixed-for-floating interest rate swaps (in millions) $75 $75
     
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:    
Cross-currency interest rate swaps (in millions)    
 EUR/USD (in EUR) €851 €851
     
Non-derivatives designated as net investment hedges:    
Foreign Currency Net Investment Hedges (in millions)    
 EUR/USD (in EUR) €1,242 €1,241

Notional Outstanding September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
      
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:    
Foreign Exchange Forward and Option Contracts (in millions)    
 EUR/USD (in EUR) €338 €525
Commodity Forward and Collar Contracts    
 Feedstock (in million barrels) 7
 7
 Energy (in million million british thermal units) 31
 23
     
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges:    
Fixed-for-floating interest rate swaps (in millions) $75 $75
     
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:    
Cross-currency interest rate swaps (in millions)    
 EUR/USD (in EUR) €416 
     
Non-derivatives designated as net investment hedges:    
Foreign Currency Net Investment Hedges (in millions)    
 EUR/USD (in EUR) €1,241 €1,240


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Fair Value Measurements


All of the Company's derivative assets and liabilities are currently classified as Level 2. Level 2 fair value is based on estimates using standard pricing models. These standard pricing models use inputs that are derived from or corroborated by observable market data such as interest rate yield curves and currency spot and forward rates. The fair value of commodity contracts is derived using forward curves supplied by an industry recognized and unrelated third party. In addition, on an ongoing basis, the Company tests a subset of its valuations against valuations received from the transaction's counterpartytransaction counterparties to validate the accuracy of its standard pricing models. Counterparties to these derivative contracts are highly rated financial institutions which the Company believes carry minimal risk of nonperformance, and the Company diversifies its positions among such counterparties to reduce its exposure to counterparty risk and credit losses. The Company monitors the creditworthiness of its counterparties on an on-goingongoing basis. The Company did not recognize a credit loss during thirdfirst quarter 20182019 and 2017.2018.


All the Company's derivative contracts are subject to master netting arrangements, or similar agreements, which provide for the option to settle contracts on a net basis when they settle on the same day and in the same currency. In addition, these arrangements provide for a net settlement of all contracts with a given counterparty in the event that the arrangement is terminated due to the occurrence of default or a termination event. The Company does not have any cash collateral due under such agreements.


The Company has elected to present derivative contracts on a gross basis within the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The following table presents the financial assets and liabilities valued on a recurring and gross basis and includes where the financial assets and liabilities are located within the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017.2018.
The Financial Position and Fair Value Measurements of Hedging Instruments on a Gross Basis
(Dollars in millions)      
Derivative Type 
Statements of Financial
Position Classification
 
March 31, 2019
Level 2
 
December 31, 2018
Level 2
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:      
Commodity contracts Other current assets $3
 $4
Commodity contracts Other noncurrent assets 1
 
Foreign exchange contracts Other current assets 16
 15
Foreign exchange contracts Other noncurrent assets 5
 4
       
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges:      
Fixed-for-floating interest rate swap Other current assets 
 1
       
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:      
Cross-currency interest rate swaps Other noncurrent assets 52
 26
Total Derivative Assets   $77
 $50
       
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:      
Commodity contracts Payables and other current liabilities $11
 $24
Commodity contracts Other long-term liabilities 4
 5
       
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges:      
Fixed-for-floating interest rate swap Long-term borrowings 3
 4
Total Derivative Liabilities   $18
 $33
Total Net Derivative Assets (Liabilities)   $59
 $17




NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Financial Position and Fair Value Measurements of Hedging Instruments on a Gross Basis
(Dollars in millions)      
Derivative Type 
Statements of Financial
Position Classification
 
September 30, 2018
Level 2
 
December 31, 2017
Level 2
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:      
Commodity contracts Other current assets $46
 $9
Commodity contracts Other noncurrent assets 16
 4
Foreign exchange contracts Other current assets 18
 23
Foreign exchange contracts Other noncurrent assets 3
 2
       
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges:      
Fixed-for-floating interest rate swap Other current assets 
 1
       
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:      
Cross-currency interest rate swaps Other noncurrent assets 6
 
Total Derivative Assets   $89
 $39
       
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:      
Commodity contracts Payables and other current liabilities $3
 $28
Commodity contracts Other long-term liabilities 2
 10
Foreign exchange contracts Payables and other current liabilities 
 6
Foreign exchange contracts Other long-term liabilities 
 4
       
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges:      
Fixed-for-floating interest rate swap Long-term borrowings 6
 4
Total Derivative Liabilities   $11
 $52
Total Net Derivative Assets (Liabilities)   $78
 $(13)


In addition to the fair value associated with derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges, fair value hedges, and net investment hedges noted in the table above, the Company had a carrying value of $1.4 billion and $1.5 billion associated with non-derivative instruments designated as foreign currency net investment hedges at September 30, 2018both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017, respectively.2018. The designated foreign currency-denominated borrowings are included in theas part of "Long-term borrowings" line item ofwithin the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.


For additional fair value measurement information, see Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies", and Note 9, "Derivative and Non-Derivative Financial Instruments", to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the Company's 2017 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.10-K.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


As of September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017,2018, the following amounts were included on the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges.
(Dollars in millions) Carrying amount of the hedged liabilities Cumulative amount of fair value hedging loss adjustment included in the carrying amount of the hedged liability
Line item in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position in which the hedged item is included March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
Long-term borrowings (1)
 $759
 $759
 $(10) $(12)

(Dollars in millions) Carrying amount of the hedged liabilities Cumulative amount of fair value hedging loss adjustment included in the carrying amount of the hedged liability
Line item in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position in which the hedged item is included September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Long-term borrowings (1)
 $757
 $760
 $(14) $(10)


(1) 
At September 30, 2018both March 31, 2019and December 31, 2017,2018, the cumulative amount of fair value hedging loss adjustment remaining for hedged liabilities for which hedge accounting has been discontinued was $7 million and $6 million, respectively.million.


The following table presents the effect of cash flow and net investment hedge accountingthe Company's hedging instruments on "Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax" ("OCI") and financial performance for thirdfirst quarter 2019 and first nine months 2018 and 2017:2018.
 Change in amount of after tax gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives Pre-tax amount of gain (loss) reclassified from OCI into earnings Change in amount of after tax gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives Pre-tax amount of gain (loss) reclassified from OCI into earnings
(Dollars in millions) Third Quarter First Nine Months Third Quarter First Nine Months First Quarter First Quarter
Hedging Relationships 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2019 2018 2019 2018
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:                        
Commodity contracts $28
 $49
 $57
 $42
 $8
 $(15) $3
 $(42) $7
 $(11) $(3) $(2)
Foreign exchange contracts (2) (12) 5
 (42) 7
 6
 18
 28
 1
 (13) 6
 3
Forward starting interest rate and treasury lock swap contracts 1
 
 3
 2
 (2) (2) (4) (4) 1
 1
 (1) (1)
Non-derivatives in net investment hedging relationships (pre-tax):                        
Net investment hedges 12
 (49) 51
 (158) 
 
 
 
 26
 (42) 
 
Derivatives in net investment hedging relationships (pre-tax):                        
Cross-currency interest rate swaps 3
 
 18
 
 
 
 
 
 19
 (11) 
 
Cross-currency interest rate swaps excluded component (1) 
 (12) 
 
 
 
 
 6
 (11) 
 




NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following table presents the effect of fair value and cash flow hedge accounting on the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings for third quarter 2018 and 2017.
Location and Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
  Third quarter
  2018 2017
(Dollars in millions) Sales Cost of Sales Net Interest Expense Sales Cost of Sales Net Interest Expense
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings in which the effects of fair value or cash flow hedges are recognized $2,547
 $1,819
 $58
 $2,465
 $1,794
 $61
             
The effects of fair value and cash flow hedging:            
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships:            
Interest contracts (fixed-for-floating interest rate swaps):            
Hedged items     
     (1)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments     
     1
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:            
Interest contracts (forward starting interest rate and treasury lock swap contracts):            
Amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings     (2)     (2)
Commodity Contracts:            
Amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings   8
     (15)  
Foreign Exchange Contracts:            
Amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings 7
     6
    




NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


The following table presents the effect of fair value and cash flow hedge accounting on the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings for first nine months 2018quarter 2019 and 2017.2018.
Location and Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
  First quarter
  2019 2018
(Dollars in millions) Sales Cost of Sales Net Interest Expense Sales Cost of Sales Net Interest Expense
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings in which the effects of fair value or cash flow hedges are recognized $2,380
 $1,806
 $56
 $2,607
 $2,026
 $59
             
The effects of fair value and cash flow hedging:            
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:            
Interest contracts (forward starting interest rate and treasury lock swap contracts):            
Amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings     (1)     (1)
Commodity Contracts:            
Amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings   (3)     (2)  
Foreign Exchange Contracts:            
Amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings 6
     3
    
Location and Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
  First Nine Months
  2018 2017
(Dollars in millions) Sales Cost of Sales Net Interest Expense Sales Cost of Sales Net Interest Expense
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings in which the effects of fair value or cash flow hedges are recognized $7,775
 $5,762
 $178
 $7,187
 $5,281
 $182
             
The effects of fair value and cash flow hedging:            
Gain or (loss) on fair value hedging relationships:            
Interest contracts (fixed-for-floating interest rate swaps):            
Hedged items     
     (3)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments     
     3
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:            
Interest contracts (forward starting interest rate and treasury lock swap contracts):            
Amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings     (4)     (4)
Commodity Contracts:            
Amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings   3
     (42)  
Foreign Exchange Contracts:            
Amount reclassified from AOCI into earnings 18
     28
    


The Company enters into foreign exchange derivatives denominated in multiple currencies which are transacted and settled in the same quarter. These derivatives are not designated as hedges due to the short-term nature and the gains or losses on these derivatives are marked-to-market in line item "Other (income) charges, net" of the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings. The Company recognized a net gainloss of $2$3 million and a net loss of $2 million during third quarter 2018 and 2017, respectively, and recognized a net loss of $4 million and net gain of $2$8 million during first nine monthsquarter 2019 and 2018, and 2017, respectively, onfor these derivatives.


Pre-tax monetized positions and mark-to-market gains and losses from raw materials and energy, currency, and certain interest rate hedges that were included in AOCI included net losses of $72$49 million and $214$112 million at September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017,2018, respectively. Losses in AOCI decreased September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 compared to December 31, 20172018 primarily as a result of an increase in commodity prices, particularly propane, and a decrease in foreign currency exchange rates associated with the euro. If realized, approximately $51$3 million in pre-tax gains,losses, as of September 30, 2018,March 31, 2019, would be reclassified into earnings during the next 12 months.




NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


7.RETIREMENT PLANS


Defined Benefit Pension Plans and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans


Eastman maintains defined benefit pension plans that provide eligible employees with retirement benefits. In addition, Eastman provides life insurance for eligible retirees hired prior to January 1, 2007. EastmanThe Company provides a subsidy for pre-Medicare health care and dental benefits to eligible retirees hired prior to January 1, 2007 that will end on December 31, 2021. Company funding is also provided for eligible Medicare retirees hired prior to January 1, 2007 with a health reimbursement arrangement. Costs recognized for these benefits are estimated amounts, which may change as actual costs derived for the year are determined.


For additional information regarding retirement plans, see Note 10, "Retirement Plans", to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the Company's 2017 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.10-K.


Components of net periodic benefit (credit) cost were as follows:
 First Quarter
 Pension Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
 2019 2018 2019 2018
(Dollars in millions)U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.    
Service cost$7
 $3
 $9
 $4
 $
 $
Interest cost19
 5
 17
 5
 6
 6
Expected return on assets(32) (8) (37) (9) (1) (2)
Amortization of:           
Prior service credit, net
 
 
 
 (10) (10)
Net periodic benefit (credit) cost$(6) $
 $(11) $
 $(5) $(6)

 Third Quarter
 Pension Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
 2018 2017 2018 2017
(Dollars in millions)U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.    
Service cost$9
 $3
 $10
 $3
 $
 $
Interest cost16
 5
 16
 5
 6
 6
Expected return on assets(36) (9) (35) (8) (2) (1)
Amortization of:           
Prior service credit, net
 
 (1) 
 (10) (10)
Net periodic benefit (credit) cost$(11) $(1) $(10) $
 $(6) $(5)
            
 First Nine Months
 Pension Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
 2018 2017 2018 2017
(Dollars in millions)U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.    
Service cost$26
 $11
 $28
 $10
 $
 $2
Interest cost50
 15
 49
 14
 17
 18
Expected return on assets(110) (28) (105) (25) (4) (4)
Amortization of:           
Prior service credit, net
 
 (3) 
 (30) (30)
Net periodic benefit (credit) cost$(34) $(2) $(31) $(1) $(17) $(14)


8.LEASES AND OFF BALANCE SHEET ITEMS

Leases

On January 1, 2018,2019, Eastman adopted ASU 2016-02 Leases and related releases under the Company adopted ASU 2017-07 resulting in non-service cost componentsmodified retrospective optional transition method such that prior period financial statements have not been adjusted to reflect the impact of the net periodic pensionnew standard. The new standard establishes two types of leases: finance and other postretirement benefit plans being presented inoperating. Both types of leases have associated right-to-use assets and lease liabilities that have been valued at the "Other componentspresent value of post-employment (benefit) cost, net" line item ofthe lease payments and recognized on the Unaudited Consolidated Statement of Earnings, Comprehensive IncomeFinancial Position which did not result in an impact to retained earnings.

Upon adoption, the Company elected the practical expedient package wherein: expired or existing contracts were not reassessed as to whether these contracts are or contained a lease; expired or existing contracts were not reassessed for operating or financing classification; and Retained Earnings. See Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies",initial direct costs for additional information.existing leases were not reassessed. The Company also elected the practical expedient not to assess whether existing or expired land easements that were not previously accounted for under the prior standard are or contain a lease. Lastly, the Company elected the accounting policy not to apply the recognition and measurement requirements to short-term leases with a term of 12 months or less and do not include a bargain purchase option.




NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

8.COMMITMENTS AND OFF BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS


Purchase Obligations and Lease Commitments
The Company had various purchase obligations at September 30, 2018, totaling approximately $2.8 billion overhas operating leases, as a periodlessee, with customary terms that do not include: significant variable lease payments; significant reasonably certain extensions or options required to be included in the lease term; restrictions; or other covenants for real property, rolling stock, and machinery and equipment. Real property leases primarily consist of approximately 30 yearsoffice space and rolling stock leases primarily for materials, supplies,railcars and energy incidentfleet vehicles. At March 31, 2019, operating right-to-use assets of $219 million are included as a part of "Other noncurrent assets" in the Unaudited Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and includes $9 million of assets previously classified as lease intangibles. Operating lease liabilities are included as a part of "Payables and other current liabilities" and "Other long-term liabilities" in the Unaudited Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. There have been no material changes to the ordinary conductfuture minimum lease payments as of business. The Company also had variousDecember 31, 2018 as accounted for under the previous lease commitmentsstandard, for propertythese obligations, see Note 11, "Commitments and equipment under noncancelableOff Balance Sheet Arrangements", to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the Company's 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K. As of March 31, 2019, reconciliation of minimum lease payments and operating leases totaling $262 million over a period of approximately 40 years. Of the total lease commitments, approximately 50 percent relate to real property, including office space, storage facilities, and land; approximately 40 percent relate to railcars; and approximately 10 percent relate to machinery and equipment, including computer and communications equipment and production equipment.liabilities is provided below:

(Dollars in millions) Operating lease liabilities
Remainder of 2019 $50
2020 55
2021 43
2022 32
2023 21
2024 and beyond 35
Total minimum lease payments 236
Less: amounts of lease payments representing interest 26
Present value of future minimum lease payments 210
Less: current obligations under leases 57
Long-term lease obligations $153

Guarantees

Residual Value Guarantees


The Company has operating leases, primarily leases for railcars, with terms that require the Company to guarantee a portion of the residual value of the leased assets upon termination of the lease. These residual value guarantees totaled $68 million at September 30, 2018 and consist primarily of leases for railcarslease that will expire beginning in second quarter 2019. Residual guarantee payments that become probable and estimable are recognized as rent expense over the remaining life of the applicable lease. Management's current expectation is that the likelihood of material residual guarantee payments is remote.


Other

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Lease costs during the period and other information is provided below:
(Dollars in millions)First Quarter 2019
Lease costs: 
 Operating lease costs$15
 Short-term lease costs11
 Total$26
   
Other operating lease information: 
 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities$17
 Right-to-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities$11
 Weighted-average remaining lease term, in years5
 Weighted-average discount rate4.2%


Off Balance Sheet Items

Supplier Purchase Obligations
The Company had various purchase obligations at March 31, 2019, totaling approximately $2.8 billion over a period of approximately 30 years for materials, supplies, and energy incident to the ordinary conduct of business.

Guarantees


Guarantees and claims also arise during the ordinary course of business from relationships with customers, suppliers, joint venture partners, and other parties when the Company undertakes an obligation to guarantee the performance of others if specified triggering events occur. Non-performance under a contract could trigger an obligation of the Company. The Company's current other guarantees include guarantees relating to intellectual property, environmental matters, and other indemnifications and have arisen through the normal course of business. The ultimate effect on future financial results is not subject to reasonable estimation because considerable uncertainty exists as to the final outcome of these claims, if they were to occur. These other guarantees have terms up to 30 years with maximum potential future payments of approximately $35$30 million in the aggregate, with none of these guarantees being individually significant to the Company's operating results, financial position, or liquidity. Management's current expectation is that future payment or performance related to non-performance under other guarantees is remote.


Other Off Balance Sheet ArrangementsAccounts Receivable Purchase Agreements


The Company has off balance sheet uncommitted non-recourse factoring facilities that include customer specific receivables inaccounts receivable purchase agreements under which entire invoices may be sold, without recourse, to third-party financial institutions. Under these programs, the United States and Europe. The Company sells the receivablesinvoices at face value, less a transaction fee, which substantially equals the carrying value and fair value with no gain or loss recognized. There is no continuing involvement with these receivables once soldrecognized and no credit loss exposure.exposure is retained. Available capacity under these programs, which the Company uses as a source of working capital funding, is dependent on the level of accounts receivable eligible to be sold into these programs and the financial institutions' willingness to purchase such receivables. In addition, certain of these agreements also require that the Company continue to service, administer and collect the sold accounts receivable at market rates. The total amount of cumulative receivables sold in third quarter 2018 and 2017 were $38 million and $10 million, respectively. The total amount of cumulative receivables sold in first nine monthsquarter 2019 and 2018 and 2017 were $123$101 million and $15$39 million, respectively.




NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


9.ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS AND ASSET RETIREMENT OBLIGATIONS


Certain Eastman manufacturing sitesfacilities generate hazardous and nonhazardous wastes, the treatment, storage, transportation, and disposal of which are regulated by various governmental agencies. In connection with the cleanup of various hazardous waste sites, the Company, along with many other entities, has been designated a potentially responsible party ("PRP") by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, which potentially subjects PRPs to joint and several liability for certain cleanup costs. In addition, the Company will incur costs for environmental remediation and closure and post-closure under the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Reserves for environmental contingencies have been established in accordance with Eastman's policies described in Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies", to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the Company's 2017 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Although the10-K. The resolution of uncertainties related to these environmental matters may have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations in the period recognized,recognized. However, because of the availability of legal defenses, the Company's preliminary assessment of actions that may be required, and if applicable, the extended period of time that the obligations are expected sharing of costs,to be satisfied, management does not believe that the Company's liability for these environmental matters, individually or in the aggregate, will behave a material toadverse effect on the Company's consolidatedfuture liquidity or financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.condition. The Company's total reserve for environmental loss contingencies was $297$294 million and $304$296 million at September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017,2018, respectively. The environmental reserve includes costs related to sites previously closed and impaired by Eastman and sites that have been divested by Eastman but for which the Company retains the environmental liability related to these sites of $7 million at both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.


Environmental Remediation and Environmental Asset Retirement Obligations


The Company's total environmental reserve that management believes to be probable and reasonably estimable for environmental contingencies, including remediation costs and asset retirement obligations, is included as part of "Payables and other current liabilities" and "Other long-term liabilities" in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as follows:
(Dollars in millions)September 30, 2018 December 31, 2017March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
Environmental contingent liabilities, current$25
 $25
$25
 $25
Environmental contingent liabilities, long-term272
 279
269
 271
Total$297
 $304
$294
 $296


Environmental Remediation


Estimated future environmental expenditures for undiscounted remediation costs ranged from the best estimate or minimum of $273$269 million to the maximum of $513$507 million at September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and from the best estimate or minimum of $280$271 million to the maximum of $483$508 million at December 31, 2017.2018. The best estimate or minimum estimated future environmental expenditures are considered to be probable and reasonably estimable and include the amounts recognizedaccrued at both September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017.2018.


Reserves for environmental remediation include liabilities expected to be paid within approximately 30 years. The amounts charged to pre-tax earnings for environmental remediation and related charges are included within "Cost of sales" in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings. Changes in the reserves for environmental remediation liabilities during first ninethree months 20182019 are summarized below:
(Dollars in millions)Environmental Remediation Liabilities
Balance at December 31, 2018$271
Changes in estimates recognized in earnings and other1
Cash reductions(3)
Balance at March 31, 2019$269

(Dollars in millions)Environmental Remediation Liabilities
Balance at December 31, 2017$280
Changes in estimates recognized in earnings and other6
Cash reductions(13)
Balance at September 30, 2018$273




NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


Environmental Asset Retirement Obligations


An asset retirement obligation is an obligation for the retirement of a tangible long-lived asset that is incurred upon the acquisition, construction, development, or normal operation of that long-lived asset. The Company recognizes asset retirement obligations in the period in which they are incurred if a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. The asset retirement obligations are discounted to expected present value and subsequently adjusted for changes in fair value. The associated estimated asset retirement costs are capitalized as part of the carrying value of the long-lived assets and depreciated over their useful life. Environmental asset retirement obligations consist primarily of closure and post-closure costs. For sites that have environmental asset retirement obligations, the best estimate recognized to date for these environmental asset retirement obligation costs was $24$25 million at both September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017.2018. 


Non-Environmental Asset Retirement Obligations


The Company has contractual asset retirement obligations not associated with environmental liabilities. Eastman's non-environmental asset retirement obligations are primarily associated with the future closure of leased manufacturing assets at Pace, Florida and Oulu, Finland. These recognized non-environmental asset retirement obligations were $46 million and $49 million at September 30, 2018both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017, respectively,2018, and is included as part of "Other long-term liabilities" in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.


10.LEGAL MATTERS


From time to time, Eastman and its operations are parties to, or targets of, lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, including product liability, personal injury, asbestos, patent and intellectual property, commercial, contract, environmental, antitrust, health and safety, and employment matters, which are handled and defended in the ordinary course of business. While the Company is unable to predict the outcome of these matters, it does not believe, based upon currently available facts, that the ultimate resolution of any such pending matters will have a material adverse effect on its overall financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.




NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


11.STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY


A reconciliation of the changes in stockholders' equity for first ninethree months 2019 and 2018 is provided below:
(Dollars in millions)Common Stock at Par Value Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Treasury Stock at Cost Total Eastman Stockholders' Equity Noncontrolling Interest Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2018$2
 $2,048
 $7,573
 $(245) $(3,575) $5,803
 $75
 $5,878
Cumulative Effect of Adoption of New Accounting Standards (1)

 
 (20) 20
 
 
 
 
Net Earnings
 
 209
 
 
 209
 
 209
Cash Dividends Declared (2)
($0.62 per share)

 
 (87) 
 
 (87) 
 (87)
Other Comprehensive Income
 
 
 31
 
 31
 
 31
Share-Based Compensation Expense (3)

 18
 
 
 
 18
 
 18
Stock Option Exercises
 4
 
 
 
 4
 
 4
Other (4)

 (10) 
 
 
 (10) 1
 (9)
Share Repurchases
 
 
 
 (125) (125) 
 (125)
Balance at March 31, 2019$2
 $2,060
 $7,675
 $(194) $(3,700) $5,843
 $76
 $5,919
(Dollars in millions)Common Stock at Par Value Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Treasury Stock at Cost Total Eastman Stockholders' Equity Noncontrolling Interest Total EquityCommon Stock at Par Value Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Treasury Stock at Cost Total Eastman Stockholders' Equity Noncontrolling Interest Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2017$2
 $1,983
 $6,802
 $(209) $(3,175) $5,403
 $77
 $5,480
$2
 $1,983
 $6,802
 $(209) $(3,175) $5,403
 $77
 $5,480
Cumulative Effect of Adoption of New Accounting Standards (1)(5)

 
 16
 
 
 16
 
 16

 
 16
 
 
 16
 
 16
Net Earnings
 
 1,046
 
 
 1,046
 3
 1,049

 
 290
 
 
 290
 
 290
Cash Dividends Declared (2)
($1.68 per share)

 
 (238) 
 
 (238) 
 (238)
Other Comprehensive Income
 
 
 15
 
 15
 
 15
Cash Dividends Declared (2)
($0.56 per share)

 
 (82) 
 
 (82) 
 (82)
Other Comprehensive Loss
 
 
 (3) 
 (3) 
 (3)
Share-Based Compensation Expense (3)

 53
 
 
 
 53
 
 53

 24
 
 
 
 24
 
 24
Stock Option Exercises
 17
 
 
 
 17
 
 17

 13
 
 
 
 13
 
 13
Other (4)

 (17) 
 
 
 (17) 
 (17)
 (16) 
 
 
 (16) 
 (16)
Share Repurchases
 
 
 
 (375) (375) 
 (375)
 
 
 
 (100) (100) 
 (100)
Distributions to Noncontrolling Interest
 
 
 
 
 
 (5) (5)
 
 
 
 
 
 (2) (2)
Balance at September 30, 2018$2
 $2,036
 $7,626
 $(194) $(3,550) $5,920
 $75
 $5,995
Balance at March 31, 2018$2
 $2,004
 $7,026
 $(212) $(3,275) $5,545
 $75
 $5,620

(1) 
On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted a new accounting standard for reporting comprehensive income, which resulted in a reclassification of stranded tax effects from the Tax Reform Act from AOCI to retained earnings. See Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies", for additional information.
(2)
Cash dividends declared includes cash dividends paid and dividends declared but unpaid.
(3)
Share-based compensation expense is the fair value of share-based awards.
(4)
Additional paid-in capital includes value of shares withheld for employees' taxes on vesting of share-based compensation awards.
(5)
On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted new accounting standards for revenue recognition, income taxes, and derivatives and hedging, which resulted in adjustments to beginning retained earnings. See Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies", to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the Company's 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-Kfor specific amounts related to each standard.

Cash dividends declared includes cash dividends paid and dividends declared but unpaid.
eastmanlogo.jpg
(3)
Share-based compensation expense is the fair value of share-based awards.
(4)
Additional paid-in capital includes value of shares withheld for employees' taxes on vesting of share-based compensation awards.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax
 
 
 
 
(Dollars in millions)
Cumulative Translation Adjustment Benefit Plans Unrecognized Prior Service Credits Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments Unrealized Losses on Investments Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance at December 31, 2017$(296) $136
 $(48) $(1) $(209)
Period change(13) (30) 7
 
 (36)
Balance at December 31, 2018(309) 106
 (41) (1) (245)
Period change (1)
30
 22
 (1) 
 51
Balance at March 31, 2019$(279) $128
 $(42) $(1) $(194)

(1)
Benefit plans unrecognized prior service credits includes $29 million reclassification of stranded tax expense from AOCI to retained earnings and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments includes $9 million reclassification of stranded tax benefit from AOCI to retained earnings. See Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies", for additional information.
 
 
 
 
(Dollars in millions)
Cumulative Translation Adjustment Benefit Plans Unrecognized Prior Service Credits Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments Unrealized Losses on Investments Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance at December 31, 2016$(381) $163
 $(62) $(1) $(281)
Period change85
 (27) 14
 
 72
Balance at December 31, 2017(296) 136
 (48) (1) (209)
Period change(28) (22) 65
 
 15
Balance at September 30, 2018$(324) $114
 $17
 $(1) $(194)


Amounts of other comprehensive income (loss) are presented net of applicable taxes. Eastman records deferred income taxes
on the CTA related to branch operations and income from other entities included in the Company's consolidated U.S. tax return. No deferred income taxes are provided on the CTA of other subsidiaries outside the United States, asbecause the CTA is considered to be a component of indefinitely invested, unremitted earnings of these foreign subsidiaries.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


Components of other comprehensive income recognized in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings are presented below, before tax and net of tax effects:
 First Quarter
 2019 2018
(Dollars in millions)Before Tax Net of Tax Before Tax Net of Tax
Other comprehensive income (loss)       
Change in cumulative translation adjustment$30
 $30
 $27
 $27
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans:       
Amortization of unrecognized prior service credits(10) (7) (10) (7)
Derivatives and hedging:       
Unrealized gain (loss) during period13
 10
 (31) (23)
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income, net(3) (2) 
 
Total other comprehensive income (loss)$30
 $31
 $(14) $(3)

 Third Quarter
 2018 2017
(Dollars in millions)Before Tax Net of Tax Before Tax Net of Tax
Other comprehensive income (loss)       
Change in cumulative translation adjustment$(21) $(21) $17
 $17
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans:       
Amortization of unrecognized prior service credits(10) (7) (11) (7)
Derivatives and hedging:       
Unrealized gain (loss) during period50
 37
 49
 31
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income, net(14) (10) 10
 7
Total other comprehensive income (loss)$5
 $(1) $65
 $48

 First Nine Months
 2018 2017
(Dollars in millions)Before Tax Net of Tax Before Tax Net of Tax
Other comprehensive income (loss)       
Change in cumulative translation adjustment$(28) $(28) $60
 $60
Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans:       
Amortization of unrecognized prior service credits(30) (22) (33) (20)
Derivatives and hedging:      

Unrealized gain (loss) during period103
 78
 (13) (8)
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) losses included in net income, net(17) (13) 17
 11
Total other comprehensive income (loss)$28
 $15
 $31
 $43



NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


12.EARNINGS AND DIVIDENDS PER SHARE


The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share ("EPS"):
 First Quarter
(In millions, except per share amounts)2019 2018
Numerator   
Earnings attributable to Eastman, net of tax$209
 $290
    
Denominator   
Weighted average shares used for basic EPS139.0
 142.8
Dilutive effect of stock options and other awards1.1
 2.0
Weighted average shares used for diluted EPS140.1
 144.8
    
(Calculated using whole dollars and shares)   
EPS   
Basic$1.50
 $2.03
Diluted$1.49
 $2.00

 Third Quarter First Nine Months
(In millions, except per share amounts)2018 2017 2018 2017
Numerator       
Earnings attributable to Eastman, net of tax$412
 $323
 $1,046
 $893
        
Denominator       
Weighted average shares used for basic EPS140.6
 144.3
 141.7
 145.2
Dilutive effect of stock options and other awards1.8
 1.2
 2.0
 1.3
Weighted average shares used for diluted EPS142.4
 145.5
 143.7
 146.5
        
(Calculated using whole dollars and shares)       
EPS       
Basic$2.93
 $2.24
 $7.38
 $6.15
Diluted$2.89
 $2.22
 $7.28
 $6.10


In both third quarter and first nine months 2018,Shares underlying stock options to purchase 619,706 shares of common stock were excluded from the shares treated as outstanding for computationfirst quarter 2019 and 2018 calculations of diluted EPS were 2,261,873 and 407,573, respectively, because the market value of option exercises forof these awardsoptions were less than the cash proceeds that would be received from these exercises. ThirdFirst quarter 2019 and first nine months 2018 reflect the impact of share repurchases of 1,263,8681,582,076 and 3,673,642,994,235, respectively.

In third quarter and first nine months 2017, options to purchase 727,111 and 781,011 shares of common stock, respectively, were excluded from the shares treated as outstanding for computation of diluted EPS because the market value of option exercises for these awards were less than the cash proceeds that would be received from these exercises. Third quarter and first nine months 2017 reflect the impact of share repurchases of 1,184,107 and 3,360,783, respectively.


The Company declared cash dividends of $0.56$0.62 and $0.51 per share in third quarter 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $1.68 and $1.53$0.56 per share in first nine monthsquarter 2019 and 2018, and 2017, respectively.


13.ASSET IMPAIRMENTS AND RESTRUCTURING CHARGES, NET
 First Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2019 2018
Severance charges$28
 $2
Other restructuring costs4
 
Total$32
 $2


There were no asset impairments andFirst quarter 2019 restructuring charges included $28 million for severance and related costs as part of business improvement and cost reduction initiatives and an additional $4 million restructuring charge related to a capital project in third quarter 2018.the Additives & Functional Products ("AFP") segment that was discontinued in 2016. In first nine monthsquarter 2018, the Company recognized restructuring charges of $6$2 million for corporate severance costs. There were no asset impairments and restructuring charges in third quarter and first nine months 2017.severance.


Changes in Reserves


The following table summarizes the changes in asset impairments and restructuring charges and gains, the non-cash reductions attributable to asset impairments, and the cash reductions in restructuring reserves for severance costs and site closure costs paid in first ninethree months20182019 and full year 20172018:
(Dollars in millions)Balance at January 1, 2018 Provision/ Adjustments Non-cash Reductions/
Additions
 Cash Reductions Balance at September 30, 2018Balance at January 1, 2019 Provision/ Adjustments Non-cash Reductions/
Additions
 Cash Reductions Balance at March 31, 2019
Severance costs$19
 $6
 $
 $(17) $8
$6
 $28
 $
 $(2) $32
Site closure and restructuring costs10
 
 
 (1) 9
Other restructuring costs8
 4
 1
 (1) 12
Total$29
 $6
 $
 $(18) $17
$14
 $32
 $1
 $(3) $44




NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS



(Dollars in millions)
Balance at January 1, 2018 Provision/ Adjustments 
Non-cash Reductions/
Additions
 Cash Reductions Balance at December 31, 2018
Non-cash charges$
 $39
 $(39) $
 $
Severance costs19
 6
 1
 (20) 6
Other restructuring costs10
 
 
 (2) 8
Total$29
 $45
 $(38) $(22) $14


(Dollars in millions)
Balance at January 1, 2017 Provision/ Adjustments 
Non-cash Reductions/
Additions
 Cash Reductions Balance at December 31, 2017
Non-cash charges$
 $1
 $(1) $
 $
Severance costs42
 6
 
 (29) 19
Site closure and restructuring costs13
 1
 1
 (5) 10
Total$55
 $8
 $
 $(34) $29


Substantially all severance costs remaining are expected to be applied to the reserves within one year.


14.SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION AWARDS


The Company utilizes share-based awards under employee and non-employee director compensation programs. These share-based awards have included restricted and unrestricted stock, restricted stock units, stock options, and performance shares. In thirdfirst quarter 2019 and 2018, and 2017, $15$18 million and $13$24 million, respectively, of compensation expense before tax were recognized in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings for all share-based awards.awards of which $5 million in both periods was for stock option grants. The compensation expense is recognized over the substantive vesting period, which may be shorter time period than the stated vesting period for qualifying termination eligible employees as defined in the forms of award notice. For both first quarter 2019 and 2018, $3 million of stock option compensation expense was recognized due to qualifying termination eligibility preceding the requisite service period. The impact on thirdfirst quarter 20182019 and 20172018 net earnings of $12$14 million and $8$18 million, respectively, is net of deferred tax expense related to share-based award compensation for each period.


Stock Option Grants

In first nine monthsquarter 2019 and 2018, the number of shares underlying stock options granted under the 2017 Omnibus Stock Compensation Plan was approximately 691,000 and 2017, $53620,000, respectively. Options have an exercise price equal to the closing price of the Company's stock on the date of grant. The term of options is 10 years with vesting periods that vary up to three years. Vesting usually occurs ratably over the vesting period or at the end of the vesting period. The Company utilizes the Black Scholes Merton option valuation model which relies on certain assumptions to estimate an option's fair value.

The assumptions used in the determination of fair value for stock options granted in first quarter 2019 and 2018 are provided in the table below:
  First Quarter
Assumptions 2019 2018
Expected volatility rate 19.61% 19.03%
Expected dividend yield 2.41% 2.48%
Average risk-free interest rate 2.56% 2.61%
Expected term years 5.7 5.1


The grant date exercise price and fair value of options granted during first quarter 2019 were $82.69 and $13.60, respectively, and first quarter 2018 were $104.21 and $15.90, respectively.

For options unvested at March 31, 2019, $8 million in compensation expense will be recognized over the next three years.

Other Share-Based Compensation Awards

In addition to stock option grants, the Company has awarded long-term performance share awards, restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards, and stock appreciation rights. The long-term performance share awards are based upon actual return on capital compared to a target return on capital and total stockholder return compared to a peer group ranking by total stockholder return over a three year performance period and pay out in unrestricted shares of common stock at the end of the performance period. The awards are valued using a Monte Carlo simulation-based model and vest pro-ratably over the three year performance period. The number of long-term performance share target awards during first quarter 2019 and 2018 for the

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

2019-2021 and 2018-2020 periods were approximately 412,000 and 310,000, respectively. The target shares awarded are assumed to be 100 percent. At the end of the three-year performance period, the actual number of shares awarded can range from zero percent to 250 percent of the target shares based on the award notice. The number of restricted stock unit awards, which pay out in unrestricted shares of common stock at the end of the vesting and performance (if any) period, during first quarter 2019 and 2018 were approximately 116,000 and 135,000, respectively. The fair value of a restricted stock unit award is equal to the closing stock price of the Company's stock on the award date and normally vests over a period of three years. In first quarter 2019 and 2018, $13 million and $40$19 million, respectively, ofwas recognized as compensation expense before tax were recognized in "Selling, generalfor these other share-based awards and administrative expenses"was included in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earningstotal compensation expense noted above for all share-based awards. The impact on first nine months 2018 and 2017 net earnings of $40unrecognized compensation expense before tax for these same type awards at March 31, 2019 was approximately $105 million and $25 million, respectively, is netwill be recognized primarily over a period of deferred tax expense related to share-based award compensation for each period.three years.

For additional information regarding share-based compensation plans and awards, see Note 17, "Share-Based Compensation Plans and Awards", to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the Company's 2017 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.10-K.


15.OTHER (INCOME) CHARGES, NET
 First Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2019 2018
Currency transaction costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations$
 $8
(Income) loss from equity investments and other investment (gains) losses, net(3) (5)
Coal gasification incident property insurance
 (50)
Other, net1
 1
Other (income) charges, net$(2) $(46)

 Third Quarter First Nine Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 2018 2017
Foreign exchange transaction (gains) losses, net$6
 $1
 $13
 $3
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations
 
 13
 
(Income) loss from equity investments and other investment (gains) losses, net(3) (4) (15) (10)
Coal gasification incident property insurance
 
 (65) 
Gain from sale of business


 (3) 
 (3)
Other, net3
 2
 4
 3
Other (income) charges, net$6
 $(4) $(50) $(7)


First nine months 2018 includes currency transaction costs resulting from fourth quarter 2017 tax law changes and related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations as part of the transition to an international treasury services center of $13 million. First nine months 2018 also includes insurance for property damage of $65 million from the disruption of the Kingsport site's coal gasification operations area resulting from the previously reported October 4, 2017 incident (the "coal gasification incident"). Third quarter and first nine months 2017 other (income) charges, net includes a $3 million gain from the sale of the formulated electronics cleaning solutions business.


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

16.SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION


Included in the line item "Other items, net" of the "Operating activities" section of the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows are the following changes to Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Position:
(Dollars in millions)First Three Months
 2019 2018
Other current assets$2
 $(29)
Other noncurrent assets6
 14
Payables and other current liabilities59
 (14)
Long-term liabilities and equity(14) (1)
Total$53
 $(30)

(Dollars in millions)First Nine Months
 2018 2017
Other current assets (1)
$(93) $25
Other noncurrent assets25
 7
Payables and other current liabilities28
 2
Long-term liabilities and equity(35) (13)
Total$(75) $21

(1)    First nine months 2018 includes a $65 million insurance receivable from final settlement of the coal gasification incident.


The above changes resulted primarily from accrued taxes, deferred taxes, environmental liabilities, monetized positions from raw material and energy, currency, and certain interest rate hedges, prepaid insurance, miscellaneous deferrals, value-added taxes, and other miscellaneous receivables and accruals.


17.SEGMENT INFORMATION


Eastman's products and operations are managed and reported in four operating segments: Additives & Functional Products ("AFP"), Advanced Materials ("AM"), Chemical Intermediates ("CI"), and Fibers. Beginning January 1, 2018:
Eastman's primary measureThe economic factors that impact the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of operating performance for all periods presented is EBIT on a consolidatedrevenue and segment basis. Previously,cash flows vary between the Company's primary measurebusiness operating segments and the geographical regions in which they serve. For disaggregation of operating performance was operating earnings;
As a result of recent changes in the management of productsrevenue by major product lines and operations to better align resourcesregions for growth initiatives, certain products previously reported in the CIeach business operating segment, are reportedsee Note 19, "Segment Information", to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the AFP operating segment; and
Sales revenue and innovation costs from the nonwovens and textiles innovation platform products previously reported in "Other" are reported in the Fibers operating segment due to accelerating commercial progress of growth initiatives.

Company's 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For additional financial and product information for each segment, see Part I, Item 1, "Business - Business Segments" and Part II, Item 8, Note 19, "Segment Information", in the Company's 2017 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.10-K.
(Dollars in millions)Third Quarter First Nine Months
Sales by Segment2018 2017 2018 2017
Additives & Functional Products$915
 $886
 $2,796
 $2,489
Advanced Materials709
 646
 2,131
 1,937
Chemical Intermediates703
 696
 2,142
 2,069
Fibers220
 224
 706
 652
Total Sales by Operating Segment2,547
 2,452
 7,775
 7,147
Other
 13
 

40
Total Sales$2,547
 $2,465
 $7,775
 $7,187






NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions)Third Quarter First Nine Months
Earnings Before Interest and Taxes by Segment2018 2017 2018 2017
Additives & Functional Products$186
 $189
 $554
 $503
Advanced Materials153
 142
 438
 400
Chemical Intermediates109
 81
 264
 246
Fibers84
 68
 210
 176
Total Earnings Before Interest and Taxes by Operating Segment532
 480
 1,466
 1,325
Other 
  
    
Growth initiatives and businesses not allocated to operating segments(26) (32) (79) (92)
Pension and other postretirement benefits income (expense), net not allocated to operating segments20
 18
 61
 54
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net
 
 (6) 
Other income (charges), net not allocated to operating segments(9) (2) (25) (2)
Total Earnings Before Interest and Taxes$517
 $464
 $1,417
 $1,285

(Dollars in millions)September 30, December 31,
Assets by Segment (1)
2018 2017
Additives & Functional Products$6,721
 $6,648
Advanced Materials4,561
 4,379
Chemical Intermediates2,996
 3,000
Fibers986
 929
Total Assets by Operating Segment15,264
 14,956
Corporate Assets1,098
 1,043
Total Assets$16,362
 $15,999

(1)
Segment assets include accounts receivable, inventory, fixed assets, goodwill, and intangible assets.
(Dollars in millions)Third Quarter First Nine Months
Sales by Customer Location2018 2017 2018 2017
United States and Canada$1,083
 $1,057
 $3,291
 $3,211
Asia Pacific665
 612
 1,946
 1,705
Europe, Middle East, and Africa649
 658
 2,101
 1,882
Latin America150
 138
 437
 389
Total Sales$2,547
 $2,465
 $7,775
 $7,187

18.REVENUE RECOGNITION

On January 1, 2018, Eastman adopted ASU 2014-09 Revenue Recognition (ASC 606). Under this standard, the Company recognizes revenue when performance obligations of the sale are satisfied. Eastman sells to customers through master sales agreements or standalone purchase orders. The majority of the Company's terms of sale have a single performance obligation to transfer products. Accordingly, the Company recognizes revenue when control has been transferred to the customer, generally at the time of shipment of products. Under the previous revenue recognition accounting standard, the Company recognized revenue upon the transfer of title and risk of loss, generally upon delivery of goods. For further information, see Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies".


NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Company's arrangement with a customer may include the act of shipping product to customers after the performance obligation related to that product has been satisfied. The Company has elected to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the good and has not allocated revenue to the shipping activity. All related shipping and handling costs are recognized at the time of shipment. Further, the Company's sales arrangements may include the collection of sales and other similar taxes that are then remitted to the related taxing authority. The Company has elected to present the amounts collected for these taxes net of the related tax expense rather than presenting them as additional revenue.

The Company has elected to adopt several practical expedients as part of the adoption of ASU 2014-09 / ASC 606. The Company has elected the practical expedient to recognize the incremental cost of obtaining a sale (selling expense) as an expense when incurred given the potential amortization period for such asset is one year or less. Further, the Company has elected to use the practical expedient that allows the Company to ignore the possible existence of a significant financing component within sales arrangements where the time between cash collection and performance is less than one year. Finally, the Company has elected the practical expedient to not disclose unfulfilled obligations as customer purchase order commitments have an original expected duration of one year or less and no consideration from customers was excluded from the transaction price.


The timing of Eastman's customer billings does not always match the timing of revenue recognition. When the Company is entitled to bill a customer in advance of the recognition of revenue, a contract liability is recognized. When the Company is not entitled to bill a customer until a period after the related recognition of revenue, a contract asset is recognized. Contract assets represent the Company's right to consideration for the exchange of goods under a contract, but which are not yet billable to a customer for consignment inventory or pursuant to certain shipping terms. Contract liabilities were not material as of January 1, 2018March 31, 2019 or September 30,December 31, 2018. Contract assets were $42$62 million as of January 1, 2018March 31, 2019 and $67 million as of September 30,December 31, 2018 and are included as a component of "Miscellaneous receivables" in the Unaudited Consolidated StatementStatements of Financial Position.

The economic factors that impact the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows vary between the Company's business operating segments and the geographical regions in which they serve. For disaggregation of revenue by major product lines for each business operating segment, see "Business - Business Segments" in Part I, Item 1 of the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The tables below summarize the impact of adopting the new standard on third quarter and first nine months 2018 financial statements:
 Third Quarter 2018 First Nine Months 2018
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)Current Standard Change Previous Standard Current Standard Change Previous Standard
Sales$2,547
 $(19) $2,528
 $7,775
 $(54) $7,721
Cost of sales1,819
 (15) 1,804
 5,762
 (29) 5,733
Gross profit728
 (4) 724
 2,013
 (25) 1,988
Earnings before interest and taxes517
 (4) 513
 1,417
 (25) 1,392
Net earnings attributable to Eastman412
 (3) 409
 1,046
 (21) 1,025
            
Basic earnings per share attributable to Eastman$2.93
 $(0.02) $2.91
 $7.38
 $(0.15) $7.23
Diluted earnings per share attributable to Eastman$2.89
 $(0.02) $2.87
 $7.28
 $(0.14) $7.14
(Dollars in millions)First Quarter
Sales by Segment2019 2018
Additives & Functional Products$855
 $939
Advanced Materials657
 693
Chemical Intermediates655
 730
Fibers213
 245
Total Sales by Operating Segment2,380
 2,607
Other
 
Total Sales$2,380
 $2,607



(Dollars in millions)First Quarter
Earnings Before Interest and Taxes by Segment2019 2018
Additives & Functional Products$146
 $176
Advanced Materials102
 135
Chemical Intermediates73
 70
Fibers42
 43
Total Earnings Before Interest and Taxes by Operating Segment363
 424
Other 
  
Growth initiatives and businesses not allocated to operating segments(27) (26)
Pension and other postretirement benefits income (expense), net not allocated to operating segments12
 21
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net(28) (2)
Other income (charges), net not allocated to operating segments
 (8)
Total Earnings Before Interest and Taxes$320
 $409



NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


(Dollars in millions)March 31, December 31,
Assets by Segment (1)
2019 2018
Additives & Functional Products$6,561
 $6,545
Advanced Materials4,610
 4,456
Chemical Intermediates2,890
 2,934
Fibers1,050
 978
Total Assets by Operating Segment15,111
 14,913
Corporate Assets1,250
 1,082
Total Assets$16,361
 $15,995

(1)
Segment assets include accounts receivable, inventory, fixed assets, goodwill, and intangible assets.
 Third Quarter 2018 First Nine Months 2018
(Dollars in millions)Current Standard Change Previous Standard Current Standard Change Previous Standard
Additives & Functional Products    

      
Sales$915
 $(1) $914
 $2,796
 $(7) $2,789
Earnings before interest and taxes186
 2
 188
 554
 (7) 547
Advanced Materials           
Sales709
 (11) 698
 2,131
 (30) 2,101
Earnings before interest and taxes153
 (4) 149
 438
 (14) 424
Chemical Intermediates           
Sales703
 (13) 690
 2,142
 7
 2,149
Earnings before interest and taxes109
 (1) 108
 264
 7
 271
Fibers           
Sales220
 6
 226
 706
 (24) 682
Earnings before interest and taxes84
 (1) 83
 210
 (11) 199
Other           
Sales
 
 
 
 
 
Earnings before interest and taxes(15) 
 (15) (49) 
 (49)


(Dollars in millions)First Quarter
Sales by Customer Location2019 2018
United States and Canada$1,000
 $1,100
Asia Pacific553
 642
Europe, Middle East, and Africa689
 727
Latin America138
 138
Total Sales$2,380
 $2,607

 As of September 30, 2018
(Dollars in millions)Current Standard Change Previous Standard
Trade receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts$1,404
 $(191) $1,213
Miscellaneous receivables368
 (50) 318
Inventories1,625
 154
 1,779
Total current assets3,647
 (87) 3,560




eastmanlogo.jpg
 


ITEM 2.MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


 Page
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  


This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is based upon the consolidated financial statements of Eastman Chemical Company ("Eastman" or the "Company"), which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"), and should be read in conjunction with the Company's audited consolidated financial statements, including related notes, and MD&A contained in the Company's 2017 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, and the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements, including related notes, included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. All references to earnings per share ("EPS") contained in this report are diluted EPS unless otherwise noted. Beginning January 1, 2018, Eastman's primary measure of operating performance for all periods presented is earnings before interest and taxes ("EBIT") on a consolidated and segment basis. Previously, the Company's primary measure of performance was operating earnings.
 
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES


In preparing the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management must make decisions which impact the reported amounts and the related disclosures. Such decisions include the selection of the appropriate accounting principles to be applied and assumptions on which to base estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, sales revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, Eastman evaluates its estimates, including those related to impairment of long-lived assets, environmental costs, pension and other postretirement benefits, litigation and contingent liabilities, and income taxes. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Management believes the critical accounting estimates described in Part II, Item 7 of the Company's 2017 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K are the most important to the fair presentation of the Company's financial condition and results. These estimates require management's most significant judgments in the preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements.


MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS




NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES


Non-GAAP financial measures, and the accompanying reconciliations of the non-GAAP financial measures to the most comparable GAAP measures, are presented below in this section and in "Overview", "Results of Operations", "Summary by Operating Segment", and "Outlook" in this MD&A.


Management discloses non-GAAP financial measures, and the related reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP financial measures, because it believes investors use these metrics in evaluating longer term period-over-period performance, and to allow investors to better understand and evaluate the information used by management to assess the Company's and its operating segments' performances, make resource allocation decisions, and evaluate organizational and individual performances in determining certain performance-based compensation. Non-GAAP financial measures do not have definitions under GAAP, and may be defined differently by, and not be comparable to, similarly titled measures used by other companies. As a result, management cautions investors not to place undue reliance on any non-GAAP financial measure, but to consider such measures alongside the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

Company Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures


Non-Core Items and any Unusual or Non-Recurring Items Excluded from Non-GAAP Earnings


In addition to evaluating Eastman's financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, and cash flows as reported in accordance with GAAP, management also evaluates Company and operating segment performance, and makes resource allocation and performance evaluation decisions, excluding the effect of transactions, costs, and losses or gains that do not directly result from Eastman's normal, or "core", business and operations or are otherwise of an unusual or non-recurring nature.
Non-core transactions, costs, and losses or gains relate to, among other things, cost reductions, growth and profitability improvement initiatives, and other events outside of core business operations, and have included asset impairments and restructuring charges and gains, costs of and related to acquisitions, gains and losses from and costs related to dispositions of businesses, financing transaction costs, and mark-to-market losses or gains for pension and other postretirement benefit plans.
In thirdfirst quarter and first nine months 2018, the Company recognized unusual income fromcosts, net of insurance, in excess of costs of the disruption, repairs, and reconstruction of the Kingsport site's coal gasification operations area resulting from the previously reported October 4, 2017 explosion (the "coal gasification incident"). Management considers the coal gasification incident unusual because of the Company's operational and safety history and the magnitude of the unplanned disruption.
In thirdfirst quarter and first nine months 2018, the Company recognized unusual costs resulting from the fourth quarter 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("Tax Reform Act") and related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations as part of the transition to an international treasury services center. Additionally, in thirdIn first quarter and first nine months 2018,2019, the Company recognized an unusual increasesnet decrease to earnings from adjustments of the provisional net tax decrease to the provision for income taxes recognized in fourth quarter 2017 resulting from the tax law changes, primarily the Tax Reform Act, and the tax impact of the related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations as part of the transition to an international treasury services center.reorganizations. Management considers these actions and associated costs and income unusual because of the infrequent nature of such changes in tax law and resulting actions and the significant one-time impacts on earnings.


Because non-core, unusual, or non-recurring transactions, costs, and losses or gains may materially affect the Company's, or any particular operating segment's, financial condition or results in a specific period in which they are recognized, Eastman believes it is appropriate to evaluate both the financial measures prepared and calculated in accordance with GAAP and the related non-GAAP financial measures excluding the effect on the Company's results of these non-core, unusual, or non-recurring items. In addition to using such measures to evaluate results in a specific period, management evaluates such non-GAAP measures, and believes that investors may also evaluate such measures, because such measures may provide more complete and consistent comparisons of the Company's and its segments' operational performance on a period-over-period historical basis and, as a result, provide a better indication of expected future trends.


MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Adjusted Tax Rate and Provision for Income Taxes


In interim periods, Eastman discloses non-GAAP earnings with an adjusted effective tax rate and a resulting adjusted provision for income taxes using the Company's forecasted tax rate for the full year as of the end of the interim period. The adjusted effective tax rate and resulting adjusted provision for income taxes are equal to the Company's projected full year effective tax rate and provision for income taxes on earnings excluding non-core, unusual, or non-recurring items for completed periods. The adjusted effective tax rate and resulting adjusted provision for income taxes may fluctuate during the year for changes in events and circumstances that change the Company's forecasted annual effective tax rate and resulting provision for income taxes excluding non-core, unusual, or non-recurring items. Management discloses this adjusted effective tax rate, and the related reconciliation to the GAAP effective tax rate, to provide investors more complete and consistent comparisons of the Company's operational performance on a period-over-period interim basis and on the same basis as management evaluates quarterly financial results to provide a better indication of expected full year results.


MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Management discloses these non-GAAP measures, and the related reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP financial measures, because it believes investors use these metrics in evaluating longer term period-over-period performance, and to allow investors to better understand and evaluate the information used by management to assess the Company's and its operating segments' performances, make resource allocation decisions, and evaluate organizational and individual performances in determining certain performance-based compensation. Non-GAAP measures do not have definitions under GAAP, and may be defined differently by, and not be comparable to, similarly titled measures used by other companies. As a result, management cautions investors not to place undue reliance on any non-GAAP measure, but to consider such measures with the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

Non-GAAP Measures in this Quarterly Report

The following non-core items are excluded by management in its evaluation of certain results in this Quarterly Report:
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net, and
Gain from sale of the formulated electronics cleaning solutions business, which was part of the Additives & Functional Products segment.

The following unusual items are excluded by management in its evaluation of certain results in this Quarterly Report:
Gains from coal gasification incident insurance income in excess of costs,
Costs of currency transaction and professional fees resulting from fourth quarter 2017 tax law changes and related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations, and
Increases to earnings from adjustments of the provisional net decrease to the provision for income taxes recognized in fourth quarter 2017 resulting from the Tax Reform Act and tax impact of related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations.

Excluded Non-Core and Unusual Items and Adjustments to Provision for Income Taxes
 Third Quarter First Nine Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 2018 2017
Non-core items impacting earnings before interest and taxes:       
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net$
 $
 $6
 $
Gain from sale of business
 (3) 
 (3)
Unusual items impacting earnings before interest and taxes:       
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(67) 
 (86) 
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations1
 
 20
 
Total non-core and unusual items impacting earnings before interest and taxes(66) (3) (60) (3)
Less: Items impacting provision for income taxes:       
Tax effect of non-core and unusual items(12) (2) (10) (2)
Adjustment to estimated net tax benefit from tax law changes14
 
 4
 
Interim adjustment to tax provision11
 3
 16
 15
Total items impacting provision for income taxes13
 1
 10
 13
Total items impacting net earnings attributable to Eastman$(79) $(4) $(70) $(16)

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


This MD&A includes an analysis of the effect of the foregoing on the following GAAP financial measures:

Gross profit,
Selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A"),
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net,
Other (income) charges, net,
EBIT,
Provision for income taxes,
Net earnings attributable to Eastman, and
Diluted EPS.

Other Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Alternative Non-GAAP Cash Flow MeasuresMeasure

In addition to the non-GAAP measures presented in this Quarterly Report and other periodic reports, management occasionally has evaluated and disclosed to investors and securities analysts the non-GAAP measure cash provided by operating activities excluding certain non-core, unusual, or non-recurring sources or uses of cash or including cash from or used by activities that are managed as part of core business operations ("adjusted cash provided by operating activities") when analyzing, among other things, business performance, liquidity and financial position, and performance-based compensation. Management has used this non-GAAP measure in conjunction with the GAAP measure cash provided by operating activities because it believes it is a more appropriate metric to evaluate the cash flows from Eastman's core operations that are available for organic and inorganic growth initiatives and because it allows for a more consistent period-over-period presentation of such amounts. In its evaluation, management generally excludes the impact of certain non-core activities and decisions of management because such activities and decisions are not considered core, ongoing components of operations and the decisions to undertake or not to undertake such activities may be made irrespective of the cash generated from operations, and generally includes cash from or used in activities that are managed as operating activities and in business operating decisions. Management has disclosed this non-GAAP measure and the related reconciliation to investors and securities analysts to allow them to better understand and evaluate the information used by management in its decision-making processes and because management believes investors and securities analysts use similar measures to assess Company performance, liquidity, and financial position over multiple periods and to compare these with other companies.


Eastman regularly evaluates and discloses to investors and securities analysts an alternative non-GAAP measure of "free cash flow", which management defines as cash provided by or used in operating activities, (or adjusted cash provided by operating activities, described above), less the amount of net capital expenditures (typically the GAAP measure additions to properties and equipment, and in third quarter and first nine months 2018 net of proceeds from property insurance). Such net capital expenditures are generally funded from available cash and, as such, management believes they should be considered in determining free cash flow. Management believes this is an appropriate metric to assess the Company's ability to fund priorities for uses of available cash. The priorities for cash after funding operations include payment of quarterly dividends, repayment of debt, funding targeted growth opportunities, and repurchasing shares. Management believes this metric is useful to investors and securities analysts in order to provide them with information similar to that used by management in evaluating financial performance and potential future cash available for various initiatives and assessing organizational performance in determining certain performance-based compensation and because management believes investors and securities analysts often use a similar measure of free cash flow to compare the results, and value, of comparable companies. In addition, Eastman may disclose to investors and securities analysts an alternative non-GAAP measure of "free cash flow yield", which management defines as annual free cash flow divided by the Company's market capitalization. Management believes this metric is useful to investors and securities analysts in comparing cash flow generation with that of peer and other companies.


Non-GAAP Measures in this Quarterly Report

The following non-core item is excluded by management in its evaluation of certain earnings results in this Quarterly Report:
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net.

The following unusual items are excluded by management in its evaluation of certain earnings results in this Quarterly Report:
Costs from coal gasification incident in excess of insurance,
Costs of currency transaction and professional fees resulting from fourth quarter 2017 tax law changes and related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations, and
Adjustments to the provision for income taxes resulting from tax law changes, primarily the Tax Reform Act, and related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations.

As described above, the alternative non-GAAP measure of cash flow, free cash flow, is presented in this Quarterly Report.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS




Excluded Non-Core and Unusual Items and Adjustments to Provision for Income Taxes
 First Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2019 2018
Non-core item impacting earnings before interest and taxes:   
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net$32
 $2
Unusual items impacting earnings before interest and taxes:   
Net coal gasification incident costs
 37
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations
 11
Total non-core and unusual items impacting earnings before interest and taxes32
 50
Less: Items impacting provision for income taxes:   
Tax effect of non-core and unusual items6
 11
Adjustments from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations(10) 
Interim adjustment to tax provision(3) 5
Total items impacting provision for income taxes(7) 16
Total items impacting net earnings attributable to Eastman$39
 $34

This MD&A includes an analysis of the effect of the foregoing on the following GAAP financial measures:

Gross profit,
Selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A"),
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net,
Other (income) charges, net,
Earnings before interest and taxes ("EBIT"),
Provision for income taxes,
Net earnings attributable to Eastman,
Diluted EPS, and
Net cash used in operating activities.

Other Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Alternative Non-GAAP Cash Flow Measures

In addition to the non-GAAP measures presented in this Quarterly Report and other periodic reports, management occasionally has evaluated and disclosed to investors and securities analysts the non-GAAP measure cash provided by or used in operating activities excluding certain non-core, unusual, or non-recurring sources or uses of cash or including cash from or used by activities that are managed as part of core business operations ("adjusted cash provided by or used in operating activities") when analyzing, among other things, business performance, liquidity and financial position, and performance-based compensation. Management has used this non-GAAP measure in conjunction with the GAAP measure cash provided by or used in operating activities because it believes it is a more appropriate metric to evaluate the cash flows from Eastman's core operations that are available for organic and inorganic growth initiatives and because it allows for a more consistent period-over-period presentation of such amounts. In its evaluation, management generally excludes the impact of certain non-core activities and decisions of management because such activities and decisions are not considered core, ongoing components of operations and the decisions to undertake or not to undertake such activities may be made irrespective of the cash generated from operations, and generally includes cash from or used in activities that are managed as operating activities and in business operating decisions. Management has disclosed this non-GAAP measure and the related reconciliation to investors and securities analysts to allow them to better understand and evaluate the information used by management in its decision-making processes and because management believes investors and securities analysts use similar measures to assess Company performance, liquidity, and financial position over multiple periods and to compare these with other companies.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Alternative Non-GAAP Earnings Measures


From time to time, Eastman may also disclose to investors and securities analysts the non-GAAP earnings measures "EBIT Margin", "Adjusted EBITDA", "EBITDA Margin", and "Return on Invested Capital" (or "ROIC"). Management defines EBIT Margin as the GAAP measure EBIT adjusted to exclude the same non-core, unusual, or non-recurring items as are excluded from the Company's other non-GAAP earnings measures for the same periods divided by the GAAP measure sales revenue in the Company's income statement for the same period. Adjusted EBITDA asis EBITDA (net earnings or net earnings per share before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) adjusted to exclude the same non-core, unusual, or non-recurring items as are excluded from the Company's other non-GAAP earnings measures for the same periods. EBITDA Margin is Adjusted EBITDA divided by the GAAP measure sales revenue in the Company's income statement for the same periods. Management defines ROIC as net earnings plus interest expense after tax divided by average total borrowings plus average stockholders' equity for the periods presented, each derived from the GAAP measures in the Company's financial statements for the periods presented. Management believes that EBIT Margin, Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDA Margin, and ROIC are useful as supplemental measures in evaluating the performance of and returns from Eastman's operating businesses, and, from time to time, uses such measures in internal performance calculations. Further, management understands that investors and securities analysts often use similar measures of EBIT Margin, Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDA Margin, and ROIC to compare the results, returns, and value of the Company with those of peer and other companies.


MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


OVERVIEW


Eastman's products and operations are managed and reported in four operating segments: Additives & Functional Products ("AFP"), Advanced Materials ("AM"), Chemical Intermediates ("CI"), and Fibers. Eastman uses an innovation-driven growth model which consists of leveraging world class scalable technology platforms, delivering differentiated application development capabilities, and relentlessly engaging the market. The Company's world class technology platforms form the foundation of sustainable growth by differentiated products through significant scale advantages in research and development ("R&D") and advantaged global market access. Differentiated application development converts market complexity into opportunities for growth and accelerates innovation by enabling a deeper understanding of the value of Eastman's products and how they perform within customers' and end user products. Key areas of application development include thermoplastic processing, functional films, coatings formulations, rubber additive formulations, adhesives formulations, nonwovens and textiles, and animal nutrition. The Company engages the market by working directly with customers and downstream users, targeting attractive niche markets, and leveraging disruptive macro trends such as health and wellness, natural resource efficiency, an increasing middle class in emerging economies, and feeding a growing population. Management believes that these elements of the Company's innovation-driven growth model combined with disciplined portfolio management and balanced capital deployment will result in consistent, sustainable earnings growth and strong cash flow.


The Company generated sales revenue of $2.55$2.4 billion and $2.47$2.6 billion in thirdfirst quarter 20182019 and 2017,2018, respectively. Sales revenue increased $82decreased $227 million as a result of increases in the AM, AFP, and CI operating segments partially offset by a decrease in the Fibers operating segment.

The Company generated sales revenue of $7.8 billion and $7.2 billion in first nine months 2018 and 2017, respectively. Sales revenue increased $588 million as a result of increasesdecreases in all operating segments.


EBIT was $517$320 million and $464$409 million in thirdfirst quarter 20182019 and 2017,2018, respectively. Excluding the non-core and unusual items identified in "Non-GAAP Financial Measures", adjusted EBIT was $451$352 million and $461$459 million in thirdfirst quarter 20182019 and 2017,2018, respectively. Adjusted EBIT decreased as a result of decreases in the Fibers, AFP, and CI operating segments more than offsetting an increase the AM operating segment.

EBIT was $1.4 billion and $1.3 billion in first nine months 2018 and 2017, respectively. Excluding the non-core and unusual items identified in "Non-GAAP Financial Measures", adjusted EBIT was $1.4 billion and $1.3 billion in first nine months 2018 and 2017, respectively. Adjusted EBIT increased as increases in the AFP and AM operating segments more than offset declines in the CI and Fibersall operating segments.


Further discussion onof sales revenue and EBIT changes by operating segment is presented in "Summary by Operating Segment" in this MD&A.
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Net earnings and EPS attributable to Eastman and adjusted net earnings and EPS attributable to Eastman were as follows:
Third QuarterFirst Quarter
2018 20172019 2018
(Dollars in millions, except EPS)$ EPS $ EPS$ EPS $ EPS
Net earnings attributable to Eastman$412
 $2.89
 $323
 $2.22
$209
 $1.49
 $290
 $2.00
Total non-core and unusual items, net of tax (1)(2)
(68) (0.48) (1) (0.01)36
 0.25
 39
 0.27
Interim adjustment to tax provision (1)
(11) (0.07) (3) (0.02)3
 0.03
 (5) (0.04)
Adjusted net earnings$333
 $2.34
 $319
 $2.19
$248
 $1.77
 $324
 $2.23
       
First Nine Months
2018 2017
(Dollars in millions, except diluted EPS)
 $
 EPS 
 $
 EPS
Net earnings attributable to Eastman$1,046
 $7.28
 $893
 $6.10
Total non-core and unusual items, net of tax (1)(2)
(54) (0.38) (1) (0.01)
Interim adjustment to tax provision (1)
(16) (0.11) (15) (0.10)
Adjusted net earnings$976
 $6.79
 $877
 $5.99


(1) 
See "Results of Operations - Provision for Income Taxes" for adjusted provision for income taxes for thirdfirst quarter 2019 and first nine months 2018 and 2017.2018.
(2) 
Provision for income taxes for non-core and unusual items are calculated using the tax rate for the jurisdiction where the gains are taxable and the expenses are deductible. See "Results of Operations - Net Earnings Attributable to Eastman and Diluted Earnings per Share" for the tax effected amount of non-core and unusual items.


Cash provided byIn first three months 2019, $5 million net cash was used in operating activities compared to $35 million net cash used in first three months 2018. Free cash flow was $803$(111) million in first ninethree months 2019 and $(113) million in first three months 2018.


As previously reported, in fourth quarter 2017 an explosion in the Kingsport site's coal gasification area disrupted manufacturing operations, primarily for the Fibers and CI segments which are significant internal users of cellulose and acetyl stream intermediates. In SeptemberFirst quarter 2018 Eastman reached a final settlement agreement with its insurer for the coal gasification incident and in October 2018, the Company received the final cash payment from the insurer of $65 million. The incident,included $37 million costs net of insurance reduced 2017 earnings by $112 million and increased 2018 earnings by $86 million. The cumulative net costs of the incident were $26 million. Insurance net of costs of the disruption, repairs, and reconstruction of coal gasification operations, in third quarter and first nine months 2018 were $67 million and $86 million, respectively, recognized in "Cost of sales" and "Other (income) charges, net" in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings.


RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Sales
 Third Quarter First Nine Months
     Change     Change
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017  $ % 2018 2017  $ %
Sales$2,547
 $2,465
 $82
 3% $7,775
 $7,187
 $588
 8%
Volume / product mix effect    5
 %     220
 3%
Price effect    82
 3%     246
 3%
Exchange rate effect    (5) %     122
 2%

Sales revenue increased in third quarter 2018 compared to third quarter 2017 as a result of increases in the AM, AFP, and CI operating segments partially offset by a decrease in the Fibers operating segment. Sales revenue increased in first nine months 2018 compared to first nine months 2017 as a result of increases in all operating segments. For the impact on sales from the adoption of revenue recognition for the Company and by operating segment, see Note 18, "Revenue Recognition", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS




RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Sales
 First Quarter
     Change
(Dollars in millions)2019 2018  $ %
Sales$2,380
 $2,607
 $(227) (9)%
Volume / product mix effect    (147) (6)%
Price effect    (34) (1)%
Exchange rate effect    (46) (2)%

Sales revenue decreased in all operating segments. Further discussion by operating segment is presented in "Summary by Operating Segment" in this MD&A.

Gross Profit
Third Quarter First Nine MonthsFirst Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 Change 2018 2017 Change2019 2018 Change
Gross profit$728
 $671
 8 % $2,013
 $1,906
 6%$574
 $581
 (1)%
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(67) 
   (21)   
Net coal gasification incident costs
 87
  
Gross profit excluding unusual item$661
 $671
 (1)% $1,992
 $1,906
 5%$574
 $668
 (14)%


Gross profit included $67 million business interruption insurance in excess of costs in third quarter 2018 from theExcluding net coal gasification incident. Excluding this unusual item,incident costs, gross profit decreased in third quarter 2018 compared to third quarter 2017 as decreasesall operating segments. Further discussion by operating segment is presented in the Fibers, AFP, and CI operating segments more than offset an increase"Summary by Operating Segment" in the AM operating segment.this MD&A.


Gross profit included $21 million business interruption insurance in excess of costs in first nine months 2018 from the coal gasification incident. Excluding this unusual item, gross profit increased in first nine months 2018 compared to first nine months 2017 as increases in the AFP and AM operating segments more than offset a decline in the CI and Fibers operating segments.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Third Quarter First Nine MonthsFirst Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 Change 2018 2017 Change2019 2018 Change
Selling, general and administrative expenses$175
 $180
 (3)% $554
 $540
 3%$187
 $190
 (2)%
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations(1) 
  
 (7) 
  

 (3)  
Selling, general and administrative expenses excluding unusual item$174
 $180
 (3)% $547
 $540
 1%$187
 $187
  %


SG&A expenses in first quarter 2018 included $1 million of costs in third quarter 2018 offor professional fees resulting from fourth quarter 2017 tax law changes and related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations as part of the transition to an international treasury services center. Excluding this unusual item, SG&A expenses decreased in third quarter 2018 compared to third quarter 2017 primarily due to lower strategic initiative and variable compensation costs partially offset by higher costs of growth initiatives.were relatively unchanged.

SG&A expenses included $7 million of costs in first nine months 2018 of professional fees resulting from fourth quarter 2017 tax law changes and related outside-U.S. entity reorganizations as part of the transition to an international treasury services center. Excluding this unusual item, SG&A expenses increased in first nine months 2018 compared to first nine months 2017 primarily due to higher costs of growth initiatives and variable compensation, partially offset by lower strategic initiative costs.


Research and Development Expenses
Third Quarter First Nine MonthsFirst Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 Change 2018 2017 Change2019 2018 Change
Research and development expenses$60
 $59
 2% $176
 $174
 1%$58
 $56
 4%


R&D expenses increased in third quarter and first nine months 2018 compared to third quarter and first nine months 2017 primarily due to higher costs of growth initiatives.

Asset Impairments and Restructuring Charges, Net
There were no asset impairments and restructuring charges in third quarter 2018. In first nine months 2018, the Company recognized restructuring charges of $6 million for corporate severance costs. There were no asset impairments and restructuring charges in third quarter and first nine months 2017.


MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS




Asset Impairments and Restructuring Charges, Net
 First Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2019 2018
Severance charges$28
 $2
Other restructuring costs4
 
Total$32
 $2

First quarter 2019 restructuring charges included $28 million for severance and related costs as part of business improvement and cost reduction initiatives. Management anticipates additional restructuring charges in 2019 from these initiatives resulting in total cost savings of approximately $50 million to be recognized mostly in 2019 primarily in cost of sales and SG&A expenses. First quarter 2019 also included an additional $4 million restructuring charge related to a capital project in the AFP segment that was discontinued in 2016. In first quarter 2018, the Company recognized restructuring charges of $2 million for corporate severance.

For more information regarding asset impairments and restructuring charges, net see Note 13, "Asset Impairments and Restructuring Charges, Net", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.


Other Components of Post-employment (Benefit) Cost, Net
Third Quarter First Nine MonthsFirst Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 Change 2018 2017 Change2019 2018
Other components of post-employment (benefit) cost, net$(30) $(28) 7% $(90) $(86) 5%$(21) $(30)


For more information regarding other components of post-employment (benefit) cost, net see Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies", and Note 7, "Retirement Plans", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.


Other (Income) Charges, Net
Third Quarter First Nine MonthsFirst Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 2018 20172019 2018
Foreign exchange transaction (gains) losses, net$6
 $1
 $13
 $3
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations (1)

 
 13
 
Currency transaction costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations$
 $8
(Income) loss from equity investments and other investment (gains) losses, net(3) (4) (15) (10)(3) (5)
Coal gasification incident property insurance
 
 (65) 

 (50)
Gain from sale of business
 (3) 
 (3)
Other, net3
 2
 4
 3
1
 1
Other (income) charges, net$6
 $(4) $(50) $(7)$(2) $(46)
Gain from sale of business
 3
 
 3
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations
 
 (13) 
Currency transaction costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations
 (8)
Coal gasification incident property insurance
 
 65
 

 50
Other (income) charges, net excluding non-core and unusual items$6
 $(1) $2
 $(4)$(2) $(4)

(1)
Currency transaction costs.

Earnings Before Interest and Taxes
Third Quarter First Nine MonthsFirst Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 Change 2018 2017 Change2019 2018 Change
Earnings before interest and taxes$517
 $464
 11 % $1,417
 $1,285
 10%$320
 $409
 (22)%
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations1
 
   20
 
  
 11
  
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net
 
   6
 
  32
 2
  
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(67) 
   (86) 
  
Gain from sale of business
 (3)   
 (3)  
Net coal gasification incident costs
 37
  
Earnings before interest and taxes excluding non-core and unusual items$451
 $461
 (2)% $1,357
 $1,282
 6%$352
 $459
 (23)%


MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS




Net Interest Expense
Third Quarter First Nine MonthsFirst Quarter
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 Change 2018 2017 Change2019 2018 Change
Gross interest costs$59
 $63
   $184
 $189
  $58
 $61
  
Less: Capitalized interest1
 1
   3
 5
  1
 1
  
Interest expense58
 62
   181
 184
 

57
 60
  
Less: Interest income
 1
  
 3
 2
  
1
 1
  
Net interest expense$58
 $61
 (5)% $178
 $182
 (2)%$56
 $59
 (5)%


Net interest expense decreased $3 million primarily as a result of U.S. dollar to euro cross-currency swaps and reduced debt partially offset by increased interest rates.

Provision for Income Taxes
Third Quarter First Nine MonthsFirst Quarter
2018 2017 2018 20172019 2018
(Dollars in millions)$ % $ % $ % $ %$ % $ %
Provision for income taxes and effective tax rate$46
 10% $79
 20% $190
 15% $206
 19%$55
 21% $60
 17%
Tax provision for non-core and unusual items (1)
(12)   (2)   (10)   (2)  6
   11
  
Adjustment to estimated net tax benefit from tax law changes14
   
   4
   
  
Adjustments from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations(10)   
  
Interim adjustment to tax provision (2)
11
   3
   16
   15
  (3)   5
  
Adjusted provision for income taxes and effective tax rate$59
 15% $80
 20% $200
 17% $219
 20%$48
 17% $76
 19%
(1) 
Provision for income taxes for non-core and unusual items is calculated using the tax rate for the jurisdiction where the gains are taxable and the expenses are deductible.
(2) 
ThirdFirst quarter and first nine months 20182019 provision for income taxes were adjusted to reflect the current forecasted full year effective tax rate. ThirdFirst quarter and first nine months 20172018 provision for income taxes were adjusted to reflect the then forecasted full year effective tax rate. The adjusted provision for income taxes for first ninethree months 20182019 and 20172018 are calculated applying the forecasted full year effective tax rate as shown below.
First Nine MonthsFirst Three Months
2018 20172019 2018
Effective tax rate15% 19%21 % 17 %
Discrete tax items (1)
1% 1% % 1 %
Tax impact of non-core and unusual items (2)
(2)% 2 %
Forecasted full year impact of expected tax events1% %(2)% (1)%
Forecasted full year effective tax rate17% 20%17 % 19 %
(1) 
"Discrete tax items" are items that are excluded from a company's estimated annual effective tax rate and recognized entirely in the quarter in which the item occurs. First ninethree months 2018 discrete item relates to an adjustment of prior year income tax returns. First nine months 2017 discrete items consisted of planned amendments to and finalization of prior years' income tax returns.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Net Earnings Attributable to Eastman and Diluted Earnings per Share
 Third Quarter
 2018 2017
(Dollars in millions, except EPS)$ EPS $ EPS
Net earnings and diluted earnings per share attributable to Eastman$412
 $2.89
 $323
 $2.22
Non-core item, net of tax: (1)
       
Gain from sale of business
 
 (1) (0.01)
Unusual items, net of tax: (1)
       
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(55) (0.39) 
 
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations1
 0.01
 
 
Adjustment to estimated net tax benefit from tax law changes(14) (0.10) 
 
Interim adjustment to tax provision(11) (0.07) (3) (0.02)
Adjusted net earnings and diluted earnings per share attributable to Eastman$333
 $2.34
 $319
 $2.19
 First Nine Months
 2018 2017
(Dollars in millions, except EPS)$ EPS $ EPS
Net earnings and diluted earnings per share attributable to Eastman$1,046
 $7.28
 $893
 $6.10
Non-core items, net of tax: (1)
       
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net4
 0.03
 
 
Gain from sale of business
 
 (1) (0.01)
Unusual items, net of tax: (1)
       
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(69) (0.49) 
 
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations15
 0.11
 
 
Adjustment to estimated net tax benefit from tax law changes(4) (0.03) 
 
Interim adjustment to tax provision(16) (0.11) (15) (0.10)
Adjusted net earnings and diluted earnings per share attributable to Eastman$976
 $6.79
 $877
 $5.99

(1)(2) 
Provision for income taxes for non-core and unusual items is calculated using the tax rate for the jurisdiction where the gains are taxable and the expenses are deductible.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS




Net Earnings Attributable to Eastman and Diluted Earnings per Share
 First Quarter
 2019 2018
(Dollars in millions, except EPS)$ EPS $ EPS
Net earnings and diluted earnings per share attributable to Eastman$209
 $1.49
 $290
 $2.00
Non-core item, net of tax: (1)
       
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net26
 0.18
 2
 0.01
Unusual items, net of tax: (1)
       
Net coal gasification incident costs
 
 29
 0.20
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations
 
 8
 0.06
Adjustments from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations10
 0.07
 
 
Interim adjustment to tax provision3
 0.03
 (5) (0.04)
Adjusted net earnings and diluted earnings per share attributable to Eastman$248
 $1.77
 $324
 $2.23
(1)
Provision for income taxes for non-core and unusual items is calculated using the tax rate for the jurisdiction where the gains are taxable and the expenses are deductible.

SUMMARY BY OPERATING SEGMENT


Eastman's products and operations are managed and reported in four operating segments: Additives & Functional Products ("AFP"), Advanced Materials ("AM"), Chemical Intermediates ("CI"), and Fibers. For additional financial and product information for each operating segment, see Part I, Item 1, "Business - Business Segments" and Part II, Item 8, Note 19, "Segment Information", in the Company's 2017 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.10-K.


Additives & Functional Products Segment
Third Quarter First Nine MonthsFirst Quarter
    Change     Change    Change
2018 2017  $ % 2018 2017  $ %2019 2018  $ %
(Dollars in millions)                      
Sales$915
 $886
 $29
 3 % $2,796
 $2,489
 $307
 12%$855
 $939
 $(84) (9)%
Volume / product mix effect    13
 1 %  
  
 161
 6%    (45) (5)%
Price effect    18
 2 %  
  
 82
 3%    (16) (2)%
Exchange rate effect    (2)  %  
  
 64
 3%    (23) (2)%
                      
                      
Earnings before interest and taxes$186
 $189
 $(3) (2)% $554
 $503
 $51
 10%$146
 $176
 $(30) (17)%
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(4) 
 (4)   (6) 
 (6)  
Gain from sale of business
 (3) 3
   
 (3) 3
  
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net4
 
 4
  
Net coal gasification incident costs
 2
 (2)  
Earnings before interest and taxes excluding non-core and unusual items182
 186
 (4) (2)% 548
 500
 48
 10%150
 178
 (28) (16)%


Sales revenue in third quarter 2018 increased compared to third quarter 2017 primarilydecreased due to higher selling prices across most product lines, particularly for animal nutrition and coatings and inks additives, and higherlower sales volume, particularly for care chemicalsadhesive resins, animal nutrition, and coatings and inkstire additives product lines partially offset by lower specialty fluids sales volume. The higher selling prices and higher sales volume for coatings and inks additives were primarily attributed to improved market conditions and enhanced commercial execution. The higher sales volume for care chemicals was primarily attributed to improved market conditions. Third quarter 2017 included higher specialty fluids revenue due to the timing of solar energy market customer completions.

Sales revenue in first nine months 2018 increased compared to first nine months 2017 due to higher sales volume, higher selling prices, and a favorableproducts; an unfavorable shift in foreign currency exchange rates. The higherrates; and lower selling prices due to lower raw material prices, particularly for care chemicals. Lower sales volume and higher selling prices for most product lines, particularly animal nutrition and coatings and inks additives, were primarilywas attributed to improved market conditionscontinued competitive pressure and enhanced commercial execution.customer inventory destocking.

EBIT included coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs in third quarter 2018. EBIT also included a gain from sale of the formulated electronics cleaning solutions business in third quarter 2017. Excluding these non-core and unusual items, EBIT decreased slightly in third quarter 2018 compared to third quarter 2017 primarily due to higher raw material and energy costs exceeding higher selling prices by $20 million and higher growth initiative costs, partially offset by higher sales volume of $11 million.

EBIT included coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs in first nine months 2018. EBIT also included a gain from sale of the formulated electronics cleaning solutions business in first nine months 2017. Excluding these non-core and unusual items, EBIT increased in first nine months 2018 compared to first nine months 2017 primarily due to higher sales volume of $59 million and a favorable shift in foreign exchange rates of $23 million, partially offset by higher growth initiative costs.


MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS




Advanced Materials Segment
 Third Quarter First Nine Months
     Change     Change
 2018 2017  $ % 2018 2017  $ %
(Dollars in millions)               
Sales$709
 $646
 $63
 10% $2,131
 $1,937
 $194
 10%
Volume / product mix effect    58
 9%  
  
 141
 7%
Price effect    7
 1%  
  
 15
 1%
Exchange rate effect    (2) %  
  
 38
 2%
                
                
Earnings before interest and taxes$153
 $142
 $11
 8% $438
 $400
 $38
 10%
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(6) 
 (6)   (9) 
 (9)  
Earnings before interest and taxes excluding unusual item
147
 142
 5
 4% 429
 400
 29
 7%

Sales revenue in thirdFirst quarter 2019 EBIT included a restructuring charge related to a capital project. First quarter 2018 EBIT included net costs from the coal gasification incident. Excluding this non-core item and first nine months 2018 increased compared to third quarter and first nine months 2017unusual item, EBIT decreased primarily due to higherlower sales volume of $18 million, lower selling prices of $17 million, and an unfavorable shift in foreign currency exchange rates of $6 million, partially offset by lower raw material and operating costs of $13 million.

Advanced Materials Segment
 First Quarter
     Change
 2019 2018  $ %
(Dollars in millions)       
Sales$657
 $693
 $(36) (5)%
Volume / product mix effect    (29) (4)%
Price effect    8
 1 %
Exchange rate effect    (15) (2)%
        
        
Earnings before interest and taxes$102
 $135
 $(33) (24)%
Net coal gasification incident costs
 3
 (3)  
Earnings before interest and taxes excluding unusual item102
 138
 (36) (26)%

Sales revenue decreased primarily due to lower specialty plastics sales volume and an unfavorable shift in foreign currency exchange rates. Lower specialty plastics sales volume is attributed to continued improvement in product mix acrosscustomer inventory destocking related to uncertainty caused by the segment, including premiumU.S. - China trade dispute. Increased automotive paint protection film and architectural interlayers products such as Tritan copolyester,sales volumes were offset by decreased advanced interlayers and other performance films products sales volumes due to declines in global vehicle production and Saflex® head-up displays.sales.


First quarter 2018 EBIT included net costs from the coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs in third quarter and first nine months 2018.incident. Excluding this unusual item, EBIT increased third quarter and first nine months 2018 compared to third quarter and first nine months 2017decreased primarily due to the combined impact of higherlower sales volume and improved product mix of premium products of $39$21 million, and $98 million, respectively, partially offset by higher raw material and energy costs of $19$9 million, and $40 million, respectively, and higher growth initiative costsan unfavorable shift in both periods.foreign currency exchange rates of $6 million.


Chemical Intermediates Segment
Third Quarter First Nine MonthsFirst Quarter
    Change     Change    Change
2018 2017  $ % 2018 2017  $ %2019 2018  $ %
(Dollars in millions)                      
Sales$703
 $696
 $7
 1 % $2,142
 $2,069
 $73
 4 %$655
 $730
 $(75) (10)%
Volume / product mix effect    (59) (9)%  
  
 (120) (6)%    (47) (6)%
Price effect    67
 10 %  
  
 175
 9 %    (21) (3)%
Exchange rate effect    (1)  %  
  
 18
 1 %    (7) (1)%
                      
                      
Earnings before interest and taxes$109
 $81
 $28
 35 % $264
 $246
 $18
 7 %$73
 $70
 $3
 4 %
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(30) 
 (30)   (32) 
 (32)  
Net coal gasification incident costs
 19
 (19)  
Earnings before interest and taxes excluding unusual item
79
 81
 (2) (2)% 232
 246
 (14) (6)%73
 89
 (16) (18)%


Sales revenue in third quarter 2018 increased compared to third quarter 2017 due to higher selling prices across the segment, particularly for acetyl derivatives attributed to favorable market conditions and for olefin derivatives due to higher raw material and energy prices. Lower sales volume wasdecreased primarily due to lower merchantsales volume affected by actions taken to reduce bulk ethylene sales resulting fromenabled by the decisioncompletion of modifications to reduce operating rates of the olefins cracking units at the Longview, Texas manufacturing site duesite's olefin cracking units to spot ethylene prices.

allow for the introduction of refinery-grade propylene into the feedstock mix. Sales revenue was also negatively impacted by lower selling prices resulting from lower market raw material prices for specific olefin derivative products.
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS




Sales revenue in first nine months
First quarter 2018 increased compared to first nine months 2017 due to higher selling prices across most product lines, particularly for acetyl derivatives attributed to favorable market conditions and for olefin derivatives due to higher raw material and energy prices. Lower sales volume was primarily due to lower merchant ethylene sales resultingEBIT included net costs from the decision to reduce operating rates of the olefins cracking units at the Longview, Texas manufacturing site due to the spot ethylene prices, and second quarter 2018 supplier operational disruptions at the Texas City and Longview, Texas manufacturing sites, partially offset by higher functional amines sales attributed to improvement in the agriculture and energy markets.

EBIT included coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs in third quarter 2018.incident. Excluding this unusual item, EBIT decreased slightly third quarter 2018 comparedprimarily due to third quarter 2017 as lower sales volume of $18$10 million was mostlyand lower selling prices partially offset by higher selling prices exceeding higherlower raw material and energy costs for specific olefin derivative products of $17$7 million.


EBIT included coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs in first nine months 2018. Excluding this unusual item, EBIT decreased first nine months 2018 compared to first nine months 2017 primarily due to increased costs in second quarter 2018 resulting from supplier operational disruptions at the Texas City and Longview, Texas manufacturing sites of $25 million, higher planned manufacturing site maintenance shutdown costs in second quarter 2018 of $20 million, and lower sales volume of $16 million. The decrease was partially offset by higher selling prices exceeding higher raw material and energy costs of $47 million.

As previously announced, the Company is making changes to its Longview, Texas manufacturing site's olefins cracking units to allow for the use of refinery-grade propylene as a feedstock beginning in 2019 to increase polymer grade propylene production and decrease ethylene production and propane purchases.    

Fibers Segment
Third Quarter First Nine MonthsFirst Quarter
    Change     Change    Change
2018 2017  $ % 2018 2017  $ %2019 2018  $ %
(Dollars in millions)                      
Sales$220
 $224
 $(4) (2)% $706
 $652
 $54
 8 %$213
 $245
 $(32) (13)%
Volume / product mix effect    6
 2 %  
  
 78
 12 %    (26) (11)%
Price effect    (10) (4)%  
  
 (26) (4)%    (5) (2)%
Exchange rate effect    
  %  
  
 2
  %    (1)  %
                      
                      
Earnings before interest and taxes$84
 $68
 $16
 24 % $210
 $176
 $34
 19 %$42
 $43
 $(1) (2)%
Coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs(27) 
 (27)   (39) 
 (39)  
Net coal gasification incident costs
 13
 (13)  
Earnings before interest and taxes excluding unusual item

57
 68
 (11) (16)% 171
 176
 (5) (3)%42
 56
 (14) (25)%


Sales revenue in third quarter 2018 decreased compared to third quarter 2017 primarily due to lower acetate tow sales volume attributed to the U.S. - China trade dispute and customer buying patterns, and lower acetate tow selling prices attributed to lower industry capacity utilization. The lower sales revenue was partially offset by sales of nonwovens innovation platform products previously reported in "Other" of $14 million and increased textiles innovation platform products sales volume. See Note 17, "Segment Information", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Sales revenue in first nine monthsFirst quarter 2018 increased compared to first nine months 2017 primarily due to sales of nonwovens innovation platform products previously reported in "Other" of $44 million, and higher sales volume, particularly for textiles innovation platform products and acetate tow. The higher sales volume for acetate tow was primarily a result of both the timing of recognition of revenue under the new revenue recognition accounting standard of $24 million and customer buying patterns. The higher sales revenue was partially offset by lower acetate tow selling prices attributed to lower industry capacity utilization.
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


EBIT included net costs from the coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs in third quarter.incident. Excluding this unusual item, adjusted EBIT decreased third quarter 2018 compared to third quarter 2017 primarily due to the net impact of $13$16 million of lower selling pricesacetate tow sales volume and lower sales volume, particularly for acetate tow attributed to customer buying patterns,selling prices, partially offset by continued higher textiles innovation platform products sales volume and earnings.
EBIT included coal gasification incident insurance in excess of costs in first nine months 2018. Excluding this unusual item, adjusted EBIT decreased first nine months 2018 compared to first nine months 2017 primarily due to the net impact of $2 million of lower selling prices, particularly for acetate tow attributed to customer buying patterns, partially offset by higher sales volume, particularly for acetate tow and continued higher textiles innovation platform products.raw material costs.
Other
 First Quarter
 2019 2018
(Dollars in millions)   
Loss before interest and taxes   
Growth initiatives and businesses not allocated to operating segments$(27) $(26)
Pension and other postretirement benefits income (expense), net not allocated to operating segments12
 21
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net(28) (2)
Other income (charges), net not allocated to operating segments
 (8)
Loss before interest and taxes before non-core and unusual items$(43) $(15)
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations
 11
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net28
 2
Loss before interest and taxes excluding non-core and unusual items(15) (2)
 Third Quarter First Nine Months
 2018 2017 2018 2017
(Dollars in millions)       
Sales$
 $13
 $
 $40
        
Loss before interest and taxes       
Growth initiatives and businesses not allocated to operating segments$(26) $(32) $(79) $(92)
Pension and other postretirement benefits income (expense), net not allocated to operating segments20
 18
 61
 54
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net
 
 (6) 
Other income (charges), net not allocated to operating segments(9) (2) (25) (2)
Loss before interest and taxes before non-core and unusual items$(15) $(16) $(49) $(40)
Costs resulting from tax law changes and outside-U.S. entity reorganizations1
 
 20
 
Asset impairments and restructuring charges, net
 
 6
 
Loss before interest and taxes excluding non-core and unusual items(14) (16) (23) (40)


Sales revenue and costsCosts related to growth initiatives, R&D costs, certain components of pension and other postretirement benefits, and other expenses and income not identifiable to an operating segment are not included in operating segment results for any of the periods presented and are included in "Other".


Sales revenue in third quarter and first nine months 2017 is primarily sales from the nonwovens innovation platform products. Beginning first quarter 2018, sales revenue and innovation costs from the textiles and nonwovens innovation platform products previously reported in "Other" are reported in the Fibers operating segment due to accelerating commercial progress of growth initiatives. See Note 17, "Segment Information", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS




SALES BY CUSTOMER LOCATION
Sales RevenueSales Revenue
Third Quarter First Nine MonthsFirst Quarter
    Change    Change    Change
(Dollars in millions)2018 2017 $% 2018 2017  $%2019 2018 $ %
United States and Canada$1,083
 $1,057
 $26
2 % $3,291
 $3,211
 $80
2%$1,000
 $1,100
 $(100) (9)%
Asia Pacific665
 612
 53
9 % 1,946
 1,705
 241
14%553
 642
 (89) (14)%
Europe, Middle East, and Africa649
 658
 (9)(1)% 2,101
 1,882
 219
12%689
 727
 (38) (5)%
Latin America150
 138
 12
9 % 437
 389
 48
12%138
 138
 
  %
Total Eastman Chemical Company$2,547
 $2,465
 $82
3 % $7,775
 $7,187
 $588
8%$2,380
 $2,607
 $(227) (9)%


Sales revenue in United States and Canada increased in third quarter and first nine months 2018 compared to third quarter and first nine months 2017decreased primarily due to higherlower sales volume in all operating segments, particularly the CI AFP,segment, and AM segmentslower selling prices and higher AFP and AM segments sales volume, partially offset by lowerin the CI segment sales volume.segment.


Sales revenue in Asia Pacific increased in third quarter 2018 compared to third quarter 2017decreased primarily due to higherlower sales volume in all operating segments, particularly the AM and AFP segments sales volume and higher CI and AFP segments selling prices, partially offset by lower CI segment sales volume. Sales revenue in Asia Pacific increased in first nine months 2018 compared to first nine months 2017 primarily due to higher AFP, AM, and CI segments sales volume and higher CI and AFP segments selling prices.Fibers segments.


Sales revenue in Europe, Middle East, and Africa decreased in third quarter 2018 compared to third quarter 2017 primarily due to lower AFP and Fibers segments sales volume, partially offset by higher CI and AM segments sales volume and higher CI and AFP segments selling prices. Sales revenue in Europe, Middle East, and Africa increased in first nine months 2018 compared to first nine months 2017 primarily due to a favorable shift inunfavorable foreign currency exchange rates across the operating segments, higher AM, CI, and Fibers segments sales volume, and higher AFP and CI segments selling prices. This increase was partially offset by lower AFP segment sales volume and lower Fibers segment selling prices.rates.

Sales revenue in Latin America increased in third quarter and first nine months 2018 compared to third quarter and first nine months 2017 primarily due to higher AFP and AM segments sales volume and higher CI segment selling prices.


LIQUIDITY, CAPITAL RESOURCES, AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION


Cash Flows
First Nine MonthsFirst Three Months
(Dollars in millions)2018 20172019 2018
Net cash provided by (used in)      
Operating activities$803
 $1,011
$(5) $(35)
Investing activities(315) (430)(125) (78)
Financing activities(482) (568)102
 116
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents(4) 1
(3) 
Net change in cash and cash equivalents2
 14
(31) 3
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period191
 181
226
 191
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$193
 $195
$195
 $194
 
Cash provided byused in operating activities decreased $208$30 million in first ninethree months 20182019 compared with first ninethree months 2017. The decrease in cash provided was partially due to increased working capital primarily from higher inventories. Net2018. First three months 2018 included net cash of $85$110 million was used in operating activities related to the coal gasification incident, primarily decreasingincident. Excluding this item, net cash used in operating activities increased $80 million in 2019 due to lower net earnings and payables.increased net working capital, partially offset by lower tax payments included as a part of "Other items, net" in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.


Cash used in investing activities decreased $115increased $47 million in first ninethree months 20182019 compared with first ninethree months 2017. The decrease was primarily due to $652018. First three months 2018 included $50 million net proceeds from coal gasification incident insurance for property damagedamage. Excluding this item, cash used in investing activities was relatively unchanged.

Cash provided by financing activities decreased $14 million in first three months 2019 compared with first three months 2018. The decrease was primarily due to higher share repurchases and lower additions to properties and equipment.dividend payments partially offset by increased net proceeds from borrowings.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS





Cash used in financing activities decreased $86 million in first nine months 2018 compared with first nine months 2017. The decrease was primarily due to a $215 million increase in net proceeds from borrowings partially offset by increases in share repurchases and dividend payments.
 First Three Months
(Dollars in millions)2019 2018
Net cash used in operating activities$(5) $(35)
Capital expenditures   
Additions to properties and equipment(106) (128)
Proceeds from property insurance (1)

 50
Net capital expenditures(106) (78)
Free cash flow$(111) $(113)
(1)
Cash proceeds from insurance for coal gasification incident property damage.


Liquidity and Capital Resources


Cash flows from operations, cash and cash equivalents, and other sources of liquidity are expected to be available and sufficient to meet foreseeable cash requirements. However, the Company's cash flows from operations can be affected by numerous factors including risks associated with global operations, raw material availability and cost, demand for and pricing of Eastman's products, capacity utilization, and other factors described under "Risk Factors" in this MD&A. Eastman managementManagement believes maintaining a financial profile consistent with an investment grade credit rating is important to its long-term strategic and financial flexibility.


As of September 30, 2018, theThe Company hadhas access to a $1.25$1.50 billion revolving credit agreement (the "Credit Facility") expiring October 2021. In October 2018, the Company amended the Credit Facility to increase the available borrowing amount to $1.50 billion and extend the maturity to October 2023. Borrowings under the Credit Facility are subject to interest at varying spreads above quoted market rates and a commitment fee is paid on the total unused commitment. The Credit Facility provides available liquidity for general corporate purposes and supports commercial paper borrowings. At September 30, 2018,March 31, 2019, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facility. At September 30, 2018,March 31, 2019, the Company's commercial paper borrowings were $605$502 million with a weighted average interest rate of 2.362.76 percent. See Note 5, "Borrowings", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.


The Company has access to aup to $250 million under an accounts receivable securitization agreement (the "A/R Facility") that expires April 2020. Eastman Chemical Financial Corporation ("ECFC"), a subsidiary of the Company, has an agreement to sell interests in trade receivables under the A/R Facility to a third party purchaser. Third party creditors of ECFC have first priority claims on the assets of ECFC before those assets would be available to satisfy the Company's general obligations. Borrowings under the A/R Facility are subject to interest rates based on a spread over the lender's borrowing costs, and ECFC pays a fee to maintain availability of the A/R Facility. At September 30, 2018,March 31, 2019, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under the A/R Facility. See Note 5, "Borrowings", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.


The Company has access to borrowings of up to €150 million ($174169 million) under a receivables facility based on the discounted value of selected customer accounts receivable. This facility expires December 2020 and renews for another one year period if not terminated with 90 days notice by either party. These arrangements include receivables in the United States, Belgium, and Finland, and are subject to various eligibility requirements. Borrowings under this facility are subject to interest at an agreed spread above EURIBOR for euro denominated drawingsLIBOR and the counterparty's cost of funds for drawings in any other currencies,EURIBOR plus administration and insurance fees and are classified as short-term.fees. At March 31, 2019, the Company's amount of outstanding borrowings under this facility were $110 million with a weighted average interest rate of 1.48 percent. See Note 5, "Borrowings", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.


The Credit and A/R Facilities and other borrowing agreements contain customary covenants and events of default, some of which require the Company to maintain certain financial ratios that determine the amounts available and terms of borrowings. The Company was in compliance with all covenants at both September 30, 2018March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2017.2018. The total amount of
available borrowings under the A/R and Credit Facilities was approximately $1.50$1.75 billion as of September 30, 2018.March 31, 2019. For additional information, see Section 5.03 of the Credit Facility at Exhibit 10.0210.03 to the Company's 2016 AnnualCurrent Report on Form 10-K.8-K dated October 9, 2014.


MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS




Debt and Other Commitments


At September 30, 2018,March 31, 2019, the Company's borrowings totaled $6.6$6.5 billion with various maturities. See Note 5, "Borrowings", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.


In December 2016, the Company borrowed $300 million under a five-year term loan agreement ("2021 Term Loan"). Borrowings under the 2021 Term Loan agreement are subject to interest at varying spreads above quoted market rates. As of December 31, 2017, the 2021 Term Loan outstanding balance was $200 million with an interest rate of 2.60 percent. In second quarter 2018, $100 million of the borrowings under the 2021 Term Loan were repaid using available cash. In third quarter 2018, the Company repaid the remaining balance of $100 million using available cash.

The resolution of uncertainties related to environmental matters included in other liabilities may have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations in the period recognized, however,recognized. However, because of the availability of legal defenses, the Company's preliminary assessment of actions that may be required, and if applicable, the extended period of time that the obligations are expected sharing of costs,to be satisfied, management does not believe that the Company's liability for these environmental matters, individually or in the aggregate, will behave a material toadverse effect on the Company's consolidatedfuture liquidity or financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.condition. See Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies", to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of the Company's 2017 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Company's accounting policy for environmental costs and see Note 9, "Environmental Matters and Asset Retirement Obligations", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information regarding outstanding environmental matters and asset retirement obligations.


See Note 8, "Leases and Off Balance Sheet Items", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for information regarding other commitments.

Off Balance Sheet ArrangementsItems


The Company has off balance sheet uncommitted non-recourse factoring facilities that include customer specific receivables inaccounts receivable purchase agreements under which entire invoices may be sold, without recourse, to third-party financial institutions. Under these programs, the United States and Europe. The Company sells the receivablesinvoices at face value, less a transaction fee, which substantially equals the carrying value and fair value with no gain or loss recognized. There is no continuing involvement with these receivables once soldrecognized and no credit loss exposure.exposure is retained. Available capacity under these programs, which the Company uses as a source of working capital funding, is dependent on the level of accounts receivable eligible to be sold into these programs and the financial institutions' willingness to purchase such receivables. In addition, certain of these agreements also require that the Company continue to service, administer and collect the sold accounts receivable at market rates. The total amount of cumulative receivables sold in third quarter 2018 and 2017 were $38 million and $10 million, respectively. The total amount of cumulative receivables sold in first nine monthsquarter 2019 and 2018 and 2017 were $123$101 million and $15$39 million, respectively.

In October 2018, Eastman added an uncommitted non-recourse factoring facility which is expected to provide Based on the original terms of receivables sold for certain programs and actual outstanding balance of receivables under service agreements, the Company increased flexibilityestimates that $77 million and $76 million of these receivables would have been outstanding as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

See Note 8, "Leases and Off Balance Sheet Items", to manage working capital and serve as anthe Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional source of liquidity. Under the facility, the Company plans to sell undivided interests in certain European receivables and provide servicing with no credit loss exposure.information regarding off balance sheet items.


Capital Expenditures


Capital expenditures were $381$106 million and $438$128 million in first ninethree months 2019 and 2018, and 2017, respectively.respectively. Capital expenditures in 20182019 were primarily for an AM operating segment expansion of Tritan copolyester capacity in Kingsport, Tennessee, and manufacturing capacity debottlenecking and site modernization projects.projects at the Kingsport, Tennessee and Longview, Texas manufacturing sites. The Company expects that 20182019 capital expenditures will be between $525$475 million and $550$500 million, which excludes $65 million of insurance proceedsprimarily for property damage related to the coal gasification incident.targeted growth initiatives and maintenance.


Stock Repurchases and Dividends


In February 2014, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $1 billion of the Company's outstanding common stock. The Company completed the $1 billion repurchase authorization in May 2018, acquiring a total of 12,215,950 shares. In February 2018, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to an additional $2 billion of the Company's outstanding common stock at such times, in such amounts, and on such terms, as determined by management to be in the best interestsinterest of the Company. As of September 30, 2018,March 31, 2019, a total of 2,184,5194,052,831 shares have been repurchased under the February 2018this authorization for a total amount of $223$373 million.


The Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.62 per share during the second quarter of 2019, payable on July 5, 2019 to stockholders of record on June 17, 2019.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS




Other


Eastman did not have any material relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, including special purpose entities, for the purpose of facilitating off balance sheet arrangements with contractually narrow or limited purposes. Thus, the Company is not materially exposed to any financing, liquidity, market, or credit risk related to any such relationships.


RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS


For information regarding the impact of recently issued accounting standards, see Note 1, "Significant Accounting Policies", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.


OUTLOOK


See the first paragraph of "Overview" above. Management believes that the Company's innovation-driven growth model combined with disciplined portfolioIn 2019, management expects adjusted EPS to be six to ten percent higher than 2018 and balanced capital deployment will result in consistent, sustainable earnings growth and stronggreater than $1.1 billion free cash flow. For 2018, management expects:These expectations assume:
earnings to benefit from a robust portfolio of specialty businesses in attractive niche end-markets, strong growth in high margin, innovative products, relatively unchanged manufacturing costs due to aggressive cost management, and a lower tax rate;$40 million of cost savings resulting from business improvement and cost reduction initiatives;
earnings to be negatively impacted by slow global economic uncertainty, volatile market prices for commodity productsgrowth, the U.S. - China trade dispute, a stronger U.S. dollar, and raw materialshigher pension costs due to lower expected return on assets and energy, and increased investment in growth;higher interest costs;
cash generated by operating activitiesinterest expense of approximately $1.6 billion;$225 million;
the full-year effective tax rate on reported earnings before income tax to be approximately 17 percent;
depreciation and amortization of approximately $620 million;
capital expenditures between $525$475 million and $550$500 million;
reduction in debt to be lower than 2018; and
priorities for uses of available cashincreased share repurchases compared to include payment of the quarterly dividend, repayment of debt, funding targeted growth initiatives, and repurchasing shares.2018.


Based on the foregoing expectations and assumptions, management expects adjusted 2018 EPS, excluding any non-core, unusual, or non-recurring items in the last quarter of 2018 and assuming an actual tax rate for full-year 2018 equal to the adjusted tax rate detailed in "Results of Operations - Provision for Income Taxes", to be ten to fourteen percent higher than adjusted 2017 EPS excluding non-core and unusual items of $7.61. The Company's 20182019 financial results forecasts above do not include non-core, unusual, or non-recurring items in the last quarter of 2018.items. Accordingly, management is unable to reconcile projected full-year 20182019 earnings excluding non-core, unusual, or non-recurring items to projected reported GAAP earnings without unreasonable efforts.


See "Risk Factors" below.

RISK FACTORS


In addition to factors described elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, the following are the most significant known factors, risks, and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report and elsewhere from time to time. See "Forward-Looking Statements".


Continued uncertain conditions in the global economy and the financial markets could negatively impact the Company.


Continued uncertain conditions in the global economy and global capital markets may adversely affect Eastman's results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. The Company's business and operating results were affected by the impact of the last global recession, and its related impacts, such as the credit market crisis, declining consumer and business confidence, fluctuating commodity prices, volatile exchange rates, and other challenges that affected the global economy. ContinuingContinued uncertainty in the global economy and financialglobal capital markets and uncertainty over timing and extent of recovery may adversely affect the Company'sEastman's results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. In addition, the Company's ability to access the credit and capital markets under attractive rates and terms could be constrained, which may negatively impact the Company's liquidity or ability to pursue certain growth initiatives.


MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS




Volatility in costs for strategic raw material and energy commodities or disruption in the supply of these commodities could adversely affect the Company's financial results.


Eastman is reliant on certain strategic raw material and energy commodities for its operations and utilizes risk management tools, including hedging, as appropriate, to mitigate market fluctuations in raw material and energy costs. These risk mitigation measures do not eliminate all exposure to market fluctuations and may limit the Company from fully benefiting from lower raw material costs and, conversely, offset the impact of higher raw material costs. In addition, natural disasters, plant interruptions, changes in laws or regulations, war or other outbreak of hostilities or terrorism, and breakdown or degradation of transportation infrastructure used for delivery of strategic raw material and energy commodities, could adversely impact both the cost and availability of these commodities.


Loss or financial weakness of any of the Company's largest customers could adversely affect the Company's financial results.


Although Eastman has an extensive customer base, loss of, or material financial weakness of, certain of the Company's largest customers could adversely affect the Company's financial condition and results of operations until such business is replaced. No assurances can be made that the Company would be able to regain or replace any lost customers.


The Company's business is subject to operating risks common to chemical manufacturing businesses, including cyber security risks, any of which could disrupt manufacturing operations or related infrastructure and adversely affect results of operations.


As a global specialty chemicals manufacturing company, Eastman's business is subject to operating risks common to chemical manufacturing, storage, handling, and transportation, including explosions, fires, inclement weather, natural disasters, mechanical failure, unscheduled downtime, transportation interruptions, remediation, chemical spills, discharges or releases of toxic or hazardous substances or gases. Significant limitation on the Company's ability to manufacture products due to disruption of manufacturing operations or related infrastructure could have a material adverse effect on the Company's sales revenue, costs, results of operations, credit ratings, and financial condition. Disruptions could occur due to internal factors such as computer or equipment malfunction (accidental or intentional), operator error, or process failures; or external factors such as computer or equipment malfunction at third-party service providers, natural disasters, pandemic illness, changes in laws or regulations, war or other outbreak of hostilities or terrorism, cyber attacks, or breakdown or degradation of transportation infrastructure used for delivery of supplies to the Company or for delivery of products to customers. The Company has in the past experienced cyber attacks and breaches of its computer information systems, although none of these have had a material adverse effect on the Company's operations. While the Company remains committed to managing cyber related risk, no assurances can be provided that any future disruptions due to these, or other, circumstances will not have a material effect on operations. Unplanned disruptions of manufacturing operations or related infrastructure could be significant in scale and could negatively impact operations, neighbors, and the environment, and could have a negative impact on the Company's results of operations. As previously reported, inmanufacturing operations and earnings have been negatively impacted by the fourth quarter 2017 the Company had an operational incident in the Kingsport manufacturing sitefacility coal gasification operations area that negatively impactedand the second quarter 2018 third-party supplier operational disruptions at the Texas City and Longview, Texas manufacturing operations and earnings.facilities.


MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Growth initiatives may not achieve desired business or financial objectives and may require a significant use of resources in addition to or different from those available or in excess of those estimated or budgeted for such initiatives.


Eastman continues to identify and pursue growth opportunities through both organic and inorganic initiatives. These growth opportunities include development and commercialization or licensing of innovative new products and technologies and related employee leadership, expertise, skill development and retention, expansion into new markets and geographic regions, alliances, ventures, and acquisitions that complement and extend the Company's portfolio of businesses and capabilities. Such initiatives are necessarily constrained by available and development of additional resources, including development, attraction, and retention of employee leadership, application development, and sales and marketing talent and capabilities. There can be no assurance that such innovation, development and commercialization or licensing efforts, investments, or acquisitions and alliances (including integration of acquired businesses) will result in financially successful commercialization of products, or acceptance by existing or new customers, or successful entry into new markets or otherwise achieve their underlying strategic business objectives or that they will be beneficial to the Company's results of operations. There also can be no assurance that capital projects for growth efforts can be completed within the time or at the costs projected due, among other things, to demand for and availability of construction materials and labor and obtaining regulatory approvals and operating permits and reaching agreement on terms of key agreements and arrangements with potential suppliers and customers. Any such delays or cost overruns or the inability to obtain such approvals or to reach such agreements on acceptable terms could negatively affect the returns from any proposed or current investments and projects.
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS




The Company's substantial global operations subject it to risks of doing business in other countries, including U.S. and non-U.S. trade relations, which could adversely affect its business, financial condition, and results of operations.


More than half of Eastman's sales for 20172018 were to customers outside of North America. The Company expects sales from international markets to continue to represent a significant portion of its sales. Also, a significant portion of the Company's manufacturing capacity is located outside of the United States. Accordingly, the Company's business is subject to risks related to the differing legal, political, cultural, social and regulatory requirements, and economic conditions of many jurisdictions. Fluctuations in exchange rates may affect product demand and may adversely affect the profitability in U.S. dollars of products and services provided in foreign countries. In addition, the U.S. or foreign countries have imposed and may impose additional taxes or otherwise tax Eastman's foreign income, or adopt or increase restrictions on foreign trade or investment, including currency exchange controls, tariffs or other taxes, or limitations on imports or exports (including recent and proposed changes in U.S. trade policy and resulting retaliatory actions by other countries, including China, which have recently reduced and which may in turnincreasingly reduce demand for and increase costs of impacted products or result in U.S.-based trade counterparties limiting trade with U.S.-based companies or non-U.S. customers limiting their purchases from U.S.-based companies). Certain legal and political risks are also inherent in the operation of a company with Eastman's global scope. For example, it may be more difficult for Eastman to enforce its agreements or collect receivables through foreign legal systems, and the laws of some countries may not protect the Company's intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. Failure of foreign countries to have laws to protect Eastman's intellectual property rights or an inability to effectively enforce such rights in foreign countries could result in loss of valuable proprietary information. There is also risk that foreign governments may nationalize private enterprises in certain countries where Eastman operates. Social and cultural norms in certain countries may not support compliance with Eastman's corporate policies including those that require compliance with substantive laws and regulations. Also, changes in general economic and political conditions in countries where Eastman operates are a risk to the Company's financial performance. As Eastman continues to operate its business globally, its success will depend, in part, on its ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other related risks. There can be no assurance that the consequences of these and other factors relating to its multinational operations will not have an adverse effect on Eastman's business, financial condition, or results of operations.


MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


Legislative or regulatory actions could increase the Company's future compliance costs.


Eastman and its facilities and businesses are subject to complex health, safety, and environmental laws and regulations, both in the U.S. and internationally, which require and will continue to require significant expenditures to remain in compliance with such laws and regulations. The Company's accruals for such costs and associated liabilities are subject to changes in estimates on which the accruals are based. For example, any amount accrued for environmental matters reflects the Company's assumptions about remediation requirements at the contaminated site, the nature of the remedy, the outcome of discussions with regulatory agencies and other potentially responsible parties at multi-party sites, and the number of and financial viability of other potentially responsible parties. Changes in the estimates on which the accruals are based, unanticipated government enforcement action, or changes in health, safety, environmental, chemical control regulations, and testing requirements could result in higher costs. Specifically, future changes in U.S. Federal legislation and regulation may increase the likelihood that the Company's manufacturing sitesfacilities will in the future be impacted by regulation of greenhouse gas emissions and energy policy, which legislation and regulation, if enacted, may result in capital expenditures, increases in costs for raw materials and energy, limitations on raw material and energy source and supply choices, and other direct compliance costs.


Significant acquisitions expose the Company to risks and uncertainties, the occurrence of any of which could materially adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition, and results of operations.


While acquisitions have been and continue to be a part of Eastman's growth strategy, acquisitions of large companies (such as the previous acquisitions of Taminco Corporation and Solutia, Inc.) subject the Company to a number of risks and uncertainties, the occurrence of any of which could have a material adverse effect on Eastman. These include, but are not limited to, the possibilities that the financial performance of the acquired business may be significantly worse than expected; that significant additional indebtedness may constrain the Company's ability to access the credit and capital markets at attractive interest rates and favorable terms, which may negatively impact the Company's liquidity or ability to pursue certain growth initiatives; that the Company may not be able to achieve the cost, revenue, tax, or other "synergies" expected from any acquisition, or that there may be delays in achieving any such synergies; that management's time and effort may be dedicated to the new business resulting in a loss of focus on the successful operation of the Company's existing businesses; and that the Company may be required to expend significant additional resources in order to integrate any acquired business into Eastman or that the integration efforts will not achieve the expected benefits.
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL
CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS




In addition to the foregoing most significant known risk factors to the Company, there may be other factors, not currently known to the Company, which could, in the future, materially adversely affect the Company, its business, financial condition, or results of operations. The foregoing discussion of the most significant risk factors to the Company does not necessarily present them in order of importance. This disclosure, including that under "Outlook" and other forward-looking statements and related disclosures made by the Company in this Quarterly Report and elsewhere from time to time, represents management's best judgment as of the date the information is given. The Company does not undertake responsibility for updating any of such information, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law. Investors are advised, however, to consult any further public Company disclosures (such as in filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission or in Company press releases) on related subjects.


ITEM 3.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK


Foreign Currency Risk

In January 2018, Eastman entered into fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps and designated these swaps to hedge a portion of its net investment in a euro functional currency denominated subsidiary against foreign currency fluctuations. These contracts involve the exchange of fixed U.S. dollars with fixed euro interest payments periodically over the life of the contracts and an exchange of the notional amounts at maturity. The fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps include €150 million ($180 million) maturing January 2021 and €266 million ($320 million) maturing August 2022.

At September 30, 2018, a 10% fluctuation in the euro currency rate would have an approximately $50 million impact on the designated net investment value in the foreign subsidiary. As a result of the designation of the cross-currency interest rate swaps as a hedge of the net investment, foreign currency translation gains and losses are recognized as a component of the "Change in cumulative translation adjustment" within "Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax" in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Earnings, Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings. Therefore, a foreign currency change in the designated investment value of the foreign subsidiary will generally be offset by the foreign currency change in the designated cross-currency interest rate swaps.
Other than the derivative cross-currency interest rate swaps designated as net investment hedges discussed above, thereThere have been no material changes to the Company's market risks from those disclosed in Part II, Item 7A of the Company's 2017 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.10-K.


eastmanlogoa01.jpg

ITEM 4.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
 
Disclosure Controls and Procedures


The CompanyEastman maintains a set of disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. An evaluation was carried out under the
eastmanlogo.jpg

supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), of the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that as of September 30, 2018March 31, 2019, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed was accumulated and communicated to management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.


Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting


There has been no change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the thirdfirst quarter of 20182019 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.



PART II.OTHER INFORMATION


ITEM 1.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS


General


From time to time, Eastman and its operations are parties to, or targets of, lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, including product liability, personal injury, asbestos, patent and intellectual property, commercial, contract, environmental, antitrust, health and safety, and employment matters, which are handled and defended in the ordinary course of business. While the Company is unable to predict the outcome of these matters, it does not believe, based upon currently available facts, that the ultimate resolution of any such pending matters will have a material adverse effect on its overall financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.


Solutia Legacy Torts Claims Litigation


Pursuant to an Amended and Restated Settlement Agreement effective February 28, 2008 between Solutia, Inc. ("Solutia") and Monsanto Company ("Monsanto") in connection with Solutia's emergence from Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings (the "Monsanto Settlement Agreement"), Monsanto is responsible for the defense and indemnification of Solutia against any Legacy Tort Claims (as defined in the Monsanto Settlement Agreement) and Solutia has agreed to retain responsibility for certain tort claims, if any, that may arise from Solutia's conduct after its spinoff from Pharmacia Corporation (f/k/a Monsanto), which occurred on September 1, 1997. Solutia, which became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eastman upon Eastman's acquisition of Solutia in July 2012, has been named as a defendant in several such proceedings, and has submitted the matters to Monsanto, which was acquired by Bayer AG in June 2018, as Legacy Tort Claims. To the extent these matters are not within the meaning of Legacy Tort Claims, Solutia could potentially be liable thereunder. In connection with the completion of its acquisition of Solutia, Eastman guaranteed the obligations of Solutia and Eastman was added as an indemnified party under the Monsanto Settlement Agreement.


ITEM 1A.RISK FACTORS


For identification and discussion of the most significant risks applicable to the Company and its business, see "Risk Factors" in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Part I, Item 2 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.



ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS


(c) Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer


In February 2018, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to an additional $2 billion of Company's outstanding common stock at such times, in such amounts, and on such terms, as determined by management to be in the best interestsinterest of the Company. As of September 30, 2018,March 31, 2019, a total of 2,184,5194,052,831 shares have been repurchased under the February 2018this authorization for a total amount of $223$373 million. During first ninethree months 2018,2019, the Company repurchased 3,673,6421,582,076 shares of common stock for a cost of $375$125 million. For additional information, see Note 11, "Stockholders' Equity", to the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Period
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased
Average Price Paid Per Share (1)
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans
or Programs
Approximate Dollar
Value (in millions) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
July 1 - 31, 2018499,423
$100.10
499,423
$1,852
August 1 - 31, 2018377,894
$99.23
377,894
$1,815
September 1 - 30, 2018386,551
$97.01
386,551
$1,777
Total1,263,868
$98.89
1,263,868
 

Period
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased
Average Price Paid Per Share (1)
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan
or Program
Approximate Dollar
Value that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan or Program
January 1 - 31, 2019655,701
$76.25
655,701
$1.702 billion
February 1 - 28, 2019587,459
$81.80
587,459
$1.654 billion
March 1 - 31, 2019338,916
$79.51
338,916
$1.627 billion
Total1,582,076
$79.01
1,582,076
 
(1) 
Average price paid per share reflects the weighted average purchase price paid for shares.




ITEM 6.EXHIBITS


Exhibits filed as part of this report are listed in the Exhibit Index.


  EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit Number Description
   
3.01 
   
3.02 
   
4.01 
   
4.02 Indenture, dated as of January 10, 1994, between Eastman Chemical Company and The Bank of New York, as Trustee (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4(a) to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 10, 1994)
   
4.03 
   
4.04 Form of 7 1/4% Debentures due January 15, 2024 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4(d) to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 10, 1994)
   
4.05 Officers' Certificate pursuant to Sections 201 and 301 of the Indenture related to 7 5/8% Debentures due 2024 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4(a) to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 8, 1994)
   
4.06 Form of 7 5/8% Debentures due June 15, 2024 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4(b) to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 8, 1994)
   
4.07 
   
4.08 
   
4.09 
4.10
   
4.114.10 
   
4.124.11 
   
4.134.12 
4.13
   


  EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit Number Description
4.14 
4.15
   
4.164.15 
   
4.174.16 
4.17
4.18
   
10.01 * 
12.01 *
   
31.01 * 
   
31.02 * 
   
32.01 * 
   
32.02 * 
   
101.INS * XBRL Instance Document
   
101.SCH * XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
   
101.CAL * XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
   
101.DEF * XBRL Definition Linkbase Document
   
101.LAB * XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
   
101.PRE * XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document


* Denotes exhibit filed or furnished herewith.

** Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement filed pursuant to Item 601(b) (10) (iii) of Regulation S-K.



SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
   Eastman Chemical Company
    
    
    
Date:October 29, 2018May 3, 2019By:/s/ Curtis E. Espeland
   Curtis E. Espeland
   Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer


5852