UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
FORM 10-Q
 

xQUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended: SeptemberJune 30, 20172018

OR

o

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from _______________ to _______________.
Commission File Number 1-13759
 
REDWOOD TRUST, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
Maryland 68-0329422
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)		 (I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

One Belvedere Place, Suite 300
Mill Valley, California		 94941
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

(415) 389-7373
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Not Applicable
(Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report)
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filerx Accelerated filero
Non-accelerated filero(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)Smaller reporting companyo
   Emerging growth companyo
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share 77,114,79082,929,990 shares outstanding as of November 3, 2017August 6, 2018


REDWOOD TRUST, INC.
20172018 FORM 10-Q REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
   Page
PART I —
FINANCIAL INFORMATION  
Item 1.
Financial Statements
 
2
 
Consolidated Balance Sheets at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 (Unaudited) and December 31, 20162017
 
2
 
Consolidated Statements of Income for the Three and NineSix Months Ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 20162017 (Unaudited)
 
3
 
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and NineSix Months Ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 20162017 (Unaudited)
 
4
 
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the NineSix Months Ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 20162017 (Unaudited)
 
5
 
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the NineSix Months Ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 20162017 (Unaudited)
 
6
 
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
 
7
 
Note 1. Organization
 
7
 
Note 2. Basis of Presentation
 
7
 
Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 
8
 
Note 4. Principles of Consolidation
 
1213
 
Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
 
1618
 
Note 6. Residential Loans
 
2628
 
Note 7. Real Estate Securities
 
2830
 
Note 8. Mortgage Servicing RightsDerivative Financial Instruments
 
3435
 
Note 9. Derivative Financial Instruments
36
Note 10. Other Assets and Liabilities
 
3837
Note 10. Short-Term Debt
39
 
Note 11. Short-Term Debt
40
Note 12. Asset-Backed Securities Issued
 
41
 
Note 13.12. Long-Term Debt
 
43
 
Note 14.13. Commitments and Contingencies
 
45
 
Note 15.14. Equity
 
49
 
Note 16.15. Equity Compensation Plans
 
52
 
Note 17.16. Mortgage Banking Activities
 
53
 
Note 18.17. Investment Fair Value Changes, Net
 
5354
 
Note 19.18. Operating Expenses
 
55
 
Note 19. Taxes
55
Note 20. TaxesSegment Information
 
56
 
Note 21. Segment InformationSubsequent Events
 
5659
Item 2.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 
6160
Item 3.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 
9894
Item 4.
Controls and Procedures
 
9995
    
PART II —
OTHER INFORMATION  
Item 1.
Legal Proceedings
 
10096
Item 1A.
Risk Factors
 
10298
Item 2.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
 
10298
Item 3.
Defaults Upon Senior Securities
 
10298
Item 4.
Mine Safety Disclosures (Not Applicable)
 
10298
Item 5.
Other Information
 
10299
Item 6.
Exhibits
 
103100
Signatures
 
104101



i


PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In Thousands, except Share Data)
(Unaudited)
 September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
ASSETS (1)
        
Residential loans, held-for-sale, at fair value $925,681
 $835,399
 $1,104,660
 $1,427,945
Residential loans, held-for-investment, at fair value 3,259,239
 3,052,652
 4,386,510
 3,687,265
Real estate securities, at fair value 1,356,272
 1,018,439
 1,453,936
 1,476,510
Mortgage servicing rights, at fair value 62,928
 118,526
Cash and cash equivalents 257,611
 212,844
 184,779
 144,663
Total earning assets 5,861,731
 5,237,860
Restricted cash 26,258
 8,623
 15,285
 2,144
Accrued interest receivable 21,256
 18,454
 29,066
 27,013
Derivative assets 11,948
 36,595
 65,645
 15,718
Other assets 209,506
 181,945
 272,670
 258,564
Total Assets $6,130,699
 $5,483,477
 $7,512,551
 $7,039,822
        
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY (1)
        
Liabilities        
Short-term debt (2)
 $1,238,196
 $791,539
 $1,426,288
 $1,938,682
Accrued interest payable 18,836
 9,608
 21,925
 18,435
Derivative liabilities 65,238
 66,329
 55,929
 63,081
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 81,062
 72,428
 79,571
 67,729
Asset-backed securities issued, at fair value 944,288
 773,462
 1,929,662
 1,164,585
Long-term debt, net 2,574,439
 2,620,683
 2,770,221
 2,575,023
Total liabilities 4,922,059
 4,334,049
 6,283,596
 5,827,535
Equity        
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share, 180,000,000 shares authorized; 77,122,687 and 76,834,663 issued and outstanding 771
 768
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share, 180,000,000 shares authorized; 75,742,719 and 76,599,972 issued and outstanding 757
 766
Additional paid-in capital 1,681,968
 1,676,486
 1,665,749
 1,673,845
Accumulated other comprehensive income 82,316
 71,853
 75,620
 85,248
Cumulative earnings 1,259,408
 1,149,935
 1,369,933
 1,290,341
Cumulative distributions to stockholders (1,815,823) (1,749,614) (1,883,104) (1,837,913)
Total equity 1,208,640
 1,149,428
 1,228,955
 1,212,287
Total Liabilities and Equity $6,130,699
 $5,483,477
 $7,512,551
 $7,039,822
——————
(1)
Our consolidated balance sheets include assets of consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”) that can only be used to settle obligations of these VIEs and liabilities of consolidated VIEs for which creditors do not have recourse to Redwood Trust, Inc. or its affiliates. At SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, assets of consolidated VIEs totaled $995,768$2,082,771 and $798,317,$1,259,774, respectively. At SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, liabilities of consolidated VIEs totaled $945,873$1,935,299 and $773,980,$1,167,157, respectively. See Note 4 for further discussion.
(2)
IncludesAt December 31, 2017, balance includes $250 million of convertible notes, which were reclassified from Long-term debt, net to Short-term debt as the maturity of the notes was less than one year as ofmatured in April 2017.2018. See Note 1110 for further discussion.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In Thousands, except Share Data) Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(Unaudited) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017 2018 2017
Interest Income                
Residential loans $38,541
 $35,595
 $109,538
 $102,149
 $55,514
 $36,635
 $105,745
 $70,997
Commercial loans —
 6,453
 345
 28,834
Real estate securities 23,425
 18,600
 65,068
 58,112
 26,296
 21,826
 51,991
 41,643
Other interest income 771
 258
 1,638
 926
 1,166
 763
 1,859
 1,212
Total interest income 62,737
 60,906
 176,589
 190,021
 82,976
 59,224
 159,595
 113,852
Interest Expense                
Short-term debt (10,182) (5,405) (23,985) (17,439) (13,175) (9,350) (26,610) (13,803)
Asset-backed securities issued (3,956) (3,193) (11,191) (11,457) (16,349) (3,705) (27,750) (7,235)
Long-term debt (13,305) (12,999) (37,532) (39,095) (18,689) (11,179) (35,367) (24,227)
Total interest expense (27,443) (21,597) (72,708) (67,991) (48,213) (24,234) (89,727) (45,265)
Net Interest Income 35,294
 39,309
 103,881
 122,030
 34,763
 34,990
 69,868
 68,587
Reversal of provision for loan losses —
 859
 —
 7,102
Net Interest Income after Provision 35,294
 40,168
 103,881
 129,132
Non-interest Income                
Mortgage banking activities, net 21,200
 9,766
 50,850
 24,712
 10,596
 12,046
 37,172
 29,650
Mortgage servicing rights income, net 1,615
 3,770
 6,106
 12,834
Investment fair value changes, net 324
 11,918
 9,990
 (18,686) 889
 8,115
 2,498
 9,666
Other income 1,197
 1,643
 3,367
 4,157
Other income, net 3,322
 3,764
 5,440
 6,661
Realized gains, net 1,734
 6,615
 8,809
 26,037
 4,714
 1,372
 14,077
 7,075
Total non-interest income, net 26,070
 33,712
 79,122
 49,054
 19,521
 25,297
 59,187
 53,052
Operating expenses (19,922) (20,355) (56,789) (70,962) (19,009) (18,641) (42,039) (36,867)
Net Income before Provision for Income Taxes 41,442
 53,525
 126,214
 107,224
 35,275
 41,646
 87,016
 84,772
Provision for income taxes (5,262) (972) (16,741) (1,327) (2,528) (5,322) (7,424) (11,479)
Net Income $36,180
 $52,553
 $109,473
 $105,897
 $32,747
 $36,324
 $79,592
 $73,293
                
Basic earnings per common share $0.46
 $0.67
 $1.39
 $1.34
 $0.42
 $0.46
 $1.02
 $0.93
Diluted earnings per common share $0.41
 $0.58
 $1.26
 $1.23
 $0.38
 $0.43
 $0.88
 $0.85
Regular dividends declared per common share $0.28
 $0.28
 $0.84
 $0.84
 $0.30
 $0.28
 $0.58
 $0.56
Basic weighted average shares outstanding 76,850,830
 76,680,183
 76,803,324
 76,827,026
 75,380,715
 76,819,703
 75,388,638
 76,779,178
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding 102,703,108
 97,831,617
 99,397,866
 97,991,678
 100,431,993
 97,494,144
 104,291,180
 97,718,550

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.



REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(In Thousands) Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(Unaudited) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017 2018 2017
Net Income $36,180
 $52,553
 $109,473
 $105,897
 $32,747
 $36,324
 $79,592
 $73,293
Other comprehensive income (loss):        
Net unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities (1)
 13,158
 9,038
 17,899
 5,195
Other comprehensive (loss) income:        
Net unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale securities (1)
 (3,104) 1,811
 (7,341) 4,741
Reclassification of unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities to net income (853) (1,319) (7,103) (19,983) (4,748) (2,322) (14,135) (6,250)
Net unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate agreements 321
 647
 (375) (22,545) 3,417
 (2,429) 11,848
 (696)
Reclassification of unrealized loss on interest rate agreements to net income 14
 18
 42
 55
 —
 14
 —
 28
Total other comprehensive income (loss) 12,640
 8,384
 10,463
 (37,278)
Total other comprehensive (loss) income (4,435) (2,926) (9,628) (2,177)
Total Comprehensive Income $48,820
 $60,937
 $119,936
 $68,619
 $28,312
 $33,398
 $69,964
 $71,116
——————
(1)
Amounts are presented net of tax benefit (provision) of zero and $(0.1) million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and $0.2 million and $0.6$0.1 million for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016,2018, respectively, and $0.1 million and $(0.1) million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.



4


REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

For the NineSix Months Ended SeptemberJune 30, 2018
(In Thousands, except Share Data) Common Stock 
Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income
 
Cumulative
 Earnings
 
Cumulative
Distributions
to Stockholders
 Total
(Unaudited) Shares Amount     
December 31, 2017 76,599,972
 $766
 $1,673,845
 $85,248
 $1,290,341
 $(1,837,913) $1,212,287
Net income —
 —
 —
 —
 79,592
 —
 79,592
Other comprehensive loss —
 —
 —
 (9,628) —
 —
 (9,628)
Employee stock purchase and incentive plans 183,576
 1
 (195) —
 —
 —
 (194)
Non-cash equity award compensation —
 —
 7,633
 —
 —
 —
 7,633
Share repurchases (1,040,829) (10) (15,534) —
 —
 —
 (15,544)
Common dividends declared —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (45,191) (45,191)
June 30, 2018 75,742,719
 $757
 $1,665,749
 $75,620
 $1,369,933
 $(1,883,104) $1,228,955

For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
(In Thousands, except Share Data) Common Stock 
Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income
 
Cumulative
 Earnings
 
Cumulative
Distributions
to Stockholders
 Total
(Unaudited) Shares Amount     
December 31, 2016 76,834,663
 $768
 $1,676,486
 $71,853
 $1,149,935
 $(1,749,614) $1,149,428
Net income —
 —
 —
 —
 109,473
 —
 109,473
Other comprehensive income —
 —
 —
 10,463
 —
 —
 10,463
Employee stock purchase and incentive plans 288,024
 3
 (2,315) —
 —
 —
 (2,312)
Non-cash equity award compensation —
 —
 7,797
 —
 —
 —
 7,797
Common dividends declared —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (66,209) (66,209)
September 30, 2017 77,122,687
 $771
 $1,681,968
 $82,316
 $1,259,408
 $(1,815,823) $1,208,640

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
(In Thousands, except Share Data) Common Stock 
Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income
 
Cumulative
 Earnings
 
Cumulative
Distributions
to Stockholders
 Total Common Stock 
Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income
 
Cumulative
 Earnings
 
Cumulative
Distributions
to Stockholders
 Total
(Unaudited) Shares Amount  Shares Amount 
December 31, 2015 78,162,765
 $782
 $1,695,956
 $91,993
 $1,018,683
 $(1,661,149) $1,146,265
December 31, 2016 76,834,663
 $768
 $1,676,486
 $71,853
 $1,149,935
 $(1,749,614) $1,149,428
Net income —
 —
 —
 —
 105,897
 —
 105,897
 —
 —
 —
 —
 73,293
 —
 73,293
Other comprehensive loss —
 —
 —
 (37,278) —
 —
 (37,278) —
 —
 —
 (2,177) —
 —
 (2,177)
Employee stock purchase and incentive plans 437,441
 4
 (4,183) —
 —
 —
 (4,179) 282,212
 3
 (2,388) —
 —
 —
 (2,385)
Non-cash equity award compensation —
 —
 10,595
 —
 —
 —
 10,595
 —
 —
 5,377
 —
 —
 —
 5,377
Share repurchases (1,917,873) (19) (24,745) —
 —
 —
 (24,764)
Common dividends declared —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (66,406) (66,406) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (44,112) (44,112)
September 30, 2016 76,682,333
 $767
 $1,677,623
 $54,715
 $1,124,580
 $(1,727,555) $1,130,130
June 30, 2017 77,116,875
 $771
 $1,679,475
 $69,676
 $1,223,228
 $(1,793,726) $1,179,424


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.


REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In Thousands)
(Unaudited)		 Nine Months Ended September 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
2017 2016 2018 2017
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:        
Net income $109,473
 $105,897
 $79,592
 $73,293
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:        
Amortization of premiums, discounts, and securities issuance costs, net (14,246) (20,251) (7,963) (9,638)
Depreciation and amortization of non-financial assets 909
 849
 582
 605
Purchases of held-for-sale loans (3,760,110) (3,817,445) (3,772,494) (2,309,856)
Proceeds from sales of held-for-sale loans 3,079,877
 2,930,641
 2,966,508
 2,031,326
Principal payments on held-for-sale loans 38,500
 55,694
 30,656
 22,093
Net settlements of derivatives (10,570) (13,914) 40,426
 776
Provision for loan losses —
 (7,102)
Non-cash equity award compensation expense 7,797
 10,595
 7,633
 5,377
Market valuation adjustments (50,352) 9,238
 (34,136) (30,743)
Realized gains, net (8,809) (26,037) (14,077) (7,075)
Net change in:        
Accrued interest receivable and other assets (19,868) 7,983
 32,478
 (26,226)
Accrued interest payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities (1,677) 7,728
 (3,582) (16,840)
Net cash used in operating activities (629,076) (756,124) (674,377) (266,908)
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:        
Purchases of loans held-for-investment —
 —
Proceeds from sales of loans held-for-investment —
 219,639
Principal payments on loans held-for-investment 370,595
 574,037
 335,720
 258,267
Purchases of real estate securities (396,721) (212,364) (319,975) (236,036)
Proceeds from sales of real estate securities 142,931
 482,716
 352,563
 99,121
Principal payments on real estate securities 55,544
 60,978
 33,974
 34,752
Purchase of mortgage servicing rights (574) (15,286)
Proceeds from sales of mortgage servicing rights 51,279
 35,717
Net change in restricted cash (17,635) 3,523
Sales (purchases) of mortgage servicing rights, net 6,064
 42,861
(Funding) payments of participation in loan warehouse facility, net (34,333) —
Other investing activities, net (9,999) —
Net cash provided by investing activities 205,419
 1,148,960
 364,014
 198,965
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:        
Proceeds from borrowings on short-term debt 3,126,949
 3,156,642
 3,219,350
 2,070,873
Repayments on short-term debt (2,968,050) (3,894,240) (3,731,917) (1,855,233)
Proceeds from issuance of asset-backed securities 286,898
 —
 925,845
 —
Repayments on asset-backed securities issued (146,357) (208,801) (181,781) (103,371)
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt 245,000
 771,287
 199,000
 —
Deferred long-term debt issuance costs (7,380) —
Repayments on long-term debt —
 (118,146)
Deferred long-term debt issuance costs paid (4,940) —
Net settlements of derivatives (115) (119) (237) (72)
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock 224
 220
 177
 145
Net payments on repurchase of common stock —
 (27,731) (16,315) —
Taxes paid on equity award distributions (2,536) (4,399) (371) (2,530)
Dividends paid (66,209) (66,406) (45,191) (44,112)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 468,424
 (391,693)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 44,767
 1,143
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 212,844
 220,229
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $257,611
 $221,372
Net cash provided by financing activities 363,620
 65,700
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 53,257
 (2,243)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period (1)
 146,807
 221,467
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period (1)
 $200,064
 $219,224
Supplemental Cash Flow Information:        
Cash paid during the period for:        
Interest $67,339
 $62,053
 $83,781
 $44,274
Taxes 1,476
 826
 3,722
 1,040
Supplemental Noncash Information:        
Real estate securities retained from loan securitizations $67,083
 $3,673
 $43,513
 $38,051
Retention of mortgage servicing rights from loan securitizations and sales 7,387
 7,679
 —
 7,387
Transfers from loans held-for-sale to loans held-for-investment 643,876
 877,744
 1,069,326
 247,377
Transfers from loans held-for-investment to loans held-for-sale 98,853
 359,005
 —
 459
Transfers from residential loans to real estate owned 3,177
 8,479
 1,835
 2,044
Transfers from long-term debt to short-term debt —
 285,900

——————

(1)Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at June 30, 2018 includes cash and cash equivalents of $185 million and restricted cash of $15 million, and at December 31, 2017 includes cash and cash equivalents of $145 million and restricted cash of $2 million.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)




Note 1. Organization
Redwood Trust, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, focusesis a specialty finance company focused on investingmaking credit-sensitive investments in residential mortgages and other real estate-relatedrelated assets and engaging in mortgage banking activities. We seekOur goal is to invest in real estate-related assets that have the potentialprovide attractive returns to generate attractive cash flow returns over timeshareholders through a stable and to generate incomegrowing stream of earnings and dividends, as well as through our mortgage banking activities.capital appreciation. We operate our business in two segments: Investment Portfolio and Residential Mortgage Banking. Redwood was incorporated in
Our primary sources of income are net interest income from our investment portfolios and non-interest income from our mortgage banking activities. Net interest income consists of the Stateinterest income we earn on investments less the interest expense we incur on borrowed funds and other liabilities. Income from mortgage banking activities is generated through the acquisition of Maryland on April 11, 1994,loans and commenced operations on August 19, 1994. References herein to “Redwood,” the “company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” include Redwood Trust, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires.their subsequent sale or securitization.
Redwood Trust, Inc. has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”), beginning with its taxable year ended December 31, 1994. We generally refer, collectively, to Redwood Trust, Inc. and those of its subsidiaries that are not subject to subsidiary-level corporate income tax as “the REIT” or “our REIT.” We generally refer to subsidiaries of Redwood Trust, Inc. that are subject to subsidiary-level corporate income tax as “our operating subsidiaries” or “our taxable REIT subsidiaries” or “TRS.”
We sponsor our Sequoia securitization program, which we use forRedwood was incorporated in the securitizationState of residential mortgage loans.Maryland on April 11, 1994, and commenced operations on August 19, 1994. References herein to Sequoia with respect to any time or period generally refer collectively to all“Redwood,” the then“company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” include Redwood Trust, Inc. and its consolidated Sequoia securitization entities forsubsidiaries, unless the periods presented. We have also engaged in securitization transactions in order to obtain financing for certain of our securities and commercial loans.context otherwise requires.
Note 2. Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements presented herein are at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, and for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017. These interim unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and note disclosures normally included in our annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") — as prescribed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) — have been condensed or omitted in these interim financial statements according to these SEC rules and regulations. Management believes that the disclosures included in these interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.2017. In the opinion of management, all normal and recurring adjustments to present fairly the financial condition of the company at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and results of operations for all periods presented have been made. The results of operations for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 should not be construed as indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.
Principles of Consolidation
In accordance with GAAP, we determine whether we must consolidate transferred financial assets and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) for financial reporting purposes. We currently consolidate the assets and liabilities of certain Sequoia securitization entities issued prior to 2012 where we maintain an ongoing involvement ("Legacy Sequoia"), as well as an entityentities formed in connection with the securitization of Redwood Choice expanded-prime loans duringbeginning in the third quarter of 2017 ("Sequoia Choice"). Each securitization entity is independent of Redwood and of each other and the assets and liabilities are not owned by and are not legal obligations of Redwood Trust, Inc. Our exposure to these entities is primarily through the financial interests we have retained, although we are exposed to certain financial risks associated with our role as a sponsor, servicing administrator, or depositor of these entities or as a result of our having sold assets directly or indirectly to these entities.
For financial reporting purposes, the underlying loans owned at the consolidated Sequoia entities are shown under Residential loans, held-for-investment, at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets. The asset-backed securities (“ABS”) issued to third parties by these entities are shown under ABS issued. In our consolidated statements of income, we recorded interest income on the loans owned at these entities and interest expense on the ABS issued by these entities as well as other income and expenses associated with these entities' activities. See Note 1211 for further discussion on ABS issued.
See Note 4 for further discussion on principles of consolidation.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)
Note 2. Basis of Presentation - (continued)

Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements requires us to make a number of significant estimates. These include estimates of fair value of certain assets and liabilities, amounts and timing of credit losses, prepayment rates, and other estimates that affect the reported amounts of certain assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of certain revenues and expenses during the reported periods. It is likely that changes in these estimates (e.g., valuation changes due to supply and demand, credit performance, prepayments, interest rates, or other reasons) will occur in the near term. Our estimates are inherently subjective in nature and actual results could differ from our estimates and the differences could be material.
Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Significant Accounting Policies
Included in Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 20162017 Annual Report on Form 10-K is a summary of our significant accounting policies. Provided below is a summary of additional accounting policies that are significant to the company’s consolidated financial conditionposition and results of operations for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Newly Adopted Accounting Standards Updates ("ASUs")
In JanuaryMay 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-03, "Accounting Changes and Error Corrections (Topic 250) and Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323)." This new guidance requires that companies evaluate ASUs that have not been adopted to determine the appropriate financial statement disclosures about the potential material effects of those ASUs on the financial statements when adopted. This new guidance was effective immediately. We adopted this guidance, as required, in the first quarter of 2017, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09,2017-09, "Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting.." This new guidance provides simplificationsguidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of the accounting fora share-based payment transactions, including related income taxaward require an entity to apply modification accounting classification of awards, and classification on the statement of cash flows. In addition, this guidance permits the withholding of employee taxes related to the distribution of equity awards up to the maximum individual employee statutory tax rates.in Topic 718. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 20162017, and earlyshould be applied prospectively to an award modified on or after the adoption is permitted. Indate. We adopted this guidance, as required, in the secondfirst quarter of 2016, we adopted this new guidance. Upon adoption, we elected to account for forfeitures on employee equity awards as they occur, rather than estimating expected forfeitures. The adoption of this guidance2018, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Other Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities." This new guidance amends previous guidance to better align an entity's risk management activities and financial reporting for hedging relationships through changes to both the designation and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and the presentation of hedge results. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date and we are currently evaluating the impact that this update will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-11, "Earnings Per Share (Topic 260); Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480); Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): (Part I) Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features, (Part II) Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception." This new guidance changes the classification analysis of certain equity-linked financial instruments (or embedded conversion options) with down round features. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date and do not anticipate that this update will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)

Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - (continued)

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08, "Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20)." This new guidance shortens the amortization period for certain callable debt securities purchased at a premium by requiring the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date and do not anticipate that this update will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, "Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash." This new guidance amends previous guidance on how to classify and present changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. We plan to adoptadopted this new guidance, byas required, in the required date and we will modifyfirst quarter of 2018, which did not have a material impact on our results of operations but impacted the presentation of ourthe statements of cash flow statement as required.flows and related footnote disclosures.
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory." This new guidance allows an entity to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. It also eliminates the exceptions for an intra-entity transfer of assets other than inventory. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. We plan to adoptadopted this new guidance, byas required, in the required date and dofirst quarter of 2018, which did not anticipate that this update will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, "Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments." This new guidance provides guidance on how to present and classify certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. We plan to adoptadopted this new guidance, byas required, in the required date and dofirst quarter of 2018, which did not anticipate that this update will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses." This new guidance provides a new impairment model that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses to determine the allowance for credit losses. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning December 15, 2018. Currently, a significant portion of our financial instruments are measured at fair value, for which we do not maintain any allowances for loan losses in accordance with fair value accounting. As such, based on our initial evaluation of this new guidance, we do not believe the provisions in this guidance will have a material impact to how we account for these instruments. Separately, we account for our available-for-sale securities under the other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") model for debt securities. This new guidance changes the accounting for available-for-sale securities, including AFS securities purchased with credit deterioration. We are currently evaluating the impact that this update will have on our consolidated financial statements in regard to our available-for-sale securities. We plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases." This new guidance requires lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheet as a right-of-use asset and a lease liability. This new guidance retains a dual lease accounting model, which requires leases to be classified as either operating or capital leases for lessees, for purposes of income statement recognition. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. As discussed in Note 14, our only material leases are those related to our leased office space, for which future payments under these leases total $18 million at September 30, 2017. Upon adoption of this standard in the first quarter of 2019, we will record a right-of-use asset and lease liability equal to the present value of these future lease payments discounted at our incremental borrowing rate. Based on our initial evaluation of this new guidance, and taking into consideration our current in-place leases, we do not expect that its adoption will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. We will continue evaluating this new standard and caution that any changes in our business or additional leases we may enter into could change our initial assessment.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, "Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities." This new guidance amends accounting related to the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities and the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities measured at fair value. This new guidance also amends certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments and it is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-03, "Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities," which clarified certain aspects of the guidance issued in ASU 2016-01. We plan to adoptadopted this new guidance, byas required, in the required date and dofirst quarter of 2018. This did not anticipate that this update will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.statements as our investments in debt securities and loans were not subject to the amendments in this ASU. In accordance with this guidance, we amended certain fair value disclosures related to financial instruments that are carried at amortized cost on the consolidated balance sheets.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - (continued)

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” The update modifies the guidance companies use to recognize revenue from contracts with customers for transfers of goods or services and transfers of nonfinancial assets, unless those contracts are within the scope of other standards. The guidance also requires new qualitative and quantitative disclosures, including information about contract balances and performance obligations. In July 2015, the FASB approved a one yearone-year deferral of the effective date. Accordingly, the update is effective for us in the first quarter of 2018 with retrospective application to prior periods presented or as a cumulative effect adjustment in the period of adoption. Early adoption is permitted in the first quarter of 2017. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net)." This new guidance provides additional implementation guidance on how an entity should identify the unit of accounting for the principal versus agent evaluations. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients," and in December 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-20, "Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers." These new ASUs provide more specific guidance on certain aspects of Topic 606. In September 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-13, "Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Leases (Topic 840), and Leases (Topic 842): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to the Staff Announcement at the July 20, 2017 EITF Meeting and Rescission of Prior SEC Staff Announcements and Observer Comments (SEC Update)." This new ASU allows certain public business entities to use the nonpublic business entity effective dates for adoption of the new revenue standard. In November 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-14, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 116 and SEC Release No. 33-10403." This new ASU amends various paragraphs that contain SEC guidance. We adopted this guidance, as required, in the first quarter of 2018. This did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements as nearly all of our income is generated from financial instruments, which are explicitly scoped out of these standards. 
Other Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income." This new guidance allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the "Tax Act"). This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date and do not anticipate that this update will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities." This new guidance amends previous guidance to better align an entity's risk management activities and financial reporting for hedging relationships through changes to both the designation and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and the presentation of hedge results. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date and do not anticipate that this update will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-11, "Earnings Per Share (Topic 260); Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480); Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): (Part I) Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features, (Part II) Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception." This new guidance changes the classification analysis of certain equity-linked financial instruments (or embedded conversion options) with down round features. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date and do not anticipate that this update will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08, "Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20)." This new guidance shortens the amortization period for certain callable debt securities purchased at a premium by requiring the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date and do not anticipate that this update will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - (continued)

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses." This new guidance provides a new impairment model that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses to determine the allowance for credit losses. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning December 15, 2018. We currently have only a small balance of loans receivable that are not carried at fair value and would be subject to this new guidance for allowance for credit losses. Separately, we account for our available-for-sale securities under the other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") model for debt securities. This new guidance requires that credit impairments on our available-for-sale securities be recorded in earnings using an allowance for credit losses, with the allowance limited to the amount by which the security's fair value is less than its amortized cost basis. Subsequent reversals in credit loss estimates are recognized in income. We plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date and continue to evaluate the impact that this update will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases." This new guidance requires lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheet as a right-of-use asset and a lease liability. This new guidance retains a dual lease accounting model, which requires leases to be classified as either operating or capital leases for lessees, for purposes of income statement recognition. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-10, "Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases," which provides more specific guidance on certain aspects of Topic 842. Additionally, in July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, "Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements." This new ASU introduces an additional transition method which allows entities to apply the new standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. As discussed in Note 13, our only material leases are those related to our leased office space, for which future payments under these leases totaled $17 million at June 30, 2018. Upon adoption of this standard in the first quarter of 2019, we will record a right-of-use asset and lease liability equal to the present value of these future lease payments discounted at our incremental borrowing rate. Based on our initial evaluation of thesethis new accounting standards,guidance, and taking into consideration our current in-place leases, we do not expect that theirits adoption will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements, as financial instruments are explicitly scoped out of the standards and nearly all of our income is generated from financial instruments.statements. We will continue evaluating thesethis new standardsstandard and caution that any changes in our business or additional amendments to these standardsleases we may enter into could change our initial assessment.


REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - (continued)

Balance Sheet Netting
Certain of our derivatives and short-term debt are subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements. Under GAAP, in certain circumstances we may elect to present certain financial assets, liabilities and related collateral subject to master netting arrangements in a net position on our consolidated balance sheets. However, we do not report any of these financial assets or liabilities on a net basis, and instead present them on a gross basis on our consolidated balance sheets.
The table below presents financial assets and liabilities that are subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements categorized by financial instrument, together with corresponding financial instruments and corresponding collateral received or pledged at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016.2017.
Table 3.1 – Offsetting of Financial Assets, Liabilities, and Collateral
 Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets (Liabilities) Gross Amounts Offset in Consolidated Balance Sheet Net Amounts of Assets (Liabilities) Presented in Consolidated Balance Sheet 
Gross Amounts Not Offset in Consolidated
Balance Sheet (1)
 Net Amount Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets (Liabilities) Gross Amounts Offset in Consolidated Balance Sheet Net Amounts of Assets (Liabilities) Presented in Consolidated Balance Sheet 
Gross Amounts Not Offset in Consolidated
Balance Sheet (1)
 Net Amount
September 30, 2017
(In Thousands)		 Financial Instruments Cash Collateral (Received) Pledged 
June 30, 2018
(In Thousands)		 Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets (Liabilities) Gross Amounts Offset in Consolidated Balance Sheet Net Amounts of Assets (Liabilities) Presented in Consolidated Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Cash Collateral (Received) Pledged Net Amount
Assets (2)
                 
Interest rate agreements $3,942
 $—
 $3,942
 $(3,644) $(298) $—
 $59,468
 $—
 $59,468
 $(12,372) $(6,803) $40,293
TBAs 2,875
 —
 2,875
 (2,806) —
 69
 3,186
 —
 3,186
 (2,568) (481) 137
Futures 135
 —
 135
 —
 —
 135
Total Assets $6,952
 $—
 $6,952
 $(6,450) $(298) $204
 $62,654
 $—
 $62,654
 $(14,940) $(7,284) $40,430
                        
Liabilities (2)
                        
Interest rate agreements $(57,994) $—
 $(57,994) $3,644
 $54,350
 $—
 $(44,730) $—
 $(44,730) $12,372
 $32,358
 $—
TBAs (3,946) —
 (3,946) 2,807
 976
 (163) (6,372) —
 (6,372) 2,568
 3,804
 —
Futures (423) —
 (423) —
 423
 —
 (126) —
 (126) —
 126
 —
Loan warehouse debt (438,243) —
 (438,243) 438,243
 —
 —
 (719,394) —
 (719,394) 719,394
 —
 —
Security repurchase agreements (549,811) —
 (549,811) 549,811
 —
 —
 (706,894) —
 (706,894) 706,894
 —
 —
Total Liabilities $(1,050,417) $—
 $(1,050,417) $994,505
 $55,749
 $(163) $(1,477,516) $—
 $(1,477,516) $1,441,228
 $36,288
 $—

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - (continued)

 Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets (Liabilities) Gross Amounts Offset in Consolidated Balance Sheet Net Amounts of Assets (Liabilities) Presented in Consolidated Balance Sheet 
Gross Amounts Not Offset in Consolidated
Balance Sheet (1)
 Net Amount Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets (Liabilities) Gross Amounts Offset in Consolidated Balance Sheet Net Amounts of Assets (Liabilities) Presented in Consolidated Balance Sheet 
Gross Amounts Not Offset in Consolidated
Balance Sheet (1)
 Net Amount
December 31, 2016
(In Thousands)		 Financial Instruments Cash Collateral (Received) Pledged 
December 31, 2017
(In Thousands)		 Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets (Liabilities) Gross Amounts Offset in Consolidated Balance Sheet Net Amounts of Assets (Liabilities) Presented in Consolidated Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Cash Collateral (Received) Pledged Net Amount
Assets (2)
                 
Interest rate agreements $24,980
 $—
 $24,980
 $(7,736) $(4,784) $12,460
 $10,164
 $—
 $10,164
 $(6,196) $(42) $3,926
TBAs 8,300
 —
 8,300
 (3,936) (4,364) —
 133
 —
 133
 (133) —
 —
Futures 1
 —
 1
 —
 —
 1
Total Assets $33,280
 $—
 $33,280
 $(11,672) $(9,148) $12,460
 $10,298
 $—
 $10,298
 $(6,329) $(42) $3,927
                        
Liabilities (2)
                        
Interest rate agreements $(56,919) $—
 $(56,919) $7,736
 $49,183
 $—
 $(55,567) $—
 $(55,567) $6,196
 $49,371
 $—
TBAs (4,681) —
 (4,681) 3,936
 —
 (745) (3,808) —
 (3,808) 133
 1,376
 (2,299)
Futures (928) —
 (928) —
 928
 —
Loan warehouse debt (485,544) —
 (485,544) 485,544
 —
 —
 (1,039,666) —
 (1,039,666) 1,039,666
 —
 —
Security repurchase agreements (305,995) —
 (305,995) 305,995
 —
 —
 (648,746) —
 (648,746) 648,746
 —
 —
Total Liabilities $(854,067) $—
 $(854,067) $803,211
 $50,111
 $(745) $(1,747,787) $—
 $(1,747,787) $1,694,741
 $50,747
 $(2,299)
(1)Amounts presented in these columns are limited in total to the net amount of assets or liabilities presented in the prior column by instrument. In certain cases, there is excess cash collateral or financial assets we have pledged to a counterparty (which may, in certain circumstances, be a clearinghouse) that exceed the financial liabilities subject to a master netting arrangement or similar agreement. Additionally, in certain cases, counterparties may have pledged excess cash collateral to us that exceeds our corresponding financial assets. In each case, any of these excess amounts are excluded from the table although they are separately reported in our consolidated balance sheets as assets or liabilities, respectively.
(2)Interest rate agreements, TBAs, credit default index swaps, and futures are components of derivatives instruments on our consolidated balance sheets. Loan warehouse debt, which is secured by residential mortgage loans, and security repurchase agreements are components of Short-term debt on our consolidated balance sheets.
For each category of financial instrument set forth in the table above, the assets and liabilities resulting from individual transactions within that category between us and a counterparty are subject to a master netting arrangement or similar agreement with that counterparty that provides for individual transactions to be aggregated and treated as a single transaction. For certain categories of these instruments, some of our transactions are cleared and settled through one or more clearinghouses that are substituted as our counterparty. References herein to master netting arrangements or similar agreements include the arrangements and agreements governing the clearing and settlement of these transactions through the clearinghouses. In the event of the termination and close-out of any of those transactions, the corresponding master netting agreement or similar agreement provides for settlement on a net basis. Any such settlement would include the proceeds of the liquidation of any corresponding collateral, subject to certain limitations on termination, settlement, and liquidation of collateral that may apply in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of a party. Such limitations should not inhibit the eventual practical realization of the principal benefits of those transactions or the corresponding master netting arrangement or similar agreement and any corresponding collateral.






REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)



Note 4. Principles of Consolidation
GAAP requires us to consider whether securitizations we sponsor and other transfers of financial assets should be treated as sales or financings, as well as whether any VIEs that we hold variable interests in – for example, certain legal entities often used in securitization and other structured finance transactions – should be included in our consolidated financial statements. The GAAP principles we apply require us to reassess our requirement to consolidate VIEs each quarter and therefore our determination may change based upon new facts and circumstances pertaining to each VIE. This could result in a material impact to our consolidated financial statements during subsequent reporting periods.
Analysis of Consolidated VIEs
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we consolidated certain of our Legacy Sequoia and Sequoia Choice securitization entities that we determined were VIEs and for which we determined we were the primary beneficiary. In addition, we consolidated the Sequoia Choice securitization entity beginning in the third quarter of 2017. Each of these entities is independent of Redwood and of each other and the assets and liabilities of these entities are not owned by and are not legal obligations of ours. Our exposure to these entities is primarily through the financial interests we have retained, although we are exposed to certain financial risks associated with our role as a sponsor, servicing administrator, or depositor of these entities or as a result of our having sold assets directly or indirectly to these entities. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the estimated fair value of our investments in the consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities and the Sequoia Choice entityentities was $19$13 million and $31$135 million, respectively. The following table presents a summary of the assets and liabilities of these VIEs.
Table 4.1 – Assets and Liabilities of Consolidated VIEs
September 30, 2017 
Legacy
Sequoia
 
Sequoia
Choice
 
Total
Consolidated
VIEs
(Dollars in Thousands)   
Residential loans, held-for-investment $673,134
 $317,303
 $990,437
Restricted cash 147
 —
 147
Accrued interest receivable 898
 1,266
 2,164
REO 3,020
 —
 3,020
Total Assets $677,199
 $318,569
 $995,768
Accrued interest payable $540
 $1,045
 $1,585
Asset-backed securities issued 657,960
 286,328
 944,288
Total Liabilities $658,500
 $287,373
 $945,873
       
Number of VIEs 20
 1
 21
December 31, 2016 
Legacy
Sequoia
 Sequoia
Choice		 
Total
Consolidated
VIEs
June 30, 2018 
Legacy
Sequoia
 
Sequoia
Choice
 
Total
Consolidated
VIEs
(Dollars in Thousands) 
Legacy
Sequoia
 Sequoia
Choice		 
Total
Consolidated
VIEs
 
Residential loans, held-for-investment  $592,029
 $1,481,145
 $2,073,174
Restricted cash 148
 —
 148
 147
 10
 157
Accrued interest receivable 1,000
 —
 1,000
 835
 5,956
 6,791
REO 5,533
 —
 5,533
 2,649
 —
 2,649
Total Assets $798,317
 $—
 $798,317
 $595,660
 $1,487,111
 $2,082,771
Accrued interest payable $518
 $—
 $518
 $589
 $5,038
 $5,627
Accrued expenses and other liabilities —
 10
 10
Asset-backed securities issued 773,462
 —
 773,462
 582,235
 1,347,427
 1,929,662
Total Liabilities $773,980
 $—
 $773,980
 $582,824
 $1,352,475
 $1,935,299
            
Number of VIEs 20
 —
 20
 20
 4
 24

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 4. Principles of Consolidation - (continued)


December 31, 2017 
Legacy
Sequoia
 Sequoia
Choice		 
Total
Consolidated
VIEs
(Dollars in Thousands)   
Residential loans, held-for-investment $632,817
 $620,062
 $1,252,879
Restricted cash 147
 4
 151
Accrued interest receivable 867
 2,524
 3,391
REO 3,353
 —
 3,353
Total Assets $637,184
 $622,590
 $1,259,774
Accrued interest payable $537
 $2,031
 $2,568
Accrued expenses and other liabilities —
 4
 4
Asset-backed securities issued 622,445
 542,140
 1,164,585
Total Liabilities $622,982
 $544,175
 $1,167,157
       
Number of VIEs 20
 2
 22
We consolidate the assets and liabilities of certain Sequoia securitization entities, as we did not meet the GAAP sale criteria at the time we transferred financial assets to these entities. Our involvement in consolidated Sequoia entities continues in the following ways: (i) we continue to hold subordinate investments in each entity, and for certain entities, more senior investments; (ii) we maintain certain discretionary rights associated with our sponsorship of, or our subordinate investments in, each entity; and (iii) we continue to hold a right to call the assets of certain entities (once they have been paid down below a specified threshold) at a price equal to, or in excess of, the current outstanding principal amount of the entity’s asset-backed securities issued. These factors have resulted in our continuing to consolidate the assets and liabilities of these Sequoia entities in accordance with GAAP.
Analysis of Unconsolidated VIEs with Continuing Involvement
Since 2012, we have transferred residential loans to 3542 Sequoia securitization entities sponsored by us and accounted for these transfers as sales for financial reporting purposes, in accordance with ASC 860. We also determined we were not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs as we lacked the power to direct the activities that will have the most significant economic impact on the entities. For certain of these transfers to securitization entities, for the transferred loans where we held the servicing rights prior to the transfer and continuecontinued to hold the servicing rights following the transfer, we recorded MSRs on our consolidated balance sheets, and classified those MSRs as Level 3 assets. We also retained senior and subordinate securities in these securitizations that we classified as Level 3 assets. Our continuing involvement in these securitizations is limited to customary servicing obligations associated with retaining residential MSRsservicing rights (which we retain a third-party sub-servicer to perform) and the receipt of interest income associated with the securities we retained.
The following table presents information related to securitization transactions that occurred during the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 4.2 – Securitization Activity Related to Unconsolidated VIEs Sponsored by Redwood
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017 2018 2017
Principal balance of loans transferred $839,264
 $348,537
 $2,223,387
 $693,427
 $1,127,665
 $348,599
 $2,408,133
 $1,384,123
Trading securities retained, at fair value 24,617
 —
 55,607
 —
 33,757
 10,287
 46,248
 30,990
AFS securities retained, at fair value 4,416
 1,839
 11,476
 3,673
 2,047
 1,905
 5,952
 7,060
MSRs recognized —
 1,971
 7,123
 4,102
 —
 —
 —
 7,123

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 4. Principles of Consolidation - (continued)


The following table summarizes the cash flows during the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 20162017 between us and the unconsolidated VIEs sponsored by us and accounted for as sales since 2012.
Table 4.3 – Cash Flows Related to Unconsolidated VIEs Sponsored by Redwood
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017 2018 2017
Proceeds from new transfers $839,642
 $356,497
 $2,213,151
 $708,539
 $1,104,094
 $351,485
 $2,393,781
 $1,373,509
MSR fees received 3,631
 3,473
 10,804
 10,397
 3,397
 3,698
 6,811
 7,173
Funding of compensating interest, net (35) (98) (114) (254) (31) (41) (56) (79)
Cash flows received on retained securities 6,882
 6,384
 19,843
 24,314
 7,410
 6,588
 14,453
 12,961
The following table presents the key weighted-average assumptions used to measure MSRs and securities retained at the date of securitization for securitizations completed during the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 4.4 – Assumptions Related to Assets Retained from Unconsolidated VIEs Sponsored by Redwood

 Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
At Date of Securitization MSRs Senior IO Securities Subordinate Securities MSRs Subordinate Securities MSRs Senior IO Securities Subordinate Securities MSRs Senior IO Securities Subordinate Securities
Prepayment rates N/A 11% 10% 24% 15% N/A 10% 10% N/A 10% 10%
Discount rates N/A 14% 5% 11% 7% N/A 14% 5% N/A 14% 5%
Credit loss assumptions N/A 0.25% 0.25% N/A
 0.25% N/A 0.20% 0.20% N/A 0.25% 0.25%
  Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
At Date of Securitization MSRs Senior IO Securities Subordinate Securities MSRs Senior IO Securities Subordinate Securities
Prepayment rates N/A 9% 10% 9% 10% 10%
Discount rates N/A 14% 5% 11% 12% 5%
Credit loss assumptions N/A 0.20% 0.20% N/A
 0.25% 0.25%

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 4. Principles of Consolidation - (continued)


  Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
At Date of Securitization MSRs Senior IO Securities Subordinate Securities MSRs Subordinate Securities
Prepayment rates 9% 10% 10% 20% 15%
Discount rates 11% 13% 5% 11% 7%
Credit loss assumptions N/A
 0.25% 0.25% N/A
 0.25%
The following table presents additional information at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, related to unconsolidated VIEs sponsored by Redwood and accounted for as sales since 2012.
Table 4.5 – Unconsolidated VIEs Sponsored by Redwood
(In Thousands) September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
On-balance sheet assets, at fair value:        
Interest-only, senior and subordinate securities, classified as trading $94,491
 $41,909
 $127,861
 $101,426
Subordinate securities, classified as AFS 228,764
 234,025
 164,498
 219,255
Mortgage servicing rights 60,377
 58,800
 63,176
 60,980
Maximum loss exposure (1)
 $383,632
 $334,734
 $355,535
 $381,661
Assets transferred:        
Principal balance of loans outstanding $8,329,635
 $6,870,398
 $10,277,901
 $8,364,148
Principal balance of loans 30+ days delinquent 12,651
 21,427
 30,571
 27,926
(1)Maximum loss exposure from our involvement with unconsolidated VIEs pertains to the carrying value of our securities and MSRs retained from these VIEs and represents estimated losses that would be incurred under severe, hypothetical circumstances, such as if the value of our interests and any associated collateral declines to zero. This does not include, for example, any potential exposure to representation and warranty claims associated with our initial transfer of loans into a securitization.
The following table presents key economic assumptions for assets retained from unconsolidated VIEs and the sensitivity of their fair values to immediate adverse changes in those assumptions at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016.2017.
Table 4.6 – Key Assumptions and Sensitivity Analysis for Assets Retained from Unconsolidated VIEs Sponsored by Redwood
September 30, 2017 MSRs 
Senior
Securities (1)
 Subordinate Securities
June 30, 2018 MSRs 
Senior
Securities (1)
 Subordinate Securities
(Dollars in Thousands) MSRs 
Senior
Securities (1)
 Subordinate Securities 
Fair value at September 30, 2017 
Fair value at June 30, 2018 $63,176
 $59,628
 $232,731
Expected life (in years) (2)
 7
 5
 13
 9
 7
 15
Prepayment speed assumption (annual CPR) (2)
 9% 10% 11% 7% 10% 10%
Decrease in fair value from:            
10% adverse change $1,694
 $1,575
 $667
 $1,742
 $2,142
 $603
25% adverse change 4,278
 3,734
 1,683
 4,221
 5,100
 1,487
Discount rate assumption (2)
 11% 9% 5% 11% 11% 6%
Decrease in fair value from:            
100 basis point increase $2,311
 $1,281
 $25,377
 $2,571
 $2,204
 $22,194
200 basis point increase 4,453
 2,472
 47,107
 4,972
 4,249
 41,045
Credit loss assumption (2)
 N/A
 0.25% 0.25% N/A
 0.20% 0.20%
Decrease in fair value from:            
10% higher losses N/A
 $4
 $1,505
 N/A
 $—
 $1,384
25% higher losses N/A
 9
 3,764
 N/A
 —
 3,444

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 4. Principles of Consolidation - (continued)


December 31, 2016 MSRs 
Senior
Securities (1)
 Subordinate Securities
December 31, 2017 MSRs 
Senior
Securities (1)
 Subordinate Securities
(Dollars in Thousands) MSRs 
Senior
Securities (1)
 Subordinate Securities 
Fair value at December 31, 2016 
Fair value at December 31, 2017 $60,980
 $33,773
 $286,908
Expected life (in years) (2)
 7
 6
 12
 8
 6
 13
Prepayment speed assumption (annual CPR) (2)
 11% 8% 12% 9% 10% 11%
Decrease in fair value from:            
10% adverse change $2,226
 $1,075
 $997
 $2,022
 $1,371
 $611
25% adverse change 5,284
 2,569
 2,494
 4,839
 3,289
 1,506
Discount rate assumption (2)
 11% 8% 6% 11% 11% 5%
Decrease in fair value from:            
100 basis point increase $2,088
 $1,105
 $19,574
 $2,386
 $1,158
 $25,827
200 basis point increase 4,032
 2,128
 36,574
 4,597
 2,265
 47,885
Credit loss assumption (2)
 N/A
 0.25% 0.25% N/A
 0.25% 0.25%
Decrease in fair value from:            
10% higher losses N/A
 $19
 $1,174
 N/A
 $—
 $1,551
25% higher losses N/A
 49
 2,933
 N/A
 —
 3,873

(1)Senior securities included $60 million and $34 million and $27 million of interest onlyinterest-only securities at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, respectively.
(2)Expected life, prepayment speed assumption, discount rate assumption, and credit loss assumption presented in the tables above represent weighted averages.
Analysis of Third-Party VIEs
Third-party VIEs are securitization entities in which we maintain an economic interest, but do not sponsor. Our economic interest may include several securities from the same third-party VIE, and in those cases, the analysis is performed in consideration of all of our interests. The following table presents a summary of our interests in third-party VIEs at SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, grouped by security type.
Table 4.7 – Third-Party Sponsored VIE Summary
(Dollars in Thousands) September 30, 2017 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Mortgage-Backed Securities      
Senior $181,723
 $226,191
 $177,191
Re-REMIC 39,033
Mezzanine 536,700
 38,875
Subordinate 812,260
 398,686
 939,763
Total Investments in Third-Party Sponsored VIEs $1,033,016
 $1,161,577
 $1,155,829
We determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of any third-party VIEs, as we do not have the required power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of these entities. Specifically, we do not service or manage these entities or otherwise solely hold decision making powers that are significant. As a result of this assessment, we do not consolidate any of the underlying assets and liabilities of these third-party VIEs – we only account for our specific interests in them.
Our assessments of whether we are required to consolidate a VIE may change in subsequent reporting periods based upon changing facts and circumstances pertaining to each VIE. Any related accounting changes could result in a material impact to our financial statements.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)



Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
For financial reporting purposes, we follow a fair value hierarchy established under GAAP that is used to determine the fair value of financial instruments. This hierarchy prioritizes relevant market inputs in order to determine an “exit price” at the measurement date, or the price at which an asset could be sold or a liability could be transferred in an orderly process that is not a forced liquidation or distressed sale. Level 1 inputs are observable inputs that reflect quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 inputs are observable inputs other than quoted prices for an asset or liability that are obtained through corroboration with observable market data. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs (e.g., our own data or assumptions) that are used when there is little, if any, relevant market activity for the asset or liability required to be measured at fair value.
In certain cases, inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level at which the fair value measurement falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability being measured.


REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of assets and liabilities that are required to be recorded or disclosed at fair value at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016.2017.

Table 5.1 – Carrying Values and Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
 September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
 
Carrying
Value
 
Fair
Value
 
Carrying
Value
 
Fair
Value
 
Carrying
Value
 
Fair
Value
 
Carrying
Value
 
Fair
Value
(In Thousands)  
Assets                
Residential loans, held-for-sale                
At fair value $924,594
 $924,594
 $834,193
 $834,193
 $1,104,545
 $1,104,545
 $1,427,052
 $1,427,052
At lower of cost or fair value 1,087
 1,227
 1,206
 1,365
 115
 135
 893
 993
Residential loans, held-for-investment                
At fair value 3,259,239
 3,259,239
 3,052,652
 3,052,652
 4,386,510
 4,386,510
 3,687,265
 3,687,265
Trading securities 820,134
 820,134
 445,687
 445,687
 1,054,295
 1,054,295
 968,844
 968,844
Available-for-sale securities 536,138
 536,138
 572,752
 572,752
 399,641
 399,641
 507,666
 507,666
MSRs 62,928
 62,928
 118,526
 118,526
Cash and cash equivalents 257,611
 257,611
 212,844
 212,844
 184,779
 184,779
 144,663
 144,663
Restricted cash 26,258
 26,258
 8,623
 8,623
 15,285
 15,285
 2,144
 2,144
Accrued interest receivable 21,256
 21,256
 18,454
 18,454
 29,066
 29,066
 27,013
 27,013
Derivative assets 11,948
 11,948
 36,595
 36,595
 65,645
 65,645
 15,718
 15,718
MSRs (1)
 64,674
 64,674
 63,598
 63,598
REO (1)
 3,020
 3,441
 5,533
 5,560
 2,649
 3,534
 3,354
 3,806
Margin receivable (1)
 93,679
 93,679
 68,038
 68,038
 49,538
 49,538
 85,044
 85,044
FHLBC stock (1)
 43,393
 43,393
 43,393
 43,393
 43,393
 43,393
 43,393
 43,393
Guarantee asset (1)
 3,049
 3,049
 4,092
 4,092
 2,936
 2,936
 2,869
 2,869
Commercial loans (1)
 —
 —
 2,700
 2,700
Pledged collateral (1)
 42,933
 42,933
 42,875
 42,875
 42,201
 42,201
 42,615
 42,615
Participation in loan warehouse facility (1)
 41,658
 41,658
 —
 —
Liabilities                
Short-term debt facilities $988,054
 $988,054
 $791,539
 $791,539
 $1,426,288
 $1,426,288
 $1,688,412
 $1,688,412
Accrued interest payable 18,836
 18,836
 9,608
 9,608
 21,925
 21,925
 18,435
 18,435
Margin payable(2) 841
 841
 12,783
 12,783
 7,282
 7,282
 390
 390
Guarantee obligation(2) 20,101
 19,682
 21,668
 22,181
 18,124
 17,903
 19,487
 18,878
Derivative liabilities 65,238
 65,238
 66,329
 66,329
 55,929
 55,929
 63,081
 63,081
ABS issued at fair value, net 944,288
 944,288
 773,462
 773,462
 1,929,662
 1,929,662
 1,164,585
 1,164,585
FHLBC long-term borrowings 1,999,999
 1,999,999
 1,999,999
 1,999,999
 1,999,999
 1,999,999
 1,999,999
 1,999,999
Convertible notes, net 686,058
 705,703
 482,195
 493,365
 631,663
 639,204
 686,759
 692,369
Trust preferred securities and subordinated notes, net 138,524
 101,138
 138,489
 96,255
 138,559
 107,415
 138,535
 103,230
(1)These assets are included in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


(2)These liabilities are included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets.
During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we elected the fair value option for $16$60 million and $32$72 million of residential senior securities, $167$161 million and $412$289 million of subordinate securities, $1.43and $1.93 billion and $3.72$3.73 billion of residential loans (principal balance), and $0.3 million and $8 million of MSRs, respectively. We anticipate electing the fair value option for all future purchases of residential loans that we mayintend to sell to third parties or transfer to securitizations, as well as for MSRs purchased or retained from sales of residential loans, and for certain securities we purchase, including IO securities and fixed-rate securities rated investment grade or higher.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


The following table presents the assets and liabilities that are reported at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets on a recurring basis at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, as well as the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs used to measure fair value.
Table 5.2 – Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
September 30, 2017 
Carrying
Value
 Fair Value Measurements Using
June 30, 2018 
Carrying
Value
 Fair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands) 
Carrying
Value
 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Assets              
Residential loans $4,183,833
 $—
 $—
 $4,183,833
 $5,491,055
 $—
 $—
 $5,491,055
Trading securities 820,134
 —
 —
 820,134
 1,054,295
 —
 —
 1,054,295
Available-for-sale securities 536,138
 —
 —
 536,138
 399,641
 —
 —
 399,641
Derivative assets 11,948
 3,010
 3,942
 4,996
 65,645
 3,186
 59,468
 2,991
MSRs 62,928
 —
 —
 62,928
 64,674
 —
 —
 64,674
Pledged collateral 42,933
 42,933
 —
 —
 42,201
 42,201
 —
 —
FHLBC stock 43,393
 —
 43,393
 —
 43,393
 —
 43,393
 —
Guarantee asset 3,049
 —
 —
 3,049
 2,936
 —
 —
 2,936
                
Liabilities 

       

      
Derivative liabilities $65,238
 $4,369
 $57,994
 $2,875
 $55,929
 $6,498
 $44,730
 $4,701
ABS issued 944,288
 —
 —
 944,288
 1,929,662
 —
 —
 1,929,662

December 31, 2016 
Carrying
Value
 Fair Value Measurements Using
December 31, 2017 
Carrying
Value
 Fair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands) 
Carrying
Value
 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Assets              
Residential loans $3,886,845
 $—
 $—
 $3,886,845
 $5,114,317
 $—
 $—
 $5,114,317
Trading securities 445,687
 —
 —
 445,687
 968,844
 —
 —
 968,844
Available-for-sale securities 572,752
 —
 —
 572,752
 507,666
 —
 —
 507,666
Derivative assets 36,595
 8,300
 24,980
 3,315
 15,718
 134
 10,164
 5,420
MSRs 118,526
 —
 —
 118,526
 63,598
 —
 —
 63,598
Pledged collateral 42,875
 42,875
 —
 —
 42,615
 42,615
 —
 —
FHLBC stock 43,393
 —
 43,393
 —
 43,393
 —
 43,393
 —
Guarantee asset 4,092
 —
 —
 4,092
 2,869
 —
 —
 2,869
                
Liabilities                
Derivative liabilities $66,329
 $5,609
 $56,919
 $3,801
 $63,081
 $3,808
 $55,567
 $3,706
ABS issued 773,462
 —
 —
 773,462
 1,164,585
 —
 —
 1,164,585

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


The following table presents additional information about Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Table 5.3 – Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
 Assets   Liabilities Assets   Liabilities
 Residential Loans Trading Securities 
AFS
Securities
 MSRs Guarantee Asset 
Derivatives(1)
 
ABS
Issued
 Residential Loans Trading Securities 
AFS
Securities
 MSRs Guarantee Asset 
Derivatives(1)
 
ABS
Issued
(In Thousands)  
Beginning balance -
December 31, 2016
 $3,886,845
 $445,687
 $572,752
 $118,526
 $4,092
 $(486) $773,462
Beginning balance -
December 31, 2017
 $5,114,317
 $968,844
 $507,666
 $63,598
 $2,869
 $1,714
 $1,164,585
Acquisitions 3,791,471
 444,073
 31,654
 7,957
 —
 —
 286,898
 3,766,510
 361,535
 5,952
 —
 —
 —
 925,845
Sales (3,147,707) (87,092) (60,801) (52,966) —
 —
 —
 (3,002,879) (260,119) (92,110) (1,077) —
 —
 —
Principal paydowns (405,888) (13,219) (42,325) —
 —
 —
 (146,358) (365,392) (11,748) (22,226) —
 —
 —
 (181,782)
Gains (losses) in net income, net 62,290
 30,685
 24,011
 (10,589) (1,043) 33,686
 30,286
 (19,665) (4,217) 21,930
 2,153
 67
 (9,681) 21,014
Unrealized losses in OCI, net —
 —
 10,847
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (21,571) —
 —
 —
 —
Other settlements, net (2)
 (3,178) —
 —
 —
 —
 (31,079) —
 (1,836) —
 —
 —
 —
 6,257
 —
Ending Balance -
September 30, 2017
 $4,183,833
 $820,134
 $536,138
 $62,928
 $3,049
 $2,121
 $944,288
Ending Balance -
June 30, 2018
 $5,491,055
 $1,054,295
 $399,641
 $64,674
 $2,936
 $(1,710) $1,929,662
(1)For the purpose of this presentation, derivative assets and liabilities, which consist of loan purchase and forward sale commitments, are presented on a net basis.
(2)Other settlements, net for residential loans represents the transfer of loans to REO, and for derivatives, representsthe settlement of forward sale commitments and the transfer of the fair value of loan purchase commitments at the time loans are acquired to the basis of residential loans.


REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


The following table presents the portion of gains or losses included in our consolidated statements of income that were attributable to Level 3 assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis and held at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017. Gains or losses incurred on assets or liabilities sold, matured, called, or fully written down during the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 20162017 are not included in this presentation.
Table 5.4 – Portion of Net Gains (Losses) Attributable to Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Still Held at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 20162017 Included in Net Income
 Included in Net Income Included in Net Income
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017 2018 2017
Assets                
Residential loans at Redwood $14,359
 $3,818
 $24,227
 $32,202
 $(12,981) $16,506
 $(51,029) $19,738
Residential loans at consolidated Sequoia entities 3,497
 9,200
 22,949
 (18,864) 367
 11,038
 20,914
 19,452
Trading securities (36) 8,646
 24,452
 978
 (1,989) 15,880
 (6,011) 24,529
Available-for-sale securities (3) —
 (248) (305) (56) (128) (56) (245)
MSRs 317
 6,549
 (1,005) (36,738) 689
 (2,038) 4,610
 (1,354)
Loan purchase commitments 2,117
 5,381
 2,121
 5,896
 2,835
 994
 2,901
 1,111
Other assets - Guarantee asset (239) 307
 (1,043) (2,070) (120) (558) 66
 (804)
                
Liabilities                
Loan purchase commitments $(4,646) $—
 $(4,687) $—
ABS issued $(7,771) $10,522
 $(30,286) $(14,419) (279) (11,977) (21,014) (22,516)
The following table presents information on assets recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis at SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018. This table does not include the carrying value and gains or losses associated with the asset types below that were not recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheetsheets at SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Table 5.5 – Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
         Gain (Loss) for         Gain (Loss) for
September 30, 2017 
Carrying
Value
 Fair Value Measurements Using Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
June 30, 2018 
Carrying
Value
 Fair Value Measurements Using Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
(In Thousands) 
Carrying
Value
 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 September 30, 2017 September 30, 2017 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 June 30, 2018 June 30, 2018
Assets                      
Residential loans, at lower of cost or fair value $866
 $—
 $—
 $866
 $18
 $21
REO 1,725
 —
 —
 1,725
 —
 (81) $1,841
 $—
 $—
 $1,841
 $(4) $(127)

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


The following table presents the net market valuation gains and losses recorded in each line item of our consolidated statements of income for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 5.6 – Market Valuation Gains and Losses, Net
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017 2018 2017
Mortgage Banking Activities, Net                
Residential loans held-for-sale, at fair value $14,859
 $650
 $29,175
 $11,948
 $6,122
 $5,784
 $10,896
 $14,316
Residential loan purchase commitments 13,276
 12,021
 33,947
 35,508
Commercial loans, at fair value —
 —
 —
 433
Sequoia securities —
 —
 —
 1,455
Residential loan purchase and forward sale commitments (2,758) 10,406
 (9,726) 20,671
Risk management derivatives, net (7,077) (3,287) (13,787) (25,281) 6,150
 (5,310) 34,582
 (6,710)
Total mortgage banking activities, net (1)
 $21,058
 $9,384
 $49,335
 $24,063
 $9,514
 $10,880
 $35,752
 $28,277
Investment Fair Value Changes, Net                
Residential loans held-for-investment, at Redwood $2,881
 $(655) $8,902
 $22,161
 $(15,010) $8,354
 $(53,995) $6,021
Trading securities 607
 8,898
 30,676
 3,728
 (930) 18,926
 (3,885) 30,069
Valuation adjustments on commercial loans
held-for-sale
 —
 (307) 300
 (307) —
 300
 —
 300
Net investments in Legacy Sequoia entities (2)
 (1,045) (255) (3,842) (2,086) (720) (987) (728) (2,797)
Net investment in Sequoia Choice entity (2)
 (256) —
 (256) —
Risk sharing investments (267) 15
 (985) (689)
Net investments in Sequoia Choice entities (2)
 1,072
 —
 986
 —
Risk-sharing investments (209) (513) (348) (718)
Risk management derivatives, net (1,592) 4,222
 (24,557) (41,188) 16,742
 (17,838) 60,524
 (22,965)
Impairments on AFS securities (4) —
 (248) (305) (56) (127) (56) (244)
Total investment fair value changes, net $324
 $11,918
 $9,990
 $(18,686) $889
 $8,115
 $2,498
 $9,666
MSR Income (Loss), Net        
Other Income, Net        
MSRs $(1,351) $1,380
 $(10,842) $(70,489) $(745) $(6,421) $2,147
 $(9,491)
Risk management derivatives, net (422) (6,336) 1,869
 55,874
Total MSR loss, net (3)
 $(1,773) $(4,956) $(8,973) $(14,615)
Total Market Valuation Gains (Losses), Net $19,609
 $16,346
 $50,352
 $(9,238)
MSR risk management derivatives, net (1,122) 3,040
 (6,261) 2,291
Total other income, net (3)
 $(1,867) $(3,381) $(4,114) $(7,200)
Total Market Valuation Gains, Net $8,536
 $15,614
 $34,136
 $30,743
(1)Mortgage banking activities, net presented above does not include fee income or provisions for repurchases that are components of Mortgage banking activities, net presented on our consolidated statements of income, as these amounts do not represent market valuation changes.
(2)Includes changes in fair value of the residential loans held-for-sale,held-for-investment, REO and the ABS issued at the entities, which netted together represent the change in value of our retained investments at the consolidated VIEs.
(3)MSROther income, (loss), net presented above does not include net MSR fee income or provisions for repurchases that are components of MSR income, net on our consolidated statements of income,for MSRs, as these amounts do not represent market valuation adjustments.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, our valuation policy and processes had not changed from those described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.2017. The following table provides quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value.
Table 5.7 – Fair Value Methodology for Level 3 Financial Instruments
September 30, 2017 
Fair
Value
 Input Values
June 30, 2018 
Fair
Value
 Input Values
(Dollars in Thousands, except Input Values) 
Fair
Value
 Unobservable Input Range  
Weighted
Average
 Unobservable Input Range  
Weighted
Average
Assets                
Residential loans, at fair value:                  
Jumbo fixed-rate loans $2,450,845
 Whole loan spread to TBA price $2.13
-$3.15
 $3.13
  $2,676,132
 Whole loan spread to TBA price $2.00
-$3.28
 $2.97
 
   Whole loan spread to swap rate 180
-270
bps 265
bps   Whole loan spread to swap rate 90
-206
bps 202
bps
                  
Jumbo hybrid loans 168,138
 Prepayment rate (annual CPR) 15
-15
% 15
% 276,844
 Prepayment rate (annual CPR) 15
-15
% 15
%
   Whole loan spread to swap rate 100
-190
bps 163
bps   Whole loan spread to swap rate 75
-160
bps 133
bps
                  
Jumbo loans committed to sell 574,413
 Whole loan committed sales price $102.42
-$103.08
 $102.89
  464,905
 Whole loan committed sales price $100.58
-$101.94
 $101.45
 
                  
Loans held by Legacy
Sequoia (1)
 673,134
 Liability price   N/A
 N/A
  592,029
 Liability price   N/A
 N/A
 
                  
Loans held by Sequoia
Choice (1)
 317,303
 Liability price   N/A
 N/A
  1,481,145
 Liability price   N/A
 N/A
 
                  
Residential loans, at lower of cost or fair value 866
 Loss severity 13
-30
% 18
%
         
Trading and AFS securities 1,356,272
 Discount rate 2
-25
% 5
 % 1,453,936
 Discount rate 3
-14
% 6
 %
   Prepayment rate (annual CPR) —
-50
% 10
 %   Prepayment rate (annual CPR) —
-50
% 9
 %
   Default rate —
-32
% 3
 %   Default rate —
-27
% 2
 %
   Loss severity —
-40
% 22
 %   Loss severity —
-40
% 22
 %
                  
MSRs 62,928
 Discount rate 10
-35
% 11
 % 64,674
 Discount rate 11
-43
% 11
 %
   Prepayment rate (annual CPR) 5
-31
% 9
 %   Prepayment rate (annual CPR) 6
-26
% 7
 %
   Per loan annual cost to service $82
-$84
 $82
    Per loan annual cost to service $82
-$82
 $82
 
                  
Guarantee asset 3,049
 Discount rate 11
-11
% 11
% 2,936
 Discount rate 11
-11
% 11
%
   Prepayment rate (annual CPR) 14
-14
% 14
%   Prepayment rate (annual CPR) 8
-8
% 8
%
                  
REO 1,725
 Loss severity 4
-39
% 18
% 1,841
 Loss severity 13
-43
% 29
%
                  
Liabilities         
ABS issued (1)
 1,929,662
 Discount rate 3
-15
% 4
 %
   Prepayment rate (annual CPR) 8
-32
% 19
 %
   Default rate —
-8
% 2
 %
   Loss severity 20
-60
% 21
 %
         
Loan purchase commitments, net (2)
 2,121
 MSR multiple 1.9
-5.1
x 3.8
x 1,710
 MSR multiple 1.0
-5.3
x 3.5
x
   Pull-through rate 13
-100
% 72
%   Pull-through rate 13
-100
% 72
%
   Whole loan spread to TBA price $2.13
-$3.10
 $3.07
    Whole loan spread to TBA price $2.25
-$3.28
 $3.28
 
   Whole loan spread to swap rate - fixed rate 180
-270
bps 268
bps   Whole loan spread to swap rate - fixed rate 90
-206
bps 204
bps
   Prepayment rate (annual CPR) 15
-15
% 15
%   Prepayment rate (annual CPR) 15
-15
% 15
%
   Whole loan spread to swap rate - hybrid 100
-190
bps 133
bps   Whole loan spread to swap rate - hybrid 75
-140
bps 107
bps
                  
Liabilities         
ABS issued: (1)
 944,288
 Discount rate 3
-15
% 4
 %
   Prepayment rate (annual CPR) 11
-20
% 18
 %
   Default rate —
-12
% 5
 %
   Loss severity 20
-32
% 26
 %
         
(1)The fair value of the loans held by consolidated Sequoia entities was based on the fair value of the ABS issued by these entities, which we determined were more readily observable, in accordance with accounting guidance for collateralized financing entities.
(2)For the purpose of this presentation, loan purchase commitment assets and liabilities are presented net.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


Determination of Fair Value
A description of the instruments measured at fair value as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 valuation hierarchy is listed herein. We generally use both market comparable information and discounted cash flow modeling techniques to determine the fair value of our Level 3 assets and liabilities. Use of these techniques requires determination of relevant inputs and assumptions, some of which represent significant unobservable inputs as indicated in the preceding table. Accordingly, a significant increase or decrease in any of these inputs – such as anticipated credit losses, prepayment rates, interest rates, or other valuation assumptions – in isolation would likely result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.
Residential loans at Redwood
Estimated fair values for residential loans are determined using models that incorporate various observable inputs, including pricing information from whole loan sales and securitizations. Certain significant inputs in these models are considered unobservable and are therefore Level 3 in nature. Pricing inputs obtained from market whole loan transaction activity include indicative spreads to indexed to be announced ("TBA") prices and indexed swap rates for fixed-rate loans and indexed swap rates for hybrid loans (Level 3). Pricing inputs obtained from market securitization activity include indicative spreads to indexed TBA prices for senior residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS") and indexed swap rates for subordinate RMBS, and credit support levels (Level 3). Other unobservable inputs also include assumed future prepayment rates. Observable inputs include benchmark interest rates, swap rates, and TBA prices. At September 30, 2017, our jumbo fixed-rate loans that were not committed to sell were priced using whole loan sale inputs. These assets would generally decrease in value based upon an increase in the credit spread, prepayment speed, or credit support assumptions.
Residential loans at Consolidatedconsolidated Sequoia entities
We have elected to account for the consolidated Sequoia securitization entities as collateralized financing entities ("CFEs") in accordance with GAAP. A CFE is a variable interest entity that holds financial assets and issues beneficial interests in those assets, and these beneficial interests have contractual recourse only to the related assets of the CFE. Accounting guidance for CFEs allow companies to elect to measure both the financial assets and financial liabilities of a CFE using the more observable of the fair value of the financial assets or fair value of the financial liabilities. Pursuant to this guidance, we use the fair value of the ABS issued by the Sequoia CFEs (which we determined to be more observable) to determine the fair value of the loans held at these entities, whereby the net assets we consolidate in our financial statements related to these entities represent the estimated fair value of our retained interests in the Sequoia CFEs. 
Real estate securities
Real estate securities include residential, commercial, and other asset-backed securities that are generally illiquid in nature and trade infrequently. Significant inputs in the valuation analysis are predominantly Level 3 in nature, due to the lack of readily available market quotes and related inputs. For real estate securities, we utilize both market comparable pricing and discounted cash flow analysis valuation techniques. Relevant market indicators that are factored into the analysis include bid/ask spreads, the amount and timing of credit losses, interest rates, and collateral prepayment rates. Estimated fair values are based on applying the market indicators to generate discounted cash flows (Level 3). These cash flow models use significant unobservable inputs such as a discount rate, prepayment rate, default rate and loss severity and credit support.severity. The estimated fair value of our securities would generally decrease based upon an increase in default rates, serious delinquencies,loss severities, or a decrease in prepayment rates or credit support.rates.
As part of our securities valuation process, we request and consider indications of value from third-party securities dealers. For purposes of pricing our securities at SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we received dealer price indications on 73%75% of our securities, representing 81%84% of our carrying value. In the aggregate, our internal valuations of the securities for which we received dealer price indications were within 1% of the aggregate average dealer valuations. Once we receive the price indications from dealers, they are compared to other relevant market inputs, such as actual or comparable trades, and the results of our discounted cash flow analysis. In circumstances where relevant market inputs cannot be obtained, increased reliance on discounted cash flow analysis and management judgment are required to estimate fair value.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


Derivative assets and liabilities
Our derivative instruments include swaps, swaptions, TBAs, financial futures, and loan purchase commitments ("LPCs"), and forward sale commitments ("FSCs"). Fair values of derivative instruments are determined using quoted prices from active markets, when available, or from valuation models and are supported by valuations provided by dealers active in derivative markets. Fair values of TBAs and financial futures are generally obtained using quoted prices from active markets (Level 1). Our derivative valuation models for swaps and swaptions require a variety of inputs, including contractual terms, market prices, yield curves, credit curves, measures of volatility, prepayment rates, and correlations of certain inputs. Model inputs can generally be verified and model selection does not involve significant management judgment (Level 2).
LPC and FSC fair values for jumbo loans are estimated based on the estimated fair values of the underlying loans (as described in "Residential loans at Redwood" above) as well as. In addition, fair values for LPCs are estimated based on the probability that the mortgage loan will be purchased (the "Pull-through rate") (Level 3).
For other derivatives, valuations are based on various factors such as liquidity, bid/ask spreads, and credit considerations for which we rely on available market inputs. In the absence of such inputs, management’s best estimate is used (Level 3).
MSRs
MSRs include the rights to service jumbo and conforming residential mortgage loans. Significant inputs in the valuation analysis are predominantly Level 3, due to the nature of these instruments and the lack of readily available market quotes. Changes in the fair value of MSRs occur primarily due to the collection/realization of expected cash flows, as well as changes in valuation inputs and assumptions. Estimated fair values are based on applying the inputs to generate the net present value of estimated future MSR income (Level 3). These discounted cash flow models utilize certain significant unobservable inputs including market discount rates, assumed future prepayment rates of serviced loans, and the market cost of servicing. An increase in these unobservable inputs would generally reduce the estimated fair value of the MSRs.
As part of our MSR valuation process, we received a valuation estimate from a third-party valuations firm. In the aggregate, our internal valuation of the MSRs were within 2% of the third-party valuation.
FHLBC Stockstock
Our Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") member subsidiary is required to purchase Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago ("FHLBC") stock under a borrowing agreement between our FHLB-member subsidiary and the FHLBC. Under this agreement, the stock is redeemable at face value, which represents the carrying value and fair value of the stock (Level 2).
Guarantee Assetasset
The guarantee asset represents the estimated fair value of cash flows we are contractually entitled to receive related to a risk sharingrisk-sharing arrangement with Fannie Mae. Significant inputs in the valuation analysis are Level 3, due to the nature of this asset and the lack of market quotes. The fair value of the guarantee asset is determined using a discounted cash flow model, for which significant unobservable inputs include assumed future prepayment rates and market discount rate (Level 3). An increase in prepayment rates or discount rate would generally reduce the estimated fair value of the guarantee asset.
Pledged Collateralcollateral
Pledged collateral consists of cash and U.S. Treasury securities held by a custodian in association with certain agreements we have entered into. Treasury securities are carried at their fair value, which is determined using quoted prices in active markets (Level 1).
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Fair values equal carrying values (Level 1).

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


Restricted cash
Restricted cash primarily includes interest-earning cash balances related to risk sharingrisk-sharing transactions with the Agencies, cash held in association with borrowings from the FHLBC, and cash held at consolidated Sequoia entities for the purpose of distribution to investors and reinvestment. Due to the short-term nature of the restrictions, fair values approximate carrying values (Level 1).
Accrued interest receivable and payable
Accrued interest receivable and payable includes interest due on our assets and payable on our liabilities. Due to the short-term nature of when these interest payments will be received or paid, fair values approximate carrying values (Level 1).
REO
REO includes properties owned in satisfaction of foreclosed loans. Fair values are determined using available market quotes, appraisals, broker price opinions, comparable properties, or other indications of value (Level 3).
Margin receivable
Margin receivable reflects cash collateral we have posted with our various derivative and debt counterparties as required to satisfy margin requirements. Fair values approximate carrying values (Level 2).
Guarantee Obligations
In association with our risk sharing transactions with the Agencies, we have made certain guarantees. These obligations are initially recorded at fair value and subsequently carried at amortized cost. Fair values of guarantee obligations are determined using internal models that incorporate certain significant inputs that are considered unobservable and are therefore Level 3 in nature. Pricing inputs include assumed future prepayment rates, credit losses, and market discount rates. A decrease in future prepayment rates or discount rates, or an increase in credit losses, would generally cause the fair value of the guarantee obligations to decrease (become a larger liability).
Short-term debt
Short-term debt includes our credit facilities that mature within one year. As these borrowings are secured and subject to margin calls and as the rates on these borrowings reset frequently to market rates, we believe that carrying values approximate fair values (Level 2). Additionally, at September 30,December 31, 2017, short-term debt included unsecured convertible senior notes with a maturity of less than one year. The fair value of the convertible notes is determined using quoted prices in generally active markets (Level 2).
ABS issued
ABS issued includes asset-backed securities issued through the Legacy Sequoia and Sequoia Choice securitization entities. These instruments are generally illiquid in nature and trade infrequently. Significant inputs in the valuation analysis are predominantly Level 3, due to the nature of these instruments and the lack of readily available market quotes. For ABS issued, we utilize both market comparable pricing and discounted cash flow analysis valuation techniques. Relevant market indicators factored into the analysis include bid/ask spreads, the amount and timing of collateral credit losses, interest rates, and collateral prepayment rates. Estimated fair values are based on applying the market indicators to generate discounted cash flows (Level 3). These cash flow models use significant unobservable inputs such as a discount rate, prepayment rate, default rate, loss severity and credit support. A decrease in credit losses or discount rate, or an increase in prepayment rates, would generally cause the fair value of the ABS issued to decrease (become(i.e., become a larger liability).
FHLBC Borrowingsborrowings
FHLBC borrowings include amounts borrowed from the FHLBC that are secured, generally by residential mortgage loans. As these borrowings are secured and subject to margin calls and as the rates on these borrowings reset frequently to market rates, we believe that carrying values approximate fair values (Level 2).
Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost
Participation in loan warehouse facility
Our participation in a loan warehouse facility is carried at amortized cost (Level 2).


REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


Guarantee obligations
In association with our risk-sharing transactions with the Agencies, we have made certain guarantees which are carried on our balance sheet at amortized cost (Level 3).
Convertible notes
Convertible notes include unsecured convertible and exchangeable senior notes. Fair valuesnotes that are determined using quoted prices in generally active marketscarried at their unpaid principal balance net of any unamortized deferred issuance costs (Level 2).
Trust preferred securities and subordinated notes
Estimated fair values of trustTrust preferred securities and subordinated notes are determined using discounted cash flow analysis valuation techniques. Significant inputs in the valuation analysis are predominantly Level 3, due to the naturecarried at their unpaid principal balance net of these instruments and the lack of readily available market quotes. Estimated fair values are based on applying the market indicators to generate discounted cash flowsany unamortized deferred issuance costs (Level 3).
Note 6. Residential Loans
We acquire jumbo residential loans from third-party originators.originators and may sell or securitize these loans or hold them for investment. The following table summarizes the classifications and carrying values of the residential loans owned at Redwood and at consolidated Sequoia entities at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016.2017.
Table 6.1 – Classifications and Carrying Values of Residential Loans
September 30, 2017   Legacy Sequoia  
June 30, 2018   Legacy Sequoia  
(In Thousands) Redwood Sequoia Choice Total Redwood Sequoia Choice Total
Held-for-sale                
At fair value $924,594
 $—
 $—
 $924,594
 $1,104,545
 $—
 $—
 $1,104,545
At lower of cost or fair value 1,087
 —
 —
 1,087
 115
 —
 —
 115
Total held-for-sale 925,681
 —

—
 925,681
 1,104,660
 —

—
 1,104,660
Held-for-investment at fair value 2,268,802
 673,134
 317,303
 3,259,239
 2,313,336
 592,029
 1,481,145
 4,386,510
Total Residential Loans $3,194,483
 $673,134

$317,303
 $4,184,920
 $3,417,996
 $592,029

$1,481,145
 $5,491,170
December 31, 2016   Legacy Sequoia  
December 31, 2017   Legacy Sequoia  
(In Thousands) Redwood Sequoia Choice Total Redwood Sequoia Choice Total
Held-for-sale                
At fair value $834,193
 $—
 $—
 $834,193
 $1,427,052
 $—
 $—
 $1,427,052
At lower of cost or fair value 1,206
 —
 —
 1,206
 893
 —
 —
 893
Total held-for-sale 835,399
 —
 —
 835,399
 1,427,945
 —
 —
 1,427,945
Held-for-investment at fair value 2,261,016
 791,636
 —
 3,052,652
 2,434,386
 632,817
 620,062
 3,687,265
Total Residential Loans $3,096,415
 $791,636
 $—
 $3,888,051
 $3,862,331
 $632,817
 $620,062
 $5,115,210
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we owned mortgage servicing rights associated with $2.41$2.72 billion (principal balance) of consolidated residential loans purchased from third-party originators. The value of these MSRs is included in the carrying value of the associated loans on our consolidated balance sheets. We contract with licensed sub-servicers that perform servicing functions for these loans.
Residential Loans Held-for-Sale
At Fair Value
At September 30, 2017, we owned 1,233 loans held-for-sale at fair value with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $0.90 billion and a fair value of $0.92 billion, compared to 1,114 loans with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $0.83 billion and a fair value of $0.83 billion at December 31, 2016. At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, none of these loans were greater than 90 days delinquent or in foreclosure.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 6. Residential Loans - (continued)

During the threeResidential Loans Held-for-Sale
At Fair Value
At June 30, 2018, we owned 1,547 loans held-for-sale at fair value with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $1.09 billion and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we purchaseda fair value of $1.10 billion, compared to 2,009 loans with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $1.41 billion and a fair value of $1.43 billion and $3.72 billion (principal balance)at December 31, 2017. At June 30, 2018, one of these loans respectively, for which we elected thewith a fair value option,of $0.6 million was greater than 90 days delinquent and we sold $1.05 billion and $3.08 billion (principal balance)none of these loans respectively, for which we recorded net market valuation gainswere in foreclosure. At December 31, 2017, one of $15 million and $29 million, respectively, through Mortgage banking activities, net on our consolidated statements of income. At September 30, 2017,these loans held-for-sale with a marketfair value of $493$0.5 million was greater than 90 days delinquent and none of these loans were pledged as collateral under short-term borrowing agreements.in foreclosure.
During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016,2018, we purchased $1.22$1.93 billion and $3.73 billion (principal balance) of loans, respectively, for which we elected the fair value option, and we sold $0.76$1.92 billion and $2.80$3.93 billion (principal balance) of loans, respectively, for which we recorded net market valuation gains of $1$6 million and $12$11 million, respectively, through Mortgage banking activities, net on our consolidated statements of income. At June 30, 2018, loans held-for-sale with a market value of $786 million were pledged as collateral under short-term borrowing agreements.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, we purchased $1.20 billion and $2.29 billion (principal balance) of loans, respectively, for which we elected the fair value option, and we sold $0.67 billion and $2.04 billion (principal balance) of loans, respectively, for which we recorded net market valuation gains of $6 million and $14 million, respectively, through Mortgage banking activities, net on our consolidated statements of income.
At Lower of Cost or Fair Value
At SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, we held sixtwo and sevenfour residential loans, respectively, at the lower of cost or fair value with $1$0.2 million and $2$1 million in outstanding principal balance, respectively, and a carrying valuevalues of $0.1 million and $1 million, for both periods.respectively. At both SeptemberJune 30, 2017 and2018, none of these loans were greater than 90 days delinquent or in foreclosure. At December 31, 2016,2017, one of these loans with an unpaid principal balance of $0.3 million was greater than 90 days delinquent and none of these loans were in foreclosure.
Residential Loans Held-for-Investment at Fair Value
At Redwood
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we owned 3,0813,224 held-for-investment loans at Redwood with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $2.23$2.34 billion and a fair value of $2.27$2.31 billion, compared to 3,0683,292 loans with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $2.23$2.41 billion and a fair value of $2.26$2.43 billion at December 31, 2016.2017. At SeptemberJune 30, 2018, three of these loans with a total fair value of $1 million were greater than 90 days delinquent and none of these loans were in foreclosure. At December 31, 2017, none of these loans were greater than 90 days delinquent or in foreclosure. At December 31, 2016, one of these loans with an unpaid principal balance of $0.2 million was greater than 90 days delinquent and none of these loans were in foreclosure.
During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we transferred loans with a fair value of $78$32 million and $326$88 million, respectively, from held-for-sale to held-for-investment. During both the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we transferreddid not transfer loans with a fair value of $98 million from held-for-investment to held-for-sale. During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we recorded net market valuation gainslosses of $3$15 million and $9$54 million, respectively, on residential loans held-for-investment at fair value through Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, loans with a fair value of $2.26$2.31 billion were pledged as collateral under a borrowing agreement with the FHLBC.
During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016,2017, we transferred loans with a fair value of $152$62 million and $878$247 million, respectively, from held-for-sale to held-for-investment. During both the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016,2017, we transferred loans with a fair value of zero and $56$0.5 million respectively, from held-for-investment to held-for-sale. During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016,2017, we recorded a net market valuation lossgains of $1$8 million and a net market valuation gain of $22$6 million, respectively, on residential loans held-for-investment at fair value through Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 6. Residential Loans - (continued)

At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the outstanding loans held-for-investment at Redwood were prime-quality, first lien loans, of which 95%96% were originated between 2013 and 2017,2018, and 5%4% were originated in 2012 and prior years. The weighted average FICO score of borrowers backing these loans was 772770 (at origination) and the weighted average loan-to-value ("LTV") ratio of these loans was 65%66% (at origination). At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, these loans were comprised of 94%90% fixed-rate loans with a weighted average coupon of 4.08%, and the remainder were hybrid or ARM loans with a weighted average coupon of 4.00%4.09%.
At Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we owned 3,3082,924 held-for-investment loans at consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities, with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $738$623 million and a fair value of $673$592 million, as compared to 3,7353,178 loans at December 31, 2016,2017, with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $887$698 million and a fair value of $792$633 million. At origination, the weighted average FICO score of borrowers backing these loans was 728, the weighted average LTV ratio of these loans was 66%, and the loans were nearly all first lien and prime-quality.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberAt June 30, 2017
(Unaudited)

Note 6. Residential Loans - (continued)

At September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, the unpaid principal balance of loans at consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities delinquent greater than 90 days was $14$18 million and $19$25 million, respectively, andof which the unpaid principal balance of loans in foreclosure was $12$7 million and $11$10 million, respectively. During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we recorded net market valuation gains of $4 million and $24$33 million, respectively, on these loans through Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income. During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016,2017, we recorded a net market valuation gaingains of $9$11 million and a net market valuation loss of $19 million, respectively, on these loans through Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income. Pursuant to the collateralized financing entity guidelines, the market valuation changes of these loans isare based on the estimated fair value of the associated ABS issued. The net impact to our income statement associated with our retained economic investment in the Legacy Sequoia securitization entities is presented in Note 5.
At Consolidated Sequoia Choice EntityEntities
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we owned 4091,990 held-for-investment loans at the consolidated Sequoia Choice entity,entities, with an aggregate unpaid balance of $308$1.46 billion and a fair value of $1.48 billion, as compared to 806 loans at December 31, 2017 with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $605 million and a fair value of $317$620 million.There were no loans held at the Sequoia Choice entity at December 31, 2016. At origination, the weighted average FICO score of borrowers backing these loans was 744,743, the weighted average LTV ratio of these loans was 75%74%, and the loans were all first lien and prime-quality. At Septemberboth June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, none of these loans were greater than 90 days delinquent or in foreclosure.
During both the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we transferred loans with a fair value of $318$530 million and $982 million, respectively, from held-for-sale to held-for-investment associated with this transaction. During both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we recorded a net market valuation loss of $1 million on these loans through Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income.Choice securitizations. Pursuant to the collateralized financing entity guidelines, the market valuation changes of these loans isare based on the estimated fair value of the ABS issued associated with this transactionChoice securitizations. The net impact to our income statement associated with our retained economic investment in the Sequoia Choice securitization entityentities is presented in Note 5.
Note 7. Real Estate Securities
We invest in real estate securities.securities that we acquire from third parties or create and retain from our Sequoia securitizations. The following table presents the fair values of our real estate securities by type at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016.2017.
Table 7.1 – Fair Values of Real Estate Securities by Type
(In Thousands) September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Trading $820,134
 $445,687
 $1,054,295
 $968,844
Available-for-sale 536,138
 572,752
 399,641
 507,666
Total Real Estate Securities $1,356,272
 $1,018,439
 $1,453,936
 $1,476,510

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 7. Real Estate Securities - (continued)


Our real estate securities include mortgage-backed securities, which are presented in accordance with their general position within a securitization structure based on their rights to cash flows. Senior securities are those interests in a securitization that generally have the first right to cash flows and are last in line to absorb losses. Re-REMIC securities, as presented herein, were created through the resecuritization of certain senior security interests to provide additional credit support to those interests. These re-REMICMezzanine securities are thereforeinterests that are generally subordinate to the remaining senior security interests, but seniorsecurities in their rights to any subordinate tranches of the securitization from which they were created. Subordinate securities are all interests below seniorreceive cash flows, and re-REMIC interests. We further separate ourhave subordinate securities intobelow them that are first to absorb losses. Our mezzanine and subordinate, where mezzanine includesclassified securities were initially rated AA through BBB- and issued in 2012 or later. Subordinate securities are all interests below mezzanine. Nearly all of our residential securities are supported by collateral that was designated as prime asat the time of issuance.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)
Note 7. Real Estate Securities - (continued)


Trading Securities
The following table presents the fair value of trading securities by position and collateral type at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016.2017.
Table 7.2 – Trading Securities by Position and Collateral Type
(In Thousands) September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Senior Securities $62,767
 $37,067
Subordinate Securities    
Senior $138,329
 $69,974
Mezzanine 458,299
 256,226
 600,629
 563,475
Subordinate 299,068
 152,394
 315,337
 335,395
Total Subordinate Securities 757,367
 408,620
Total Trading Securities $820,134
 $445,687
 $1,054,295
 $968,844
We elected the fair value option for certain securities and classify them as trading securities. Our trading securities include both residential and commercial/multifamily securities. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, trading securities with a carrying value of $435$613 million as well as $88 million of securities retained from our consolidated Sequoia Choice securitizations were pledged as collateral under short-term borrowing agreements. See Note 1110 for additional information on short-term debt.
At SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, our senior trading securities were comprisedincluded $89 million and $70 million of interest-only securities, respectively, for which there is no principal balance, and the remaining unpaid principal balance of our senior trading securities was $50 million and zero, respectively. Our interest-only securities included $39 million and $15 million of A-IO-S securities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, which are securities we retained from certain of our Sequoia securitizations that represent certificated servicing strips.
At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, our mezzanine and subordinate trading securities had an unpaid principal balance of $767$1.01 billion and $943 million, respectively, and included $240 million and $434 million, respectively.
At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, subordinate trading securities included $287 million and $152$301 million, respectively, of Agency residential mortgage credit risk transfer (or "CRT") securities, $60$68 million and $15$68 million, respectively, of Sequoia securities, $167$209 million and $149$206 million, respectively, of other third-party residential securities, and $243$399 million and $92$324 million, respectively, of third-party commercial/multifamily securities.
During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we acquired $171$233 million and $432$378 million (principal balance), respectively, of senior and subordinate securities for which we elected the fair value option and classified as trading, and sold $25$62 million and $85$244 million, respectively, of such securities. During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016,2017, we acquired $65$107 million and $198$261 million (principal balance), respectively, of senior and subordinate securities for which we elected the fair value option and classified as trading, and sold $2$51 million and $238$60 million, respectively, of such securities.
During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we recorded net market valuation gainslosses of $1 million and $31$4 million, respectively, on trading securities, included in Investment fair value changes, net and Mortgage banking activities, net on our consolidated statements of income. During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016,2017, we recorded net market valuation gains of $9$19 million and $5$30 million, respectively, on trading securities, included in Investment fair value changes, net and Mortgage banking activities, net on our consolidated statements of income.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)
Note 7. Real Estate Securities - (continued)


AFS Securities
The following table presents the fair value of our available-for-sale securities by position and collateral type at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016.2017.
Table 7.3 – Available-for-Sale Securities by Position and Collateral Type
(In Thousands) September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Senior Securities $153,232
 $136,546
Re-REMIC Securities 39,033
 85,479
Subordinate Securities    
Senior (1)
 $147,490
 $179,864
Mezzanine 119,687
 163,715
 37,263
 92,002
Subordinate 224,186
 187,012
 214,888
 235,800
Total Subordinate Securities 343,873
 350,727
Total AFS Securities $536,138
 $572,752
 $399,641
 $507,666
(1)Includes $34 million and $39 million of re-REMIC securities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Re-REMIC securities were created through the resecuritization of certain senior security interests to provide additional credit support to those interests. These re-REMIC securities are therefore subordinate to the remaining senior security interests, but senior to any subordinate tranches of the securitization from which they were created.
At SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, all of our available-for-sale securities were comprised of residential mortgage-backed securities. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, AFS securities with a carrying value of $229$145 million were pledged as collateral under short-term borrowing agreements. See Note 1110 for additional information on short-term debt.
During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we purchased $4$2 million and $32$6 million of AFS securities, respectively, and sold $23$41 million and $61$92 million of AFS securities, respectively, which resulted in net realized gains of $2$5 million and $9$14 million, respectively. During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016,2017, we purchased $11$2 million and $29$27 million of AFS securities, respectively, and sold $26$19 million and $241$38 million of AFS securities, respectively, which resulted in net realized gains of $2$3 million and $20$8 million, respectively. In addition, during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we exchanged our interests in three Re-REMICs, which together had a fair value of $47 million, for the senior securities underlying the Re-REMICs, and reclassified our interests from Re-REMIC to Senior.
We often purchase AFS securities at a discount to their outstanding principal balances. To the extent we purchase an AFS security that has a likelihood of incurring a loss, we do not amortize into income the portion of the purchase discount that we do not expect to collect due to the inherent credit risk of the security. We may also expense a portion of our investment in the security to the extent we believe that principal losses will exceed the purchase discount. We designate any amount of unpaid principal balance that we do not expect to receive and thus do not expect to earn or recover as a credit reserve on the security. Any remaining net unamortized discounts or premiums on the security are amortized into income over time using the effective yield method.
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, there were less than $0.1 million of AFS securities with contractual maturities less than five years, $0.4$2 million with contractual maturities greater than five years but less than 10 years, and the remainder of our AFS securities had contractual maturities greater than 10 years.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)
Note 7. Real Estate Securities - (continued)


The following table presents the components of carrying value (which equals fair value) of AFS securities at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016.2017.
Table 7.4 – Carrying Value of AFS Securities
September 30, 2017        
June 30, 2018      
(In Thousands) Senior Re-REMIC Subordinate Total Senior Mezzanine Subordinate Total
Principal balance $156,936
 $44,896
 $442,219
 $644,051
 $152,651
 $38,036
 $312,983
 $503,670
Credit reserve (3,024) (5,810) (38,041) (46,875) (8,187) —
 (34,004) (42,191)
Unamortized discount, net (36,575) (10,412) (142,405) (189,392) (34,376) (3,993) (131,721) (170,090)
Amortized cost 117,337

28,674
 261,773
 407,784
 110,088

34,043
 147,258
 291,389
Gross unrealized gains 37,155
 10,359
 83,185
 130,699
 38,153
 3,220
 68,236
 109,609
Gross unrealized losses (1,260) —
 (1,085) (2,345) (751) —
 (606) (1,357)
Carrying Value $153,232

$39,033
 $343,873
 $536,138
 $147,490

$37,263
 $214,888
 $399,641

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 7. Real Estate Securities - (continued)


December 31, 2016        
December 31, 2017      
(In Thousands) Senior Re-REMIC Subordinate Total Senior Mezzanine Subordinate Total
Principal balance $148,862
 $95,608
 $456,359
 $700,829
 $189,125
 $91,471
 $327,549
 $608,145
Credit reserve (4,814) (6,857) (35,802) (47,473) (8,756) —
 (37,793) (46,549)
Unamortized discount, net (41,877) (19,613) (136,622) (198,112) (44,041) (9,407) (130,305) (183,753)
Amortized cost 102,171

69,138
 283,935
 455,244
 136,328

82,064
 159,451
 377,843
Gross unrealized gains 36,304
 16,341
 68,032
 120,677
 44,771
 9,938
 76,481
 131,190
Gross unrealized losses (1,929) —
 (1,240) (3,169) (1,235) —
 (132) (1,367)
Carrying Value $136,546

$85,479
 $350,727
 $572,752
 $179,864

$92,002
 $235,800
 $507,666
The following table presents the changes for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, in unamortized discount and designated credit reserves on residential AFS securities.
Table 7.5 – Changes in Unamortized Discount and Designated Credit Reserves on AFS Securities
  Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
  
Credit
Reserve
 
Unamortized
Discount, Net
 Credit
Reserve		 Unamortized
Discount, Net
(In Thousands)    
Beginning balance $47,588
 $192,063
 $47,473
 $198,112
Amortization of net discount —
 (4,631) —
 (14,697)
Realized credit losses (795) —
 (3,232) —
Acquisitions 1,665
 2,732
 8,256
 11,375
Sales, calls, other (144) (2,214) (3,405) (7,863)
Impairments 3
 —
 248
 —
Transfers to (release of) credit reserves, net (1,442) 1,442
 (2,465) 2,465
Ending Balance $46,875
 $189,392
 $46,875
 $189,392


REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)
Note 7. Real Estate Securities - (continued)


  Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
  
Credit
Reserve
 
Unamortized
Discount, Net
 Credit
Reserve		 Unamortized
Discount, Net
(In Thousands)    
Beginning balance $40,616
 $178,302
 $46,549
 $183,753
Amortization of net discount —
 (3,848) —
 (7,908)
Realized credit losses (385) —
 (1,341) —
Acquisitions 2,251
 495
 4,787
 2,130
Sales, calls, other (299) (4,907) (1,066) (14,679)
Impairments 56
 —
 56
 —
(Release of) transfers to credit reserves, net (48) 48
 (6,794) 6,794
Ending Balance $42,191
 $170,090
 $42,191
 $170,090
AFS Securities with Unrealized Losses
The following table presents the components comprising the total carrying value of residential AFS securities that were in a gross unrealized loss position at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016.2017.
Table 7.6 – Components of Fair Value of Residential AFS Securities by Holding Periods
  Less Than 12 Consecutive Months 12 Consecutive Months or Longer
  
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Losses
 Fair
Value
(In Thousands)      
September 30, 2017 $10,164
 $(694) $9,470
 $31,001
 $(1,651) $29,350
December 31, 2016 15,772
 (330) 15,442
 60,035
 (2,839) 57,196
  Less Than 12 Consecutive Months 12 Consecutive Months or Longer
  
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Losses
 Fair
Value
(In Thousands)      
June 30, 2018 $18,610
 $(606) $18,004
 $25,887
 $(751) $25,136
December 31, 2017 8,637
 (132) 8,505
 28,557
 (1,235) 27,322
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, after giving effect to purchases, sales, and extinguishment due to credit losses, our consolidated balance sheet included 173145 AFS securities, of which 1410 were in an unrealized loss position and sixthree were in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 consecutive months or longer. At December 31, 2016,2017, our consolidated balance sheet included 186167 AFS securities, of which 19nine were in an unrealized loss position and 10three were in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 consecutive months or longer.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 7. Real Estate Securities - (continued)


Evaluating AFS Securities for Other-than-Temporary Impairments
Gross unrealized losses on our AFS securities were $2$1 million at SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018. We evaluate all securities in an unrealized loss position to determine if the impairment is temporary or other-than-temporary (resulting in an OTTI). At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we did not intend to sell any of our AFS securities that were in an unrealized loss position, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be at their maturity. We review our AFS securities that are in an unrealized loss position to identify those securities with losses that are other-than-temporary based on an assessment of changes in expected cash flows for such securities, which considers recent security performance and expected future performance of the underlying collateral.
For the ninethree and six months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, other-than-temporary impairments related to our AFS securities were $0.6$0.3 million, of which $0.2$0.1 million were recognized through our consolidated statements of income and $0.4$0.2 million were recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of our consolidated balance sheet. AFS securities for which OTTI is recognized have experienced, or are expected to experience, credit-related adverse cash flow changes. In determining our estimate of cash flows for AFS securities we may consider factors such as structural credit enhancement, past and expected future performance of underlying mortgage loans, including timing of expected future cash flows, which are informed by prepayment rates, default rates, loss severities, delinquency rates, percentage of non-performing loans, FICO scores at loan origination, year of origination, loan-to-value ratios, and geographic concentrations, as well as general market assessments. Changes in our evaluation of these factors impacted the cash flows expected to be collected at the OTTI assessment date and were used to determine if there were credit-related adverse cash flows and if so, the amount of credit related losses. Significant judgment is used in both our analysis of the expected cash flows for our AFS securities and any determination of the credit loss component of OTTI.
The table below summarizes the significant valuation assumptions we used for our AFS securities in unrealized loss positions at SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Table 7.7 – Significant Valuation Assumptions
September 30, 2017 Range for Securities
Prepayment rates 8%-15%
Projected losses 0.25%-8%

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)
Note 7. Real Estate Securities - (continued)


June 30, 2018 Range for Securities
Prepayment rates 6%-10%
Projected losses 0.20%-3%
The following table details the activity related to the credit loss component of OTTI (i.e., OTTI recognized through earnings) for AFS securities held at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016,2017, for which a portion of an OTTI was recognized in other comprehensive income.
Table 7.8 – Activity of the Credit Component of Other-than-Temporary Impairments
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017 2018 2017
Balance at beginning of period $25,802
 $28,198
 $28,261
 $28,277
 $20,924
 $26,390
 $21,037
 $28,261
Additions                
Initial credit impairments —
 —
 178
 291
 43
 81
 43
 178
Subsequent credit impairments —
 —
 47
 —
 —
 47
 —
 47
Reductions                
Securities sold, or expected to sell —
 —
 (2,282) (261) —
 (716) (99) (2,282)
Securities with no outstanding principal at period end (42) —
 (444) (109) —
 —
 (14) (402)
Balance at End of Period $25,760
 $28,198
 $25,760
 $28,198
 $20,967
 $25,802
 $20,967
 $25,802

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 7. Real Estate Securities - (continued)


Gains and losses from the sale of AFS securities are recorded as Realized gains, net, in our consolidated statements of income. The following table presents the gross realized gains and losses on sales and calls of AFS securities for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 7.9 – Gross Realized Gains and Losses on AFS Securities
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017 2018 2017
Gross realized gains - sales $1,734
 $1,990
 $9,381
 $22,395
 $4,674
 $2,555
 $14,037
 $7,647
Gross realized gains - calls —
 —
 677
 1,210
 43
 66
 43
 677
Gross realized losses - sales —
 —
 —
 (2,293) (3) —
 (3) —
Gross realized losses - calls —
 —
 (497) —
 —
 (497) —
 (497)
Total Realized Gains on Sales and Calls of AFS
Securities, net
 $1,734
 $1,990
 $9,561
 $21,312
 $4,714
 $2,124
 $14,077
 $7,827

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)




Note 8. Mortgage Servicing Rights
We invest in mortgage servicing rights associated with residential mortgage loans and contract with licensed sub-servicers to perform all servicing functions for these loans. The following table presents the fair value of MSRs and the aggregate principal amounts of associated loans as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016.
Table 8.1 – Fair Value of MSRs and Aggregate Principal Amounts of Associated Loans
  September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016
(In Thousands) MSR Fair Value Associated Principal MSR Fair Value Associated Principal
Mortgage Servicing Rights        
Conforming Loans $1,125
 $107,298
 $58,523
 $4,989,720
Jumbo Loans 61,803
 5,639,708
 60,003
 5,467,169
Total Mortgage Servicing Rights $62,928
 $5,747,006
 $118,526
 $10,456,889
The following table presents activity for MSRs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.
Table 8.2 – Activity for MSRs
  Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016
Balance at beginning of period $63,770
 $110,046
 $118,526
 $191,976
Additions 256
 3,443
 7,957
 22,941
Sales —
 (8,860) (52,966) (38,419)
Changes in fair value due to:        
Changes in assumptions (1)
 563
 7,085
 (3,450) (52,723)
Other changes (2)
 (1,661) (5,705) (7,139) (17,766)
Balance at End of Period $62,928
 $106,009
 $62,928
 $106,009
(1)Primarily reflects changes in prepayment assumptions due to changes in market interest rates.
(2)Represents changes due to receipt of expected cash flows.
During the three months ended September 30, 2017, we did not sell any MSRs. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we sold conforming MSRs with a fair value of $53 million.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)

Note 8. Mortgage Servicing Rights - (continued)


We make investments in MSRs through the retention of servicing rights associated with the residential mortgage loans that we acquire and subsequently transfer to third parties or through the direct acquisition of MSRs sold by third parties. We hold our MSR investments at our taxable REIT subsidiary. The following table details the retention and purchase of MSRs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.
Table 8.3 – MSR Additions
  Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
(In Thousands) MSR Fair Value Associated Principal MSR Fair Value Associated Principal
Jumbo MSR additions:        
From securitization $—
 $—
 $7,123
 $654,605
From loan sales —
 —
 263
 31,658
Total jumbo MSR additions —
 —
 7,386
 686,263
Conforming MSR additions:        
From purchases 256
 41,263
 571
 95,595
Total MSR Additions $256
 $41,263
 $7,957
 $781,858
The following table presents the components of our MSR income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.
Table 8.4 – Components of MSR Income, net
  Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016
Servicing income $3,872
 $9,943
 $17,290
 $32,199
Cost of sub-servicer (476) (1,217) (2,515) (4,958)
Net servicing fee income 3,396
 8,726
 14,775
 27,241
Market valuation changes of MSRs (1,351) 1,380
 (10,842) (70,489)
Market valuation changes of associated derivatives (422) (6,336) 1,869
 55,874
MSR provision for repurchases (8) —
 304
 208
MSR Income, Net $1,615
 $3,770
 $6,106
 $12,834

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)


Note 9.8. Derivative Financial Instruments
The following table presents the fair value and notional amount of our derivative financial instruments at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016.2017.
Table 9.18.1 – Fair Value and Notional Amount of Derivative Financial Instruments
 September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
 
Fair
Value
 
Notional
Amount
 
Fair
Value
 
Notional
Amount
 
Fair
Value
 
Notional
Amount
 
Fair
Value
 
Notional
Amount
(In Thousands)  
Assets - Risk Management Derivatives                
Interest rate swaps $3,645
 $509,000
 $19,859
 $1,009,000
 $59,468
 $2,675,500
 $10,122
 $1,765,000
TBAs 2,875
 985,000
 8,300
 850,000
 3,186
 1,230,000
 133
 295,000
Futures 135
 7,500
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1
 7,500
Swaptions 297
 300,000
 5,121
 345,000
 —
 —
 42
 200,000
Assets - Other Derivatives                
Loan purchase commitments 4,996
 802,550
 3,315
 352,981
 2,991
 460,620
 3,243
 547,434
Loan forward sale commitments —
 —
 2,177
 343,681
Total Assets $11,948
 $2,604,050
 $36,595
 $2,556,981
 $65,645
 $4,366,120
 $15,718
 $3,158,615
                
Liabilities - Cash Flow Hedges                
Interest rate swaps $(45,093) $139,500
 $(44,822) $139,500
 $(31,601) $139,500
 $(43,679) $139,500
Liabilities - Risk Management Derivatives                
Interest rate swaps (12,901) 1,838,500
 (12,097) 1,101,500
 (13,129) 820,000
 (11,888) 1,248,000
TBAs (3,946) 950,000
 (4,681) 510,000
 (6,372) 1,485,000
 (3,808) 1,400,000
Futures (423) 29,000
 (928) 87,500
 (126) 15,000
 —
 —
Liabilities - Other Derivatives                
Loan purchase commitments (2,875) 683,709
 (3,801) 584,862
 (4,701) 805,139
 (3,706) 697,966
Total Liabilities $(65,238) $3,640,709
 $(66,329) $2,423,362
 $(55,929) $3,264,639
 $(63,081) $3,485,466
Total Derivative Financial Instruments, Net $(53,290) $6,244,759
 $(29,734) $4,980,343
 $9,716
 $7,630,759
 $(47,363) $6,644,081

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 8. Derivative Financial Instruments - (continued)


Risk Management Derivatives
To manage, to varying degrees, risks associated with certain assets and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets, we may enter into derivative contracts. At SeptemberJune 30, 2018, we were party to swaps and swaptions with an aggregate notional amount of $3.50 billion, TBA agreements sold with an aggregate notional amount of $2.72 billion, and financial futures contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $15 million. At December 31, 2017, we were party to swaps and swaptions with an aggregate notional amount of $2.65$3.21 billion, TBA agreements sold with an aggregate notional amount of $1.94$1.70 billion, and financial futures contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $37 million. At December 31, 2016, we were party to swaps and swaptions with an aggregate notional amount of $2.46 billion, TBA agreements sold with an aggregate notional amount of $1.36 billion, and financial futures contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $88$8 million.
During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2018, risk management derivatives had net market valuation gains of $22 million and $89 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, risk management derivatives had net market valuation losses of $9$20 million and $36 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, risk management derivatives had net market valuation losses of $5 million and $11$27 million, respectively. These market valuation gains and losses are recorded in Mortgage banking activities, net, Investment fair value changes, net, and MSROther income, net on our consolidated statements of income.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)

Note 9. Derivative Financial Instruments - (continued)


Loan Purchase and Forward Sale Commitments
LPCs and FSCs that qualify as derivatives are recorded at their estimated fair values. NetFor the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, LPCs and FSCs had net market valuation losses of $3 million and $10 million, respectively, that were recorded in Mortgage banking activities, net on our consolidated statements of income. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, LPCs had net market valuation gains on LPCs were $13of $10 million and $34$21 million, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and were $12 million and $36 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. The market valuation gains and lossesthat were recorded in Mortgage banking activities, net on our consolidated statements of income.
Derivatives Designated as Cash Flow Hedges
To manage the variability in interest expense related to portions of our long-term debt and certain adjustable-rate securitization entity liabilities that are included in our consolidated balance sheets for financial reporting purposes, we designated certain interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges with an aggregate notional balance of $140 million.
For the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, changes in the values of designated cash flow hedges were positive $0.3$3 million and negative $0.4positive $12 million, respectively, and were recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of equity. For the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016,2017, changes in the values of designated cash flow hedges were positive $1negative $2 million and negative $23$1 million, respectively, and were recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of equity. For interest rate agreements currently or previously designated as cash flow hedges, our total unrealized loss reported in Accumulated other comprehensive income was $44$31 million and $43 million at both SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016.2017, respectively.
The following table illustrates the impact on interest expense of our interest rate agreements accounted for as cash flow hedges for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 9.28.2 – Impact on Interest Expense of Interest Rate Agreements Accounted for as Cash Flow Hedges
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017 2018 2017
Net interest expense on cash flows hedges $(1,119) $(1,314) $(3,516) $(4,049) $(804) $(1,172) $(1,802) $(2,397)
Realized net losses reclassified from other comprehensive income (14) (18) (42) (55) —
 (14) —
 (28)
Total Interest Expense $(1,133) $(1,332) $(3,558) $(4,104) $(804) $(1,186) $(1,802) $(2,425)
Derivative Counterparty Credit Risk
As discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016,2017, we consider counterparty risk as part of our fair value assessments of all derivative financial instruments at each quarter-end. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we assessed this risk as remote and did not record a specific valuation adjustment.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 8. Derivative Financial Instruments - (continued)


At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we had outstanding derivative agreements with threetwo counterparties (other than clearinghouses) and were in compliance with ISDA agreements governing our open derivative positions.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)

Note 10.9. Other Assets and Liabilities
Other assets at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, are summarized in the following table.
Table 10.19.1 – Components of Other Assets
(In Thousands) September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Mortgage servicing rights $64,674
 $63,598
Margin receivable $93,679
 $68,038
 49,538
 85,044
FHLBC stock 43,393
 43,393
 43,393
 43,393
Pledged collateral 42,933
 42,875
 42,201
 42,615
MSR holdback receivable 9,754
 1,862
Investment receivable 6,095
 1,068
Participation in loan warehouse facility 41,658
 —
Investment in 5 Arches 10,973
 —
Fixed assets and leasehold improvements (1)
 5,189
 2,645
Guarantee asset 3,049
 4,092
 2,936
 2,869
REO 3,020
 5,533
 2,649
 3,354
Fixed assets and leasehold improvements (1)
 2,852
 2,750
Other 4,731
 12,334
 9,459
 15,046
Total Other Assets $209,506
 $181,945
 $272,670
 $258,564
(1)Fixed assets and leasehold improvements had a basis of $6$10 million and accumulated depreciation of $3$4 million at SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Accrued expenses and other liabilities at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 20162017 are summarized in the following table.
Table 10.29.2 – Components of Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities
(In Thousands) September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Guarantee obligations $20,101
 $21,668
 $18,124
 $19,487
Accrued compensation 18,978
 18,830
 13,387
 24,025
Accrued taxes payable 15,835
 525
Deferred tax liabilities 11,764
 11,764
Unsettled trades 12,005
 24
 11,328
 13
Margin payable 7,282
 390
Residential loan and MSR repurchase reserve 4,755
 5,432
 4,443
 4,916
Accrued income taxes payable 2,547
 —
Legal reserve 2,000
 2,000
 2,000
 2,000
Current accounts payable 1,920
 1,151
Accrued operating expenses 1,097
 4,493
Deferred tax liability 898
 898
Margin payable 841
 12,783
Other 2,632
 4,624
 8,696
 5,134
Total Other Liabilities $81,062
 $72,428
Total Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities $79,571
 $67,729
Mortgage Servicing Rights
We invest in mortgage servicing rights associated with residential mortgage loans and contract with licensed sub-servicers to perform all servicing functions for these loans. The majority of our investments in MSRs were made through the retention of servicing rights associated with the residential jumbo mortgage loans that we acquire and subsequently transfer to third parties. We hold our MSR investments at our taxable REIT subsidiary.
At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, our MSRs had a fair value of $65 million and $64 million, respectively, and were associated with loans with an aggregate principal balance of $5.16 billion and $5.56 billion, respectively.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 9. Other Assets and Liabilities - (continued)


The following table presents activity for MSRs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 9.3 – Activity for MSRs
  Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) 2018 2017 2018 2017
Balance at beginning of period $66,496
 $111,013
 $63,598
 $118,526
Additions —
 216
 —
 7,701
Sales (1,077) (41,038) (1,077) (52,966)
Changes in fair value due to:        
Changes in assumptions (1)
 943
 (3,356) 5,289
 (4,013)
Other changes (2)
 (1,688) (3,065) (3,136) (5,478)
Balance at End of Period $64,674
 $63,770
 $64,674
 $63,770
(1)Primarily reflects changes in prepayment assumptions due to changes in market interest rates.
(2)Represents changes due to the realization of expected cash flows.
The following table presents the components of our MSR income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 9.4 – Components of MSR Income, net
  Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) 2018 2017 2018 2017
Servicing income $3,802
 $6,511
 $7,597
 $13,418
Cost of sub-servicer (338) (659) (930) (2,039)
Net servicing fee income 3,464
 5,852
 6,667
 11,379
Market valuation changes of MSRs (745) (6,421) 2,147
 (9,491)
Market valuation changes of associated derivatives (1,122) 3,040
 (6,261) 2,291
MSR reversal of provision for repurchases 277
 307
 277
 312
MSR Income, Net (1)
 $1,874
 $2,778
 $2,830
 $4,491
(1)MSR income, net is included in Other income, net on our consolidated statements of income.
Margin Receivable and Payable
Margin receivable and payable resulted from margin calls between us and our counterparties under derivatives, master repurchase agreements, and warehouse facilities, whereby we or the counterparty posted collateral.
FHLB Stock
In accordance with our FHLB-member subsidiary's borrowing agreement with the FHLBC, our subsidiary is required to purchase and hold stock in the FHLBC. See Note 133 and Note 12 for additional detail.information on this borrowing agreement.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 10.9. Other Assets and Liabilities - (continued)


Participation in Loan Warehouse Facility
In the second quarter of 2018, we invested in a subordinated participation in a revolving mortgage loan warehouse credit facility of one of our loan sellers. While our interest is subordinated, it is secured by the loans collateralizing the facility and we have recourse to the loan seller. We account for this subordinated participation interest as a loan receivable at amortized cost, and all associated interest income is recorded as a component of Other interest income in our consolidated statements of income. We monitor the credit quality of the warehouse line of credit and utilize such information in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses. As of June 30, 2018, we determined no allowance for credit losses was required for this receivable.
Investment in 5 Arches
On May 1, 2018, we acquired a 20% minority interest in 5 Arches, LLC ("5 Arches") for $10 million, which included a one-year option to purchase all remaining equity in the company for a combination of cash and stock totaling $40 million. 5 Arches is an originator and asset manager of business-purpose residential mortgage loans, including loans to investors in single-family rental properties, bridge loans for investors in multifamily properties, and loans to investors rehabilitating and reselling residential properties. In connection with this investment, we also entered into a loan flow purchase agreement, which gives us exclusive access to 5 Arches' single-family rental loan production for a one-year period. At June 30, 2018, we had not purchased any loans under this agreement.
We account for our ownership interest in 5 Arches using the equity method of accounting as we are able to exert significant influence over but do not control the activities of the investee. At June 30, 2018, the carrying amount of our investment in 5 Arches was $7 million. We account for our purchase option as a cost method investment, which had a carrying value of $4 million at June 30, 2018. We have elected to record our share of earnings or losses from 5 Arches on a one-quarter lag, and as such, we did not record any equity method investment earnings or losses associated with this investment during the three months ended June 30, 2018.
Guarantee Asset, Pledged Collateral, and Guarantee Obligations
The pledged collateral, guarantee asset, and guarantee obligations presented in the tables above are related to our risk sharingrisk-sharing arrangements with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. In accordance with these arrangements, we are required to pledge collateral to secure our guarantee obligations. See Note 1413 for additional information on our risk sharingrisk-sharing arrangements.
Investment Receivable and Unsettled Trades
In accordance with our policy to record purchases and sales of securities on the trade date, if the trade and settlement of a purchase or sale crosses over a quarterly reporting period, we will record an investment receivable for sales and an unsettled trades liability for purchases. 
MSR Holdback Receivable
MSR holdback receivable represents amounts owed to us from third parties related to the sale of MSRs.
REO
The carrying value of REO at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 was $3 million, which includes the net effect of $3$2 million related to transfers into REO during the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, offset by $9$3 million of REO liquidations, and $3$0.4 million of unrealized gains resulting from market valuation adjustments. At SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, there were 129 and 2314 REO properties, respectively, recorded on our consolidated balance sheets, all of which were owned at consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities.
Accrued Taxes Payable
Accrued taxes payable at September 30, 2017 represents the interim period current and deferred tax provisions, less any estimated tax payments made during the interim period. Annually, we record separate current and deferred tax provisions and at December 31, 2016, the accrued taxes payable represents income taxes currently payable to federal and state tax authorities.
Legal and Repurchase Reserves
See Note 1413 for additional information on the legal and residential repurchase reserves.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)



Note 11.10. Short-Term Debt
We enter into repurchase agreements, bank warehouse agreements, and other forms of collateralized (and generally uncommitted) short-term borrowings with several banks and major investment banking firms. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we had outstanding agreements with several counterparties and we were in compliance with all of the related covenants. For additional information about these financial covenants and our short-term debt, see Part I, Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.2017.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 10. Short-Term Debt - (continued)


The table below summarizes our short-term debt, including the facilities that are available to us, the outstanding balances, the weighted average interest rate, and the maturity information at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016.2017.
Table 11.110.1 – Short-Term Debt
 September 30, 2017 June 30, 2018
(Dollars in Thousands) Number of Facilities Outstanding Balance Limit Weighted Average Interest Rate Maturity Weighted Average Days Until Maturity Number of Facilities Outstanding Balance Limit Weighted Average Interest Rate Maturity Weighted Average Days Until Maturity
Facilities                  
Residential loan warehouse 4
 $438,243
 $1,325,000
 2.80% 12/2017-8/2018 150 4
 $719,394
 $1,425,000
 3.69% 8/2018-3/2019 141
Real estate securities repo 8
 549,811
 —
 2.46% 10/2017-12/2017 28 7
 706,894
 —
 3.25% 7/2018-9/2018 28
Total Short-Term Debt Facilities 12
 988,054
     
Convertible notes, net N/A
 250,142
 —
 4.63% 4/2018 197
Total Short-Term Debt 
 $1,238,196
      11
 $1,426,288
     
 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2017
(Dollars in Thousands) Number of Facilities Outstanding Balance Limit Weighted Average Interest Rate Maturity Weighted Average Days Until Maturity Number of Facilities Outstanding Balance Limit Weighted Average Interest Rate Maturity Weighted Average Days Until Maturity
Facilities                  
Residential loan warehouse 4
 $485,544
 $1,325,000
 2.40% 1/2017-12/2017 206 4
 $1,039,666
 $1,575,000
 3.17% 1/2018-12/2018 197
Real estate securities repo 7
 305,995
 —
 1.91% 1/2017-3/2017 24 9
 648,746
 —
 2.69% 1/2018-3/2018 28
Total Short-Term Debt Facilities 13
 1,688,412
     
Convertible notes, net N/A
 250,270
 —
 4.63% 4/2018 105
Total Short-Term Debt 11
 $791,539
        $1,938,682
     
Borrowings under our facilities are generally charged interest based on a specified margin over the one-month LIBOR interest rate. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, all of these borrowings were under uncommitted facilities and were due within 364 days (or less) of the borrowing date.
DuringThe fair value of held-for-sale residential loans and real estate securities pledged as collateral under our short-term debt facilities was $786 million and $846 million, respectively, at June 30, 2018 and $1.15 billion and $788 million, respectively, at December 31, 2017. At June 30, 2018, the fair value of our real estate securities pledged as collateral included $88 million of securities retained from our consolidated Sequoia Choice securitizations. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the average balances of our short-term debt facilities were $1.48 billion and $1.42 billion, respectively. At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, accrued interest payable on our short-term debt facilities was $3 million and $2 million, respectively.
During the second quarter of 2017, $288 million principal amount of 4.625% convertible senior notes and $2 million of unamortized deferred issuance costs were reclassified from long-term debt to short-term debt, as the maturity of the notes was less than one year as of April 2017. Additionally, during the three months ended June 30,second quarter of 2017, we repurchased $37 million par value of these notes at a premium and recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1 million in Realized gains, net on our consolidated statements of income. At September 30, 2017, theIn April 2018, we repaid these $250 million convertible notes and all related accrued interest payable balance on this debt was $5 million.in full. See Note 1312 for additional information on our convertible notes.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)
Note 11. Short-Term Debt - (continued)


The fair value of held-for-sale residential loans and real estate securities pledged as collateral under our short-term debt facilities was $493 million and $663 million, respectively, at September 30, 2017 and $534 million and $363 million, respectively, at December 31, 2016. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the average balances of our short-term debt facilities were $1.07 billion and $0.97 billion, respectively. At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, accrued interest payable on our short-term debt facilities was $5 million and $3 million, respectively.
We also maintain a $10 million committed line of credit with a financial institution that is secured by certain mortgage-backed securities with a fair market value of $6$4 million at SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018. At both SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, we had no outstanding borrowings on this facility.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 10. Short-Term Debt - (continued)


Remaining Maturities of Short-Term Debt
The following table presents the remaining maturities of our secured short-term debt by the type of collateral securing the debt as well as our convertible notes at SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Table 11.210.2 – Short-Term Debt by Collateral Type and Remaining Maturities
 September 30, 2017 June 30, 2018
(In Thousands) Within 30 days 31 to 90 days Over 90 days Total Within 30 days 31 to 90 days Over 90 days Total
Collateral Type                
Held-for-sale residential loans $—
 $120,219
 $318,024
 $438,243
 $—
 $334,775
 $384,619
 $719,394
Real estate securities 422,300
 127,511
 —
 549,811
 491,738
 215,156
 —
 706,894
Total Secured Short-Term Debt 422,300
 247,730
 318,024
 988,054
Convertible notes, net —
 —
 250,142
 250,142
Total Short-Term Debt $422,300
 $247,730
 $568,166
 $1,238,196
 $491,738
 $549,931
 $384,619
 $1,426,288
Note 12.11. Asset-Backed Securities Issued
Through our Sequoia securitization program, we sponsor securitization transactions in which ABS backed by residential mortgage loans are issued by Sequoia entities. We consolidated the Legacy Sequoia securitization entities, and beginning in September 2017, the Sequoia Choice securitization entity,entities, that we determined were VIEs and for which we determined we were the primary beneficiary. Each consolidated securitization entity is independent of Redwood and of each other and the assets and liabilities are not owned by and are not legal obligations of Redwood. Our exposure to these entities is primarily through the financial interests we have retained, although we are exposed to certain financial risks associated with our role as a sponsor, servicing administrator, or depositor of these entities or as a result of our having sold assets directly or indirectly to these entities.
We account for the ABS issued under our consolidated Sequoia entities at fair value, with periodic changes in fair value recorded in Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income. Pursuant to the CFE guidelines, the market valuation changes on our Sequoia loans are based on the estimated fair value of the associated ABS issued. The net impact to our income statement associated with our retained economic investment in the Sequoia securitization entities is presented in Note 5.
The ABS issued by these entities consist of various classes of securities that pay interest on a monthly or quarterly basis. All ABS issued by the Sequoia Choice entityentities pay fixed rates of interest and substantially all ABS issued by the Legacy Sequoia entities pay variable rates of interest, which are indexed to one-, three-, or six-month LIBOR. Some ABS issued by the Legacy Sequoia entities pay hybrid rates, which are fixed rates that subsequently adjust to variable rates. ABS issued also includes some interest-only classes with coupons set at a fixed spread to a benchmark rate, or set at a spread to the interest rates earned on the assets less the interest rates paid on the liabilities of a securitization entity.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)
Note 12. Asset-Backed Securities Issued - (continued)


The carrying values of ABS issued by Sequoia securitization entities we sponsored at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, along with other selected information, are summarized in the following table.

Table 12.111.1 – Asset-Backed Securities Issued
September 30, 2017 
Legacy
Sequoia
 Sequoia
Choice		 Total
June 30, 2018 
Legacy
Sequoia
 Sequoia
Choice		 Total
(Dollars in Thousands) 
Legacy
Sequoia
 Sequoia
Choice		 Total 
Certificates with principal balance  $615,868
 $1,320,414
 $1,936,282
Interest-only certificates 2,829
 4,153
 6,982
 1,578
 21,843
 23,421
Market valuation adjustments (75,181) 5,302
 (69,879) (35,211) 5,170
 (30,041)
ABS Issued, Net $657,960
 $286,328
 $944,288
 $582,235
 $1,347,427
 $1,929,662
Range of weighted average interest rates, by series 1.20% to 2.56%
 4.53%
   2.12% to 3.26%
 4.48% to 4.65%
  
Stated maturities 2024 - 2036
 2047
   2024 - 2036
 2047 - 2048
  
Number of series 20
 1
   20
 4
  

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 11. Asset-Backed Securities Issued - (continued)


December 31, 2016 
Legacy
Sequoia
 Sequoia
Choice		 Total
December 31, 2017 
Legacy
Sequoia
 Sequoia
Choice		 Total
(Dollars in Thousands) 
Legacy
Sequoia
 Sequoia
Choice		 Total 
Certificates with principal balance  $691,125
 $526,657
 $1,217,782
Interest-only certificates 3,774
 —
 3,774
 1,972
 7,695
 9,667
Market valuation adjustments (110,829) —
 (110,829) (70,652) 7,788
 (62,864)
ABS Issued, Net $773,462
 $—
 $773,462
 $622,445
 $542,140
 $1,164,585
Range of weighted average interest rates, by series 0.74% to 2.23%
 —%   1.46% to 2.78%
 4.52% to 4.73%
  
Stated maturities 2024 - 2036
 N/A
   2024 - 2036
 2047
  
Number of series 20
 —
   20
 2
  
The actual maturity of each class of ABS issued is primarily determined by the rate of principal prepayments on the assets of the issuing entity. Each series is also subject to redemption prior to the stated maturity according to the terms of the respective governing documents of each ABS issuing entity. As a result, the actual maturity of ABS issued may occur earlier than its stated maturity. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, all of the ABS issued and outstanding had contractual maturities beyond five years.
At both SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, accrued interest payable on ABS issued by the Legacy Sequoia entities was $1 million. At SeptemberJune 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, accrued interest payable on ABS issued by the Sequoia Choice entityentities was $1 million.$5 million and $2 million, respectively. Interest due on consolidated ABS issued is payable monthly.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)
Note 12. Asset-Backed Securities Issued - (continued)


The following table summarizes the carrying value components of the collateral for ABS issued and outstanding at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016.2017.
Table 12.211.2 – Collateral for Asset-Backed Securities Issued
September 30, 2017 
Legacy
Sequoia
 
Sequoia
Choice
 Total
June 30, 2018 
Legacy
Sequoia
 
Sequoia
Choice
 Total
(In Thousands) 
Legacy
Sequoia
 
Sequoia
Choice
 Total 
Residential loans  $592,029
 $1,481,145
 $2,073,174
Restricted cash 147
 —
 147
 147
 10
 157
Accrued interest receivable 898
 1,266
 2,164
 835
 5,956
 6,791
REO 3,020
 —
 3,020
 2,649
 —
 2,649
Total Collateral for ABS Issued $677,199
 $318,569
 $995,768
 $595,660
 $1,487,111
 $2,082,771
December 31, 2016 
Legacy
Sequoia
 Sequoia
Choice		 Total
December 31, 2017 
Legacy
Sequoia
 Sequoia
Choice		 Total
(In Thousands) 
Legacy
Sequoia
 Sequoia
Choice		 Total 
Residential loans  $632,817
 $620,062
 $1,252,879
Restricted cash 148
 —
 148
 147
 4
 151
Accrued interest receivable 1,000
 —
 1,000
 867
 2,524
 3,391
REO 5,533
 —
 5,533
 3,353
 —
 3,353
Total Collateral for ABS Issued $798,317
 $—
 $798,317
 $637,184
 $622,590
 $1,259,774

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)


Note 13.12. Long-Term Debt

FHLBC Borrowings

In July 2014, our FHLB-member subsidiary entered into a borrowing agreement with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, under this agreement, our subsidiary could incur borrowings up to $2.00 billion, also referred to as “advances,” from the FHLBC secured by eligible collateral, including residential mortgage loans. During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, our FHLB-member subsidiary made no additional borrowings under this agreement. Under a final rule published by the Federal Housing Finance Agency in January 2016, our FHLB-member subsidiary will remain an FHLB member through the five-year transition period for captive insurance companies. Our FHLB-member subsidiary's existing $2.00 billion of FHLB debt, which matures beyond this transition period, is permitted to remain outstanding until its stated maturity. As residential loans pledged as collateral for this debt pay down, we are permitted to pledge additional loans or other eligible assets to collateralize this debt; however, we do not expect to be able to increase our subsidiary's FHLB debt above the existing $2.00 billion maximum.
At SeptemberJune 30, 2018, $2.00 billion of advances were outstanding under this agreement, which were classified as long-term debt, with a weighted average interest rate of 2.03% and a weighted average maturity of approximately seven years. At December 31, 2017, $2.00 billion of advances were outstanding under this agreement, which were classified as long-term debt, with a weighted average interest rate of 1.3%1.38% and a weighted average maturity of approximately eight years. At December 31, 2016, $2.00 billion of advances were outstanding under this agreement, which were classified as long-term debt, with a weighted average interest rate of 0.64% and a weighted average maturity of nine years. Advances under this agreement incur interest charges based on a specified margin over the FHLBC’s 13-week discount note rate, which resets every 13 weeks. Total advances under this agreement were secured by residential mortgage loans with a fair value of $2.26$2.31 billion at SeptemberJune 30, 2017. In addition, cash of $24 million served as collateral for these borrowings at September 30, 2017, and is presented as restricted cash on our consolidated balance sheet.2018. This agreement also requires our subsidiary to purchase and hold stock in the FHLBC in an amount equal to a specified percentage of outstanding advances. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, our subsidiary held $43 million of FHLBC stock that is included in Other assets in our consolidated balance sheets.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)
Note 13. Long-Term Debt - (continued)


The following table presents maturities of our FHLBC borrowings by year at SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Table 13.112.1 – Maturities of FHLBC Borrowings by Year
(In Thousands) September 30, 2017 June 30, 2018
2024 $470,171
 $470,171
2025 887,639
 887,639
2026 642,189
 642,189
Total FHLBC Borrowings $1,999,999
 $1,999,999
For additional information about our FHLBC borrowings, see Part I, Item 2 of Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q under the heading “Risks Relating to Debt Incurred under Short- and Long-Term Borrowing Facilities.”
Convertible Notes
In June 2018, we issued $200 million principal amount of 5.625% convertible senior notes due 2024 at an issuance price of 99.5%. These convertible notes require semi-annual interest payments at a fixed coupon rate of 5.625% until maturity or conversion, which will be no later than July 15, 2024. After deducting the issuance discount, the underwriting discount and offering costs, we received $194 million of net proceeds. Including amortization of deferred debt issuance costs and the debt discount, the weighted average interest expense yield on these convertible notes is approximately 6.2% per annum. These notes are convertible at the option of the holder at a conversion rate of 54.7645 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of convertible senior notes (equivalent to a conversion price of $18.26 per common share). Upon conversion of these notes by a holder, the holder will receive shares of our common stock. At June 30, 2018, the outstanding principal amount of these notes was $200 million and the accrued interest payable on this debt was $0.2 million. At June 30, 2018, the unamortized deferred issuance costs and debt discount were $5 million and $1 million, respectively.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 12. Long-Term Debt - (continued)


In August 2017, we issued $245 million principal amount of 4.75% convertible senior notes due 2023. These convertible notes require semi-annual interest payments at a fixed coupon rate of 4.75% until maturity or conversion, which will be no later than August 15, 2023. After deducting the underwriting discount and offering costs, we received $238 million of net proceeds. Including amortization of deferred securitiesdebt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on these convertible notes is approximately 5.3% per annum. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, these notes were convertible at the option of the holder at a conversion rate of 53.839453.9060 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of convertible senior notes (equivalent to a conversion price of $18.57$18.55 per common share). Upon conversion of these notes by a holder, the holder will receive shares of our common stock. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the outstanding principal amount of these notes was $245 million. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the accrued interest payable balance on this debt was $1$4 million and the unamortized deferred issuance costs were $7$6 million.
In November 2014, RWT Holdings, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Redwood Trust, Inc., issued $205 million principal amount of 5.625% exchangeable senior notes due 2019. These exchangeable notes require semi-annual interest payments at a fixed coupon rate of 5.625% until maturity or exchange, which will be no later than November 15, 2019. After deducting the underwriting discount and offering costs, we received $198 million of net proceeds. Including amortization of deferred securitiesdebt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on these exchangeable notes is approximately 6.3% per annum. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, these notes were exchangeableconvertible at the option of the holder at an exchangea conversion rate of 46.179846.2370 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of exchangeableconvertible senior notes (equivalent to an exchangea conversion price of $21.65$21.63 per common share). Upon exchange of these notes by a holder, the holder will receive shares of our common stock. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we did not repurchase anyfirst quarter of these notes. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we repurchased $4 million par value of these notes at a discount and recorded a gain on extinguishment of debt of $0.3 million in Realized gains, net on our consolidated statements of income. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the outstanding principal amount of these notes was $201 million. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the accrued interest payable balance on this debt was $4$1 million and the unamortized deferred issuance costs were $3$2 million.
In March 2013, we issued $288 million principal amount of 4.625% convertible senior notes due in April 2018. These convertible notes requirerequired semi-annual interest payments at a fixed coupon rate of 4.625% until maturity or conversion, which will be no later thanthe debt matured on April 15, 2018. After deducting the underwriting discount and offering costs, we received $279 million of net proceeds. Including amortization of deferred securitiesdebt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on these convertible notes iswas approximately 4.8% per annum. At September 30, 2017,Until maturity, these notes were convertible at the option of the holder at a conversion rate of 41.1320 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of convertible senior notes (equivalent to a conversion price of $24.31 per common share). Upon conversion of these notes by a holder, the holder will receive shares of our common stock. During the three months ended June 30,second quarter of 2017, $288 million principal amount of these convertible notes and $2 million of unamortized deferred issuance costs were reclassified from long-term debt to short-term debt, as the maturity of the notes was less than one year as of April 2017. Additionally, during the three months ended June 30,second quarter of 2017, we repurchased $37 million par value of these notes at a premium and recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1 million in Realized gains, net on our consolidated statements of income. At September 30, 2017, the outstanding principal amount ofIn April 2018, we repaid these $250 million convertible notes was $250 million. At September 30, 2017, theand all related accrued interest payable balance on this debt was $5 million and the unamortized deferred issuance costs were $0.3 million.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)
Note 13. Long-Term Debt - (continued)


in full.
Trust Preferred Securities and Subordinated Notes
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we had trust preferred securities and subordinated notes outstanding of $100 million and $40 million, respectively. This debt requires quarterly interest payments at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 2.25% until the notes are redeemed. The $100 million trust preferred securities will be redeemed no later than January 30, 2037, and the $40 million subordinated notes will be redeemed no later than July 30, 2037. Prior to 2014, we entered into interest rate swaps with aggregate notional values totaling $140 million to hedge the variability in this long-term debt interest expense. Including hedging costs and amortization of deferred securitiesdebt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on our trust preferred securities and subordinated notes is approximately 6.8% per annum. At both SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, the accrued interest payable balance on our trust preferred securities and subordinated notes was $1 million.
Under the terms of this debt, we covenant, among other things, to use our best efforts to continue to qualify as a REIT. If an event of default were to occur in respect of this debt, we would generally be restricted under its terms (subject to certain exceptions) from making dividend distributions to stockholders, from repurchasing common stock or repurchasing or redeeming any other then-outstanding equity securities, and from making any other payments in respect of any equity interests in us or in respect of any then-outstanding debt that is pari passu or subordinate to this debt.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 12. Long-Term Debt - (continued)


Single-Family Rental Loan Warehouse Facilities
During the second quarter of 2018, we entered into repurchase facilities with two third-party financial institutions to finance purchases of mortgage loans secured by 1-4 unit residential rental real estate ("single-family rental loans"). The first facility has an aggregate maximum borrowing capacity of $200 million and is scheduled to mature on June 29, 2020. The second facility has an aggregate maximum borrowing capacity of $200 million and is scheduled to mature on June 29, 2021. Borrowings under these facilities are generally charged interest based on a specified margin over the one-month LIBOR interest rate. At June 30, 2018, there were no amounts outstanding under either of these facilities.
Note 14.13. Commitments and Contingencies
Lease Commitments
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we were obligated under four non-cancelable operating leases with expiration dates through 2028 for $18$17 million of cumulative lease payments. Our operating lease expense was $2$1 million for both nine-monthsix-month periods ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
The following table presents our future lease commitments at SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Table 14.113.1 – Future Lease Commitments by Year
(In Thousands) September 30, 2017 June 30, 2018
2017 (3 months) $387
2018 1,948
2018 (6 months) $982
2019 1,987
 1,987
2020 1,965
 1,965
2021 and thereafter 11,691
2021 1,474
2022 and thereafter 10,217
Total Lease Commitments $17,978
 $16,625
Commitments to Fund Equity Investments
At June 30, 2018, we had committed to fund $50 million to a limited partnership created to finance clean energy projects. This obligation may be requested at any time by the investment manager and will be recorded on our balance sheet as an equity method investment upon funding. At June 30, 2018, no investments in this partnership had been funded.
Commitment to Participate in Loan Warehouse Facility
In the second quarter of 2018, we invested in a participation in the mortgage loan warehouse credit facility of one of our loan sellers. This investment includes a commitment to participate in (and an obligation to fund) a designated amount of the loan seller's borrowings under this warehouse credit facility. This obligation is subject to daily funding requests by the financial institution, and fundings are recorded on our balance sheet as a Participation in loan warehouse facility. At June 30, 2018, $42 million of our commitment had been funded, and we were committed to fund up to an additional $8 million. See Note 9 for additional detail on our participation in a loan warehouse facility.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 14.13. Commitments and Contingencies - (continued)


Loss Contingencies — Risk SharingRisk-Sharing
At September 30, 2017,During 2015 and 2016, we had sold conforming loans to the Agencies with an original unpaid principal balance of $3.19 billion, subject to our risk sharingrisk-sharing arrangements with the Agencies. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these arrangements was $44 million and this amount was fully collateralized by assets we transferred to pledged accounts and is presented as pledged collateral in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. We have no recourse to any third parties that would allow us to recover any amounts related to our obligations under the arrangements. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we had not incurred any losses under these arrangements. For the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2018, other income related to these arrangements was $1 million and $2 million, respectively, and net market valuation losses related to these investments were $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, other income related to these arrangements was $1 million and $2 million, respectively. For the threerespectively, and nine months ended September 30, 2016, other income related to these arrangements was $1 million and $3 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, net market valuation losses related to these investments were $0.3 million and $1 million respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, net market valuation losses related to these investments were zero and $1 million, respectively.for both periods.
All of the loans in the reference pools subject to these risk sharingrisk-sharing arrangements were originated in 2014 and 2015, and at SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the loans had an unpaid principal balance of $2.19$1.95 billion and a weighted average FICO score of 758 (at origination) and LTV of 77%76% (at origination). At SeptemberJune 30, 2017, $32018, $5 million of the loans were 90 days or more delinquent, andof which $1 million were in foreclosure. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the carrying value of our guarantee obligation was $20$18 million and included $10$6 million designated as a non-amortizing credit reserve, which we believe is sufficient to cover current expected losses under these obligations.
Our consolidated balance sheets include assets of special purpose entities ("SPEs") associated with these risk sharingrisk-sharing arrangements (i.e., the "pledged collateral" referred to above) that can only be used to settle obligations of these SPEs for which the creditors of these SPEs (the Agencies) do not have recourse to Redwood Trust, Inc. or its affiliates. At SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, assets of such SPEs totaled $47 million and $49$48 million, respectively, and liabilities of such SPEs totaled $20$18 million and $22$19 million, respectively.
Loss Contingencies — Residential Repurchase Reserve
We maintain a repurchase reserve for potential obligations arising from representation and warranty violations related to residential loans we have sold to securitization trusts or third parties and for conforming residential loans associated with MSRs that we have purchased from third parties. We do not originate residential loans and we believe the initial risk of loss due to loan repurchases (i.e., due to a breach of representations and warranties) would generally be a contingency to the companies from whom we acquired the loans. However, in some cases, for example, where loans were acquired from companies that have since become insolvent, repurchase claims may result in our being liable for a repurchase obligation.
At both September��June 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, our repurchase reserve associated with our residential loans and MSRs was $4 million and $5 million, respectively, and was recorded in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. We received 13two repurchase requests during the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, and repurchased one loandid not repurchase any loans during this period. During the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016,2017, we recorded reversals of repurchase provision of $0.5 million of reversal of provision for repurchases and $0.3$0.9 million, of provision for repurchases, respectively, that were recorded in Mortgage banking activities, net and MSROther income, net on our consolidated statements of income.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 14.13. Commitments and Contingencies - (continued)


Loss Contingencies — Litigation
On or about December 23, 2009, the Federal Home Loan Bank of Seattle (the “FHLB-Seattle”) filed a complaint in the Superior Court for the State of Washington (case number 09-2-46348-4 SEA) against Redwood Trust, Inc., our subsidiary, Sequoia Residential Funding, Inc. (“SRF”), Morgan Stanley & Co., and Morgan Stanley Capital I, Inc. (collectively, the “FHLB-Seattle Defendants”) alleging, which alleged that the FHLB-Seattle Defendants made false or misleading statements in offering materials for a mortgage pass-through certificate (the “Seattle Certificate”) issued in the Sequoia Mortgage Trust 2005-4 securitization transaction (the “2005-4 RMBS”) and purchased by the FHLB-Seattle. Specifically, the complaint alleged that the alleged misstatements concerned the (1) loan-to-value ratio of mortgage loans and the appraisals of the properties that secured loans supporting the 2005-4 RMBS, (2) occupancy status of the properties, (3) standards used to underwrite the loans, and (4) ratings assigned to the Seattle Certificate. The FHLB-Seattle allegesalleged claims under the Securities Act of Washington (Section 21.20.005, et seq.) and sought to rescind the purchase of the Seattle Certificate and to collect interest on the original purchase price at the statutory interest rate of 8% per annum from the date of original purchase (net of interest received) as well as attorneys’ fees and costs. The Seattle Certificate was issued with an original principal amount of approximately $133 million, and, at SeptemberJune 30, 2017, the FHLB-Seattle has received2018, approximately $125$126 million of principal and $11 million of interest payments had been made in respect of the Seattle Certificate. The matter was subsequently resolved and the claims were dismissed by the FHLB Seattle as to all the FHLB Seattle Defendants. At the time the Seattle Certificate was issued, Redwood agreed to indemnify the underwriters of the 2005-4 RMBS, which underwriters were named as defendants in the action, for certain losses and expenses they might incur as a result of claims made against them relating to this RMBS, including, without limitation, certain legal expenses. Regardless of the resolution of this litigation, we could incur a loss as a result of these indemnities.
On or about July 15, 2010, The Charles Schwab Corporation (“Schwab”) filed a complaint in the Superior Court for the State of California in San Francisco (case number CGC-10-501610) against SRF and 26 other defendants (collectively, the “Schwab Defendants”) alleging, which alleged that the Schwab Defendants made false or misleading statements in offering materials for various residential mortgage-backed securities sold or issued by the Schwab Defendants. Schwab alleged only a claim for negligent misrepresentation under California state law against SRF and sought unspecified damages and attorneys’ fees and costs from SRF. Schwab claimed that SRF made false or misleading statements in offering materials for a mortgage pass-through certificate (the “Schwab Certificate”) issued in the 2005-4 RMBS and purchased by Schwab. Specifically, the complaint alleged that the misstatements for the 2005-4 RMBS concerned the (1) loan-to-value ratio of mortgage loans and the appraisals of the properties that secured loans supporting the 2005-4 RMBS, (2) occupancy status of the properties, (3) standards used to underwrite the loans, and (4) ratings assigned to the Schwab Certificate. The Schwab Certificate was issued with an original principal amount of approximately $15 million, and, at SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, approximately $14 million of principal and $1 million of interest payments havehad been made in respect of the Schwab Certificate. On November 14, 2014, Schwab voluntarily dismissed with prejudice its negligent misrepresentation claim, which resulted in the dismissal with prejudice of SRF from the action. Subsequently, the matter was resolved and Schwab dismissed its claims against the lead underwriter of the 2005-4 RMBS. At the time the Schwab Certificate was issued, Redwood agreed to indemnify the underwriters of the 2005-4 RMBS, which underwriters were also named as defendants in the action, for certain losses and expenses they might incur as a result of claims made against them relating to this RMBS, including, without limitation, certain legal expenses. Regardless of the resolution of this litigation, Redwood could incur a loss as a result of these indemnities.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 13. Commitments and Contingencies - (continued)


Through certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, we have in the past engaged in, and expect to continue to engage in, activities relating to the acquisition and securitization of residential mortgage loans. In addition, certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries have in the past engaged in activities relating to the acquisition and securitization of debt obligations and other assets through the issuance of collateralized debt obligations (commonly referred to as CDO transactions). Because of this involvement in the securitization and CDO businesses, we could become the subject of litigation relating to these businesses, including additional litigation of the type described above, and we could also become the subject of governmental investigations, enforcement actions, or lawsuits, and governmental authorities could allege that we violated applicable law or regulation in the conduct of our business. As an example, in July 2016 we became aware of a complaint filed by the State of California on April 1, 2016 against Morgan Stanley & Co. and certain of its affiliates alleging, among other things, that there were misleading statements contained in offering materials for 28 different mortgage pass-through certificates purchased by various California investors, including various California public pension systems, from Morgan Stanley and alleging that Morgan Stanley made false or fraudulent claims in connection with the sale of those certificates. Of the 28 mortgage pass-through certificates that arewere the subject of the complaint, two arewere Sequoia mortgage pass-through certificates issued in 2004 and two arewere Sequoia mortgage pass-through certificates issued in 2007. With respect to each of those certificates, our wholly-owned subsidiary, RWT Holdings, Inc., was the sponsor and our wholly-owned subsidiary, Sequoia Residential Funding, Inc., was the depositor. The plaintiffs subsequently withdrew from the litigation their claims based on eight of the 28 mortgage pass-through certificates, including one of the Sequoia mortgage pass-through certificates issued in 2004. At the time these

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)

Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies - (continued)

four Sequoia mortgage pass-through certificates were issued, Sequoia Residential Funding, Inc. and Redwood Trust agreed to indemnify the underwriters of these certificates for certain losses and expenses they might incur as a result of claims made against them relating to these certificates, including, without limitation, certain legal expenses. Regardless of the outcome of this litigation, we could incur a loss as a result of these indemnities.
In accordance with GAAP, we review the need for any loss contingency reserves and establish reserves when, in the opinion of management, it is probable that a matter would result in a liability and the amount of loss, if any, can be reasonably estimated. Additionally, we record receivables for insurance recoveries relating to litigation-related losses and expenses if and when such amounts are covered by insurance and recovery of such losses or expenses are due. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the aggregate amount of loss contingency reserves established in respect of the FHLB-Seattle and Schwab litigation matters described above was $2 million. We review our litigation matters each quarter to assess these loss contingency reserves and make adjustments in these reserves, upwards or downwards, as appropriate, in accordance with GAAP based on our review.
In the ordinary course of any litigation matter, including certain of the above-referenced matters, we have engaged and may continue to engage in formal or informal settlement communications with the plaintiffs or co-defendants. Settlement communications we have engaged in relating to certain of the above-referenced litigation matters are one of the factors that have resulted in our determination to establish the loss contingency reserves described above. We cannot be certain that any of these matters will be resolved through a settlement prior to trial and we cannot be certain that the resolution of these matters, whether through trial or settlement, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations in any future period.
Future developments (including resolution of substantive pre-trial motions relating to these matters, receipt of additional information and documents relating to these matters (such as through pre-trial discovery), new or additional settlement communications with plaintiffs relating to these matters, or resolutions of similar claims against other defendants in these matters) could result in our concluding in the future to establish additional loss contingency reserves or to disclose an estimate of reasonably possible losses in excess of our established reserves with respect to these matters. Our actual losses with respect to the above-referenced litigation matters may be materially higher than the aggregate amount of loss contingency reserves we have established in respect of these litigation matters, including in the event that any of these matters proceeds to trial and the plaintiff prevails. Other factors that could result in our concluding to establish additional loss contingency reserves or estimate additional reasonably possible losses, or could result in our actual losses with respect to the above-referenced litigation matters being materially higher than the aggregate amount of loss contingency reserves we have established in respect of these litigation matters include that: there are significant factual and legal issues to be resolved; information obtained or rulings made during the lawsuits could affect the methodology for calculation of the available remedies; and we may have additional obligations pursuant to indemnity agreements, representations and warranties, and other contractual provisions with other parties relating to these litigation matters that could increase our potential losses.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 15.14. Equity
The following table provides a summary of changes to accumulated other comprehensive income by component for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 15.114.1 – Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income by Component
 Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
(In Thousands) Net Unrealized Gains on Available-for-Sale Securities Net Unrealized Losses on Interest Rate Agreements Accounted for as Cash Flow Hedges Net Unrealized Gains on Available-for-Sale Securities Net Unrealized Losses on Interest Rate Agreements Accounted for as Cash Flow Hedges Net Unrealized Gains on Available-for-Sale Securities Net Unrealized Losses on Interest Rate Agreements Accounted for as Cash Flow Hedges Net Unrealized Gains on Available-for-Sale Securities Net Unrealized Losses on Interest Rate Agreements Accounted for as Cash Flow Hedges
Balance at beginning of period $114,364
 $(44,688) $116,849
 $(70,518) $114,577
 $(34,522) $114,875
 $(42,273)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
before reclassifications (1)
 13,158
 321
 9,038
 647
Other comprehensive (loss) income
before reclassifications (1)
 (3,104) 3,417
 1,811
 (2,429)
Amounts reclassified from other
accumulated comprehensive income
 (853) 14
 (1,319) 18
 (4,748) —
 (2,322) 14
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) 12,305
 335
 7,719
 665
Net current-period other comprehensive (loss) income (7,852) 3,417
 (511) (2,415)
Balance at End of Period $126,669
 $(44,353) $124,568
 $(69,853) $106,725
 $(31,105) $114,364
 $(44,688)
 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
(In Thousands) Net Unrealized Gains on Available-for-Sale Securities Net Unrealized Losses on Interest Rate Agreements Accounted for as Cash Flow Hedges Net Unrealized Gains on Available-for-Sale Securities Net Unrealized Losses on Interest Rate Agreements Accounted for as Cash Flow Hedges Net Unrealized Gains on Available-for-Sale Securities Net Unrealized Losses on Interest Rate Agreements Accounted for as Cash Flow Hedges Net Unrealized Gains on Available-for-Sale Securities Net Unrealized Losses on Interest Rate Agreements Accounted for as Cash Flow Hedges
Balance at beginning of period $115,873
 $(44,020) $139,356
 $(47,363) $128,201
 $(42,953) $115,873
 $(44,020)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
before reclassifications (1)
 17,899
 (375) 5,195
 (22,545) (7,341) 11,848
 4,741
 (696)
Amounts reclassified from other
accumulated comprehensive income		 (7,103) 42
 (19,983) 55
 (14,135) —
 (6,250) 28
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) 10,796
 (333) (14,788) (22,490) (21,476) 11,848
 (1,509) (668)
Balance at End of Period $126,669
 $(44,353) $124,568
 $(69,853) $106,725
 $(31,105) $114,364
 $(44,688)
(1)Amounts presented for net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities are net of tax benefit (provision) of zero$0.2 million and $0.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, and $0.1 million and $(0.1) million for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017, respectively, and $0.2 million and $0.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 15.14. Equity - (continued)


The following table provides a summary of reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 15.214.2 – Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
        
 Amount Reclassified From Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Amount Reclassified From Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
 Affected Line Item in the Three Months Ended September 30, Affected Line Item in the Three Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) Income Statement 2017 2016 Income Statement 2018 2017
Net Realized (Gain) Loss on AFS Securities        
Other than temporary impairment (1)
 Investment fair value changes, net $3
 $—
 Investment fair value changes, net $56
 $128
Gain on sale of AFS securities Realized gains, net (856) (1,319) Realized gains, net (4,804) (2,450)
 $(853) $(1,319) $(4,748) $(2,322)
Net Realized Loss on Interest Rate
Agreements Designated as Cash Flow Hedges		        
Amortization of deferred loss Interest expense $14
 $18
 Interest expense $—
 $14
 $14
 $18
 $—
 $14
 Amount Reclassified From Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Amount Reclassified From Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
 Affected Line Item in the Nine Months Ended September 30, Affected Line Item in the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) Income Statement 2017 2016 Income Statement 2018 2017
Net Realized (Gain) Loss on AFS Securities        
Other than temporary impairment (1)
 Investment fair value changes, net $248
 $305
 Investment fair value changes, net $56
 $245
Gain on sale of AFS securities Realized gains, net (7,351) (20,288) Realized gains, net (14,191) (6,495)
 $(7,103) $(19,983) $(14,135) $(6,250)
Net Realized Loss on Interest Rate
Agreements Designated as Cash Flow Hedges		        
Amortization of deferred loss Interest expense $42
 $55
 Interest expense $—
 $28
 $42
 $55
 $—
 $28
(1)For the ninethree and six months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2018, other-than-temporary impairments were $0.3 million, of which $0.1 million were recognized through our consolidated statements of income and $0.2 million were recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of our consolidated balance sheet. For the three months ended June 30, 2017, other-than-temporary impairments were $0.5 million, of which $0.1 million were recognized through our consolidated statements of income and $0.3 million were recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of our consolidated balance sheet. For the six months ended June 30, 2017, other-than-temporary impairments were $0.6 million, of which $0.2 million were recognized through our consolidated statements of income and $0.4 million were recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of our consolidated balance sheet. For the three months ended September 30, 2016, there were no other-than-temporary impairments. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, other-than-temporary impairments were $3 million, of which $0.3 million were recognized through our consolidated statements of income and $2 million were recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of our consolidated balance sheet.


REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 15.14. Equity - (continued)


Earnings per Common Share
The following table provides the basic and diluted earnings per common share computations for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 15.314.3 – Basic and Diluted Earnings per Common Share
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands, except Share Data) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017 2018 2017
Basic Earnings per Common Share:                
Net income attributable to Redwood $36,180
 $52,553
 $109,473
 $105,897
 $32,747
 $36,324
 $79,592
 $73,293
Less: Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities (948) (1,485) (2,800) (3,040) (1,074) (884) (2,535) (1,852)
Net income allocated to common shareholders $35,232
 $51,068
 $106,673
 $102,857
 $31,673
 $35,440
 $77,057
 $71,441
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding 76,850,830
 76,680,183
 76,803,324
 76,827,026
 75,380,715
 76,819,703
 75,388,638
 76,779,178
Basic Earnings per Common Share $0.46
 $0.67
 $1.39
 $1.34
 $0.42
 $0.46
 $1.02
 $0.93
Diluted Earnings per Common Share:                
Net income attributable to Redwood $36,180
 $52,553
 $109,473
 $105,897
 $32,747
 $36,324
 $79,592
 $73,293
Less: Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities (986) (1,439) (2,926) (3,226) (1,156) (935) (2,584) (1,940)
Add back: Interest expense on convertible notes for the period, net of tax 6,564
 6,115
 18,639
 18,263
 6,335
 6,205
 14,976
 12,075
Net income allocated to common shareholders $41,758
 $57,229
 $125,186
 $120,934
 $37,926
 $41,594
 $91,984
 $83,428
Weighted average common shares outstanding 76,850,830
 76,680,183
 76,803,324
 76,827,026
 75,380,715
 76,819,703
 75,388,638
 76,779,178
Net effect of dilutive equity awards 298,955
 54,696
 215,141
 18,665
 277,788
 235,273
 156,307
 173,235
Net effect of assumed convertible notes conversion to common shares 25,553,323
 21,096,738
 22,379,401
 21,145,987
 24,773,490
 20,439,168
 28,746,235
 20,766,137
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding 102,703,108
 97,831,617
 99,397,866
 97,991,678
 100,431,993
 97,494,144
 104,291,180
 97,718,550
Diluted Earnings per Common Share $0.41
 $0.58
 $1.26
 $1.23
 $0.38
 $0.43
 $0.88
 $0.85
We included participating securities, which are certain equity awards that have non-forfeitable dividend participation rights, in the calculations of basic and diluted earnings per common share as we determined that the two-class method was more dilutive than the alternative treasury stock method for these shares. Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities under the basic and diluted earnings per share calculations require specific shares to be included that may differ in certain circumstances.
During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016,2017, certain of our convertible notes were determined to be dilutive and were included in the calculation of diluted EPS under the "if-converted" method. Under this method, the periodic interest expense (net of applicable taxes) for dilutive notes is added back to the numerator and the weighted average number of shares that the notes are entitled to (if converted, regardless of whether they are in or out of the money) are included in the denominator.
For the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2018, the number of outstanding equity awards that were antidilutive totaled 7,091 and 6,965, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the number of outstanding equity awards that were antidilutive totaled 6,1495,555 and 5,843, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, the number of outstanding equity awards that were antidilutive totaled 6,623 and 6,565,5,691, respectively.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 15.14. Equity - (continued)


Stock Repurchases
In February 2016, our Board of Directors approved an authorization for the repurchase of up to $100 million of our common stock and also authorized the repurchase of outstanding debt securities, including convertible and exchangeable debt. This authorization replaced all previous share repurchase plans and has no expiration date. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we repurchased 610,342 shares of common stock pursuant to this authorization for $9 million. At December 31, 2017, approximately $77 million of this current authorization remained available for the repurchase of shares of our common stock. During January 2018, we repurchased 1,040,829 shares of our common stock pursuant to this authorization for $16 million.
In February 2018, our Board of Directors approved an authorization for the repurchase of an additional $39 million of our common stock, increasing the total amount authorized for repurchases of common stock to $100 million, and also authorized the repurchase of outstanding debt securities, including convertible and exchangeable debt. As noted above, this authorization increased the previous share repurchase authorization approved in February 2016 and has no expiration date. This repurchase authorization does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares or securities. Under this authorization, shares or securities may be repurchased in privately negotiated and/or open market transactions, including under plans complying with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
During the three and nine months ended September At June 30, 2017, there were no shares of common stock acquired under this authorization. At September 30, 2017, approximately $862018, $100 million of thisthe current authorization remained available for the repurchase of shares of our common stock.
Note 16.15. Equity Compensation Plans
At SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016, 1,469,9912017, 4,882,986 and 1,787,9741,356,438 shares of common stock, respectively, were available for grant under our Incentive Plan. During the three months ended June 30, 2018, Redwood shareholders approved for grant an additional 4,000,000 shares of common stock under our Incentive Plan. The unamortized compensation cost of awards issued under the Incentive Plan and purchases under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan totaled $18$23 million at SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, as shown in the following table.
Table 16.115.1 – Activities of Equity Compensation Costs by Award Type
 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
(In Thousands) Restricted Stock Deferred Stock Units Performance Stock Units Employee Stock Purchase Plan Total Restricted Stock Deferred Stock Units Performance Stock Units Employee Stock Purchase Plan Total
Unrecognized compensation cost at beginning of period $2,091
 $11,506
 $4,549
 $—
 $18,146
 $2,808
 $13,364
 $5,298
 $—
 $21,470
Equity grants 2,237
 5,747
 —
 129
 8,113
 2,380
 4,750
 350
 136
 7,616
Equity grant forfeitures (174) (472) —
 —
 (646) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
Equity compensation expense (934) (4,866) (1,738) (96) (7,634) (806) (4,371) (1,287) (68) (6,532)
Unrecognized Compensation Cost at End of Period $3,220
 $11,915
 $2,811
 $33
 $17,979
 $4,382
 $13,743
 $4,361
 $68
 $22,554
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the weighted average amortization period remaining for all of our equity awards was less than two years.
Restricted Stock
At SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, there were 265,842337,253 and 204,515257,507 shares, respectively, of restricted stock outstanding. Restrictions on these shares lapse through 2021.2022. During the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, there were 134,364162,330 shares of restricted stock granted, restrictions on 61,28582,584 shares of restricted stock lapsed and those shares were distributed, and 11,752no shares of restricted stock awards were forfeited.
Deferred Stock Units (“DSUs”)
At SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, there were 1,869,5772,233,954 and 1,848,8611,878,491 DSUs, respectively, outstanding of which 1,006,3941,189,795 and 939,899,889,835, respectively, had vested. During the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, there were 359,501387,984 DSUs granted, 306,91132,521 DSUs distributed, and 31,875no DSUs forfeited. Unvested DSUs at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 vest through 2021.
During the first quarter of 2016, equity compensation expense of $3 million was recognized in connection with the announced departures of two executives due to the full vesting of their DSUs in accordance with the terms of their employment agreements.2022.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)
Note 16.15. Equity Compensation Plans - (continued)


Performance Stock Units (“PSUs”)
At both SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, the target number of PSUs that were unvested was 642,879.727,295 and 704,270, respectively. Vesting for these PSUs will generally occur at the end of three years from their grant date, with the level of vesting at that time contingent on total shareholder return ("TSR"). TSR for these PSUs is defined as the percentage by which our common stock "per share price" has increased or decreased as of the last day of the three-year vesting period relative to the first day of such vesting period, adjusted to reflect the reinvestment of all dividends declared and/or paid on our common stock ("Three-Year TSR"). The number of underlying shares of our common stock that will vest in future years will vary between 0% (if Three-Year TSR is zero or negative) and 200% (if Three-Year TSR is greater than or equal to 125%) of the target number of PSUs originally granted, adjusted upward (if vesting is greater than 0%) to reflect the value of dividends paid during the three-year vesting period.
During the three months ended June 30, 2018, 23,025 target number of PSUs with a per unit grant date fair value of $15.20 were granted to two executives in connection with their promotions. The grant date fair values of these PSUs were determined through Monte-Carlo simulations using the following assumptions: our common stock closing price at the grant date, the average closing price of our common stock price for the 60 trading days prior to the grant date and the range of performance-based vesting based on TSR over three years from the grant date. For this PSU grant, an implied volatility assumption of 27% (based on historical volatility), a risk-free rate of 2.71% (the three-year Treasury rate on the grant date), and a 0% dividend yield (the mathematical equivalent to reinvesting the dividends over the three-year performance period as is consistent with the terms of the PSUs) were used.
Vesting for all PSUs will generally occur at the end of three years from their grant date based on various total shareholder return (“TSR”)TSR performance calculations, as discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.2017.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP")
The ESPP allows a maximum of 450,000 shares of common stock to be purchased in aggregate for all employees. As of SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016, 354,8012017, 374,935 and 337,271361,006 shares had been purchased, respectively, and there remained a negligible amount of uninvested employee contributions in the ESPP at SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Note 17.16. Mortgage Banking Activities, Net
The following table presents the components of Mortgage banking activities, net, recorded in our consolidated statements of income for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 17.116.1 – Mortgage Banking Activities
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017 2018 2017
Residential Mortgage Banking Activities, Net        
Mortgage Banking Activities, Net        
Changes in fair value of:                
Residential loans, at fair value (1)
 $28,135
 $12,671
 $63,122
 $47,456
 $3,364
 $16,190
 $1,170
 $34,986
Sequoia securities —
 —
 —
 1,455
Risk management derivatives (2)
 (7,077) (3,287) (13,787) (22,743) 6,150
 (5,310) 34,582
 (6,710)
Other income, net (3)
 142
 382
 1,515
 606
 1,082
 1,166
 1,420
 1,374
Total residential mortgage banking activities, net 21,200
 9,766
 50,850
 26,774
Commercial Mortgage Banking Activities, Net —
 —
 —
 (2,062)
Mortgage Banking Activities, Net $21,200
 $9,766
 $50,850
 $24,712
 $10,596
 $12,046
 $37,172
 $29,650
(1)Includes changes in fair value for associated loan purchase and forward sale commitments.
(2)Represents market valuation changes of derivatives that were used to manage risks associated with our accumulation of residential loans.
(3)Amounts in this line item include other fee income from loan acquisitions and the provision for repurchases expense, presented net.


REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)


Note 18.17. Investment Fair Value Changes, Net
The following table presents the components of Investment fair value changes, net, recorded in our consolidated statements of income for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 18.117.1 – Investment Fair Value Changes
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017 2018 2017
Investment Fair Value Changes, Net                
Changes in fair value of:                
Residential loans held-for-investment, at Redwood $2,881
 $(655) $8,902
 $22,161
 $(15,010) $8,354
 $(53,995) $6,021
Trading securities 607
 8,898
 30,676
 3,728
 (930) 18,926
 (3,885) 30,069
Net investments in Legacy Sequoia entities (1)
 (1,045) (255) (3,842) (2,086) (720) (987) (728) (2,797)
Net investment in Sequoia Choice entity (1)
 (256) —
 (256) —
Risk sharing investments (267) 15
 (985) (689)
Net investments in Sequoia Choice entities (1)
 1,072
 —
 986
 —
Risk-sharing investments (209) (513) (348) (718)
Risk management derivatives, net (1,592) 4,222
 (24,557) (41,188) 16,742
 (17,838) 60,524
 (22,965)
Valuation adjustments on commercial loans
held-for-sale
 —
 (307) 300
 (307) —
 300
 —
 300
Impairments on AFS securities (4) —
 (248) (305) (56) (127) (56) (244)
Investment Fair Value Changes, Net $324
 $11,918
 $9,990
 $(18,686) $889
 $8,115
 $2,498
 $9,666
(1)Includes changes in fair value of the residential loans held-for-sale,held-for-investment, REO and the ABS issued at the entities, which netted together represent the change in value of our retained investments at the consolidated VIEs.


REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 19.18. Operating Expenses
Components of our operating expenses for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 20162017 are presented in the following table.
Table 19.118.1 – Components of Operating Expenses
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017 2018 2017
Fixed compensation expense $5,233
 $5,253
 $16,556
 $19,022
 $5,775
 $5,321
 $12,214
 $11,323
Variable compensation expense 6,467
 5,802
 14,713
 11,824
 1,825
 4,313
 8,732
 8,246
Equity compensation expense 2,337
 2,031
 7,634
 7,117
 3,835
 3,121
 6,532
 5,297
Total compensation expense 14,037
 13,086
 38,903
 37,963
 11,435
 12,755
 27,478
 24,866
Systems and consulting 1,856
 2,692
 5,183
 7,274
 1,774
 1,689
 3,640
 3,327
Loan acquisition costs (1)
 1,187
 1,393
 3,397
 4,680
 2,155
 1,005
 3,973
 2,210
Office costs 988
 1,056
 3,231
 3,501
 1,084
 1,140
 2,224
 2,243
Accounting and legal 519
 721
 2,322
 3,043
 1,074
 877
 1,908
 1,803
Corporate costs 415
 478
 1,363
 1,589
 496
 508
 1,000
 948
Other operating expenses 920
 925
 2,390
 2,367
 991
 667
 1,816
 1,470
Operating expenses before restructuring charges 19,922
 20,351
 56,789
 60,417
Restructuring charges (2)
 —
 4
 —
 10,545
Total Operating Expenses $19,922
 $20,355
 $56,789
 $70,962
 $19,009
 $18,641
 $42,039
 $36,867
(1)Loan acquisition costs primarily includes underwriting and due diligence costs related to the acquisition of residential loans held-for-sale at fair value.
(2)For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, restructuring charges included $5 million of fixed compensation expense and $4 million of equity compensation expense related to one-time termination benefits, as well as $2 million of other contract termination costs, associated with the restructuring of our conforming and commercial mortgage banking operations and related charges associated with the departure of Redwood's President announced in the first quarter of 2016.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)


Note 20.19. Taxes
For the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016,2017, we recognized a provision for income taxes of $17$7 million and $1$11 million, respectively. The following is a reconciliation of the statutory federal and state tax rates to our effective tax rate at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 20.119.1 – Reconciliation of Statutory Tax Rate to Effective Tax Rate
 September 30, 2017 September 30, 2016 June 30, 2018 June 30, 2017
Federal statutory rate 34.0 % 34.0 % 21.0 % 34.0 %
State statutory rate, net of Federal tax effect 7.2 % 7.2 % 8.6 % 7.2 %
Differences in taxable (loss) income from GAAP income (6.8)% (21.7)% (2.9)% (7.2)%
Change in valuation allowance (2.8)% 6.6 % (3.3)% (2.9)%
Dividends paid deduction (18.3)% (24.9)% (14.9)% (17.6)%
Effective Tax Rate 13.3 % 1.2 % 8.5 % 13.5 %
The reduction of the federal statutory rate from 34% to 21% is due to the enactment of the Tax Act.
We assessed our tax positions for all open tax years (i.e., Federal, 2014 to 2017,2018, and State, 2013 to 2017)2018) at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, and concluded that we had no uncertain tax positions that resulted in material unrecognized tax benefits.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)


Note 21.20. Segment Information
During the first quarter of 2017, we reorganized our segments to align with changesRedwood operates in how we view our segments for making operating decisions and assessing performance. Specifically, we eliminated our Commercial segment and renamed our Residential Investments segment as thetwo segments: Investment Portfolio segment. This Investment Portfolio segment now includes both residential investments and Residential Mortgage Banking. Our segments are based on our commercial investments,organizational and management structure, which aligns with how our results are primarily comprised of investments in multifamily securities. Our Commercial segment previously included our commercial mortgage banking operationsmonitored and our commercial loan investments, which were wound-down and sold, respectively, during 2016. We conformed the presentation of prior periods, whereby commercial loan investments are included in the Investment Portfolio segment and commercial mortgage banking activities are included in Corporate/Other. Followingperformance is assessed. For a full description of our current segments.
Our Investment Portfolio segment primarily consists of investmentssegments, see Item 1—Business in residential jumbo loans and real estate securities. Our securities portfolio primarily includes investments in residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS") retained from our Sequoia securitizations and RMBS issued by third parties, Agency issued CRT securities, as well as investments in Agency issued multifamily securities. Our residential loan investments are primarily made through a subsidiary of Redwood Trust that is a member ofAnnual Report on Form 10-K for the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago ("FHLBC") that utilizes attractive long-term financing from the FHLBC to make long-term investments directly in residential loans. This segment also includes residential loans from our consolidated Sequoia Choice entity. The Investment Portfolio segment’s main sources of revenue are interest income from investment portfolio securities and residential loans held-for-investment. Additionally, this segment may realize gains and losses upon the sale of securities. Funding expenses, hedging expenses, direct operating expenses, and tax provisions associated with these activities are also included in this segment.
Our Residential Mortgage Banking segment primarily consists of operating a mortgage loan conduit that acquires residential loans from third-party originators for subsequent sale, securitization, or transfer to our investment portfolio. We typically acquire prime, jumbo mortgages and the related mortgage servicing rights on a flow basis from our network of loan sellers and distribute those loans through our Sequoia private-label securitization program or to institutions that acquire pools of whole loans. We occasionally supplement our flow purchases with bulk loan acquisitions. This segment also includes various derivative financial instruments that we utilize to manage certain risks associated with residential loans we acquire. Our Residential Mortgage Banking segment’s main source of revenue is income from mortgage banking activities, which includes valuation increases (or gains) on the sale or securitization of loans and valuation changes from hedges used to manage risks associated with these activities. Additionally, this segment may generate interest income on loans held pending securitization or sale. Funding expenses, direct operating expenses, and tax expenses associated with these activities are also included in this segment.

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
September 30, 2017
(Unaudited)

Note 21. Segment Information - (continued)



year ended December 31, 2017.
Segment contribution represents the measure of profit that we usemanagement uses to assess the performance of our business segments and make resource allocation and operating decisions. Certain corporate expenses not directly assigned or allocated to one of our two segments, as well as activity from certain consolidated Sequoia entities, and commercial mortgage banking activities (in the prior year), are included in the Corporate/Other column as reconciling items to our consolidated financial statements. These unallocated corporate expenses primarily include interest expense associated with certain long-term debt, indirect operating expenses, and other expense.
The following tables present financial information by segment for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 21.120.1 – Business Segment Financial Information
 Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
(In Thousands) Investment Portfolio  Residential Mortgage Banking 
 Corporate/
Other
  Total Investment Portfolio  Residential Mortgage Banking 
 Corporate/
Other
  Total
Interest income $47,023
 $10,626
 $5,088
 $62,737
 $64,569
 $13,084
 $5,323
 $82,976
Interest expense (9,445) (4,135) (13,863) (27,443) (27,004) (7,629) (13,580) (48,213)
Net interest income (loss) 37,578

6,491

(8,775) 35,294
 37,565

5,455

(8,257) 34,763
Non-interest income                
Mortgage banking activities, net —
 21,200
 —
 21,200
 —
 10,596
 —
 10,596
MSR income, net 1,615
 —
 —
 1,615
Investment fair value changes, net 1,372
 —
 (1,048) 324
 1,600
 —
 (711) 889
Other income 1,197
 —
 —
 1,197
Other income, net 3,322
 —
 —
 3,322
Realized gains, net 1,734
 —
 —
 1,734
 4,714
 —
 —
 4,714
Total non-interest income, net 5,918

21,200

(1,048) 26,070
 9,636

10,596

(711) 19,521
Direct operating expenses (1,324) (6,107) (12,491) (19,922) (1,858) (5,611) (11,540) (19,009)
Provision for income taxes (433) (4,829) —
 (5,262) (1,130) (1,398) —
 (2,528)
Segment Contribution $41,739

$16,755

$(22,314)   $44,213

$9,042

$(20,508)  
Net Income       $36,180
       $32,747
Non-cash amortization income (expense) $5,222
 $(25) $(787) $4,410
Non-cash amortization income (expense), net $4,654
 $(23) $(814) $3,817

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 21.20. Segment Information - (continued)



 Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
(In Thousands) Investment Portfolio  Residential Mortgage Banking  Corporate/
Other		  Total Investment Portfolio  Residential Mortgage Banking  Corporate/
Other		  Total
Interest income $47,176
 $8,831
 $4,899
 $60,906
 $45,833
 $8,415
 $4,976
 $59,224
Interest expense (5,013) (3,826) (12,758) (21,597) (7,231) (4,403) (12,600) (24,234)
Net interest income (loss) 42,163
 5,005
 (7,859) 39,309
 38,602
 4,012
 (7,624) 34,990
Reversal of provision for loan losses 859
 —
 —
 859
Non-interest income                
Mortgage banking activities, net —
 9,766
 —
 9,766
 —
 12,046
 —
 12,046
MSR income, net 3,770
 —
 —
 3,770
Investment fair value changes, net 12,176
 —
 (258) 11,918
 9,115
 —
 (1,000) 8,115
Other income 1,643
 —
 —
 1,643
Other income, net 3,764
 —
 —
 3,764
Realized gains, net 6,615
 —
 —
 6,615
 2,124
 —
 (752) 1,372
Total non-interest income, net 24,204
 9,766
 (258) 33,712
 15,003
 12,046
 (1,752) 25,297
Direct operating expenses (2,751) (5,807) (11,797) (20,355) (1,454) (6,021) (11,166) (18,641)
Provision for income taxes (732) (240) —
 (972) (2,320) (3,002) —
 (5,322)
Segment Contribution $63,743
 $8,724

$(19,914)   $49,831
 $7,035
 $(20,542)  
Net Income       $52,553
       $36,324
Non-cash amortization income (expense) $6,123
 $(28) $(983) $5,112
 $5,194
 $(27) $(744) $4,423
 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
(In Thousands) Investment Portfolio  Residential Mortgage Banking  Corporate/
Other		  Total Investment Portfolio  Residential Mortgage Banking  Corporate/
Other		  Total
Interest income $135,106
 $26,515
 $14,968
 $176,589
 $123,326
 $25,981
 $10,288
 $159,595
Interest expense (21,940) (11,462) (39,306) (72,708) (46,867) (13,766) (29,094) (89,727)
Net interest income (loss) 113,166

15,053
 (24,338) 103,881
 76,459
 12,215
 (18,806) 69,868
Non-interest income                
Mortgage banking activities, net —
 50,850
 —
 50,850
 —
 37,172
 —
 37,172
MSR income, net 6,106
 —
 —
 6,106
Investment fair value changes, net 13,846
 —
 (3,856) 9,990
 3,190
 —
 (692) 2,498
Other income 3,367
 —
 —
 3,367
Other income, net 5,440
 —
 —
 5,440
Realized gains, net 9,561
 —
 (752) 8,809
 14,077
 —
 —
 14,077
Total non-interest income, net 32,880

50,850
 (4,608) 79,122
 22,707
 37,172
 (692) 59,187
Direct operating expenses (4,371) (18,009) (34,409) (56,789) (3,865) (14,243) (23,931) (42,039)
Provision for income taxes (4,490) (12,251) —
 (16,741) (2,018) (5,406) —
 (7,424)
Segment Contribution $137,185
 $35,643

$(63,355)   $93,283
 $29,738
 $(43,429)  
Net Income       $109,473
       $79,592
Non-cash amortization income (expense) $16,263
 $(79) $(2,528) $13,656
 $9,271
 $(45) $(1,672) $7,554


REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 21.20. Segment Information - (continued)



 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
(In Thousands) Investment Portfolio  Residential Mortgage Banking  Corporate/
Other		  Total Investment Portfolio  Residential Mortgage Banking  Corporate/
Other		  Total
Interest income $149,985
 $24,610
 $15,426
 $190,021
 $88,083
 $15,889
 $9,880
 $113,852
Interest expense (18,679) (10,719) (38,593) (67,991) (12,495) (7,327) (25,443) (45,265)
Net interest income (loss) 131,306

13,891
 (23,167) 122,030
 75,588
 8,562
 (15,563) 68,587
Reversal of provision for loan losses 7,102
 —
 —
 7,102
Non-interest income                
Mortgage banking activities, net —
 26,774
 (2,062) 24,712
 —
 29,650
 —
 29,650
MSR income, net 12,834
 —
 —
 12,834
Investment fair value changes, net (16,505) —
 (2,181) (18,686) 12,474
 —
 (2,808) 9,666
Other income 4,157
 —
 —
 4,157
Other income, net 6,661
 —
 —
 6,661
Realized gains, net 25,745
 —
 292
 26,037
 7,827
 —
 (752) 7,075
Total non-interest income, net 26,231

26,774
 (3,951) 49,054
 26,962
 29,650
 (3,560) 53,052
Direct operating expenses (1)
 (7,689) (17,175) (46,098) (70,962)
Direct operating expenses (3,047) (11,902) (21,918) (36,867)
Provision for income taxes (1,087) (240) —
 (1,327) (4,057) (7,422) —
 (11,479)
Segment Contribution $155,863
 $23,250
 $(73,216)   $95,446
 $18,888
 $(41,041)  
Net Income       $105,897
       $73,293
Non-cash amortization income (expense) $20,507
 $(102) $(2,978) $17,427
 $11,041
 $(54) $(1,741) $9,246

(1)For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, $11 million of costs associated with the restructuring of our conforming residential mortgage loan operations and commercial operations, included in the direct operating expense line item, are presented under the Corporate/Other column.
The following tables presenttable presents the components of Corporate/Other for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 21.220.2 – Components of Corporate/Other
 Three Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30,
 2017 2016 2018 2017
(In Thousands) 
Legacy Consolidated VIEs (1)
 Other Total 
Legacy Consolidated VIEs (1)
 Other  Total 
Legacy Consolidated VIEs (1)
 Other Total 
Legacy Consolidated VIEs (1)
 Other  Total
Interest income $4,875
 $213
 $5,088
 $4,837
 $62
 $4,899
 $5,017
 $306
 $5,323
 $4,863
 $113
 $4,976
Interest expense (3,838) (10,025) (13,863) (3,274) (9,484) (12,758) (4,215) (9,365) (13,580) (3,692) (8,908) (12,600)
Net interest income (loss) 1,037
 (9,812) (8,775) 1,563
 (9,422) (7,859) 802
 (9,059) (8,257) 1,171
 (8,795) (7,624)
Non-interest income                        
Investment fair value changes, net (1,045) (3) (1,048) (255) (3) (258) (720) 9
 (711) (987) (13) (1,000)
Realized gains, net —
 —
 —
 —
 (752) (752)
Total non-interest income, net (1,045) (3) (1,048) (255) (3) (258) (720) 9
 (711) (987) (765) (1,752)
Direct operating expenses —
 (12,491) (12,491) —
 (11,797) (11,797) —
 (11,540) (11,540) —
 (11,166) (11,166)
Total $(8) $(22,306) $(22,314) $1,308
 $(21,222) $(19,914) $82
 $(20,590) $(20,508) $184
 $(20,726) $(20,542)

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
(Unaudited)

Note 21.20. Segment Information - (continued)



 Nine Months Ended September 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
 2017 2016 2018 2017
(In Thousands) 
Legacy Consolidated
VIEs (1)
 Other Total 
Legacy Consolidated
VIEs (1)
 Other  Total 
Legacy Consolidated
VIEs (1)
 Other Total 
Legacy Consolidated
VIEs (1)
 Other  Total
Interest income $14,576
 $392
 $14,968
 $14,525
 $901
 $15,426
 $9,829
 $459
 $10,288
 $9,701
 $179
 $9,880
Interest expense (11,046) (28,260) (39,306) (9,842) (28,751) (38,593) (8,067) (21,027) (29,094) (7,208) (18,235) (25,443)
Net interest income (loss) 3,530
 (27,868) (24,338) 4,683
 (27,850) (23,167) 1,762
 (20,568) (18,806) 2,493
 (18,056) (15,563)
Non-interest income                        
Investment fair value changes, net (3,842) (14) (3,856) (2,086) (95) (2,181) (728) 36
 (692) (2,797) (11) (2,808)
Realized gains, net —
 (752) (752) —
 292
 292
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (752) (752)
Total non-interest income, net (3,842) (766) (4,608) (2,086) (1,865) (3,951) (728) 36
 (692) (2,797) (763) (3,560)
Direct operating expenses —
 (34,409) (34,409) —
 (46,098) (46,098) —
 (23,931) (23,931) —
 (21,918) (21,918)
Total $(312) $(63,043) $(63,355) $2,597
 $(75,813) $(73,216) $1,034
 $(44,463) $(43,429) $(304) $(40,737) $(41,041)
(1)
Legacy consolidated VIEs represent Legacy Sequoia entities that are consolidated for GAAP financial reporting purposes. See Note 4 for further discussion on VIEs.

The following table presents supplemental information by segment at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016.2017.
Table 21.320.3 – Supplemental Segment Information
(In Thousands) Investment Portfolio Residential Mortgage Banking 
Corporate/
Other
 Total Investment Portfolio Residential Mortgage Banking 
Corporate/
Other
 Total
September 30, 2017        
June 30, 2018        
Residential loans $2,586,105
 $925,681
 $673,134
 $4,184,920
 $3,794,481
 $1,104,660
 $592,029
 $5,491,170
Real estate securities 1,356,272
 —
 —
 1,356,272
 1,453,936
 —
 —
 1,453,936
Mortgage servicing rights 62,928
 —
 —
 62,928
Total assets 4,236,023
 947,503
 947,173
 6,130,699
 5,591,778
 1,124,300
 796,473
 7,512,551
                
December 31, 2016        
December 31, 2017        
Residential loans $2,261,016
 $835,399
 $791,636
 $3,888,051
 $3,054,448
 $1,427,945
 $632,817
 $5,115,210
Real estate securities 1,018,439
 —
 —
 1,018,439
 1,476,510
 —
 —
 1,476,510
Mortgage servicing rights 118,526
 —
 —
 118,526
Total assets 3,615,535
 866,356
 1,001,586
 5,483,477
 4,743,873
 1,453,069
 842,880
 7,039,822
Note 21. Subsequent Events
On July 24, 2018, we sold 7,187,500 shares of common stock in an underwritten public offering, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $117 million.
On August 7, 2018, we purchased approximately $100 million of mortgage loans to investors rehabilitating residential homes from an affiliate of 5 Arches LLC, a business-purpose lender and asset manager. As part of this transaction, from time to time, we will purchase 5 Arches' future originations of such loans. We currently own a 20% minority investment in 5 Arches, as described in Note 9.


Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

INTRODUCTION
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to provide a reader of our financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of our management on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and certain other factors that may affect our future results. Our MD&A is presented in six main sections:
Overview
Results of Operations
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Off BalanceOff-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Obligations
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
New Accounting Standards
Our MD&A should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as the sections entitled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, as well as other cautionary statements and risks described elsewhere in this report and our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K. The discussion in this MD&A contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward lookingforward-looking statements as a result of various factors, such as those discussed in the Cautionary Statement below.
References herein to “Redwood,” the “company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” include Redwood Trust, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires. Financial information concerning our business is set forth in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, which are included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Our website can be found at www.redwoodtrust.com. We make available, free of charge through the investor information section of our website, access to our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as well as proxy statements, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We also make available, free of charge, access to our charters for our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, and Governance and Nominating Committee, our Corporate Governance Standards, and our Code of Ethics governing our directors, officers, and employees. Within the time period required by the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange, we will post on our website any amendment to the Code of Ethics and any waiver applicable to any executive officer or director or senior officer (as defined in the Code).of Redwood. In addition, our website includes information concerning purchases and sales of our equity securities by our executive officers and directors, and may include disclosure relating to certain non-GAAP financial measures (as defined in the SEC’s Regulation G) that we may make public orally, telephonically, by webcast, by broadcast, or by similar means from time to time. The information on our website is not part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Our Investor Relations Department can be contacted at One Belvedere Place, Suite 300, Mill Valley, CA 94941, Attn: Investor Relations, telephone (866) 269-4976.


Our Business
Redwood Trust, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, focusesis a specialty finance company focused on investingmaking credit-sensitive investments in residential mortgages and other real estate-relatedrelated assets and engaging in mortgage banking activities. We seekOur goal is to invest in real estate-related assets that have the potentialprovide attractive returns to generate attractive cash flow returns over timeshareholders through a stable and to generate incomegrowing stream of earnings and dividends, as well as through our mortgage banking activities.capital appreciation. We operate our business in two segments: Investment Portfolio and Residential Mortgage Banking. Our segments are based on our organizational and management structure, which aligns with how our results are monitored and performance is assessed. For a full description of our segments, see Item 1—Business in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Our primary sources of income are net interest income from our investment portfolio and non-interest income from our mortgage banking activities. Net interest income consists of the interest income we earn on investments less the interest expense we incur on borrowed funds and other liabilities. Income from mortgage banking activities consists of the profit we seek to generateis generated through the acquisition of loans and their subsequent sale or securitization.
Redwood Trust, Inc. has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”), beginning with its taxable year ended December 31, 1994. We generally refer, collectively, to Redwood Trust, Inc. and those of its subsidiaries that are not subject to subsidiary-level corporate income tax as “the REIT” or “our REIT.” We generally refer to subsidiaries of Redwood Trust, Inc. that are subject to subsidiary-level corporate income tax as “our operating subsidiaries” or “our taxable REIT subsidiaries” or “TRS.” Our mortgage banking activities and investments in MSRs are generally carried out through our taxable REIT subsidiaries, while our portfolio of mortgage- and other real estate-related investments is primarily held at our REIT. We generally intend to retain profits generated and taxed at our taxable REIT subsidiaries, and to distribute as dividends at least 90% of the taxable income we generate at our REIT.
Redwood Trust, Inc. was incorporated in the State of Maryland on April 11, 1994, and commenced operations on August 19, 1994. Our executive offices are located at One Belvedere Place, Suite 300, Mill Valley, California 94941.
Our Business Segments
During the first quarter of 2017, we reorganized our segments to align with changes in how we view our segments for making operating decisions and assessing performance. Specifically, we eliminated our Commercial segment and renamed our Residential Investments segment as the Investment Portfolio segment. This Investment Portfolio segment now includes both residential investments and our commercial investments, which are primarily comprised of investments in multifamily securities. Our Commercial segment previously included our commercial mortgage banking operations and our commercial loan investments, which were wound-down and sold, respectively, during 2016. We conformed the presentation of prior periods, whereby commercial loan investments are included in the Investment Portfolio segment and commercial mortgage banking activities are included in Corporate/Other. Following is a full description of our current segments.
Our Investment Portfolio segment primarily consists of investments in residential jumbo loans and real estate securities. Our securities portfolio primarily includes investments in residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS") retained from our Sequoia securitizations and RMBS issued by third parties, Agency issued credit risk transfer ("CRT") securities, as well as investments in Agency issued multifamily securities. Our residential loan investments are primarily made through a subsidiary of Redwood Trust that is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago ("FHLBC") that utilizes attractive long-term financing from the FHLBC to make long-term investments directly in residential loans. The Investment Portfolio segment’s main sources of revenue are interest income from investment portfolio securities and residential loans held-for-investment. Additionally, this segment may realize gains and losses upon the sale of securities. Funding expenses, hedging expenses, direct operating expenses, and tax provisions associated with these activities are also included in this segment.
Our Residential Mortgage Banking segment primarily consists of operating a mortgage loan conduit that acquires residential loans from third-party originators for subsequent sale, securitization, or transfer to our investment portfolio. We typically acquire prime, jumbo mortgages and the related mortgage servicing rights on a flow basis from our network of loan sellers and distribute those loans through our Sequoia private-label securitization program or to institutions that acquire pools of whole loans. We occasionally supplement our flow purchases with bulk loan acquisitions. This segment also includes various derivative financial instruments that we utilize to manage certain risks associated with residential loans we acquire. Our Residential Mortgage Banking segment’s main source of revenue is income from mortgage banking activities, which includes valuation increases (or gains) on the sale or securitization of loans and valuation changes from hedges used to manage risks associated with these activities. Additionally, this segment may generate interest income on loans held pending securitization or sale. Funding expenses, direct operating expenses, and tax expenses associated with these activities are also included in this segment.

Consolidated Securitization Entities
We sponsor our Sequoia securitization program, which we use for the securitization of residential mortgage loans. We are required under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States (“GAAP”) to consolidate the assets and liabilities of certain Sequoia securitization entities we have sponsored for financial reporting purposes. However, each of these entities is independent of Redwood and of each other, and the assets and liabilities of these entities are not owned by us or legal obligations of ours, respectively, although we are exposed to certain financial risks associated with our role as the sponsor or depositor of these entities and, to the extent we hold securities issued by, or other investments in, these entities, we are exposed to the performance of these entities and the assets they hold. We refer to certain of these securitization entities issued prior to 2012 as “consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities,” and the securitization entity formed in connection with the securitization of Redwood Choice expanded-prime loans as the "consolidated Sequoia Choice entity." Where applicable, in analyzing our results of operations, we distinguish results from current operations “at Redwood” and from consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities or the consolidated Sequoia Choice entity.
Cautionary Statement
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the documents incorporated by reference herein contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ from our beliefs, expectations, estimates, and projections and, consequently, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Forward-looking statements are not historical in nature and can be identified by words such as “anticipate,” “estimate,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “believe,” “intend,” “seek,” “plan” and similar expressions or their negative forms, or by references to strategy, plans, or intentions. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, including, among other things, those described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017 and this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in each case under the caption “Risk Factors.” Other risks, uncertainties, and factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected may be described from time to time in reports we file with the SEC, including reports on Forms 10-Q and 8-K. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.
Statements regarding the following subjects, among others, are forward-looking by their nature: (i) statements we make regarding Redwood’s business strategy and strategic focus, including statements relating to our overall market position, strategy and long-term prospects;prospects (including our strategic focus on areas in which our core business strengths are expected to lead to long-term, sustainable earnings growth); (ii) statements regardingrelated to expanding our long-term debtmortgage banking activities and upcoming maturity of convertible notes in 2018; (iii) statements regarding our investment portfolio including the potential impact of changes to the capital requirement under our FHLB borrowing facility; (iv)include mortgage loans secured by single-family rental properties; (iii) statements regarding our mortgage banking activities, including expectations relating to residential mortgage banking margins, securitization execution,loan purchase volume, and our expanded-prime Redwood Choice loan program; (v)(iv) statements relating to acquiring residential mortgage loans in the future that we have identified for purchase or plan to purchase, including the amount of such loans that we identified for purchase during the thirdsecond quarter of 20172018 and at SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, and expected fallout and the corresponding volume of residential mortgage loans expected to be available for purchase; (vi)(v) statements relating to our estimate of our available capital (including that we estimate our available capital as of Septemberat June 30, 20172018 was approximately $330 million,$200 million), and expectations relating to our upcoming $250 million convertible debt maturity, and that we believe we can source incrementalsourcing additional capital on an as-needed basis for redeployment throughfrom continued optimization of our investment portfolio); (vii)portfolio and from capital markets; (vi) statements we make regarding our dividend policy, including with respect to our intention to pay a regular dividend of $0.28 per share per quarterquarterly dividends in 2017;2018; and (viii)(vii) statements regarding our expectations and estimates relating to the characterization for income tax purposes of our dividend distributions, our expectations and estimates relating to tax accounting, tax liabilities and tax savings, and GAAP tax provisions, and our estimates of REIT taxable income and TRS taxable income.




Important factors, among others, that may affect our actual results include:
the pace at which we redeploy our available capital into new investments;investments and initiatives;
our ability to scale our platform and systems, particularly with respect to our new initiatives;
interest rate volatility, changes in credit spreads, and changes in liquidity in the market for real estate securities and loans;
changes in the demand from investors for residential mortgages and investments, and our ability to distribute residential mortgages through our whole-loan distribution channel;
our ability to finance our investments in securities and our acquisition of residential mortgages with short-term debt;
changes in the values of assets we own;
general economic trends, the performance of the housing, real estate, mortgage, credit, and broader financial markets, and their effects on the prices of earning assets and the credit status of borrowers;
federal and state legislative and regulatory developments, and the actions of governmental authorities, including the new U.S. presidential administration, and in particular those affecting the mortgage industry or our business (including, but not limited to, the Federal Housing Finance Agency’s rules relating to FHLB membership requirements and the implications for our captive insurance subsidiary’s membership in the FHLB);
strategic business and capital deployment decisions we make;
developments related to the fixed income and mortgage finance markets and the Federal Reserve’s statements regarding its future open market activity and monetary policy;
our exposure to credit risk and the timing of credit losses within our portfolio;
the concentration of the credit risks we are exposed to, including due to the structure of assets we hold and the geographical concentration of real estate underlying assets we own;
our exposure to adjustable-rate mortgage loans;
the efficacy and expense of our efforts to manage or hedge credit risk, interest rate risk, and other financial and operational risks;
changes in credit ratings on assets we own and changes in the rating agencies’ credit rating methodologies;
changes in interest rates; changes in mortgage prepayment rates;
changes in liquidity in the market for real estate securities and loans;
our ability to finance the acquisition of real estate-related assets with short-term debt;
the ability of counterparties to satisfy their obligations to us;
our involvement in securitization transactions, the profitability of those transactions, and the risks we are exposed to in engaging in securitization transactions;
exposure to claims and litigation, including litigation arising from our involvement in securitization transactions;
ongoing litigation against various trustees of RMBS transactions;
whether we have sufficient liquid assets to meet short-term needs;
our ability to successfully compete and retain or attract key personnel;
our ability to adapt our business model and strategies to changing circumstances;
changes in our investment, financing, and hedging strategies and new risks we may be exposed to if we expand our business activities;
our exposure to a disruption or breach of the security of our technology infrastructure and systems;
exposure to environmental liabilities;
our failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations;
our failure to maintain appropriate internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures;
the impact on our reputation that could result from our actions or omissions or from those of others; changes in accounting principles and tax rules;
our ability to maintain our status as a REIT for tax purposes;
limitations imposed on our business due to our REIT status and our status as exempt from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940;
decisions about raising, managing, and distributing capital; and
other factors not presently identified.
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may contain statistics and other data that in some cases have been obtained from or compiled from information made available by servicers and other third-party service providers.

OVERVIEW
Business Update
We had a strong third quarter of 2017 operationallyOur business strategy is focused on areas in which our core competencies and financially, andcompetitive strengths are well positionedexpected to lead to long-term, sustainable earnings growth for Redwood. Specifically, we plan to focus our business on areas that achieve the following:
Our capital deployment is value-added to the marketplace
There is a long runway of durable revenues available to us
Our core strengths are a competitive advantage
We can scale profitably and realize significant operating metrics we set out forefficiencies
We feel the yearrisks associated with investing can be prudently managed

Our recent and build momentum as we head towards 2018. Perhaps most importantly, we completednew initiatives are focused on advancing our executive search process with the hiring of Dash Robinson, who started with us in late September in his capacity as Executive Vice President. We also completed three successful securitization issuances, including our first expanded-primebusiness strategy. For example, Redwood Choice ("Choice") transaction, and issued convertible debt at an attractive level. We deployed $119 million- our expanded-prime loan channel - now represents almost one-third of capital in new investments, much of it after asset pricing declines in early September. We timed our capital deployment well, as asset prices subsequently reverted, in most cases finishing the quarter at or above June 30, 2017 levels.
In this update, we review our mortgage banking activities, providevolumes. Our total loan origination volume, meanwhile, remains on track to increase meaningfully from last year amidst declining industry originations. Our investment portfolio continues to deepen its purchasing power by diversifying into other housing investments, such as Freddie Mac-sponsored multifamily bonds. Most recently, our thoughts on capitalinvestment in mortgage originator and investing,asset manager 5 Arches gives us access to an attractive pipeline of single-family rental and conclude with our outlook for the balanceother “business-purpose” mortgage loans and a growing stream of 2017.asset management revenues.
Residential Mortgage Banking
Our mortgage banking team had a strong third quarter of 2017, with our expanded-prime Choice program continuing to drive outperformance. Our initial Choice securitization, backed by $318 million of loans, was received favorably by the market, and attracted a good number of both new and existing investors. The issuance created $31 million of investments for our portfolio, utilizing approximately $13 million of capital - more than double the investment for our portfolio than is produced through a traditional Sequoia securitization. Given the current pace and expected growth of loan purchases under our Choice program, we expect to issue Choice securitizations on a regular basis.Second Quarter Overview
We also completedcarried forward our fifthmomentum from earlier this year into the second quarter, making meaningful operational progress and sixth traditional Sequoia securitizations ofproducing solid financial performance. During the year during the thirdsecond quarter, of 2017, backed by loans totaling $839 million; this was followed closely by another traditional Sequoia securitization in early October. In addition, we sold $212 million of whole loans to portfolio buyers during the third quarter.
As loan and RMBS pricing has improved, ourincreased loan purchase volumes have risenin our mortgage banking business, increased capital deployment in our investment portfolio, and completed our first "M&A" style transaction in several years, advancing on our strategic initiatives. Additionally, in June, we have becomeissued $200 million of convertible debt and, in July, after it was announced that we were being added to the S&P SmallCap 600 index, we successfully issued $117 million of common equity in our first follow-on stock offering since 2009.
Our second quarter earnings represented a more competitive with bank retailnormalized level of earnings after outperformance from our mortgage banking operations and correspondent mortgage channels. Loan purchase commitments, adjusted for fallout, increased to $1.6 billionhigher than usual gains from portfolio optimization in the third quarter of 2017, up from $1.4 billion and $1.1 billionfirst quarter. While many companies in the second and first quarters of 2017, respectively. We had strong growth during the third quarter with our Choice program, which accounted for approximately 30% of our total third quarter loan purchase commitments, adjusted for fallout, versus approximately 20%sector experienced book value declines in the second quarter as benchmark interest rates continued to rise, our credit-focused model and hedging strategy helped deliver our ninth consecutive quarterly book value increase. Further, this increase was after paying a second quarter $0.30 per share dividend, which represented a 7% increase from our first quarter dividend.
Investment Portfolio
During the second quarter, we continued to optimize our investment portfolio, selling lower-yielding securities and accelerating the deployment of 2017. Overallcapital into higher-yielding alternatives, including our new initiatives. Inclusive of the impact of our portfolio hedges, we saw increases in net interest income, resulting from both increased capital deployment and these optimization activities. On a hedge-adjusted basis, portfolio fair values were relatively flat overall during the quarter, with some marginal benefit from spread tightening in parts of our portfolio. Meanwhile, credit fundamentals in our portfolio remained strong, benefiting from continued housing price growth and improvements in the general economy.
Mortgage Banking
Loan purchase volumes in the second quarter increased 8% from the prior quarter and 60% from the same quarter last year, with expanded-prime Choice loans representing about one-third of our loan purchase commitments. Gross margins, remained at orwhich were well above our long-term expectations of 75-100 basis points during the third quarter of 2017.
Capital and Investing
We aggressively pursued new investments in September when volatility due to hurricane activity drove asset prices down. The bulk of the quarter’s $119 million of capital deployment occurred during this period, and included $63 million in GSE residential credit risk transfer (CRT) securities, $39 million in Sequoia and third-party RMBS, and $17 million in multifamily securities. Year-to-date through September 30, 2017, we have deployed $393 million of capital towards new investments (including $37 million of debt repurchases).
We also sold $49 million of mostly lower yielding securitiesexpected run rate in the thirdfirst quarter, of 2017, freeing up $20 million of capital for reinvestment, afterfell within our long-term expected range in the repayment of associated debt. Additionally,second quarter as securitization pricing weakened, driven primarily by increased supply in the market. During the second quarter, we issued $245 million of six-year, 4.75% convertible debt in August.
As of September 30, 2017, we estimate that our available capital was approximately $330 million, versus $180 million at June 30, 2017. Although we continue to evaluate our options with regard tocompleted three traditional Select securitizations and one Choice securitization (our fourth since the April 2018 maturity of $250 millioninception of our convertible debt, at current market prices the excess cost to retire this debt prior to maturity is unattractive relative to alternative short-term uses of cash. In addition, we believe we can source incremental capital on an as-needed basis for redeployment through continued optimization of our investment portfolio.Choice program).
We continue to evaluate the potential impact of hurricane activity in Houston and Florida on our investment portfolio, although it is still very early in the process. The vast majority of our non-Agency loans and securities were not impacted by the storms and, to date, we have not incurred any realized losses related to properties in the affected areas. Although we did see some impact to pricing from the hurricanes, most of our investments had positive net market valuation adjustments as the benefit from overall credit spread tightening exceeded any negative impact from the hurricanes. 


Outlook
As we progress through the fourth quarter of 2017, our current operating metrics are in line with our expectations. While investment portfolio returns have been bolstered by persistent market value increases, we have also maintained consistent levels of net interest income and refined our portfolio mix by selling lower-yielding investments and realizing gains where appropriate. Mortgage banking margins continue to be robust and we are encouraged by the relative mix of Select and Choice loans in our pipeline.
We remain cognizant of forces outside of our control (both financial and otherwise) and their potential impact on our business. With this backdrop, a fully-seated executive team is an important milestone as we continue to think critically about our business assumptions and look ahead to next year and beyond.
Financial and Operational Overview - ThirdSecond Quarter of 20172018
Highlights
Our GAAP earnings were $0.41 per share for the third quarter of 2017, as compared with $0.43$0.38 per share for the second quarter of 2017. Higher2018, as compared with $0.50 per share for the first quarter of 2018. This change was driven primarily by mortgage banking income and interest incomemargins which were offset by higher interest costs and less benefit from market value increases onconsistent with our trading securities portfoliolong-term expectations, but lower relative to the secondfirst quarter, of 2017.and fewer realized gains relative to the first quarter.
Our GAAP book value was $15.67 per share at September 30, 2017, as compared with $15.29$16.23 per share at June 30, 2017.2018, an increase of $0.11 per share from the first quarter, and represented an economic return of 2.5% for the quarter (economic return on book value is based on the change in GAAP book value per common share plus the dividend declared per common share during the quarter). This increase was driven primarily driven by our quarterly earnings exceeding our dividend and higher fair values onan increase in the value of our available-for-sale securities.long-term debt hedge.
We deployed $119$186 million of capital in the thirdsecond quarter of 20172018 toward new investments, including $63$66 million in Sequoia and third-party RMBS, $65 million in Agency residential CRT securities, $39 million in Sequoia and third-party RMBS, and $17$6 million in Agency multifamily securities. Year-to-date through September 30, 2017,Additionally, we deployed $393$50 million of capital into new investments (including $37initiatives, including $40 million of debt repurchases).in customized financing for our jumbo loan sellers and $10 million to acquire a minority interest in business-purpose lender 5 Arches, LLC.
We sold $49$108 million of securities during the thirdsecond quarter of 2017, freeing up $20 million of capital for reinvestment after the repayment of associated debt. Year-to-date through September 30, 2017, we sold $148 million of mostly lower yielding securities and $53 million of conforming MSRs, freeing up $1312018, generating $91 million of capital for reinvestment after the repayment of associated debt.
We purchased $1.5$1.95 billion of residential jumbo loans during the thirdsecond quarter of 2017, and $3.8 billion year-to-date through September2018. At June 30, 2017. At September 30, 2017,2018, our pipeline of jumbo residential loans identified for purchase was $1.5$1.27 billion.
Residential loan sales totaled $1.4$1.94 billion during the thirdsecond quarter of 20172018 and included $0.2$1.66 billion of loans that were securitized and $0.28 billion of whole loan sales to third parties and $1.2 billion of loans that were securitized. Year-to-date through September 30, 2017, residential loan sales totaled $3.5 billion, and included $0.9 billion of whole loan sales to third parties and $2.6 billion of loans that were securitized in seven separate transactions including our first expanded-prime Choice securitization.parties.
We issued $245$200 million of six-year, 4.75%5.625% convertible debt during the thirdsecond quarter of 2017.2018.
Our recourse debt to equity leverage ratio was 3.4x at the end of the second quarter of 2018.
In late July, we raised $117 million of equity capital in our first follow-on stock offering since 2009.









Key Earnings Metrics
The following table presents key earnings metrics for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Table 1 – Key Earnings and Return Metrics
 Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
(In Thousands, except per Share Data) September 30, 2017 September 30, 2017 June 30, 2018 June 30, 2018
Net income $36,180
 $109,473
 $32,747
 $79,592
Net income per diluted common share $0.41
 $1.26
 $0.38
 $0.88
Annualized GAAP return on equity 12% 12% 11% 13%
REIT taxable income per share $0.26
 $0.73
 $0.35
 $0.79
Dividends per share $0.28
 $0.84
 $0.30
 $0.58

A detailed discussion of our thirdsecond quarter of 20172018 net income is included in the Results of Operations section of this MD&A that follows.
Book Value per Share
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, our book value was $1.21$1.23 billion, or $15.67$16.23 per share, an increase from $15.29$16.12 per share at June 30, 2017 and $14.96 at DecemberMarch 31, 2016.2018. The following table sets forth the changes in our book value per share for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Table 2 – Changes in Book Value per Share
 Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
(In Dollars, per share basis) September 30, 2017 September 30, 2017 June 30, 2018 June 30, 2018
Beginning book value per share $15.29
 $14.96
 $16.12
 $15.83
Net income 0.41
 1.26
 0.38
 0.88
Changes in unrealized gains on securities, net from:    
Changes in unrealized gains on securities, net, from:    
Realized gains recognized in net income (0.03) (0.09) (0.05) (0.14)
Amortization income recognized in net income (0.05) (0.15) (0.04) (0.08)
Mark-to-market adjustments, net 0.27
 0.47
 0.01
 0.01
Total change in unrealized gains on securities, net 0.19
 0.23
 (0.08) (0.21)
Dividends (0.28) (0.84) (0.30) (0.58)
Share repurchases —
 0.01
Equity compensation, net 0.02
 0.01
 0.03
 0.06
Changes in unrealized losses on derivatives hedging long-term debt —
 (0.01) 0.05
 0.16
Other, net 0.04
 0.06
 0.03
 0.08
Ending Book Value per Share $15.67
 $15.67
 $16.23
 $16.23
Our GAAP book value per share increased $0.38$0.11 per share to $15.67$16.23 per share during the thirdsecond quarter of 2017.2018. This increase was driven primarily driven by positive mark-to-market adjustments on our available-for-sale securities and our quarterly earnings exceeding the dividend payment and an increase in the value of our dividend.long-term debt hedge.
Unrealized gains on our available-for-sale securities increased $0.19decreased $0.08 per share during the third quarter of 2017,three months ended June 30, 2018. This decrease primarily as a result of a positive $0.27 per share mark-to-market adjustment on our available-for-sale securities due to credit spread tightening during the quarter. This increase was partially offset byresulted from $0.05 per share of discount amortization income recognized in earnings from the appreciation in the amortized cost basis of our available-for-sale securities, and $0.03 per share of previously unrealized net gains that were realized as income from the sale of securities, as well as $0.04 per share of discount accretion income recognized in earnings from the appreciation in the amortized cost basis of our available-for-sale securities.
Higher benchmark interest rates during the second quarter of 2018 resulted in a $0.05 per share increase to book value due to a decrease in unrealized losses on the derivatives hedging a portion of our long-term debt. At June 30, 2018, the cumulative unrealized loss on these derivatives, which is included in our GAAP book value per share, was $0.41 per share.

Capital Allocation Summary
This section provides an overview of our capital position and how it was allocated at the end of the third quarter of 2017.June 30, 2018. A detailed discussion of our liquidity and capital resources is provided in the Liquidity and Capital Resources section of this MD&A that follows.
We use a combination of equity and corporate debt (which we collectively refer to as “capital”) to fund our business. Our total capital was $2.00 billion at June 30, 2018, and included $1.23 billion of equity capital and $0.77 billion of the total $2.77 billion of long-term debt on our consolidated balance sheet. This portion of debt included $201 million of exchangeable debt due in 2019, $245 million of convertible debt due in 2023, $200 million of convertible debt due in 2024, and $140 million of trust-preferred securities due in 2037.
We also utilize various forms of collateralized short-term and long-term debt to finance certain investments and to warehouse some of our inventory of residential loans held-for-sale. We do not consider this collateralized debt as "capital" and, therefore, it is presented separately from allocated capital in the table below. The following table presents how our capital was allocated between business segments and investment types at SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Table 3 – Capital Allocation Summary
At September 30, 2017        
At June 30, 2018        
(Dollars in Thousands) Fair Value Collateralized Debt Allocated Capital % of Total Capital Fair Value Collateralized Debt Allocated Capital % of Total Capital
Investment portfolio                
Residential loans/FHLB stock $2,312,195
 $(1,999,999) $312,196
 17%
Residential securities (1)
 1,144,397
 (370,838) 773,559
 43%
Commercial/Multifamily securities (2)
 243,071
 (178,973) 64,098
 4%
Mortgage servicing rights 62,928
 —
 62,928
 4%
Other assets/(other liabilities) 187,325
 (53,551) 133,774
 7%
Residential loans (1)
 $2,356,356
 $(1,999,999) $356,357
 18%
        
Securities portfolio        
Third party residential securities 762,792
 (241,648) 521,144
 26%
Sequoia residential securities (2)
 426,077
 (152,565) 273,512
 14%
Multifamily securities (3)
 398,785
 (312,681) 86,104
 4%
Total securities portfolio 1,587,654
 (706,894) 880,760
 44%
        
Other investments 145,792
 —
 145,792
 7%
Other assets/(liabilities) 154,549
 (56,450) 98,099
 5%
Cash and liquidity capital     266,746
 15%     308,169
 N/A
Total investment portfolio $3,949,916
 $(2,603,361) 1,613,301
 90% $4,244,351
 $(2,763,343) 1,789,177
 90%
Residential mortgage banking     170,000
 10%     210,000
 10%
Total     $1,783,301
 100%     $1,999,177
 100%
(1)Residential securities presented above includes our $31Includes $43 million net economic investment in our consolidated Sequoia Choice securitization. This net investment represents the fair value of the securities we retained from this securitization.FHLB stock.
(2)Sequoia residential securities presented above includes $134 million of securities retained from our consolidated Sequoia Choice securitizations. For GAAP purposes we consolidated $1.48 billion of residential loans and $1.35 billion of non-recourse ABS debt associated with these retained securities.
(3)Includes $223$377 million of multifamily securities, and $20$16 million of investment grade CMBS.CMBS, and $6 million of single-family securities.
Our total capital was $1.78 billion at September 30, 2017, and included $1.21 billion of equity capital and $0.57 billion of the total $2.57 billion of long-term debt on our consolidated balance sheet. This portion of debt included $201 million of exchangeable debt due in 2019, $245 million of convertible debt due in 2023, and $140 million of trust-preferred securities due in 2037.
Of our $1.78$2.00 billion of total capital at SeptemberJune 30, 2017, $1.612018, $1.79 billion (or 90%) was allocated to our investments with the remaining $170$210 million (or 10%) allocated to our residential mortgage banking activities.
As of SeptemberJune 30, 2017, we estimate that2018, our availablecash and liquidity capital was approximately $330 million. Although we continue to evaluate our options with regard to the April 2018 maturity of $250included $200 million of our convertible debt, at current market prices the excess cost to retire this debt prior to maturity is unattractive relative to alternative short-term usescapital available for investment. Additionally, in July 2018, we raised $117 million of cash. In addition, we believe we can source incremental capital onin an as-needed basis for redeployment through continued optimizationunderwritten public offering of our investment portfolio.common stock.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Within this Results of Operations section, we provide commentary that compares results year-over-year for 20172018 and 2016.2017. Most tables include a "change" column that shows the amount by which the results from 20172018 are greater or less than the results from the respective period in 2016.2017. Unless otherwise specified, references in this section to increases or decreases during the "three-month periods" refer to the change in results for the thirdsecond quarter of 2017,2018, compared to the thirdsecond quarter of 2016,2017, and increases or decreases in the "nine-month"six-month periods" refer to the change in results for the first ninesix months of 2017,2018, compared to the first ninesix months of 2016.2017.
The following table presents the components of our net income for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 4 – Net Income
 Three Months Ended September 30,   Nine Months Ended September 30,   Three Months Ended June 30,   Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In Thousands, except per Share Data) 2017 2016 Change  2017 2016 Change 2018 2017 Change  2018 2017 Change
Net Interest Income $35,294
 $39,309
 $(4,015)  $103,881
 $122,030
 $(18,149) $34,763
 $34,990
 $(227)  $69,868
 $68,587
 $1,281
Reversal of provision for loan losses —
 859
 (859)  —
 7,102
 (7,102)
Net Interest Income After Provision 35,294
 40,168
 (4,874)  103,881
 129,132
 (25,251)
Non-interest Income     

      

     

      

Mortgage banking activities, net 21,200
 9,766
 11,434
  50,850
 24,712
 26,138
 10,596
 12,046
 (1,450)  37,172
 29,650
 7,522
MSR income, net 1,615
 3,770
 (2,155)  6,106
 12,834
 (6,728)
Investment fair value changes, net 324
 11,918
 (11,594)  9,990
 (18,686) 28,676
 889
 8,115
 (7,226)  2,498
 9,666
 (7,168)
Other income 1,197
 1,643
 (446)  3,367
 4,157
 (790)
Other income, net 3,322
 3,764
 (442)  5,440
 6,661
 (1,221)
Realized gains, net 1,734
 6,615
 (4,881)  8,809
 26,037
 (17,228) 4,714
 1,372
 3,342
  14,077
 7,075
 7,002
Total non-interest income, net 26,070
 33,712
 (7,642)  79,122
 49,054
 30,068
 19,521
 25,297
 (5,776)  59,187
 53,052
 6,135
Operating expenses (19,922) (20,355) 433
  (56,789) (70,962) 14,173
 (19,009) (18,641) (368)  (42,039) (36,867) (5,172)
Net income before income taxes 41,442
 53,525
 (12,083)  126,214
 107,224
 18,990
 35,275
 41,646
 (6,371)  87,016
 84,772
 2,244
Provision for income taxes (5,262) (972) (4,290)  (16,741) (1,327) (15,414) (2,528) (5,322) 2,794
  (7,424) (11,479) 4,055
Net Income $36,180
 $52,553
 $(16,373)  $109,473
 $105,897
 $3,576
 $32,747
 $36,324
 $(3,577)  $79,592
 $73,293
 $6,299
Diluted earnings per common share $0.41
 $0.58
 $(0.17)  $1.26
 $1.23
 $0.03
 $0.38
 $0.43
 $(0.05)  $0.88
 $0.85
 $0.03
Net Interest Income
The decreaseNet interest income for both the three- and six-month periods benefited from higher interest income driven by higher average balances of securities in our investment portfolio and residential loans held-for-sale. It also benefited from higher returns on our investment portfolio resulting from our portfolio optimization activities. These increases were offset by higher interest expense on higher average balances and higher rates on our FHLBC borrowings and short-term facilities. We hedge our investment portfolio's exposure to interest rates and the benefit from these hedges is reported in our Investment fair value changes line item, which is discussed below. A more detailed analysis of the changes in net interest income duringis presented in the three- and nine-month periods primarily resulted from the sale of our commercial mezzanine loans during 2016. This decline was partially offset by higher net interest income from our residential investments as a result of capital redeployment during 2016 and the first nine months of 2017.
Provision for Loan Losses
The reversal of provision for loan losses in 2016 was related to our commercial mezzanine loans. Prior to their sale in 2016, the commercial loans were reclassified to held-for-sale status, at which point the allowance for loan losses was reversed and no longer maintained for these loans."Net Interest Income" section that follows.
Mortgage Banking Activities, Net
IncomeThe decrease in income from mortgage banking activities, net includes results from our residential jumbo mortgage banking operations and, prior to the second quarter of 2016, results from our residential conforming and commercial mortgage banking operations. The increase in mortgage banking activities during the three- and nine-monththree-month periods was predominantly due to higherlower gross margins in 2018, relative to 2017. The increase in income from our jumbo residential mortgage banking activities onduring the six-month periods was primarily due to higher loan purchase volume.
A more detailed analysis of the changes in this line item is included in Residential Mortgage Banking portion of the “Results of Operations by Segment” section that follows.

MSR Income, Net
MSR income, net is comprised of the net fee income we earn from our MSR investments as well as changes in their market value and the market value of their associated derivatives. MSR income decreased in 2017 primarily due to lower average balances of MSRs outstanding during 2017, as sales and paydowns outpaced new acquisitions.
Investment Fair Value Changes, Net
Investment fair value changes, net, is primarily comprised of the change in fair values of our residential loans held-for-investment and financed with FHLB borrowings, our investment securities classified as trading, and interest rate hedges associated with each of these investments.
During both the threethree- and nine months ended September 30, 2017,six-month periods, hedge costs and the positive investment fair value changes primarily resultedeffect of principal paydowns on our investments were more than offset by the net benefit from spread tightening on our securities portfolio. While net increasesinterest income from residential loans declined in the fair valuesecond quarter of our trading securities and their associated hedges, which were primarily2018 due to tightening credit spreads on these securities during these periods. Forrising benchmark interest rates, the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the increase was partially offset by net decreases in the fair value of our residential loans held-for-investment and their associated hedges, primarily resulting from principal paydowns and hedging costs.
During the three months ended September 30, 2016, the positive investment fair value changes resulted from increases in the fair value of our investments in both trading securities and loans held-for-investment, which were primarily the result of tightening credit spreads. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the negative investment fair value changes primarily resulted from decreases in the fair value of our loans held for investment and their associated hedges. These decreases were primarily the result of hedging costs due to interest rate volatility during the first nine months of the year, as well as decreases in fair value resultingexpense from the write-off of premium from loan repayments.
hedges associated with these loans also decreased, effectively offsetting this decline. Additional detail on our investment fair value changes is included in the Investment Portfolio portion of the “Results of Operations by Segment” section that follows.

Other Income, Net
Other income in both the three- and nine-month periods wasis primarily comprised of income from our residential loan risk sharingrisk-sharing arrangements with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.Mac, as well as the net fee income we earn from our MSR investments and the changes in their market value and the market value of their associated derivatives. The decrease in other income for both the three- and six-month periods was primarily from a decrease in income from our MSR investments due to the sale of most of our conforming MSRs in 2017.
Realized Gains, Net
During the third quarterthree and six months ended June 30, 2018, we realized gains of $5 million and $14 million, primarily from the sale of $41 million and $92 million of AFS securities, respectively, as part of our portfolio optimization. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, we realized gains of $2 million primarily from the sale of $23 million of AFS securities. During the third quarter of 2016, we realized gains of $7 million, which included $2and $8 million, primarily from the sale of $26$19 million and $38 million of AFS securities, and $5 million fromrespectively. Additionally, during the sale of $208 million of commercial mezzanine loans.
During the ninethree months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017, we realized gains of $9 million, which included $10 million of realized gains primarily from the sale of $61 million of AFS securities, partially offset bya $1 million of realized loss from the repurchase of $37 million of convertible debt. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we realized gains of $26 million, which included $21 million of realized gains primarily from the sale of $241 million of AFS securities and $5 million of realized gains from the sale of $208 million of commercial mezzanine loans.
Operating Expenses
The decreaseincrease in operating expenses during the three- and nine-monthsix-month periods was primarily resulted from higher loan acquisition costs due to the restructuring of our residential conforming and commercial mortgage banking operations during the first quarter of 2016, which resultedhigher loan purchase volume in a lower run-rate of expenses. Excluding $11 million of restructuring charges recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, operating2018, as well as higher expenses for that period were $60 million.associated with implementing new investment initiatives.
Provision for Income Taxes
Our provision for income taxes resultrelated almost entirely fromto activity at our taxable REIT subsidiaries, which primarily includes our mortgage banking activities and MSR investments.investments, as well as certain other investment and hedging activities. For both the three- and nine-monthsix-month periods, the increasedecrease in provision for income taxes resultedwas driven primarily by the reduction in the federal corporate tax rate in 2018 resulting from higher income from our mortgage banking activities.the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the "Tax Act"). For additional detail on income taxes, see the “Taxable Income and Tax Provision” section that follows.

Net Interest Income
The following tables present the components of net interest income for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 5 – Net Interest Income
 Three Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30,
 2017 2016 2018 2017
(Dollars in Thousands) Interest Income/ (Expense) 
 Average
   Balance (1)
 Yield Interest Income/ (Expense) 
 Average
   Balance (1)
 Yield Interest Income/ (Expense) 
 Average
   Balance (1)
 Yield Interest Income/ (Expense) 
 Average
   Balance (1)
 Yield
Interest Income                        
Residential loans, held-for-sale $10,396
 $980,067
 4.2 % $8,835
 $995,136
 3.6 % $12,840
 $1,127,654
 4.6 % $8,364
 $809,231
 4.1 %
Residential loans - HFI at Redwood (2)
 23,145
 2,344,427
 3.9 % 21,923
 2,260,895
 3.9 % 23,524
 2,344,947
 4.0 % 23,408
 2,358,355
 4.0 %
Residential loans - HFI at Legacy Sequoia (2)
 4,873
 682,772
 2.9 % 4,837
 849,234
 2.3 % 5,015
 599,203
 3.3 % 4,863
 716,778
 2.7 %
Residential loans - HFI at Sequoia Choice (2)
 127
 10,365
 4.9 % —
 —
 — % 14,135
 1,192,756
 4.7 % —
 —
 — %
Commercial loans —
 —
 — % 6,453
 261,194
 9.9 %
Trading securities 12,691
 737,186
 6.9 % 5,831
 301,110
 7.7 % 17,368
 956,365
 7.3 % 10,713
 666,009
 6.4 %
Available-for-sale securities 10,734
 420,896
 10.2 % 12,769
 488,842
 10.4 % 8,928
 313,530
 11.4 % 11,113
 444,179
 10.0 %
Other interest income 771
 202,019
 1.5 % 258
 226,730
 0.5 % 1,166
 183,095
 2.5 % 763
 193,324
 1.6 %
Total interest income 62,737
 5,377,732
 4.7 % 60,906
 5,383,141
 4.5 % 82,976
 6,717,550
 4.9 % 59,224
 5,187,876
 4.6 %
Interest Expense                        
Short-term debt facilities (7,158) 1,066,695
 (2.7)% (5,405) 1,071,757
 (2.0)% (12,666) 1,478,332
 (3.4)% (6,563) 1,039,741
 (2.5)%
Short-term debt - convertible notes, net (3,024) 250,098
 (4.8)% —
 —
 — % (509) 38,530
 (5.3)% (2,787) 226,385
 (4.9)%
ABS issued - Legacy Sequoia (2)
 (3,852) 667,070
 (2.3)% (3,193) 828,411
 (1.5)% (4,215) 589,261
 (2.9)% (3,705) 700,549
 (2.1)%
ABS issued - Sequoia Choice (2)
 (104) 9,349
 (4.4)% —
 —
 — % (12,134) 1,086,602
 (4.5)% —
 —
 — %
Long-term debt - FHLBC (6,319) 1,999,999
 (1.3)% (2,892) 1,999,999
 (0.6)% (9,833) 1,999,999
 (2.0)% (5,071) 1,999,999
 (1.0)%
Long-term debt - other (6,986) 444,440
 (6.3)% (10,107) 674,131
 (6.0)% (8,856) 588,765
 (6.0)% (6,108) 379,972
 (6.4)%
Total interest expense (27,443) 4,437,651
 (2.5)% (21,597) 4,574,298
 (1.9)% (48,213) 5,781,489
 (3.3)% (24,234) 4,346,646
 (2.2)%
Net Interest Income $35,294
     $39,309
     $34,763
     $34,990
    

 Nine Months Ended September 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
 2017 2016 2018 2017
(Dollars in Thousands) Interest Income/ (Expense) 
 Average
   Balance (1)
 Yield Interest Income/ (Expense) 
 Average
   Balance (1)
 Yield Interest Income/ (Expense) 
 Average
   Balance (1)
 Yield Interest Income/ (Expense) 
 Average
   Balance (1)
 Yield
Interest Income                        
Residential loans, held-for-sale $26,246
 $846,335
 4.1 % $24,062
 $886,777
 3.6 % $25,532
 $1,164,138
 4.4 % $15,850
 $778,361
 4.1 %
Residential loans - HFI at Redwood (2)
 68,591
 2,318,064
 3.9 % 63,562
 2,178,997
 3.9 % 47,317
 2,370,132
 4.0 % 45,446
 2,304,664
 3.9 %
Residential loans - HFI at Legacy Sequoia (2)
 14,574
 718,691
 2.7 % 14,525
 907,617
 2.1 % 9,826
 607,803
 3.2 % 9,701
 736,948
 2.6 %
Residential loans - HFI at Sequoia Choice (2)
 127
 3,493
 4.8 % —
 —
 — % 23,070
 971,545
 4.7 % —
 —
 — %
Commercial loans 345
 1,424
 N/A
 28,834
 338,390
 11.4 %
Trading securities 31,622
 643,736
 6.5 % 15,639
 271,758
 7.7 % 33,533
 937,386
 7.2 % 18,930
 596,236
 6.3 %
Available-for-sale securities 33,446
 441,038
 10.1 % 42,473
 553,278
 10.2 % 18,458
 338,261
 10.9 % 22,713
 451,275
 10.1 %
Other interest income 1,638
 210,765
 1.0 % 926
 318,138
 0.4 % 1,859
 211,112
 1.8 % 1,212
 217,359
 1.1 %
Total interest income 176,589
 5,183,546
 4.5 % 190,021
 5,454,955
 4.6 % 159,595
 6,600,377
 4.8 % 113,852
 5,084,843
 4.5 %
Interest Expense     

     

            
Short-term debt facilities (18,174) 967,834
 (2.5)% (17,439) 1,150,206
 (2.0)% (23,092) 1,424,185
 (3.2)% (11,016) 917,585
 (2.4)%
Short-term debt - convertible notes, net (5,811) 159,744
 (4.9)% —
 —
 — % (3,518) 143,853
 (4.9)% (2,787) 113,818
 (4.9)%
ABS issued - Redwood —
 —
 — % (1,615) 28,264
 (7.6)%
ABS issued - Legacy Sequoia (2)
 (11,087) 702,084
 (2.1)% (9,842) 885,752
 (1.5)% (8,067) 597,859
 (2.7)% (7,235) 719,882
 (2.0)%
ABS issued - Sequoia Choice (2)
 (104) 3,151
 (4.4)% —
 —
 — % (19,683) 880,387
 (4.5)% —
 —
 — %
Long-term debt - FHLBC (15,125) 1,999,999
 (1.0)% (8,634) 1,974,582
 (0.6)% (17,860) 1,999,999
 (1.8)% (8,806) 1,999,999
 (0.9)%
Long-term debt - other (22,407) 481,232
 (6.2)% (30,461) 680,576
 (6.0)% (17,507) 582,120
 (6.0)% (15,421) 499,932
 (6.2)%
Total interest expense (72,708) 4,314,044
 (2.2)% (67,991) 4,719,380
 (1.9)% (89,727) 5,628,403
 (3.2)% (45,265) 4,251,216
 (2.1)%
Net Interest Income $103,881
     $122,030
     $69,868
     $68,587
    
(1)Average balances for residential loans held-for-sale, residential loans held-for-investment, and trading securities are calculated based upon carrying values, which represent estimated fair values. Average balances for available-for-sale securities and debt are calculated based upon amortized historical cost, except for ABS issued, which is based upon fair value.
(2)Interest income from residential loans held-for-investment ("HFI") at Redwood exclude loans HFI at consolidated Sequoia entities. Interest income from residential loans - HFI at Legacy Sequoia and the interest expense from ABS issued - Legacy Sequoia represent activity from our consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities. Interest income from residential loans - HFI at Sequoia Choice and the interest expense from ABS issued - Sequoia Choice represent activity from our consolidated Sequoia Choice entity.entities.

The following table presents net interest income by segment for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 6 – Net Interest Income by Segment
 Three Months Ended September 30,   Nine Months Ended September 30,   Three Months Ended June 30,   Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 Change  2017 2016 Change 2018 2017 Change  2018 2017 Change
Net Interest Income by Segment                          
Investment Portfolio $37,578
 $42,163
 $(4,585)  $113,166
 $131,306
 $(18,140) $37,565
 $38,602
 $(1,037)  $76,459
 $75,588
 $871
Residential Mortgage Banking 6,491
 5,005
 1,486
  15,053
 13,891
 1,162
 5,455
 4,012
 1,443
  12,215
 8,562
 3,653
Corporate/Other (8,775) (7,859) (916)  (24,338) (23,167) (1,171) (8,257) (7,624) (633)  (18,806) (15,563) (3,243)
Net Interest Income $35,294
 $39,309
 $(4,015)  $103,881
 $122,030
 $(18,149) $34,763
 $34,990
 $(227)  $69,868
 $68,587
 $1,281
Additional details regarding the activities impacting net interest income at each segment are included in the “Results of Operations by Segment” section that follows.

The Corporate/Other line item in the table above primarily includes interest expense related to long-term debt not directly allocated to our segments and net interest income from consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities. The increase in corporate net interest expense during the three- and six-month periods was primarily due to the issuance of $245 million of convertible notes in August 2017, which was partially offset by the repayment of $250 million of convertible notes in April 2018. Additionally, net interest income from our Legacy Sequoia entities has continued to decrease as the underlying residential loans and ABS issued pay down. Details regarding consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities are included in the "Results of Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities" section that follows.

The following table presents the net interest rate spread between the yield on unsecuritized loans and securities and the debt yield of the short-term debt used in part to finance each investment type at SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Table 7 – Interest Expense — Specific Borrowing Costs
September 30, 2017 Residential Loans Held-for-Sale 
Residential
Securities
June 30, 2018 Residential Loans Held-for-Sale 
Residential
Securities
Asset yield 4.09% 5.10% 4.75% 5.85%
Short-term debt yield 2.80% 2.46% 3.69% 3.25%
Net Spread 1.29% 2.64% 1.06% 2.60%
For additional discussion on short-term debt, including information regarding margin requirements and financial covenants, see “Risks Relating to Debt Incurred under Short-Term and Long-Term Borrowing Facilities" in the Liquidity and Capital Resources section of this MD&A.
Results of Operations by Segment
As discussed in the Introduction section of this MD&A, we changed our reportable segments in the first quarter of 2017 and nowWe report on our business using two distinct segments: Investment Portfolio and Residential Mortgage Banking. Our segments are based on our organizational and management structure, which aligns with how our results are monitored and performance is assessed. For additional information on our segments, refer to Note 2120 of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The following table presents the segment contribution from our two segments, reconciled to our consolidated net income, for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 8 – Segment Results Summary
 Three Months Ended September 30,   Nine Months Ended September 30,   Three Months Ended June 30,   Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 Change 2017 2016 Change 2018 2017 Change  2018 2017 Change
Segment Contribution from:                          
Investment Portfolio $41,739
 $63,743
 $(22,004)  $137,185
 $155,863
 $(18,678) $44,213
 $49,831
 $(5,618)  $93,283
 $95,446
 $(2,163)
Residential Mortgage Banking 16,755
 8,724
 8,031
  35,643
 23,250
 12,393
 9,042
 7,035
 2,007
  29,738
 18,888
 10,850
Corporate/Other (22,314) (19,914) (2,400)  (63,355) (73,216) 9,861
 (20,508) (20,542) 34
  (43,429) (41,041) (2,388)
Net Income $36,180
 $52,553
 $(16,373)  $109,473
 $105,897
 $3,576
 $32,747
 $36,324
 $(3,577)  $79,592
 $73,293
 $6,299
The following sections provide a detailed discussion of the results of operations at each of our two business segments for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
The $2 million decrease inWhile the net incomeexpense from Corporate/Other was consistent for the three-month periods, was primarily due to a $1the $2 million increase in interest expense fromfor the six-month periods was due primarily to higher convertible debt issued in the third quarter of 2017, a $1 million decrease in income from consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities (the details of which are discussed in the "Results of Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities" section that follows), and $2 million of upfront costs associated with the hiring of a new executive in the third quarter of 2017. The $10 million improvement from Corporate/Other for the nine-month periods was primarily due to the $11 million of costs incurred in association with the restructuring of our residential conforming and commercial mortgage banking operations during the first quarter of 2016. In addition, $3 million of net losses related to our commercial mortgage banking operations were included in Corporate/Other for the first quarter of 2016, prior to those operations being wound down.interest expense.

Investment Portfolio Segment

Our Investment Portfolio segment is primarily comprised of our portfolio of residential mortgage loans held-for-investment and financed through the FHLBC and our real estate securities portfolio. Additionally, beginning in the third quarter of 2017, this segment includes residential loans held-for-investment at our consolidated Sequoia Choice entity.
For segment reporting purposes, certain of our Sequoia senior trading securities were included in our Residential Mortgage Banking segment. As such, they are excluded from any amounts and tables in this section and may not agree with similarly titled amounts and tables in our consolidated financial statements and footnotes.entities.
The following table presents the components of segment contribution for the Investment Portfolio segment for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 9 – Investment Portfolio Segment Contribution
 Three Months Ended September 30,   Nine Months Ended September 30,   Three Months Ended June 30,   Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 Change  2017 2016 Change 2018 2017 Change  2018 2017 Change
Interest income $47,023
 $47,176
 $(153)  $135,106
 $149,985
 $(14,879) $64,569
 $45,833
 $18,736
  $123,326
 $88,083
 $35,243
Interest expense (9,445) (5,013) (4,432)  (21,940) (18,679) (3,261) (27,004) (7,231) (19,773)  (46,867) (12,495) (34,372)
Net interest income 37,578
 42,163
 (4,585)  113,166
 131,306
 (18,140) 37,565
 38,602
 (1,037)  76,459
 75,588
 871
Reversal of provision for loan losses —
 859
 (859)  —
 7,102
 (7,102)
Net Interest Income after Provision 37,578
 43,022
 (5,444)  113,166
 138,408
 (25,242)
Non-interest income                          
MSR income, net 1,615
 3,770
 (2,155)  6,106
 12,834
 (6,728)
Investment fair value changes, net 1,372
 12,176
 (10,804)  13,846
 (16,505) 30,351
 1,600
 9,115
 (7,515)  3,190
 12,474
 (9,284)
Other income 1,197
 1,643
 (446)  3,367
 4,157
 (790)
Other income, net 3,322
 3,764
 (442)  5,440
 6,661
 (1,221)
Realized gains, net 1,734
 6,615
 (4,881)  9,561
 25,745
 (16,184) 4,714
 2,124
 2,590
  14,077
 7,827
 6,250
Total non-interest income, net 5,918
 24,204
 (18,286)  32,880
 26,231
 6,649
 9,636
 15,003
 (5,367)  22,707
 26,962
 (4,255)
Direct operating expenses (1,324) (2,751) 1,427
  (4,371) (7,689) 3,318
 (1,858) (1,454) (404)  (3,865) (3,047) (818)
Segment contribution before income taxes 42,172
 64,475
 (22,303)  141,675
 156,950
 (15,275) 45,343
 52,151
 (6,808)  95,301
 99,503
 (4,202)
Provision for income taxes (433) (732) 299
  (4,490) (1,087) (3,403) (1,130) (2,320) 1,190
  (2,018) (4,057) 2,039
Total Segment Contribution $41,739
 $63,743
 $(22,004)  $137,185
 $155,863
 $(18,678) $44,213
 $49,831
 $(5,618)  $93,283
 $95,446
 $(2,163)
The following table presents our primary portfolios of investment assets in our Investment Portfolio segment at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016.2017.
Table 10 – Investment Portfolio
(In Thousands) September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 Change June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 Change
Residential loans held-for-investment at Redwood $2,268,802
 $2,261,016
 $7,786
 $2,313,336
 $2,434,386
 $(121,050)
Residential securities 1,113,201
 926,669
 186,532
 1,055,151
 1,152,485
 (97,334)
Commercial/Multifamily securities 243,071
 91,770
 151,301
 398,785
 324,025
 74,760
Residential loans held-for-investment at Sequoia Choice(1) 317,303
 —
 317,303
 1,481,145
 620,062
 861,083
Mortgage servicing rights 62,928
 118,526
 (55,598)
Other assets 230,718
 217,554
 13,164
 343,361
 212,915
 130,446
Total Assets at Investment Portfolio $4,236,023
 $3,615,535
 $620,488
 $5,591,778
 $4,743,873
 $847,905

(1)
Our economic investment in the consolidated Sequoia Choice entities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was $135 million and $78 million, respectively. For additional details on our Choice loans, see the subsection titled "Residential Loans Held-for-Investment at Sequoia Choice Portfolio" that follows.

Overview
The increase in our total investments inDuring the first ninesix months of 2017 was primarily attributable to the deployment of $230 million of2018, we continued our focus on optimizing our investment portfolio by selling assets that had appreciated in value with lower current yields, and redeployed capital into new residential and multifamily securities investments. Additionally, we consolidated $317 million of residential Sequoia Choice loans from a securitization we completed during the third quarter. At September 30, 2017, our economic investment in the Sequoia Choice entity was $31 million, representing subordinate securities we retained in the securitization. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the segment contribution from our Investment Portfolio washigher-yielding opportunities. Our sales were mostly comprised of $43 million from residential loans, $73 million from residentialAgency CRT, mezzanine, and legacy securities $18 million from commercial/and our purchases mostly comprised of Sequoia, multifamily securities, and $4 millionthird-party subordinate investments. Through these sales, we captured previously unrealized appreciation, which increased our realized gains during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. While credit spreads continued to tighten during 2018, the benefit from MSRs.

spread tightening during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 was lower than for those same periods in 2017, negatively impacting year-over-year results.
Net Interest Income
Net interest income from our Investment Portfolio primarily includes interest income from our residential loans held-for-investment and our securities, as well as the associated interest expense from short-term debt, FHLBC borrowings, and ABS issued. The following table presents the components of net interest income for our Investment Portfolio segment for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 11 - Net Interest Income ("NII") from Investment Portfolio
 Three Months Ended September 30,    Nine Months Ended September 30,   Three Months Ended June 30,   Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 Change  2017 2016 Change 2018 2017 Change  2018 2017 Change
Net interest income from:                          
HFI residential loans at Redwood $16,826
 $19,031
 $(2,205)  $53,466
 $54,920
 $(1,454) $13,685
 $18,337
 $(4,652)  $29,457
 $36,640
 $(7,183)
HFI residential loans at Sequoia Choice 23
 —
 23
  23
 —
 23
 2,001
 —
 2,001
  3,387
 —
 3,387
Residential securities 19,105
 16,279
 2,826
  53,969
 51,013
 2,956
 19,398
 17,950
 1,448
  38,917
 34,864
 4,053
Commercial/Multifamily securities 1,298
 742
 556
  4,388
 1,093
 3,295
 1,861
 1,716
 145
  3,750
 3,090
 660
Commercial mezzanine loans —
 5,911
 (5,911)  345
 23,477
 (23,132)
Other interest income 326
 200
 126
  975
 803
 172
 620
 599
 21
  948
 994
 (46)
NII from Investment Portfolio $37,578
 $42,163
 $(4,585)  $113,166
 $131,306
 $(18,140) $37,565
 $38,602
 $(1,037)  $76,459
 $75,588
 $871
             
Supplemental information:             
Hedge interest income (expense), net $25
 $(3,768) $3,793
  $(2,858) $(7,461) $4,603
NII and hedge interest income (expense), net $37,590
 $34,834
 $2,756
  $73,601
 $68,127
 $5,474

The decreasechanges in net interest income from our Investment Portfolio segment duringfor the three- and nine-monthsix-month periods waswere due primarily due to the salelower net interest income from residential loans, which decreased primarily as a result of our commercial mezzanine loans during 2016, as well as from higher interest costs on our FHLB borrowings during 2017 and higher interest expense associated with securities that were financedfrom rising benchmark rates during the second and third quarters of 2017.past 12 months. These decreases were partially offset by higheran increase in net interest income from real estate securities, primarily resultingwhich mostly resulted from higher average balances ofin addition to higher yields on these investments, and an increase in net interest income from our investments in Sequoia Choice securitizations that we consolidated for GAAP purposes.

The table above also presents net interest income (expense) from hedges that we use to manage interest rate risk in our investment portfolio and are included as a component of Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income. Inclusive of the redeployment of capital.hedge interest, net interest income increased in both the three- and six-month periods.
Investment fair value changes, net
Market valuation changes included in Investment fair value changes, net, result from changes in the fair value of investments and their associated hedges, generally due to changes in market interest rates, changes in credit spreads, and reductions in the basis of investments due to changes in principal balances. See Note 1817 of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional detail regarding the components of Investment fair value changes, net presented on our consolidated statements of income.

The following table presents the components of investment fair value changes for theour Investment Portfolio segment, which is comprised of market valuation gains and losses by investment type, inclusive of fair value changes of associated risk management derivatives, for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 12 - Investment Portfolio Fair Value Changes, Net by Investment Type
 Three Months Ended September 30,    Nine Months Ended September 30,   Three Months Ended June 30,   Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 Change  2017 2016 Change 2018 2017 Change  2018 2017 Change
Market valuation changes:                          
Residential loans held-for-investment at Redwood $1,412
 $3,187
 $(1,775)  $(11,065) $(19,218) $8,153
 $(1,457) $(6,078) $4,621
  $(4,195) $(12,477) $8,282
Net investment in Sequoia Choice entity (1)
 (256) —
 (256)  (256) —
 (256)
Net investments in Sequoia Choice entities (1)
 1,072
 —
 1,072
  986
 —
 986
Residential trading securities (721) 8,770
 (9,491)  13,074
 3,227
 9,847
 (258) 9,835
 (10,093)  654
 13,795
 (13,141)
Commercial/Multifamily trading securities 1,210
 203
 1,007
  13,327
 408
 12,919
 2,508
 5,997
 (3,489)  6,149
 12,117
 (5,968)
Other valuation changes (273) 16
 (289)  (1,234) (922) (312) (265) (639) 374
  (404) (961) 557
Investment Portfolio Fair Value Changes, Net $1,372
 $12,176
 $(10,804)  $13,846
 $(16,505) $30,351
Investment Fair Value Changes, Net $1,600
 $9,115
 $(7,515)  $3,190
 $12,474
 $(9,284)
(1)Includes changes in fair value of the residential loans held-for-saleheld-for-investment and the ABS issued at the entity,entities, which netted together represent the change in value of our retained investment (subordinateinvestments (senior and subordinate securities) at the consolidated VIE.VIEs.
During the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017, the positive investment fair value changes primarily resulted from net increases in the fair value of our trading securities2018 and their associated hedges, which were primarily due to tightening credit spreads on these securities during these periods. In addition, for the three months ended September 30, 2017, investment fair value changes, net benefited from an increase in the fair value of residential loans, driven by tighter credit spreads on these investments during that period. In both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, these increases were partially offset by decreases in the fair value of our residential loans held-for-investment and their associated hedges, primarily resulting from principal paydowns and hedging costs.
During the three months ended September 30, 2016, the positive investment fair value changes resulted from increases in the fair value of our investments in both trading securities and loans held-for-investment, which were primarily the result of tightening credit spreads. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the negative investment fair value changes from loans and their associated derivatives primarily resulted from decreases in the fair value of our loans held for investment and their associated hedges. These decreases were primarily the result of hedging costs, which decreased year-over-year due to rising interest rate volatility during the first nine months of the year, as well as decreases in fair value resulting from the write-off of premium from loan repayments.
rates. The increase in fair values from commercial/multifamily trading securities and their associated derivatives during the three- and nine-monthboth periods primarily resulted from credit spread tightening during each period.tighter spreads on these investments, partially offset by hedging costs and decreases in fair value from reductions in the basis of IO securities from associated principal repayments.


MSROther Income, net
The following table presents the components of MSR income, net for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 13 – MSR Income, net
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017 2018 2017
Net servicing fee income $3,396
 $8,726
 $14,775
 $27,241
 $3,464
 $5,852
 $6,667
 $11,379
Changes in fair value of MSR from the receipt of expected cash flows (1,914) (5,705) (7,392) (17,766) (1,688) (3,065) (3,142) (5,478)
MSR reversal of provision for repurchases (8) —
 304
 208
 277
 307
 277
 312
MSR income before the effect of changes in interest rates and other assumptions 1,474
 3,021
 7,687
 9,683
 2,053
 3,094
 3,802
 6,213
Changes in fair value of MSRs from interest rates and other assumptions (1)
 563
 7,085
 (3,450) (52,723) 943
 (3,356) 5,289
 (4,013)
Changes in fair value of associated derivatives (422) (6,336) 1,869
 55,874
 (1,122) 3,040
 (6,261) 2,291
Total net effect of changes in assumptions and rates 141
 749
 (1,581) 3,151
 (179) (316) (972) (1,722)
MSR Income, Net(2) $1,615
 $3,770
 $6,106
 $12,834
 $1,874
 $2,778
 $2,830
 $4,491
(1)Primarily reflects changes in prepayment assumptions on our MSRs due to changes in benchmark interest rates.
(2)MSR income, net is included in Other income, net on our consolidated statements of income.
MSR income beforedeclined for the effectfirst six months of changes in interest rates and other assumptions declined in both2018 as compared with the three- and nine-month periods,same period last year, primarily due to the sale of most of our conforming MSRs during the second quarter ofin 2017. The total net effect of changes in assumptions and rates decreased during the nine-month periods, primarily due to lower hedging expenses on MSRs during the first quarter of 2016.

Realized Gains, net
During the third quarterthree months ended June 30, 2018, we realized gains of $5 million, primarily from the sale of $41 million of AFS securities. During the three months ended June 30, 2017, we realized gains of $2 million, primarily from the sale of $23$19 million of AFS securities. During the third quarter of 2016, we realized gains of $7 million, which included $2 million primarily from the sale of $26 million of AFS securities and $5 million from the sale of $208 million of commercial mezzanine loans.
Direct Operating Expenses and Provision for Income Taxes
The decreaseincrease in operating expenses at our Investment Portfolio segment for the threethree- and nine months ended September 30, 2017six-month periods was primarily attributable to lower operating costs associated with the management ofhigher compensation expense, as we added resources to support our servicing portfolio. For the threesingle-family rental and nine months ended September 30, 2017, themultifamily investments.
The provision for income taxes at our Investment Portfolio segment resultedprimarily results from GAAP income earned at our TRS during thosefrom MSRs and certain securities. For the three- and six-month periods, the decrease in the tax provision primarily resulted from MSR income and income on certain securities we hold at our TRS.the reduction of the federal corporate tax rate due to the Tax Act.


Residential Loans Held-for-Investment at Redwood Portfolio
The following table provides the activity of residential loans held-for-investment at Redwood during the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 14 – Residential Loans Held-for-Investment at Redwood - Activity
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 June 30, 2018 June 30, 2018
Fair value at beginning of period $2,360,234
 $2,277,561
 $2,261,016
 $1,791,195
 $2,375,785
 $2,434,386
Transfers between portfolios (1)
 (20,025) 151,919
 226,893
 821,273
 31,936
 87,711
Principal repayments (74,550) (146,151) (228,271) (351,955) (79,375) (154,329)
Changes in fair value, net 3,143
 (655) 9,164
 22,161
 (15,010) (54,432)
Fair Value at End of Period $2,268,802
 $2,282,674
 $2,268,802
 $2,282,674
 $2,313,336
 $2,313,336
(1)Represents the net transfers of loans into our Investment Portfolio segment from our Residential Mortgage Banking segment and their reclassification from held-for-sale to held-for-investment.
DuringThe decrease in the balance of loans held-for-investment during the three months ended June 30, 2018 was primarily due to principal repayments and a decrease in fair value of the loans during this period, resulting from rising benchmark interest rates. As our loans held-for-investment are generally fixed-rate and sensitive to changes in interest rates, we utilize various interest rate derivatives to hedge our interest rate risk for these investments. As a result of rising interest rates during the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017, we had net transfers of $202018, interest rate derivatives associated with these investments increased in value by $14 million and $227$50 million, respectively, of residential loans from our Residential Mortgage Banking segment to our Investment Portfolio segment. respectively.
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017, $2.262018, $2.31 billion of loans were held by our FHLB-member subsidiary and were financed with $2.00 billion of borrowings from the FHLBC. In connection with these borrowings, our FHLB-member subsidiary is required to hold $43 million of FHLB stock.
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the weighted average maturity of these FHLB borrowings was approximately eightseven years and they had a weighted average cost of 1.3%2.03% per annum. This interest cost resets every 13 weeks and we seek to fix the interest cost of these FHLB borrowings over their weighted average maturity by using a combination of swaps, TBAs and other derivatives.
In October 2017, the FHLB increased the capital requirement on our borrowing facility, which effectively increases the portion of loans we finance with equity relative to what was required previously. This change will result in additional capital being allocated to these investments as well as a lower return on the capital as leverage on this portfolio will be reduced.
Under a final rule published by the Federal Housing Finance Agency in January 2016, our FHLB-member subsidiary will remain an FHLB member through the five-year transition period for captive insurance companies. Our FHLB-member subsidiary's existing $2.00 billion of FHLB debt, which matures beyond this transition period, is permitted to remain outstanding until its stated maturity. As residential loans pledged as collateral for this debt pay down, we are permitted to pledge additional loans or other eligible assets to collateralize this debt; however, we do not expect to be able to increase our subsidiary's FHLB debt above the existing $2.00 billion.

The following table presents the unpaid principal balances for residential real estate loans held-for-investment at fair value by product type at SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Table 15 – Characteristics of Residential Real Estate Loans Held-for-Investment at Redwood
September 30, 2017    
June 30, 2018    
(Dollars in Thousands) Principal Balance Weighted Average Coupon Principal Balance Weighted Average Coupon
Fixed - 30 year $2,031,944
 4.10% $2,042,044
 4.09%
Fixed - 15, 20, & 25 year 71,138
 3.64% 66,031
 3.66%
Hybrid 128,343
 4.00% 233,292
 4.09%
Total Outstanding Principal $2,231,425
   $2,341,367
  
The outstanding loans held-for-investment at Redwood at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 were prime-quality, first lien loans, of which 95%96% were originated between 2013 and 20172018 and 5%4% were originated in 2012 and prior years. The weighted average FICO score of borrowers backing these loans was 772770 (at origination) and the weighted average loan-to-value ("LTV") ratio was 65%66% (at origination). At SeptemberJune 30, 2017, none2018, three of these loans with a total unpaid principal balance of $1 million were greater than 90 days delinquent orand none of these loans were in foreclosure.

Real Estate Securities Portfolio
The following table sets forth our real estate securities activity by collateral type in our Investment Portfolio segment for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Table 16 – Real Estate Securities Activity by Collateral Type
          
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 Senior Re-REMIC Subordinate Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 Residential 
Commercial (2)
 Total
(In Thousands) Residential 
   Residential (1)
 Residential 
Commercial (2)
 Total 
Senior (1)
 Mezzanine Subordinate Mezzanine 
Beginning fair value $176,962
 $73,337
 $797,895
 $170,309
  $247,672
 $228,114
 $504,926
 $377,008
 $1,357,720
Transfers 34,375
 (34,375) —
 —
 —
Acquisitions                    
Sequoia securities 5,908
 —
 23,125
 —
 29,033
 10,866
 14,204
 2,047
 —
 27,117
Third-party securities 10,475
 —
 74,507
 74,123
 159,105
 49,031
 28,964
 88,101
 29,809
 195,905
Sales                    
Sequoia securities —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (28,661) —
 —
 (28,661)
Third-party securities (3,324) —
 (45,486) —
 (48,810) (10,409) —
 (64,320) (4,969) (79,698)
Gains on sales and calls, net 824
 —
 910
 —
 1,734
 2,401
 2,273
 40
 —
 4,714
Effect of principal payments (3)
 (7,324) (1,745) (7,944) (2,484) (19,497) (8,612) (2,389) (2,685) (3,376) (17,062)
Change in fair value, net (1,897) 1,816
 15,162
 1,123
 16,204
 (5,130) (3,398) 2,116
 313
 (6,099)
Ending Fair Value $215,999
 $39,033
 $858,169
 $243,071
 $1,356,272
Ending Fair Value (4)
 $285,819
 $239,107
 $530,225
 $398,785
 $1,453,936

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 Senior Re-REMIC Subordinate Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 Residential 
Commercial (2)
 Total
(In Thousands) Residential 
   Residential (1)
 Residential 
Commercial (2)
 Total 
Senior (1)
 Mezzanine Subordinate Mezzanine 
Beginning fair value $173,613
 $85,479
 $667,577
 $91,770
  $249,838
 $331,452
 $571,195
 $324,025
 $1,476,510
Transfers 46,604
 (46,604) —
 —
 —
Acquisitions                    
Sequoia securities 11,555
 —
 55,529
 —
 67,084
 23,357
 14,204
 5,952
 —
 43,513
Third-party securities 20,901
 —
 231,494
 156,248
 408,643
 49,031
 40,308
 121,539
 113,096
 323,974
Sales                    
Sequoia securities —
 —
 (26,601) —
 (26,601) —
 (54,743) (12,052) —
 (66,795)
Third-party securities (13,399) —
 (92,035) (15,858) (121,292) (19,564) (81,432) (152,808) (31,632) (285,436)
Gains on sales and calls, net 5,327
 —
 4,234
 —
 9,561
 4,893
 4,354
 4,830
 —
 14,077
Effect of principal payments (3)
 (21,399) (3,099) (22,592) (3,172) (50,262) (15,960) (5,200) (5,047) (6,562) (32,769)
Change in fair value, net (7,203) 3,257
 40,563
 14,083
 50,700
 (5,776) (9,836) (3,384) (142) (19,138)
Ending Fair Value $215,999
 $39,033
 $858,169
 $243,071
 $1,356,272
Ending Fair Value (4)
 $285,819
 $239,107
 $530,225
 $398,785
 $1,453,936
(1)Re-REMICIncludes $34 million of re-REMIC securities as presented herein, were created by third parties through the resecuritization of certain senior RMBS.at June 30, 2018.
(2)Our commercial securities are primarily comprised of Agency multifamily securities.
(3)The effect of principal payments reflects the change in fair value due to principal payments, which is calculated as the cash principal received on a given security during the period multiplied by the prior quarter ending price or acquisition price for that security.
(4)
Excludes $134 million of securities retained from our consolidated Sequoia Choice securitizations at June 30, 2018. For additional details on our Choice loans, see the subsection titled "Residential Loans Held-for-Investment at Sequoia Choice Portfolio" that follows.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we sold $108 million and $352 million, respectively, of mostly lower-yielding securities as part of our ongoing portfolio optimization activities.
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, our securities consisted of fixed-rate assets (78%(65%), adjustable-rate assets (5%(28%), hybrid assets that reset within the next year (9%(6%), and hybrid assets that reset between 12 and 36 months (8%(1%). For the portions of our securities portfolio that are sensitive to changes in interest rates, we seek to minimize this interest rate risk by using various derivative instruments.


We directly finance our holdings of real estate securities with a combination of capital and collateralized debt in the form of repurchase (or “repo”) financing. The following table presents the fair value of our real estateresidential securities that were financed with repurchase debt at SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Table 17 – Real Estate Securities Financed with Repurchase Debt
September 30, 2017 Real Estate Securities Repurchase Debt Allocated Capital 
Weighted Average
Price(1)
 
Financing Haircut(2)
June 30, 2018 
Real Estate Securities (1)
 Repurchase Debt Allocated Capital 
Weighted Average
Price(2)
 
Financing Haircut(3)
(Dollars in Thousands, except Weighted Average Price) Real Estate Securities Repurchase Debt Allocated Capital 
Weighted Average
Price(1)
 
Financing Haircut(2)
 
Residential Securities           
Senior $102,697
 $(90,205) $12,492
 $98
 13% $161,038
 $(142,106) $18,932
 $98
 12%
Subordinate - Mezzanine 337,153
 (280,633) 56,520
 99
 17%
Mezzanine (4)
 292,571
 (252,107) 40,464
 96
 14%
Total Residential Securities 439,850
 (370,838) 69,012
 99
 16% 453,609
 (394,213) 59,396
 95
 13%
Commercial/Multifamily Securities 223,269
 (178,973) 44,296
 96
 20% 392,383
 (312,681) 79,702
 96
 20%
Total $663,119
 $(549,811) $113,308
   
 $845,992
 $(706,894) $139,098
   
(1)Amounts represent carrying value of securities, which are held at GAAP fair value.
(2)GAAP fair value per $100 of principal.
(2)(3)Allocated capital divided by GAAP fair value.
(4)Includes $88 million of securities retained from our consolidated Sequoia Choice securitizations at June 30, 2018.
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we had short-term debt incurred through repurchase facilities of $550$707 million, which was secured by $663$846 million of real estate securities. The remaining $693$742 million of our securities, including certain securities retained from our consolidated Sequoia Choice securitizations, were financed with capital. Our repo borrowings were made under facilities with eightseven different counterparties, and the weighted average cost of funds for these facilities during the thirdsecond quarter of 20172018 was approximately 2.48%3.20% per annum.
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the securities we financed through repurchase facilities had no material credit issues. In addition to the allocated capital listed in the table above that directly supports our repurchase facilities (the "financing haircut”), we continue to hold a designated amount of supplemental risk capital available for potential margin calls or future obligations relating to these facilities.
The majority of the $103$161 million of senior securities noted in the table above are supported by seasoned residential loans originated prior to 2008. The $337$293 million of mezzanine securities financed through repurchase facilities at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 carry investment grade credit ratings and are supported by residential loans originated between 2012 and 2017.2018. The loans underlying these securities have experienced minimal delinquencies to date. The $223$392 million of multifamily securities financed through repurchase facilities at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 carry investment grade credit ratings with 7%-8% of structural credit enhancement.
The following table presents our residentialreal estate securities at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, categorized by portfolio vintage (the years the securities were issued), and by priority of cash flows (senior, re-REMIC,mezzanine, and subordinate). We have additionally separated securities issued through our Sequoia platform or by third parties, including the Agencies.
Table 18 – ResidentialReal Estate Securities by Vintage and Type
September 30, 2017 Sequoia 2012-2017 Third Party 2013-2017 Agency CRT 2013-2017 Third Party <=2008 Total Residential Securities % of Total Residential Securities
(Dollars in Thousands)     
Senior $34,276
 $24,574
 $—
 $157,149
 $215,999
 19%
Re-REMIC —
 —
 —
 39,033
 39,033
 4%
Subordinate            
Mezzanine (1)
 157,050
 177,865
 —
 —
 334,915
 30%
Subordinate 
 131,929
 77,625
 286,780
 26,920
 523,254
 47%
Total Subordinate 288,979
 255,490
 286,780
 26,920
 858,169
 77%
Total Securities (2)
 $323,255
 $280,064
 $286,780
 $223,102
 $1,113,201
 100%
June 30, 2018 Sequoia 2012-2018 Third Party 2013-2018 Agency CRT 2013-2018 Third Party <=2008 Total Residential Securities Commercial 2015-2018 Total Real Estate Securities
(In Thousands)     
Senior (1)(2)
 $59,628
 $76,848
 $—
 $149,343
 $285,819
 $—
 $285,819
Mezzanine (3)
 101,192
 137,915
 —
 —
 239,107
 398,785
 637,892
Subordinate (1)
 131,539
 140,969
 239,767
 17,950
 530,225
 —
 530,225
Total Securities (4)
 $292,359
 $355,732
 $239,767
 $167,293
 $1,055,151
 $398,785
 $1,453,936

December 31, 2016 Sequoia 2012-2016 Third Party 2013-2016 Agency CRT 2013-2016 Third Party <=2008 Total Residential Securities % of Total Residential Securities
(Dollars in Thousands)     
Senior $26,618
 $5,611
 $—
 $141,384
 $173,613
 19%
Re-REMIC —
 —
 —
 85,479
 85,479
 9%
Subordinate            
Mezzanine (1)
 136,007
 179,390
 —
 —
 315,397
 34%
Subordinate 
 113,310
 64,450
 152,126
 22,294
 352,180
 38%
Total Subordinate 249,317
 243,840
 152,126
 22,294
 667,577
 72%
Total Securities $275,935
 $249,451
 $152,126
 $249,157
 $926,669

100%

December 31, 2017 Sequoia 2012-2017 Third Party 2013-2017 Agency CRT 2013-2017 Third Party <=2008 Total Residential Securities Commercial 2015-2017 Total Real Estate Securities
(In Thousands)     
Senior (1)(2)
 $33,773
 $33,517
 $—
 $182,548
 $249,838
 $—
 $249,838
Mezzanine (3)
 147,466
 183,985
 —
 —
 331,451
 324,025
 655,476
Subordinate (1)
 139,442
 108,455
 300,713
 22,586
 571,196
 —
 571,196
Total Securities (4)
 $320,681
 $325,957
 $300,713
 $205,134
 $1,152,485

$324,025
 $1,476,510
(1)At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, senior Sequoia and third-party securities included $89 million and $70 million of IO securities, respectively. At both June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, subordinate third-party securities included $12 million of IO securities.
(2)Our interest-only securities included $39 million and $15 million of A-IO-S securities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, which are securities we retained from certain of our Sequoia securitizations. These securities represent certificated servicing strips and therefore may be negatively impacted by the operating and funding costs related to servicing the associated securitized mortgage loans.
(3)Mezzanine includes securities initially rated AA through BBB- and issued in 2012 or later.
(2)(4)Excludes $31$134 million and $78 million of securities retained from our consolidated Sequoia Choice securitization.securitizations at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. For GAAP purposes we consolidated $317 million$1.48 billion of residential loans and $286 million$1.35 billion of non-recourse ABS debt associated with these retained securities.
At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, we held $243 million and $92 million, respectively, of commercial securities that were all classified as subordinate securities and issued from 2015 through 2017. At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, commercial securities included $223 million and $74 million, respectively, of multifamily securities issued by Agencies and the remainder were third-party CMBS.
At both September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, our available-for-sale securities were entirely comprised of residential securities. The following tables present the components of the interest income we earned on AFS securities for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 19 – Interest Income — AFS Securities
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017         Yield as a Result of
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018         Yield as a Result of
 Interest Income Discount (Premium) Amortization Total Interest Income Average Amortized Cost Interest Income Discount (Premium) Amortization Total Interest Income Interest Income Discount (Premium) Amortization Total Interest Income Average Amortized Cost Interest Income Discount (Premium) Amortization Total Interest Income
(Dollars in Thousands)  
Residential                            
Senior $1,374
 $1,928
 $3,302
 $103,781
 5.30% 7.43% 12.73% $1,741
 $2,185
 $3,926
 $116,862
 5.96% 7.48% 13.44%
Re-REMIC 696
 734
 1,430
 46,646
 5.97% 6.29% 12.26%
Subordinate              
Mezzanine 1,136
 509
 1,645
 115,565
 3.93% 1.76% 5.69% 532
 226
 758
 49,951
 4.26% 1.81% 6.07%
Subordinate 2,897
 1,460
 4,357
 154,904
 7.48% 3.77% 11.25% 2,807
 1,437
 4,244
 146,717
 7.65% 3.92% 11.57%
Total AFS Securities $6,103
 $4,631
 $10,734
 $420,896
 5.80% 4.40% 10.20% $5,080
 $3,848
 $8,928
 $313,530
 6.48% 4.91% 11.39%
Three Months Ended September 30, 2016         Yield as a Result of
  Interest Income Discount (Premium) Amortization Total Interest Income Average Amortized Cost Interest Income Discount (Premium) Amortization Total Interest Income
(Dollars in Thousands)       
Residential              
Senior $609
 $529
 $1,138
 $68,219
 3.57% 3.10% 6.67%
Re-REMIC 1,799
 3,596
 5,395
 113,638
 6.33% 12.66% 18.99%
Subordinate              
Mezzanine 1,764
 665
 2,429
 180,108
 3.92% 1.48% 5.40%
Subordinate 2,473
 1,334
 3,807
 126,877
 7.80% 4.21% 12.01%
Total AFS Securities $6,645
 $6,124
 $12,769
 $488,842
 5.44% 5.01% 10.45%

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017         Yield as a Result of
  Interest Income Discount (Premium) Amortization Total Interest Income Average Amortized Cost Interest Income Discount (Premium) Amortization Total Interest Income
(Dollars in Thousands)       
Residential              
Senior $3,976
 $5,971
 $9,947
 $100,808
 5.26% 7.90% 13.16%
Re-REMIC 2,476
 2,619
 5,095
 57,283
 5.76% 6.10% 11.86%
Subordinate              
Mezzanine 3,818
 1,777
 5,595
 131,460
 3.87% 1.80% 5.67%
Subordinate 8,479
 4,330
 12,809
 151,487
 7.46% 3.81% 11.27%
Total AFS Securities $18,749
 $14,697
 $33,446
 $441,038
 5.67% 4.44% 10.11%
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016         Yield as a Result of
  Interest Income Discount (Premium) Amortization Total Interest Income Average Amortized Cost Interest Income Discount (Premium) Amortization Total Interest Income
(Dollars in Thousands)       
Residential              
Senior $3,594
 $3,832
 $7,426
 $126,592
 3.79% 4.04% 7.83%
Re-REMIC 5,484
 10,400
 15,884
 112,029
 6.53% 12.38% 18.91%
Subordinate              
Mezzanine 5,745
 2,038
 7,783
 193,643
 3.96% 1.40% 5.36%
Subordinate 7,119
 4,261
 11,380
 121,014
 7.84% 4.69% 12.53%
Total AFS Securities $21,942
 $20,531
 $42,473
 $553,278
 5.29% 4.95% 10.24%
During the fourth quarter of 2016 and the first nine months of 2017, several Re-REMIC securities we held were exchanged for the underlying senior securities. Several of these exchanged investments had higher relative yields and, as such, the balance of our investments in Re-REMICs and their associated yields declined and the yields of our senior securities increased during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, as compared to the same periods in 2016.
The following tables present the components of carrying value at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 for our AFS securities.
Table 20 – Carrying Value of AFS Securities
Three Months Ended June 30, 2017         Yield as a Result of
  Interest Income Discount (Premium) Amortization Total Interest Income Average Amortized Cost Interest Income Discount (Premium) Amortization Total Interest Income
(Dollars in Thousands)       
Residential              
Senior $2,173
 $2,812
 $4,985
 $158,659
 5.48% 7.09% 12.57%
Mezzanine 1,263
 614
 1,877
 131,574
 3.84% 1.87% 5.71%
Subordinate 2,872
 1,379
 4,251
 153,946
 7.46% 3.58% 11.04%
Total AFS Securities $6,308
 $4,805
 $11,113
 $444,179
 5.68% 4.33% 10.01%
September 30, 2017 Senior Re-REMIC Subordinate Total
(In Thousands)    
Principal balance $156,936
 $44,896
 $442,219
 $644,051
Credit reserve (3,024) (5,810) (38,041) (46,875)
Unamortized discount, net (36,575) (10,412) (142,405) (189,392)
Amortized cost 117,337
 28,674
 261,773
 407,784
Gross unrealized gains 37,155
 10,359
 83,185
 130,699
Gross unrealized losses (1,260) —
 (1,085) (2,345)
Carrying Value $153,232
 $39,033
 $343,873
 $536,138
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018         Yield as a Result of
  Interest Income Discount (Premium) Amortization Total Interest Income Average Amortized Cost Interest Income Discount (Premium) Amortization Total Interest Income
(Dollars in Thousands)       
Residential              
Senior $3,567
   $4,671
 $8,238
 $123,924
 5.76% 7.54% 13.30%
Mezzanine 1,298
   542
 1,840
 61,467
 4.22% 1.76% 5.98%
Subordinate 5,685
   2,695
 8,380
 152,870
 7.44% 3.53% 10.97%
Total AFS Securities $10,550
 $7,908
 $18,458
 $338,261
 6.24% 4.68% 10.92%

December 31, 2016 Senior Re-REMIC Subordinate Total
(In Thousands)    
Principal balance $148,862
 $95,608
 $456,359
 $700,829
Credit reserve (4,814) (6,857) (35,802) (47,473)
Unamortized discount, net (41,877) (19,613) (136,622) (198,112)
Amortized cost 102,171
 69,138
 283,935
 455,244
Gross unrealized gains 36,304
 16,341
 68,032
 120,677
Gross unrealized losses (1,929) —
 (1,240) (3,169)
Carrying Value $136,546
 $85,479
 $350,727
 $572,752
We designate any amount of unpaid principal balance that we do not expect to receive and thus do not expect to earn or recover as a credit reserve on each security. Any remaining net unamortized discounts or premiums on the security are amortized into income over time using the effective yield method.
At September 30, 2017, credit reserves for our AFS securities totaled $47 million, or 7.3% of the principal balance of our AFS securities, as compared to $47 million, or 6.8%, at December 31, 2016. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, increases resulting from acquisitions and impairments were partially offset by reductions in the credit reserve from realized losses, sales and transfers out of credit reserve to accretable discount. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, realized credit losses on our residential securities totaled $1 million and $3 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, realized credit losses on our residential securities totaled $0.3 million and $3 million, respectively.
Six Months Ended June 30, 2017         Yield as a Result of
  Interest Income Discount (Premium) Amortization Total Interest Income Average Amortized Cost Interest Income Discount (Premium) Amortization Total Interest Income
(Dollars in Thousands)       
Residential              
Senior $4,382
   $5,928
 $10,310
 $161,987
 5.41% 7.32% 12.73%
Mezzanine 2,682
 1,268
 3,950
 139,538
 3.84% 1.82% 5.66%
Subordinate 5,583
 2,870
 8,453
 149,750
 7.46% 3.83% 11.29%
Total AFS Securities $12,647
 $10,066
 $22,713
 $451,275
 5.61% 4.46% 10.07%
Residential Loans Held-for-Investment at Sequoia Choice Portfolio

During the third quartersecond half of 2017 and the first half of 2018, we issued our first securitizationfour securitizations primarily comprised of expanded-prime Choice loans. We consolidate thisthe Sequoia Choice securitization entityentities for financial reporting purposes in accordance with GAAP. This entity isThese entities are independent of Redwood and the assets and liabilities of this entitythese entities are not, respectively, owned by us or legal obligations of ours. We record the assets and liabilities of the consolidated Sequoia Choice entityentities at fair value, based on the estimated fair value of the debt securities (ABS) issued from the securitizations, in accordance with GAAP provisions for collateralized financing entities. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the estimated fair value of our economic investmentinvestments in the consolidated Sequoia Choice entityentities was $31$135 million, and was comprised of retained senior and subordinate securities.

The following table presentstables present the statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 and the balance sheets of the consolidated Sequoia Choice entityentities at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016.2017. All amounts in the statements of income and balance sheets presented below are included in our consolidated financial statements and are included in our Investment Portfolio segment.
Table 20 – Consolidated Sequoia Choice Entities Statements of Income
  Three Months Ended June 30,    Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In Thousands) 2018 2017 Change  2018 2017 Change
Interest income $14,135
 $—
 $14,135
  $23,070
 $—
 $23,070
Interest expense (12,134) —
 (12,134)  (19,683) —
 (19,683)
Net interest income 2,001
 —
 2,001
  3,387
 —
 3,387
Investment fair value changes, net 1,073
 —
 1,073
  987
 —
 987
Net Income from Consolidated Sequoia Choice Entities $3,074
 $—
 $3,074
  $4,374
 $—
 $4,374
Table 21 – Consolidated Sequoia Choice EntityEntities Balance Sheets
(In Thousands) September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Residential loans, held-for-investment, at fair value $317,303
 $—
 $1,481,145
 $620,062
Other assets 1,266
 —
 5,966
 2,528
Total Assets $318,569

$—
 $1,487,111

$622,590
Other liabilities $1,045
 $—
 $5,048
 $2,035
Asset-backed securities issued, at fair value 286,328
 —
 1,347,427
 542,140
Total liabilities 287,373

—
 1,352,475

544,175
Equity (fair value of Redwood's retained investments in entity) 31,196
 —
Equity (fair value of Redwood's retained investments in entities) 134,636
 78,415
Total Liabilities and Equity $318,569

$—
 $1,487,111

$622,590

The following table provides details ofpresents residential loan activity at the consolidated Sequoia Choice entityentities for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 22 – Residential Loans Held-for-Investment at Sequoia Choice - Activity
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended Six Months Ended
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 June 30, 2018 June 30, 2018
Balance at beginning of period  $—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $1,013,619
 $620,062
New securitization issuance 318,129
   318,129
   529,773
 981,633
Principal repayments (58,299) (108,326)
Changes in fair value, net (826) —
 (826) —
 (3,948) (12,224)
Balance at End of Period $317,303

$—

$317,303

$—
 $1,481,145

$1,481,145
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we had transfers of $530 million and $982 million of consolidated Sequoia Choice loans, respectively, from our Residential Mortgage banking segment to our Investment Portfolio segment. The outstanding loans held-for-investment at our Sequoia Choice entityentities at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 were primarily comprised of prime-quality, first lien, 30-year, fixed-rate loans and were originated in 20142012 or later. The gross weighted average coupon of these loans was 4.98%4.62%, the weighted average FICO score of borrowers backing these loans was 744743 (at origination) and the weighted average original LTV ratio was 75%74% (at origination). At Septemberboth June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, none of these loans were greater than 90 days delinquent or in foreclosure.
Mortgage Servicing Rights Portfolio
Our MSRs are held and managed at our taxable REIT subsidiary and typically are acquired together with loans from originators and then separately recognized under GAAP when the MSR is retained and the associated loan is sold to a third party or transferred to a Sequoia residential securitization sponsored by us that meets the GAAP criteria for sale. In addition, we have also purchased MSRs on a flow basis from third parties that sold the associated loans directly to the Agencies. Although we own the rights to service loans, we contract with sub-servicers to perform these activities. Our receipt of MSR income is not subject to any covenants other than customary performance obligations associated with servicing residential loans. If a sub-servicer we contract with was to fail to perform these obligations, our servicing rights could be terminated and we would evaluate our MSR asset for impairment at that time.
The following table provides the activity for MSRs by portfolio for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Table 23 – MSR Activity by Portfolio
  Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
(In Thousands) Jumbo Conforming Total MSRs Jumbo Conforming Total MSRs
Balance at beginning of period $63,084
 $686
 $63,770
 $60,003
 $58,523
 $118,526
Additions            
MSRs retained from Sequoia securitizations —
 —
 —
 7,123
 —
 7,123
MSRs retained from third-party loan sales —
 —
 —
 263
 —
 263
Purchased MSRs —
 256
 256
 —
 571
 571
Sold MSRs —
 —
 —
 —
 (52,966) (52,966)
Market valuation adjustments (1,281) 183
 (1,098) (5,586) (5,003) (10,589)
Balance at End of Period $61,803
 $1,125
 $62,928
 $61,803
 $1,125
 $62,928
During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we sold conforming MSRs with a fair value of $53 million. The remaining $63 million of MSRs are primarily associated with loans transferred to Sequoia securitizations we completed over the past several years.
(In Thousands) Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Balance at beginning of period $66,496
 $63,598
Sold MSRs (1,077) (1,077)
Market valuation adjustments (745) 2,153
Balance at End of Period $64,674
 $64,674

The following table presents characteristics of our MSR investments and their associated loans at SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Table 24 – Characteristics of MSR Investments Portfolio
(Dollars In Thousands) September 30, 2017
(Dollars in Thousands) June 30, 2018
Unpaid principal balance $5,747,006
 $5,160,140
Fair value of MSRs $62,928
 $64,674
MSR values as percent of unpaid principal balance 1.09% 1.25%
Gross cash yield (1)
 0.26% 0.26%
Number of loans 8,900
 7,777
Average loan size $646
 $664
Average coupon 3.96% 3.96%
Average loan age (months) 38
 48
Average original loan-to-value 67% 67%
Average original FICO score 770
 771
60+ day delinquencies 0.08% 0.20%
(1)Gross cash yield is calculated by dividing the annualized quarterly gross servicing fees we received for the three months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, by the weighted average notional balance of loans associated with MSRs we owned during that period.
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, nearly all of our MSRs were comprised of base MSRs and we did not own any portion of a servicing right related to any loan where we did not own the entire servicing right. At Septemberboth June 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, we had $0.5 million and $1 million of servicer advances outstanding related to our MSRs, respectively, which are presented in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets.
Residential Mortgage Banking Segment
The following table presents the components of segment contribution for the Residential Mortgage Banking segment for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 25 – Residential Mortgage Banking Segment Contribution
 Three Months Ended September 30,   Nine Months Ended September 30,   Three Months Ended June 30,   Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 Change  2017 2016 Change 2018 2017 Change  2018 2017 Change
Interest income              $13,084
 $8,415
 $4,669
  $25,981
 $15,889
 $10,092
Loans $10,626
 $8,831
 $1,795
  $26,515
 $24,038
 $2,477
Sequoia securities —
 —
 —
  —
 572
 (572)
Total interest income 10,626
 8,831
 1,795
  26,515
 24,610
 1,905
Interest expense (4,135) (3,826) (309)  (11,462) (10,719) (743) (7,629) (4,403) (3,226)  (13,766) (7,327) (6,439)
Net interest income 6,491
 5,005
 1,486
  15,053
 13,891
 1,162
 5,455
 4,012
 1,443
  12,215
 8,562
 3,653
Mortgage banking activities, net 21,200
 9,766
 11,434
  50,850
 26,774
 24,076
 10,596
 12,046
 (1,450)  37,172
 29,650
 7,522
Direct operating expenses (6,107) (5,807) (300)  (18,009) (17,175) (834) (5,611) (6,021) 410
  (14,243) (11,902) (2,341)
Segment contribution before income taxes 21,584
 8,964
 12,620
  47,894
 23,490
 24,404
 10,440
 10,037
 403
  35,144
 26,310
 8,834
Provision for income taxes (4,829) (240) (4,589)  (12,251) (240) (12,011) (1,398) (3,002) 1,604
  (5,406) (7,422) 2,016
Segment Contribution $16,755
 $8,724
 $8,031
  $35,643
 $23,250
 $12,393
 $9,042
 $7,035
 $2,007
  $29,738
 $18,888
 $10,850

The following tables provide the activity of unsecuritized residential loans during the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 26 – Residential Loans Held-for-Sale — Activity
 Three Months Ended June 30,
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 2017
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 Select Choice Total Select Choice Total
Balance at beginning of period  $837,371
 $882,380
 $835,399
 $1,115,738
 $766,105
     $364,080
 $1,130,185
 $345,397
     $31,210
 $376,607
Acquisitions 1,462,116
 1,252,135
 3,791,471
 3,812,863
 1,343,224
     608,342
 1,951,566
 1,082,645
     138,406
 1,221,051
Sales (1)
 (1,393,323) (774,106) (3,465,835) (2,874,215)
Transfers between portfolios (2)
 20,025
 (151,919) (226,893) (821,273)
Sales (1,399,862)     (8,496) (1,408,358) (684,016)     (10,859) (694,875)
Transfers between portfolios (1)
 (22,542)     (539,168) (561,710) (15,741)     (46,181) (61,922)
Principal repayments (16,436) (20,574) (38,704) (56,495) (7,374)     (7,238) (14,612) (9,215)     (58) (9,273)
Changes in fair value, net 15,928
 598
 30,243
 11,896
 1,265
     6,324
 7,589
 6,298
     (515) 5,783
Balance at End of Period $925,681
 $1,188,514
 $925,681
 $1,188,514
 $680,816
 $423,844
 $1,104,660
 $725,368
 $112,003
 $837,371
  Six Months Ended June 30,
  2018 2017
(In Thousands) Select Choice Total Select Choice Total
Balance at beginning of period  $1,101,356
     $326,589
 $1,427,945
 $765,058
     $70,341
 $835,399
Acquisitions 2,611,154
     1,155,706
 3,766,860
 2,049,481
     279,874
 2,329,355
Sales (2,990,603)     (12,286) (3,002,889) (1,959,148)     (113,364) (2,072,512)
Transfers between portfolios (1)
 (22,542)     (1,046,784) (1,069,326) (123,054)     (123,864) (246,918)
Principal repayments (20,608)     (11,021) (31,629) (20,092)     (2,176) (22,268)
Changes in fair value, net 2,059
     11,640
 13,699
 13,123
     1,192
 14,315
Balance at End of Period $680,816
 $423,844
 $1,104,660
 $725,368
 $112,003
 $837,371
(1)Represents the net transfers of loans out of our Residential Mortgage Banking segment into our Investment Portfolio segment and their reclassification from held-for-sale to held-for-investment. Includes $318$530 million and $982 million of Choice loans securitized during the third quarter of 2017,three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, which were not treated as sales for GAAP purposes and continue to be reported on our consolidated balance sheets within our Investment Portfolio segment.
(2)Represents the net transfers of loans out of our Residential Mortgage Banking segment into our Investment Portfolio segment and their reclassification from held-for-sale to held-for-investment.
Overview
During the first ninesix months of 2017,2018, we purchased $3.79$3.77 billion of predominately prime residential jumbo loans, securitized $2.43 billion of jumbo Select loans that were accounted for as sales, and sold $874$570 million of jumbo loans to third parties and securitized $2.59 billionparties. Additionally, we transferred $982 million of jumbo Choice loans through ourthat did not qualify for sales accounting treatment under GAAP to Sequoia platform. In addition,securitization entities and we had net transfers of $227$88 million of jumbo loans to our Investment Portfolio segment andthat were financed them with borrowings from the FHLBC. Our pipeline of loans identified for purchase at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 included $1.49$1.27 billion of jumbo loans.
We utilize a combination of capital and our residential loan warehouse facilities to manage our inventory of residential loans held-for-sale. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we had $438$719 million of warehouse debt outstanding to fund our residential loans held-for-sale. The weighted average cost of the borrowings outstanding under these facilities during the thirdsecond quarter of 20172018 was 2.86%3.60% per annum. Our warehouse capacity at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 totaled $1.33$1.43 billion across four separate counterparties, which should continue to provide sufficient liquidity to fund our residential mortgage banking operations in the near-term.
Our residential mortgage banking operations created investments that allowed us to deploy $57$63 million of capital into our investment portfolio during the first nine monthshalf of 2017.2018. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we had 446470 loan sellers, up from 406451 at the end of 2016.2017. This included 187181 jumbo sellers and 259289 sellers from various FHLB districts participating in the FHLB's MPF Direct program.

Net Interest Income
Net interest income from residential mortgage banking is primarily comprised of interest income earned on residential loans from the time we purchase the loans to when we sell or securitize them, offset by interest expense incurred on short-term warehouse debt used in part to finance the loans while we hold them on our consolidated balance sheet.
NetThe increase in net interest income from residential mortgage banking increased for bothduring the three- and nine-monthsix-month periods was primarily due to lower loana higher average balance of residential loans held in inventory, net of higher warehouse borrowings used to finance our residential loans held-for-sale for each period in 2017, as compared to 2016.during 2018.
The amount of net interest income we earn on loans held-for-sale is dependent on many variables, including the amount of loans and the time they are outstanding on our consolidated balance sheet and their interest rates, as well as the amount of leverage we employ through the use of short-term debt to finance the loans and the interest rates on that debt. These factors will impact net interest income in future periods.

Mortgage Banking Activities, Net
Mortgage banking activities, net, includes the changes in market value of both the loans we hold for sale and commitments for loans we intend to purchase (collectively, our loan pipeline), as well as the effect of hedges we utilize to manage risks associated with our loan pipeline. Our loan sale profit margins are measured over the period from when we commit to purchase a loan and subsequently sell or securitize the loan. Accordingly, these profit margins may encompass positive or negative market valuation adjustments on loans, hedging gains or losses associated with our loan pipeline, and any other related transaction expenses, and may be realized over the course of one or more quarters for financial reporting purposes.
The following table presents the components of residential mortgage banking activities, net. Amounts presented include both the changes in market values for loans that were sold and associated derivative positions that were settled during the periods presented, as well as changes in market values of loans, derivatives and hedges outstanding at the end of each period.
Table 27 – Components of Residential Mortgage Banking Activities, Net
 Three Months Ended September 30,   Nine Months Ended September 30,   Three Months Ended June 30,   Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 Change  2017 2016 Change 2018 2017 Change  2018 2017 Change
Changes in fair value of:                          
Residential loans, at fair value (1)
 $28,135
 $12,671
 $15,464
  $63,122
 $47,456
 $15,666
 $3,364
 $16,190
 $(12,826)  $1,170
 $34,986
 $(33,816)
Sequoia securities —
 —
 —
  —
 1,455
 (1,455)
Risk management derivatives (2)
 (7,077) (3,287) (3,790)  (13,787) (22,743) 8,956
 6,150
 (5,310) 11,460
  34,582
 (6,710) 41,292
Other income, net (3)
 142
 382
 (240)  1,515
 606
 909
 1,082
 1,166
 (84)  1,420
 1,374
 46
Total Residential Mortgage Banking Activities, Net $21,200
 $9,766
 $11,434
  $50,850
 $26,774
 $24,076
 $10,596
 $12,046
 $(1,450)  $37,172
 $29,650
 $7,522
(1)Includes changes in fair value for loan purchase and forward sale commitments.
(2)Represents market valuation changes of derivatives that are used to manage risks associated with our accumulation of residential loans.
(3)Amounts in this line include other fee income from loan acquisitions and the provision for repurchase expense, presented net.
The increasesdecrease in mortgage banking activities, net for both the three- and nine-monththree-month periods were primarily duewas mostly the result of lower gross margins as compared to the prior year period. The increase in mortgage banking activities, net for the six-month periods was mostly the result of higher loan purchase volume and higher gross margins primarily due to improved securitization execution in 2017 as2018 compared to 2016.2017, with the majority of the increase being from Choice loans.
Loan purchase commitments ("LPCs"), adjusted for fallout expectations, were $1.57$2.01 billion and $4.07$3.73 billion for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, respectively. Our gross margins for our jumbo loans, which we define as net interest income plus income from mortgage banking activities, divided by LPCs, benefited from tightening credit spreads for both securitizations and whole loans duringdeclined as a result of gross margins that were lower relative to the first nine monthsquarter of 2017 and2018 but remained abovewithin our long-term expectations.

At both SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, we had repurchase reserves of $4 million outstanding related to residential loans sold through this segment. For the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016,2017, we recorded $0.2 million and $0.6 million of reversal of provision for repurchases, and $0.5 million of provision for repurchases, respectively, that waswere included in income from mortgage banking activities, net, in this segment. We review our loan repurchase reserves each quarter and adjust them as necessary based on current information available at each reporting date.
The following table details outstanding principal balances for residential loans held-for-sale by product type at SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Table 28 – Characteristics of Residential Loans Held-for-Sale
September 30, 2017 Principal Value Weighted Average Coupon
June 30, 2018 Principal Value Weighted Average Coupon
(Dollars in Thousands) Principal Value Weighted Average Coupon 
First Lien Prime     
Fixed - 30 year $771,172
 4.34% $999,324
 4.79%
Fixed - 10, 15, 20, & 25 year 28,869
 3.75% 22,717
 4.29%
Hybrid 102,843
 3.50% 69,145
 4.24%
ARM 703
 2.53% 153
 4.33%
Total Outstanding Principal $903,587
 

 $1,091,339
 

Operating Expenses and Taxes
Operating expenses for this segment primarily include costs associated with the underwriting, purchase and sale of jumbo residential loans. Operating expenses were relatively consistent for both the three-three-month periods and nine-month periods.increased for the six-month periods primarily as a result of higher loan acquisition costs due to higher loan purchase volume in 2018.
All residential mortgage banking activities are performed at our taxable REIT subsidiary and the provision for income taxes is generally correlated to the amount of this segment's contribution before income taxes in relation to the TRS's overall GAAP income and associated tax provision. The increasedecrease in provision for income taxes in bothresulted primarily from the three- and nine-month periods primarily resulted from higher segment contribution before income taxes for both periods in 2017. In addition, during 2016 we reversed our valuation allowance on certain deferredreduction of the federal corporate tax assets, which further reduced our tax provision in those periods.rate due to the Tax Act.
Results of Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities

We sponsored Sequoia securitization entities prior to 2012 that are reported on our consolidated balance sheets for financial reporting purposes in accordance with GAAP. Each of these entities is independent of Redwood and of each other and the assets and liabilities of these entities are not, respectively, owned by us or legal obligations of ours. We record the assets and liabilities of the consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities at fair value, based on the estimated fair value of the debt securities (ABS) issued from the securitizations, in accordance with GAAP provisions for collateralized financing entities. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the estimated fair value of our investments in the consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities was $19$13 million.

The following tables present the statements of income (loss) for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2018 and 2017 and the balance sheets of the consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016.2017. All amounts in the statements of income and balance sheets presented below are included in our consolidated financial statements.
Table 29 – Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities Statements of Income (Loss)
 Three Months Ended September 30,   Nine Months Ended September 30,   Three Months Ended June 30,   Six Months Ended June 30,  
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 Change
 2017 2016 Change 2018 2017 Change
 2018 2017 Change
Interest income $4,875
 $4,837
 $38
  $14,576
 $14,525
 $51
 $5,017
 $4,863
 $154
  $9,829
 $9,701
 $128
Interest expense (3,838) (3,274) (564)  (11,046) (9,842) (1,204) (4,215) (3,692) (523)  (8,067) (7,208) (859)
Net interest income 1,037
 1,563
 (526)  3,530
 4,683
 (1,153) 802
 1,171
 (369)  1,762
 2,493
 (731)
Investment fair value changes, net (1,045) (255) (790)  (3,842) (2,086) (1,756) (720) (987) 267
  (728) (2,797) 2,069
Net Income from Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities $(8) $1,308
 $(1,316)  $(312) $2,597
 $(2,909)
Net Income (Loss) from Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities $82
 $184
 $(102)  $1,034
 $(304) $1,338

Table 30 – Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities Balance Sheets
(In Thousands) September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017
Residential loans, held-for-investment, at fair value $673,134
 $791,636
 $592,029
 $632,817
Other assets 4,065
 6,681
 3,631
 4,367
Total Assets $677,199
 $798,317
 $595,660
 $637,184
Other liabilities $540
 $518
 $589
 $537
Asset-backed securities issued, at fair value 657,960
 773,462
 582,235
 622,445
Total liabilities 658,500
 773,980
 582,824
 622,982
Equity (fair value of Redwood's retained investments in entities) 18,699
 24,337
 12,836
 14,202
Total Liabilities and Equity $677,199
 $798,317
 $595,660
 $637,184

Net Interest Income at Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities     
The decreasesdecrease in net interest income for the three- and nine-monthsix-month periods werewas primarily attributable to the continued pay downpaydown of loans at the consolidated entities.
Investment Fair Value Changes, net at Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities

Investment fair value changes, net at consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities includes the change in fair value of the residential loans held-for-investment, REO, and the ABS issued at the entities, which netted together represent the change in value of our retained investments in the consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities. The decrease in negative investment fair value changes in boththe three- and nine-monthsix-month periods werewas primarily related to the reductiondecline in basis offair value changes on retained IO securities, as the loans underlyingbasis of these securities continuedassets continue to pay down.diminish.
Residential Loans at Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities
The following table provides details of residential loan activity at consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016.2017.
Table 31 – Residential Loans at Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities — Activity
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017 2018 2017
Balance at beginning of period  $707,686
 $880,197
 $791,636
 $1,021,870
 $626,151
 $745,621
 $632,817
 $791,636
Principal repayments (37,742) (46,810) (139,099) (147,748) (37,869) (47,896) (72,091) (101,357)
Transfers to REO (1,133) (2,612) (3,177) (8,412) (567) (1,076) (1,835) (2,044)
Deconsolidation adjustments —
     —
 —
 (6,871)
Changes in fair value, net 4,323
 9,201
 23,774
 (18,863) 4,314
 11,037
 33,138
 19,451
Balance at End of Period $673,134
 $839,976
 $673,134
 $839,976
 $592,029
 $707,686
 $592,029
 $707,686
Characteristics of Loans at Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities
The following table highlights unpaid principal balances for loans at consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities by product type at September 30, 2017.
Table 32 – Characteristics of Loans at Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities
September 30, 2017    
(Dollars in Thousands) Principal Balance Weighted Average Coupon
First Lien    
 Hybrid (1)
 $15,709
 3.29%
 ARM 722,133
 2.62%
Total Outstanding Principal $737,842
  
(1)All of these loans have reached the initial interest rate reset date and are currently adjustable rate mortgages.
First lien adjustable rate mortgage ("ARM") and hybrid loans comprise all of the loans in the consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities and were primarily originated in 2006 or prior. For outstanding loans at consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities at SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the weighted average FICO score of borrowers backing these loans was 728 (at origination) and the weighted average original LTV ratio was 66% (at origination). At SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, the unpaid principal balance of loans at consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities delinquent greater than 90 days was $14$18 million and $19$25 million, respectively, andof which the unpaid principal balance of loans in foreclosure was $12$7 million and $11$10 million, respectively.

Taxable Income and Tax Provision
Taxable Income
The following table summarizes our taxable income and distributions to shareholders for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016. For each of these periods, we had no undistributed REIT taxable income.2017.
Table 3332 – Taxable Income
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands, except per Share Data) 
2017 est. (1)
 2016 
2017 est. (1)
 2016 
2018 est. (1)
 
2017 est. (1)
 
2018 est. (1)
 
2017 est. (1)
REIT taxable income $19,923
 $26,001
 $56,042
 $71,169
 $26,794
 $19,440
 $60,268
 $36,119
Taxable REIT subsidiary income 17,781
 10,896
 36,528
 41,010
 11,883
 13,532
 35,964
 18,747
Total Taxable Income $37,704
 $36,897
 $92,570
 $112,179
 $38,677
 $32,972
 $96,232
 $54,866
                
REIT taxable income per share $0.26
 $0.34
 $0.73
 $0.93
 $0.35
 $0.25
 $0.79
 $0.47
Total taxable income per share $0.49
 $0.48
 $1.21
 $1.46
 $0.51
 $0.43
 $1.27
 $0.72
                
Distributions to shareholders $21,593
 $21,536
 $64,753
 $64,759
 $22,721
 $21,591
 $43,916
 $43,160
Distributions to shareholders per share $0.28
 $0.28
 $0.84
 $0.84
 $0.30
 $0.28
 $0.58
 $0.56
(1)Our tax results for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2018 and 2017 are estimates until we file our tax returnreturns for 2017.these years.

Under normal circumstances, our minimum REIT dividend requirement would be 90% of our annual REIT taxable income. However, we currently maintain a $57 million federal net operating loss carry forward (NOL) at the REIT that affords us the option of retaining REIT taxable income up to the NOL amount, tax free, rather than distributing it as dividends. Federal income tax rules require the dividends paid deduction to be applied to reduce REIT taxable income before the applicability of NOLs is considered. It is possible that our estimated REIT taxable income will exceed our dividend distributions in 2018; therefore, we may utilize a portion of our NOL in 2018 and any remaining amount will carry forward into 2019.

We currently expect all or nearly all of the dividends we distributedistributions to shareholders in 20172018 will be taxable to shareholders as ordinarydividend income and a smaller portion, if any, will be a return of capital, which is generally non-taxable. Based on federal income tax rules related to capital loss carryforwards, noneAdditionally, a portion of our 20172018 dividend distributions are expected to be characterized as long-term capital gains for federal income tax purposes.
Tax Provision under GAAP

For the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we recorded tax provisions of $3 million and $7 million, respectively, compared to tax provisions of $5 million and $17$11 million respectively, compared to a tax provision of $1 million for both the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2016.2017, respectively. Our tax provision is primarily derived from the activities at our TRS as we do not book a material tax provision associated with income generated at our REIT. The changereduction in tax provision year-over-year was primarily the result of us benefitingthe lower federal corporate tax rate resulting from the reversal ofTax Act, even though the valuation allowance recorded againstGAAP income earned at our federal net deferred tax assets ("DTAs") in 2016. AsTRS was slightly higher than the federal valuation allowance was fully released in 2016, ourprior year period. Our TRS effective tax rate in 20172018 is expected to be approximately equal to the federal statutorycorporate tax rate. The income or loss generated at our TRS will not directly affect the tax characterization of our 20172018 dividends.

Realization of our DTAs is dependent on many factors, including generating sufficient taxable income prior to the expiration of NOL carryforwards and generating sufficient capital gains in future periods prior to the expiration of capital loss carryforwards. We determine the extent to which realization of our DTAs is not assured and establish a valuation allowance accordingly. At December 31, 2016,2017, we reported net federal ordinary and capital deferred tax liabilities ("DTLs"), and, as such, had no associated valuation allowance. As a result of GAAP income at our TRS, we forecast that we will report net federal ordinary and capital DTLs at December 31, 20172018 and consequently no valuation allowance is expected to be recorded against any federal DTA. Consistent with prior periods, we continued to maintain a valuation allowance against our net state DTAs. Our estimate of net deferred tax assets could change in future periods to the extent that actual or revised estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward periods change from current expectations.

Differences between Estimated Total Taxable Income and GAAP Income
Differences between estimated taxable income and GAAP income are largely due to the following: (i) we cannot establish loss reserves for future anticipated events for tax but we can for GAAP, as realized credit losses are expensed when incurred for tax and these losses are anticipated through lower yields on assets or through loss provisions for GAAP; (ii) the timing, and possibly the amount, of some expenses (e.g., certain compensation expenses) are different for tax than for GAAP; (iii) since amortization and impairments differ for tax and GAAP, the tax and GAAP gains and losses on sales may differ, resulting in differences in realized gains on sale; (iv) at the REIT and certain TRS entities, unrealized gains and losses on market valuation adjustments of securities and derivatives are not recognized for tax until the instrument is sold or extinguished; (v) for tax, basis may not be assigned to mortgage servicing rights retained when whole loans are sold resulting in lower tax gain on sale; (vi) for tax, we do not consolidate securitization entities as we do under GAAP; and, (vii) dividend distributions to our REIT from our TRS are included in REIT taxable income, but not GAAP income. As a result of these differences in accounting, our estimated taxable income can vary significantly from our GAAP income during certain reporting periods.
The table below reconciles our estimated total taxable income to our GAAP income for the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
Table 3433 – Differences between Estimated Total Taxable Income and GAAP Net Income
 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
(In Thousands, except per Share Data) REIT (Est.) TRS (Est.)  Total Tax (Est.) GAAP Differences REIT (Est.) TRS (Est.)  Total Tax (Est.) GAAP Differences
Interest income $137,254
 $27,299
  $164,553
 $176,589
 $(12,036) $100,965
 $23,920
  $124,885
 $159,595
 $(34,710)
Interest expense (41,251) (21,038)  (62,289) (72,708) 10,419
 (42,063) (20,193)  (62,256) (89,727) 27,471
Net interest income 96,003
 6,261
  102,264
 103,881
 (1,617) 58,902
 3,727
  62,629
 69,868
 (7,239)
Realized credit losses (2,865) —
  (2,865) —
 (2,865) (966) —
  (966) —
 (966)
Mortgage banking activities, net —
 41,905
  41,905
 50,850
 (8,945) —
 36,097
  36,097
 37,172
 (1,075)
MSR income, net —
 5,149
  5,149
 6,106
 (957)
Investment fair value changes, net (14,476) 5,213
  (9,263) 9,990
 (19,253) 229
 (270)  (41) 2,498
 (2,539)
Operating expenses (32,883) (22,684)  (55,567) (56,789) 1,222
 (22,283) (16,091)  (38,374) (42,039) 3,665
Other income 11,021
 779
  11,800
 3,367
 8,433
Other income, net 811
 7,726
  8,537
 5,440
 3,097
Realized gains, net (736) —
  (736) 8,809
 (9,545) 23,750
 4,857
  28,607
 14,077
 14,530
Provision for income taxes (22) (95)  (117) (16,741) 16,624
 (175) (82)  (257) (7,424) 7,167
Net Income $56,042
 $36,528
  $92,570
 $109,473
 $(16,903) $60,268
 $35,964
  $96,232
 $79,592
 $16,640
                      
Income per basic common share $0.73
 $0.48
  $1.21
 $1.39
 $(0.18) $0.79
 $0.48
  $1.27
 $1.02
 $0.25
Potential Taxable Income Volatility
We expect period-to-period volatility in our estimated taxable income. A description of the factors that can cause this volatility is described in the Taxable Income portion of the Results of Operations section in the MD&A included in Part II, Item 7, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Summary
Our principal sources of cash consist of borrowings under mortgage loan warehouse facilities, securities repurchase agreements, payments of principal and interest we receive from our investment portfolios, and cash generated from our operating activities. Our most significant uses of cash are to purchase mortgage loans for our mortgage banking operations, to fund investments in residential loans to purchaseand investment securities, to repay principal and interest on our warehouse facilities, repurchase agreements, and long-term debt, to make dividend payments on our capital stock, and to fund our operations.
Our total capital was $1.78$2.00 billion at SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, and included $1.21$1.23 billion of equity capital and $0.57$0.77 billion of the total $2.57$2.77 billion of long-term debt on our consolidated balance sheet. This portion of debt included $201 million of exchangeable debt due in 2019, $245 million of convertible debt due in 2023, $200 million of convertible debt due in 2024, and $140 million of trust-preferred securities due in 2037.
As of SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we estimate that our available capital was approximately $330$200 million. AlthoughAdditionally, in July of 2018, we continue to evaluate our options with regard to our upcoming $250issued $117 million convertible debt maturity, at current market prices the excess cost to retire this debt prior to maturity is unattractive relative to alternative short-term uses of cash. In addition, we believe we can source incrementalcommon equity, which will provide additional capital on an as-needed basis for redeployment through continued optimization of our investment portfolio.us going forward.
In February 2016, our Board of Directors approved an authorization for the repurchase of up to $100 million of our common stock and also authorized the repurchase of outstanding debt securities, including convertible and exchangeable debt. This authorization replaced all previous share repurchase plans and has no expiration date. At December 31, 2017, approximately $77 million of this current authorization remained available for the repurchase of shares of our common stock. During January 2018, we repurchased 1,040,829 shares of our common stock pursuant to this authorization for $16 million.
In February 2018, our Board of Directors approved an authorization for the repurchase of an additional $39 million of our common stock, increasing the total amount authorized for repurchases of common stock to $100 million, and also authorized the repurchase of outstanding debt securities, including convertible and exchangeable debt. As noted above, this authorization increased the previous share repurchase authorization approved in February 2016 and has no expiration date. This repurchase authorization does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares or securities. Under this authorization, shares or securities may be repurchased in privately negotiated and/or open market transactions, including under plans complying with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. During the nine months ended SeptemberAt June 30, 2017, there were no shares acquired under this authorization. At September 30, 2017, approximately $862018, $100 million of thisthe current authorization remained available for the repurchasesrepurchase of shares of our common stock. Like other investments we may make, any repurchases of our common stock or debt securities under this authorization would reduce our available capital described above.
While we believe our available capital is sufficient to fund our currently contemplated investment activities and repay existing debt, we may raise capital from time-to-time to make long-term investments or for other purposes. To the extent we seek additional capital to fund our operations and investment activities, or repay existing debt, our approach to raising capital will continue to be based on what we believe to be in the best long-term interests of shareholders.
We are subject to risks relating to our liquidity and capital resources, including risks relating to incurring debt under residential and commercial loan warehouse facilities, securities repurchase facilities, and other short- and long-term debt facilities and other risks relating to our use of derivatives. A further discussion of these risks is set forth below under the heading “Risks Relating to Debt Incurred under Short-and Long-Term Borrowing Facilities."
Cash Flows and Liquidity for the NineSix Months Ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018
Cash flows from our mortgage banking activities and our investments can be volatile from quarter to quarter depending on many factors, including the timing and amount of loan and securities acquisitions and sales and repayments, the profitability of mortgage banking activities, as well as changes in interest rates, prepayments, and credit losses. Therefore, cash flows generated in the current period are not necessarily reflective of the long-term cash flows we will receive from these investments or activities.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Cash flows from operating activities were negative $629$674 million during the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018. This amount includes the net cash utilized during the period from the purchase and sale of residential mortgage loans associated with our mortgage banking activities. Purchases of loans are financed to a large extent with short-term debt, for which changes in cash are included as a component of financing activities. Excluding cash flows from the purchase, sale, and principal payments of loans classified as held-for-sale, cash flows from operating activities were positive $13$101 million and positive $75negative $10 million during the first ninesix months of 2018 and 2017, and 2016, respectively. Contributing to the negative cash flows from operating activities during the first nine months of 2017 were $38 million of net cash outflows associated with margin funding requirements for our derivatives and short-term debt, which are presented as Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
During the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, our net cash provided by investing activities was $205$364 million and primarily resulted from principal payments on loans held-for-investment at Redwood and at our consolidated Sequoia entities, proceeds from sales of MSRs, and principal payments from, and proceeds from net sales of, real estate securities. Although we generally intend to hold our investment securities as long-term investments, we may sell certain of these securities in order to managemeet our interest rate risk and liquidity needs, to meet other operating objectives, and to adapt to market conditions. We cannot predict the timing and impact of future sales of investment securities, if any.securities.
Because many of our investment securities are financed through repurchase agreements, a significant portion of the proceeds from any sales or principal payments of our investment securities would generallycould be used to repay balances under these financing sources. Similarly, all or a significant portion of cash flows from principal payments of loans at consolidated Sequoia entities (as detailed in the subsection titled "Residential Loans at Consolidated Sequoia Entities" in the Results of Operations section of this MD&A) would generally be used to repay ABS issued by those entities.
In addition,During the six months ended June 30, 2018, we deployed $50 million into new initiatives, including $40 million in customized financing for our jumbo loan sellers and $10 million to acquire a minority interest in business-purpose mortgage lender 5 Arches, LLC.
As presented in the "Supplemental Noncash Information" subsection of our consolidated statements of cash flows, during the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we had transfers of residential loans with a carrying value of $644 million from held-for-sale to held-for-investment classification, and also retained securities from Sequoia securitizations we retained MSRs with a carrying value of $7 million from the sale of residential loans. Thesesponsored, which represent non-cash transactions that were not included in cash flows from investing activities.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities

During the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, our net cash provided by financing activities was $468$364 million. This primarily resulted from proceeds of $926 million from the issuance of asset-backed securities from our Sequoia Choice securitization in the third quartersecuritizations and proceeds of 2017,$199 million from the issuance of convertible debt in August 2017, and $159 million of net borrowings of short-term debt, whichJune 2018. These cash inflows were partially offset by $146$513 million of net repayments of short-term debt, including the repayment of our $250 million of convertible notes that matured in April, and $182 million of repayments of ABS issued.
 In December 2016,2017, our Board of Directors announced its intention to pay a regular dividend of $0.28 per share per quarter in 2017.2018. In May 2018, the Board of Directors declared an increase in the regular dividend to $0.30 per share for the second quarter of 2018. During the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we paid $66$45 million of cash dividends on our common stock, representing cumulative dividends of $0.84$0.58 per share. Additionally, in November 2017,August 2018, the Board of Directors declared a regular dividend of $0.28$0.30 per share for the fourththird quarter of 2017,2018, which is payable on DecemberSeptember 28, 20172018 to shareholders of record on December 15, 2017.September 14, 2018.
In accordance with the terms of our outstanding deferred stock units, which are stock-based compensation awards, each time we declare and pay a dividend on our common stock, we are required to make a dividend equivalent payment in that same per share amount on each outstanding deferred stock unit.
Short-Term Debt
In the ordinary course of our business, we use recourse debt through several different types of borrowing facilities and use cash borrowings under these facilities to, among other things, fund the acquisition of residential loans (including those we acquire and originate in anticipation of securitization), finance investments in securities and other investments, and otherwise fund our business and operations.


At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we had four short-term residential loan warehouse facilities with a total outstanding debt balance of $438$719 million (secured by residential loans with an aggregate fair value of $493$786 million) and a total uncommitted borrowing limit of $1.33$1.43 billion. In addition, at SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we had an aggregate outstanding short-term debt balance of $550$707 million under eightseven securities repurchase facilities, which were secured by securities with a fair market value of $663$846 million. At June 30, 2018, the fair value of our real estate securities pledged as collateral included $88 million of securities retained from our consolidated Sequoia Choice securitizations. We also had a secured line of credit with no outstanding debt balance and a total borrowing limit of $10 million (secured by securities with a fair market value of $6$4 million) at SeptemberJune 30, 2017.


2018.
During the three months ended June 30,second quarter of 2017, $288 million principal amount of our convertible notes due in 2018 and $2 million of associated unamortized deferred issuance costs were reclassified from long-term debt to short-term debt, as the maturity of the notes was less than one year as of April 2017. Additionally, during the three months ended June 30,second quarter of 2017, we repurchased $37 million par value of these notes at a premium and recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1 million in Realized gains, net on our consolidated statements of income. At September 30, 2017, the outstanding principal amount ofIn April 2018, we repaid these $250 million convertible notes was $250 million.and all related accrued interest in full.
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we had $1.24$1.43 billion of short-term debt outstanding. During the first ninesix months of 2017,2018, the highest balance of our short-term debt outstanding was $1.60$2.26 billion.
Long-Term Debt
FHLBC Borrowings
In July 2014, our FHLB-member subsidiary entered into a borrowing agreement with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, under this agreement, our subsidiary could incur borrowings up to $2.00 billion, also referred to as “advances,” from the FHLBC secured by eligible collateral, including, but not limited to residential mortgage loans. During the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, our FHLB-member subsidiary made no additional borrowings under this agreement. Under a final rule published by the Federal Housing Finance Agency in January 2016, our FHLB-member subsidiary will remain an FHLB member through a five-year transition period for captive insurance companies. Our FHLB-member subsidiary's existing $2.00 billion of FHLB debt, which matures beyond this transition period, is permitted to remain outstanding until stated maturity. As residential loans pledged as collateral for this debt pay down, we are permitted to pledge additional loans or other eligible assets to collateralize this debt; however, we do not expect to be able to increase our subsidiary's FHLB debt above the existing $2.00 billion maximum.
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, $2.00 billion of advances were outstanding under this agreement, which were classified as long-term debt, with a weighted average interest rate of 1.26%2.03% per annum and a weighted average maturity of eightseven years. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, accrued interest payable on these borrowings was $4$6 million. Advances under this agreement are charged interest based on a specified margin over the FHLBC’s 13-week discount note rate, which resets every 13 weeks. Our total advances under this agreement were secured by residential mortgage loans with a fair value of $2.26$2.31 billion at SeptemberJune 30, 2017. In addition, cash of $24 million served as collateral for these borrowings at September 30, 2017, and is presented as restricted cash on our consolidated balance sheet.2018. This agreement also requires our subsidiary to purchase and hold stock in the FHLBC in an amount equal to a specified percentage of outstanding advances. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, our subsidiary held $43 million of FHLBC stock that is included in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets.
Convertible Notes
In June 2018, we issued $200 million principal amount of 5.625% convertible senior notes due 2024 at an issuance price of 99.5%. After deducting the issuance discount, the underwriting discount and issuance costs, we received approximately $194 million of net proceeds. Including amortization of deferred debt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on these convertible notes is approximately 6.2% per annum. At June 30, 2018, the outstanding principal amount of these notes was $200 million. At June 30, 2018, the accrued interest payable balance on this debt was $0.2 million.
In August 2017, we issued $245 million principal amount of 4.75% convertible senior notes due 2023. After deducting the underwriting discount and issuance costs, we received approximately $238 million of net proceeds. Including amortization of deferred securitiesdebt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on these convertible notes is approximately 5.3% per annum. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the outstanding principal amount of these notes was $245 million. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the accrued interest payable balance on this debt was $1$4 million.
In November 2014, one of our taxable subsidiaries issued $205 million principal amount of 5.625% exchangeable senior notes due 2019. After deducting the underwriting discount and issuance costs, we received approximately $198 million of net proceeds. Including amortization of deferred securitiesdebt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on these exchangeable notes is approximately 6.3% per annum. During the nine months ended September 30,first quarter of 2016, we repurchased $4 million par value of these notes at a discount and recorded a gain on extinguishment of debt of $0.3 million in Realized gains, net on our consolidated statements of income. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the outstanding principal amount of these notes was $201 million. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the accrued interest payable balance on this debt was $4$1 million.
 

In March 2013, we issued $288 million principal amount of 4.625% convertible senior notes due 2018. After deducting the underwriting discount and issuance costs, we received approximately $279 million of net proceeds. Including amortization of deferred securitiesdebt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on these convertible notes iswas approximately 4.8% per annum. During the three months ended June 30,second quarter of 2017, $288 million principal amount of these convertible notes and $2 million of unamortized deferred issuance costs were reclassified from long-term debt to short-term debt, as the maturity of the notes was less than one year as of April 2017. Additionally, during the three months ended June 30,second quarter of 2017, we repurchased $37 million par value of these notes at a premium and recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1 million in Realized gains, net on our consolidated statements of income. At September 30, 2017, the outstanding principal amount ofIn April 2018, we repaid these $250 million convertible notes was $250 million. At September 30, 2017, theand all related accrued interest payable balance on this debt was $5 million.

in full.
Trust Preferred Securities and Subordinated Notes
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we had trust preferred securities and subordinated notes outstanding of $100 million and $40 million, respectively, issued by us in 2006 and 2007. This debt requires quarterly interest payments at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 2.25% and must be redeemed no later than 2037. Prior to 2014, we entered into interest rate swaps with aggregate notional values totaling $140 million to hedge the variability in this long-term debt interest expense. Including hedging costs and amortization of deferred securitiesdebt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on our trust preferred securities and subordinated notes is approximately 6.8% per annum. These swaps are accounted for as cash flow hedges with all interest recorded as a component of net interest income and other valuation changes recorded as a component of equity.
Single-Family Rental Loan Warehouse Facilities
During the second quarter of 2018, we entered into repurchase facilities with two third-party financial institutions to finance the purchase of single-family rental loans. The first facility has an aggregate maximum borrowing capacity of $200 million and is scheduled to mature on June 29, 2020. The second facility has an aggregate maximum borrowing capacity of $200 million and is scheduled to mature on June 29, 2021. Borrowings under these facilities are generally charged interest based on a specified margin over the one-month LIBOR interest rate. At June 30, 2018, there were no amounts outstanding under either of these facilities.
 Asset-Backed Securities
At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, there were $738$623 million (principal balance) of loans owned at consolidated Legacy Sequoia securitization entities, which were funded with $730$616 million (principal balance) of ABS issued at these entities. In addition, at SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, there were $308 million$1.46 billion (principal balance) of loans owned at the consolidated Sequoia Choice securitization entity,entities, which waswere funded with $277 million$1.32 billion (principal balance) of ABS issued at this entity.these entities. The loans and ABS issued from these entities are reported at estimated fair value. See the subsections titled "Residential Loans Held-for-Investment at Sequoia Choice"Choice Portfolio" and "Results of Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities" in the Results of Operations section of this MD&A for additional details on these entities.
Risks Relating to Debt Incurred under Short- and Long-Term Borrowing Facilities
As described above under the heading “Results of Operations,” in the ordinary course of our business, we use debt financing obtained through several different types of borrowing facilities to, among other things, finance the acquisition of residential mortgage loans (including those we acquire in anticipation of sale or securitization), and finance investments in loans, securities, and other investments. We may also use short- and long-term borrowings to fund other aspects of our business and operations, including the repurchase of shares of our common stock. Debt incurred under these facilities is generally either the direct obligation of Redwood Trust, Inc., or the direct obligation of subsidiaries of Redwood Trust, Inc. and guaranteed by Redwood Trust, Inc. Risks relating to debt incurred under these facilities are described in Part I, Item 2 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016,2017, under the caption “Risks Relating to Debt Incurred under Short- and Long-Term Borrowing Facilities.”

Our sources of debt financing include short-term secured borrowings under residentialmortgage loan warehouse facilities, short-term securities repurchase facilities, a $10 million committed line of short-term secured credit from a bank, and secured borrowings by our wholly-owned subsidiary, RWT Financial, LLC, under its borrowing facility with the FHLBC.


Aggregate borrowing limits are stated under certain of these facilities, and certain other facilities have no stated borrowing limit, but each of the facilities (with the exception of the $10 million committed line of short-term secured credit) is uncommitted, which means that any request we make to borrow funds under these uncommitted facilities may be declined for any reason, even if at the time of the borrowing request we have then-outstanding borrowings that are less than the borrowing limits under these facilities. In general, financing under these facilities is obtained by transferring or pledging mortgage loans or securities to the counterparty in exchange for cash proceeds (in an amount less than 100% of the principal amount of the transferred or pledged assets). While transferred or pledged assets are financed under a facility, to the extent the market value of the assets declines, we are generally required to either immediately reacquire the assets or meet a margin requirement to transfer or pledge additional assets or cash in an amount at least equal to the decline in value. Margin call provisions under these facilities are further described in Part I, Item 2 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20162017 under the caption “Risks Relating to Debt Incurred under Short- and Long-Term Borrowing Facilities - Margin Call Provisions Associated with Short-Term Debt and Other Debt Financing.” Financial covenants included in these facilities are further described Part I, Item 2 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20162017 under the caption “Risks Relating to Debt Incurred under Short- and Long-Term Borrowing Facilities - Financial Covenants Associated with Short-Term Debt and Other Debt Financing.” Financial covenants included in these facilities are further described Part I, Item 2 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20162017 under the caption “Risks Relating to Debt Incurred under Short- and Long-Term Borrowing Facilities - Financial Covenants Associated with Short-Term Debt and Other Debt Financing.”


Because these warehouse facilities are uncommitted, at any given time we may not be able to obtain additional financing under them when we need it, exposing us to, among other things, liquidity risks of the types described in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20162017 under the heading “Risk Factors,” and in Part II, Item 7A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20162017 under the heading “Market Risks.” In addition, with respect to residentialmortgage loans that at any given time are already being financed through these warehouse facilities, we are exposed to market, credit, liquidity, and other risks of the types described in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20162017 under the heading “Risk Factors,” and in Part II, Item 7A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20162017 under the heading “Market Risks,” if and when those loans or securities become ineligible to be financed, decline in value, or have been financed for the maximum term permitted under the applicable facility. Additionally, our access to financing under the borrowing facility with the FHLBC is subject to the risks described under the heading “Risk Factors - Recently adopted Federal regulations may limit, eliminate, or reduce the attractiveness of our subsidiary’s ability to use borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago to finance the mortgage loans and securities it holds and acquires, which could negatively impact our business and operating results” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.2017.

At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, and through the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we were in compliance with the financial covenants associated with our short-term debt and other debt financing facilities. In particular, with respect to: (i) financial covenants that require us to maintain a minimum dollar amount of stockholders’ equity or tangible net worth, at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 our level of stockholders’ equity and tangible net worth resulted in our being in compliance with these covenants by more than $200 million; and (ii) financial covenants that require us to maintain recourse indebtedness below a specified ratio, at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 our level of recourse indebtedness resulted in our being in compliance with these covenants at a level such that we could incur at least $600 million in additional recourse indebtedness.

OFF BALANCEOFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS AND CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any material offIn the ordinary course of business, we enter into transactions that may require future cash payments. As required by GAAP, some of these obligations are recorded on the balance sheet, arrangements.while others are off-balance sheet or recorded on the balance sheet in amounts different from the full contract or notional amount of the transaction.
Contractual Obligations
The following table presentsFor additional information on our contractual obligations, and commitments at September 30, 2017, as well assee the obligations of the securitization entities that we consolidate for financial reporting purposes.
Table 35 –Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Obligations section in the MD&A included in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
For additional information on our commitments and Commitmentscontingencies as of June 30, 2018, see Note 13 of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

September 30, 2017 Payments Due or Commitment Expiration by Period
(In Millions) 
Less Than
1 Year
 
1 to 3
Years
 
3 to 5
Years
 
After 5
Years
 Total
Obligations of Redwood          
Short-term debt $988
 $—
      $—
      $—
 $988
Convertible notes 250
 201
 —
 245
 696
Anticipated interest payments on convertible notes 35
 40
 23
 12
 110
FHLBC borrowings —
 —
 —
 2,000
 2,000
Anticipated interest payments on FHLBC borrowings 36
 88
 98
 154
 376
Other long-term debt —
 —
 —
 140
 140
Anticipated interest payments on other long-term debt (1)
 9
 19
 19
 136
 183
Accrued interest payable 17
 —
 —
 —
 17
Operating leases 2
 4
 3
 9
 18
Total Redwood Obligations and Commitments $1,337
 $352
 $143
 $2,696
 $4,528
Obligations of Consolidated Entities for Financial Reporting Purposes          
Consolidated ABS (2)
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $1,007
 $1,007
Anticipated interest payments on ABS (3)
 28
 57
 55
 249
 389
Accrued interest payable 2
 —
 —
 —
 2
Total Obligations of Entities Consolidated for Financial Reporting Purposes 30
 57
 55
 1,256
 1,398
Total Consolidated Obligations and Commitments $1,367
 $409
 $198
 $3,952
 $5,926
(1)Includes anticipated interest payments related to hedges.
(2)All consolidated ABS issued are collateralized by real estate loans. Although the stated maturity is as shown, the ABS obligations will pay down as the principal balances of these real estate loans or securities pay down. The amount shown is the principal balance of the ABS issued and not necessarily the value reported in our consolidated financial statements.
(3)The anticipated interest payments on consolidated ABS issued is calculated based on the contractual maturity of the ABS and therefore assumes no prepayments of the principal outstanding at September 30, 2017.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. A discussion of critical accounting policies and the possible effects of changes in estimates on our consolidated financial statements is included in Note 3 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in Part I, Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.2017. Management discusses the ongoing development and selection of these critical accounting policies with the audit committee of the board of directors.
We expect quarter-to-quarter GAAP earnings volatility from our business activities. This volatility can occur for a variety of reasons, including the timing and amount of purchases, sales, calls, and repayment of consolidated assets, changes in the fair values of consolidated assets and liabilities, increases or decreases in earnings from mortgage banking activities, and certain non-recurring events. In addition, the amount or timing of our reported earnings may be impacted by technical accounting issues and estimates. Our critical accounting policies and the possible effects of changes in estimates on our consolidated financial statements are included in the "Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates" section of Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.2017.
Market Risks
We seek to manage risks inherent in our business — including but not limited to credit risk, interest rate risk, prepayment risk, liquidity risk, and fair value risk — in a prudent manner designed to enhance our earnings and dividends and preserve our capital. In general, we seek to assume risks that can be quantified from historical experience, to actively manage such risks, and to maintain capital levels consistent with these risks. Information concerning the risks we are managing, how these risks are changing over time, and potential GAAP earnings and taxable income volatility we may experience as a result of these risks is discussed in Part II, Item 7A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.2017.
Other Risks
In addition to the market and other risks described above, our business and results of operations are subject to a variety of types of risks and uncertainties, including, among other things, those described under the caption “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, and in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.2017.
NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
A discussion of new accounting standards and the possible effects of these standards on our consolidated financial statements is included in Note 3 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Information concerning market risk is incorporated herein by reference to Part II, Item 7A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016,2017, as supplemented by the information under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Market Risks” within Item 2 above. Other than the developments described thereunder, including changes in the fair values of our assets, there have been no other material changes in our quantitative or qualitative exposure to market risk since December 31, 2016.2017.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures
We have adopted and maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed on our reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and that the information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
As required by Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act, we have carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the quarter covered by this report. Based on the foregoing, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level.
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the thirdsecond quarter of 20172018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
On or about December 23, 2009, the Federal Home Loan Bank of Seattle (the “FHLB-Seattle”) filed a complaint in the Superior Court for the State of Washington (case number 09-2-46348-4 SEA) against Redwood Trust, Inc., our subsidiary, Sequoia Residential Funding, Inc. (“SRF”), Morgan Stanley & Co., and Morgan Stanley Capital I, Inc. (collectively, the “FHLB-Seattle Defendants”) alleging, which alleged that the FHLB-Seattle Defendants made false or misleading statements in offering materials for a mortgage pass-through certificate (the “Seattle Certificate”) issued in the Sequoia Mortgage Trust 2005-4 securitization transaction (the “2005-4 RMBS”) and purchased by the FHLB-Seattle. Specifically, the complaint alleged that the alleged misstatements concerned the (1) loan-to-value ratio of mortgage loans and the appraisals of the properties that secured loans supporting the 2005-4 RMBS, (2) occupancy status of the properties, (3) standards used to underwrite the loans, and (4) ratings assigned to the Seattle Certificate. The FHLB-Seattle allegesalleged claims under the Securities Act of Washington (Section 21.20.005, et seq.) and sought to rescind the purchase of the Seattle Certificate and to collect interest on the original purchase price at the statutory interest rate of 8% per annum from the date of original purchase (net of interest received) as well as attorneys’ fees and costs. The Seattle Certificate was issued with an original principal amount of approximately $133 million, and, at SeptemberJune 30, 2017, the FHLB-Seattle has received2018, approximately $125$126 million of principal and $11 million of interest payments had been made in respect of the Seattle Certificate. As of SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the Seattle Certificate had a remaining outstanding principal amount of approximately $8 million. The matter was subsequently resolved and the claims were dismissed by the FHLB Seattle as to all the FHLB Seattle Defendants. At the time the Seattle Certificate was issued, Redwood agreed to indemnify the underwriters of the 2005-4 RMBS, which underwriters were named as defendants in the action, for certain losses and expenses they might incur as a result of claims made against them relating to this RMBS, including, without limitation, certain legal expenses. Regardless of the resolution of this litigation, we could incur a loss as a result of these indemnities.
On or about July 15, 2010, The Charles Schwab Corporation (“Schwab”) filed a complaint in the Superior Court for the State of California in San Francisco (case number CGC-10-501610) against SRF and 26 other defendants (collectively, the “Schwab Defendants”) alleging, which alleged that the Schwab Defendants made false or misleading statements in offering materials for various residential mortgage-backed securities sold or issued by the Schwab Defendants. Schwab alleged only a claim for negligent misrepresentation under California state law against SRF and sought unspecified damages and attorneys’ fees and costs from SRF. Schwab claimed that SRF made false or misleading statements in offering materials for a mortgage pass-through certificate (the “Schwab Certificate”) issued in the 2005-4 RMBS and purchased by Schwab. Specifically, the complaint alleged that the misstatements for the 2005-4 RMBS concerned the (1) loan-to-value ratio of mortgage loans and the appraisals of the properties that secured loans supporting the 2005-4 RMBS, (2) occupancy status of the properties, (3) standards used to underwrite the loans, and (4) ratings assigned to the Schwab Certificate. The Schwab Certificate was issued with an original principal amount of approximately $15 million, and, at SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, approximately $14 million of principal and $1 million of interest payments havehad been made in respect of the Schwab Certificate. As of SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the Schwab Certificate had a remaining outstanding principal amount of approximately $1 million. On November 14, 2014, Schwab voluntarily dismissed with prejudice its negligent misrepresentation claim, which resulted in the dismissal with prejudice of SRF from the action. Subsequently, the matter was resolved and Schwab dismissed its claims against the lead underwriter of the 2005-4 RMBS. At the time the Schwab Certificate was issued, Redwood agreed to indemnify the underwriters of the 2005-4 RMBS, which underwriters were also named as defendants in the action, for certain losses and expenses they might incur as a result of claims made against them relating to this RMBS, including, without limitation, certain legal expenses. Regardless of the resolution of this litigation, Redwood could incur a loss as a result of these indemnities.

Through certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, we have in the past engaged in, and expect to continue to engage in, activities relating to the acquisition and securitization of residential mortgage loans. In addition, certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries have in the past engaged in activities relating to the acquisition and securitization of debt obligations and other assets through the issuance of collateralized debt obligations (commonly referred to as CDO transactions). Because of this involvement in the securitization and CDO businesses, we could become the subject of litigation relating to these businesses, including additional litigation of the type described above, and we could also become the subject of governmental investigations, enforcement actions, or lawsuits, and governmental authorities could allege that we violated applicable law or regulation in the conduct of our business. As an example, in July 2016 we became aware of a complaint filed by the State of California on April 1, 2016 against Morgan Stanley & Co. and certain of its affiliates alleging, among other things, that there were misleading statements contained in offering materials for 28 different mortgage pass-through certificates purchased by various California investors, including various California public pension systems, from Morgan Stanley and alleging that Morgan Stanley made false or fraudulent claims in connection with the sale of those certificates. Of the 28 mortgage pass-through certificates that arewere the subject of the complaint, two arewere Sequoia mortgage pass-through certificates issued in 2004 and two arewere Sequoia mortgage pass-through certificates issued in 2007. With respect to each of those certificates, our wholly-owned subsidiary, RWT Holdings, Inc., was the sponsor and our wholly-owned subsidiary, Sequoia Residential Funding, Inc., was the depositor. The plaintiffs subsequently withdrew from the litigation their claims based on eight of the 28 mortgage pass-through certificates, including one of the Sequoia mortgage pass-through certificates issued in 2004. At the time these four Sequoia mortgage pass-through certificates were issued, Sequoia Residential Funding, Inc. and Redwood Trust agreed to indemnify the underwriters of these certificates for certain losses and expenses they might incur as a result of claims made against them relating to these certificates, including, without limitation, certain legal expenses. Regardless of the outcome of this litigation, we could incur a loss as a result of these indemnities.
In accordance with GAAP, we review the need for any loss contingency reserves and establish reserves when, in the opinion of management, it is probable that a matter would result in a liability and the amount of loss, if any, can be reasonably estimated. Additionally, we record receivables for insurance recoveries relating to litigation-related losses and expenses if and when such amounts are covered by insurance and recovery of such losses or expenses are due. At SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, the aggregate amount of loss contingency reserves established in respect of the FHLB-Seattle and Schwab litigation matters described above was $2 million. We review our litigation matters each quarter to assess these loss contingency reserves and make adjustments in these reserves, upwards or downwards, as appropriate, in accordance with GAAP based on our review.
In the ordinary course of any litigation matter, including certain of the above-referenced matters, we have engaged and may continue to engage in formal or informal settlement communications with the plaintiffs or co-defendants. Settlement communications we have engaged in relating to certain of the above-referenced litigation matters are one of the factors that have resulted in our determination to establish the loss contingency reserves described above. We cannot be certain that any of these matters will be resolved through a settlement prior to trial and we cannot be certain that the resolution of these matters, whether through trial or settlement, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations in any future period.
Future developments (including resolution of substantive pre-trial motions relating to these matters, receipt of additional information and documents relating to these matters (such as through pre-trial discovery), new or additional settlement communications with plaintiffs relating to these matters, or resolutions of similar claims against other defendants in these matters) could result in our concluding in the future to establish additional loss contingency reserves or to disclose an estimate of reasonably possible losses in excess of our established reserves with respect to these matters. Our actual losses with respect to the above-referenced litigation matters may be materially higher than the aggregate amount of loss contingency reserves we have established in respect of these litigation matters, including in the event that any of these matters proceeds to trial and the plaintiff prevails. Other factors that could result in our concluding to establish additional loss contingency reserves or estimate additional reasonably possible losses, or could result in our actual losses with respect to the above-referenced litigation matters being materially higher than the aggregate amount of loss contingency reserves we have established in respect of these litigation matters include that: there are significant factual and legal issues to be resolved; information obtained or rulings made during the lawsuits could affect the methodology for calculation of the available remedies; and we may have additional obligations pursuant to indemnity agreements, representations and warranties, and other contractual provisions with other parties relating to these litigation matters that could increase our potential losses.


Item 1A. Risk Factors
Our risk factors are discussed under Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 and under Part II, Item 1A of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017. In addition, the following risk factor reflects recent developments.

Risks Related to the Potential Elimination or Reduction of the Mortgage-Interest Tax Deduction

Proposed federal tax legislation that was released on November 2, 2017 by the Chair of the Ways and Means Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives would limit the personal income tax deduction of mortgage interest on newly originated residential mortgages in several ways. It is unclear whether this proposed tax reform proposal will be enacted into law as proposed, modified, or abandoned. Elimination of, or restrictions on, the mortgage-interest tax deduction could negatively affect the U.S. housing market, the market value of residential mortgage loans and residential mortgage-backed securities, and the volume of future originations of residential mortgage loans, particularly jumbo mortgage loans, all of which could negatively impact our business or financial results.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
During the three months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, we did not sell any equity securities that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
In February 2016, our Board of Directors approved an authorization for the repurchase of up to $100 million of our common stock and also authorized the repurchase of outstanding debt securities, including convertible and exchangeable debt. This authorization replaced all previous share repurchase plans and has no expiration date. At December 31, 2017, approximately $77 million of this current authorization remained available for the repurchase of shares of our common stock. During January 2018, we repurchased 1,040,829 shares of our common stock pursuant to this authorization for $16 million.
In February 2018, our Board of Directors approved an authorization for the repurchase of an additional $39 million of our common stock, increasing the total amount authorized for repurchases of common stock to $100 million, and also authorized the repurchase of outstanding debt securities, including convertible and exchangeable debt. As noted above, this authorization increased the previous share repurchase authorization approved in February 2016 and has no expiration date. This repurchase authorization does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares or securities. Under this authorization, shares or securities may be repurchased in privately negotiated and/or open market transactions, including under plans complying with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. During the three and nine months ended SeptemberAt June 30, 2017, there were no shares acquired under this authorization. At September 30, 2017, approximately $862018, $100 million of this current authorization remained available for the repurchase of shares of our common stock.
The following table contains information on the shares of our common stock that we purchased or otherwise acquired during the three months ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017.2018.
  Total Number of Shares Purchased or Acquired 
Average
Price per
Share Paid
 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number (or approximate dollar value) of Shares that May Yet be Purchased under the Plans or Programs
(In Thousands, except per Share Data)    
July 1, 2017 - July 31, 2017 —
(1 
) 
$17.04
 —
     $—
August 1, 2017 - August 31, 2017 —
 $—
 —
 $—
September 1, 2017 - September 30, 2017 —
 $—
 —
 $86,109
Total —
 $17.04
 —
 $86,109
  Total Number of Shares Purchased or Acquired 
Average
Price per
Share Paid
 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number (or approximate dollar value) of Shares that May Yet be Purchased under the Plans or Programs
(In Thousands, except per Share Data)    
April 1, 2018 - April 30, 2018 —
 $—
 —
     $—
May 1, 2018 - May 31, 2018 —
 $—
 —
 $—
June 1, 2018 - June 30, 2018 —
 $—
 —
 $100,000
Total —
 $—
 —
 $100,000
(1)Represents fewer than 1,000 shares reacquired to satisfy tax withholding requirements related to the vesting of restricted shares.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Not Applicable

Item 5. Other Information
None.On August 2, 2018, Lola Bondar was appointed principal accounting officer of Redwood Trust, Inc. Ms. Bondar, age 40, commenced employment with Redwood Trust, Inc. in January 2018 as Managing Director and Corporate Controller. Prior to joining Redwood, Ms. Bondar spent eleven years at Wells Fargo Bank, where she most recently served as Vice President and Group Controller for Wells Fargo’s Commercial Real Estate and Community Lending and Investments businesses in San Francisco. Ms. Bondar also held several finance, accounting, and audit leadership roles at Wells Fargo Wholesale division with an emphasis on commercial lending and derivative instruments. Ms. Bondar’s previous experience also includes employment at OpenTable, Inc. as Senior Risk Manager, as well as Auditor positions at KPMG LLP and Arthur Andersen LLP. Ms. Bondar is a CPA (inactive) and has a B.S. Accounting and Audit degree from the Finance Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia. In connection with commencing her employment, Ms. Bondar and Redwood Trust, Inc. agreed to the following compensation and employment terms: an annual base salary for 2018 of $260,000; a sign-on cash award of $70,000; and an award of deferred stock units (made pursuant to the 2014 Incentive Plan and granted upon the commencement of employment) with an equivalent market value of $125,000, which award will vest over a four-year period. Ms. Bondar will be eligible to receive a 2018 year-end cash incentive award and an equity award of deferred stock units, with any such awards to be at the discretion of the Board of Directors of Redwood Trust, Inc.

Item 6. Exhibits
Exhibit
Number		 Exhibit
3.1 
Articles of Amendment and Restatement of the Registrant, effective July 6, 1994 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 3.1, filed on August 6, 2008)
3.1.1 
Articles Supplementary of the Registrant, effective August 10, 1994 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 3.1.1, filed on August 6, 2008)
3.1.2 
Articles Supplementary of the Registrant, effective August 11, 1995 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 3.1.2, filed on August 6, 2008)
3.1.3 
Articles Supplementary of the Registrant, effective August 9, 1996 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 3.1.3, filed on August 6, 2008)
3.1.4 
Certificate of Amendment of the Registrant, effective June 30, 1998 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 3.1.4, filed on August 6, 2008)
3.1.5 
Articles Supplementary of the Registrant, effective April 7, 2003 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 3.1.5, filed on August 6, 2008)
3.1.6 
Articles of Amendment of the Registrant, effective June 12, 2008 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 3.1.6, filed on August 6, 2008)
3.1.7 
Articles of Amendment of the Registrant, effective May 19, 2009 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 3.1, filed on May 21, 2009)
3.1.8 
Articles of Amendment of the Registrant, effective May 24, 2011 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 3.1, filed on May 20, 2011)
3.1.9 
Articles of Amendment of the Registrant, effective May 18, 2012 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 3.1, filed on May 21, 2012)
3.1.10 
Articles of Amendment of the Registrant, effective May 16, 2013 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 3.1, filed on May 21, 2013)
3.2.1 
Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant, as adopted on March 5, 2008 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 3.1, filed on March 11, 2008)
3.2.2 
First Amendment to Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant, as adopted on May 17, 2012 (incorporated by reference
3.2.3
Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 3.2, filedRegistrant, as adopted on May 21, 2012)22, 2018
4.1 
Indenture, dated March 6, 2013, between Redwood Trust, Inc. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A, filed March 6, 2013).
4.2
SecondThird Supplemental Indenture, dated August 18, 2017,June 25, 2018, between Redwood Trust, Inc. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee (including the form of 4.75%5.625% Convertible Senior Note due 2023)2024) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’sRegistrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 4.2, filed August 18, 2017).on June 25, 2018)
10.1* 
Redwood Trust, Inc. Amended and Restated 2014 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 10.1, filed on May 23, 2018)
10.2*
Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, by and between Martin S. Hughes and the Company, dated as of May 22, 2018 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 10.2, filed on May 23, 2018)
10.3*
Second Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, by and between Christopher J. Abate and the Company, dated as of May 22, 2018
10.4*
First Amendment to Employment Agreement, by and between Dashiell I. Robinson and the Registrant,Company, dated as of August 8, 2017.May 22, 2018
10.2*10.5* 
Side LetterSecond Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, by and between Dashiell I. RobinsonAndrew P. Stone and the Registrant,Company, dated as of August 8, 2017.
10.3
Amendment to Advances, Collateral Pledge, and Security Agreement between the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago and RWT Financial, LLC, dated as of October 31, 2017.May 22, 2018
31.1 
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2 
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1 
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2 
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101 
Pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T, the following financial information from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended SeptemberJune 30, 2017,2018, is filed in XBRL-formatted interactive data files:
 
(i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016;2017;
(ii) Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016;2017;
(iii) Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income for the three and ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016;2017;
(iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016;2017;
(v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the ninesix months ended SeptemberJune 30, 20172018 and 2016;2017; and
(vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
* Indicates exhibits that include management contracts or compensatory plan or arrangements.

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
  REDWOOD TRUST, INC.
    
Date:November 7, 2017August 8, 2018By:/s/ Martin S. HughesChristopher J. Abate
   Martin S. HughesChristopher J. Abate
   Chief Executive Officer
   (Principal Executive Officer)
    
Date:November 7, 2017August 8, 2018By:/s/ Collin L. Cochrane
   Collin L. Cochrane
   Chief Financial Officer
   (Principal Financial andOfficer)
Date:August 8, 2018By:/s/ Lola Bondar
Lola Bondar
Controller
(Principal Accounting Officer)

EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit
Number		Exhibit
3.1
Articles of Amendment and Restatement of the Registrant, effective July 6, 1994 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 3.1, filed on August 6, 2008)
3.1.1
Articles Supplementary of the Registrant, effective August 10, 1994 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 3.1.1, filed on August 6, 2008)
3.1.2
Articles Supplementary of the Registrant, effective August 11, 1995 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 3.1.2, filed on August 6, 2008)
3.1.3
Articles Supplementary of the Registrant, effective August 9, 1996 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 3.1.3, filed on August 6, 2008)
3.1.4
Certificate of Amendment of the Registrant, effective June 30, 1998 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 3.1.4, filed on August 6, 2008)
3.1.5
Articles Supplementary of the Registrant, effective April 7, 2003 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 3.1.5, filed on August 6, 2008)
3.1.6
Articles of Amendment of the Registrant, effective June 12, 2008 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, Exhibit 3.1.6, filed on August 6, 2008)
3.1.7
Articles of Amendment of the Registrant, effective May 19, 2009 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 3.1, filed on May 21, 2009)
3.1.8
Articles of Amendment of the Registrant, effective May 24, 2011 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 3.1, filed on May 20, 2011)
3.1.9
Articles of Amendment of the Registrant, effective May 18, 2012 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 3.1, filed on May 21, 2012)
3.1.10
Articles of Amendment of the Registrant, effective May 16, 2013 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 3.1, filed on May 21, 2013)
3.2.1
Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant, as adopted on March 5, 2008 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 3.1, filed on March 11, 2008)
3.2.2
First Amendment to Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant, as adopted on May 17, 2012 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, Exhibit 3.2, filed on May 21, 2012)
4.1
Indenture, dated March 6, 2013, between Redwood Trust, Inc. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A, filed March 6, 2013).
4.2
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated August 18, 2017, between Redwood Trust, Inc. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee (including the form of 4.75% Convertible Senior Note due 2023) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed August 18, 2017).
10.1*
Employment Agreement, by and between Dashiell I. Robinson and the Registrant, dated as of August 8, 2017.
10.2*
Side Letter Agreement, by and between Dashiell I. Robinson and the Registrant, dated as of August 8, 2017.
10.3
Amendment to Advances, Collateral Pledge, and Security Agreement between the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago and RWT Financial, LLC, dated as of October 31, 2017.
31.1
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101
Pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T, the following financial information from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2017, is filed in XBRL-formatted interactive data files:

(i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016;
(ii) Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016;
(iii) Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016;
(iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016;
(v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016; and
(vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
* Indicates exhibits that include management contracts or compensatory plan or arrangements.

105101